983203056

Three-Dimensional and Arm Effects on
Aerodynamics Simulation for the

Slant-H-Rotor Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

(vertical axis wind turbine)
FLUENT 10 kW
2~12 m/s
1~4
6 m/s
(CP,max=0.239) 3
(CP,max=0.304) 2 6.5%
(=34)
0.25 2~4
m/s 2 6~ 12 m/s
2~3
Abstract
The vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) has an inherent unsteady aerodynamic behavior due to
the variance of angle of attack with the revolutionary angle, causing the generation of the turbulence
wake and the wake interaction between blades. In addition, the support arm will also disturb wind
flow motion, generating counter torque when the blades are rotating, affecting the characteristic of
blade loading and the performance of VAWT. To date, few studies have done in these area.
This research uses computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT to simulate the
three-dimensional aerodynamics flow of a 10 kW slant-H-rotor VAWT, which has the unique design
of curve blades. The effect of support arm and tower is also considered. Solution of
three-dimensional flow is obtained to study thrust of blades, the development of vortex shedding
when dynamic stall occurs under incoming velocity is from 2 to 12 m/s with various tip speed ratio
(1-4). Another key point of the study is to investigate the effect of arm correction, the geometry
with/without arm on blade loading and on the performance of VAWT. Finally, the appropriate
operation condition under various wind velocity for slant-H-rotor VAWT are summarized. The
simulation result indicates the geometry with/without arm make huge difference on blade loading
and the performance of VAWT, the maximum power coefficient (CP,max) is 0.239 at tip speed ratio of
3 for geometry with blade-only, while CP,max is 0.304 at tip speed ratio of 2 for geometry with blade,
arm and tower. For the effect of arm correction, result shows counter torque causing by arm reduces
the power coefficient significantly under tip speed ratio is 3 and 4 with various wind velocity. In
terms of power coefficient higher than 0.25, the appropriate operation condition for slant-H-rotor
VAWT are summarized. When wind velocity is 2 to 4 m/s, the appropriate tip speed ratio is 2, while
wind velocity is 6 to 12 m/s, the appropriate tip speed ratio is 2 to 3.
Keywords:
Vertical axis wind turbine, three-dimensional aerodynamics analysis, computational

fluid dynamics, arm correlation
II
III

...............................................................................................................................................I
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... II
.................................................................................................................................................... III
....................................................................................................................................................IV
.............................................................................................................................................. VII
.............................................................................................................................................. XII
......................................................................................................................................... XIII
......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 ....................................................................................................................1
1.2 ...................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 ............................................................................................................4
1.2.2 .................................................................................................6
1.3 ...............................................................................9
1.4 ..............................................................................................................................17
1.5 ..............................................................................................................................18
..................................................................................................................20
2.1 .............................................................................................................20
2.1.1 ..........................................................................................................20
2.1.2 Darrius ..................................................................................22
2.2 .............................................................................................................................24
2.3 ..................................................................................................26
2.3.1 ......................................................................................................26
2.3.2 ..............................................................................................................27
2.3.3 ...........................................................................................................28
2.3.4 ..................................................................................................................30
IV
2.3.5 ...........................................................................................................34
2.3.6 ..............................................................................................................36
2.4 .........................................................................................................................37
2.4.1 ..................................................................................................................37
2.4.2 ......................................................................................................37
......................................................................................................................40
3.1 ........................................................................................................................40
3.2
..........................................................................................................................41
3.2.1 k- ...................................................................................................41
3.2.2 Realizable k- ...........................................................................................42
3.3 .............................................................................................................................43
3.3.1 ..........................................................................................................44
3.4 .............................................................................................................................45
3.5 .........................................................................................................................45
3.6 .............................................................................................................................46
3.6.1 ..................................................................................................................46
3.6.2 ..................................................................................................................48
3.6.3 ......................................................................................................49
..............................................................................................................................51
4.1 ............................................................................................................................51
4.2 .............................................................................................................................52
4.3 .........................................................................................................54
4.4 .................................................................................................................................54
4.5 .................................................................................................................55
4.5.1 ..............................................................................................................55
4.5.2 ...........................................................................................................57
V
4.6 .............................................................................................................58
..........................................................................................................................62
5.1 ..............................................................................................................................62
5.2 ..............................................................................................62
5.2.1 ...........................................................................................................62
5.2.2 ...............................................................................................................79
5.3 .........................................................................................................................82
5.3.1 ..........................................................................................................82
5.3.2 ......................................................................................92
5.4 ..............................................................................95
........................................................................................................................100
6.1 ....................................................................................................................................100
6.2 ...................................................................................................................................101
..........................................................................................................................................103
VI

1.1 ......................................................................................1
1.2 [4] .....................................................................................................4
1.3 [1] ...........................................................................................................5
1.4 Cp [7] ...........................................................................................................5
1.5 [1] .....................................................................................................7
1.6 1931 Darrieus [8] .................................................................................8
1.7 (Eole, 4 MW) [11]..........................................................................8
1.8 Quiterevolution qr5 [13] .................................................................9
1.9 (a) I-WIND (b) I-WIND ......................................18
2.1 [1] .......................................................................................................20
2.2 [1] ...................................................................................................22
2.3 ...............................................................................................25
2.4 ...................................................................................................25
2.5 [1] .......................................................................................................27
2.6 [28] .............................................................................................28
2.7 [51] .........................................................................................................28
2.8 ()[34].............................................................29
2.9 ( M )[32] ................................................30
2.10 [56] ...............................................................................................................31
2.11 [57] ...........................................................................................32
2.12 ()[57]...............................................................................32
2.13 [34] ...................................................................32
2.14 Darrieus [60] .........................................................33
2.15 [66] ....................................................................................................35
VII
2.16 ()[67, 68] ................................................................35

