1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

6.

1.1

1.1.1

200 Coulomb
1.1.1a

a b
1.1.1


v v
f
()

K 0 3K0vK01
1.1.1b
i f v = 1 i
k<107cm/s

Simpleshearapparatus 1.1.2
1.1.2b
v h vhhv
vhvhvh
f f
Torsionalorringshearapparatus,

1.1.3

(a) (b)
1.1.2

1.1.2
1.1.4 e p e
p kPa3/1=K0,
( Es a)

c v
1.1.3
1930 A.Casagrande

1.
1.1.5

c
1 = 2 = 3 = c 1 3 1 = a a

a = 3 1 3 < 0

c a 1.1.6

p
q 1.1.8
p=1/3(a+2c) 1.1.1
q=ac 1.1.2

b = ( 2 3 ) /( 1 3 ) 1.1.3

tg =

2 2 1 3
3 ( 1 3 )

2b 1
3

1.1.4

(1) HCHydrostaticcompression
c
1 = 2 = 3 = c
1.1.7

c = p

BB

(2) CTC:Conventionaltriaxialcompression
HC c
c b = 0 = 30

(3) CTE:ConventionalTriaxialExtension

a
c = 1 = 2 , a = 3 ,
a
b=1.0 = 30
o

(4) p TC:Triaxial compressionTE:Triaxial

extension
p= TC a = 1 , a
c c = a / 2 p 1.1.1
= 30 b=0
TE a = 3 c
o

a = 2 c P = 30 o b=1.0
(5) RTCReducedtriaxialcompression
a = 1
c 2 = 3 = c < 0
c
= 30 b=0
o

(6) RTEReducedtriaxialextension
c c a 3 = a < 0

1 = 2 = c = 0
= 30 b = 1.0 3 < 0
o

(7) PL:Proportionalloading
a / c = a / c = k k
1.0 HCk=1.0 k a
k = 1 / k 0 v > 0 v < 0

1.1.8 11

2.

(1)

c
c

(2)

Membranepenetration


c = 3
'

1.1.9(a)
1.1.9b 1 3
u 3 ' = c u (a)

3.

1.1.10

4.

200
46 d max = (

1 1
) D D
4 6

300mm600mm 700mm
3 MPa

1.
1/5

2. d max

d max 10%
3. d max d max

4.
1.1.11

10

5.

F.Tatsuoka
1.1.12
0.005%(0.00005)
LDT,Local deformationtransducers
1.1.13 LDT (a)b

cd

LDT

11

12

1.1.4

1936
Kjellman

2
2

1.1.14 Lo
140mm 80mm 80mm

13

LadeDuncan 1.1.15
767676mm
0

60 HamblyPearce

14

1.1.16 100100100mm

60mm130mm
2

30

p b()

oct 1.1.17

1.1.5
6 6

r z z

1.1.18

15

200mm 250mm
250mm
Directionalshearcell

1.1.19

16

1.1.6

1.1.20

17

1.2

1.2.1 1g

n n
1g g
18

1g
1g

1g

1.2.1 Clorado
Denver wall 3.05m 1.22m 2.08m
12 1.68m
15

19

1.2.2 ng
ng n

1.
E.Phillips 1869
20 30 60
80
80
400gt
450gt

n n>1 a m

am =

Lp
Lm

g = ng 1.2.1

L p Lm g

1.2.2

20

1.2

21

1.1.11

1.2
2

1 / n 1 / n 1

2.

22


ng j = w i
n 1.2.3
1.2.4

1.2.4 :

n ' = i w + ' (1.2.1)

w n = i + 1
'

ng

1.3

1.3.1

1.3.1 p s pu

pb(1 2 )
E=
I (1.3.1)
s
p p s oakPa s b
I E
23

1.3.2

1.3.2
Q , A

ps =

Q
(1.3.2)
A

Q p Qs
:

qp =

Qp

(1.3.3)

A
Q
q s = s (1.3.4)
s
2
2
s A = 15cm s = 300cm

24

1.3.3

1.3.3

25


1. SPT
1.3.4 63.5kg
76cm 30cm N63.5
1.3.4
2.

10kg 50cm 30cm N10 1.3.4a

3.
63.5kg
76cm 10cm N63.5 1.3.4(b)

1.3.4 VST
Tmax
1.3.5

H
= 2
D

f =

26

6 Tmax
1.3.5
7 D 2

1.3.5 f
f Cu

1.3.5 Pressuremeter test

pv
1.3.6

27

1.3.6 SPCBST
1.3.7 1.3.8

28

1.3.7

1.3.8

1.4

20 80
29

1.4.1
1.
1982 Grenoble Karlsrube

1987 Case Western Reserve Grenobe

1.4.1
Hostun 1.65g/cm3 500kPa
2 = 500 kPa z b
00.280.66 1.0 4 1.4.1a
(b)
V

2.
1986

e0.66 Dr = 86%
D = 56.6mm ,28.2g

q / nb ~ s / b
'

q (kPa)

' kN/m3
n
b m
s m

30

1.4.2

0.01 3 18 1.4.3
0.01

1.4.2
80 1980
p
b

17 ( 1 3 ) ~ 1

Finn

1982

1987
32
3 H
3 I
1 E
9 EP1
10 EP2
6 EP
31


1.4.4
1.4.5 1.4.6 b

20 40
1.4.3

1991

3.05 1.22 2.084 12

1.68 5cm
D 50 = 0.42mm WP = 19%
W L = 37% 1.2.1
32

1. 103.5kPa

2. 100
15 8
3 14
1.4.7 1.4.8
30
207kPa 10kPa 517kPa
230kPa 21kPa 207kPa

19891994 NSF 9

33

2.1

Constitutive relationship
Constitutivelaw Constitutive
equation Mathematicalmodel

1925 K.Terzaghi

MohrCoulomb

20 50 60

7080

DEMDDAMEMPFC

2.2

2.2.1
1.
Mxyz

x xy xz 11 12

ij = yx y yz 21 22
zx zy z 31 32

13
23 (2.2.1)
33

x

y

{ } z (2.2.2)
xy
yz

zx

{ }T = { x , y , z , xy , yz , zx } (2.2.3)

221

2.
ij

ij
ij = aik a jl kl (2.2.4)


aik a j l 222 a1 1 = cos a1 2 = cos

a1 3 = cos

3.
223
ABC ABC xyz
lmn

l = cos

m = cos (2.2.5)
n = cos

AOBBOCCOA 9 x , xy , xz y , yx , yz z , zx , zy
0

x = 0 ( )l + m + n = 0
y = 0 l + ( )m +
z = 0 l + m + ( )n = 0
x

yx

zx

xy

xz

yz

zy

n = 0 (2.2.6)


2.2.6 lmn
lmn

x
yx
zx
xy
y
zy
xz
yz
z

3 ( x + y + z ) 2 + x y + y z + z x xy 2 yz 2 zx 2

(
x

+ 2 xy yz zx x yz y zx z xy
2

0 (2.2.7)

3 I 1 2 + I 2 I 3 = 0 (2.2.8)
1 2 3 ABC

xyz I1I2I3 Stress

invariant

I 1 = x + y + z kk (2.2.9)

I 2 = x y + y z + z x xy yz zx (2.2.10)
2

I 3 = x y z + 2 xy yz zx x yz y zx z xy (2.2.11)
2

I 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 (2.2.9)

I 2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 (2.2.10)
I 3 = 1 2 3 (2.2.11)
4.
ij

11 12
ij 21 22

31 32

13 m 0
0 11 m
12
13
23 0 m 0 + 21
22 m
23 (2.2.12)
33 0
0 m 31
32
33 m

1
3

1
3

1
3

m kk 11 + 22 + 33 1 + 2 + 3 (2.2.13)

1
S ij ij kk ij (2.2.14)
3

0 i j
Kroneckerdelta
= 1 i = j

ij

xyz

S1 = 1 m

S 2 = 2 m (2.2.15)
S =
3
m
3

J 1 S kk 0 (2.2.16)

J2 =

1
1
S ij S ji ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 (2.2.17)
6
2

1
1
(2 1 2 3 ) (2 2 1 3 ) (2 3 1 2 ) (2.2.18)
J 3 S ij S jk S ki
27
3
5.
xyz OAOBOC ABC
l=m=n=

1
3

224 AOBBOC COA 1 2 3

ABC ABC

ABC ABC soct

sxsysz

s oct

1
1
s x = 1l =
3

1
2 (2.2.19)
s y = 2 m =
3

1
3
s z = 3 n =
3

1
= s x2 + s y2 + s z2 12 + 22 + 32 (2.2.20)
3

soct

1
3

oct s x l + s y m + s z n ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) m

I1
(2.2.21)
3

oct s

2
oct

2
oct

1
1
2 2
2
2
2
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) 2
J 2 (2.2.22)
3
3

oct oct
p q
p
p= oct =

1
1
11 + 22 + 33 1 + 2 + 3 (2.2.23)
3
3

q
q=

1
2

[(

2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 2 =

3
2

oct 3J 2 (2.2.24)

pq q
q=
q= 1 3
6.
1 2

3
1

kPa
P 1 2 3

2
225a OS 1 2 3

54.44 (2.2.25)

l=m=n=

1
3

(2.2.26)

OS Spacediagonal
P OS Q QP
p QP

(a) 1 + 2 + 3 p
P 1 2 3 OS Q OP OS OQ

OQ x l + y m + z n (2.2.27)
l=m=n=

OQ

1
3

1 + 2 + 3

1
3

I1= 3

oct (2.2.28)


OQ I1 p oct

(b)

225(a)(b)
2

OP 12 + 22 + 32
2
1
OQ ( 1 + 2 + 3 )2
3
1
2
2
1
PQ = OP OQ =
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 2
3
2
q (2.2.29)
= 3 oct = 2 J 2 =
3
PQ

(c)
1 2 3 P OQ PQ
225 Q PQ
P PQ
Lode 225(b) 2 1
2 90 QR PQ QR

Bishop

2 2 1 3
(2.2.30)
1 3
3
b= 2
(2.2.31)
1 3

tg

2 2 1 3

3 1 3

2b 1
3

(2.2.32)

J 2 J 3

sin 3

3 3 J3
(2.2.33)
2 J 32
2

1 2 3 +3030 1 > 2 = 3
30 1 2 > 3 3 30

pq P
1 2 3 I1I2I3 I1 J 2 J 3


2.2.2
1.

x
13
1
23 yx
2
33 1

2 zx

11 12
ij 21 22
31 32

1
xy
2

y
1
zy
2

1
xz
2
1
yz (2.2.34)
2
z

6 6

x

y
z
{ } (2.2.35)
xy
yz

zx

{ }T=

y z xy yz zx } (2.2.36)

1.2.35

u i u j
+

(2.2.37)
x j xi
1
1
1
= xy yz = yz zx = zx
2
2
2

ij

1
xy
2

1
2

2.

11 12
ij 21 22
31 32

v
13 3
23 0

33
0

0 11 v
3

0 + 21

v
31
3

v
3
0

12
22
32

23 (2.2.38)

v
33
3

13

v
3

1
3

ij kk ij + eij

eij 2.2.38
xyz 1 2 3 e1 = 1

e2 2

v
3

e3 3

v
3

3.

v
3

I 1 x + y + z 1 + 2 + 3 kk (2.2.39)

1
I 2 x y + y z + z x ( xy2 + yz2 + zx2 )= 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 (2.2.40)
4
1
I 3 x y z + [ xy yz zx ( x yz2 + y zx2 + z xy2 )]= 1 2 3 (2.2.41)
4
J 1 0 (2.2.42)
1
1
3
J 2 eij e ji [( x y ) 2 +( y z ) 2 +( z x ) 2 + ( xy2 + yz2 + zx2 )
2
6
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
= [( 1 2 ) +( 2 3 ) +( 3 1 ) ]= ( e1 + e2 + e3 ) (2.2.43)
6
2
1
1
3
3
3
J 3 eij e jk eki ( e1 + e2 + e3 )
3
3
1
(2 1 2 3 )(2 2 1 3 )(2 3 1 2 ) (2.2.44)
=
27
4.

v kk 1 + 2 + 3 I 1 (2.2.45)

1
2

2
4
=[ eij e ji ] =[ J 2 ] 2
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
=
[( 1 2 ) +( 2 3 ) +( 3 1 ) ] 2 (2.2.46)
3
2 1 3
tg 2
(2.2.47)
3 ( 1 3 )

ij d ij
p

10

2.3

StresslevelStresspathStresshistory 3S
2.3.1

231
231a

2.3.2

11

232

231b 1 3
1
p =

1
( 1 3 )
3

Dilatancy

2.3.3

e p

(2.3.1)

233
3 = 100kPa
e

233

232
p

12

2.3.4

Inherent
anisotropyInduced anisotropy

1
z(0.17 ~ 0.22) V
3

13


234
x y = 2.2 z z v = 5.4 z

235

90 1
20 40 2 3

3 > 2 90 40 30

20 0
90

236 1 3/ 2

14.2kPa 1 + 3/ 2 =90kPa

14

237
2.8

2.3.5

238 238(a)
1 32
1 3
1

50

15


2.3.6
1.

S = q / q f

239 3

231
f q f n 3

Janbu 1963 E i 3

Ei = KPa 3 (2.3.2)
Pa
n

K n
2.

2310 Monterey A
B 1 A1B 2 A2B 2310a 1
1 B
16

D.M.Wood 2311 OK
K KMKN KL b

OK
OK

17

2312 3 300kPa b

3.

231

18

2.4

2.4.1

1.
E K G

x = E [ x ( y + z )]

= 1 [ ( + )]
z
x
y E y

z = 1 [ z ( x + y )]

E
(2.4.1)

= 2(1 + )
xy
xy
E

2(1 + )
yz =
yz
E

2(1 + )
zx
zx =
E

p = K V
(2.4.2)

=
q
3
G

E
E
G

3(1 2 )
2(1 + )

1 +

ij kk ij (2.4.3)
E
E
E
E
ij =
ij +
kk ij (2.4.4)
1 +
(1 + )(1 2 )
{ } [D ] { } (2.4.5)

ij =

[D ]

19

1

1
[D] = E (1 ) 0
(1 + )(1 2 )

1 2
2(1 )

1 2
2(1 )

(2.4.6)

1 2

2(1 )

(J.Boussinesq)
(Mindlim)
p e

a=

e1 e2
(2.4.7)
p 2 p1

Es

1 + e1
p

(2.4.8)
z
a

a
a E s

Es

1
E (2.4.9)
1 2 2

x,y
5 E E G

20

x = E ( x y ) E z

= 1 ( )
x
z
y E y
E

z = 1 z ( x + y )

E
E
(2.4.10)

xy = 2(1 + ) xy

1
yz = yz
G

1
zx = zx
G

2.

Es s( Ks Gs)

Et t( KtGt)()

{d }=[Dt]{d } (2.4.11)
[Dt]
2.4.2 (DuncanChang)
1.
(Kondner) 1963
( 1 3 ) a

1 3

a
a + b a

(2.4.12)

a b a 1
(DuncanChang)
2. Et
2.4.12

1 3

1 3

a +b

1 (2.4.13)

1 a

b 242

21

, d 2 = d 3 = 0 , :

Et

d ( 1 3)
d 1

a
(2.4.14)
(a + b 1 ) 2

1 0 E t E i

1
Ei (2.4.15)
a
a Ei 2.4.12 1
1
( 1 3 ) ult= (2.4.16)
b
1
(2.4.17)
b =
( 1 3 ) ult
b ( 1 3 ) ult
1 15

( 1 3 ) f 1 ( 1 3 ) ult
( 1 3 ) f ( 1 3 ) ( 1 3 ) f< ( 1 3 ) ult Rf

Rf

22

( 1 3 ) f
( 1 3 ) ult

(2.4.18)

b=

Rf
1

(2.4.19)
( 1 3 ) ult ( 1 3 ) f

2.4.192.4.152.4.14
2

1
1
(2.4.20)
Et

R
Ei 1
f
1
+
Ei ( 1 3 ) f
2.4.20 Et 1 Et 2.4.12

a ( 1 3 )

1 b( 1 3 )

( 1 3 )
(2.4.21)
R
f 1 3
]
Ei [1
1 3f

2.4.212.4.14

Et

ab( 1 3 )
a +

1 b( 1 3 )

b( 1 3 )
a 1 +

1 b( 1 3 )
1

1
a

1 b( 1 3 )

(2.4.22)

2.4.192.4.152.4.22
2

1 3
Et Ei 1 R f
(2.4.23)
( 1 3 ) f

( 1 3 ) f

2c cos + 2 3 sin
(2.4.24)
1 sin

Ei 3 lg(EiPa) lg( 3 Pa)

243

23

E i KPa (

3
Pa

) n (2.4.25)

Pa 3 Kn lg(EiPa) lg( 3 Pa)

2.4.242.4.252.4.23

R f ( 1 3 )(1 sin )
Et KPa ( ) 1
(2.4.26)
Pa
2c cos + 2 3 sin

KncRf
3. (poisson's ratio) t
Duncan 1 3
244

24

3
(2.4.27)
f + D( 3 )

1 = f + D( 3 ) = f D 3 (2.4.28)

2.4.28 3 / 1 3 f D
2.4.28 3 0 3 / 1 3 0f= i i 244(a)D 1
3 244(b) i 3
244(c)
i f=GFlg( 3 Pa) (2.4.29)
GF 244(c)
2.4.27

d 3 (1 D 1 ) f + D 1 f
i

(2.4.30)
2
d 1
(1 D 1 )
(1 D 1 ) 2

2.4.21 1 2.4.30

G F lg( 3 / Pa)

D( 1 3 )

1
n
3 R f ( 1 3 )(1 sin )

KPa P 1 2c cos + 2 sin

3
a

(2.4.31)

GFD Et
0 t 0.5
4.
DuncanChang

Eur 233
3 3

Eur

K ur Pa (

3
Pa

) n (2.4.32)

Kur lg(EurPa)lg( 3 Pa)n n 2.4.25

Eur Ei ( 3 Pa)
K Kur KurK
DuncanChang

( 1 3 ) q 3
1984

Ss S
S
25

3 / Pa (2.4.33)

1 3
(2.4.34)
( 1 3 ) f

Ssm
Sm=
SSm S

S sm
4

3 / Pa

(2.4.35)

3
3
Sm Eur 2.4.32 Sm
4
4

SSm Et Eur
5. Duncan EB
1 3
t 1980 EB Et 2.4.26
B t
B=
B
B
( 1 3 ) 70% V

E
(2.4.36)
3(1 2 )

( 1 3 ) 70%
(2.4.37)
3( V ) 70%

1 3 70%( 1 3 )f

70

3 =B B 3

B K b Pa (

3
Pa

) m (2.4.38)

Kb m lg(BPa) lg( 3 Pa)2.4.36

Et/3<B B17Et t 0.49 E E

B E

6. Duncan-Chang
a b 2.4.13 242(b)

1 3

a b
t t
Duncan
b

b=
a

1
( 1 3 ) ult

1
1

3 95%
3 70%
1
1

(2.4.39)
( 1 )95% ( 1 )70%

E
1
= i
aPa Pa

26

1
1
Pa 1

+

[( 1 )95% + ( 1 )70% ]
1 3 95% 1 3 70% 1 3 ult

(2.4.40)

B P ( 1 3 )70
=
=
(2.4.41)
Pa V
3( V )70

95%70% 1 3 ( 1 3 )f 95% 70%

3 EiEur B

7. Duncan-chang
Duncan

3 (d 3 =0)

d 1

d 1 t

( d 2 + d 3 ) (2.4.42)
Et
Et

d 2 d 3 0

Et

d ( 1 3 )
(2.4.43)
d 1

1 3 1 3 1
t
1 3 1
Et 2

3 1 1 3 1

d ( 1 3 )
Et

(2.4.44)
d 1
1 t2
DuncanChang
t 0.49 u
B=1.0 u = A ( 1 3 )

d ( 1 3 )
Et

(2.4.45)
d 1
1 A(1 2 t )
CTETETCRTCRTE
0.5 dP

27


3 3 < 0
DuncanChang

(1)

0 lg 3 Pa (2.4.46)

(2)

(3) 3 3

2.4.3 KG
p V q

dp = Kd V
(2.4.47)

dq = 3Gd
K p= G

1. (DomaschukValliappan)
KG p V p=
q

dp
Kt
K i 1 + n V
d V

Vc

n 1

(2.4.48)

q
dq

3
Gt
Gi 1 R f
3d
p

10

p c eic

n eic Rf

Ki =

pc

Vc

(2.4.49)

(2.4.50)

pc Vc Gi q3
2. (Naylor)
KG

28

Kt = Ki + K p
Gt = Gi + G p + G q

(2.4.51)

K i K Gi G G K >0,

G >0, G <0 K t p
Gt p q K i K Gi G G p=

3. (Izumi-Verruijt)
dq d v

d v

1
1
dp +
dq
Kt
Ht

1
d =
dq
3Gt

(2.4.52)

Ht Kt Gt p q

{d } = [Dt ]{d } (2.4.53)

[Dt ][ A] + [B ]

[ A] [B ]
4.

v f1 ( p, q )
f 2 ( p, q )

(2.4.54)

f 1
f
dp + 1 dq = Adp + Bdq
p
q
(2.4.55)
f 2
f 2
d =
dp +
dq = Cdp + Ddq
p
q
f1 f2 f1 q p =
e ~ ln p f1
d v

v ( )

1 + e0

ln p (2.4.56)

f2 p=

q = = (2.4.57)
p
a + b
ab p
5.
KG
p=

29


M=q/p
( 2 3 ) M

KG
2.4.4

1. (Cauchy)

ij = Fij ( kl ) (2.4.58)
Fij kl 2.4.58 kl

ij = A0 ij + A1 ij + A2 ik kj (2.4.59)

ij = B0 ij + B1 ij + B2 ik kj (2.4.60)
A0A1A2 B0B1B2 2.4.59
2.4.60 A2=0 B20A1 B1A0B0
2.4.4 Canchy
2.4.59

2
d ij = K G kl ij + 2a 2 I 1 kl ij + a3 (I 1 kl kl ) ij
3
(2.4.61)

+ (2G + a 5 I 1 ) ik jl + a5 ij kl + a 6 ( lj ik + ik jl ) d kl

{d } = [Dt ]{d } (2.4.62)

[Dt ] ij I1 KG a 2
a3 a5 a 6

2.4.59 2.4.60

(Green)
2. (Green)(Hyperelastic theory)
W

( )
ij

ij d ij

dW = ij d ij (2.4.63)

dW =

W
d ij (2.4.64)
ij

2.4.632.4.64

ij
30

W
(2.4.65)
ij

( )

ij

ij

(2.4.66)
ij

d ij
d ij
H ijkl H

'

ijkl

2W
d kl = H ijkl d kl (2.4.67)
ij kl

2
d kl = H ' ijkl d kl (2.4.68)
ij kl

W 24 13

2
3
1
1
B1 I 1 + B2 I 1 + B3 I 1 I 2 + B4 I 2 + B5 I 3
2
3
(2.4.69)
2
2
1
+ B7 I 1 I 2 + B8 I 2 + B9 I 1 I 3
2

I 1
I 2
I 3 = A0 + A1 I 1 +
+

4
1
B6 I 1
4

A0 A1 B1 B9 I 1
I 2
I 3

I 1 kk

1
I 2 = km km
2

1
I 3 = km kn nm (2.4.70)
3

ij

1 ij + 2 ij + 3 im mj (2.4.71)
ij

1B1 I 1 + B2 I 1 + B3 I 2 + B6 I 1 + 2 B7 I 1 I 2 + B9 I 3

2 = B3 I 1 + B4 + B7 I 1 + B8 I 2
3 = B5 + B9

(2.4.72)

2.4.712.4.72 I1I2I3 J 2 , J 3 i
2.4.72 B1 B9 9
(HC)(CTC)(SS)(TC)
(TE)
2.4.71
d ij

2
d kl = H ijkl d kl (2.4.73)
ij kl

H ijkl 2.4.73

ij
( im mj )

3
2
d ij 1 ij + 2
+ ij
+ 3
+ im mj
kl
kl
kl
kl
kl

d kl = H ijkl d kl (2.4.74)

2.4.74

31


2 ( I 3 )

Canchy 2.4.71

3. (Hyporelasticitic model)

(minimumelastic)
d ij = Fij ( mn , d kl ) (2.4.75)
d ij = Qij ( mn , d kl ) (2.4.76)
d ij d ij
ij ij

d ij = C ijkl ( mn )d kl ,

d ij = Dijkl ( mn )d kl ,

d ij = C ijkl ( mn )d kl

d ij = Dijkl ( mn )d kl

(2.4.77)

C ijkl ( mn )
C ijkl ( mn )

C ijkl = A1 ij kl + A2 ( ik jl + jk il ) + A3 ij kl + A4 ij kl

+ A5 ( ik jl + il jk + jk il + jl ik ) + A6 ij km ml + A7 kl im mj
+ A8 ( ik jm ml + il jm mk + jk im ml + jl im mk ) + A9 ij kl

+ A10 ij km ml + A11 im mj kl + A12 im mj kn nl

(2.4.78)
A1 A12 12 ij C ijkl ( mn )

C ijkl C ijkl
C ijkl

C ijkl = (a 01 + a11 rr ) ij kl +
+

1
(a02 + a12 rr )( ik jl + jk il ) + a13 ij kl
2
(2.4.79

1
a14 ( jk li + jl ki + ik lj + il kj ) + a15 kl ij
2

a 01 a15 7 2.4.792.4.77

d ij = a 01 d kk ij + a 02 d ij + a11 rr d kk ija12 rr d ij + a13 ij d kk

+ a14 ( jk d ik + ik d jk ) + a15 kl d kl ij

(2.4.80

32

C ijkl

d ij = a 01 d kk ij + a 02 d ij (2.4.81)
a 01 = ,

a 02 = 2G

E
(1 + )(1 2 )

G=

E
(2.4.82)
2(1 + )

1.5.79

d ij = d kk ij + 2Gd ij (2.4.83)
DuncanChang KG

33

2.5

2.5.1

251(a)(b)(MohrCoulomb)(Mises)
(Tresca)

()

()

ij ij
e

ij ije ijp (2.5.1)

d ij d ije d ijp (2.5.2)

ij d ij
e

d ijp
2.5.2
1.

d d d 251(a)
e

A dq0 d d dq<0 d 0 A
e

q d d
p

34


251(c) O A A BC
d d
p

( )

f = q q y p = 0 (2.5.3)
2.
2.5.3

f ij , H = 0 (2.5.4)

f ij H

(1) f = 0

f
d ij > 0 d p d e
ij
f
d ij = 0 d e
ij
f
d ij < 0 d e
ij
(2) f < 0
2.5.4

f ( 1 , 2 , 3 , H ) = 0 (2.5.41)
f (I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , H ) = 0 (2.5.42)
f ( p, q, , H ) = 0 (2.5.43)

3.

2.5.41

2.5.422.5.43
252(a)
(b)(c) pq

35


A f1(
252(b)) d f1 f2
d d A f1
e

d
e

4.

pq p 253(a)
()

pq
()
253(a)

p
253(a)
253(a)
Mises Mises

253(b)
5.

