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Abstract
This study discusses cross-media restrictions from two approaches of structural and
competition regulation. It introduces the development and experience of cross-media
regulations in the US and UK, and reviews current rules in Taiwan to provide a
reference for the regulatory authority in Taiwan. This study concludes media
regulation should take both economic effect and public interest into account.
Sector-specific regulation and industry-specific competition rules of UK can provide a
reference for our legal system.
2008
2009
economies of scale
economies of scope
antitrust law
2000
NCC
2009.09.16
NCC NCC
2009.05.27
2001
2009.09.17
public
ideas
Bagdikian, 1990
2001
2008.06.30
NCC
1
2009.05.28 NCC
() ()
2009.06.17
2009.05.28
NCC
2009.09.16
NCC
2009.05.28
1
NCC
2009.06.04
4
20032000AOLTime Warner
2Davidson, 2006
2000.02.01
Thomson
Reuters
2007.05.16
2007.08.01
2009 Comcast
137.5 NBC Universal GE 51% NBC Universal
The New York Times, 2009.12.04
Blackman1998
Napoli,
2001price
Hoskins, 2004
price mechanism
2000
1999
EntmanWildman1992
market economicssocial valuetheory
of market economicsCollins & Murroni,
1996Hoffman-Riem, 1996
public
2
2009 12 9 AOL
12 10 AOL2009.11.18
sphere
19939
Theory of Social Value
Welfare Economics
Theory
Pareto
optimality
social welfare2000
public interest
Horwitz, 1989
Montanye, 1996Picard
Picard,
1989 / 1994153
diversityplurality
Doyle , 2002
McQuail
McQuail,1992
1999
diversity of output or content
1999
6
media ownership
market power
Doyle , 2002
Moschandreas, 1994
Doyle ,
2002
Doyle , 2002
Adam Smith market force
Doyle, 2002
Doyle , 2002
perfect competition
Doyle , 2002
7
structural regulation
content regulation3Hitchens, 2006
Hitchens, 2006
cross-media interest
Hitchens, 2006
Hitchens, 2006
Hoffmann-Riem1996structural regulation
external pluralism
Hitchens, 2006Picard1989
Hitchens2006competition
law
sector-specific competition rules
competition regulation
merger rules
industry-specific
competition rules
mergeracquisition
Hitchens, 2006
ex ante
competition regulation
Hitchens, 2006
Doyle, 2002
Cross-ownership rules
FCC
Sadler, 2005
FCC 1970 /
/
Radio/TV Cross-Ownership Restriction 1975 FCC
/Newspaper/Broadcast Cross-Ownership Rule
Sadler, 2005Edge, 2008
1970 2002 FCC /
cable system2002
FOX v. FCC /
FCC 1970 Sadler,
9
2005
1970 FCC /
FCC /
Sadler, 2005
1975 FCC /
FCC
1998 FCC
Tribune Company 2002
2002 biennial review of ownership rulesFCC
/Sadler, 2005
1996 1996 the Telecommunications Act of 1996
Sadler, 2005
2009
2003 FCC
Sadler, 20052004
U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third CircuitThe
Promentheus decision FCC FCC
2008
FCC 1996 Sec.202(h)4
broadcast ownership rule
FCC, 2008
2006 FCC
2006 Quadrennial Review
2003 2007
2009
10
2007 FCC
/ entity 20 designated market
areaDMA
1 DMA
2 DMA 8
major media voices
/ /
1. 20
12
6 21 7
2. 10
2
4
200949-50
FCC
FCC
FCC
2008
2009
FCC the public interest,
convenience, and necessity
FCC
Hitchens, 20062009
deregulation
policymarket force
diversityHitchens, 2006
1990
Broadcasting Act 20%
ITV 20%1996 Broadcasting Act
15%audience
shareEdge, 2008
2003 Communications Act
2003
Edge, 2008
2003 20%
Channel 3 Channel
3 20% 20%
Channel 3 Channel 3 20
Channel 5
Channel 3
50%
55% Channel 3
points determination
45%Hitchens, 2006
2003
1990
2004
2003 Ofcom
Ofcom
Ofcom (Future of Radio Review)(Collins, n.d. ;
2009)
2003
1968
1982
HHI Herfindahl-Hirschman
Index Four-firm
Concentration Rate, CR4
2001
2003
1980 1990 1996
Sadler, 20052009
Merger Regulation
groundsgrounds
2003
Hitchens,
13
2006
2003 section 375 2002 Enterprise Act 2002
section 58 Secretary of State for Business,
Innovation and Skills, BIS 5 public interest
considerationsEdge, 2008Feintuck & Varney, 2006Ofcom, 2009
Hitchens, 2006
2003
the public interest considerationsFeintuck & Varney, 2006
1
sufficient plurality
2
32003 section 319
2003 Department of
Trade and Industry [DTI], 2000
Channel 3 Channel 5
Channel 3 Channel 5 Channel 3 Channel 5
foreign ownership rules
Hitchens, 2006DTI, 2004
1specific genre channels
2
3
Hitchens,
5
2006
88
20
22 5 2005
18 4 19 3
2005
statutory merger or
consolidationacquisition of assetsacquisition of
stocks
1999
1996
12
2005
15
1996
Telecommunications Act
1996
6 7
2003
Communications Act
2003
2002
Enterprise Act 2002
Doyle , 2002
NCC NCC
NCC, 2009
15 U.S.C. 18.
1996
Independent Television Commission, ITCRadio Authority, RA
Hitchens, 2006
16
7
2005
sector-specific regulation
2003
2002 Enterprise Act 2002
Feintuck & Varney, 2006
18
19
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2009.05.28
122
2009.12.03
Napoli, 2001
Kahn1988
2003
discretion-based regulation
pre-emptive approach
prescriptive approachHitchens, 2006
17
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