2.17 [1] .........................................................................................................36
2.18 ( CQ )[74]...................................................37
2.19 [44] ...................................................................38
2.20 [45] ...................................................................................38
3.1 [80] .....................................................................................................................44
3.2 [80] .................................................................................46
3.3 CFD ............................................................................................................49
4.1 10 kW .............................................................................................51
4.2 .................................................................................................52
4.3 ........................................................................................53
4.4 (x-y ).......................................................................53
4.5 (t)(CQ).............................................................................55
4.6 Cp (U=6 m/s=3) ......................................................................56
4.7 (Cp,mean) (U=6 m/s=3) ................................................57
4.8 (t) Cp (U=6 m/s=3) ............................................................58
4.9 (t)(Cp,mean) (U=6 m/s=3).....................................58
4.10 U= 12 m/s= 4.........60
4.11 U= 12 m/s= 4 x
............................................................................................................................................................60
4.12 U= 12 m/s= 4 y
............................................................................................................................................................61
4.13 U= 12 m/s= 4 z
............................................................................................................................................................61
5.1 U=6 m/s=1..........................................63
5.2 U=12 m/s=1........................................64
VIII
5.3 U=6 m/s=2..........................................65

5.4 U=12 m/s=2........................................65
5.5 U=6 m/s=3..........................................66
5.6 U=12 m/s=3........................................66
5.7 U=6 m/s=4..........................................67
5.8 U=12 m/s=4........................................67
5.9 =29(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-775 Papmax=354 Pa).........................69
5.10 =63(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-850 Papmax=295 Pa) ..........................69
5.11 =97(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-1003 Papmax=313 Pa) .........................69
5.12 =132(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-685 Papmax=354 Pa)......................69
5.13 =29(U= 6 m/s=3pmin =-775 Papmax=354 Pa)...69
5.14 =63(U= 6 m/s=3pmin =-850 Papmax =295 Pa)..............69
5.15 =97(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-1003 Papmax=313 Pa)..............70
5.16 =132(U= 6 m/s=3pmin =-685 Papmax=354 Pa).............70
5.17 =29(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=27 m/s) ..............................71
5.18 =63(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=32 m/s) ..............................71
5.19 =97(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=35 m/s) ..........................72
5.20 =132(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=30 m/s) ...........................72
5.21 =29(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=27 m/s).......72
5.22 =63(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=32 m/s)...................72
5.23 =97(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=35 m/s)...................73
5.24 =132(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=30 m/s).................73
5.25 =251(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-649 Papmax=365 Pa) .........................75
5.26 =286(U=6 m/s=3pmin = -890 Papmax=317 Pa) ........................75
5.27 =320(U=6 m/s=3pmin = -1066 Papmax=299 Pa) ......................75
5.28 =354(U=6 m/s=3pmin = -976 Papmax=355Pa) .........................75
IX
5.29 =251(U=6 m/s=3pmin= -649 Papmax=365 Pa)..............75

5.30 =286(U= 6 m/s=3pmin =-890 Papmax=317 Pa).............75
5.31 =320(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-1066 Papmax =299 Pa)...........76
5.32 =354(U= 6 m/s=3pmin =-976 Papmax =355Pa).............76
5.33 =251(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=30 m/s) ............................77
5.37 =251(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=30 m/s)................78
5.41 =28(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=25 m/s).........................80
5.42 =28(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=25 m/s).....................80
5.43 =28(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=25 m/s).........................81
5.44 =243(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=32 m/s).......................81
5.45 =243(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=32 m/s)...............81
5.46 =243(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=32 m/s)...................81
5.47 U=11 m/s=12...............................................................................83
5.48 U=11 m/s=34...............................................................................83
5.49 U=12 m/s=12...............................................................................84
5.50 U=12 m/s=34...............................................................................84
5.51 (P) (U=1112 m/s)..............................85
5.52 (Cp,mean) (U=1112 m/s)..................86
5.53 CT,min (= 27o)(U=11 m/s=2pmin =-1688 Papmax=666 Pa)............87
5.54 CT,max (=98o)(U=11 m/s=2pmin =-3299 Papmax=626 Pa).............87
X
5.55 CT,min (=27o) (U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax=41 m/s)................88

5.56 CT,max (=98o) (U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax =63 m/s)...............88
5.57 CT,min (=27o)(U=11 m/s=2pmin =-1688 Papmax =666
Pa).......................................................................................................................................................89
5.58 CT,max (=98o)(U=11 m/s=2pmin =-3299 Papmax = 626
Pa)...89
5.59 CT,min (=27o)(U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax =41 m/s).....90
5.60 CT,max (=98o)(U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax =63 m/s).....90
5.61 CT,min (=27o)(U=11 m/s=2pmin =-1688 Papmax =666 Pa).............91
5.62 CT,max (=98o)(U=11 m/s=2pmin =-3299 Papmax =626 Pa).............91
5.63 CT,min (=27o)(U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax =41 m/s) ................92
5.64 CT,max (=98o)(U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax =63 m/s) ................92
5.65 .........................................................94
5.66 .........................................................94
5.67 U=6 m/s=12.......................................96
5.68 U=6 m/s=34...................96
5.69 CT,min (=69o)(U=6 m/s=2pmin =-1688 Papmax
=666 Pa)..............................................................................................................................................97
5.70 CT,min (=40o)(U=6 m/s=2pmin=-1688
Papmax=666 Pa).................................................................................................................................97
5.71 CT,max (=124o)(U=6 m/s=2pmin=-1688 Pa
pmax=666 Pa).......................................................................................................................................98
5.72 CT,max (=95o)(U=6 m/s=2pmin=-1688

Papmax=666 Pa).................................................................................................................................98
5.73 U=6 m/s...........................................99
5.74 U=6 m/s...................................99
XI
1.1 1970 [2] .............................................................................................2