()
H

pq

36

254 A A
AA

g Dracker
255 pq

2.5.3 ()

1.

d P ij = d

g
(2.5.5)
ij

g ij , H = 0 (2.5.61)

g ( 1 , 2 , 3 , H ) = 0 (2.5.62)

37

g (I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , H ) = 0 (2.5.63)
g ( p, q, , H ) = 0 (2.5.64)

Drucker

d ij d P ij 0 (2.5.7)
d

ij

2.5.6

g f
f=g (2.5.8)

[D ]ep
fg[D ]ep

2.
(2.5.5) d

( )

H = H P ij (2.5.9)
W p
p

P
ij d ij
p

V V
p

( )
P

ij

d
2.5.4 f

ij

, H ) = 0

f
d ij > 0 2.5.4
ij

f
f
df = {d } +
dH = 0 (2.5.10)
H

T

2.5.9

f
f
{d } +
H

T

H
p
p d = 0

{ }

2.5.5

f
f
{d } +
H

T

g
H
p d = 0


T

f H g
f

d = 0

{d } +
H p

T
f
{d }

d =
(2.5.11)
T
f H g

H p
T

38

f H g
(2.5.12)

H p
T
f
{d }

d =
(2.5.111)
A
T

A =

A
pq

f
f
dp +
dq
p
q
d =
(2.5.112)
A
f H g H g
+
A =
(2.5.121)
H V p p p q
g
d Vp = d
p
2.5.5
(2.5.51)
g
p
d = d
q

2.5.4
2.5.2

{d } {d e } {d p } (2.5.21)

[D ]

[D] {d } [D] {d e } [D] {d p } (2.5.13)

{ } {d } {d } d g

[D ] d

2.5.13

[D ] {d } {d } [D ] d

g
(2.5.14)

{d } [D ] {d } [D ] d

{d } {d } d {d }

1 f
2.5.14

A
T

1 f

{d } 1 f
A

g
[D]{d } [D ]d (2.5.15)

1 f
{d } = d 2.5.1112.5.15
A
T

1 f
d

A
39

g
[D]{d } [D ]d


T
T

1 f
g 1 f

d 1
[D ] [D]{d }

A
A

f
[D]

{d } (2.5.16)
d
T
g
f
A [D ]


2.5.16 d {d } 2.5.162.5.14 {d } {d }
T

[D] g f

[D]

{d }[D]{d }
{d }
T
g
f
A [D ]

g f

[D] [D]

[D]
{d } (2.5.17)
T
f
g

A [D ]

[D]ep {d }

[D]ep

[D] g f [D]

(2.5.18)
[D]ep [D]
T
g
f
A [D ]


T

g=f

f
[D]

[D]ep [D]
(2.5.181)
T
f
f

A [D ]

[D] f

40

2.6

(Cam-Clay)

(Roscoe)

2.6.1
()

6 p 01 p 02 p 03

v p 261(a)(b)
q = 1 3
'

'

p =
'

v = 1 + e

'

1 '
1 + 2 3'
3
'

e 261(b) vp v ln p
261(c)

261(a) OC1OC2 OC3

C1U1C2U2 C3U3 C1D1
41


C2D2 C3D3

q ' = Mp ' 261(b)

NCL(Normal consolidation line)
U1D1U2D2U3 D3 b
p v a pq q = Mp
'

'

qvp CSL(Critical
state line) CSL 262
pq

q ' = Mp ' (2.6.1)

'

v ln p ( 261(c))
v = ln p (2.6.2)
'

CSL p1kPa
'

CSL v ln p
261(c) NCL
v = N ln p (2.6.3)
'

NNCL p=1kPa
'

NCL v ln p
'

v ln p NCL CSL

2.6.12.6.2

p 'exp

42

(2.6.4)


q = Mp M exp
'

'

(2.6.5)

p
( 263)

v = v ln p ' (2.6.6)
v p1kPa
vp

261 CiUi CiDi

262 NCL CSL pqv
pqv (State boundary
surface) Roscoe
CU CD
pq v v
CiUi

2.6.2
264 L L
'

NCL CSL p 0
L U
L DU D CSL

43

'

H
p m 265(b)
H H UH
UH CSL 265(a)
TS CSL S
CSL

44

HDH DH TS
RH RH CSL CSL
265(a) TS
Hvorslev O T
3 0 266(a) pq

OTTS SC

45

OT

q ' = 3 p ' (2.6.7)

TS Hvorslev

q ' = Hp ' + (M H ) exp

(2.6.8)

SC v Roscoe

N v ln p '
q = Mp

(2.6.9)
v ln p '
'
= Mp 1

'

'

2.6.9
266(b)NCL

v = N ln p ' (2.6.3)
CSL

v = ln p ' (2.6.2)
SL
46

v = v ln p ' (2.6.6)
pqe 267 SS NN
VVTT TTSS Hvorslev SSNN Roscoe
Roscoe

'

'

p c p c
'

268(a) T p o
'

'

v o NCL p e CSL p c 268(b)

q ' p c' ~ p ' p c' ( p o' p c' )

'

'

Roscoe CSL S p o p c
E C
LS CSL
O E Hvorslev ( TS )
Hvorslev

Hvorslev

CSL
47

2.6.3
1.
(wet)(
263) 269 pqv CA
NCLAR AR
AF AR (2.6.6)

v = v ln p '

48


V
p

AF AF pq AF
pq 2610(b) ARF pv
v 0
p

v = 0 V
p

2.
269 AF pq

p q dp dq d V
d

dE = p ' d V + q ' d (2.6.9)

e

dW dW

dE = dW e + dW p (2.6.10)

dW e = pd Ve + qd (2.6.11)
p

dW p = pd Vp + qd (2.6.12)
Roscoe
(1)
e

d = 0 (2.6.13)
2.6.6

dv e =

49

dp '

p'

dp '
dv e
=
(2.6.14)
1+ e 1+ e p'
1
d Vp = d V
dp ' (2.6.15)
'
1+ e p

d Ve =

: dW =

dp ' (2.6.16)

1+ e

(2)
p

dW p = Mpd = Mpd (2.6.17)

dE = dW + dW
e

1+ e

dp ' + Mpd (2.6.18)

2.6.92.6.18

dp '

'

'

= Mp q d
p d V
1 + e p '

'

2.6.15

'

p d V = Mp q d
'

'

d = d

d Vp
d

q'
= M ' = M (2.6.19)
p

q'
= '
p
2.6.19 d V

d p

q()
269
3. pq
2.6.19M d V

d V 00 d V
p

d
( 2610)

d M d p

d 0 d p

= 0 pq

f p ' , q ' , H = 0 (2.6.20)

f
f
f
df =
dp ' + ' dq ' +
dH = 0
'
H
p
q
dH0

df =

f
f
dp ' + ' dq ' = 0 (2.6.21)
'
p
q

d Vp = d

50

f
(2.6.22)
p '

d = d

f
(2.6.23)
q '

2.6.22
p

dp ' d Vp + dq ' d = 0 (2.6.24)

2.6.19

dq ' q '

+ M = 0 (2.6.25)
dp ' p '

Mq ' dp ' + Mp ' dq '

(Mp )

' 2

dp '
=0
p'

q'
+ ln p ' = ln c (2.6.26)
Mp '

ln c 2610 A
p = p 0 q0 v = v 0 2.6.26
'

'

c = p 0 (2.6.27)
'

2.6.26 pq
'

p
q'
f = ' M ln 0 (2.6.28)
p
p
pq 269 2610

51

4.
269 AF NCL
p,q,v NCL (2.6.3)

v = N ln p '
p = p 0 v = v 0
'

'

v0 = N ln p 0 (2.6.29)
'

'

NCL A( p 0 v0) 269

(2.6.6)( 2610)

v0 = v ln p 0
'

v = N ( ) ln p 0 (2.6.30)
'

AF v = v ln p
'

v = N ( ) ln p 0 ln p (2.6.31)
'

'

2.6.28
'

p
q'
M ln 0 = 0
'
p
p
ln p0 =
'

q'
+ ln p ' (2.6.32)
'
Mp

2.6.322.6.31

q'
M
=
N v ln p ' (2.6.33)
'

p
NCL p , q v

2.6.9
5.
2.6.33

dv =
dq ' dp ' + ' dp '
'
p
Mp

'
1
dp
'
'
d v =

dq
dp

(2.6.34)
1 + e Mp '
p'
dp '
1
d v =
+

(2.6.35)
1+ e M
p'

2.6.18
dE =
2.6.35

52

1+ e

dp ' + Mp ' d = p ' d v + q ' d

dq '

+ dp '
'
(1 + e)Mp M
(2.6.36)
'
'
p d + Mdp
=

(1 + e) Mp ' (M )

d =

2.6.352.6.36 dp,dq d V d

M M
6.
(2.6.17) dW

= Mpd

pq dp0 dq
0 d

= d = d Vp M

1
1965 Burland
2.6.17
dW

= p d Vp

d V

d =

( ) (2.6.37)

+ M d

p 2

M 2 2
(2.6.38)
2

0 dq0 d 0
2.6.382.6.24

dq ' M 2 2
+
= 0 (2.6.39)
2
dp '

pq

p
M 2
=
p0
M 2 +

(2.6.40)

2.6.40
2

p '0
' p q'
=
(2.6.41)
p 0 +
2 M
2

'
p
p,q qMp p 0 V
2

53


2611

d v =

1
2d
dp '
(
)

+
(2.6.42)

1+ e
M 2 +2
p'

2
2
1+ e M 2

d =

2d
dp '
2
(2.6.43)
+
2
p '
M +

7.
(1)

(2)

pq p

q = Mc p =
'

'

6 sin '
p (2.6.44)
3 sin

p =
'

(3)

'
1

+ 2 3' 3 ,

q ' = 1' 3'

3 sin
M c (2.6.45)
Mt =
3 + sin

qMcp

p' =
q' =

[(
2

[(

1 '
1 + 2' + 3'
3

) + (
2

) + (
2

V = 1 + 2 + 3

2
1 2
3

) + (
2

) + (
2

)]

)]
2

54

2.7

Lade-Duncan

LadeDuncan 7080

2.7.1 Lade-Duncan
LadeDuncan
WP

1.

ij = ije + ijp
d ij = d ije + d ijp

d ij DuncanChang 2.4.32
e

E = k ur p a 3
pa

2.

f1 = I 1

I3

= k f (2.7.1)

f = I1

I3

= k (2.7.2)

k < k f

g = I 13 k 2 I 3 = 0 (2.7.3)

k k 2
271

3.
LadeDuncan WP

W p = ij d ijp (2.7.4)
2.7.4
55

dW p = d ijp ij = d

g
ij
ij

g ij

g
ij = 3g (2.7.5)
ij
d =

dW p
3g

(2.7.6)

4.
(1) kf
56


k f = I 1 I 3
3

kf
(2) kurn
DuncanChang

(3) k 2
k 2 f

k 2 = Af + 27(1 A) (2.7.7)

k 2

p =
k 2 =

d 3p g 3 3I 12 k 2 1 3
=
=

d 1p g 1
3I 12 k 2 32

3I 12 1 + p
(2.7.8)
3 1 + p 3

f k 2 f k 2 2.7.7 A
(4) WP
W f
( f ft ) =

Wp
a + dW p

(2.7.9)

a = Mp a 3 (2.7.10)
pa
1
d =
(2.7.11)
( f f t )ult
( f f t )ult =

k f ft
rf

Ml r f r f f t
9
2.7.2 Lade-Duncan
LadeDuncan

3 p

1.
p

d ij = d ij + d ij + d ij (2.7.12)
e

d ij d ij d ij
e

57


2. d ij

f c = I 1 + 2 I 2 (2.7.13)
2

Wc

Wc = ij d ijc (2.7.14)
d ijc = d c

f c
(2.7.15)
ij

2.7.14

d c =

dWc
(2.7.16)
2 fc

3.

(1)

1 = I 1 I 27 I 1 p (2.7.17)
a
3

(2)

I3
I
f p = 1 27 1 f p < 1 (2.7.18)
I
3

p a
m

f p
(3)
m

p a

g p = I 27 + 2 I 3 (2.7.19)

I 1

3
1

2.7.19

I3
I
g ' p = 1 27 1 2 (2.7.20)
p a
I3
m

271(b)
4.
(1) E
E
d ij d ij
e

(2) Wc
Wc fc
p

f
Wc = cPa c2 (2.7.21)
pa
cp

58


Wc fc c
p
(3)
(i)1 m
3 (13)f 3
2717 I1 I13/I3 Pa/I1 (I13/I327)
Pa/I=1.0 1 m
(ii)2
2

2 = Sf p + R 3 p + t (2.7.22)
a
SRt

2 = Sf p + 20 (2.7.23)

p

d 3p g p 3
=
=
(2.7.24)
d 1p g p 1
p

2.7.192.7.202.7.24 2 = f

, f p

2 f S 20 S 3 20 3/pa
20 3/pa R t
(4) Wp

f p = ae

bW p

Wp

pa

q
(2.7.25)

fp Wp 2722.7..25
1

ep a q
(2.7.26)
a = 1
W

1
b=
(2.7.27)
qW p
W p

= Pp a 3
pa

q = +

59

(2.7.28)

pa

(2.7.29)


272 W p 2.7.253 q W p
q 3 Pl

LadeDuncan Kurn cp
RStl 14 ()

LadeDuncan

W,
2.7.3

1.
KG K
G
K = K 0 p (2.7.28)

G = G0 p a 3
pa

(2.7.29)

2.

v p = v ve
p

=
e

v 2.7.282.7.29 v
e

pq 255(a)
p

v
p

60

(Drucker)f=g pq

ph q
f = g =
1 = 0 (2.7.30)
+
kh krh
2

r k2.7.30
h

k 2 1 2
k p + 2 q p
r
(2.7.31)
2
k 1
2

h=

2.7.302.7.31

x =

p
q

d V

k 2 1
r2
dq
2 2
= r 2 x + 2
x + x k + 2 (2.7.32)
dp
r
k 1

= 1

2.7.32

d V p
Z 273 Z = arctg
p

2.7.32

rk

3.
2.7.31 p = p 0 ,

q = 0
p0
(2.7.33)
h=
1+ k

p 0 v0 2.7.33 v0
p

p 0 v0
p

61

p0 = pa

1
( vp0 + m0 ) m5 (2.7.34)
m4

p 0 v0
p

2.7.332.7.34
h=

pa 1
( vp0 + m6 ) m5 (2.7.35)
1 + k m4

h 2.7.312.7.33
p 0 , q = 0

p0 = k p +
2

k 2 1 2
q

p
/(k1) (2.7.36)
r2

v0 ( v )
p

v0 ( v ) v
p

L1L2L3Ln v
p

v0 p f ( v p )

v0 p = v p + m3 (2.7.37)

v0
p

1 = 1 m3 2 (2.7.38)
1 =

v0

=
2

v0 p

274

62


2.7.342.7.372.7.33

h=

p
pa
1

m6 + Vp + m3
1 + k m4

m5

(2.7.39)

K 0 , G0 n
kr m3m4m5 m6 9

4.
pq


255(b)


275 3 1

0 275

( )
.
2

q
ph
1 = 0 (2.7.40)
f =
+
kh ( )krh
2

63

= M c ( ) (2.7.41)

M c M c =

qc

( )

> 0

1 =

)(

)(

2
1
2
2

t
t
+
1
2
1
cos 2 (30 ) + t 2 (2t 1) 2 2t + 3t 2 2t 3

t (2t 1)
(2.7.42)

(1 t ) 2t 2 + 1 cos(30 )

< 0

2 =

1
(1 t )2 2t 2 + t + 2 2 cos(30 + ) + 1 + 2t 2t 2 4t 3 4t 2 + 4t 3
2
1 + 2t 2t
(2.7.43)
2
+ (1 t ) 2t + t + 2 cos(30 + )

0 = arctg

4t 3 4t 2 + t 3

3 4t 3 + 3t + 1

(2.7.44)

t (30) (30)
t =

M t M t

qt

Mt

Mc

(2.7.45)

64

2.8

2.8.1

fabric
structure

2.8.2

281

L/W
Monterey0
65


50% 1.39

282a
282b L/W 1.64

2.8.3
1.
V HOH
105 2-8-3 H

2.

5um

Al4[Si4O10](OH)8
Al4[Si8O20](OH)4nH2O
66


(K,H2O)2Si8(Al,Mg,Fe)4,6O20(OH)4
7~30m2/g 810m2/g67~100m2/g

284 285
3

1)

2)

3)
3.

Vanderwaalsforces 286 288

67

Na+Ca++

2.8.4

1.

2. Van der waals forces

6
4 < 1m,10 m

3.

2.5nm 2.5 10 m
7kPa
4.

5.

68

289

2.8.5

2810

2811

69

70

2812
p = 80kPa

2812a
80kPa

4.5 3.1
2812b

71

72

2.8.6
Kachanov1958
damage
mechanics

P A
Aef AD

A = Aef + AD (2.8.1)
A

1=
D =

Aef
A

AD Aef
+
= D + (2.8.2)
A
A

AD

P
(2.8.3)
A

D = 0 (2.8.4)

ef

P = A = D AD + ef Aef = ef Aef (2.8.5)

ef =

p
(2.8.6)
Aef

ef

(2.8.7)
=
1 D
= (1 D ) ef (2.8.8)
ef =

ef
E0

E 0 (1 D )

(2.8.9)
E 0

E E0
D( , ) ( , )

1 D
73


2
3 D=D ,
D=0 D=1.0

2813

2813
VD
D = VD V D=0 2813aD=1
2813(b) D 01
2813c

74

=q

q;
= 0;

=0
(2.8.10)
>0

2814

S = (1 w) S i + wS d (2.8.11)
S Si Sd w

75


2.8.11 2815 A Ad
Ai F
Fi = i Ai (2.8.12)

Fd = d Ad (2.8.13)
w

w=

Ad
(2.8.14)
A

F Fi Fd Fi Ai Fd Ad
=
+
=
+

A A A Ai A Ad A (2.8.15)
= (1 w) i + w d

{ } = (1 w){ i } + w{ d } (2.8.161)
i
d
ij = (1 w) ij + w ij (2.8.162)

{ } = (1 w){ i } + w{ d } [{ i } { d }]w (2.8.17)

[ ]

[ ]

{ } = (1 w) Di { } + w Dd { } [{ i } { d }] W { } (2.8.18)

[Di ] [Dd ] w 2.8.18

{ } = [D]d { } (2.8.19)
[D ]d

[ ] [ ]

W
= (1 w) Di + w Dd [{ i } { d }]
(2.8.20)

T

[D]d

ChandraS.Desai

DSC Disturbedstateconcept
76

a
b
c pq

ij a = (1 D ) iji + D ijc (2.8.21)

d ij = d ij + dD ij + D d ij (2.8.22)
a

a:

i:

c:

average
intact
criticalState

ij r = ijc iji

D:

Ddisturbancefunction
D=D 0 p 0 R t

p 0
R

t

2.8.7

2810

A 1.0
fd w
1.
(2.8.22)

f f
[ D d ] e [ D d ] e

[ Dd ] = [ Dd ] ep= [ Dd ] e
(2.8.23)
T
f
f
Ad + [ Dd ]


T

[ Dd ] ep [ Dd ] e Ad
77

E d

(1 + d )(1 2 d ) 1 + e0 1
(2.8.24)
1 d
0.434 c e

ce elg 1

fd =

1 (

(2.8.25)

)n

1
2

1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
) +(
) +(
)
(2.8.26)
(
2 +3
3 + 1
2 1 + 2
n m m = n 1 + n d d

d = f f 2.8.26 = f
f =

1
2

[sin

13 + sin 2 12 + sin 2 23 ]2 = sin (2.8.27)

1

122313 2816
n=1.2 2.8.25 2817

78

c c c e e ~ log 1

cc =

e
(2.8.28)
0.434 1

e e
(2.8.29)
0.434 1
e
1 =
(2.8.30)
1 + e0
1 k0
0 =
(2.8.31)
1 + k0
1
p = (1 + 2k 0 ) 1 (2.8.32)
3
2k 0

=
(2.8.33)
1 (1 + k 0 ) 2 1
ce =

f d
A
=
1 1 ( 0

k0 k 0 1 Sin

(2.8.34)

)n

n( 0 ) n
m
2k 0 (1 + 2k 0 )
1 1
(2.8.35)
A= +
3 0 1 ( 0 ) n 3(1 + k 0 ) 2

79

d 1p = d 1 d 1e = 0.434

c c c e d 1
(2.8.36)
1 + e0 1

1
(1 + 2k 0 )d 1
3
(2.8.37)
df d =

1 ( 0 )n

1
(1 + 2k 0 )d 1

f
1
1
A
3
d 1p =
df d d =
1 Ad 1 ( 0 ) n 1 ( 0
Ad

1 A(1 + 2k 0 )d 1
2
) n Ad 31 ( 0 ) n
m
m
m

31 + ( 0 ) n
m
c c e
1
= (0.434 c

) (2.8.38)
1 + e0 A(1 + 2k 0 ) 1
Ad
c c c e sin

2.

= 1 e ( a

v + b s )

(2.8.39)

s =

1
2

[(

2
2
2
1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )

1
2

ab 2811
ea

= 0.95 2.8.39

ln 20
b (2.8.40)
(e 0 e a )
(1 + e0 )
b = 0.95 2818
v = 0
ln 20
b=
(2.8.41)
1.5 b
a=

(2.8.39)

d = (1 )(ad v + bd s ) (2.8.42)

ct =

1 + e 0 d 1

0.434 d 1

c m ct

ct = (c m cc ) sin + cc (2.8.43)

80


ea b c m c c c e sin v d E i

vi p 0 q 0 11

81

2.9

2.9.1

1 = f1 ( 1 2 3 )
2 = f 2 ( 1 2 3 ) (2.9.11)
3 = f 3 ( 1 2 3 )

1 = F1 ( 1 2 3 )
2 = F2 ( 1 2 3 ) (2.9.12)
3 = F3 ( 1 2 3 )

R R

2.9.11
{d }31 [ f ]33 {d }31 (2.9.21)

f 1

1
f
[f]= 2

f 1
3
1

f1
2
f 2
2
f 3
2

f1

3
f 2
(2.9.3)
3
f 3
3

2.9.2
{d }31 = [ A]33 {d }31 (2.9.22)
A
2.9.22
x,y,z2.9.116

ij = Fij ( kl , mn ) (2.9.4)

[T ]36 = [T ]36 (2.9.5)

[T ]36 [T ]36
2.9.4

ij = Fij ( kl ) (2.9.6)
82


2.9.21

{d }61 = [Td ]63 [ f ]33 [Td ]36 {d }61 (2.9.7)

[T ] = [T ] = [Td ] = [Td ] (2.9.8)

2.9.7

{d }61 = [ D]66 {d }61 (2.9.9)

[D]

(2.9.11)2.9.12
i ( d i ) i ( d i )

1 , 2 , 3
3

i = k
k =1

k
(2.9.10)
i

ij = d k
k =1

k
(2.9.11)
ij

2.9.10(2.9.11)
d ij
p

2.9.2 Green
(2.9.11)2.9.12 i i

i j
=
(2.9.121)
i
j

j
i
=
(2.9.122)
j i
i i W

i =

W
(2.9.131)
i

i =

(2.9.132)
i

ij =

W
(2.9.141)
ij

ij =

(2.9.142)
ij

Green
i i
83


2.9.3 Cauchy
2.9.6
i i
1 , 2 , 3

ij = Ak
k =1

k
(2.9.15)
ij

I 1
= ij
ij
I 2
= ij
ij

(2.9.16)

I 3
= im mj
ij
I 1 = kk
1
km kn
2
1
= km kn nm
3

I 2 =

I 3
(2.9.15)

ij = 1 ij + 2 ij + 3 im mj (2.9.17)

{d } = [ Dt ]{d } (2.9.18)
[Dt]

2.9.4

2.9.22
d ij = Fij ( mn , d kl ) (2.9.19)

d ij = Dijkl ( mn )d kl (2.9.20)

2.9.5

2.9.22
84

{d p }31 = [ A]33 {d }31 (2.9.21)

[A] 1 d i
p

d ip = d

g
(2.9.22)
i

d i i
p

d ijp = d

g
(2.9.23)
ij

1) 2.9.21[A] 1
2) d i
p

3)

d ip i

2.9.6

f ( ip i ) = 0 (2.9.24)
i 2.9.24
p

f T
f
}13 {d }31 + { }1T3 {d }31 = 0 (2.9.25)
p

2.9.252.9.22

1 f T
g
}31 {
}13 {d }31 (2.9.26)
A i

f T g
} (2.9.27)
A = { p } {

{d p }31 = {

2.9.21

g 1 f T
} { } (2.9.28)
A
g=f [A] g f [A]
[ A]33 = {

[A]

g f[A]

g g g
:
:

1 2 3
f
f
f
:
:

a11 : a12 : a13 =
1 2 3
a11 : a 21 : a31 =

(2.9.29)

(2.9.30)

[A]

2.9.7
2.9.21 d i
p

85

d ijp = d k
k =1

(2.9.31)

(2.9.32)

d i p i
2.9.31
3

d ijp = d k
k =1

ij

d k 2.9.21

2.1

2.2

2.3

s ij = ij kk ij

1
3

2.4

p, q; v ,

2.5

1 2 3

2.6

1 800kPa 2500 kPa 3 200kPa I1I2I3J2pq

2 3 200kPa
2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10 3>30MPa3=100kPa ( 1 3 ) ~ 1 ~

2.11 3<10kPa
2.12 p, q HCCTC
CTE
2.13
86


2.14 Duncan E, E, B

2.15 ij =

= f ( I 1 , I 2 , I 3 )
ij

2.16 & ij = d ijkl &kl 0 d ijkl

2.17 DuncanChang a,b,EiEt,(13)ult Rf

2.18
DuncanChang =

2.19
DuncanChang d(13)/d1
Et, d(13)/d1
2.20 3 1 3
p ) 1 3
d(13)/d1
Et, d(13)/d1
2.21

x k 1.0 y 0.33 k
y

2.22 y = 0 d y 0 y = y = d y = d y = 0
e

2.23

2.24
2.25
2.26 p,q,1+ e

2.27 p,q,

2.28
p,q,
2.29
CUA CTCB
RCE
1
2(13)~1
87


2.30 Hvorslev
2.31 M

2.32 p,q

f = qp M ln

p
p0

= 0 f =

p
p0

M2
M 2 + 2

=0

p,q

2.33 p 0 d v = d
p

f
f
d = d
d v d dpdq
p
q

2.34 f(ij,H) g(ij,H) H(ij)

[D ]ep

[D] g f [D]

= [D ]
T
f
g
A + [D ]


T

[D]ep

2.35 A
2.36 LadeDuncan LadeDuncan p,q,

2.37 LadeDuncan

2.38 p,q,

2.39 H = H ( ij ) ,
p

2.40 po v0
p

vp0 = m4 p a ln(1 +

p0
)
m5 p a

p p ) 2 2.8.
= 1 + m3
p + m2 (
vo
vo

p
v
p
vo

2.41
2.42
2.43 {} { } = (1 ){ i } + { d } {d } =

2.44

88


( 3=100kPa)

13
100kPa)

0.508

.00225

.00074

1.002

.00449

.00130

1.463

.00674

.00176

1.849

.00898

.00223

2.149

.01123

.00223

2.331

.01348

.00214

2.477

.01572

2.587

.01797

.00158

2.665

.02021

.00111

2.730

.02246

.00056

2.777

.02471

.00009

2.812

.02695

.00003

2.845

.03032

.00012

2.878

.03369

.00195

2.889

.03706

.00288

2.894

.04043

.00381

2.889

.04492

.00474

2.879

.04941

.00567

2.869

.05390

.00650

2.853

.05839

.00752

2.836

.06289

.00827

2.809

.06738

.00891

.00176

( 3=300kPa)

0.909

.00125

.00075

2.286

.0035

.00151

3.533

.00575

.00236

4.341

0.008

.00302

5.203

.01025

.00329

5.781

.01251

.00329

13
100kPa)

89


6.202

.01476

.00329

6.529

.01701

.00329

6.789

.01926

.00302

7.065

.02151

.00283

7.233

.02376

.00236

7.390

.02601

.00189

7.515

.02939

.00160

7.714

.03276

.00094

7.846

.03614

.00028

7.939

.03952

.00047

8.016

.04402

.00123

8.043

.04852

.00207

8.058

.05302

.00292

8.047

.05753

.00377

8.026

.06203

.00452

7.992

.06653

.00537

7.932

.07216

.00613

7.859

.07778

.00707

( 3=500kPa)

.00025

.00057

2.454

.0025

.00114

4.587

.00476

.00199

6.349

.00701

.00275

7.689

.00926

.00303

8.751

.01151

.00341

9.573

.01376

.00351

10.224

.01602

.00360

10.759

.01827

.00360

11.197

.02052

.00341

11.551

.02277

.00313

11.837

.02502

.00294

12.164

.02840

.00246

13
100kPa)
0.756

90


12.439

.03178

.00199

12.652

.03516

.00152

12.808

.03854

.00104

12.953

.04304

.00009

13.069

.04754

.00066

13.148

.05205

.00171

13.21

.05655

.00246

13.239

.06106

.00322

13.234

.06556

.00408

13.211

.0719

.00423

13.117

.07682

.00569

[1] MitchellJ.K.,FundamentalsofSoilBehavior(SecondEdition),NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,
Inc.,PrintedinUSA,1993.
[2] Chen W. F. and Saleeb, A. E., Contitutive Equation for Engineering Materials, Vol.1,
Elacticityandmodelling,NewYorkVileyTnterScience,1982.
[3] 1986814782
[4] 1983
[5] 1996
[6] 2000
[7] 1987
[8] 1995
[9] 1999
[10] A.N.Schofiled and C.P.Wroth, Critical State Soil Mechanics, England: Publishing by
McGrawHillPublishingCompanyLimited,1968.
[11] R.Whitlow,BasicSoilMechanics(Thirdedition),London:LongmanGroupLimited,1995.
[12]
1989
[13] 1985
[14] Lade P.V. and Duncan J.M., Elastoplastic stressstrain theory for cohesionless soils, Proc.
ASCE,JGTD,1975,101(GT10):10371053.
[15] Duncan J.M. and ChangC.Y. , Nonlinearanalysis of stress and straininsoils, proc.ASCE,
JSMFD1970,96(SM5),16291633.
[16] M. Kamon, T. Matsut, M. Oka, H. Matsuoka, T. Tokue, T. Nakai and R. Kitamura,
STATEOFARTREPORT, I. Micrometric Approaches, Report of ISSMFE subcommittee on
constitutivelawsofsoilandproceedingsofdiscussionsession1AXIISSMFE,Proceedingsof
XIISSMFE,1985.
[17] 1998
[18] G. Bianchini, A. Seada, P. Puccini, J. Lanier and Z. Zitouni, Complex Stress Paths and
ValidationofConstitutiveModels,GeotechnicalTestingJournal,Vol.14,No.1,1991:1325.
91


[19] 19931532128
[20] 19813(3):1926
[21] C.S.DesaiandH.J.Siriwardane,ConstitutiveLawsEngineeringMaterials,PrenticeHall,Inc,
NJ.07632EnglewoodCliffs,1984.
[22] Lade P.V. and Duncan J.M., Elastoplastic stressstrain theory for cohesionless soils with
curvedyieldsurface,Int.J.solidsandstructure,1977,13(11):10191035.
[23] DuncanJ.M.,WongK.S.andMabryP.,Strengthstressstrainandbulkmodulusparameters
for Finite Element Analyses of stresses and movements in soil masses, Report No.
VCB/GT/7802,Univ.ofCalifornia,Berkeley,1978.

92


3.1

Terzaghi1925
1776 Coulomb
f = c + tg
(3.1.1)
1900 Mohr
f = f ( f )
(3.1.2)
3.1.13.1.2

Mises
Tresca 20 60

3-1-1

(a)

(b)
3.1.1

(c)


3-1-1(a)

15% 3-1-1(b)

3-1-1c

2-5-1
(a) (b) -(c)

3-1-2

zmax b/3 b/4 b

3-1-3
3-1-3(a)
r1 a
r2 b


( 3-1-3b)

3.2

3.1.1

f = c + tg
c tg

cu u=0
tg

c=f()

f
3.2.1

1.

= TN = tg
(3.2.1)
N T
T N

10nm~100nm 10-9m 120~>175 3-2-1

500nm
10

Ac = Ny
Ac m
4

(3.2.1)

T = Ac m

(3.2.2)

(3.2.3)

m
y

3-2-2

T = Ac [ m + (1 ) c ]
(3.2.4)
m c c
m
3-2-3

31

22~24.5

28~37.6

34.2

12.4

12

10.2

4~10

0.526
2.

3-2-4

3-2-5
6

D = 1

d v
d 1

(3.2.5)

3-2-5a wr

wr = 1 ( 1 3 )r

(3.2..6)

3 3-2-5b wf wr
3
w f = 1(1 3 ) = wr v 3 = 1(1 3 ) v 3
(3.2.7)

( 1 3 ) f = ( 1 3 )r

( ) =( )
1
3 f

tg 2 45 +

1
3 r

f
2

v
1

(3.2.8)

v
1

(3.2.9)

) = tg (45 + )
2

r
2

v
1

(3.2.10)

1 f r
3

3-2-6

3-2-6 +-


3.2.2
tg

--

2.8.4
1

2-8-8
2.van der Waals forces

3.

kPa

4.

5.

3-2-7

3-2-8

f = c(T ) + tg (T )
(3.2.11)
c(T)

3-2-9

10

3.3

3.3.1

f = f (e, , C , ' , c, H , T , , &, S )

(3.3.1)
e C H T &
S c
3.3.1

3.3.1

1.
CeS

2.

3.3.2
1.
>
>>
>

3-3-1

11

2.

emin Dr

1.1.3

3.
e

12
4.

12


5.
2.8
2-8-10

2-8-12 2-8-13

3-3-2 0.85mm1.19mm
1.45 e0.64

2-8-2

22
32

Cu

13


3.3.3 e ecr

3-3-3 SD
MD 3035
r u

3-3-4 1
3 e 13 ab

ecr
(13)ult

14

(13)ult
3

Sacramento ecr 3-3-5

15

3 3
3
cr

3-3-6 3 e v
KWP WP 3-3-5 3 cre cr 3-3-6

ec3cr H
3crA DR
3crC BS

16


M S
G 3-3-7

3.3.4

3-3-8
c 3-3-8a ec ABCD
c0
17


3-3-8bf0

f = tg
(3.3.2)
c0
(3.3.3)
c0 OABCD
(13) O
f0c0 ABCD

f = tg tg

Hvorslev
ce e e
3-3-9a
ef

18

3-3-9 f
ef f DA AE
FA DEF f
ef 3 3-3-9bE,F, D3
f
f
ce tge
f = ce + tg e (
3.3.4)
19

ce e

f n

3-3-9a
e ce
ce
cc = c
(3.3.5)

ce tge

20

3.4

3.4.1 3

1 3 =

2
(c cos + 3 sin )
1 sin

(3.4.1)

(13)f 3

= 0 log

(3.4.2)

Pa

f = A nb b<1.0

Pa 3 Ab

(3.4.3)

3
3-4-1a Sacramento 1/3v1
(1/3)f
ec0.87
200kPa 3-4-1b

100kPa 3900kPa 12
ec0.61 17MPa
3-3-5

21

3=13.7MPa e 0.37

22


3<10kPa

3-4-2 3>p
3<p
30

10

100 A 10 m
15 800
o

10 A
o

20 A
400MPa

23


3.4.2 2

23
b

b=

2 3
1 3

(3.4.4)

0 1.0b0 b1
2.2.32

= tg 1

2 2 1 3
3 ( 1 3 )

30 b030b=1

3-4-3 Ham

b 0 0.3
b
2

13 2

y0 y z x k
y0
y = (1 + k ) x
(3.4.5)
k<(1-)/y
y
b0.30.4
3-4-4 12
24

p = 1.1 t
9
8

p = t

(3.4.6)
(3.4.7)

p t

4
9 24330MPa
2
3-4-5 Ramamurthy

Sin p + 3( 1

Sin t

Sin p

) =1

3Sin p Sin t ( Sin p + Cos p ) = 2 Sin t

(3.4.8)
(3.4.9)

3.4.3

1.4
25

2.8
3-4-6 AB
CD

2-8-1 a
e0.91

3-4-7
e=0.515 1
90
2

26

3-4-8 0.125mm0.42mm G2.476

emax0.731 emin0.491
e0.719 z xy

tg ' =

3 ( y x )

2 z x y
27

(3.4.10)


3-4-10(b) 06060
120 120180 3-4-10 060
120180 10

30 35120
24

3-4-9

90
fh fv
v fv >fh 3-4-10

K0
90

1
( 1 3 )
2

1
( 1 3 ) =90o
2

28

3.4.4

1.

