1.

1000

(Tok Pisin)

(Amele)
1

(Holmes & Hazen 2014)

(1)
a. ; Present tense
Ija hu-gi-na.
b. ; Todays past tense
Ija hu-g-a.
c. ; Yesterdays past tense
Ija hu-g-an.
d. ; Remote past tense
Ija ho-om.
e. ; Habitual past tense
Ija ho-l-ig. used to
f. ; Future tense
Ija hu-g-en.
g. ; Relative future tense
Ija hu-g-e.

(2)
Nose (2014) 56
12 (21.4%)(cf. Ross 2009)
(2) (Nose 2014)
a. yr cabi gel

b week
c. Mande cuha

2.

2
Roberts
(1987:223-232)(1)

Sinha (2011)(Amondawa)

Lakoff & Johnson (1980: 7-8)

(TIME)(3)

(3)
a. TIME IS MONEY

b. TIME ISALIMITED RESORCE

c. TIME ISAVALUABLE COMMODITY
Evans (2004)
(4)

Alverson (1994)

(4) Lexical concept of time: Evans (2004)

Primary: basic temporal experiences
Secondary socio-cultural experience
Jaszczolt & de Saussure (2014)

2012 2013

3.

5000
Roberts (1987)
Roberts
(Haia)
(Huar)

Roberts 1980
2010 2013

(Enfield 2002)sain(5)

(5)
a. ain1
b. sain sain
c. Ija sain ac/ ac qee.
sain
1
sainsain
(5c)

sain(6)

(6)
aalmec sain
(what time)el sain?
jan mude sain
sain galec ac
sain galec ac qee
uusunij sain
ariho sain
sain mebahic
sun sain
wa sain
sain erau/ sain gohic
sain gaid
sain bila igina
sain osol osol
-
sainerau

(6)

sain

(7)
(7)
Apsaron sain woldugi on
Sain uju hon
Sain uju nuja
Sain qee hool
Jo sain erau ac
Sain usuduga
Ija sain iteeg on
Sain mebahic

(8)
(8)

a. Sain uju meen.

b. Sain ija haun-na

(8a)

monimoney

(8b)
sain

sain Roberts (1989:56)

(cf. Alverson 1994)

"sain"
1 (5a)
(8b)
Radden (1997: 150)hard, heavy, rich, lean,
long, short, new, old, big, little, great, good, nice
touched, owned, borrowed, taken,
lost
Radden

sain

4.
sain

(Kobon)
(Bel)

Davies (1989: 140-147)

in u (Davies 1989: 145)

2
(u)
in(hour)

Davies (1989)

(Gedaged)(Bilbil)
Mager (1952) Roberts
(1992)
sain

(9)
(9)
sain saen
sain gaid
sain dagan
sain taitai
sain melain
sain deel
(hour)sain
"sain"
Roberts (1992)

Ross (2009

metatypy

sain
sain
deel
(Mager 1952, Dempwolff
n.d.)sain

(2)

taim(10)
(10)
a .gutpela taim
b. oltaim olgeta taim
c. taim mi bin youngpela
taim
(10c)
(8c)
taim
sain
"taim"
(Muysken 2008: ch. 14)

5.
"sain"

sain
"sain"

taim

(cf. Wierzbicka 1993)

Neret Tamo
Nelau Lagia

Alverson, H. (1994) Semantics & experience: universal

metaphors of time in English, Mandarin, Hindi, and Seshotho.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Davies, J. (1989) Kobon. London: Croom Helm.
Dempwolff, O. (n.d) Grammar of Gedaged language. Mimeo.
Narer, Karkar Island: Lutheran Mission.
Enfield, N.J(ed.). (2002) Ethnosyntax: explorations in grammar
& culture. Oxford: OUP.
Evans, V. (2004) The structure of time. Amsterdam
/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Holmes, J & K. Hazen(eds.). (2014) Research Methods in
Sociolinguistcs. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Jaszczolt, K. M. & L. de Saussure(eds.). (2013) Time: Language,
cognition & reality. Oxford: OUP.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors we live by.
University of Chicago Press. .
(1986.
Mager, J. F. (1952) Gedaged-English dictionary. Ohio: The
American Lutheran Church.
Muysken, P. (2008) Functional categories. Cambridge: CUP.
Nose, M. (2014 ) Borrowing temporal expressions in the
New Guinea languages: a contrastive study of loanwords. Ms.
Radden, G.. (1997) Time is space. In: B. Smieja, & M.
Tasch(eds.). Human contact through languges and linguistics.
Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Roberts, J.R. (1987) Amele. London: Croom Helm.
Roberts, J.R. (1992) A comparison of possible lexical
borrowings between Amele and Gedaged. Ms. SIL.
Ross, M. (2009) Loanwords in Takia, an Oceanic language of
Papua New Guinea. In: Haspelmath, Martin and Uri
Tadmor(eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: a
comparative handbook. Berlin: de Gruyter:747-770.
Sinha, C, et al. (2011) "When time is not space: the social and
linguistic construction of time intervals and temporal event
relations in an Amazonian culture." Language and Cognition
3-1: 137-169.
Wierzbicka, A. (1993) Why do we say in April, on Thursday, at
10 o'clock?: In search of an explanation. Studies in Language
17:437-454.

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