1.2 [2] .........................................................................................................3
1.3 [12] ....................................................................................................9
2.1 [52] .....................................................................................................33
3.1 k- [80] ......................................................................42
4.1 10 kW .............................................................................52
4.2 .................................................................................................................56
5.1 ....................................................................................95
XII
Ab
(m2)
As
(m2)
(m2)
A3
(m2)
(induction factor)
CD
(drag coefficient) CD =
CL
(lift coefficient) CL =
CP
(power coefficient) CP =
CQ
(torque coefficient) CQ =
CT
(tangential force coefficient) CT =
C1C2C3
k-
(m)
FD
(N)
FL
(N)
FN
(N)
FQ
(N-m)
FT
(N)
FT , disc
(N)
XIII
FD
1
U 2 cL
2
FL
1
U 2 cL
2
P
1
U 3 As
2
FQ
1
U 2 As R
2
FT
1
U 2 cL
2
FT , mom
(m.kg/s2)
FQ , D
(N.m)
Gb
(kg/m.s3)
Gk
(kg/m.s3)
(m)
Htower
(m)
(Hz)
(m2/s2)
(m)
m
(kg/s)
N arm
(W)
(Pa)
(Pa)
p1
(Pa)
p2
(Pa)
p3
(Pa)
(m)
Re
(Reynolds number)
R0
(m)
(s)
(m/s)
Ua
(m/s)
U eff
(m/s)
XIV
Ut
(m/s)
(m/s)
U1
(m/s)
U2
(m/s)
U3
(m/s)
x (m/s)
y (m/s)
z (m/s)
YM
(kg/ms3)
y+
(degree)
(degree)
(degree)
(s)
(degree)
(m2/s3)
(degree)
Von Karman (=0.4187)
(tip speed ratio) =
(N.s/m2)
(N.s/m2)
XV
R
U
(kg/m3)
Prandtl
Prandtl
(rpm)
Nc
R
arm
mean
min
max
XVI

1.1
(windmill)
1891 Poul La Cour
[1]
(horizontal axis wind turbine, HAWT)
(vertical axis wind turbine, VAWT) 1.1
(rated power)(AWEA)(large-scale wind turbine)
500 kW (small-scale wind turbine) 100
kW
1.1
1
1970
1.1 1941 Smidth

Palmer Putnam 1.25 MW
1945 Ulrich Hutter
(teetering hub)(rotor)
(fiberglass)
1973
1.2
1.1 1970 [2]
1.2 [2]
[3]
(building
integrated) ( 1.2)[4]
[5]
[6]
1.2 [4]
1.2
1.2.1
1.3
1.1 2~3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) 40% 1.4
(5) (yawing mechanism)
(6)
(7)
1.3 [1]
1.4 (Cp)[7]
1.2.2
1.1
(1)
(2)
(3) 40%
(4)
(5)
1.5
1. (Savonius)
20%
2. (Darrieus)
(support
arm)
3. H Darrieus
Savonius Darrieus
1.5 [1]
Darrieus Darrieus 1931 [8] 1.6
(tip speed ratio) 1973

Sandia
Darrieus 2
[9] 0.32
1988 34 500 kW
[10]
1988 ( 1.7)
4 MW [11] Darrieus
(self-starting)
1.6 1931 Darrieus [8]
1.7 (Eole, 4 MW) [11]
Erisson [12]
H
1.3
H
8
Quiet revolution qr5 [13] 1.8
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
1.3 [12]
1.8 Quite revolution qr5 [13]
1.3
vortex cascade
(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)
Templin [14] (dynamic

stall)(solidity)
Strickland [15]
Blackwell [16, 17]Klimas Sheldahl [18]Worstell [19]
2 NACA0012 0.13~0.25
23 2105~2.8105 1~10
(4)
17 NACA0015 0.14 2
1.08105~1.35105 1~11
Paraschivoiu [20]
(induced velocity)
5
NACA0015 0.15 2 3
10

1~11
(4)
Vortex Larsen[21]
vortex
[22, 23](4)Strickland [24]
vortex
vortex vortex
Paraschivoiu Allet [25]
vortex 17
NACA0015 1~10 vortex
Islam [26]
vortex
(laminar separation bubbles)(hysteresis loop)

(flow curvature)
Berg [27] Darrieus

11
NACA0015NACA0018
90o
105 106
106 107
Darrieus
Lissaman [28] Darrieus 104Re106
(transition regime)
Deglaire [29]
(1)
(2)
(3)
Wernert [30]
Fujisawa
Takeuchi [31] PIV (particle image velocimetry) Darrieus
1~3
12
Darrieus
Leishman [32] Raffel [33]
Ferreira [34] PIV NACA0015
51057105 2~4
(roll-up)
[35] CFD Darrieus

NACA0015
SST k- (shear stress transport)
[36]
NACA0015
SST k- 2.5
0o
Gupta Biswas [37]
NACA0012
13

k-
25 o30 o40 o 30 o
30
Beri Yao [38]
NACA0018 30%
15o(NACA2415)(=0.1~1)
RNG k- 3.6105
=0.1~1 NACA0018 (=3.5)
0.3
El-Samanoudy [39] Giromill
8 m/s-10 o~60 o 2 4 20 40 cm
NACA0024NACA4420NACA4520 8~15cm
0.25 40 cm 15 cm 10
NACA0024 4
Kirke Lazauskas [40] Darrieus
(S1210)
(NACA0018)
14
Darrieus
Howell [41] Darrieus
NACA0015
RNG k- 4.3~5.8 m/s
20%
Scheurich [42](vorticity transport model)
Darrieus NACA0015
3
15
Shiono [43] Darrieus
90
NACA633-018 0.6~1.4 m/s 43.7~90
43.7~60
Kirke [44]
(1)
(2)
(3) (toroidal vortex)
[45]
(1)
(2)
(3)
16

Li Calisal [46]
NACA0012 1.52 m/s
1.5 m/s 3 13% 2 m/s
1.4
[47] I-WIND 1.9
[37]
17
10 kW
2~12 m/s
1~4
1.9 (a) I-WIND (b) I-WIND
1.5
18
10 kW
19
2.1
2.1.1
1926 Betz [48]
(stream tube)
(actuator disk) 2.1
U U 3
:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) (thrust force)
(6)
(7)
2.1 [1]
20