29

1.11.2 3-4-11
(1/3)max

3-4-12 3=200kPa e0.79

3-4-13
0.02s 8 465s 2

Richart, F. E
( max )d = K ( max )s
(3.4.11)
(max)d (max)s K K
1K
K 1.11.2 K 1.53.0 K=1.52.0
2K
588kPa K=1.07 588kpa K 1.2

30

2.

50 2-3-8

26
2-4-13

su
su |% /

10.10 log &

(3.4.12)

Su|/ 1Su

31

3-4-14

q1
R=q/q1

3.

3-4-15
P0 e0
'

e0 pcq
NCL Pcq>p0 pcq
QOCQuasi-over consolidationNormal
consolidation aged clay p0/pcq QOCR

32

3-4-16 K0 (1-3)max

33

3-4-17

3.4.5

Tc

Ts 3-4-18
pc408kPa
Tc

34

35

3.5

3.5.1
1.

3-5-1 A
p p(A-Ac)u
p = p '+( A Ac )u
(3.5.1)
Ac A

P P' A Ac
= +
u
A A A

(3.5.2)

Ac
u
A

= '+(1 )u

= '+1

(3.5.3-1)
(3.5.3-2)

= '+u
(3.5.4)
3.5.4
3-5-1

3.5.4

3.5.4

36


3.5.3-23.5.4

2. B A

1 2 3 2 = 3 1 > 3

u 3
1 3 u 0 u1

u = u 0 + u1
(1)

u 0

u 0 = B 3
1
B B =

Cv
1+ n
Cs

(3.5.5)

Cs Cv n
Cv C s B
B 1B S r
C s
3-5-2 B 3-3
33

Cs
-4

-1

(10 kPa )
0.06

n
%

15

0.468

0.25

30

0.647

15

40

0.988

80

42

0.997

400

55

0.999

37

(2)

u1

1 3

3-4

u1

Af

0.75-1.5

0.5-1.0

0-0.5

0.5~0

3 0

1 = ( 1 3 ) u1
3 = 0 u1 = u1
1
u1 = B( 1 3 )
3

Af

(3.5.6)
A.W.Skempton
A

u1 = AB( 1 3 )

(3.5.7)

A
A B Af 3-4
Af
(3)
3 1 3

u 0 u1
u = u 0 + u1
= B 3 + AB( 1 3 )

(3.5.8)

= B[ 3 + A( 1 3 )]
3.
Henkel

38

a
1
u = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) + 0 [( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 + 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 ] 2 (3.5.9)
3
3
p q q

du = B (dp + adq + cqd )

(3.5.10)

B a
c

B=1.0
1
a=0 A=
(3.5.11)
3
c=0

d v = d ve + d vp = 0
dp
d ve =
K
f
d ve = d

p
q = q'
p' = p u

f ( p ' , q, , H ) = 0

H = H ( vp p )

B=1.0
a=K

f f
f f
/( A + K
)
q p '
p' p '

(3.5.12)

f f
1 f f
/( A + K
)
q p '
p ' p'
f f H f H
+
A =
(
)
H p' vp q p

c=K

A 2.6 2.6.

p'q
B=1.0

a=

2 ( )
(m 2 ) 2 2 )
2

(3.5.13)

A( a) c
3.5.2

39


2.3
2-3-1
e

(1-3)max
(1-3)ult e
ecr

40

3
(1-3)
3-5-3 D
3400kPa
41


ecr
3
ecr u>03.5.43

ecru<03.5.4
3
3-5-3 A
11(1-3)max200kPa(1-3)
30kPa 5
3 15kPa

Steady state strength

(1-3)max200kPa 3-5-3
c
cu 11.5(1-3)ult 30kPa
30
cu2

42

3-5-4
B
43


3-5

3.5.3
1.
3-4-2 0

2-3-1ab

(1-3)max
(1-3)re

3-4-2 e
DECABCF c 0

vo=zvo
p= vo C F

p DE
DEC
3-4-2 e

2. CUConsolidated undrained test

3
3/1k1-3

3-5-5

44

1-3 (1-3)max
(1-3)
3-5-5b u0 u0 0

45

3-5-6

1
2

1
2

1 + 3

1 3 K f sin = tg 3-5-6
au0 3 =(3u0)T-u0
SP>cu
3-5-6bT-u0SP
T-u0SP ESP

46

3-5-7p

3. CU
CDCU
0>cucu cu1015c ccu 0
3-5-6acu ccu c 3-5-6b
3-5-7
CU CU
c c
cd d
(1-3)max (1/3)max

3-5-3 A 3-5-3c
(1-3)max

K f (1-3)max

K f (1/3)max( / )max

47


3-5-8

(1-3)max

( 1

(1

3 )max ( )mzx 1>2

3 )max d

ccu cu

=2035 3-3-1
4. UUUnconsolidated undrained test
UU

CU
1020

3-5-9

0
ur v0h0
ur 3-5-10 k0
v0 B C B h0k0v0

1+ K0
1 K0
v 0 =
v 0 C vhr
2
2

B C-ur urvhr

48

49

3-5-9bc uc
BcB1.0ucc uuc-ur=curv0h0ur
c(1-3)
u
vs = + u r m u hs = u r m u
d(1-3)ffuf
-ur+cuf
vf = f + u r m u = 1 f hf = u r m u f = 3 f
c
cur CUc

uuu=0
cufcu 3-5-11 3-5-12a
UU c
u=0 45

50

c
UU
100
3-5-12b
cu 0 MPa cu
v0 cu/v0 cu /v0

UU 0
cu12
3
3-5-9a
4515
5.
CDCU

3-5-13
51


3-5-13a1
2b
c

52

3-5-14 ab
c

6.
(ua-uw)
uw ua (ua-uw)

c=(ua-uw)tg

Bishop

u = u a (u a u w )
(3.5.14)

= u a + (u a u w )
53

(3.5.15)

f = c + [ u a + (u a u w )]tg
(3.5.16)
3.5.16
D. G. Fredlund

f = c + ( u a )tg + (u a u w )tg

(3.5.17)

3-5-15
, ua, ua-uw, ua
tg, ua-uw tg

(3.5.18)
c = c + (u a u w )tg
3.5.18 tg=tg
3.5.17 <

3.6

3.6.1

f ij , k i = 0
(3.6.1)

ij 6 ki

3.6.1
f (I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , k i ) = 0
(3.6.2)

f ( p, q, , k i ) = 0

(3.6.3)

6 3.6.1

54

W. F. Chen
TrescaMises
LadeDuncanExtended Tresca Criterion
DruckerPrager MohrCoulomb
Lade

aTresca
bExtended Tresca
cMohrCoulomb sin 13 =

1 3
= sin c
1 + 3

0
a
ba
c
aMises
bExtended Mises
c-
c

1
1
sin 2 13 + sin 2 12 + sin 2 23 2 = sin
2
3
3
2
sin 12 = 1
sin 23 = 2

sin 13 = 1
1 + 3
1 + 2
2 +3

(3.6.4)

-Matsouka-NakaiSMP

dij
dij

3.6.2
1. TrescaExtended Tresca
1864

1 3 = 2k
(3.6.5)
k 1 3

55

J 2 sin + k = 0
2

(3.6.6)

J2 2.2.32

= tg 1

2 2 1 3
3 ( 1 3 )

1 3 = 2cu

(3.6.7)

kcu
123123
3-6-1

Tresca p I1

Extended Tresca criterion

( 1 3 ) = 2k + I 1
(3.6.8)

J 2 sin + k I 1 = 0
2
2

(3.6.9)

I1
3-6-2

56

2. Von MisesExtended Von Mises

( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 = 6k 2

(3.6.10)

J2 = k 2

(3.6.11)

J2 = k

(3.6.12-1)

q = 3k

(3.6.12-2)

oct =

2
k
3

(3.6.12-3)

3-6-1
Tresca Mises
p Tresca

p I1Drucker Prager
1952 Mises Extended Von Mises criterion DruckerPrager

J 2 I 1 k = 0

(3.6.13)

q 3p 3k = 0

(3.6.14)

k 3-6-2
3-6-1
3.
Mohr 1900 3.1.2

57

f = f ( )


f f ( )

1 3
= sin
1 + 3 + 2cctg

(3.6.15)

3.1.1

f = c + tg
Coulomb 1776 c
3.1.23.1.1

3.6.15

I1
1

sin + J 2 sin sin cos + c cos = 0

3
3

(3.6.16)

p sin +

q sin sin cos + c cos = 0

3 3

(3.6.17)

3-6-3a
3-6-3b 3-6-3c

58

59


4. TrescaMises MohrCoulomb
Tresca Mises p
p
Tresca
Mises
2312(1-3)f
qf

I1 p 3-6-4 3-6-4a
D1D2D3 pO D1OD2O D3
OD1=OD2=OD3=

2
I 1 c0
3

30 3-6-4 A

60


p 1230
Tresca Mises
OB2=OA30 D1D2D2D3
D1D3 c0
=-30=36.9
Mises Tresca 1
2>3=30=90

O q
p

3-6-4
3.6.14 k
3-6-5

3.6.3
60

61


1.
2.7.1 1975

f (I 1 , I 3 ) = I 1 k f I 3 = 0
3

(3.6.18)

I1
= kf
I3

(3.6.19)

kf

1
1
1 3
sin 3 I 1 J 2 +
I =0
27 k 1
3
3 3
f

27 3
p = 0
f ( p, q, ) = 2q 3 sin 3 9q 2 p + 271
k
f

f (I 1 , J 2 , ) =

J2

(3.6.20)

(3.6.21)

3-6-6
2-7-1
090123

I1

I3

= 27 kf>27

62

3-6-7 Monterey
b 01
3030
123
3602
1/3=2/3=b(-1)+1
3.6.19

[ (1 + b ) + (2 b )]3
b 2 + (1 b )

= kf

(3.6.22)

kf =1/3 b

1977 pq

I 3
I
f (I 1 , I 3 ) = 1 27 1 k f = 0
I3
p a
m

(3.6.23)

k m pa I1 pa101.4kPa

pq 3-6-8

63

2. - Matsuoka- Nakai
SMPSpatial mobilized plane

64


3-6-9 2=3 45

mo23=0mo12mo13

I1 I 2
= kf
I3

(3.6.24)

( 1 3 )2 ( 1 2 )2 ( 2 3 )2
+
+

= kf 9
1 2
2 3
1 3

(3.6.25)

tg 12

tg212+ tg223+ tg213=kf

(3.6.26)

3
3
1 2
tg 23 2
tg 13 1

2 1 2
2 2 3
2 1 3

3-6-9c

65

3.
(1-3)

66


(1) 12

1
( 1 + 3 )
2
1
12 = ( 1 + 2 )
2
1
23 = ( 2 + 3 )
2
1
13 = ( 1 3 )
2
1
12 = ( 1 2 )
2
1
23 = ( 2 3 )
2

13 =

(3.6.27)

(3.6.28)

3-6-10

(2)

F = 13 + b 12 + ( 13 + b 12 ) c = 0( 12 12 23 23)

F = 13 + b 23 + ( 13 + b 23 ) c = 0( 12 12 23 23)

(3.6.29)

bc 3-6-11

67

(3)
3.6.29

(i) b0 3.6.29 b0

13 =

1
( 1 3 ) = 0
2

(3.6.30)

3.5.6
(ii) b0 3.6.29 b0

1
( 1 3 ) + 1 ( 1 + 3 ) = c
2
2

(3.6.31)

sincccos3.6.15
b

4.

dij

DuncanChang 2.4.23

1 3
Et = Ei 1 R f

( 1 3 ) f

(1-3)(1-3)ult Et0

d 1 =

d 1
1 Rf
Et

pq
2.6.1
68

q = Mp
q = M
=
p
02.6.1

d = d p + d e

(3.6.32)
d d
dp
p

d ijp = d

g
ij

(3.6.33)

d d 0

d =

1 df
1 f
d ij =
dH
A d ij
A H

A0 H = H

A = ( )

(3.6.34)

( )
p
ij

g f H
ij H
p

(3.6.35)

ij

H
p
H = H ( ij )
ijp

5.

f ( 1 , 2 ) = k
(3.6.36)
12

1 = 11 + ( 22 + 33 )

2 =

[(
6

22 ) + ( 11 33 ) +
2

11

(3.6.37)

( 22 33 )
6

+ 12 + 13

+2
2

232 (3.6.38)

3.6.4

69

3 p

3.4.2 3.4.3

p I1

q
p

70

3.7

3.7.1

1.

3-7-1
a
bc

71


2.
3-7-2

3.
3.5.4

= u

< 0 t

3-7-1c

3 = ( 3 u ) < t

(3.7.1)

t 3

72


3.7.2

1.

3-7-3

3-7-3b
0.1%

2.

11=0

3-7-4

73

3.
3-7-5
BE PBE
ABCDEF

t =

6M
bd 2

(3.7.2)

4.
3-7-6

J. Boussinesq

74

t =

2Q
ld

(3.7.3)

3-7-6

5.

K I = a

(3.7.4)

a KI

a
K I = a y
w
a
w y
w

(3.7.5)

K If = K IC

(3.7.6)

75


KIC I
kN

3
2

m
3-7-3 a

3.7.3

3-7-7
3-t

76

1 3
= sin
1 + 3 + 2cctg

(3.7.7)

Griffith
c t

c =

4 t

(3.7.8)

1+ 2

2 = 2 b sin + b sin t +
=

1 3
2

1 + 3
2

t
4

(3.7.9)

t b = ( b tg + c ) cos b

2 = (c + tg )2 (c t tg )2

(3.7.10)

3.7.93.7.10 3-7-83.7.93.7.10

[1] Mitchell J.K., Fundamentals of Soil Behavior (Second Edition), New York: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., Printed in USA, 1993.
[2] Robert D. Holtz and William D. Kovacs, An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, New
Jersey, Printice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1981.
[3] 1983
[4] 1996
[5] 2000
[6] 1987
[7] D. G. H.
1997
[8] 1985
[9] 1994
[10] 1992
[11] R.H.G. Parry, Mohr Circles, Stress Paths and Geotechnics, London: E & FN SPOM, 1995.
[12] Matsuoka, H. and Nakai, T(1977), Stress-strain relationship of soil based on the SMP, proc.
9th ICSMFE, Specialty session 9, 153-163.
[13] Duncan J.M. and Chang C.Y. , Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soils, proc. ASCE,
JSMFD 1970, 96(SM5),1629-1633.
77

4.1

4.1.1

4.1.1

4.1.1

4.1.2

80 0.5
1


80
206 39
Teton1976 2.5
1993 8 300 1998
5000 6070

4.1.3
20

Low1901 Martin1960
1959Mitchell
1975 Fundamentals of Soil Behavior

1856 Darcy
1889 H. E.
1922 H. H.
1910
L. F. Richardson 20 60

4.2

4.2.1
1.
H2O V H-O-H 105 4.2.1
-10
O-H 0.971=10 mH-H 1.54

2~3 21~42kJ/mol
Van der Waals
3
3~10 2.1~21kJ/mol
1~2 84~840kJ/mol

H2H-O 40%60%
2.

3
3.
Na+ Ca2+

2.8.3

1
3 10 4.2.2

4.

4.2.3
a x dV
= v n BoltzmannGuoy-Chapman

d 2
v
4
v n0 exp(
)
=
2
dx
kT

x 0

v

n n0
k

4.2.1

4.2.3a x = 0,

= 0 x = , = 0

K =(

8n0 2 v 2 1 / 2
)
kT

4kT
exp( Kx)
v

4.2.2

4.2.3b

z = v 0 /(kT ), Y = v /(kT ) x =
1/K

1
4kT
=

K
v
1
1 kT 1 / 2
=
(
)
K v 8n0

4.2.3

4.2.3 T
n0

5.
1

10 1

2
100

4
2 m

4.2.2
1.

4.2.4 d
> 90
0 20
T = 74dynes / cm = 0.000074kN / m

4T cos
=0
d
4T cos
hc =
wd
hc w

4.2.4

hc pa = 0
uw
uw = hc w
4.2.5
< 90 4.2.4

2.
4.2.5


4.2.5
c d
a b b
d

sr 100 4.2.6

SuctionMatric Suction

s = ua uw
4.2.6
ua ua = pa = 0
hw s = hw w pF

pF = log10 hw

4.2.7

hw cmpF 07 hw 50cm pF1.7

4.2.7
100 0
kPa

4.2.3
1.
0

4.5 19kN/mol

2.
9 0.5 1
4.5cm 192829 Casagrande
2m 45cm
13cm 812 60110
13cm
4.2.9

Martin
0.530
T0 0 T0

80J/kg

1.
2.
10


3.

0.1mm 0.02mm
0.02mm 3 0.02mm
10 5%10% 0.02mm
4.2.10 k10-310-6cm/s

80
3.

4.3

4.3.1

kNm kPa
m
1. g

g = z w

4.2.1

z w
4.3.1a A
2. p

4.3.1

4.3.1a B

B = g + p = 0 + 0 = 0
A

A = g + p = wh + wh = 0

11

4.3.1b A

p = wh

4.3.2

4.3.1cd
c p

p = h w = q

4.3.3

p = h w = ( sat w ) H

4.3.4
sat H

3. m
4.3.2

0 A

A = g + m = whA + m = 0
m = whA
A = g + m = whB + m = 0
m = whB

12

4.2.6 4.3.2
4.3.3A
B 4.3.3 B

B = g + p = w zB + whB = whw( B )
A

A = g + m = w z A whA = whw( A)
A > B A B

4.3.2
4.2.7

m = s = (ua uw )
4.3.5
ua = pa = 0 uw 4.3.2

m = wh = uw = s

4.3.5

4.3.3
Su a u
13

vw
Se
= Sr n = r
v
1+ e

4.3.6

4.3.4 A BA
A (ua u ) A B
r
S r S
Fredlund

= [1

ln(1 + S / Sr )
s
]
6
ln(1 + 10 / Sr ) {ln[e + ( S / a )n ]}m

4.3.7

amn
S r

s
4. o
o = 0 o < 0
o

= g + p + m + o
4.3.8
g p

4.3.2
q i k

4.3.5
R a v(r)

14


L h i=h/L j = h / L r
= Lr

h / L = r 2 h = 2rL

dv

dr

2dv = irdr
r = R v = 0 r
i
v = (R 2 r 2 )
4

4.3.9

4.3.5 dq 0 = v 2rdr r 0 R

q0 =

R2
ai m ma = n n q = mq0
8

q=

R2
ni
8

4.3.10

R

n
4.3.1 q i k

k=

R2
n
8

(4.3.11)

k
R n

4.3.11

15


4.3.3

4.3.6
wop 8590
4.3.6c

4.3.6a 4.3.6b
sr = 50% 90%

sr = 30%

80%

v = k i = k w
y
va = kaia = ka

(4.3.12)

1.
Fick 1855 y

J a = Da

c u a
c
= Da
u a y
y

4.3.13

J a
Da
c c = f (u ) 4.3.14
a

16

c
y
y
u a

ua
y
y

c = a (1 Sr )n
4.3.14

a =

aua
RT

S r
n

a
R
T
Blight1971
*

Da

Da* = Da

c
[ a (1 S )n ]
= Da
ua
ua

4.3.15

4.3.13

J a = Da*

ua
h
= Da* a g a = Da* a gia y
y
y

4.3.16

J a

J a = a

Va
= a va Va
t

4.3.17

va 4.3.174.3.16(4.3.12)
ka = Da* g

4.3.18

ka
2.

4.3.6
= v / v n = vv / v v = vv = n

s = ua u

4.3.7

= n s0 s k

4.2.5

17

Gardner1958 k k s

k =

ks
u u
1 + a[ a ]n
g

4.3.19

an

ua u
4.3.4
4.3.11

1.
1.

>>

k = cd
4.3.20
d10
2.
k e
k e e log k
3.

2.8.10 4.3.8
emin
18


w < wop
w > wop
w < wop
4.3.9 w
k0 / k21 k0 k k21 21 k

2.
4.3.11 w k

4.3.5
k

19

1.

Re

Re =

vd10

4.3.21

v
d10

Re 5 v = k
R e 5 v

= ki 0.74

Re 200 v = ki 0.5

i = aq + bq 2
i = aq m m = 1 ~ 2

4.3.22
4.3.23

q ab

2.

i 4.3.11

20

4.4

4.4.1

4.4.1

vx dz + vz dx = (vx +
vx vz
+
=0
x x

vx
v
dx)dz + (vz + z dz )dx
x
z
4.4.1

h
x
4.4.2
h
v y = k y
y
k x k y x z h
vx = k x

4.4.2(4.4.1)

2h
2h
k
+
=0
y
x 2
y 2
k x = k y

4.4.3

kx

2h 2h
+
=0
x 2 y 2

4.4.4

4.4.2
4.4.2
x 4.4.4

21

2h
= 0
x 2

h = c1 x + c2

1 x = 0 h = h0 x = L1 h = h1 c1 c2 c2 = h0
k1

h0 h1
L k h +Lk h
h h
= k2 1 2 h1 = 2 1 0 1 2 2 1
L1
L2
L1k2 + L2 k1

k2 (h0 h2 )
x
b
L1k2 + L2 k1
2 x = L1 h = h1 x = L1 + L2 h = h2 2
h = h0

h=

( L1k1h0 L1k1h2 + L2 k1h0 + L1k2 h2 ) k1 (h0 h2 ) x

L1k2 + L2 k1

bc h2

x = L1 + L2 h = 0 h0 h2 H bcdc.
k2 x
h = H (1
)
d
1
L1k2 + L2 k1
k ( L + L2 x)
e
2 h = H 1 1
L1k2 + L2 k1
de L1
L2 k1 k2 x
4.4.4 4.4.3
Harr 4.4.4 T
S H

22

23


4.4.4

4.4.2
1.
h 4.4.4
= kh vx = kix =

vz =

x
z

=
z
x

=
x
z

= vx
= vz
z
x
4.4.5 x z
2 2
+
=0
x 2 z 2
4.4.5 z x
2 2
+
=0
x 2 z 2

4.4.5

2.

1.
4.4.5

=
/
/
x z
z x

4.4.6

dz
dz

=
( ) ( ) =
/
x
z dx
dx
x z
24

dz
dz

=
( ) ( ) =
/
x
z dx
dx
x z
dz
dz

/
)(
/
)
( ) ( ) = (
dx
dx
x z
x z
dz
dz
4.4.6 ( ) ( ) = 1
dx
dx

4.4.5
2

m n a b
h = H / m H
q = q / n q
i =

h H
=

a
am
q = kib = k

bH
am

4.4.7

H / m q 4.4.7 a / b
a / b q

b n
am
n
a = b q = kH
m
q = nq = kH

4.4.8
4.4.9

1 4.4.6UU AA' 4.4.7 UU

AJ
2 4.4.12 AC 4.4.6
GH
3 4.4.6 DF
4 0 4.4.12 CF
4.4.11c JF
4

4.4.10 CH

4.4.7

25

3.
4.4.34.4.4
k z / k x < 1.0

x ' = x kz / kx

4.4.10

x ' z x z
4.4.8

26

4.4.9

(1).
4.4.9 AB
k1 k 2 k1 < k2 1 2
AB AA' BB' AA' BB' A'
B A B' h '
q1 q2

h'
h'
s1 = k2
s 2
A'B
AB'
k1
k
= 2
tg1 tg 2
k1 tg1
=
k2 tg 2

k1

4.4.11
4.4.12

4.4.114.4.12
1 2
4.4.9
(2). s
4.4.9 s1 = AB cos 1 s2 = AB cos 2

s1 cos 1
=
s2 cos 2
k1 < k2 1 < 2 s1 > s2

4.4.13

(3).
4.4.9 l1 l2
h

h
s1
l1
h
q2 = k2
s2
l2
q1 = q2
h
h
k1
s1 = k2
s2
l1
l2
s
s
k1 1 = k2 2
l1
l2
q1 = k1

27

4.4.14


s1 = l1 4.4.14

k1 s2
=
k2 l2

4.4.15

k1 < k2 s2 < l2
k1 > k2 s2 > l2 4.4.9

28


4.
1.

[ 41] 4.4.6 5.8m

5

2.5m k = 4.5 10 m / s a
b A B A B
0.8mc i
[]
n=7 m=13 a = b
a

q = kH

n
7
= 4.5 105 6.0
m
13
= 14.54 105 m3 / s

b 12.5m 6.5m
(6 /13) m

6
= 11.4m
13
6
hB = 6.5 + 1 7.0m
B 1
13
A u A = ( hA z A ) w = (11.4 5.7) 9.81 = 55.9kPa
B u B = ( hB z B ) w = (7.0 5.7) 9.81 = 12.8kPa
A 2.4 hA = 12.5 2.4

c BCDE

i=

6
0.58
13 0.8

(2)

[ 42] 4.4.7 k = 5.2 10 m / s

9m
ab

[] 4.4.7
0.4 n4.4 m17
a

q = kH

n
m

4.4
= 1.48 104 m3 / s
17
b0 h = 12 + 17 = 29m
11/17m i hi ui = w hi 41
11
ui = w (29 zi i )
17
= 5.2 105 11

29


41 ui
zi = 15.5m

i
ui (kPa)

0.5

10

11

12

13

14

15

129

82

75

69

63

56

50

44

37

(3).

()
z zi

4.4.10 a
bc

4.4.11 ab
c JF

[ 43] 4.4.12 k = 6.0 10 m / s

ab AS

[] D DC0.3BC0.32169.6m DF
z
m = 22 n = 3.5
a

q = kH

n
m

3.5
= 15.3 106 m3 / s
22
b i zi
hw
= 6.0 106 16

30

i
zi
m
4.4.12 T1
hw = H

4.5

4.5.1
1.

4.5.1a dA
dl dh

P = Adh w = F
4.5.1
p F

f =

F
dh
=w
dAdl
dl

4.5.2

31

j = f =w

dh
= wi
dl

4.5.3

2.

1998

j = i w , ic r = / w

3.

70220kg 80105kg 1600kg

5080kg 100150kg 3050kg

10-11cm/s

2
k<10-5cm/s 0.51.0m
46

3
4.5.2 x1 x2

[i ] =

h
x1 + L + x2

[i] 4-2
32

4.5.4


42

[i]

0.056

0.067

0.083

0.111
4

10cm20cm
0.5m1.0m

4.5.3

4.5.2

1.

4.5.4a abcd V
jV = i V i abcd

33


V i V R 4.5.4b
R

abcd 4.5.4c

wVv wVs Vv Vs abcd

wV abcd 4.5.4c
b ad bc Pw = Pi Pi +1
Pwi = ui li b wV Pw Pwi i wV V + wV = satV
b satV Pw Pwi V i wV
R O Pw
satV
Fs

Fs =

[cil i + ( wi cos i u i l i ) tg i]
Wi sin i

4.5.5

Wi = (hi1 + sat hi 2 + hi 3 )bi

hi1 hi 2 hi 3 i
4.5.5 ui 4.5.5 hw
ui = w ( hw hi 3 )

34

2.
4.5.6a w i
icr

sin + w icr cos( ) = [ cos w icr sin( )]tg

4.5.6

4.5.6b
cd

eb
4.5.7 QR 4.5.6c
d 4.5.7 RT e
4.5.7 PS

35

4.5.6f

w' = '
(4.5.7)

w '
w '

T ' = 'sin

4.5.8

N ' tg = 'cos tg

4.5.9

j = wi

4.5.10

Fs =

Ntg
=

4.5.11

N T
4.5.6b
cde
43
43

b c
d
e
/
/
i
sin
tg

j
T
N
Fs

'=w

30

'=w
= 300 Fs = 1

w sin
sat sin
'cos
' tg
sat tg

wtg
sat sin
'cos w sin tg

Fs = 1/ 2

Fs = 1/ 3

= 16.10

= 150

' wtg 2
tg
sat tg

wi
'sin

wi
'sin

'cos wi
'cos wi
tg
'sin

'cos + wi
'cos + wi
tg
'sin

Fs = 1 1.15i

Fs = 1 + 1.15i

i = cos 3 sin

i = 3 sin cos

4.5.6e

36

' = w = 300 = 900 i = 1.732

4.5.3

1.
z = ' z + u u

4.5.8

1.
' z
u

pa = 'z K 'a 2c ' K 'a K 'a = tan 2 (45o

'

)
2 4.5.12

'
2
o
p p = 'z K ' p + 2c ' K ' p K ' p = tan (45 + )
2

c' '

pa = z K a 2c K a K a = tan 2 (45o )
2

2
o
p p = z K p + 2c K p K p = tan (45 + )
2
pw = u = w z

37

4.5.13


u c

2.
z z = rsat z

pa = K a sat z 2c K a K a = tan 2 (45o )
2

2
o
p p = K p sat z + 2c K p K p = tan (45 + )
2
pw = 0

4.5.14

cu

u = 0 ka = k p = k w = 1.0

2.

(1).

4.5.9 a i 1.0
Pa = ka sat z b

Pa = ka jz
2.

38

4.5.10
III
i < icr = '/ w

3.
4.5.11

i = H /( H + 2d )

45 / 2

39

3.

