1

cell

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4

CAN STOCK PHOTO

1-1

3D

1.25

0.1
70

0.1
70

CAN STOCK
PHOTO

1-2
cell

(l)

DNA

(2)

(3)

35 17

DNA
DNA

r = 1 cm

( )
(42)
(4/33)

r = 10 cm

1 cm
12.57 cm 2
4.189 cm3

10 cm
1257 cm 2
4189 cm3

pre-existed structural
messages
DNA

1-3

prokaryotic celleukaryotic cell

six kingdom system

(l) nuclear areanucleoid

DNA
DNA
DNA DNA 3,000 4,000

DNA
(2) 70S

(3)

l 10
DNA

1~10m
1106

10~100m

DNA

70S

DNA
RNA

mRNA mRNA

1-4

hierarchical structure

 CAN STOCK PHOTO

2-1

2-15

2-2

2-16DN A

2-3 DNA

2-17DN A

2-4 DNA

2-18RN A

2-5 DNA RNA

2-19

2-6

2-20

2-7

2-21

2-8

2-22 mRNA

2-9
2-10
2-11
2-12

2-23
2-24Matthei poly U
Phe

2-13

2-25ACA
CAC

2-14

2-26mRNA

2-1

Gregor Mondel, l722 1774

Morgan

20 DNA
RNA

DNA RNA
RNA

1760

DNA RNA
RNA

12

13

CAN STOCK PHOTO

DNA

RNA RNA

2-2
DNA
1953 Watson Crick DNA DNA
nucleotide
adenine, Aguanine, Gcytosine,
Cthymine, T 4 AGCT

DNA
DNA Watson Crick 1953 double
helix

(l) 5 3
3 5

(2) A=TG=C

(3) DNA

DNA DNA
nucleotide
adenine, Aguanine, Gcytosine, Cthymine,
T 4 AGCT
DNA

DNA

DNA
22 24 2.2 2.4 3.3 0.33
DNA
1 2 2
DNA

14

DNA CAN STOCK

PHOTO

DNA CAN
STOCK PHOTO

GC

15

AT

DNA
(l)

(2)
(3)

2-3 DNA
DNA
Watson Crick 1953 DNA DNA
DNA
DNA DNA DNA
DNA
semi-conservative replication

duplication DNA DNA
DNA
Watson Crick DNA

DNA

1957 Meselson Stahl DNA

15N DNA
15N 14N
DNACsCl DNA
HH l DNA
L 2 LL
3 2 DNA

DNA DNA

duplication

16

17

DNA

DNA

(a)

(b)

Meselson Stahl

2-4 DNA
( )

DNA origin DNA AT

AT GC

replicon
multiple replicon
50,000 100,000
DNA
replication fork

( )

DNA semi-discontinuous replication

(1) helicase ATP DNA

(2) primase RNA

( )DNA

DNA DNA polymerase RNA

5 3 3 5
5 3 leading strand 5 3
3 5 DNA
lagging strand DNA
Okazaki fragment l,000 2,000
100 200

( )

RNA DNA
ligase

( )

DNA

DNA DNA
DNA

DNA DNA 900

base pairs, hp DNA
50bp/s
DNA

18

19

DNA

DNA AT AT GC

(1) helicase ATP DNA

(2) primase RNA

DNA
DNA DNA polymerase RNA
5 3

RNA DNA
ligase

DNA

2-5 DNARNA

transcription DNA RNA

RNA RNA AUGC
DNA TUU
AU, A
promoter
AT RNA DNA

RNA DNA 3 5
5 3 DNA template strand
nontemplate strand RNA DNA
DNA T RNA U
coding strandsense strand
RNA DNA
3 RNA
RNA DNA RNA
RNA

mRNA RNAmessenger RNAmRNA

RNAribosome RNArRNA RNAtransferRNAtRNA
mRNA mRNA
mRNA

(1) cappingRNA 5 7
(2) tailing RNA 3 100 200
poly A
(3) splicing RNA

RNA mRNArRNAtRNA
mRNA
mRNA mRNA
mRNA
mRNA

RNA DNA mRNA

mRNA RNA

20

RNA

DNA

RNA

21

DNA

mRNA
poly(A)

poly(A)

RNA
DNA

m7G

m7G

m7G

pre-mRNA5

m7G

RNA
RNA
DNA
RNA

RNA
mRNA

RNAmessenger
RNAmRNA

R N A
ribosome RNA
rRNA RNA
transferRNA
tRNA

mRNA5

1.

capping

2.

tailing

3.

splicing

2-6
mRNA translation
mRNA rRNA
tRNA
mRNA 5 -mRNA- tRNA

tRNA fmet-tRNA-fMetfMet, formy IMethionine

tRNA Met-tRNA-fMet30S mRNA
fMet- tRNA-fMet 50S 40S
Met-tRNA-fMet mRNA 60S
7O
S-LmRNAMet-tRNA-fMet
GTP tRNA Mg+2NH4+
IF1IF2IF3 fMet Met

AA-tRNA

mRNA

mRNA

22

23

CAN STOCK PHOTO

1.

capping

2.

3.

tailing

splicing

genetic message

2-7
GenBank DNA 14
1999 12 30
47,000 EST 343
expressed sequence tag, EST 169 90%
UniGene 7 1999 single nucleotide
polymorphismSNP 1999 12 21 SNP
21,415
25 6 17
70
1999
3,300 22
1999 11 1999 12 2 Nature
Dunham et al., 1999
22 679 55% 35
21
2000 2 2000
Nature Hattori et al., 2000

1.

2.

24

25

1999

/bp

[A] Aeropyrum pernir

1,669,695

2,694

[B] Aquifer aeolicus

1,551,335

1,522

[A] Archaeoglobus fulgidus

2,177,400

2,407

[B] Bacillus subtilis

4,214,714

4,100

910,724

750

[B] Chlamydia pneumoniae

1,230,230

1,052

[B] Chlamydia trachomatis

1,042,519

794

[B] Deinococcus radiodurans

2,647,637

2,570

[B] Escherichia coli

4,639,221

4,279

[B] Haemophilus influenzae

1,730,137

1,709

[B] Helicobacter pylori 26695 26995

1,667,767

1,566

[B] Helicobacter pylori J99 J99

1,663,731

1,491

[A] Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum

1,751,377

1,769

[A] Methanococcus jannaschii

1,664,970

1,715

[B] Mycobacterium tuberculosis

4,411,529

3,917

[B] Mycoplasma genitalium

570,073

467

[B] Mycoplasma pneumoniae

716,394

677

[A] Pyrococcus abyssi

1,765,117

1,765

[A] Pyrococcus horikoshii

1,737,505

1,979

[B] Rickettsia prowazekii

1,111,529

734

[B] Synechocystis PCC6703

3,573,470

3,169

[B] Thermotoga maritima

1,760,725

1,746

[B] Treponema pallidum

1,137,011

1,031

[E] Saccharomyces cerevisiae

13,116,717

6,275

[E] Caenorhabditis elegans

97 10

[B] Borrelia burgdorferi

19,099

[A]archaebacteria[B]bacteria[E]eukaryote
NCBI