(2.1) U (freestream wind speed) U 3 U1 U 2
FT , mom =U ( AU ) U 3 ( A3U 3 )
(2.1)
m
AU = A3U 3 = m
FT , mom = m (U U 3 )
(2.2)
1
1
p + U = p1 + U1
2
2
(2.3)
1
1
U 2 = p3 + U 3
2
2
(2.4)
p2 +
p = p3
U1 = U 2
FT , disc = A1 ( p1 p2 )
(2.5)
p1 p2 (2.3)(2.4)(2.5)
1
FT , disc = A1 (U 2 - U 32 )
2
(2.6)
(2.2)(2.6) m = AU
1 1
U1 =
1
(U 2 +U 3 )
2
(2.7)
(induction
factor)
a=
U -U1
U
(2.8)
(2.8) U1 U 3
U1 = U (1 a )
(2.9)
U 3 = U (1 2a )
(2.10)
(2.8)~(2.10) U a (induced velocity)

a 0.5 U 3 0 2.2
P
21
P=
1
1
A1 (U 2 U 32 )U1 = AU
1 1 (U + U 3 )(U - U 3 )
2
2
(2.11)
(2.9)(2.10)(2.11) A 1 = A s ()
P=
1
2
3
1 AsU 3 4a (1- a )2
AU
1 4a (1- a ) =
2
2
(2.12)
Cp =
1
U 3 As
2
(2.13)
(2.12)(2.13)
C p = 4a (1- a )
a =
(2.14)
1
C p ,max = 0.5926 Betz
3
(2.9)(2.10)(2.6)
1
U 2 As 4a (1 a )
2
FT , disc
CT =
= 4a (1 a )
1
2
U As
2
FT , disc =
(2.15)
(2.16)
2.2 [1]
2.1.2 Darrius
Wilson Lissaman [49] Darrius
U1 = U (1 a )
22

(1) (pitch angle) = 0
(2) CD = 0
(3) CL = 2 sin
(4) c R
Darrius
dx +
dx = Rd sin
(2.17)
dFT , blade = 2 cU tU a sin 2
(2.18)
dFT , mom = Rd sin a (1-a )U 2
(2.19)
(2.18)(2.19) U a = U (1 a ) U t = R
a=
c R
sin
2R U
(2.20)
N 1 =
a=
Nc
sin
2R
(2.21)
FQ = cRU 2 (1 a ) sin 2
2
(2.22)
1 4 Nc 3 Nc 2
FQ = ( NcRU 2 )
+

32 R
2 3 R
2
Nc 1 4 Nc 3 Nc
3
1 8
C p =
+
a + a2
= 2 a
32 R
8
R 2 3 R
2 3
23
(2.23)
(2.24)
amax = 0.401 Darrieus 0.554
2.2
2.3 (azimuthal angle)
= 0~180(upwind) = 180~360(downwind) U eff
U eff FD (drag force) FL (lift force)
FT FN (thrust force)(normal force)
2.4
U a sin
R + U a cos
= tan 1
sin
1
= tan
+ cos
(2.25)
U a
U a U a = U
sin
+ cos
= tan 1
(2.26)
sin cos
+ cos
= tan 1
(2.27)
U eff =
(U a sin ) + ( R + U a cos )
2
(sin ) + ( + cos )
= U
(2.28)
U eff = U
(sin cos ) + ( + cos )

2
(2.29)
FL = CL cLU eff2
2
FD = CD cLU eff2
2
(2.30)
(2.31)
FN = FL cos + FD sin
(2.32)
FT = FL sin FD cos
(2.33)
24
FT , mean =
1
2
FT d
(2.34)
FQ = NFT ,mean R
(2.35)
P = FQ
(2.36)
2.3
2.4
25
2.3
2.3.1
2.5
(1) (cut-in speed)
(2) (rated wind speed)
(3) (cut-out speed)
Cp =
P
1
U 3 As
2
= f ( , U , c, R, L, , , N )
(2.37)
(1) ()
(2) (U)
(3) (c)
(4) (R)
(5) (L)(aspect ratio)
(6) ()
(7) ()
(8) (N)
[45]
(1) 1 =
Ab c
Nc
=
= 1 =
As R
R
(solidity)
(2) 2 =
L
2 = 2 =
R
1 c
(3) 3 =
(4) 4 =
U R
(5) 4 4 =1 4 =
U c
26
2.5 [1]
2.3.2
(blade section)
Darrieus 104Re106 2.6Lissaman [28]

(transition regime)
[50](laminar separation bubble)
2.7(leading edge)
McCroskey [52]
Darrieus
27
2.6 [28]
2.7 [51]
2.3.3
Darrieus
2.8
2.9
Leishman [54]
(1)
28
(2)
(3)
2.8
McCroskey [55]
2.8 ()[34]
29
2.9 ( M )[32]
2.3.4
Carr [56]
2.10
(reattachment)
30
2.10 [56]
Fujisawa Shibuy [57](PIV) Darrieus
2.11(vortex shedding)
2.12
Ferreira [34] PIV
Re=51057105=2~4
(roll-up)
2.13
31
2.11 [57]
2.12 ()[57]
2.13 [34]
32
Darrieus [58]Fujisawa Takeuchi [31] PIV

Darrieus
Noll Ham [59]
(flutter stall)
[58]
McCroskey [52] (flow

curvature) 2.1
Darrieus
2.14
1~4
2.1 [52]
2.14 Darrieus [60]

33
(reduced frequency)Tsang
[61]
Ho Chen [62]Chang Eun [63]
Laneville Vittecoq [64] Darrieus
K=
c
( 1) tan 1 ( 2 1) 2
2R
(2.38)
K > 0.05 K
[65](2.38) c/R
2.3.5
(flow
curvature)
(1) (virtual chamber)Migliore [66]
(cambered airfoil) 2.15 c/R
(2) (virtual incidence)
Migliore [66] NACA 0015 c / R = 0.26

3
c/R
Kirke [44]
(1)
(2)
34
(3) Cp/ 2.16
0.2~0.6
0.62
2.15 [66]
2.16 ()[67, 68]