4.5.12
S r = 90 a
b
45 / 2 45 / 2
0

cd Pa 2
z ' Pa1

4.5.4

40


1
44

1
4.5.13
10m 3~6m

44

0.1
0.1~
0.1~20
<0.1
20~200
(m/d)
~20
20
(m)
3~6
6~12
8~20
8~20
>10
12345
678

0.5~1.0m 1.0~2.0m

4.5~5.0m

30m/s

3
0.1mm/d

38~50mm
20mm 9.6~55kW

4
10~30m 200mm

41


10m 100m
10m3/d 1000m3/d
2.
1

k R
45
45

0.
0.
k(
<0
001
05
0.
1~
5~
20
>5
m/d)
.001
~0
~0
5~1
5
20
~50
0
.05
.5

4.5.14

a
Dupuit

4.5.14(a)
Z

42

Q0 = kiA
Q0 = k

dz
2z
d

4.4.14

Q0

k
i
A
4.5.14

z2 =
= r , z = h 4.5.15

h2 =
= R, z = H 4.5.15

H2 =

Q0
ln + c
k

4.5.15

Q0
ln r + c
k
Q0
ln R + c
k

Q0 R
ln
k r
H 2 h2
Q0 = k
R
ln
r

H 2 h2 =

= 3.14, H h = S , H + h = 2 H S

Q0 = 1.366k

(2 H S ) S
R
lg
r

4.5.16

H
S
R
r
2
n Q
q Qnqq Q0
r0 h S 4.5.15

43

r0 , z = h 4.5.15

h2 =

nq
ln r0 + c
k

R + r0 , z = H 4.5.15

H2 =

nq
ln( R + r0 ) + c
k

nq R + r0
ln
k
r0
2
H h2
Q = nq = k
R + r0
ln
r0

H 2 h2 =

4.5.16

Q = 1.366k

(2 H S ) S
R + r0
lg
r0

4.5.17

Q
S
r0

4.5.17

44

Q = 1.366k

H =

H 2 h2
R + r0 H l
H
lg
lg(1 + 0.2 )
+
r0
l
r0

4.5.18

1
( H + h)
2

l 4.5.14b

Q = 2.73k

MS
R + r0
lg
r0

4.5.19

M
S

Q = 2.73k

MS
R + r0 M l
M
lg
lg(1 + 0.2 )
+
r0
l
r0

4.5.20

4.5.17~4.5.20
r0
R
3 r0 R
r0

r0 F / 0.565 F

4.5.21

F
n r1r2 , L , rn

r0n r1 r2 LL rn

4.5.22

R
1~5

R2S kH
R = 10S k

4.5.23

4.5.24

k m/d

q=1.5~2.5m3/hq= 5~20m3/h

4.5.25
q i kDH

qm3/d
=1.0~1.5
ii=1 i=0.05~0.1
D
45

H
2

q=

ld
24000

4.5.26

qm3/d
l
d
k 46
46
km/d
20m
2~5
130
5~15
100
15~30
70
30~70
50

n =

Q
q

4.5.27

b=

2(l + B )
n

(4.5.28)

l B
n=1.1 n
4.5.16
l 0 = l1 + l 2 + s + l + l 3
4.5.29

l0
l1 200mm
l2
s
l
l3

46


0.5~1.0m
1.0~1.5m4.5.22 r0
4.5.17~4.5.20

h= H2

R + r0
Q
lg
1.366k
r0

S = H h
ir0 4.5.16i i=0.1
1m

4.6

1965 O. C. Zienkiewiz
Y. K. Chang
70

4.6.1
1.
4.4.14.4.2

h h
4.6.1
kx + kz = 0
x x z z
k x k z 4.4.3 k x = k z = k 4.4.4

2h 2h
+
=0
x 2 z 2

h = z + uw / w uw
2.
4.3.6

h h
h
k x + k z = ss
x x z z
t

4.6.2

ss

ss = w ( + n )

4.6.3

4.6.2

4.6.1

47


4.6.2

1 1

1 h 4.4.6
4.4.7 4.4.12 CF
h = z
2 2

2 4.4.6 4.4.7UU n = 0

h
n

=q=0

4.6.4

n 4.4.12 CF
h

4.6.4 k
= 0
h 2
,

q=

h
cos
t

4.6.5

4.6.1 dh =

h
dt
t

h( x, z, t )

t =0

= h0 ( x, z )

4.6.6

4.6.3
4.6.14.6.2
h
x dt

dAx = dqx dhx*

48

dhx x dqx x 4.6.2

h*
dx
x
h*
dAx = dqx
dx
x
h*
q
= x 4.6.7
x k x dt
dx
dAx =
qx dqx
k x dz
dhx* =

h*
qx = k x
dz
x

4.6.7

t0

Ax =

dx Qx
qx dqx
k x dz 0

Ax =

d x Qx2
k x dz 2

4.6.8

Qx t0 h
h
Qx = k x
dz
x
2
k x h
Ax = dxdz

2 x

4.6.9
4.6.10

k h
ax = x
2 x

4.6.11

wx

k h
wx = a x = x
2 x

k h
wz = a z = z
2 z

2
2
1 h
h
I ( h ) = k x + k z dxdz
2 x
z

49

4.6.12

qhd =

1 h
h
I ( h ) = k x + k z
2 x
z

h
cos hd
t

h
4.6.13
dxdz + cos hd
2
t

I ( h ) h( x, z ) 4.6.1
2

4.6.4
1.

4.6.3a

4.6.3

123 ( x1 , z1 ) ( x2 , z2 ) ( x3 , z3 )
h

h2h3
e 123 h1

h( x, z ) = a1 + a2 x + a3 z
a1 , a 2 , a 3 e

h1 = a1 + a2 x1 + a3 z1

h2 = a1 + a2 x2 + a3 z2
h = a + a x + a z
1
2 3
3 3
3

50

4.6.14

C11 = ( x 2 z 3 x3 z 2 ) / 2 A e C12 = ( x3 z1 x1 z 3 ) / 2 A e C13 = ( x1 z 2 x 2 z1 ) / 2 A e

e
C 22 = ( z 3 z1 ) / 2 A e
C 23 = ( z1 z 2 ) / 2 A e
C 21 = ( z 2 z 3 ) / 2 A
C = ( x x ) / 2 Ae
C 32 = ( x1 x3 ) / 2 A e
C 33 = ( x 2 x1 ) / 2 A e
3
2
31

A e

Ae =

1 1 x1
1 x2
21 x
3

z1
z2
z3

4.6.14

h1

a1 = C11h1 + C12h2 + C13h3 = 2 Ae h2

h3

1
a2 = C21h1 + C22 h2 + C23h3 =
2 Ae

1
1

a3 = C31h1 + C32 h2 + C33h3 = 2 Ae 1

ai = C ij H j (i, j = 1, 2, 3)

x1

z1

x2

z2

x3

z3

h1

z1

h2
h3

z2
z3

x1

h1

x2

h2

x3

h3

H ( x, z ) = [(C11h1 + C12 h2 + C13h3 ) + (C21h1 + C22 h2 + C23h3 ) x + (C31h1 + C32 h2 + C33h3 ) z ]

= [(C11 + C21 x + C31 z )h1 + (C12 + C22 x + C32 z )h2 + (C13 + C23 x + C33 z )h3 ]

N 1 ( x, z ) = C11 + C 21 x + C 31 z
N 2 ( x, z ) = C12 + C 22 x + C 32 z
N 3 ( x, z ) = C13 + C 23 x + C 33 z
h1 , h2 , h3

h1

h = [ N1 N 2 N 3 ] h2

h3

4.6.15

4.6.15

ix =

h
N
N 2
N
= h1 1 + h2
+ h3 3 = C21h1 + C22h2 + C23h3
x
x
x
x

4.6.16

iz =

h
= C31h1 + C32h2 + C33h3
z

h
ix x C21 C22
= =
iz h C31 C32
z
v x = i x k , v z = i z k
51

h1
C23
h2
C33
h3

4.6.17

4.6.18

v x k 0 i x
=

v z 0 k i z

4.6.19

4.6.15

h
h
= [N ]
t
t

4.6.20

2.
4.6.13 I ( h )
e

e
e
e h
I (h )

= [ K ] {h} + [ P ] = 0
h
t
e

h
c21c21 c21c22 c21c23
kx
k
e
[ K ] =
c c
c22c22 c22c23 + z e
e 22 21
4A
4A
c23c21 c23c22 c23c23

c31c31 c31c32
c c
c c
32 31 32 32
c33c31 c33c32

4.6.21

c31c33
c32 c33

c33c23

4.6.22

4.6.214.6.21

e
e
e h
e h
I ( h )

= [ K ] {h} + [ P ] + [ S ] = 0
h
t
t
e

2 1 1
S S Ae
1 2 1
[S ] =

12
1 1 2

4.6.23

4.6.24

S S 4.6.3
3.
4.2.23 e

h
h
+ [ S ] + {F } = 0
t
t

[ K ]{h} + [ P ]

4.6.25

{F }

4.6.25
m

Kij = Kije
e =1

m
e
Sij = Sij

e =1

m
e
Pij = Pij

e =1

m
e
Fij = Fij

e =1

4.6.26

4.6.25 hi
4.6.15

52

4.6.5

1.

2.

1
2

3.
1918

DarcyOhm

v = k
s
1 u
i=

s'
u

i
s '

53


4.

h=z

b
c

2
Neuman 1973
Galerkin
a

= z

v n = h / n = 0

{Q ri } = [ N ]T {q ri }d
[ N ]

4.6.27

{qri }
4.6.28
{qri } = [ K ][ B ]{hi } A
[ K ] [ B ] A
[ K ]{hri } = {Qri } [ K ]
i + 1 {hi +1} = {hi } + {hri }
~

b
k = 0
Bathe
54


k = k

k = k / 1000

hz
h<z

k [ K ]
n

[ K ] = [ B (e ) ]T [k ( e) ][ B (e ) ]d ( e )

(4.6.29)

e =1 ( e )

e n

11000

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4 4-1 22
kPa pF 22
4.5
4.6

w op
= c a max , c

4.7
a

4.8

x = z

=
x
z

55


4.9 A
0.5 0.1cm/s

4.10 3.510-4cm/s1
2

4.11

8m

sat = 20.4kN/m3 k=6.510-4m/s1

2

56

3
4.5.8 sat = 19.2 KN / m = 35
0

4.12
4.13

110m Q

4.14

4.5.10 I sat = 19.3KN / m = 37 II sat = 18.7 KN / m

3

= 280 c = 15KPa
3
0
4.15 4.5.9 sat = 19.0 KN / m = 30 c = 5KPa a
b
4.16 4.5.11 i = H /( H + 2d )
sat = 20 KN / m = 30 c = 0
3

4.17

4.5.6bc = 35 ' = w Fs = 1.0

0

de i = 0.5 Fs = 1.0

57


4.18 5050m2 8.0m
1.0m 400mm k=1.14m/d

11983
21990
31982
4()1996
5,1994,
61999
7D.G H.1997
82000
91980
101980
11vol22(3),2000
121998
131992
14Braja M.DasPrinciples of geotechnical Enginerring(Fourth edition),1995, PWS Publishing
company.
15R.Whitlow, Basic soil mechanics(Third edition)1995Long Man.
16James K.Mitchell,Foundamentals of soil behavior(Second edition),1993, John wiley and sons.
17.Robert D.Holtz, Willian D.kovas An introduction to geotechnical engineering,
1981,Prentice-Hall Inc.
18Harr,M.EGround water and seepage,1962,Mc Graw-Hill, New York.

58

.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6
5.5.7
5.5.8
5.5.9
5.5.10
5.5.11
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.7.4
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.9
5.9.1
5.9.2
5.9.3
5.9.4
5.9.5
5.10
5.10.1
5.10.2 K.Terzaghi-L.Rendulic
1

5.10.3
5.10.4
5.10.5
5.10.6
5.11
5.11.1
5.11.2 (D.G..Fredlund)
5.12
5.12.1
5.12.2
5.12.3
5.12.4

.
5.1

1923

1925 Erdbaumechanik
auf bodenphysikalscher Grundlage.

Rendulic
Biot

1
2

(2)3
Mechanics of mixture

5.2
5.2.1

Ws
W

W = Ws %

w Gs = S r e

(5-2-1)

(5-2-2)

S r e S r e

0 G s
s

Ws

S r
3

(5-2-2)

, w 4
0

Gs

s
5-2-2

W
S e
= ( Ws %) = Ws ( r )
t t
t s
= Ws [e w

5-2-3

1 S r
1 e
1
1 s
]
+ S r
+ Sr e
S r e 2
s t
s t
s t
s t

5231.2.
3.4.
5-2-3 s e
S r 1e S r 2 S r ,e 3e
, S r 4e S r 2

3
42 e
e 3 S r S r
4

522
1.2.
3.
4.

5.2.2

Ko

1.
Ko
5-2-1 5-2-2 ep eLogp
eLogp
5-2-3 5-2-3
Ks
K Kr
e=0.42eo
4

eo

5-2-1

eP

5-2-3

5-2-2

eLogp

e
Logp

2.
5-2-4

tc

5-2-4

3.

5-2-1
5-2-1

av =

e1 e2
e
=
p1 p2
p

m v

mv =

a
n
= v
p 1 + e1

Es

Es =

C c

Cc =

a v

Cv =

C =

5-2-1

1
p
=
mv z

( C r )
Cv

e1 e2
e
=
p
lg( 2 ) (lg p )
p1

5-2-3

elgP
Cr elgP

e
lgt

k
mv w
e
t
lg( )
tc

5-2-4

elgt
t,tc

p c
(1) Cc av

p1

av
p2

1
p1
av =
Lg C

p
p2

Cc = p Lg

5-2-3

2 E
Es

E=

(1 + )(1 2 )
Es
1

(5-2-4)

5.3

1
1

2-8-10

60 10-60

5-2-2 k=10 310 5cm/s,

k=10 410 6cm/s 1.53

5-2-2

150940

250800

480900

400800

600900

330890
5-2-5
av
ekCc

5-2-5

2
1
8

Pc Po Pc/Po, OCR,

OCR=1, Po=Pc,
OCR>1, Po<Pc,
OCR<1, Po>Pc,
OCR

3.4.4
5-2-6 a
Po=Pc
Pc b

DBC a
DEC( b) Cc Cr

5-2-6

ab

5-2-7 25 50
9

Cc

5-2-7

5-2-8 C

5-2-8

50 4

5-2-9

10

5-2-9

5.3

5.3.1
5-3-1

5-3-1

5.3.2

1
11

5-3-1

5.3.1

1 Si

2 Sc

3 Ss

S=Si+ Sc
(5-3-1)
5-3-1
Si = 0 St
St=Si+Ut Sc
(5-3-2)
Utt
2

Z XY
Davis and Poulos
1 >0.3
5-3-2

12

5-3-2

2 5-3-3

5-3-3

3.
1.
2.
5-3-2 Ut
5.3.3

1.

2.

3.

13

4.

5.4 5.5

5.4
5.4.1

1.
P r Si

Si =

P
(1 2 )
Er

5.4.1

E
2.
5.4.1 q
Si

Si =

qB
(1 2 ) I
E

5.4.2

BL
I
5-4-1
5-4-1

1.12
0.56

1.52
0.76
L/B =2
2.10
1.05
L/B =2
1.00
0.64

0.95
1.30
1.83
0.85

3.
H D

S i = 0 1

qB
E

=0.5

0 D 5-4-1
1 H
14

5.4.3

5-4-1

0 1

4. E
0.5
Eu
1 2/3 1/2
Ko
2 1 3
5-4-2

5-4-2

3 ( 1 3 )/2 E
15

5.

DAppolonia
S i S i SR
SR= S i / S i

(5-4-4)

S i = S i / SR

(5-4-5)

SR 1 qult ff

f =

v 0 ' ho '
2Su

1 K0
2 S u / vo '

5-4-6

v 0 ' , ho '

Su
K0
H/B SR 5-4-3
SR f f 0.60.75
46

5-4-3

SR

5.4.2

5-2-4
1939 Merchant
16

Taylar
Buisman

5-2-4
C
5-2-1

C =

e
e
=
lg t lg t p
lg( t / t c )

ttc
H

H = H =

C
t
lg( ) H
1 + e0 tc

5.4.7

e0

5.5
5.5.1

17

Lumped Parameter Method

5-5-2
K 0

GBJ 7 89 p0
s = 0.2 ~ 1.4

e ~ p e log p

1.
H M p P
p p2 = p1 + p 5-5-1
18

S = m v p H

5.5.1

mv p1 p2

5-5-1

e ~ log p

p
C
C
p
S = ( r lg c + c lg 2 ) H
1 + eo p1 1 + ec pc

5-5-2

CrCc p < pc p > pc

5-5-2

pc
eo p1
ec ec eo ec eo
p1 < pc p2 > pc p1 P2
Cr
2.

0.4B B
1 n

S = mvi pi H i

5-5-3

n
C
p
C
p
S = ( r lg c + c lg 2i )H i
p1i 1 + ec
pc
1 1 + eo

19

5-5-4

e-p
5-5-4 Cr Cc 5-2-6
5-5-3
Skempton Bjerrum
p u
u 1 3
3.5.8

u = B [ 3 + A( 1 3 )]
5-5-3
H

Sc = mv u H = mv 1[ A + (1 A)

3
]dz
1

5-5-5

5-5-3

Sc = S

5-5-6

S 5.5.3

mv 1[ A + (1 A)

3
]dz
1

mv 1dz

5-5-7

mv A

= A + (1 A)

5-5-8

0
H
0

3 dz
1dz

5-5-9

= 0.5 H
2 H 5-5-9

B
5-5-8 A
5-5-85-5-9 5-5-2
2 =

1
( 1 + 3 )
2

2 = 3 S cot t
5-5-2

20

5-5-2

Si

S = Si + S c

5-5-10

5-5-4

x y z
2.4.1
x + y + z =

z =

1
[(1 + ) z ]
E

5-5-11

V =

1 2

5-5-12

e1 e2

V =

e1 e2
1 + e1

5-5-13

E = (1 2 )

1 + e1

e1 e2
21

5-5-14

E 5-5-11

z3 =

e e
[(1 + ) z v ] 1 2
1 2
1 + e1

5-5-15

= x + y + z = (1 + )( z + x ) ' = x + z

z2 =

e e
[(1 + ) z v ] 1 2
1 2
'
1 + e1

5-5-16

S = z dz

5-5-17

5-5-165-5-17 z' v e
v ( px + p y + pz ) pz /( px + p y + pz ) p
pz /( px + p y + pz )

e ( px + p y + pz )

5-5-5
Si
Sc 5-4-5

S = Si' + Sc =

Si
+ ( ST Si )
SR

5-5-18

ST Si
Sc E Si
'

'

'

Eu u
ST Si

i =1

i =1

ST = ( z H )i =
n

Si =
i =1

1
[ z ' ( x + y )]i H i
E'

1
[ z u ( x + y )]i H i
Eu
22

5-5-19

5-5-20

x y z

H i i
'

E Eu

ST =

qB
E'

5-5-21

Si =

qB
I
Eu

5-5-22

qB I 5-4-2
5-5-21

5-5-6
Lambe 1964

3.5.3 3-5-3
1.
1 Kf K0
= ( 1 + 3 ) / 2

tg = sin

= ( 1 3 ) / 2 Kf

a=c

K0 K0 K0 tg = 1 K 0

1 + K0

2
o

'

5-5-3 ABC B 45 p
3 1
'

'

23

5-5-3

3
5-5-4

AA'BB ' CC ' 2.6.1

5-5-4

4
5-5-4 1 1
1
5
5-5-5 A K o 1 E
'

1 1 + 1 F
'

24

5-5-5

AC K o
EF
AD
AB
1 1 + 1 '
'

'

BCDG
6

5-5-6 AE BF
v EFCIGH L 1
v 1

5-5-6

5-5-7 AI

3'
K ( K =
) IB IB
1'
25

1
c

1c =

1'
(1 2 ' K )
E'

5-5-23

1 3
'

'

E ' '
3
c

3c =

1'
[(1 ' ) K ' ]
E'

5-5-24

1'
= + 2 = ' (1 2 ' )(1 + 2 K )
E
c
1

c
3

5-5-25

1c
1 2 ' K
=
(1 + 2 K )(1 2 ' )

5-5-26

= 1 K = K o 5-5-26
c

' =

Ko
1 + Ko

5-5-27

5-5-26

1c
1 + Ko 2 KKo
=
(1 + 2 K )(1 Ko )

5-5-28

K K o 5-5-28 1 5-5-7 IB 1
c

IB K o AC 5-5-27 K o = sin
'

K =

'

1 tan
c
5-5-28 IB 1
1 + tan

26

5-5-7

2.

1u 1d ud

S = Si + Sc = (1u + 1d ) H

5-5-29

H
2

e0 = 0.9 Cc = 0.25 ' = 30o H = 3m 75kPa

1

= 40kPa , 3 = 20kPa

5-5-8

5-5-8

K o = 1 sin 30 = 0.5
o

27

1 0.5
) = 18o 26'
1 + 0.5

= tan 1 (

K o
Kf

= tan 1 (sin 30o ) = 26o34'

' = 75kPa
10

' = K o ' = 0.5 75 = 37.5 KPa

30

10

1
30
2 10
1
= ( 10' 30' ) = 18.75kPa
2

' = ( ' + ' ) = 56.25kPa

A A
BAC

1 = 75 + 40 = 115kPa

3 = 37.5 + 25 = 62.5kPa
1
2

= (115 62.5) = 26.25kPa

BAC D
E

1' = 1 = 115kPa 3' = 3 = 62.5kPa

1
2
= 26.25kPa

' = (115 + 62.5) = 88.75kPa

, E E FEG
'

AD

Si = (1D 1 A ) H = (0.04 0.01) 3 = 0.09m

S c DE K 0 AH

e
C lg(115 / 75)
= c
= 0.0244
1 + e0
1 + 0.9

1/3

28

1
Sc = 0.0244 3 = 0.0244m
3

S = Si + Sc = 0.09 + 0.0244 = 0.114m

5.5.7

PC

5.5.9

1
5.5.9 X d p dq
dv d d v d
p

Y pq Y BY P
PAP0 PBP0+d p 0 X,Y
p

d
X Y 2.6.42 2.6.43

29

d v =

1
2d
dp
+
( k ) 2

2
1+ e
p
M +

2.6.42

2 2 dp
2
+
2.6.43
2
2
1 + e M M + p

(d ) = k

d v d
2
5.5.10 ABCD AB
d v = 0 BC d v = 0
e

CD
BC
n

s i = d p H
i =1

5.5.10

5.5.30

s c = (d 1c )
i =1

5.5.31

1
p
d 1c = d c + d v
3

5.5.8
30

5.5.32

St t

st =

t
s
a+t

5.5.33
a
s
t1 t2 s1 s25.5.43
s a

t 2 t1
t 2 t1

s 2 s1

t1
t2
a = s t1 = s t 2
s1
s2

s=

(5.5.34)

s a 5.5.33
s
5.5.9

Schmertman
1
1

z =
p
31

p
Iz
E

5.5.35

E
Iz
2 Iz 5.5.11
0.5B B Iz=0.6 Z=2B

s = z dz

5.5.36

2B

s = p

Iz

E dz

(5.5.37)

5.5.11

Iz

I
s = C1C 2 p z Z i
i =1 E i
n

p
Ei i

Z i i
32

5.5.38

C1

C1 = 1 0 0.5
P

5.5.39

0
C2

t
C 2 = 1 + 02 lg

0.1

5.5.40

t
3
N 5.5.1
5.5.1 E N

MPa/

0.4

0.7

1.0

1.2

5.5.12 EM V / p
pf pp

33

5.5.12

p~V

(Menard)

5.5.10
1

1
2
3 [k]{R}
{ }
[k] { }={R}

5.5.41

4 5.5.41{ }
5

2
123
34

5.5.11
1.

2.

A
A

3.

4.

5.

1
2
3

6.

1
2

5.6

40

70

5.6.1
35

8~10
Si S
n

i =1

i =1

s = si =

e1i e2i
hi
1 + e1i

5.6.1

n
e1i I p1i =

1
i hi
2

e2i p 2i = p1i +

i hi

i =i +1

hi i

i I
e p

s=0.001

3
2

(5.6.2)

5.6.2

rt rt =

z
z z
z

rt
rt>1,Kulhawy

1 > op ,

rt
rt>1 5.6.1
< op 2/3 3/4 rt=
rt>1
2
3
4
5

36

5.6.1

1.2.3

BOEO
m m 1.3~4.0

r t = 0.6 + 0.059m 0.072

r t = 0 .5 +

ln m + m 2 1
4 .2

5.6.3

5.6.4

Oe

rt = 0.86

3.14m 2

5.6.5

m=2 =0.55 0.814~0.830
Z X
BO EO z

z = (ax n + rt z )

5.6.6

a=

n=

rt z

mn

2rt 1

300
0.8
37

5.6.3

EL
Infiernillo Dam

4.6.2

5.6.2

5.6.3

3 300kPa

35%

( 1 3 )
( 1 3 )f

5.6.3

5.7
38

5.7.1
5.7.1

x yx zx
+
+ x = 0
+
y
z
x

xy y zy

+ y = 0
+
+
z
y
x

xz yz z
+
+ z = 0
+

y
z
x

5.7.1

xyz
XYZ xyz
4.7.1

5.7.1

5.7.2

5.7.2 x

p n Ax dydz p + dx n Ax dydz + Fx nv dxdydz = 0

x

5.7.2

n Ax nv yz
Fx x
n Ax = nv =n5.7.2

Fx =
y z

39

p
x

5.7.3

Fy =
Fz =

p
y

p
+
z

5.7.4

5.7.5

5.7.5 z
5.7.2

3.5.4 =+ u

1920 1923

5.7.3 M
M hs u s = hs u s
q M he
u e = he M
he M
u u = u s + u e

5.7.3

5.7.3
K0

av =

= mv

5.7.6

40

5.7.4

q = kia

5.7.7

q
k
i
a
5.7.2
q xyz

2h
2h
2h

q = q x + q y + q z = k x 2 + k y 2 + k z 2 dxdydz
y
z
x

5.7.8

h
kxkykz

q=05.7.8

2h
2h
2h
kx 2 + ky 2 + kz 2 = 0
z
y
x

5.7.9

5.7.9 q0

5.8
5.8.1
5.7
z

FZ = j z = i z = n

vs

5.8.1

v s seepage velocity v (discharge

velocity) v =n v s ,5.7.5Z
p
p

Fz = + + + n s = 0
k
z
z
z k=f(z)

2 p
v
+ n s = 0
2
z k
z

1 v
2 p
dk
+ n 2 k s v s
= 0
2
dz
z
k z
41

2 p
1 v s
1 dk
n

n v s 2
=0
+

2
k z
k dz
z

5.8.2

dv
= z q=v
dz
n

v s

= z
z
t

5.8.3

z z z v

5.8.2

2 p
1 z
1 dk
n v s 2
=0
+
2
z
k t
k dz

5.8.4

5.8.1

5.8.1
0 ,H-z u

= p = [ ( 1 z ) + u ]
5.8.1H-z

=( 0+ )+ sat ( z ) + ( 1 )

= ( 0 + ) + ( z ) u

sat

(5.8.5)

5.8.5 t :

= ( ) +
t t
t
t
42

(5.8.6)

z
mv

mv =

1 e
1 + e

z
1 e
=
t
1 + e t
z

= mv
t
t

(5.8.7)

5.8.75.8.45.8.4

n v s

1 dk
1 dk
p
1 dk
= Fz
= +
2
k dz
k dz
z
k dz

4.8.4

2 p mv p
1 dk
+
=0
+
+
2
t z
z
k
k dz

(5.8.8)

5.8.55.8.85.8.8

2 u mv
u 1 dk u

+
=0
+
+
2

t t k dz z
k t
z

(5.8.9)

5.8.9

5.8.2
1925

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

2
5.8.9
k=H==0

43

2 u mv u

=0
t
z 2
k

cv
cv =

2 u u
=
z 2 t
k

mv

5.8.10

k (1 + e )
av

5.8.11

cv k m cv

5.8.10 u z t

5.8.2

5.8.2 2H,

t=0u=u0
t>0z=0u=0
t>0z=2Hu=0
5.8.10

1
u =
n =1 H

2H

u 0 sin

n 2 2 c v t
nz
nz

dz sin
exp
2
2
4 H 2

5.8.12

n u0 u0=

u0=
n n=2m+1m 5.8.12

Mz
2u
u = 0 sin
exp( M 2Tv )

m =0 M

M=

5.8.13

1
(2m+1)
2

Tv
Tv =
44

cv t
H2

5.8.14

5.8.13 t z u
Z U z

Uz =

u0 u u
u
=
= 1
u0
u0
u0

5.8.15

5.8.135.8.15

Mz
2
2
U = 1 sin
exp( M Tv )

m =0 M

5.8.16

Uz=f(Tv) 5.8.3
t Tv

5.8.3

Tv

U
5.8.15

U = 1

2H

0
2H

udz

5.8.17

u 0 dz

u0

2
U = 1 2 exp( M 2Tv )
m =0 M

U=f(Tv) 5.8.4 I

45

5.8.18

5.8.4

U=f(Tv)

5.8.18

U > 0.6, Tv = 0.0851 0.933 lg(1 U )

U < 0.6, Tv =

(U ) 2

5.8.19

5.8.18
S t St
St=UtS

5.8.20

3
u0 5.8.135.8.17

u0
Ia
b u 0 = u1 + u1
II
III
IV

u 0 = u 2 sin

u 0 = u 3 sin

Hz

z
4H

z
2H

0 < z < H , u0 = u4
H < z < 2H , u0 = u 4

z
H

2H z
H

5.8.17 U Tv

4
c v U<60%
46

c v

U f

U=

5.8.21

c v
5.8.19

Tv , Tv << 1U = (4 1Tv ) 0.5

Tv , Tv >> 1U = 1

5.8.22

5.8.22

U=

4Tv

0.5

4Tv 2.8

1 +

4.8.23

0.179

U Tv:

U2
4
Tv =
0.357
1 U 5.6

5.8.24

Ri Rf, RiRf c v
Tv<<1 t1 t2 R1 R25.8.145.8.19

ct
(R Ri )
Tv = Tv1v 21 = 1

4 (R f Ri )
H

ct
(R Ri )
Tv = Tv 2v 22 = 2

4 (R f Ri )
H

t
R1 R2 1

t2
Ri =

t
1 1

t 2

Tv>>1, t3 R35.8.24
47

(5.8.25)

Tv = Tv 3 :

(R3 Ri )

(R f Ri )

cv t 3
=
5.6 0.357
H2 4

(R3 Ri )

1
(R f Ri )

Tv1 Tv 2 Tv 3

R f = Ri

{1 [(R

R3 )

cv =

Ri R3
t2

t 1 /( R 1 R 2 ) t 3

(R1 R2 )

4 (Ri R f

)(

t 2 t1
H

5 . 6 0 . 179

5.8.26

(5.8.27)

butong c v -

90%
90% t90 R100

c v

5.9

5.9.1

Shiffman
1
5.8.9 = f (t ) k= H=

cv

2 u u
=

t
z 2 t

5.9.1

= 0 p0
t
t0
u 0
t0 p0
=

t
t0
5.9.1

t0
48

u (Tv ) =

Tv 0 =

32u 0
Tv0 4

n 2 2Tv
1

1
exp

4
4
n =1, 3, 5 n

5.9.2

cv t 0

H2

u 0

5.9.1

5.9.2

49

5.9.2

Tv 0

32u 0
u (Tv ) =
Tv0 4

n 2 2Tv
1
0
1 exp

4
4
n =1, 3, 5 n

5.9.3 5.9.3
50

2 2
exp n (T T )
v
v0

(5.9.3)

5.9.3

1
5.9.4 t=t0 p0
p t=0 OC

i tt0(t0 ) t A ,
= t A /2 pt/p

4.9.4

pt t A p n1
(ii) tt0, t 0 t B ,
=t-t0/2
t 0 n 2 t B n3
o n1 n2 n3

51

5.9.5

5.9.4

5.9.5

2
5.9.5 oa
p p1 p2 C1C2 p1
p2 s C
5.9.2

5.8.9
k= H=f(t)

2 u u
H
cv 2 =

t
t
z
5.9.6

52

=0
(5.9.6)

z = Hu =
0 u

u
z = 0 =
0

(5.9.7)

5.9.6

Gibson:1.
2.
1
1/2

H=Rt (R)5.9.7
5.9.6

z
2
exp z + erf z
4 cv t
1
2 c t
2 cv t
v

u = Rt 1
1

R
R 2

R2

exp 4cv + erf

2 c
2 cv
v

erf(x),erf(x)=

u 2

5.9.8

du

4.9.8

2 cv

u
z
5.9.7

R
t

2 cv

53

5.9.7

u
z

5.9.8

1/2

H=Rt

u
z

H=Qt

2
H=Qt

u = Qt (cv t ) 1 / 2 exp

z2
Q
z
2
tanh
cosh
exp

d
4c v t 0
2c v
2c v t
4c v t

5.9.9

4.9.7
2

T=Q t/Cv

u
z
5.9.8

U = 1

udz
0

5.9.10

( H z )dz
0

5.9.3

Gray

1
Palmer c vc
HC, c vc Hc

54

5.9.9
5.9.9 cv1 c vc = cv1 t 2

Tv =

cv 2 t
H2

cv1 t H2 H2

Tv =

cv1t
2
H 2

H2 =

cv1
2
cv 2

5.9.11

H C = H 1 + H 2 + H 3 + ,
cvc = c1

i himvicvi ki,
Tv t

t=

2
Tv
cv

5.9.12)

c v
cv

cv =

r
k
mv

- k mv

55

(5.9.13)

k =

h
ki
i

mv =

5.9.14

vi i

(5.9.15)

hi

H = hi

5.9.12

t=

hi
mvi cv i

hT

vi i v

(5.9.16)

5.9.4

OjsenLadd

st
h0 1%10%50% 80%
10%

h = h0

st
2N D

(5.9.17)

ND

k
5.9.5

56

5.9.10

5.9.10 y=f(x) 013x

13

dy
y1 = y 0 +
dx 0
dy
y3 = y0
dx 0

d 2 y (x )2 d 3 y (x )3
+ .......
+ 3
x + 2
dx 0 3!
dx 0 2!

