*

2003

email

(local consciousness)

email

(incommensurable)

(scientific realism)
(reality)

(social constructivism)1

(cultural relativism of knowledge)

(epistemic relativism)

(alternative sciences)

(2001a)

(1989, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2000a)

(1997, 2000)
(2000, 20013)

(parapsychology)
(1997, 2000)

(body)

(1993)

(1)

(1993, 2000)(1993, 2000)

(2) (2000)

(2000)(2000)
(2000)

(Higher Superstition)(Fashionable
Nonsense)

http://www.chikung.org.tw/txt/paper 2001

(3)

1999
1997
2000 10

(theses)
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
4

1999

(2000)

(bounded
individual)
155 (2000)

. 16-17(2000)

215

6
5

(2000)

21
(2000)

38
6
(2001)

(1995)

(1) (identify)

7(2)
(lexical
structure)(taxonomy)(evolution of specialties)
(2001)
(disciplinary matrix)(Kuhn 1969, 1970a)
(generalization)

(exemplar)

(anomaly)(anomalous phenomena)

(articulate paradigm)

()

(2001)
7
M. Masterman(1970)
21 1962
(D. Shapere, 1964)

(taxonomy)(theory version)(a family

of theory versions)(Chen 2000)

(an extra-paradigmatic phenomenon)

(an unexplained phenomenon by any paradigm)

(philosophy of mind)(cognitive science)

DNA (Crick)

1781

 1846
Grosser 1979
1781 1846 65
(Damocles sword)
1846

(ad hoc hypotheses)

(ceteris paribus clause)(1995)

10

11

(paranormal phenomena)

(ESP)

12

10

(Logic of discovery or psychology of

research?)(Kuhn 1970)

(potential falsifiers)

11

12
(James law)

10

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1997,
2001)(2000, 2001)(2001)

11

1993

(1991) 4

((1989))

13

(confirmed)

1999

(2000a) 20
.
13

12

(2000)
142

2000a 19

((1998)
55)

14

.
668

1842-1910

(1998) 478

14

13

1877 (Schiaparelli)
(channels)(Percival Lowell)

1924
1916 15

(1)

(2)

(3)

.(1997a)

15

(2001a) 120 Gorman 1992, pp. 156-160

14

16

17

16

email (1989)

29

31-32
17
(2001)

201

15

(2000)

(10 13-15 )
(2001)

http://www.chikung.org.tw/txt/paper
(1998)

16

(F. Crick)

(Needham, Joseph)
(1989)

46 1989
6
------(1991)1991 8
------(1994)
1994 5
------(1997)
1997 3
------(1997a)

12 5-6
------(1998) X

------(2000)

------(2000a)

(1993)

------(2000)

(10 13-15 )
(2001)
4 3

http://scc.bookzone.com.tw/sccc/article
(2000)

(10 13-15 )
(1995)

(2000)
8 19

http://scc.bookzone.com.tw/sccc/article
(2001)2 23
http://scc.bookzone.com.tw/sccc/article
(1997)
12 5-6
------(2001)

8
8
(2001)

(S. A. Greenfield)

(A. Sokal)(J. Bricmont)

(1997)
327 1997 3
------(2000)

(10 13-15 )
(2001)

17

------(2001a)

(1997)

12 5-6
------(2000)

(10 13-15 )
(N. Gross)(N. Levitt)

(1989)

1989

------(1995)
H2O

(1993)

------(2000)

(10 13-15 )
(2000)

(10 13-15 )
(2000)

(10 13-15 )
(2000)

Chen, Ruey-Lin(2000), Theory Version Instead of Articulations of A Paradigm, Studies

in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol. 31A, No.3: pp. 449-471
Gorman, M.(1992), Simulating Science (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press)
Grosser, M.(1979), The Discovery of Neptune (New York: Dover Publications)
Kuhn, T. (1969), Postscript1969, in The Structure of Scientific Revolution, 2nd ed., pp.
174-210
------(1970), Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research? in Imre Lakatos & Alan
Musgrave(eds.)(1970), Criticism and The Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge:
Cambridge University)
------(1970a), Reflections on my Critics, in Imre Lakatos & Alan Musgrave(eds.)
(1970), Criticism and The Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University)
Masterman, M.(1970), The Nature of a Paradigm, in Imre Lakatos & Alan
Musgrave(eds.) (1970), Criticism and The Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge:
Cambridge University)
Shapere, D. (1964), The Structure of Scientific Revolution, The Philosophical Review,
Vol. 73, No.4, pp. 383-394.

18