35
2.3.6
NACA 4412
2.17
Baker [69] 90~95%
Abbott Von Doenhoff [70]
Jacobs
Sherman [71] Re=8104 NACA XX12 =-5~25
Sheldahl Klimas [72]Ostowari
Naik [73] Re=1.5105~2.5105=0~24
=10~16
Kirke Lazauskas [74] TSR=0~4.5
2.18
TSR=0~2
CQ, max TSR Claessens
[75]
2.17 [1]
36
2.18 ( CQ )[74]
2.4
2.4.1
(parasitic drag)
Kirke
[44]
(1)
(2)
(3) (toroidal vortex)
2.4.2
H Darrieus
Kirke [44]
37
2.19
2.19 [44]
[45]
(1)
(2) 2.20
(3)
2.20 [45]
38

R
R
1
FQ , D ( ) = r dFD ( r , ) = r U eff2 CD dAarm
0
0
2
(2.39)
H Darrieus U eff = r + U cos dAarm = cdr

(2.39)
R
1
2
FQ , D ( ) = r c ( r + U cos ) CD dr
0
2
(2.40)
1 2 R 4 2 R 3
U 2 R 2
FQ , D ( ) =
+
U cos +
cos 2 CD c
2 4
3
2
(2.41)
FQ , D ( ) d = FQ , D 2
(2.42)
(2.41)(2.42)
FQ , D
1 2 R4 U 2 R2
= c
+
CD
2 4
4
(2.43)
CQ , D =
N arm FQ , D
N A
1
= ( 2 + 1) arm arm CD
1
As
U 2 As R 4
2
(2.44)
N arm
CP , D = CQ , D =
N A
1 3
+ ) arm arm CD
(
4
As
CD
39
(2.45)
ANSYS_FLUENT
-(Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equations,
RANS)
3.1
-
u u w
+
+
=0
x y z
(3.1)
-
x
2u 2u 2 u
u
u
u
p
+v +w = + 2 + 2 + 2
y
z
x
y
z
x
x
(3.2)
2 v 2v 2 v
v
v
v
p
+v +w = + 2 + 2 + 2
y
z
y
x
x y z
(3.3)
2w 2w 2w
w
w
w
p
u
+v
+w = + 2 + 2 + 2
y
z
z
y
z
x
x
(3.4)
u
y
u, v, w x, y, z
40
3.2
k- RNG [77] Realizable k-

[78]
Realizable k- k-
Realizable k-
3.2.1 k-
k- Launder Spalding [79]
k-
(turbulence kinetic energy, k)(dissipation rate, )
k-
(k)
( k ) + ( kui ) =
t
xi
x j
t
+
k
k
+ Gk + Gb YM
x j
(3.5)
()
( ) + ( ui ) =
t
xi
x j
t
2
+
+
G
G
+
C
G
(
)
1
k
3 b
2
x j
k
(3.6)
Gk Gb YM
k
41
Prandtl C1C2 C3 3.1
k k
t = C
(3.7)
3.1 k- [80]
k-
C1
C2
1.44
1.92
Realizable
1.44
C2
C3
0.09
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.9
3.2.2 Realizable k-
Realizable (t) C
Realizable (strong streamline curvature)

Realizable
Realizable
(k)
( k ) + ( ku j ) =
t
x j
x j
t
+
k
k
+ Gk + Gb YM
x j
(3.8)
()
( ) + ( ui ) =
t
xi
x j
t
2
+
+
C
S
C
+ C1 C3 Gb (3.9)
1
2
x j
k
k +

k
C1 = max 0.43,
, = S , S = 2 Sij Sij Gk Gb
+ 5
YM C2 C1 k
Prandtl
42
k- (t)
t = C
(3.10)
Realizable k- C
C =
A0 + As
kU *
(3.11)

U * Sij Sij +
i j ij
(3.12)
= 2 = A0=4.04As= 6 cos

ij
ij
ijk k
ij
ij
ijk k
ij
1
3
= cos1 ( 6W ),W =
Sij S jk Ski
1 u u
, S = Sij Sij , Sij = ( i + i ) 3.1
3

S
2 xi x j
3.3
k- (free shear flow)
k k-
(viscous sublayer)
3.1
y+
y+
u y
(3.13)
u =
(3.14)
(wall function)
(buffer layer)
43
3.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Ekman
3.1 [80]
3.3.1
Launder Spalding [79]
y+>11.225 (logarithmic law)

U* =
44
ln( Ey* )
(3.15)
y* =
C1/ 4 k 1/2
U C 1/4 k 1/ 2
p yp
U * = P P
w /
Von Karman (=0.4187)E (=9.793)Up P kp P

yp P
y*<11.225
U*=y*
(3.16)
3.4
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3.5
ANSYS_FLUENT [80]
45

3.2
[81]
3.2 [80]
3.6
3.6.1
ANSYS_FLUENT
(segregated solver)(coupled
solver)
46
v dA = dA + S dV
V
(3.17)

v A S
V
Nf
Nf
f v f f Af = ( f )n Af +SV
(3.18)

N f f f A f f f v f A f
( f )
n
a p = nb anb nb + b
(3.19)
a p anb nb nb (3.18) f
f
1
=
V
Nf
A
f
(3.20)
f f = + S
= F ( )
t
(3.21)
F ( )
3 n +1 4 n + n 1
= F ( )
2t
(3.22)
n + 1 n n 1 ( t + t )( t )
( t -t )t F ( )
47
n+1 = n - n 1 + tF ( n +1 )
4
3
1
3
2
3
(3.23)
3.6.2
ANSYS_FLUENT
3.3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
48
3.3 CFD
3.6.3
J f =J f + d f ( pco - pcl )
(3.24)
J f J f pco pcl
df =
A2f
ap
(pressure-linked equation)
Nf
Nf
J f Af = vn Af = 0
(3.25)
SIMPLE (semi-implicit method with pressure-linked equation)