5.9.18
2
3
d 2 y (x ) d 3 y (x )
.......
3
x 2
dx 0 3!
dx 0 2!

d 3 y (x )
1
dy
( y1 y3 ) 3
.......
=
dx 0 2x
dx 0 3!
3

1
dy
( y1 y3 )

dx 0 2x

5.9.19

5.9.18

d2y
1
2
( y1 + y 3 2 y 0 )
2
dx (x)

5.9.20

y 5.9.19
5.9.20
3 1

1
dy 1 y1 y 0 y 3 y 3
( y1 y 3 )
=
+
=
dx 2 x
x 2x

5.9.21

4.9.20
y z z 2
4 5.9.115.9.19
5.9.20

y 2 y

z z 2
57

5.9.11

5.9.12

2
5.8.10
5.9.12(a)
tz
5.9.12(b) o5.8.10,

2u
u
c
=

v
z 2
t 0
0

5.9.195.9.20

u1 u 0
u
=
t
t 0
u 2 + u 4 2u 0
2u
2 =
z 2
z 0
A

u1 = (u 2 + u 4 2u 0 ) + u 0

c v t

(z )2

(5.9.21)
(5.9.22)

5.9.12b o i 2 4
i-1 i+1; 5.9.12(a) o tt
t+15.9.21
58

u i ,t +1 = (u i 1,t + u i +1,t 2u i ,t ) + u i ,t = (u i 1,t + u i +1,t ) + (1 2 )u i ,t

(5.9.23)

5.9.23
t t
5.9.23

1/2=1/2,5.9.23

u i ,t +1 =

1
(ui1,t + ui +1,t )
2

(5.9.24)

z Cv z5.9.22t

t=0 u

5.9.235.9.241.
u=02. u
5.9.13 H 8
0 8

u
=0 7
z

u 7 = u 7 ( u 8 =0) t=0
1 O u0=0
u0=1 5.9.1

5.9.13

cvz =1/25.9.22t5.9.24
t2t3t 24t 5.9.13

m m

5.9.1

59

u i ,t +1 = (u i 1,t + u i +1,t ) + (1 2 )u i ,t + i ,t ,t +1

(5.9.25)

i ,t ,t +1 t t+t

=1/25.9.25

u i ,t +1 =

1
(ui1,t + ui+1,t ) + i,t ,t +1
2

(5.9.26)

t=0 t=TT

H 8 H=H/8,T=T/8
CvH =1/2 tTH
T t T/t=n(5.9.26)
T/t 5.9.2

5.9.14 2 n = 10

60

5.9.14

3.
(5.9.23)(5.9.24)

k1 (

u
u
)1 = k 2 ( ) 2
z
z

5.9.27

k1

u i ,t u i 1,t

= k2

z1

u i +1,t u i ,t
z 2

5.9.28

z1 = z 2 (5.9.28) k1 = nk 2

ui ,t = ui +1,t (

n
)(ui +1,t ui 1,t )
n +1

61

(5.9.29)

5.9.2

( 1.0)

5.9.3

( 5.9.15)
62

(5.9.22)t
63

t1 = nt 2
1 n 2
5.9.3 8 k1 = 4k 2 (5.9.24)
4( 5.9.15)(5.9.29)
4 23 5.9.15

5.9.15

5.10

5.10.1
a/H
(a/H)
a/H=1

64

5.10.1

(Rendulic)

(Biot)

5.10.1
dxdydz

x' yz zx u

+
+
+
=0
x
y
z x

xy y' xy u

+
+
+
=0
x
y
z y

'

zx yz z u
+
+
+
=
y
z z
x

5.10.1

'
u

xyz u , v , w
65

u s
v s
w s
y =
z =

x
y
z

w s v s
x = (
)
+

y
z

s
s
u w

y = (
)
+

z
x

v s u s

z = (
)
+

x
y

x =

5.10.2

x , y , z x,y,z

x y z yz,xz xy

1 '

[ x v ' ( y' + z' )]

'
E

1 '
'
'
'
y = ' [ y v ( x + z )]

1 '
'
'
'
z = ' [ z v ( x + y )]
E

'
yz yz .2(1 + v )
x = ' =
G
E'

'
xz xz .2(1 + v )
y = ' =

G
E'

xy xy .2(1 + v ' )
z = ' =

G
E'

x =

5.10.3

EvG()
(5.10.3)

v = ( x + y + z )
v'

v )
'

1 2v

'
v
'

y = 2G ( y +
v )
1 2v '

'

v
z = 2G ' ( z +
v )

'
1 2v

xy = G ' z yz = G ' x xz = G ' y

x = 2G ' ( x +

(5.10.4)5.10.2(5.10.1)

66

(5.10.4)

1 u

=0
'
G
x G x

'
'
+ G v 1 u

2 s
)
v (
+ '
=0
'
G
y G y

'
'

G
u

1
+

) v+ '
2 ws (
=
'

G
z G z
u (
2

s2

' + G ' v
)

'

(5.10.5)

=
'

v'E '
(1 + v ' )(1 2v ' )

E'
G =
2(1 + v ' )
'

2 =

2
2
2
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2

(5.10.5)u v w u
s

2u =

v
t

(5.10.6)

(5.10.6)(5.10.5)(5.10.6)
-

(5.10.3) u

v 1 2v '
( 3u )
=
t
E ' t

(5.10.7)

(5.10.6)

u 1

t 3 t

(5.10.8)

kE '
3 w (1 2v ' )

(5.10.9)

C v3 2 u =
cv 3

Cv3 =

= x + y + z

(5.10.8)
(1) c v 3 c v 1 (2)
67

()

35.10.5

(5.10.5) 1 3

cv 22u =

u 1

t 2 t

(5.10.10)

cv 2

kE '
cv 2 =
2 w (1 + v ' )(1 2v ' )

(5.10.11)

2
2
+
2 = x + z
x 2 z 2

2 2 =

C v1

kE ' (1 ' )
cv1 =
w (1 + v ' )(1 2v ' )

(5.10.12)

1 v'
cv1 = 2(1 v )Cv 2 = 3
Cv 3
1 + v'
'

v = 0.5 v = 0 cv 1
'

'

(5.10.13)

= 2cv 2 = 3cv 3

5.10.2 ()
(5.10.6)

1' 2' 3' v

vf ( 1' 2' 3' )

v v 1' v 2' v 3'

+
'
'
t
1 t
2 t
3' t

1' = 1 u,

2' 2 u, 3' = 1 u

(D)(C)

v v 1
2 v 3 u v v v
+
( ' +
+
'
v'
)
t
t 1 2' 3'
1 t
2 t
3' t

68

v v v 1 2 '
=
=
=
E'
1 2 3

v 1 2 ' 1 2 3
u
[(
)3 ]
=
+
+
E'
t
t
t
t
t
1 2 ' ( 1 + 2 + 3 )
u
[
=
3 ]
E'
t
t
1 2 '
u
(
=
3 )
E'
t
t

= 0,

v
1 2 ' u
= 3
t
E ' t

5.10.14

(5.10.6)

2u =

3(1 2v ' ) u
t
E'

cv 32u =

u
t

(5.10.15)

c v 3

kE '
cv 3 =
3 w (1 2v ' )
(5.10.15)(5.10.8)

(5.10.16)

3 t

= 0
t

cv 2 (

2u 2u u
+
)=
x 2 z 2
t

C v 2 (5.10.11)
5.10.12

69

(5.10.17)

cv 1 =

kE ' (1 ' )
kE
= s
w (1 + ' )(1 2 ' ) w

cv 1

= z

z
= 0 5.10.85.10.14
t

5.10.3

1.
Biot

Biot
2(Mandel-Cryer effect)

Mandel(Cryer)
5.10.2 M

(1).M z x
5.10.2(a)
(2). u ((b))
--

()

70

5.10.2

a) 5.10.3
b). 5.10.4
x / a

= 0

c) x z = a
2

5.10.5 z / a = 0.5

d)-
5.10.6
e) 5.10.7
71

5.10.3

5.10.4

5.10.5

72

5.10.6

5.10.7

C v 3 C v 2
5.10.8

73

5-10-8

ab

74

5-10-9

U p U s

'

v
(schiffman)
a/H1

5.10.4

1.(z )2. z
(5.10.15)

75

2u 1 u 2u u
cv ( 2 +
+
)=
z r r r 2
t

5.10.18

r 5.10.10

5.10.10
a (b) A-A

(Carrillo)(5.10.18)
U z

U r U r

1 U = (1 U z )(1 U r )

(5.10.19)

U z 5.8.2

Ur
Barron
1.2

5.10.10a
d e

76

1 u 2u u
cvr (
+
)=
r r r 2
t

(5.10.20)

cvr

cvr =

kh (1 + e)
a v w

(5.10.21)

(5.10.20)

1 r = rw t>0 u = 0

u
= 0
r

2 r = re ,
3

t = 0, rw r re , u = u0

(5.10.20)
_

r 2 rw2
4u
r
ur = 2
[re2 ln( )
]
2
rw
d e f ( n)
_

(5.10.22)

u = u 0 e

u 0

8Tr
,
f (n)

Tr =

f ( n) =

n=

re
rw

HI

C vr t
d e2

n2
3n 2 1
n

ln(
)
n2 1
4n 2

U r

8Tr
U r = 1 exp[
]
f ( n)

n =

re
U r = f (Tr )
rw

(5.10.23)

5.10.11

77

re
= 5
rw

U r > 0.5

5.10.11 H
2H rs rw re k w
k s k n

5.10.11

5.10.20
1 r

= rw ur = uw

2 r

= re

3 z

= 0 uw = 0

4 z

= H

5 t

= 0 rw r re u = u0 = p0

ur
= 0
r
uw
= 0
z

= rs

78

2 uw
zk s ur
=

z 2
rw k w r

5.10.24
r = rw

5.10.205.10.24

D 2
Mz t
sin
e
m =0 F + D M
H
a

uw = u0

(5.10.25)

D kh r r2 rw2
2
Mz

+ D) sin e t (rw r rs )
u0
[ (ln
2

m=0 F + D k
(5.10.26)
rw 2re
M
H
a
s
ur
2
2
2
D
r r rs kh
s 1
2
Mz
u0
+ (lns 2 + D] sin e t (rs r re )
[ln
2
m=0 Fa + D rs 2re
ks
2n
M
H
r

r =

rs

rw

BCvh
2
( Fa + D )d e

G G = k

kw

M=

2m + 1

Fa = (ln
D=

H 2
)
dw

m = 0,1,2.....

3 n2
n kh
1
s2
k
s2
k 1
(1 h )(1 2 ) + h 2
(1 2 )
+ ln s ) 2
+ 2
4 n 1 n 1
4n
s ks
4n
ks
ks n 1

8Cvh

2
( Fa + D )d e

5.10.26

= 1

m =0

79

2
M

t
r

5.10.27

5.10.12 U r = f (Tr )

100mm 45mm.

d w

dw =

2(b + )
_

(5.10.27)

b,

= 1

5.11
5.11.1

1.

2.

= ' + u

4.
20 70
90
Fredlund
80

5.11.2

1.

Contractile skin,

u a u a u w
Stress state variable 5.11.1
2.
1

Vv Vw Va
=
+
V0
V0
V0

V0

5.11.1

VwVa

5.11.1

dVv
= m1sk d ( u a ) + m2s d (u au w )
V0

81

5.11.2

dVw
= m1wk d ( u a ) + m2w d (u au w )
V0

5.11.3

5.11.2 m

5.11.2

a ;b;c

Vv , Vw
m1sk , m1wk k o d ( u a )
m2s , m2w k o d (u au w )
5.11.25.11.35.11.2

dVa
= m1ak d ( ua ) + m2a d (ua uw )
V0

m1ak m2a
82

5.11.4

k z u
w z

v=

5.11.5

kz

4.3.3 Fick
4.3.16

J a = Da*

u a
z

Da 4.3.15

Da*Da

c
ua

5.11.3

5.11.3

C=

1 dV
V du

du

83

5.11.6

Ca =

ua
_

1
u a + u at

5.11.7

u a u a u a + u at

u a
u at
C aw :

C aw = SrC w (

du 1
duw
) + (1 Sr + hSr )( a ) _
d u
d

5.11.8

S r

C w
Cw =

1 dvw
vw duw

5.11.9

h
3.
1

m1k , m1k m 2 , m2

Vw
vw
= vw +
dZ dxdy vwdxdy
t
Z

(5.11.10)

vw Z Vw

(Vw / V 0) v w
=
t
Z

84

5.11.11

hw

(Vw / V 0)
z

=
t
Z

k w 2u w
1 k w u w k w

2
w g z
w g z z
z

5.11.12

hw Z +

Vw

w
w
w g

V 0 5.11.3 t
t

V 0 = m1k w ( u a ) + m2 w (ua uw )
t
t
t

Vw

5.11.13

5.11.125.11.13

mw
2

k w uw k w
1
uw
kw 2 uw
w ua
w
m1k m 2
+
+
+
2
t
t wg Z
wg Z Z Z

5.11.14

5.11.14
5.11.14
2
k w
Cw k w uw
uw
ua
w uw
Cw
C
+
+ Cg
2
t
t
k w Z Z
Z
Z

5.11.15

Cw 1m2w/m1kw/ ( m2w/m1kw)

c w kw

( gm )
w

c 1 w
g
m2
kw 5.11.15

85

2
uw
ua
w uw
Cw
cv
t
t
Z 2

5.11.16

M a
J
J a a dz dxdy J a dxdy
t
Z

) ( )

Ma

V 0 = Ja
t
Z

5.11.17

M a t

5.11.13 J a

Ma

) D
V =

*
a

ua

5.11.18

5.11.18 Va a M a = Va . a

( V )+V

Va

2
a
Da* u a
* ua

= Da
V0 t
Z 2
Z 2 Z
a

5.11.19

Va =1 S r nV

5.11.20

S r
n
V
V V0 5.11.19
86

( V ) + (1 S )n

Va

2 u a Da* u a

= D
t
Z 2
Z 2 Z

*
a

5.11.21

a =

a
RT

5.11.22

ua

a kg/kmol
R 8.31432J/mol.k
o

T T= t +273.16(K)

t o o C
u a u a = u a + u at kPa
5.11.225.11.21

( V )=

Va

2 u a (1 S r )n u a
Da* u a
1

5.11.23

ua
t
a
u Z 2
u Z Z
a
RT a
RT a

Da*

( V ) 511.4 t

Va

*
2ua
a
Da* u a
(
1 S r )n u a
a u w
D
a
1
a
= m2

m1k m2

t
Z Z
Z 2 a
u a t
a

RT u a
RT u a

5.11.24
5.11.24
5.11.24

2 u a cva Da* u a
u a
u w
a
C a
cv
+
t
t
Z 2 Da* t Z
87

5.11.25

C a

m2a

m1ak

a
1 m2 a (1 S )n / u m a
r
a 1k
m1k

cva

Da*
1

a
( a / RT ) u m a ( 1 m2 a
a 1k
m1k

) (1 S r )n

Da*
=0
Z

2
u a
u w
a ua
C a
cv
t
t
Z 2

5.11.26

4
1
5.9.5 5.11.165.11.26

u w(i , j +1) u w(i , j )

t

= C w

u a (i , j +1) u a (i , j )
t

+ cv

u w(i +1, j ) 2u w(i , j ) + u w(i 1, j )

Z 2

5.11.27

u a (i , j +1) u a (i , j )
t

= C a

u w(i , j +1) u w(i , j )

t

+ cv C w

u a (i +1, j ) 2u a (i , j ) + u a (i 1, j )
Z 2
5.11.28

5.11.28 C w 5.11.27
88

u w(i , j +1) u w(i , j )

t

= Ca Cw

u w(i , j +1) u w(i , j )

t

+ cv

cv Cw

u a (i +1, j ) 2u a (i , j ) + u a (i 1, j )
Z 2

u w(i +1, j ) 2u w(i , j ) + u w(i 1, j )

Z 2

5.11.29

5.11.29

u w(i , j +1) = u w(i , j ) +

Cw

(1 C a C w ) 1 C a C w

w g1w

a f 1a

5.11.30

w = cva

Z 2

a = cva

Z 2

5.11.4

g1w = u w(i +1, j ) 2u w(i , j ) + u w(i 1, j )

f1a = u a (i +1, j ) 2u a (i , j ) + u a (i 1, j )
5.11.27 C a 5.11.28

89

u a (i , j +1) u a (i , j )
t

= Ca Cw

u a (i , j +1) u a (i , j )
t

+ cv

cv C a

u w(i +1, j ) 2u w(i , j ) + u w(i 1, j )

Z 2

u a (i +1, j ) 2u a (i , j ) + u a (i 1, j )

5.11.31

Z 2

5.11.31

u a (i , j +1)

C a w g1w
= u a (i , j )
+
(1 C a C w )

a f1a

1 C C
a w

5.11.32

5.11.305.11.34 5.11.4

(2)
4.9.5 t=0
u w u a

u
= 0
Z

3
5.11.305.11.32 U T

Uw

=1

Tw =

2d

0
2d

u w dz

5.11.33

u w0 dz

cvw
t
d2

5.11.34

Ua

=1

0
2d

90

2d

u a dz
u a 0 dz

5.11.35

Ta =

cvw t
d2

5.11.36

5.11.5 UT 5 .11.6 UT

5.11.5

4.11.6

5.12
5.12.1
91

1.1.4
12.5kPa 1.0
0.5 0.25 24

1959 Hamilton

1 CRS
2 CRL
3 CGC
4 u b p

u b

p

5.12.2
1
5.12.1

5.12.1

CRS

92

p
e e
u b c v
'

k e t
z

k = k (e ) = j (t )

1 e
k 2u
=
2
w Z
1 + e t

R R =

L
L T
T

dV
= RA
dt

V
A
e

de
RA
1 dV
=
=
= r =
dt
Vs dt
Vs

Vs

H
H

1
e=
edz
H 0

KL t z e( z , t )

e( z , t ) g ( z )t + e0

g ( z ) z

e0
M g ( z ) I
93

b z 0.5H
e = e0 rt 1

z = H N eb

1 b
eb = e0 rt 1
2 r

b
= 0 eb = e0 rt
r
b
b
= 2 eb = e0 0 2
r
r
O

e N u (0, t ) = 0

u
(H , t ) = 0
z

u I
I 1e 1 + e

u=

w r

1 2 b z2
z 3

Hz
z

k (1 + e )
2 r 4 6 H

5.12.1

z=H

ub = u z =H =

w rH 2 1

b 1

k (1 + e ) 2 r 12

5.12.2

5.12.2
1

u b

= u b

u u b 5.12.15.12.2
H

u
=
ub

Q 5.12.1

1
udz
H 0
ub

1 b 1

3 r 24
=
1 b 1

2 r 24

b
0.7
r
94

5.12.1

b/r

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.667

0.682

0.700

0.722

0.750

u b P ' e

cv =

k (1 + e )

v w

5.8.11

e ' c v k e e u b r

k 5.12.2 C v

cv =

H 2
v ub

1 b 1
2 r 12

5.12.3

5.12.3 c v

5.12.3 CGC
1
5.12.2

5.12.2

1 '
TV

2
95

3 TV 0.08 TV 1.1 10
95 TV 1.1

5.12.3

5.12.3

CGC

u b u b
u b u b

CGC 5.12.4 CGC

0
u b u b u b

CGC
CGC

2
CGC 5.8

96

u
2u

= C v
t t
Z 2

5.9.1

5.9.1
1

= 0 5.9.1
t

CGC
2 CGC
5.9.1 CGC

2u
= C v
t
Z 2

5.12.4

u
= 0
t

5.9.1

CGC z = 0 u = u b z = H u = 0 5.12.4

u b 2
z2
u = 2 z + u b = u b 1 2
H
H

5.12.5

2
3

' = u = u b
97

5.12.6

u 5.12.5

e ' e
e CGC
c v

H 2
cV =
t 2u b

5.12.7

H 2
t 2u b

5.12.8

cV

t 5.12.8 c v
c v
mv k

mv
k

1 / t
H / t

w H
2u b t

5.12.9

5.12.10

1Scott, R.F, Principles of Soil Mechanics, Addison-wesley publishing Co. Inc.1963.

2. 3

3Lambe, T.W., Method of Estimating settlements, JSMFD.SMS.1964.

4. Burland, J.B., A method of Estimating the Pore Pressures and Displacements Beneath Embankments
on Soft Natural Clay Deposits, Stress Strain Behaviour of Soils,G.F. Foulis & Co.Ltd.,1971.
5. Roscoe, K.H. and Burland, J.B. On the Generalized stress-strain Behaviour of "Wet" Clay.
Engineering plasticity, Cambridge University press,1968.
6. 1983
71984
8Kulhawy. F.H. er al. Load Transfer and Hydraulic Fracturing in Zoned Dams. JCED. ASCE. 102.
GT9.1976.
9. Nobari, E.S. and Duncan, J.M. Movement Dams due to Reservior Filling performation of Earth and
Earth-supported structures. Vol.1.part.1972.
10. B.A.1960
11Murry, R.T., Devolopment in two- and three-dimentional consolidation theory, Devolopment in Soil
98

Mechanics,1978.
12. Richart, F.H., Review of the theories for sand drains, Trans. ASCE,Vol.124,1959.
13. Mitchell, J.K., Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, John Wiley & Sons,1976.
14. Simons, N.E., The Stress Path Method of Settlement Analysis Applied to London Clay, Stress-Strain
Behavior of Soils G.T. Foulis & Co. Ltd.,1971.
15. Hamilton, J.T. and Crawford, C.B., Improved Determination of preconsolidation Pressure of a
Sensitive clay. ASTM STP No.254,1959.
16. Aboshi, H., Constant loading rate consolidation test, Soils and Foundation, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1970.
17. D.G.H.1997.
18. Gilbson R.E. Schiffman R.L., Theory of one Dimensional Consolidation of Saturated Clays .. Finite
Non-linear Consolidation of Thick Homogeneous Layers, Canadian, Geotechnical Journal, Vol.18, No.2,
1981.

1 discharge velocityseepage velocity.

2
3
4
5
6

2 c v
3 cv1 , c v 2
4
5
6 U p U s
7

Gray 50

1.5
2.0
m
k, cm/s
610-7
310-7
v cm2/kg
0.13
0.097
e

1.09

0.92
99

1
2
3
4 eP eLogP
5
6 Skempton
7
8
9

1 B=5.0m, Df=1.5m, F=1000kN,

e=0.2m 1 2
M
3 = 200kPa, 1 = 408kPa, uf=87kPa, Skempton

100

AB eP

2 4m e0=1.0, '
250 Cc=0.31. 204060kPa CU
3

101

102

1 ........................................................................................................................................................2
2 ..........................................................................................4
2.1 .......................................................................................................................................4
2.2 ..........................................................................................................5
2.3 ..............................................................................................................7
3 ..........................................................................................9
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.........................................................................................9
............................................................................................................................12
....................................................................................................15
...............................................................................19

4 ................................................................................................23
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

........................................................................................................23
........................................................................................................25
............................................................................................................27
................................................................................................................27

5 .....................................................................................................30
5.1 ...........................................................................30
5.2 ...........................................................................................32
6 ..................................................................................................................................39
6.1 .............................................................................................................................................39
6.2 S.FOR ..............................................................................39
6.3 E.FOR ..................................................................................53

Janbu
1957Sokolovski(1954)
W. F. Chen (1975)

Bishop
Morgenstern - Price (1965)
(Celestino and Duncan, 1981; Chen and Shao,
1988)

1.1

P P

 1. 1 , Terzaghi & Peck (1967), (a)

(b) ; (c)
Casagrade (1973)

TerzaghiPeck(1967)
50Peck(1990)

Terzaghi
Robert

TerzaghiPeck1.2
3.4

 1. 2 Terzaghi Peck (a) , (b)

(c) Terzaghi Peck(1967)

Prandtl

PrandtlDonaldChen (1997)
Prandtl

ij ui ij
2.1

(1)

ij = Wi

(2.1)

ij n j = Ti

(2.2)

Wi , TiSnjS
u&

ij

u&i , j dv = Wi u&i dv + Tiu&i ds

v

(2.3)

(2)

ij =

ui , j + u j ,i

(2.4)

(3)

ij = Cijkl kl

(2.5)

f ( ij ) 0

(2.6)

(2.5)(2.6) Cijkl

(2.6)
f ( ij ) = ( n tg + c) 0

(2.7)

f ( ij ) n c

3 0

(2.8)

(2.1)(2.2)(2.7)(2.8)
2.2

Ti *
*

uij (2.3)(2.7)
(2.1(a))
(2.3)u(2.3)

(2.5)

, ,
,
(1) 1To, ,
T,

= t =

T T0
T

(2.9)

 2. 1 (a) (b) (c)

(2) 2bW
WSarma (1979) b
,
(1)(2)t b

(3) 3F, cce

e,
ce = c / F

(2.10)

tan e = tan / F

(2.11)

, F,
FtbtbF,,
e12(2.10)(2.11)
F1

2.2
(1)
Sloan(1988,1989)

(, 2000)
(2)

3
Sarma (1979)
Donald and Chen (1997)
4

(1)
2.2(c)4
NG, yt
xNx
N
F
G(x)
(2.7)(2.8)
2.3

+ cav
h]
[ E tan av
>F
X

(2.12)

E > 0

(2.13)

N >0

(2.14)

 2. 2 (a) (b) tan (c)

EX, avcav
h
(2)
8

(2.1(a))*
ij (2.3)

T* 2.1(a)

ij dv +

* ij

dDs = WV + T V

(2.15)

TT*
T*V*
W(2.15)*
*
2.1(a)
2.1(b)
*

Vi (2.3)
n 1

Dekj +

k =1

s
ei

= WV * + T *V *

(2.16)

i =1

Dsjn
n-1
-- Ve
Chen,1975
(1) Ve
(Chen,1975)
dD = (ce cos e u sin e )V

(2.17)

u(2.17)(2.15)(2.16)F

(2) VeV1,
V2V1jVVj
V1V(2.16)F4.1
W.F.Chen(1975)

NT'n -
3.1

T = ce x sec + (N ux sec ) tan e

(3.1)

tan=dy/dxu
ru =

u
dW / dx

(3.2)

2.2(c)XY
9

N sin T cos + Q (G cos ) = 0

(3.3)

N cos T sin + (W + qx) (G sin ) = 0

(3.4)

(3.1)(3.3)(3.4)Nx0
cos( e + )

dG
d
sin( e + )
G = p ( x)
dx
dx

(3.5)

p( x) = (

dW
dW
+ q) sin( e ) ru
sec sin e
dx
dx
dW
+ ce sec cos e
cos( e )
dx

(3.6)

G=yt = y
dW/dx q
ht =Q=W,
(3.5)2.2(c)AA' AA'
'eNN' tan'e AA'

(G + G ) cos( + )[( y + y ) ( y t + y t )
G cos ( y y t +

1
y ]
2

(3.7)

1
dW
ht = 0
y ) + G sin x
2
dx

htx0
G sin = y

d
d
dW
(G cos ) + ( yt G cos ) +
ht
dx
dx
dx

(3.8)

(3.5)(3.8)(2.2(a))
G (a) = Pw

(3.9)

G (b) = P

(3.10)

(a ) = 0

(3.11)

(b) =

(3.12)

( a ) = hw / H w = 1 / 3

(3.13)

h / H = (b)

(3.14)

PwP

(3.5)
G ( x) = sec( e + ) s 1 ( x )[

p( ) s ( )dx G (a)]

10

(3.15)

s ( x) = sec( e + ) exp[

tan( + ) d d ]

(3.16)

(3.9),(3.10)(3.15)
b

a p( x) s( x)dx = Gm

(3.17)

Gm = Pw PEb

(3.18)

Eb = exp[ a tan( e + )

d
d ]
d

(3.19)

(3.8)
x

G(sin cos tan )dx = dx h dx + [G cos ( y

dW

y )]ax

(3.20)

t ( x) = ax (sin cos tan ) exp[ tan( e + ) d ]d

(3.21)

3.153.20

ab( sin tancos ) [ ax p( )s( )d Pw ] exp[ tan( e + ) d ]dx

a

b
=
a

p( ) s ( )d Pw dt = t ( x)
a

= t (b)Gm +

p( ) s ( )d +
a
a

p( x)s( x)t ( x)dx + P dt

w

(3.22)

p( x)s( x)t ( x)dx + P t (b) = P E (b)t (b) + p( x)s( x)t ( x)dx

w

3.20
b

dx h dx + h
a

dW

w Pw

cos a h P cos b =

dx h dx + P h
a

dW

w w

h P cos

(3.23)

3.20
b

p( x)s( x)t ( x)dx = M

a

(3.24)

M m = Pw hw P[h cos + t (b) Eb ] +

a

dW
he dx
dx

(3.25)

(3.25)Px=bG(b)
Pw (x=a), G(a) h
x=b(y-yt)hw xb

11

3.2

3.2.1
(3.17)(3.24)F (P) (x)Chen
Morgenstern (1983) (x) (2.2(b))
tan = f o ( x) + f ( x)

(3.26)

f0 (x)fo(a) fo (b)tanx=ax=b(2.2(b))

3.3.2)f (x)f(a) f (b)0(3.17)

(3.24)F(P)
f(x)FP(2.12)(2.14)
Morgenstern - PriceChenMorgenstern (1983)
f(x)fo(x) = 0
f(x) =1f(x)2.2(b)3.3.2
3.2.2
3.173.24P
b

Gn ( F , ) = a p( x) s ( x)dx Pw = 0
b

(3.27)
b

M n ( F , ) = a p( x) s ( x)t ( x )dx Pw hw - a

dW
ht dx = 0
dx

(3.28)

3.273.28F3.2.4
3.2.3
3.173.24F1(3.17)(3.24)
P3.17P3.24(Chen
and Li, 1998)
h cos
b dW
M n ( ) = M Pw hw + ( Pw G )
+ t (b) a
ht dx = 0
E
(
b
)
dx

(3.29)

G = a p ( x) s ( x)dx

(3.30)

M = a p( x) s ( x) t ( x)dx

(3.31)

(1) 3.29
(2) 3.17(3.24)P
P

= 1

P
P

(3.32)

P3.45.2
P
12

3.2.4 Newton-Raphson
Newton-RaphsonF
F11(3.27)(3.28)F**F2
2( i=1)

M n
Gn
Mn

Fi = Fi +1 Fi =
Gn M n G n M n

F
F

(3.33)

M n
Gn
+ Mn
F
F
i = i +1 i =
Gn M n Gn M n

F
F

(3.34)

Gn

Gn

Fi <

(3.35)

i <

(3.36)

STAB10-4

(3.29)Newton-Raphson
i = i +1 i =

Mn
M n /

(3.37)

*F*1F1

1. F1
Chen(1992)
F=

Bk C k

A k Bk

(3.38)

Bk =

Ck =

Adx

Ak = Bdx

(3.39)

Adx +

Bdx

(3.40)

(3.41)

av
= tg + K i tan av

(3.42)

