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why
how

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logic?73
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12

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13

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Quasi-experimental Design
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14

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15

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16

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Chapter

how

whywhy
how

Delbert C. Miller and Neil J. Salkind, Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement
2010p. iv.

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genes
DNA

Joseph Needham





2

Joseph Needham 3-4


18
33

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Chapter

John
Deway,1859-1950 1939 LogicThe Theory of Inquiry

Middle Ages

SocratesPlatoAristotle
400-300 B.C.skepticism
questions
conceptual reasoningobservation

dogmatic faith
1600

mature hypothesis




1
p.1

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Francis Bacon, 1561-1626

the Dark Ages

Isaac Newton, 1642-1727


assumption

Galileo, 1564-1642

Aristotelianism

Karl Pearson

(1) (2) (3)


(4)

experimentation

Karl Pearson, The Grammar of Science


1998p.15

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Chapter

experimentation

problem

reasoning
hypothesis

problem-solving
problemquestion

question
questionproblem

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question

hint

questionformulateproblem

problem

hypothesis
proposition

H2O

tentative

inductiondeduction

techniques

problem

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Chapter

generalization
problem-solving

assumption
Albert Einstein

G. Tyler Miller, Jr., Living in the Environment-Principles, Connections, and Solutions,


Tenth Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998, p. 51.

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idea
principlemodel
hypotheses

experiment

proposal

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

model

7.

8.

questionproblem
observation
measurement

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Chapter

experiment

model
simulationmental

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conceptualgraphicphysical
mathematical
scientific theory

scientific
law

the second law of energy or the second law of thermodynamics

1783
Antoine Lavoisierlaw of
conservation of matter

1800 John
Daltonatomic theory of matter

idea

10

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Chapter

variablesfactors
controlled experiment
experimental group
control group

disprove

degree of probability

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11

critical thinking

Jane Heinze-Fry
1.

12

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Chapter

2.

3.

4.

5.

problem-solving

1.

2.

3.

4.

problem-solving

1.

2.

3.

*
*
*

4.

*
* correlation
cause and effect
* original

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13


5.

assumptions
*

6.

7.

8.


14

G. Tyler Miller, pp. 64-65.

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Chapter

idea

Steve Jobs

think different
Roger von Oech

10
mental locks

1.

10 Roger von Oech, A Whack on the Side of the Head, Warner Books, 1983, p. 8.

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15

2.

hard
thinkingIQ

3.

16

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Chapter

4.

5.

11

measurement
inexact science
fuzzy logic

6.

11 Roger von Oech, pp. 55, 61.

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17

7.

8.

everything is related to everything else

Microsoft

18

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Chapter

9.

10.

Stay hungry, stay foolish.

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19

system theorychaos theory

1-1

1-1

1-2

1-2

20

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Chapter

Kenneth Boulding
skeleton of science

12

chaos theory
E. Lorenz 1960

13

12 George Chadwick, A System View of Planning, Pergamon Press, 1971, pp. 40-41.
13 Michael L. McKinney and Robert M. Schoch, Environmental Science, West Publishing
Company, 1996, p. 107.

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