SIMPLE p (3.24) J f
49
J f =J f + d f p co - p cl
(3.26)
J f J f
J f =J f + J f
(3.27)
SIMPLE J f
- pcl ) p
J f =d f ( pco
(3.28)
p (3.26)(3.28)(3.25)
+b
a p p = anb pnb
nb
Nf
b = J f Af
f
50
(3.29)
4.1
10 kW
Solidwork 4.1
4.2 4.1 NACA4412

As = 2 RL
30
4.1 10 kW
51
4.2
4.1 10 kW
(L)
7m
(c)
0.62 m
(R)
3m
(As)
42 m2
()
70
(Larm)
2.764 m
()
30
(H)
5.025 m
(R0)
0.8 m
(Htower)
9m
(Rtower)
0.205 m
4.2
10 kW
4.34.4
24
52
2448 m3 1236 m 11.2 m
2.3 2.2 Blade 1Blade 2Blade 3

0120240
4.3
4.4 x-y
53
4.3
4.3
4.4
SIMPLE
ANSYS_FLUENT 10-3
4.4
10-3
U=6 m/s=3
4.5
t 0.1s
0.01s
54
4.5 (t)(CQ)
4.5
Ferreira [82]
PIV Darrieus U=7.5 m/s=

2 FLUENT LaminarSpalart Allmaras
k- Laminar
[80](skewness)
FLUENT 0.80.9
4.5.1
55

1:1 4.2
321 1540
U=6 m/s=3 T=0.01s

4.6 =90315
Mesh1 Cp Mesh2Mesh3 =30150270Mesh4
Cp Mesh2Mesh3 Cp
Cp,mean 4.7
Mesh1 Cp,mean 0.233Mesh2 0.257Mesh3
0.264Mesh4 0.253 3.1% Mesh2
Mesh4 (0.4%) Mesh2 647
4.2
Mesh1
0.21106
0.64
3106
0.83
3.21106
Mesh2
0.23106
0.53
6.24106
0.8
6.47106
Mesh3
0.49106
0.69
8.7106
0.83
9.19106
Mesh4
0.8106
0.69
1.46107
0.83
1.54107
4.6 Cp (U=6 m/s=3)

56
4.7 (Cp,mean) (U=6 m/s=3)
4.5.2
U=6 m/s=3 Mesh2
t 0.01~0.001s t >0.01s t=0.01s
4.8 Cp
Cp
Cp,mean 4.9
t=0.001s0.0025s0.005s0.01s Cp,mean 0.28
0.240.250.26 4% t=0.01s
0.001s 2%
t=0.01s t=0.01s
57
4.8 (t) Cp (U=6 m/s=3)
4.9 (t)(Cp,mean) (U=6 m/s=3)
4.6
4.34.4
4R (12 m) 12R (36 m)
58
1.5 U=12
m/s=4
4R6R 4.10
4 R -8.2~1.3 Pa
-0.96 Pa 6R -4.1~ 2.1 Pa-0.06 Pa xyz
4.11~ 4.13
(u, v, w)= (12, 0, 0) 4
R u 12~12.48 m/sv 0~0.2 m/sw -0.02~
0.7 m/s 6 R u 11~12.05 m/sv -0.01~0.11

m/sw 0.01~2.08 m/s
4R uvw 12.090.030.38 m/s 12.101 m/s

0.84% 6 R uvw 11.98 m/s0 m/s0.24 m/s
11.98 m/s 0.13%
4R 6R
0.71% 4R
x 12R
18R 6.15%y 4R 6R
0.92% 12R4R
59
4.10 U=12 m/s=4
4.11 U=12 m/s=4 x
60
4.12 U=12 m/s=4 y
4.13 U=12 m/s=4 z
61

5.1
1.
2.
3.
U=612m/s
=1~4
U=23
461112 m/s=1~4
10 kW
U=6 m/s=1~4
5.2
5.2.1
62
U=612 m/s=1~4 5.1~5.8

CT U=612 m/s
=1 U=6 m/s 5.1
35~360
100~270CT 0~0.2
0~35 U=12 m/s 5.2
U=6 m/s
CT, max 0.8 1
5.1 U=6 m/s=1
63
5.2 U=12 m/s=1
=2 U=6 m/s 5.3

0~48
12 CT,max=1.27
CT,max 0.760.82
180
(2.33) 0 U=12 m/s
5.4
U=6 m/s CT,max=1.33
CT,max 0.780.88
=3 U=6 m/s 5.5
0~ 63 = 2 CT,max 0.88
CT,max 0.470.61 U=12 m/s 5.6
U=
6 m/s CT,max 0.95 CT,max 0.420.64
=4 U=6 m/s 5.7
0~90 240
U=12 m/s 5.8
U=6 m/s CT,max
U=612 m/s CT,max 196182
64
0.550.35 CT,max 306322 0.270.5
5.3 U=6 m/s=2
5.4 U=12 m/s=2

65
5.5 U=6 m/s=3
5.6 U=12 m/s=3
66
5.7 U=6 m/s=4
5.8 U=12 m/s=4
67
6 m/s 12 m/s
=0~90=0~90
5.1~5.8 U=6 m/s
U=12 m/s
U=6 m/s
U=6 m/s=3 4 5.5
=296397132
5.9~5.13 U= 6 m/s=3 X-Y
=29 5.9
=63 5.10
=97 5.11
=63 =132
5.12
68
5.9 =29(U=6
5.10 =63(U=6 m/s
m/s=3pmin =-775 Papmax=354 Pa)
=3pmin =-850 Papmax=295 Pa)
5.11 =97(U=6
5.12 =132(U=6
5.13 =29
5.14 = 63
(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-775 Papmax=354 Pa)
(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-850 Papmax =295 Pa)

69
5.13~ 5.16
=29 5.13
=63 5.14
=97 5.15
=132 5.16
5.15 =97
5.16 =132
(29
97)
(97166)
5.17~ 5.21
=29 5.17
=63 5.18
70

=97 5.19
=132
5.20
()
5.17 =29(U=6
5.18 =63(U=6
m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=27 m/s)
71
5.19 =97(U=6
5.20 =132(U=6
m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=30 m/s)
5.21 =29
5.22 =63
(U=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=27 m/s)