A,B
A=[

dW
dW
(cos ru sec ) tan + c sec
sin tan + q cos tan ]
dx
dx
13

(3.43)

B = [(

dW
dW
+ q) sin +
cos ]
dx
dx

(3.44)

Ki =

[tan ]
i

i =1

r
i l

(3.45)

Ki Ki
Ki[tanii]ir
x av, av
(ab)
(Chen,1992)

2. 1
tantan
b

a tan dx = a tan dx

(3.46)

(3.26)(3.46)1
3.2.5
(3.33)(3.34) M n / , M n / F , Gn / , Gn / F
(1991)Chen&Li (1998)
Gn
d d
b
x
= a p( x) s ( x)(k ( x) a sec 2 ( e + ) e
d )dx
F
dF d

(3.47)

M n
d d
b
x
= a p( x) s ( x)[k ( x)t ( x) a t sec 2 ( e + ) e
d ]dx
F
dF d

(3.48)

Gn
d d
b
x
= a p( x) s ( x)( a sec 2 ( e + )
ddx + Di )dx

d d

(3.49)

d d
d + Dti
d d
x
d
d
+ cos e sec sec( e + ) exp( a tan( e + )
d )
d ]dx
a
d
d

(3.50)

M n
=

p( x) s( x)( t sec

( e + )

Di = [tan( e + )
s

s
d
d r
] x=a [tan( ei i + )
]1
d
d
i =1

Dti = [ti tan( ei i + )

i =1

(3.51)

d r
]1
d

(3.52)

DiDtie [ ]l
r

3.29
h cos
G

M M n
=
+ [ Pw G ]
+ t (b)Q (b) R (b) n

E (b)

14

h cos

E ( b) + t (b)

(3.53)

M n
G
n 3.503.49

Q(b) =

sec
a

( + )

d b
d d

d Di + tan( + ) b
d d
d

R (b) = cos sec sec( + ) E 1 ( x)

a

t (b) tan( + ) b

d
dx +
d

t ( x) sec
a

( + )

(3.54)
d d
d + Dti
d d

d b
d

(3.55)
3.2.6
3.1ACAD(Donald and Giam,1992)
1Spencer
1.3662Bishop1.378Spencer
1.3836

3. 1 , ACAD 1
Fm = 1.366 (Spencer); 2. Bishop Fm = 1.384 Spencer Fm = 1.382; 3.
, Fm = 1.418

3.3

3.3.1
c
3.15G3.33.4N
Terzaghi(1943)
Hw
Hw =

2c

tg (45o +

e
2

(3.56)

15

(3.57)

(3.5)
Hw =

dW
= H w ((3.6)qru)
dx

c cos e


sin( e ) cos( + e )
4 2
4 2

(3.58)

cos e = sin(

e ) = 2 sin(

e
2

) cos(

e
2

(3.59)

(3.58)3.56
3.56
dG

(1) G
dx

(2) ( + e )
4 2
3.56

3.3.2
tan
(3.26), tanx=ax=b
ChenMorgenstern(1983)
B(3.2)

tan b = lim

xb

X xy
=
E x

(3.60)

b(x)xyxB

16

 3. 2
(3.60)(3.2)B
xyxb(x)

ChenMorgenstern

a = a

(3.61)

3.2

tan(3.26)Chen&MorgensternMorgenstern-Price
,
tan = f ( x )

(3.62)

(3.26)fo(x)(3.61)f(x)x=ab

(3.26)fo(x)f(x)

1fo(x) =0, f(x)=1Spencer

2fo(x)(a, b)f(x)2.2(b)
2STAB

3.3
ABc38.66343kN/m2,24.5 kN/m3,
F=1.867STABSpencer(1)F=2.585
AASpencer
A

(3.3(b)) f0(x)AB
F=1.868
(
,1997; Hamel,1976)
17

 3. 3 2
3.3.3

W.F.Chen
(1975)

Bishop
Morgenstern-Price
3.4 =30, c=88.2 kPa
q=1092.1 kPa43.4(b)
3.53.112

1.00
3.1

fo(x) f(x)

(3.4b)
1
2

0
0
0

Fo
1.110
1.015
0.987

Fo
0.990
0.991
0.957

3
1
2

18

 3. 4 (a), (b)

3. 5 3.4 0=1:
1, F=0.991; 2: 2, F=0.957; 3: 3.4(b)F=0.990
3.4

1,

=h/H
12 m 3.2
(Chen and Li, 1997)3.62.2(b)2h=4,
6, 8m =1/31/22/301,2,3
x=aP387.3, 599.07, 462.76kN:
(1) k=1/3145+/2 (=63)

(2) =1/2Pa2
Casagrande (1973)
Ko , Ko (1 sin )
Ko=0.41 = 1/2 Pa = 610.80 kN, 599.07kN
19

(3) Pa=1/2Pa

3. 6
=1/2(2.12)(2.14)Pa
1269.98kN,
(2.12)599.07kN
10
(2.12)(2.14)f (x)
TerzaghiPeck1.2
TerzaghiPeck(1967)3.7
=0.50.44

Pa = K aH 2 tan 2 (45 ) / 2
2

(3.63)

20

 3. 7 Terzaghi Peck (a) , (b) , (c)

Ka 0.653.8(a) =2535H5, 10, 15, 20 m

Ka =250.65=350.70

21

 3. 8 Terzaghi-Peck . (a) (b)

TerzaghiPeckKa
K a = 1

N =

4m
N

H
c

(3.64)

N 4m=1N<4m<13.8(b)H=8, 11, 14, 17, 20 mc

30kPa50kPaNmN>6m=1
N<6m<1

22

2.3
(1) 2.1(b)
(2)
VeVj
ej

VrVj2.1(b)

4.1

Vr = Vl

V j = Vl

sin( l j )

(4.1)

sin( r j )
sin( r l )
sin( r j )

(4.2)

xV1(4.1)(4.2), V2
VVjV1
V = kV1

(4.3)

sin( il eil i j )
r
r
r
i =1 sin( i ei i )
k

k =

(4.4)

(4.1)(4.2)
(Donald&Chen,1997)
2.1(b)
DonaldChen (1997)
2.1(b)2.1(c)
(2.1(c) xkxk+1)
xVV+dV(4.1)VlVr
V

dV
d
= ctg ( l j )
dx
V
dx

(4.5)

V = E ( x)V0

(4.6)

E ( x) = k exp[

x0

cot( e )

d
d ]
d

(4.7)

23

Voeee lr
kk+1k(4.6)
keee(xo, x)
(x=xo)Vook
(4.2)
V j = cos ec( e j ) E ( x )V0 d

(4.8)

(3)
(4.6)(4.8)(2.17)(2.15)
V0V0

G =

Xn

X0

[( c e cos e u sin e ) sec (

dT y
dW
+
) sin( e )
dx
dx

dT x
dW
+
) cos( e )] E ( x ) dx
dx
dx

(4.9)

d
( c cos ) u sin ) L cos ec ( e j )
E ( x ) dx
x0
dx
xn

j
e

n 1

(c

j
e

j
e

j
e

cos ej u j sin ej ) k L k cos ec ( e j ) lk sin( e ) k E l ( x k )

k =1

Gt =

Xn

dT y

X0

dx

dW
cos( e ) E ( x)dx
dx

Gb = x n
0

sin( e ) +

dTx
cos( e )]E ( x)dx
dx

(4.10)

(4.11)

(4.10)TxTyT0xyL
eee l
t

= t =

G
Gt

(4.12)

2b

= b =

G
Gb

(4.13)

cceee
G=0

(4.14)

(4.10) (4.11)e12ceeee
F=1
((44..1133))

,,

, F(2.10),(2.11)ceeee

bbF

24


(, 2000; , 2000)

1.
4.2

4.1Sokolovski(1952)q

4. 1
1 + sin
q = c cot {
exp[( 2 ) tan ] 1}
1 sin

(4.15)

ABCD

4.16

BCBOCOy
4.12(4.14)4.15
BCOEL
L = Lb exp[( b ) tan ]

(4.17)

OEyLbOBOCLc
L c = Lb / s

(4.18)

s = exp[(

) tan ]

(4.19)
25

(4.20)

dx = L sec cos d

(4.21)

1(4.9)(4.10)ABBCCD
4.1(4.12)(4.14)
q(1 sin ) = ( s 2 + 1)c cos + ( s 2 1)c cot

(4.22)

(4.22)(4.15)

4.1

4.1 4.9

E(x)

AB

CD

2.

secE ( x)dx

j
j
j
j
l (c cos u sin )

l dx sin( ) E ( x)dx

L cos ec( j )

d
E ( x)dx
dx

Lc sc cos

= esp[( b ) tan ]

1
cLc cot ( s s 1 )
2

1
cLc cot ( s s 1 )
2

s 1

Lc s 1 c cos

qLc (1 sin ) s 1

l
esp[( b ) tan ]

BC

l (c cos u sin )

dT y

4.1c=98kPa=30=35T111.44kPa
4.2(a)4
Vl1(4.1)(4.2)V2
Vj(4.3)VVj(4.14)
1.047EMU4.2(b)F=1.013
164.1(c)
F=1.006F1.0

26

 4. 2 (a)F=1.047(b)
Fm=1.013(c)16 Fm=1.006

3.1
3.2.63
1.4153

Sarma
(Donald&Chen,1997)

4.3

4.2
Prandlt

(Chen and Donald, 1995 1997),

4.4

qu = cN c + qN q + 0.5BN

(4.23)

quqB

(1) NcNqqc

N c = ( N q 1) cot

(4.24)

N q = e tan tan 2 (45 + 2)

(4.25)

N (Terzaghi) =

tan K p
(
1)
2 cos 2

(4.26)

N ( Meyerhof ) = ( N q 1) tan(1.4 )

(4.27)

N (Vesic) = 2( N q + 1) tan

(4.28)

N ( Bolton & Lau ) ( N q 1) tan(1.5 )

(4.29)

2NcNqNr
c4.23
cq

27

4.3B=1m
c=10kN/m2=30=18.0kN/m2q=10kN/m2(4.12)4.3
(4.3)
n

N c* = [

( si Vi cos i ) +

i =1

N q* = [

n 1

(h V
i

cos i j )] /[ B Vn sin( n n )]

(4.30)

i =1

n 1

l sin(
i

i ) Vi ] /[ B Vn sin( n n )]

(4.31)

i =1
n

N * = [

(W sin(
i

i ) Vi )] /[Vn sin( n n ) 0.5 ]

(4.32)

i =1

qu(4.30)(4.32)N*cN*qN*(4.21)quNcNq
Nr4.4(a)q=0=0, c0(b)c=0=0, q0(c)c=0q=0, 0
(a),(b),(c)NcNqN4.24.2
NcNq 4.4 (a),(b)

N
Mayehoff(1997)
4.2 NcNqN
4.4 (a), Nc

4.4 (b), Nq

(2.24)
30.2

30.13

4.4 (c), Nr

Terzaghi

(2.25)
18.5

18.4

Mayer-h

Vesic

off
24.21

19.7

Bolon
& Lau

15.67

22.4

23.6

4.23cq
4.4(d)732.36kN/m2
~ ~ ~
(4.30),(4.31),(4.32)NcNqN N c , N q , N 4.3,
~ ~
~
N c , N q ,NcNq N 24.2126.114.23
N
5.6%NBoltonLau4.4(e)

(Wang, et. al., 2001)4.23N

(5~10)%
4.3

~
Nc

~
Nq

31.48

18.64

(qu qsup er )

~
N

qu

26.1

732.36

Nc

Nq

30.1

18.4

23.6

28

qsuper

qu

(4.23)

697.7

5.6%

 4. 3

29

 4. 4 (a)q=0=0, c0(b)c=0=0,
q0; (c)c=0q=0, 0; (d) c0q0, 0; (e)

nZT=( z1, z2,...,zn)FF

T
FmZ
y(x)
y(x)ZT(5.1)i

mA1A2...Am (5.1)m
mZ1(i=12m)
5.1

x
Zi = i
yi

(5.1)
30

Fmx1,y1,x2,y2....xn,yn
F = F (x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ,L xm , ym , 1 , 2 ,L, m1 )

(5.2)

, A1,A2,....,Am B1,B2,....,Bm(5.1m=6)
A1Am
i

5.1A3A4A5A6A2A3

2.1(c)i
mA1A2...Amim
n, m-n
ZiZ
x o
Z io = io
yi

(4.6)

cos i
Z i = Z io + Z i = Z io + z i

sin i

(4.7)

i=12...nziii (5.1
A2A3), 1, , 5.1
,(4.5)izi, 2,
F
F = F (Z i , ) = F ( z1 , z 2 , L , z n , L , n )

(4.8)

5. 1 1. ; 2.

31

5.2

5.2.1

DFP

2(Chen, 1992)

Greco(1996)

5.2.2
o

Z nZ (i=1,2,..,n)
Z 1 = [ z10 + p, z 20 + q, LL , z m0 + q]T
Z 2 = [ z10 + q, z 20 + p,LL , z m0 + q]T

(5.1)

LL
Z n = [ z10 + q, z 20 + q, LL, z m0 + p]T

p=

q=

(n + 1) + n 1
n 2
(n + 1) 1
n 2

(5.2)

(5.3)

a.

12

2
n

k
a
[ F ( Z ) F ( Z )]

n + 1 k =0

<

(5.4)
32

Za =

k =0

(5.5)

(n + 1)

5.2(a)
,ABCCAB
FAxx1Bxx25.3Fx1x2
x1=92.0x2=143.01.2575.25
5.3
Fm=1.257

5. 2

33

 5. 3 5.2
5.2.3
FZi(F/zi=0, i=12...n)
Hessian(2F/z2i>0i=12...n)

(Gradientbased method)

F F
F

,
, L,

z n
z1 zV

()
5.2(84.0160.0)(70.0145.0)(112.0150.0)5.4
1,2,35.4 123
5.44DFP(ABCD) BC1
BC2Chen & Shao
(1988)

5. 4 5.2

5.2.4
o

5.5, Z ,Di
1
r
di = Di /2Z Z

34

cos i
z il = z io d i

sin i

(5.6)

cos i
z ir = z io + d i

sin i

(5.7)

D=(d1d2dn)

cos i
z i = z io + (0.5 r )d i

sin i

(5.8)

r=(r1r2rn)T, r1r2rn,
(0,1)

5. 5

o
(1)Z F0,
(2)nrr1r2rn(5.8)Z
F1,
0
(3)F1FoF1F0FoZ F1Z,(4)
(4)23

(Chen, 1992).
, ,,STAB

35


3.2.4((3.38))
3.2.63.1
5.6145((3.38)), 45
,5.6 11.350
2Spencer
1.366

5.6 3.1145Fo=1.350(
)2Fm=1.366
5.2.5
(,1994)

F(Zi+1)F(Zi)
F=F(Zi+1)-F(Zi)F(Zi+1)F(Zi)F
Monte CarloMetropolis
(0,1)riexp[-F/T]T
TFri < exp[F / T ]
Zi+1Zi

(1) TZi+1Zi

(2) FF(Zi+1)F(Zi)F(Zi+1)
(3) riF(Zi+1)

F(Zi)F(Zi+1)
F(Zi)

(1)T0
100
FmaxFmin
36

To = Fmax Fmin

(5.59)

(4) mk
Tk = T0 ( T ) k

(5.60)

TkkTr[01]
(3) nZnv = (v1, v2, , vn)i-1,1
, u = (u1, u2, , un)
ui =

vi
n

i =1

(5.61)

vi2 )1 / 2

i =

( z i+ z i )
max{ ( z1+

z1 ),

, ( z i+ z i ), , ( z n+ z n )}

(i = 1, 2, ...., n)

(5.62)

zz+i

rk = r0 ( r ) k 1

(5.63)

rkk
z i = i rk u i d i

i = 1, 2, ..., n

(5.64)

5.7Donald and Chen (1997)

5ABCDEE
xAxByB10T =0.9r =0.98100
T0mk=300ro=0.060.27To0.0140.12
Fk=1.0061.001

37

 5. 7 , (a), (b) ro=0.06 (c) ro=0.27

38

STABEMU
www.geoeng.iwhr.com/geoeng/zy.chen/index.htm

6.1

6.2

S.FOR

6.2.1
MP
SAFE2
(,2000)OPTIONID-C
IWALL=0=1
RW9.8,kN-m
X2(I),Y2(I)NS
X(I)Y(I)W(I)RU(I)
N=NS+1MP
SAFE23
SAFE2Bishop
MP(3.46)

39

6.2.2
REAL AB1
INTEGER N,NS,OPTION
COMMON/AS/ASP
COMMON/CIRCLE/ID_C,CX,CY,DS
C
OPTION=0, SPENCER
C
OPTION=1, BISHOP
C
OPTION=2,
C
OPTION=3,
C
OPTION=4,
C
ID_C=0, ID_C
REAL X2(80),Y2(80),W(80),X(80),Y(80),C(80),F(80),WL(80)
$,FXO(80),FX(80),BN(80)
REAL BDA(80),FQUH(80),FDIS(80),YSF(80),RU(80),ALF(80),RW
write(6,*)''
OPEN(5,FILE='
',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
write(6,*)''
OPEN(6,FILE='
',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
RW=9.8
AB1=0.0
WRITE(6,*)''
READ(5,*)OPTION,ID_C
IF(ID_C.NE.0)READ(5,*)CX,CY,DS
READ(5,*) NS !
READ(5,*)(X2(I),I=1,NS)
READ(5,*)(Y2(I),I=1,NS)
N=NS+1
DO 302 I=1,N
READ(5,*)W(I),RU(I),C(I),F(I),BDA(I),WL(I),FQUH(I),FDIS(I),YSF(I)
302 CONTINUE
!,
!X2,Y2=,W=,RU=,C==,F=,BDA=,
!WL=Y,FQUH,FDIS,YSF=,Y,
IF(OPTION.EQ.3)THEN
READ(5,*)ASP
WRITE(6,*)'=',ASP
ASP=ASP*3.14159/180.
ENDIF
WRITE(6,709)RW
709 FORMAT(1X,'=',F10.3//)
WRITE(6,702)
702 FORMAT(T25,'DATA FOR ASSUMED SIDE FORCE FUNCTION')
WRITE(6,703)
703 FORMAT(T25,'************************************'//)
NS=N-1
!
40

DO 208 I=2,NS
X(I)=(X2(I)+X2(I-1))/2.
Y(I)=(Y2(I)+Y2(I-1))/2.
ALF(I)=ATAN((Y2(I)-Y2(I-1))/(X2(I)-X2(I-1)))
208 CONTINUE
ALF(1)=ALF(2)
ALF(N)=0
X(N)=X2(NS)
Y(N)=Y2(NS)
X(1)=X2(1)
Y(1)=Y2(1)
WRITE(6,716)
716 FORMAT(T5,'NO.
',T14,'X',T24,'Y',T34,'W',T44,'RU',T54,'C',
#T64,'F',T74,'BDA',T84,'WL',T94,'QH',T104,'YE')
DO 901 I=1,N
WRITE(6,718) I,X(I),Y(I),W(I),RU(I),C(I),F(I),BDA(I),WL(I)
#,FQUH(I),FDIS(I)
901 CONTINUE
718 FORMAT(1X,I5,11F10.3)
WRITE(6,719)
719 FORMAT(1X,/'NOTE:')
WRITE(6,720)
720 FORMAT(5X,'W=')
WRITE(6,721)
721 FORMAT(5X,'RU=')
WRITE(6,722)
722 FORMAT(5X,'C=')
WRITE(6,723)
723 FORMAT(5X,'F=')
WRITE(6,724)
724 FORMAT(5X,'BDA=')
WRITE(6,725)
FORMAT(5X,'WL=Y')
SELECT CASE (OPTION)
CASE(0)
WRITE(6,701)
701 FORMAT(/10X,'SPENCER METHOD')
CALL SAFE2(X2,F,FQUH,FDIS,W,RU,N,X,ALF,C,AB1,4)
IWALL=0
DO 301 I=1,80
FXO(I)=0
FX(I)=1
301 CONTINUE !tan(BETA(I))=FXO(I)+ALAM*FX(I)
KXYX=0
CALL MP(N,KXYX,KS,AB1,DQ,DM,BN,FX,FXO,
&C,F,X2,Y2,X,Y,W,RU,FQUH,WL,FDIS,RW,DB,DF)
CASE(1)
WRITE(6,704)
704 FORMAT(/20X,'BISHOP'/)
41

705

731

311

789

C
C
C
C
C

CALL SAFE2(X2,F,FQUH,FDIS,W,RU,N,X,ALF,C,AB1,OPTION)
CASE(2)
WRITE(6,705)
FORMAT(/20X,''/)
CALL SAFE2(X2,F,FQUH,FDIS,W,RU,N,X,ALF,C,AB1,OPTION)
CASE(3)
WRITE(6,731)
FORMAT(/10X,'')
CALL SAFE2(X2,F,FQUH,FDIS,W,RU,N,X,ALF,C,AB1,4)
IWALL=0
DO 311 I=1,80
FXO(I)=0
FX(I)=1
CONTINUE !tan(BETA(I))=FXO(I)+ALAM*FX(I)
KXYX=1
CALL MP(N,KXYX,KS,AB1,DQ,DM,BN,FX,FXO,
&C,F,X2,Y2,X,Y,W,RU,FQUH,WL,FDIS,RW,DB,DF)
CASE(4)
WRITE(6,789)
FORMAT(/20X,''/)
CALL SAFE2(X2,F,FQUH,FDIS,W,RU,N,X,ALF,C,AB1,OPTION)
CASE DEFAULT
END SELECT
END

SUBROUTINE SAFE2(X2,F,FQUH,FDIS,W,RU,N,X,ALF,C,AB1,ID)
REAL X2(80),F(80),FQUH(80),W(80),RU(80),ALF(80),X(80),C(80)
REAL AB1,FDIS(80)
CINTEGER N
REAL RO1,DM,RM,BX1,CDN,DG(80),G3,DX1,G,GX
REAL O,S1,FRIC,S2,S,DRM,P1,P2,DDM,DBX1,DCDN
COMMON/CIRCLE/ID_C,CX,CY,DS
INTEGER NS
IWALL=0
RO1=1.0
NS=N-1
KL=2
DM=0.
RM=0.
BX1=0.
CDN=0.
DG(2)=0.
G3=0.
DO 93 I=2,NS
DX1=X2(I)-X2(I-1)
DO 79 J=1,NS+1
IF(I.EQ.NOO(J))THEN
DG(I+1)=DG(I)-F(I+1)*ALF(I+1)+F(I)*ALF(I)
GOTO 93
ENDIF
42

79

CONTINUE
DG(I+1)=DG(I)+(F(I)-F(I+1))*ALF(I)
93
G3=G3+(F(I)*ALF(I)+DG(I))*DX1
G3=G3/(X(N)-X(1))
DO 202 I=2,NS
IF(ID_C.EQ.0)THEN
RO1=1
ELSE
RO1=(FDIS(I)-CY)/(DS-CY)
ENDIF
G=ALF(I)
GX=G*F(I)-G3+DG(I)
DX1=X2(I)-X2(I-1)
O=FQUH(I)*SIN(G)
S1=W(I)*(COS(G)-RU(I)/COS(G))
FRIC=F(I)
S2=(S1-O)*FRIC
S=C(I)/COS(G)
DRM=S+S2
DRM=DRM*DX1
P1=W(I)*SIN(G)
P2=FQUH(I)*RO1
DDM=(P1+P2)*DX1
DM=DM+DDM
RM=RM+DRM
DBX1=-DRM-SIN(G)*GX*W(I)*DX1
BX1=BX1+DBX1
DCDN=DRM*GX
CDN=CDN+DCDN
202 CONTINUE
AB1=-BX1/DM+CDN/BX1 !AB1
IF(ID.EQ.4)WRITE(6,*)'= ',AB1
IF(ID.EQ.2)AB1=RM/DM
IF(ID.EQ.2)WRITE(6,*)'= ',AB1
IF(ID.NE.1)RETURN
WRITE(6,*)''
LM=1
41 DT=0.
DM=0.
RM=0.
DO 21 I=2,NS
G=ALF(I)
DX1=X2(I)-X2(I-1)
S1=W(I)*(1-RU(I))*F(I)
S2=S1+C(I)
S=COS(G)*(1+F(I)*TAN(G)/AB1)
DRM=DX1*S2/S
RM=RM+DRM
P1=W(I)*SIN(G)

43

P2=FQUH(I)*RO1
DDM=(P1+P2)*DX1
DM=DM+DDM
DT=DT+DRM*TAN(G)*F(I)/(AB1**2+AB1*F(I)*TAN(G))
21 CONTINUE
AB2=RM/DM !BISHOP
IF(AB2.LT.0.OR.AB2.GE.15) THEN
WRITE(6,*)'F.S NOT REASONABLE = ',AB2
AB2=9999.9
RETURN
ENDIF
WRITE(6,740) LM,AB2
740 FORMAT(1X,I5,F10.5)
IF(ABS(AB2-AB1).LT.0.0001)GO TO 49
IF(LM.LT.10)GO TO 9191
WRITE(6,9192)
9192 FORMAT(1X,'ITERATION TROUBLES IN BISHOP METHOD')
GO TO 49
9191 CK=1-DT/DM !
AB1=AB1-(AB1-AB2)/CK
LM=LM+1
GO TO 41
49WRITE(6,203)AB1
203 FORMAT(/5X,'BISHOP =',F10.4)
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE DETE(AB1,RW,DQ,DM,ALAM,KS,BN,FX,FXO,
&C,F,X2,Y2,W,RU,FQUH,YSF,WL,FDIS,N,DB,KXYX,DF)
REAL AB1,DQ,DT,DM,ALAM,DF
REAL C(80),F(80),X2(80),Y2(80),W(80),RU(80),FXO(80),FX(80)
REAL FQUH(80),YSF(80),WL(80),FDIS(80),BN(80)
INTEGER KS,N,KXYX
REAL X(80),ALF(80),G,Y(80)
REAL EXT,EXR,EYR,EMT,EMR,FMT,DMT,DEG,DX1
REAL DMG,BS,R1X,TX,QX,PT112,R1XT,POX
REAL POXT,POY,DPT112,DPX112,BSG,H3,YT(80),GF(80)
REAL GFX(80),GFY(80),BET(80),EFX(80)
REAL G1,TA,TA1,OP,FI,FI1,CE,OQ,OQ1,THO,CW
REAL SEGB,SEGB1,FI0,AXS11,OTEM,DDQ,PX112,DBS
REAL SX,SXG,DTX1,DTX2,DTX,TX1,DDP,DBS1,DBS2,EPX112
REAL AAKX1,DR1X1,DR1X2,DR1X,DR1XT
REAL DG,DDT,GAVE,BETA,DGX,OX,OY,HSL
REAL TAA,OQS2,OQS1,DG1,BT(80),EXR1,EXT1,EYR1
REAL EYT1,XCE,YCE,XRE,YRE,DR2X11,DR2X12,DR2X1
REAL GS,DPOY1,DPOY2,OY1,DDM,DDMT,PM,PMT,DDEG,DDMG
REAL OQ0,SEGB0,DGG,DMG1,DEG1,OXX
REAL TEMP1,TEMP2,GG,DDM2,DM1,EWALL,GWALL,PX
REAL DQM,DMM,DTM,DMTM,DEGM,DMGM,S1,HMW,DDM1,ETA
REAL GTENSION,HITE,WP,RW
44

INTEGER EYT,IWALL,NS
!Morgenstern-Price,Spencer
IWALL=0.!
HMW=0.
GTENSION=0.
HITE=0.
GWALL=0. !
!GWALL=1
!GWALL=2
IF(KS.EQ.0)THEN !KS,=01
WRITE(6,705)
705 FORMAT(1X,/'VALUE OF FX0(I) IN ORDER OF I')
WRITE(6,706)(FXO(I),I=1,N)
706 FORMAT(1X,5F10.5)
WRITE(6,707)
707 FORMAT(1X,/'VALUE OF FX(I) IN ORDER OF I')
WRITE(6,708)(FX(I),I=1,N)
708 FORMAT(1X,5F10.5)
WRITE(6,726)
726 FORMAT(1X,/':'/)
WRITE(6,712)
712 FORMAT(T10,'NO.',T24,'DQ',T35,'DM',T55,'AB1',T65,'ALAM')
ENDIF
KS=1
DM=0.
DT=0.
EXT=gtension
EYT=0
EXR=0.
EYR=0.
EMT=-gtension*hite/3.
EMR=0.
FMT=0.
DQ=0.
DMT=0.
DEG=0.
DMG=0.
BS=0.
R1X=0.
TX=0.
QX=0.
PT112=0.
PX112=0.
R1XT=0.
POX=0.
POXT=0.
POY=0.
DPT112=0.
DPX112=0.
45

BSG=0.
H3=HITE/3.
YT(1)=Y2(1)-H3
DQ=DQ-GTENSION
GF(1)=-DQ
DM=DM-GTENSION*H3!96.8.31
NS=N-1
DO 303 I=2,NS
X(I)=(X2(I)+X2(I-1))/2.
Y(I)=(Y2(I)+Y2(I-1))/2.
ALF(I)=ATAN((Y2(I)-Y2(I-1))/(X2(I)-X2(I-1)))
303 CONTINUE
ALF(1)=ALF(2)
ALF(N)=0.
X(N)=X2(NS)
Y(N)=Y2(NS)
X(1)=X2(1) !X,Y()
Y(1)=Y2(1)
DO 304 I=1,N
BET(I)=ATAN(FXO(I)+ALAM*FX(I))
IF(C(I).LT.0.001.AND.F(I).LT.0.001) BET(I)=0
304 CONTINUE
401 CONTINUE
EWALL=BET(NS) !
GFX(1)=GF(1)*COS(BET(1))
GFY(1)=GF(1)*SIN(BET(1))
DO 305 I=2,NS
PX=X(I)-X(I-1)
DX1=X2(I)-X2(I-1)
G=ALF(I)
G1=ALF(1)
TA=BET(I)
TA1=BET(1)
OP=G-TA
FI=ATAN(F(I)/AB1)
FI1=ATAN(F(1)/AB1)
CE=C(I)/AB1
OQ=FI-G
OQ1=FI1-G1
THO=SIN(TA)*X(I)-COS(TA)*Y(I)-(SIN(TA)*X(1)-COS(TA)*Y(1))
CW=1
IF(I.GT.2)CW=(X2(I-1)-X2(I-2))/(X2(I)-X2(I-1))
IF((OQ+TA).GT.1.5.OR.(OQ1+TA1).GT.1.5.OR.TA.GT.
$1.5.OR.TA1.GT.1.5) GOTO 317
SEGB=(1./COS(OQ+TA))**2
SEGB1=(1./COS(OQ1+TA1))**2
FMT=FMT+FQUH(I)*(Y(I)-FDIS(I))*DX1
FI0=ATAN(F(I+1)/AB1)
AXS11=ABS((FI-FI0))
OTEM=ABS(OQ+TA)*180./3.14259
46

&

307

309

#
#

310

IF(OTEM.LT.95.AND.OTEM.GT.85)RETURN
DDQ=(W(I)*SIN(OQ)+CE*COS(FI)/COS(G)-RU(I)*W(I)*SIN(FI)/COS(G)
-FQUH(I)*COS(OQ))/COS(OQ+TA) !DDQ=p(x)sec(FI-ALF-BETA)
IF(I.GT.2) GOTO 307
PX112=-TAN(OQ1+TA1)*COS(TA1)**2.*(FX(1))
DBS1=TAN(OQ1+TA1)
DBS2=TAN(OQ+TA)
EPX112=-DBS2*COS(TA)**2.*(FX(I))
DBS=(DBS1*CW+DBS2)/(1+CW)
DBS1=DBS2
BS=BS+DBS*(BET(I)-BET(I-1))
BSG=BS+DBS*(BET(I)-BET(I-1))*(0.5*DX1)/PX
IF((-BS).GT.30.OR.BSG.GT.30)GOTO 317
SX=2.71828**(-BS) !SX=s(x)*cos(FI-ALF+BETA)
SXG=2.71828**BSG
IF(I.GT.2) GO TO 309
DTX1=(SIN(TA1)-TAN(G1)*COS(TA1))
DTX2=(SIN(TA)-TAN(G)*COS(TA))/SX
DTX=(DTX1*CW+DTX2)/(1+CW)
DTX1=DTX2
TX1=TX+DTX*PX*0.5
TX=TX+DTX*(X(I)-X(I-1))
DDP=(-FQUH(I)*SIN(TA)*SIN(FI)+CE*COS(OP)*COS(FI)/
COS(G)+W(I)*SIN(FI)*COS(TA)-RU(I)*W(I)*SIN(FI)*COS(OP)/
COS(G))*COS(FI)/(-AB1*COS(OQ+TA)**2)
AAKX1=DDP/DDQ
IF(I.GT.2) GO TO 310
DR1X1=(-SIN(FI1)*COS(FI1)*SEGB1/AB1)
DR1X2=(-SIN(FI )*COS(FI )*SEGB/AB1)
DR1X=(DR1X1*CW+DR1X2)/(1+CW)
DR1X1=DR1X2
DR1XT=DR1X*TX1
R1XT=R1XT+DR1XT*(BET(I)-BET(I-1))
R1X =R1X +DR1X *(BET(I)-BET(I-1))
DG=DDQ*SX*DX1
DQ=DQ+DG !DQ=DG,DG=p(x)s(x),
DDT=DG*(AAKX1-R1X)
DT=DT+DDT !DT=DDT,DDT=p(x)s(x)t(x),
GF(I)=-DQ*SXG
GFX(I)=GF(I)*COS(BET(I))
GFY(I)=GF(I)*SIN(BET(I))
GAVE=(GFY(I)+GFY(I-1))/2.
BETA=(BET(I)+BET(I-1))/2.
DGX=GFX(I)-GFX(I-1)
OX=(GFX(I-1)+GFX(I))/2.
OY=(GFY(I-1)+GFY(I))/2.
IF(WL(I).GE.Y(I))THEN
WP=0.
ELSE
WP=0.5*(ru(i)*w(i))**2/rw
47

ENDIF
OXX=OX-WP
EFX(I)=OXX
IF(OXX.GT.0.) HSL=Y(I)-YSF(I)
TAA=COS(TA)*COS(TA)*FX(I)
OQS2=(BET(I+1)+BET(I))/2
OQS1=(BET(I-1)+BET(I))/2
DG1=GF(I)*SIN(G-OQS2)-GF(I-1)*SIN(G-OQS1)
BN(I)=W(I)*DX1*COS(G)+DG1-FQUH(I)*DX1*SIN(G)
BT(I)=(BN(I)-RU(I)*W(I)*DX1/COS(G))*TAN(FI)+CE*DX1/COS(G)
EXR1=BN(I)*SIN(G)-BT(I)*COS(G)
EXR=EXR+EXR1
EXT1=FQUH(I)*DX1
EXT=EXT+EXT1
EYR1=-BN(I)*COS(G)-BT(I)*SIN(G)
EYR=EYR+EYR1
EYT1=W(I)*DX1
EYT=EYT+EYT1
XCE=X(1)
YCE=Y(1)
XRE=X(I)-XCE
YRE=Y(I)-YCE
EMT=EMT+EXT1*(FDIS(I)-YCE)-EYT1*XRE !moment of body force
EMR=EMR+EXR1*YRE-EYR1*XRE
!moment of internal force
if(abs(dx1).lt.0.001)goto 317
BN(I)=BN(I)*COS(G)/DX1
BT(I)=BT(I)*COS(G)/DX1
IF(KXYX.EQ.0) GOTO 402
GOTO 305
402 IF(I.GT.2) GO TO 312
DR2X11=SEGB1*COS(TA1)**2.*(FX(1))
312 DR2X12=SEGB *COS(TA )**2.*(FX(I))
DR2X1=(DR2X11*CW+DR2X12)/(1+CW)
DR2X11=DR2X12
GS=ALF(I-1)
POX=POX-DR2X1*(ALF(I)-GS)
POXT=POXT-DR2X1*(ALF(I)-GS)*TX1
IF(I.GT.2) GOTO 313
DPOY1=(COS(FI1)/(COS(G1)*COS(OQ1+TA1)))*COS(TA1)**2.*(FX(1))
313 DPOY2=(COS(FI)/(COS(G)*COS(OQ+TA)*SX))*COS(TA)**2.*(FX(I))
OY1=(DPOY1*CW+DPOY2)/(1+CW)
DPOY1=DPOY2
POY=POY+OY1*PX
DDM=DG*TX
DDMT=DG*(AAKX1*TX-R1XT)
PX112=PX112+DPX112
PT112=PT112+DPT112
DPX112=0
DPT112=0.
PM=POX-PX112
48

PMT=POXT+POY-PT112
DDEG=DG*PM
DDMG=DG*PMT
DM=DM+DDM
DMT=DMT+DDMT
DEG=DEG+DDEG
DMG=DMG+DDMG
IF(AXS11-0.005) 305,305,315
G=ALF(I+1)
315 OQ0=FI0-G
IF((OQ0+TA).GT.1.5) GOTO 317
SEGB0=(1./COS(OQ0+TA)**2)
DR2X11=SEGB0*COS(TA)**2.*(FX(I))
DPX112=-TAN(FI0+BET(I+1)-G)*COS(BET(I+1))**2*FX(I+1)
#
+TAN(OQ+TA)*COS(TA)**2.*FX(I)
DPT112=DPX112*TX
305 CONTINUE
TEMP1=EPX112+PM
TEMP2=PMT-TX*TAN(OQ+TA)*TAA
IF(IWALL.EQ.2)THEN
GG=-DQ
DDM1=HMW*COS(EWALL)+TX*SX
DDM2=HMW*COS(EWALL)/SX+TX
DM1=DM
DM=DM1+GG/SX*DDM1-FMT
DDDM2=-HMW*COS(EWALL)/SX*TEMP1-TX*TEMP1+TEMP2
DGG=-DEG*(HMW*COS(EWALL)/SX+TX)
DMG1=DMG
DEG1=DEG
DMG=DMG1+GG*(-HMW*COS(EWALL)/SX*TEMP1-HMW/SX*SIN(EWALL)
#*FX(N)*COS(EWALL)*COS(EWALL)-TX*TEMP1+TEMP2)#DEG*(HMW*COS(EWALL)/SX+TX)
DB=-DM/DMG
ETA=1.0+DQ/GWALL/SX
EXT=EXT-GWALL*COS(EWALL)*(1-ETA)
EYT=EYT-GWALL*SIN(EWALL)*(1-ETA)
EMT=EMT+GWALL*SIN(EWALL)*(X(N)-X(1))*(1-ETA)% GWALL*COS(EWALL)*(Y(N)-Y(1)-HMW)*(1-ETA)
GOTO 317
ENDIF
IF(IWALL.EQ.1)THEN
DQM=SX*GWALL
DDM1=HMW*COS(EWALL)+TX*SX
DMM=GWALL*DDM1
DTM=-GWALL*SX*R1X
DMTM=-GWALL*SX*R1XT
DEGM=TEMP1*SX*GWALL
DMGM=TEMP2*SX*GWALL
DMGM=DMGM-GWALL*SIN(EWALL)*FX(N)*COS(EWALL)
$ *COS(EWALL)*HMW
49

DQ=DQ+DQM
DM=DM+DMM
DT=DT+DTM !DT=DQAB1
DMT=DMT+DMTM !DMT=DMAB1
DEG=DEG+DEGM !DEG=DQALAM
DMG=DMG+DMGM !DMG=DMALAM
EXT=EXT-GWALL*COS(EWALL)
EYT=EYT-GWALL*SIN(EWALL)
EMT=EMT+GWALL*SIN(EWALL)*(X(N)-X(1))-GWALL*COS(EWALL)
$
*(Y(N)-Y(1)-HMW)
ENDIF
316 CONTINUE
if(abs(dm).gt.1.0e+20)goto 317
if(abs(dmt).gt.1.0e+20)goto 317
DM=DM-FMT !DQ=Gn !DM=Mn
S1=DEG*DMT-DT*DMG
IF(KXYX.EQ.1)THEN
DF=-DQ/DT
GOTO 317
ENDIF
IF(ABS(S1).LE.0.01)GOTO 317
DF=(DQ*DMG-DM*DEG)/S1
DB=(-DQ*DMT+DM*DT)/S1
317 RETURN
END
C
SUBROUTINE MP(N,KXYX,KS,AB1,DQ,DM,BN,FX,FXO,
&C,F,X2,Y2,X,Y,W,RU,FQUH,WL,FDIS,RW,DB,DF)
REAL AB1,DF,DQ,DM,ALAM,DB
INTEGER KS,N,KXYX
REAL X2(80),Y2(80),W(80),X(80),Y(80),C(80),F(80),WL(80)
REAL FQUH(80),FDIS(80),YSF(80),RU(80),RW
REAL GAV,PLA,FA,FB,PLA1
REAL BN(80),FX(80),FXO(80)
COMMON/AS/ASP
!KXYX,=0
FA=0.
FB=0.
PLA=0.
IF(KXYX.EQ.0)THEN
GAV=(Y(N)-Y(1))/(X(N)-X(1))
DO 277 I=2,N
PLA=PLA+(X(I)-X(I-1))*(FX(I)+FX(I-1))/2.
277 CONTINUE
PLA1=(FA+FB)*(X(N)-X(1))/2.
ALAM=(GAV*(X(N)-X(1))-PLA1)/PLA !ALAM,
Chen&Morgenstern(1983)
ELSE
50

ALAM=ASP
ENDIF
MQ=1
15 CONTINUE
CALL DETE(AB1,RW,DQ,DM,ALAM,KS,BN,FX,FXO,
&C,F,X2,Y2,W,RU,FQUH,YSF,WL,FDIS,N,DB,KXYX,DF)
WRITE(6,*)MQ,DQ,DM,AB1,ALAM
AB1=AB1+DF
IF(KXYX.EQ.0)ALAM=ALAM+DB
IF(MQ.GE.20)GO TO 44
MQ=MQ+1
IF(ABS(DF).GT.0.1E-4)GO TO 15
IF(ABS(DB).GT.0.1E-3)GO TO 15
44 CONTINUE
IF(MQ.GE.20)THEN
WRITE(6,*)'THE ITERATION FAILS'
RETURN
ENDIF
WRITE(6,727)
727 FORMAT(1X,//'THE RESULT IS:')
WRITE(6,710)ALAM
710 FORMAT(1X,'LAMBDA=',F12.6)
WRITE(6,711)AB1
711 FORMAT(1X,'FACTOROF SAFETY=',F12.6/)
RETURN
END
6.2.3
3.2.66.1
s0.dats1.dats2.dats3.datd4.datMorgenstern-PriceBishop
OPTION
s0.dat

NO.
1
2
3

DQ
27.113120
1.355217
9.619116E-03

THE RESULT IS:

LAMBDA=
.376840
FACTOR OF SAFETY=

DM
123.942300
19.561880
1.118679E-01

AB1
1.350149
1.382552
1.382340

ALAM
4.646409E-01
3.872862E-01
3.769034E-01

1.382342

DQDM(3.27)( 3.28), AB1 ALAM

F
s1.dats2.dats3.datd4.dat1.3841.228,1.3461.350

51

 6. 1
s0.dat
0
20.000
-51.522
-47.356
-42.842
-38.213
-33.539
-35.000
-29.317
-25.975
-24.495
-24.352
0.000
14.953
44.024
62.013
77.801
90.507
99.652
104.842
106.278
105.081
102.258
98.251
92.936
86.076
77.434
66.706
53.955

-50.480
-46.314
-41.685
-37.055
-32.359
-33.466
-28.235
-25.511
-24.311
-24.530
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

-49.439
-45.157
-40.528
-35.898
-31.180
-31.978
-27.280
-25.107
-24.224
-24.754
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
5.300
5.300
5.300
7.200
7.200
7.200
7.200
7.200
7.200
7.200
7.200

-48.397
-44.000
-39.370
-34.718
-30.000
-30.580
-26.545
-24.765
-24.243
-25.000
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.424
0.424
0.424
0.364
0.364
0.364
0.364
0.364
0.364
0.364
0.364

0.000
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
52

76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

39.650
24.234
8.152
0.001

6.3

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

7.200
7.200
7.200
7.200

0.364
0.364
0.364
0.364

19.500
19.500
19.500
0.000

76.000
76.000
76.000
76.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

E.FOR

6.3.1
1N4.FOR
N
EMUQ.W(I)
B.G(I)
TENSIONOFOSTENSION =23
OFOS =122.212OFOS
=0
6.3.2
OPEN(5,FILE='
',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
OPEN(6,FILE='
',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
F1=1.1
CALL READ_DATA
CALL FINDFOS(FOS,F1)
STOP
END
SUBROUTINE READ_DATA
INCLUDE 'IN4.FOR'
O.PI=3.1415927
!
READ(5,*)UWOW,WLOS,COEQ,TENSION,OFOS
WRITE(6,*)',,,,',
&UWOW,WLOS,COEQ,TENSION,OFOS
READ(5,*)S.N !
WRITE(6,*)'',S.N
WRITE(6,*)''
!NU=NUXU,YU,X,Y, L=
WRITE(6,*)'I,NU,XU,YU,X,Y,L'
DO I=1,S.N
READ (5,*)I,S.NU(I),S.XU(I),S.YU(I),S.X2(I),S.Y2(I),S.L(I)
WRITE(6,27)I,S.NU(I),S.XU(I),S.YU(I),S.X2(I),S.Y2(I),S.L(I)
ENDDO
!G=,FW,CW=,P=,DELTA=
WRITE(6,*)'B:I,G,FW,CW,P,DELTA'
DO I=1,S.N
READ(5,*)I,B.G(I),B.FW(I),B.CW(I),B.P(I),S.D(I)
B.FW(I)=DTR(B.FW(I))
S.D(I)=DTR(S.D(I))

53

WRITE(6,25)I,B.G(I),RTD(B.FW(I)),B.CW(I),B.P(I),RTD(S.D(I))
ENDDO
!X,Y=ALPHA=,C,F=
WRITE(6,*)'DATA FOR THE MID-POINT OF SLICES'
WRITE(6,*)'I,Q:X,Y,ALPHA,C,F'
KG=S.N-1
DO I=1,KG
READ(5,*)I,Q.X(I),Q.Y(I),Q.A(I),Q.C(I),Q.F(I)
Q.A(I)=DTR(Q.A(I))
Q.F(I)=DTR(Q.F(I))
WRITE(6,25)I,Q.X(I),Q.Y(I),RTD(Q.A(I)),Q.C(I),RTD(Q.F(I))
ENDDO
!W=P=QXQY=
WRITE(6,*)'I,Q: WEIGHT,PORE PRESSURE,QX,QY'
DO I=1,KG
READ(5,*)I,Q.W(I),Q.P(I),SL.QX(I),SL.QY(I)
WRITE(6,25)I,Q.W(I),Q.P(I),SL.QX(I),SL.QY(I)
ENDDO
!PHXPHY=
WRITE(6,*)'I,ID,PHX,PHY'
DO I=1,S.N
READ(5,*)I,S.PHX(I),S.PHY(I)
WRITE(6,25)I,S.PHX(I),S.PHY(I)
ENDDO
CONTINUE
25 FORMAT(1X,I5,7F10.3)
27 FORMAT(1X,2I5,6F10.3)
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE FINDFOS(FOS,F1)
AER=0.0001
WRITE(6,*)'ITERATION PROCESS'
WRITE(6,*)'KM,ETA,FOS'
WRITE(6,*)KM,ETA,F1
CALL CALWE(F1,EWT,WSM,WSL,E1,1)
KM=0
F2=F1*1.1
CALL CALWE(F2,EWT,WSM,WSL,E2,1)
AA=(E2-E1)/E1
F0=F1-(F2-F1)/AA
F1=F0
20 CONTINUE
CALL CALWE(F1,EWT,WSM,WSL,ETA,0)
WRITE(6,*)KM,ETA,F1
CALL DERIV(F1,DRF)
DF=-ETA/DRF
IF(ABS(DF).LT.AER)GOTO 10
IF(KM.GT.10)THEN
WRITE(6,*)'ITERATION TROUBLE IN FINDING FOS'
ID=1
54

10

RETURN
ENDIF
F1=F1+DF
KM=KM+1
GOTO 20
CONTINUE
FOS=F1
WRITE(6,*)'FOS=',FOS
RETURN
END

C
SUBROUTINE DERIV(F,DRF)
INCLUDE 'IN4.FOR'
DF=0.05*F
F1=F+DF
CALL CALWE(F1,EWT,WSM,WSL,ETA1,1)
F2=F-DF
CALL CALWE(F2,EWT,WSM,WSL,ETA2,1)
DRF=(ETA2-ETA1)/(F2-F1)
RETURN
END
C
SUBROUTINE CALWE(FOS,EWT,WSM,WSL,ETA,IFD)
DIMENSION FE(60),VS(60),FWE(60),SKS(60),GTEM(60),QQX(60),QQY(60)
#,FWF(60),ICS(60),CE(60),CWE(60),BAX(60),BAY(60),BX(60),BY(60)
COMMON/SUMXY/SIGX,SIGY,LWW,SIGXP,SIGYP,ICS
COMMON/VEL/FE,VS
COMMON/ITEN/ITENSION,KTEN,HTENSION
COMMON/OP6/IP1,IP2,IP3,IP4,IP5,IP6
COMMON/FILES/PFILE,FILE5,FILE6,FILE7,FILE8
CHARACTER*70 PFILE,FILE5,FILE6,FILE7,FILE8
DIMENSION WW(60)
INCLUDE 'IN4.FOR'
real*8 ax,dea, dei,dei1,vs
IF(LWW.NE.0)IFD=1
IF(IFD.EQ.0)OPEN(10,FILE='DEB.EMU',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
FC.G(1)=0.
WG=0.
WSL=0.
WSF=0.
WSM=0.
FM=0.
EANC=0.
ECB=0.
NT=S.N-1
VS(1)=1.0d0
FE(1)=ATAN(TAN(Q.F(1))/FOS)
ce(1)=q.c(1)/fos
DO I=1,NT
CE(I+1)=Q.C(I+1)/FOS
55

C
C

10

FE(I+1)=ATAN(TAN(Q.F(I+1))/FOS)
IF(I.EQ.NT)FE(I+1)=FE(I)
AX=Q.A(I+1)-Q.A(I)-FE(I+1)+FE(I)
IF(AX.GE.-0.01.OR.IP4.EQ.1)THEN
ICS(I+1)=0
IF(I.EQ.1)FWE(1)=ATAN(TAN(B.FW(1))/FOS)
FWE(I+1)=ATAN(TAN(B.FW(I+1))/FOS)
ii=i+1
write(6,*)'i,fos ',i,fos,b.fw(i+1),fwe(i+1)
FWF(I+1)=FWE(I+1)
IF(I.EQ.1)FWF(1)=FWE(1)
ELSE
ICS(I+1)=1
IF(I.EQ.1)FWE(1)=O.PI-ATAN(TAN(B.FW(1))/FOS)
FWE(I+1)=O.PI-ATAN(TAN(B.FW(I+1))/FOS)
FWF(I+1)=-ATAN(TAN(B.FW(I+1))/FOS)
IF(I.EQ.1)FWF(1)=-ATAN(TAN(B.FW(1))/FOS)
ENDIF
IF(I.EQ.NT)ICS(I+1)=ICS(I)
SKS(I)=Q.A(I)+S.D(I)-FWF(I+1)-FE(I)
IF(I.EQ.NT)THEN
II=I+1
SKS(II)=Q.A(II)+S.D(II)-FWF(II+1)-FE(II)
ENDIF
IF(ABS(Q.F(I+1)-Q.F(I)).LT.0.01.AND.
% ABS(Q.A(I+1)-Q.A(I)).LT.0.05)THEN
DEA=Q.A(I+1)-Q.A(I)
AVA=(Q.A(I+1)+Q.A(I))/2.
DEI=AVA+O.PI/2.+S.D(I+1)-FWE(I+1)-FE(I+1)
DEI1=Q.A(I)+O.PI/2.+S.D(I+1)-FWE(I+1)-FE(I)
IF(AX.GE.-0.01.AND.DEI1.LT.0.05)ID=1
IF(AX.LT.-0.01.AND.DEI1.GT.-0.05)ID=2
IF(IP4.EQ.1)ID=0
IF(ID.NE.0)GOTO 110
VS(I+1)=VS(I)*dexp(-DEA/dTAN(DEI))
IF(VS(I+1).LT.-0.01.AND.IP4.NE.1)ID=3
ELSE
EXPL=Q.A(I)+O.PI/2.+S.D(I+1)-FWE(I+1)-FE(I)
EXPR=Q.A(I+1)+O.PI/2.+S.D(I+1)-FWE(I+1)-FE(I+1)
VS(I+1)=VS(I)*SIN(EXPL)/SIN(EXPR)
ENDIF
IF(VS(I+1).LT.-0.01.AND.IP4.NE.1)ID=4
IF(ID.EQ.4)THEN
WRITE(6,*)'EXP=Q.A+PI/2+D-FWE-FE'
WRITE(6,*)'A,A+1,D,FW,F',Q.A(I),Q.A(I+1),S.D(I+1),FWE(I+1)
$ ,FE(I+1)
WRITE(6,*)'EXPL,EXPR=', EXPL,EXPR
ENDIF
DX=S.X2(I+1)-S.X2(I)
IF(VS(I+1).LT.-0.01.AND.IP4.NE.1)GOTO 110
56

GOTO 113
110 CONTINUE
IF(I.EQ.1.OR.I.EQ.S.N)GOTO 113
WRITE(6,*)'KINEMATIC CONDITION VIOLATED AT NO. ',I
WRITE(6,*)
%'DEI1=Q.A(I)+O.PI/2.+S.D(I+1)-FWE(I+1)-FE(I),AX=DALFA-DPHI'
WRITE(6,*)'AX,DEI1=',AX,DEI1
WRITE(6,*)'Q.A(I),Q.A(I+1),S.D(I+1),FWE(I+1),FE(I+1)=, IN RADIUS'
$ ,Q.A(I),Q.A(I+1),S.D(I+1),FWE(I+1),FE(I+1)
ID=1
RETURN
113 CONTINUE
BAX(I)=0.
BAY(I)=0.
BX(I)=0.
BY(I)=0.
WW(I)=UWOW*(S.PHY(I)-S.Y2(I)+S.PHY(I+1)-S.Y2(I+1))/2.
IF(ANC.N.EQ.0)GOTO 815
DO IH=1,ANC.N
IF(ABS(ANC.NID(IH)).EQ.1)CYCLE
237 IF(ANC.NL(IH).EQ.I)THEN
TAA=COS(Q.A(I)-FE(I)+ANC.A(IH))
IF(TAA.GT.0.0)EANC=EANC+VS(I)*TAA*ANC.TA(IH)
ENDIF
IF(ANC.NF(IH).EQ.I)THEN
BAY(I)=BAY(I)+ANC.TA(IH)*SIN(ANC.A(IH))*SIN(Q.A(I)-FE(I))
BAX(I)=BAX(I)-ANC.TA(IH)*COS(ANC.A(IH))*COS(Q.A(I)-FE(I))
BY(I)=BY(I)+ANC.TA(IH)*SIN(ANC.A(IH))
BX(I)=BX(I)-ANC.TA(IH)*COS(ANC.A(IH))
ENDIF
ENDDO
815 CONTINUE
QQX(I)=SL.QX(I)
QQY(I)=SL.QY(I)
DECB=(CE(I)*COS(FE(I))-Q.P(I)*SIN(FE(I)))
% *DX/COS(Q.A(I))
ECB=ECB+DECB*VS(I)
DWG=(Q.W(I)+QQY(I))*SIN(Q.A(I)-FE(I))
DWG1=DWG+BAY(I)
WG=WG+DWG*VS(I)
WSL- SURFACE LOAD
; WSM- BODY FORCE
IF(OFOS.EQ.1.OR.OFOS.EQ.-1)WSL=WSL+QQY(I)*SIN(Q.A(I)
% -FE(I))*VS(I)
WSF=WSF+(COEQ*Q.W(I)+QQX(I))*COS(Q.A(I)-FE(I))*VS(I)
DWSF=(COEQ*(Q.W(I)+WW(I))+QQX(I))*COS(Q.A(I)-FE(I))
DWSF1=DWSF+BAX(I)
WSF=WSF+DWSF*VS(I)
IF(OFOS.EQ.1.OR.OFOS.EQ.-1)
% WSL=WSL+QQX(I)*COS(Q.A(I)-FE(I))*VS(I)
IF(OFOS.EQ.2.OR.OFOS.EQ.-2.OR.OFOS.EQ.0)
57

% WSM=WSM+Q.W(I)*COS(Q.A(I)-FE(I))*VS(I)
GTEM(I)=DECB-DWG1-DWSF1
ENDDO
FC.G(S.N)=0.
B.PW(S.N)=0.
PTEN=0.
FTEN=0.
IF(ITENSION.NE.0)THEN
HHH=S.L((S.N))
IF(KTEN.EQ.1)HHH=HTENSION
PTEN=0.5*HHH**2*UWOW*COS(Q.A(NT)-FE(NT))*VS(NT)
FTEN=0.5*HHH**2*UWOW
ENDIF
EJ=0.
FC.G(1)=0.
FC.GN(1)=0.
FC.GT(1)=0.
DC1=0.
DK1=0.
IF(IFD.EQ.0)SIGX=PTEN
IF(IFD.EQ.0)SIGY=0.
TW=0
DO I=2,S.N
DX=S.X2(I)-S.X2(I-1)
I1=I-1
TW=TW+Q.W(I1)+QQY(I1)+BY(I1)
write(6,*)'i1,tw,qqy,by',i1,tw,qqy(i1),by(i1)
CWE(I)=B.CW(I)/FOS
IF(I.EQ.2)CWE(1)=CWE(2)
DA=Q.A(I)-Q.A(I-1)-FE(I)+FE(I-1)
IF(DA.LT.0.AND.DA.GT.-0.05)DA=0.
AG=Q.A(I)+O.PI/2.-FWE(I)+S.D(I)-FE(I)
AX=SIN(DA)/SIN(AG)
IF(I.EQ.S.N)AX=1.0
IF(AX.GE.-0.01)THEN
EJ=EJ+S.L(I)*(CWE(I)*ABS(COS(FWE(I)))-B.PW(I)*SIN(FWE(I)))*AX
$*VS(I-1)
IF(ANC.N.NE.0)THEN
DO IK=1,ANC.N
IF(ANC.NID(IK).LT.0)CYCLE
IF(I1.GE.ANC.NF(IK).AND.I1.LE.(ANC.NL(IK)-1))THEN
TQ=FWE(I)-O.PI/2.
IF(ICS(I).EQ.1)TQ=-TQ
TTA=COS(TQ-S.D(I)+ANC.A(IK))
IF(TTA.GT.0)EANC=EANC+ANC.TA(IK)*TTA*AX*VS(I-1)
ENDIF
ENDDO
ENDIF
ELSE
ID=1
58

ENDIF
ENDDO
EWT=ECB-WG-WSF+EJ-PTEN+EANC
IF(OFOS.EQ.1.OR.OFOS.EQ.-1)ETA=EWT/WSL
IF(OFOS.EQ.2.OR.OFOS.EQ.0.OR.OFOS.EQ.-2)ETA=EWT/WSM
193 format(1x,5f8.2)
RETURN
END
FUNCTION RTD(A)
RTD=A*180./3.14159
END
FUNCTION DTR(A)
DTR=A*3.14159/180.
END
1N4.FOR
STRUCTURE /SLIPW/ !S
INTEGER*4 N,NU(60)
REAL*4 X2(60),Y2(60),XU(60),YU(60),D(60),PHX(60),PHY(60)
REAL*4 L(60)
END STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE/SLIPB/!B
REAL*4 G(60),PWA(60),PW(60),CW(60),FW(60),CCW(60),P(60)
END STRUCTURE
C
N=TOTAOL NUMBER OF POINTS IDENTIFYING THE BORDER
C
G=AVERAGE UNIT WEIGHT, P=PORE PRESSURE AT THE BASE
C
PW=TOTAL PORE PRESSURE ON THE WALL, PH=Y VALUE OF PHREATIC
LINE
C
PWA=PW, IN TERMS OF PORE PRESSURE ANGLE
C
C(W),F(W),P(W)= COHESION,FRICTION, PORE PRESURE AT BASE OR
WALL
STRUCTURE /NODE/!N
INTEGER*4 N,NN(20),NALF,NST,DF(20),NNALF(20),NNST(20),NU(20)
INTEGER*4 ID,MOP,ITR,NAB(20),INTF(20)
REAL*4 X(20),Y(20),D(20),M(20),W(20),XU(20),YU(20),DX(20)
C
X,Y= COORDINATES. DF=0, UNMOVED POINTS; DF=1, MOVE ALONG THE
SPECIFIED
C
DIRECTION; DF=-?, MOVE ALONG THE LINE NUMBERED ?.
C
NN=SLICE NUMBER AT A NODE. NABR=NUMBER OF DISCONTINUITY IN
ALPHA
C
NST=NOMBER OF STRAIGHT LINE SEGMENTS, NU=LINE NO. OF
INTERCEPTION PT.
C
D=DELTA MEASURED WITH RESPECT TO POSITIVE X AXIS
C
M=DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT WITH RESPECT TO POSITIVE X AXIS
C
W=BANDWITH IN RANDOM SEARCH, XU,YU=COORDINATES OF
INTERCEPTION PT.
END STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE /OPTION/
!O
INTEGER*4 P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P6,W1,W2,W3,W4,W5,W6
REAL*8 PI,E
END STRUCTURE
59

GERROR=1, TROUBLE IN SUB.

STRUCTURE /SLIPM/
!Q
INTEGER*4 N,SOIL(60)
REAL*4 X(60),A(60),Y(60),C(60)
REAL*4 F(60),W(60),P(60),CP(60),CPA(60),WX(60),WY(90)
END STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE /ANCHOR/
!ANC
INTEGER*4 N,NF(20),NL(20),NID(20)
REAL*4 L(20),TA(20),XF(20),YF(20),XL(20),YL(20),A(20)
END STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE /FORCE/ !FC
REAL*4 G(60),FN(60),FT(60),GN(60),GT(60)
END STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE /SFLD/
!SL
INTEGER*4 ID(60)
REAL*4 QX(60),QY(60)
END STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE /PILE/
!PL
INTEGER*4 N,NA,NF(20),NL(20),NID(20)
REAL*4 L(20),TA(20),XF(20),YF(20),XL(20),YL(20),A(20)
REAL*4 H(20),PA(20),C(20),F(20)
END STRUCTURE
RECORD/SFLD/SL
COMMON/A10/SL
RECORD/SLIPW/S
COMMON/A5/S
RECORD/NODE/N
COMMON/A6/N
RECORD/OPTION/O
COMMON/A7/O
RECORD/SLIPB/B
COMMON/A8/B
INTEGER*4 TENSION,OFOS
COMMON/CONPAR/UWOW,WLOS,COEQ,TENSION,OFOS
RECORD/SLIPM/Q
COMMON/A9/Q
INTEGER SLOAD,SLINE(15)
COMMON/SFLOAD1/SLOAD,SLINE,VALUEL(15),VALUER(15),QANGLE(15)
RECORD/FORCE/FC
COMMON/CFC/FC
RECORD/ANCHOR/ANC
COMMON/ACR/ANC
RECORD/PILE/PL
COMMON/PLR/PL

6.3.3
13.12E.dat2
4.2(c)Soko.dat
60

1.