72
5.21~ 5.24
=29 5.21
=63 5.22
=97 5.23
=63
=132 5.24
(
)
5.23 =97(U
5.24 =132
=6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=35 m/s)
73
(29
97)
(97
166)
U=6 m/s=3 4 5.5

=251
286320354 5.25~5.28
=251
5.25
=286 5.26
=251
=320 5.27
=354 5.28
5.29~5.32
=251 5.29
=286 5.30 =251

=320 5.31
=354 5.32
(251320)
(320354)
74
5.25 =251(U=
5.26 =286(U=
6 m/s=3pmin =-649 Papmax=365 Pa)
6 m/s=3pmin = -890 Papmax=317 Pa)
5.27 =320(U=
5.28 =354(U=
6 m/s=3pmin =-1066 Papmax =299 Pa)
6 m/s=3pmin =-976 Papmax =355Pa)
5.29 =251
5.30 =286(U=
(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-649 Papmax =365 Pa) 6 m/s=3pmin =-890 Papmax=317 Pa)
75
no low pressure
zone
low pressure
zone
5.31 =320
5.32 =354
(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-1066 Papmax =299 Pa)
(U=6 m/s=3pmin =-976 Papmax =355Pa)
5.33~ 5.36
=251 5.33
=286
5.34
=251
=320 5.35
=354 5.36
76
5.33 =251(U=
5.34 =286(U=
6 m/s=3Umin=0 m/sUmax=30 m/s)
5.35 =320(U=
5.36 = 354(U=

77
5.37~5.40
=251 5.37
=286 5.38
=320 5.39
=354
5.40
(251320)
(320354)
5.37 =251
(U=6 m/s=3Umin =0 m/sUmax=30 m/s)
5.38 =286
78
5.39 =320
5.40 =354
5.2.2
[41]
(quasi- 2D) U=6 m/s=3

=286380114148183200234268303354
=28234
=28 5.41~5.43
28<<148
79
=234 5.44~5.46
(=180~360)
5.41 =28
5.42 =28
80
5.43 =28
5.44 =243
5.45 =243
5.46 =243

81
5.3
5.3.1
10 kW
U=1112 m/s=1~4
U=11 m/s=1~4 5.475.48
without arm
=12 5.47
=3 5.48
39159279 =4 5.48
=1234 0.8251.5630.8490.214
=1234 0.8391.5660.8040.096
1.7%0.19%-5.3%-55.14%
U=12 m/s =12 5.49

=3
5.50
32152272 =4 5.50
=1234 0.8411.5790.8920.214
=1234 0.8561.5830.850.106
1.780.25-4.71-50.47%
82
5.47 U=11 m/s=12
5.48 U=11 m/s=34
83
5.49 U=12 m/s=12
5.50 U=12 m/s=34
5.515.52 U=11 m/s

84
=70 rpm=2 11.06 kW

32.29% =35 rpm105 rpm140 rpm 2.92 kW11.06 kW9.02 kW
3.02 kW 70~105 rpm Cp, mean >0.25
=35 rpm70 rpm (= 1, 2)(=105140 rpm

=3, 4) =105 rpm (=3)
5.37%Cp,
mean
1.4 % =140 rpm (=4)
45.11%Cp, mean 4.85 %
U=12 m/s =75 rpm=2

14.5 kW32.63% =38 rpm115 rpm153 rpm
3.9 kW12.5 kW4.1 kW 75~ 115 rpm Cp, mean >0.25
=3875 rpm (=12)
(=115153 rpm=34) =115 rpm (=3)
3.82%Cp,mean 1.3% =153 rpm (=4)
52.3%Cp,mean 4.79%
10 kW 11
m/s 70~105 rpm (=2~3)
5.51 (P) (U=1112 m/s)

85
5.52 (Cp,mean) (U=1112 m/s)
5.2
U=11 m/s=2 CT,minCT,max 5.47
CT,min (=27o)Blade1Blade2Blade3
-161124219N CT, max (=98o) 431179249 N
Blade1 5.535.54
CT,min Blade1
Blade2
Blade1 CT,max Blade1
Blade2 Blade3
Blade2Blade3 CT,min
86
5.53 CT,min (=27o)(U=
5.54CT,max (=98o)(U=
5.555.56
CT,min Blade1
CT,max Blade1
Blade2 CT,min
Blade1
Blade2 CT,max
Blade3 =267oCT,min
Blade2Blade3
Blade3
=338oCT,max
Blade2Blade3
87
wake
wake
vortex
5.55 CT,min (=27o) (U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax=41 m/s)
wake
vortex
5.56 CT,max (=98o) (U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax =63 m/s)
88
CT,min 5.57
Blade1 Blade2
CT,max 5.58
Blade1
CT,min Blade2 Blade3
5.57 CT,min (=27o)
5.58 CT,max (=98o)
(U=11 m/s=2pmin =-1688 Papmax =
(U=11 m/s=2pmin =-3299 Papmax=
666 Pa)
626 Pa)
CT, min 5.59

Blade2Blade3
Blade2
Blade3 CT,max 5.60
Blade1
89
Blade3
vortex
vortex
5.59 CT,min (=27o) (U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax=41 m/s)
wake
vortex
5.60 CT, max (=98o) (U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax=63 m/s)

90

5.615.62
CT,min CT,max CT,max
CT,min 5.635.64
CT,min CT,max
CT,min CT,max
5.61 CT, min (=27o)(U=
5.62 CT, max (=98o)(U=
11 m/s=2pmin =-3299 Papmax =626 Pa)
91
5.63 CT, min (=27o)(U=
5.64 CT, max (=98o)(U=
11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax=41 m/s)
11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax=63 m/s)
5.3.2
U= 2 m/s3 m/s4 m/s6 m/s11 m/s12 m/s=1~4
5.65
4 m/s
4 m/s 1~4
4 m/s 2~3
14 10 kW
2
14
4
2~12m/s
92
1~2
3~ 4 3 6 m/s
4 4 m/s
10 kW
2 m/s 1234 0.0170.050.033
0.002 kW 4 (=3 rpm) -0.008
kW 4 4 m/s
5.66
=1
8.2~8.8% =2
6m/s 30%
=3 2~6m/s
10%
1.3~1.6% =4 3~6m/s
6.8% 6~12m/s 2%
3.1~4.9%
0.25
5.1
2~4 m/s 2 6~
12m/s 2~3
(=1, 2)
(=3, 4)
93
5.65
5.66
94
5.1
(m/s)
(rpm)
(kW)
13
0.05
0.24
19
0.19
0.28
25
0.47
0.29
2~3
38~57
1.43~1.69
0.26~0.3
(1.35~1.69)
(0.24~0.3)
9.02~ 11.06
0.26~0.32
(8.53~11.08)
(0.25~0.32)
12.29~14.5
0.28~0.33
11
12
2~3
70~105
2~3
76~115
(11.71~14.54)
( )
(0.26~0.33)
5.4
5.3
U=6 m/s
=1~4 5.675.68
blade only
=123
4 0.5180.9930.7670.355=1
234 0.8061.4690.8280.183 =12
3 =4
0.76 Blade1Blade2 Blade3
1.96
Blade1
95
5.67 U=6 m/s=12
5.68 U=6 m/s=34
CT,minCT,max U=6 m/s=2 CT,min
96
Blade1Blade2Blade3 69o189o309o
6851 NBlade1Blade2Blade3 40 o160o
280o-32 N16 N65 N Blade1
5.695.70
Blade1
CT,max Blade1Blade2Blade3
124o244o4o 7689-27NBlade1
Blade2Blade3 95o215o335o 116 N47 N74 N
Blade3 5.715.72
Blade3
Blade3
Blade2
5.69 CT,min (=69o)
5.70 CT,min (=40o)
(U=6 m/s=2pmin =-1688
(U=6 m/s=2
Papmax =666 Pa)
pmin =-1688 Papmax =666 Pa)
97
5.71 CT,max (=124o)
5.72 CT,max (=95o)
(U=6 m/s=2pmin=-1688
(U=6 m/s=2
Papmax=666 Pa)
pmin=-1688 Papmax=666 Pa)
5.735.74
without
armwith arm without arm
blade only 123

4 296 W1082 W1326 W842 W 0.0530.1950.239
0.152 3
2 0.304
6.5%[44, 46]
1~3 (=19~57 rpm)

4 (=76 rpm)
98
(=4)
5.73 U=6 m/s
5.74 U=6 m/s
99

6.1
10 kW
2~12 m/s 1~4
(1)
6 m/s
12 m/s
=0~90
(29
97)
(97166)
(251320)
(320354)
=28
28<<148
100

(2)
(=12)
(=34)
10 kW 2 m/s 11 m/s
0.25 2~4
m/s 2 6~12 m/s
2~3
(3)
6 m/s(CP,max=0.239) 3
(CP,max=0.304) 2 6.5%
6.2
1.
Ferreira [52]
PIV
2.
Kirke [44]
101
3.
(geographical information system)
4.
5.
Li Calisal [46] NACA0012

NACA
102

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Three-Dimensional and Arm Effects on

Aerodynamics Simulation for the

(vertical axis wind turbine)

Vertical axis wind turbine, three-dimensional aerodynamics analysis, computational

2.16 ()[67, 68] ................................................................35

5.3 U=6 m/s=2..........................................65

5.29 =251(U=6 m/s=3pmin= -649 Papmax=365 Pa)..............75

5.55 CT,min (=27o) (U=11 m/s=2Umin =0 m/sUmax=41 m/s)................88

5.72 CT,max (=95o)(U=6 m/s=2pmin=-1688

1.1 1970 [2] .............................................................................................2

(tangential force coefficient) CT =

Von Karman (=0.4187)

(tip speed ratio) =

1891 Poul La Cour

1.1 1941 Smidth

1.1 1970 [2]

(5) (yawing mechanism)

Darrieus Darrieus 1931 [8] 1.6

(tip speed ratio) 1973

1.6 1931 Darrieus [8]

1.7 (Eole, 4 MW) [11]

Quiet revolution qr5 [13] 1.8

1.8 Quite revolution qr5 [13]

(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)

Templin [14] (dynamic

Blackwell [16, 17]Klimas Sheldahl [18]Worstell [19]

(laminar separation bubbles)(hysteresis loop)

Berg [27] Darrieus

Lissaman [28] Darrieus 104Re106

Leishman [32] Raffel [33]

Ferreira [34] PIV NACA0015

[35] CFD Darrieus

Gupta Biswas [37]

El-Samanoudy [39] Giromill

Kirke Lazauskas [40] Darrieus

Howell [41] Darrieus

Scheurich [42](vorticity transport model)

Shiono [43] Darrieus

NACA0012 1.52 m/s

1.5 m/s 3 13% 2 m/s

[47] I-WIND 1.9

1.9 (a) I-WIND (b) I-WIND

(2.8)~(2.10) U a (induced velocity)

dFT , blade = 2 cU tU a sin 2

dFT , mom = Rd sin a (1-a )U 2

amax = 0.401 Darrieus 0.554

(sin cos ) + ( + cos )

Darrieus 104Re106 2.6Lissaman [28]

Darrieus [58]Fujisawa Takeuchi [31] PIV

McCroskey [52] (flow

2.14 Darrieus [60]

Ho Chen [62]Chang Eun [63]

Laneville Vittecoq [64] Darrieus

(cambered airfoil) 2.15 c/R

(2) (virtual incidence)

Migliore [66] NACA 0015 c / R = 0.26

(3) Cp/ 2.16

2.16 ()[67, 68]

Baker [69] 90~95%

Abbott Von Doenhoff [70]

H Darrieus U eff = r + U cos dAarm = cdr

k- RNG [77] Realizable k-

Prandtl C1C2 C3 3.1

Realizable (strong streamline curvature)