1
-2

1.331,(4.13)2.67878710
-6
7.53553810 ,1.418
KMETAFOS
0
2.678787E-02
1
1.450554E-03
2
7.535538E-06
FOS=
1.417730

1.330595
1.412778
1.417730

6. 2 1
E.dat
9.8
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

15

1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

30
31.667
33.144
34.458
35.637
36.707
37.694
38.625
39.518
40.385
41.236
42.129
43.028
43.956
44.944
45.992
47.131
48.368
49.71

25
25.833
26.572
27.229
27.818
28.353
28.847
29.313
29.759
30.192
30.618
31.064
31.514
31.978
32.472
32.996
33.565
34.184
34.855

30
31.18
32.359
33.539
34.718
35.898
37.055
38.213
39.37
40.528
41.685
42.842
44
45.157
46.314
47.356
48.397
49.439
50.48

25
24.754
24.53
24.352
24.243
24.224
24.311
24.495
24.765
25.107
25.511
25.975
26.545
27.28
28.235
29.317
30.58
31.978
33.466
61

0
1.185
2.187
3.02
3.692
4.208
4.581
4.835
4.997
5.087
5.127
5.139
5.063
4.849
4.453
3.924
3.243
2.452
1.588

20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

3
0
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
30.59
31.769
32.949
34.129
35.308
36.477
37.634
38.792
39.949
41.106
42.264
43.421
44.578
45.735
46.835
47.876
48.918
49.96
51.001
6.794
37.229
55.816
69.894
80.145
86.502
91.916
96.111
99.456
102.17

51.522
24.665
24.665
24.507
24.439
24.473
24.629
24.934
25.375
25.954
26.84
28.165
29.883
31.597
33.781
37.816
38
38
38
38
38
24.877
24.642
24.441
24.297
24.233
24.267
24.403
24.63
24.936
25.309
25.743
26.26
26.913
27.757
28.776
29.948
31.279
32.722
34.233
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

35
3.535
3.535
3.597
3.624
3.611
3.549
3.43
3.265
3.059
2.734
2.268
1.736
1.288
0.807
0.033
0
0
0
0
0
-11.794
-10.73
-8.58
-5.31
-0.9
4.287
9.045
13.111
16.495
19.229
21.852
26.238
32.391
39.542
46.092
50.481
53.315
55.016
55.817
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

51.522
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
5.3
5.3
5.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

35
27.495
24.285
21.016
17.716
14.404
11.079
8.01
4.891
1.693
-1.608
-5.029
-7.98
-11.059
-14.334
-17.913
-20.332
-22.985
-25.886
-29.034
-29.034
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
23
23
23
38
38
38
38
38

62

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

2.

107.08
109.23
110.94
111.62
102.03
94.316
80.66
61.143
25.625
30
31.18
32.359
33.539
34.718
35.898
37.055
38.213
39.37
40.528
41.685
42.842
44
45.157
46.314
47.356
48.397
49.439
50.48
51.522

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
24.754
24.53
24.352
24.243
24.224
24.311
24.495
24.765
25.107
25.511
25.975
26.545
27.28
28.235
29.317
30.58
31.978
33.466
35

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2, 1
(4.12)9.645881E-01,9.390098E-02
1.355278E-041.004741
KM,ETA,FOS
0
9.390098E-02
9.645881E-01
1
7.880392E-03
1.001158
2
1.355278E-04
1.004741
FOS=
1.004741

63

 6. 3 2
Soko.dat
1.0,-25.,0.0,0,1
16
1

-.719

-.719

4.413

4.413

-.719
3.698

-.719
.481

.000
3.996

9.586

9.586

8.114

1.734

7.988

14.787

14.787

12.531

3.093

11.910

20.000

20.000

16.948

4.610

15.690

20.001

20.000

18.138

5.062

15.054

20.002

20.000

19.328

5.585

14.431

20.004

20.000

20.518

6.235

13.775

20.005

20.000

21.708

7.068

13.044

10

20.007

20.000

22.898

8.139

12.208

11

20.010

20.000

24.088

9.506

11.259

12

21.887

20.000

25.270

11.189

9.438

13

23.856

20.000

26.453

13.150

7.326

14

25.884

20.000

27.635

15.318

4.999

15

27.941

20.000

28.818

17.624

2.532

16

30.000

20.000

30.000

20.000

.001

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

10.000

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

10.308

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

10.615

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

10.918

64

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

11.217

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

7.110

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

2.679

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-2.139

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-7.500

10

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-13.697

11

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-21.236

12

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-21.006

13

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-20.763

14

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-20.512

15

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-20.257

16

.000

30.000

10.000

.000

-20.257

1.489

-.119

15.202

10.000

30.000

5.906

1.108

15.838

10.000

30.000

10.323

2.413

17.099

10.000

30.000

14.739

3.851

18.957

10.000

30.000

17.543

4.836

20.791

10.000

30.000

18.733

5.323

23.726

10.000

30.000

19.923

5.910

28.646

10.000

30.000

21.113

6.651

34.989

10.000

30.000

22.303

7.604

42.004

10.000

30.000

10

23.493

8.823

48.943

10.000

30.000

11

24.679

10.348

54.922

10.000

30.000

12

25.862

12.170

58.905

10.000

30.000

13

27.044

14.234

61.393

10.000

30.000

14

28.226

16.471

62.858

10.000

30.000

15

29.409

18.812

63.539

10.000

30.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.261

.000

.000

.000

.422

.000

.000

.000

.604

.000

.000

.000

.819

10

.000

.000

.000

1.098

11

.000

.000

.000

210.321

12

.000

.000

.000

219.356
65

13

.000

.000

.000

225.968

14

.000

.000

.000

229.263

15

.000

.000

.000

229.462

-.719

3.698

.481

8.114

1.734

12.531

3.093

16.948

4.610

18.138

5.062

19.328

5.585

20.518

6.235

21.708

7.068

10

22.898

8.139

11

24.088

9.506

12

25.270

11.189

13

26.453

13.150

14

27.635

15.318

15

28.818

17.624

16

30.000

20.000

-.719

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Bolton M.D. and, Lau, C.K.1993. Vertical bearing capacity factors for circular and strip footings
on Mohr-Coulomb soil, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 30(4), 1024-1033 (1993).
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Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 9, 629-635.
Celestino, T. B. and Duncan, J. M., 1981. Simplified search for non-circular slip surface.
Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Stockholm. Vol.3, pp. 391-394.
Chen, W. F. 1975. Limit analysis and soil plasticity. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. , New
York.
Chen, Z.and Morgenstern, N.R, 1983, Extensions to the generalized method of slices for
stability analysis, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.20, No.l, 104-109.
1983
4, 11-17
1991-
Chen, Z and Shao, C. 1988Evaluation of minunmum factor of safety in slope stability
analysis, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol 25, No.4, 735-748.
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Chen, Z. 1992, Random trials used in determining global minimum factors of safety of slopes.
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, 484-488
11. Chen, Z. Y. and Donald, I, 1995, Comparison between the limit equilibrium and limit
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Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. 267-270.
12. 1997Sarma
1 19-26
13. 1997, ,
, 198-208.
14. , 1997,, , 5, 1-8
15. Chen, Z. Y. and Li, S. M. 1998, Evaluation of active earth pressure by the generalized
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17. , 2000, 9p.

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pp.79-93.
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39. 2000.
40. 1997
P.108-112

68


----
7.1
Biot

(7.8 )

7.2
7.2.1
t=0 {0}
u0

{} u y t

1.

[]{ } = { f b }

(7.2.1)

[] 7.8(7.8.8){}{fb}

{ }T = ( x , y , xy )

(7.2.2)

{ f b }T = (0, s )

(7.2.3)

s
1

{ } = { } + {a}u

(7.2.4)

u {a}

{a}T = (1,1,0)

(7.2.5)

h (7.2.4) u h

h=

+y

(7.2.6)

u = (h y )

(2.7)

(7.2.4)(7.2.7)(7.2.1)

[]{ } [ ]{a}(h y ) = { f b }

(7.2.8)

s1

[T ] = [N ]{ }+ [N ]{a}u

(7.2.9)

{T } = (Tx , T y ) s1 [][N](7.8.8)(7.8.9)
T

(7.2.7)(7.2.9)

{T }[N ]{ }[N ]{a} (h y )

(7.2.10)

2.
{W }T WxWy xy

{ } = [ ]T {W }

(7.2.11)

{}

{ }T = ( x , y , xy )

(7.2.12)

s2
2

{W } = {W }

(7.2.13)

{W } s2
3.
{ } {}

{ } = { } + { 0 }

(7.2.14)

{ } = [C ]{ }

(7.2.15)

[C] { }

4.
{V}

{V } = [ K ]{}h

(7.2.16)

{V } = (V x , V y ) , {} (7.8.5)[K]

k xx
[K ] =
k yx

k xy
k yy

(7.2.17)

[K] kxy=kyx=0 xy
1
{}T {V }t u
Q
-v-(x+y )

{}T {V } + {a}T

1u

{ }
=0
t
Q t

(7.2.18)

Q 1/Q (7.2.7)(7.2.16)
(7.2.18)

{}T ([ K ]{}h) + {a}T

{ } +
=0
t
Q t

(7.2.19)

(7.2.19) t (t0, t)7.8.2

 {}T ([ K ] {}h) + {a}T { } +

(h h0 ) = 0

(7.2.20)

7.2.2

1. s3

h =h

(7.2.21)

h
2. s4

q = {V } {n} = {} h[K ]{n}

T

(7.2.22)

(7.2.22)(t0, t)

g q = {}T h [ K ]{n}

(7.2.23)

g=1 q s4
3.
(7.2.21) h = y y0 y0
(7.2.22) q = 0
7.6.1.2

7.3
7.3.1
{fb}{T}(7.2.8)(7.2.11)
(7.2.14)(7.2.19)(7.2.10)(7.2.13)(7.2.21)(7.2.23){W} h
{W}h{W} h

({W }, h ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7

(7.3.1)

1
2

1 = { }T { }dv { 0 } { }dv

(7.3.2)

2 = (h y ) {a}T { }dv

(7.3.3)

1
T
{} h [ K ] {} hdv
v 2

3 =

(7.3.4)

1 2
(h 2h0 ) hdv
4 =
v2 Q

(7.3.5)

5 = { f b }T {W }dv

(7.3.6)

{ } {W }ds

(7.3.7)

7 = q hds

(7.3.8)

6 = T
S1

S4

7.3.2
{W} h (7.2.13)(7.2.21)(7.2.23){W}h
(7.3.2)(7.3.8)1 7

v
v2

= { }T [C ] { }dv { 0 }T { }dv
v
v
2

1,W = { }T { }dv { 0 }T { }dv

)
(7.3.9)

{A}[B]

1
2

1
2

1
2

{ A}T [ B ]{ A} = {A}T [ B ]{ A} + { A}T [ B]{A}

(7.3.10)

= { A} [ B ]{A} = {A} [ B ]{ A}
T

(7.3.9)

1,W = { }T [C ] { }dv { '0 }T { }dv

v

= { } [ ] {W }dv
T

(7.3.11)

(7.8.7)

1,W = ([ ]{ })T {W }dv ([ N ]{ })T {W }ds

v

s1

(7.3.12)

2 h {W}{W}{W}

2,W = (h y ) {a}T { }dv

v

(7.3.13)

= (h y ) {a}T [ ]T {W }dv
v

(7.8.7)

2,W = [[ ]{a} (h y )]T {W }dv + ([ N ] {a})T (h y ) {W }ds (7.3.14)

v

S1

h (7.2.21)h

2,h = {a}T { } hdv

(7.3.15)

3 h

1
2

3,h = ( {}T h [ K ] {}h)dv

v

(7.3.16)

(7.3.10)

3,h = {}T h [ K ] {} hdv = ([ K ] {}h)T {} hdv

v

(7.3.17)

(7.8.4)

3,h = ( {}T ([ K ] {}h) ) hdv + ([ K ] {}h ) {n} hds (7.3.18)

T

S4

4,h =

(h h0 ) hdv

(7.3.19)

5,W = { fb }T { W }dv

(7.3.20)

6,W = {T }T {W }ds

(7.3.21)

7,h = q hds

(7.3.22)

S1

S4

= 1,W + 2,W + 2,h + 3,h + 4,h + 5,W + 6,W + 7,h

= [ { } (h y ) {a} { f b }]T { W }dv
v

+ [{}T [ K ] {}h + {a}T { } +

v

(h ho )] hdv

(7.3.23)

+ [{T } [ N ]{ } + [ N ]{a} (h y )]T { W }ds

S1

+ [ q + {}T h [ K ]{n}] hds

S4

(7.3.23)W h (7.2.8)
(7.2.20)(7.2.10)(7.2.23)(7.3.11)(7.2.11)
6

(7.2.15){W} h
2
(7.3.1)

7.4
7.4.1
V n m m {W}{v}

{v}T = (W x1 , W y1 , W x 2 , W y 2 , LL , W xm , W ym )

(7.4.1)

{} m {h}
{ }T = (h1 , h2 ,LL , h )

(7.4.2)

{W} h {W}e {h}e {}{}

{}{}

({W }, h) = ({ }, { })

(7.4.3)

{}{}

{ }T

[]

[]

W
x1

W y1

=
= {0}

W
x
2

M
M

W ym

{a}T

(7.4.4)

C
{a}T

C = {a}T { b}

{b}

C = {b}T {a}
7


{h}

h
1

h
2
=
= {0}
M
M

hm

(7.4.5)

{0}(7.4.4)(7.4.5) 3m {}{h}
3m

7.4.2
{W} h {W}e {h}e

{W } = [ N W ]{W }e

(7.4.6)

h = [ N h ]{h}e = {h}eT [ N h ]T

(7.4.7)

{ } = [ ]T {W } = [ ]T [ N W ]{W }e = [ BW ]{W }e

(7.4.8)

{}h = {}[ N h ]{h}e = [ B h ]{h}e

(7.4.9)

[ BW ] = [ ]T [ N W ]

(7.4.10)

[Bh ] = {}[ N h ]

(7.4.11)

[NW][Nh] 7.5

[ B ]T = {a}T [ BW ]

(7.4.12)

(7.4.6)(7.4.7)(7.4.8)(7.4.9)(7.4.12)(7.3.1)

1
2

= { {W }eT [ BW ]T [C ][ BW ] {W }e { 0 }T [ BW ] {W }e
vi

i =1

+ {h}eT [ N h ]T [ B ]T {W }e y[ B ]T {W }e
1
+ {h}eT [ Bh ]T [ K ][ Bh ] {h}e { fb }T [ NW ] {W }e
2
2
12
+ {h}eT [ N h ]T [ N h ] {h}e {h0 }eT [ N h ]T [ N h ] {h}e }dv
2 Q
Q
n

(7.4.13)

+ {T }eT [NW ]T [ NW ] {W }e ds + {q}eT [ N h ]T [N h ] {h}e ds

i =1

S1

i =1

S4

{ T } q

{T } = [ N W ]{T }e

(7.4.14)

q = [ N h ]{q}e

(7.4.15)

(7.4.13){W}e {h} e {}{}

1
2
1
12
2
+ { }T [k2 ] { }T + { }T [k4 ] { } { o }T [k4 ] { } (7.4.16)
2
2 Q
Q

= { }T [k1 ] { } {M 1}T { } + { }T [k3 ]T { } {M 4 }T { }

{M 2 } {v} + {P1}T { } + {P2 }T { }

T

[ k1 ] = v [ BW ]T [C ][ BW ]dv

(7.4.17)

e =1

[k2 ] = [ Nh ]T [k ][ Nh ]dv
e =1

(7.4.18)

[k3 ] = [ B ][ N h ]dv
e =1

(7.4.19)

[k4 ] = [ N h ]T [ N h ]dv
e =1

(7.4.20)

{M 1} = [ Bw ]T { 0 }dv
e =1

(7.4.21)

{M 2 } = [ N w ]{ fb }T dv

(7.4.22)

e =1

{M 4 } = y[ B ]dv

(7.4.23)

e =1

{P1} = [ NW ]T [ NW ]{T }e ds
e =1

(7.4.24)

S1

{P2 } = [ N h ]T [ N h ]{q}e ds
e =1

(7.4.25)

S4

(7.4.17)(7.4.25)

7.4.3
(4.16) (7.4.4)(7.4.5)(7.3.10)(7.4.4)
(7.4.5)

[k1 ]{ } + [k3 ]{ } = {M 2 } {P1} + {M 4 } + {M 1}

[k3 ]T { } + ( g [k 2] +

[k 4 ]) { } = {P2 } +

(7.4.26)

2
Q

[k 4 ]{ 0 }

(7.4.27)

7.4.4
(7.4.26)(7.4.27){}{}
t (0t)
(0t1)(t1t2)(tn-1tn)
k1 (tn-1tn)

[ g f (t )]ttnn 1 t (1 ) f (t n 1 ) + tf (t n )

(7.4.28)

0.5 1
(7.4.26){M1}{M4}{0} 0(7.4.26)(7.4.27)(tn-1tn)

[k1 ]{&} + [k3 ]{ (tn )} = {M& 2 } {P&1} + [k 3 ]{ (tn 1 )}

10

(7.4.29)

 [k3 ]T {&} + {t[k2 ] +

[k4 ]}{ (tn )}

= t ({P2 (tn )} + (1 ){P2 (tn 1 )}) {(1 )t[k2 ]

(7.4.30)
[k4 ]}{ (tn 1 )}

(tn-1tn)

7.4.5

{M3}
h u
h u (7.2.6) u
(7.2.6) h u
(7.2.6)(7.3.1)(7.3.8) h u{W} u

({w}, u ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 '+ 4 + 5 + 6 + 7

(7.4.31)

1
2

1 = { }T { }dv { o }T { }dv

(7.4.32)

2 = u {a}T { }dv

(7.4.33)

3 =

1 1
{}T u [ K ] {}udv
2

(7.4.34)

3' = {}T u [ K ] {g1}dv

(7.4.35)

1 1
(u 2uo ) udv
v2 Q

4 =

(7.4.36)

5 = { f b }T {W }dv

(7.4.37)

6 = {T }T {W }ds

(7.4.38)

7 = g q uds

(7.4.39)

s1

s4

{g1 }T = (0,1)

(7.4.40)
11

(7.4.16)

1
2
1 1
+
{ p}T [k 2 ] { p} { p}T [ M 3 ] {g1}
2

= { }T [k1 ] { } {M 1}T { } { p}T [ k 3 ]T { }

(7.4.41)

1
{M 2 } { } +
{ p}T [ k 4 ] { p}
2Q
1
{ po }T [k 4 ] { p} + {P1}T { } g {P2 }T { p}
Q
T

{p} m u g=1
n

[ M 3 ] = [ Bh ]T [ k ] {g1}dv
i =1

(7.4.42)

(7.4.26)(7.4.27)

{k1}{ } + [k3 ]{ p} = {M 2 } + {P1} {M 1}

[k3 ]T { }

( g [k2 ] +

(7.4.43)

[k4 ]) { p}= g {P2 } {M 3 } { g1}

1
[k4 ]{ p0 }
Q

(7.4.44)

(7.4.29)(7.4.30)(7.4.43)(7.4.44)(tn-1tn)
{k1}{&} + {k3 }{ p (tn )} = {M& 2 } + {P&1} [k3 ]{ p(tn 1 )}

[k3 ]T {&}

{t[ k 2 ] +

(7.4.45)

[k4 ]}{ p (tn )}

= t[ P2 (tn ) + (1 ) P2 (tn 1 )] +

{(1 )t [k2 ]

[k4 ]}{ p (tn 1 )}

(7.4.46)

t (1 ){M 3 (tn 1 )} t{M 3 (tn )}

(7.4.31)(7.3.1)(7.4.46)(7.4.30)
3 M3

3 {M3}(7.2.6)(7.3.6)

(7.2.6)(7.2.19)(7.2.19) y (7.2.6)
y h u
w
(7.2.6)(7.2.23)(7.2.23) y

g q =

{}T u [ K ]{n} {g1}T [ K ]{n}

(7.4.47)

12

(7.2.23) {g1} [ K ]{n} (7.4.47)

S4 3 ( 3)

S4

{g1}T [ K ]{n} uds

(7.8.4)

( 3 ) = {}T ( u ) [ K ] {g1}dv + {g1}T [ K ]{n} uds

v

s4

(7.4.48)

7.4.6
u {} t0
u0 {0} 7.4.1 7.4.1
{} ue
t0 {0} u0 ue
{pe}{p}(0t)

{ p e } = { p} { p 0 }

(7.4.49)

(7.4.45)(tn-1 t0=0)

[k1 ]{ } + [k 3 ]{p e } = {M 2 } + {P1 }

(7.4.50)

{M2}{P1}(t0)
t=0 {p0}(7.4.44)

13

[k 2 ]{ p 0 } = {P2 (0)} {M 3 (0)}

(7.4.51)

(7.4.49)(7.4.51)(7.4.44) pe

[k 3 ]{ }

1
g [k 2 ] + [k 4 ] { pe } = g {P2e }

Q

(7.4.52)

{P2e} P2 (0t)(7.4.49)(7.4.52)

[k1 ]{&} + [k 3 ]{ pe (t n )} = {M& 2 } {P&1} + [k3 ]{ pe (t n1 )}

[k3 ]{&}

( t[ k 2 ] +

(7.4.53)

[k4 ]){ pe (tn )}

= t [{P2 e (tn )} (1 ){P2 e (tn 1 )}] +

{(1 )t[k2 ]

(7.4.54)
[k4 ]}{ pe (tn 1 )}

(7.4.53)(7.4.54)(7.4.45)(7.4.46)(7.4.29)(7.4.30)
(7.4.54){M3}
7.4.2
S4 (7.2.23)

g qe =

{}T u e [k ]{h}

(7.4.55)

q e q (0t)(7.2.23)(7.4.47)
(7.4.44){M3}

7.4.2
(7.4.53)(7.4.54){M3}
7.4.1
(7.4.45)(7.4.46){M3}
h (7.4.29)(7.4.30)

14

7.5
7.5.1

{W }eT = (W x1 ,W y1 , W x 2 , W y 2 ,W x 3 , W y 3 )

(7.5.1)

{h}eT = (h1 , h2 , h3 )

(7.5.2)

(xy){W} h {W}e {h}e (7.4.6)(7.4.7)

[ N h ] = ( N1 , N 2 , N 3 )
N
[ NW ] = 1
0

N2
0

0
N1

(7.5.3)

0
N2

N3
0

0
N 3

(7.5.4)

N 1 = (a1 + b1 x + c1 y ) / 2

(7.5.5)

a1 = x 2 y 3 x 3 y 2

(7.5.6)

b1 = y 2 y 3

(7.5.7)

c1 = x 3 x 2

(7.5.8)

1 x1

y1

2 = det 1 x 2
1 x3

y2
y3

(7.5.9)

15

 7.5.1 23 Nabc
(7.4.10)(7.4.11)

[ Bh ] = x ( N1 , N 2 , N 3 )

y
N 1

= Nx
1
y
=

N 3
x
N 3

N 2
x
N 2
y

1 b1 b2
2 c1 c2

x
[ BW ] = 0

b3
c3

N1
y 0

N 1

x
= 0

N
1
y

0
N1

N 2
x

N 1
y
N 1
x

b1
1
0
=
2
c1

(7.5.10)

N 2
y
b2
0
c2

0
c1
b1

0
c2
b2

N2
0

N 2
y
N 2
x
b3
0
c3

0
N2

N 3
x
0

N 3
y

N3
0

0
N 3

N 3
y
N 3

(7.5.11)

0
c3
b3

2)
(7.5.3)(7.5.4)(7.5.10)(7.5.11)(7.4.17)(7.4.25)

k N1a N 2 b N 3 c dv k xy
v

N
s

a
1

N 2 N 3 ds =

a!b!c!
2
(a + b + c + 2)!

(7.5.12)

N1N2N3 abc
(7.4.17)(7.4.25)(7.4.26)
(7.4.27)
16

7.5.2
1)
(st) 7.5.2 xy{W}
u st

x=

1
1
1
1
(1 s )(1 t ) x1 + (1 + s )(1 t ) x 2 + (1 + t )(1 + s) x3 + (1 s )(1 + t ) x 4
4
4
4
4
(7.5.13)

y=

1
1
1
1
(1 s )(1 t ) y1 + (1 + s )(1 t ) y 2 + (1 + t )(1 + s ) y 3 + (1 s )(1 + t ) y 4
4
4
4
4
(7.5.14)

(7.5.13)(7.5.14)xy(x1y1)(x2y2) (x3
y3) (x4y4)st-1-1)(+1-1)(+1+1)(-1+1)
(7.5.13)(7.5.14)

x1
x

x = ( N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 ) 2
x3
x 4

(7.5.15)

y1
y

y = ( N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 ) 2
y3
y 4

(7.5.16)

N1 =

1
(1 s )(1 t )
4

(7.5.17)

17

N2 =

1
(1 + s )(1 t )
4

(7.5.18)

N3 =

1
(1 + s )(1 + t )
4

(7.5.19)

N4 =

1
(1 s)(1 + t )
4

(7.5.20)

(7.5.3)(7.5.4)

[ N h ] = ( N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 )
N
[ N w ] = 1
0

0
N1

N2
0

(7.5.21)

0
N2

N3
0

0
N3

N4
0

N 4

(7.5.22)

{W}e {h}e

{W }e = (W x1 ,W y1 ,W x 2 ,W y 2 ,W x 3 ,W y 3 ,W x 4 ,W y 4 ) T

(7.5.23)

{h}e = (h1 , h2 , h3 , h4 ) T

(7.5.24)

x
s
=
J

t
y

(7.5.25)

J = s
x

(7.5.26)

y
s = [ s ]([X ], [Y ])
y [t ]

N1 N 2 N 3 N 4
[ s] =
,
,
,
= ( N 1s , N 2 s , N 3 s , N 4 s )

s s s s

N1 N 2 N 3 N 4
[t ] =
,
,
,
= ( N 1t , N 2t , N 3t , N 4t )

t t t
t

(7.5.27)

[ X ]T = ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 )

[Y ]T = ( y1 , y 2 , y3 , y 4 )

(7.5.28)

18

N1t = (1 s )
4

1
N 2t = (1 + s)

1
N 3t =
(1 + s )

1
N 4t =
(1 s )

1
N1s = (1 t ) ,
4
1
N2s =
(1 t ),
4
1
N3s =
(1 + t ) ,
4
1
N 4 s = (1 + t ) ,
4

(7.5.29)

(7.5.25)

x
1 s
=J

y
t

(7.5.30)

(7.5.10)(7.5.11)

x
( N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 )
[ Bh ] =

y

s
= J 1
( N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 )

t
N 2 s N 3s N 4 s
N
= J 1 1s

N1t N 2t N 3t N 4t

x
[ BW ] = 0

N1
y 0

(7.5.31)

N2

N3

N4

N1

N2

N3

0
N 4

(7.5.32)

(7.5.30) J -1

Q12
Q
J 1 = 11

Q21 Q22

(7.5.33)

(7.5.30)

= Q11
+ Q12
x
s
t

(7.5.34)

19

= Q 21
+ Q 22
y
s
t

(7.5.35)

(7.5.34)(7.5.35)(7.5.32)

Q11 s + Q12 t

[ BW ] =
0

Q21 + Q22
s
t

m11
= 0
m21

N1
+ Q22
Q21
s
t 0

+ Q12
Q11
s
t
0

m12

m13

m14

m21
m11

0
m22

m22
m12

0
m23

m23
m13

0
m24

0
N1

N2
0

0
N2

N3
0

0
N3

N4
0

0
N 4

(7.5.36)

0
m24
m14

m1i = Q11 N is + Q12 N it m 2i = Q21 N is + Q22 N it i=1, 2, 3, 4

2)
(7.5.21)(7.5.22)(7.5.31)(7.5.32)(7.4.17)(7.4.25)
dxdy=det[J]dt ds

1 1

F ( s, t )dsdt (7.4.17)

(7.4.25)
1

1 1

F ( s, t )dsdt i j F ( si , t j )

(7.5.37)

i =1 j =1

s1 = t1 = 0.57735, s 2 = t 2 = 0.57735

1 = 2 = 1.0

7.5.3

20

1
7.5.3

= J x



y

(7.5.38)

8
xi
[J ] = i=81
x
i

i =1

N i

N i

N i

i =1

8
N i
yi

i =1
8

N i
= N i =

N i
= N i =

(1 + i )(2i + i ) (i = 1, 2,3, 4)
4
(1 + i )
(i = 5, 7)

i
2

(1 2 )

(i = 6,8)

(1 + i )(2i + i ) (i = 1,2,3,4)

(1 2 )

(i = 5,7)

2
(1 + i )

(i = 6,8)

{W }e = (Wx1 ,W y1 ,Wx 2 ,W y 2 ,W x 3 , W y 3 , Wx 4 ,W y 4 , Wx 5 ,W y 5 , Wx 6 ,W y 6 ,Wx 7 , W y 7 ,Wx8 ,W y 8 ) T

(7.5.39)

{h} e = (h1 , h 2 , h3 , h 4 , h5 , h6 , h7 , h8 ) T

(7.5.40)

(xy){W} h {W}e {h}e (7.4.6)(7.4.7)

[ N h ] = ( N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 , N 5 , N 6 , N 7 , N 8 )
N
[N W ] = 1
0

0
N1

N2
0

0
N2

N3
0

0
N3

N4
0

(7.5.41)

0
N4

N5
0

(7.5.42)
21

0
N5

N6
0

0
N6

N7
0

0
N7

N8
0

0
N 8

 Ni

N1 = (1 )(1 )( 1) / 4
N 2 = (1 + )(1 )( 1) / 4

N 3 = (1 + )(1 + )( + 1) / 4
N 4 = (1 )(1 + )( + 1) / 4

N 5 = (1 2 )(1 ) / 2
N 6 = (1 + )(1 2 ) / 2
N 7 = (1 2 )(1 + ) / 2
N 8 = (1 )(1 2 ) / 2

[ Bh ] = x ( N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 , N 5 , N 6 , N 7 , N 8 )

y


= J 1
( N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 , N 5 , N 6 , N 7 , N 8 )


N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 N 5 N 6 N 7
= J 1
N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 N 5 N 6 N 7

(7.5.43)

N 8
N 8

J-1

Q12
Q
J 1 = 11

Q21 Q22

(7.5.45)

22

= Q11
+ Q12
x

(7.5.46)

= Q21
+ Q22
y

(7.5.47)

0
Q11 + Q12

[ Bw ] =
0
Q21
+ Q22

Q21

Q11
+ Q22
+ Q12

N1 0 N 2 0 N 3 0 N 4 0 N 5 0 N 6 0
0 N
0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6
1

0 m12
0 m13
0 m14
0 m15
0 m16
m11
= 0 m21
0 m22 0 m23
0 m24
0 m25
0
m21 m11 m22 m12 m23 m13 m24 m14 m25 m15 m26

N7

N8

N7

m17

m26 0
m16 m27

0
N 8

m18

m27
m17

0
m28

0
m28
m18

(7.5.48)
m1i = Q11 N i + Q12 N i m2i = Q21 N i + Q22 N i i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

2)

7.5.4
xy {W}(7.4.6)
{W}(7.5.15)(7.5.16) xy [NW] xy
{W}
SAP4FEDAM
xy (7.5.15)(7.5.16)(7.5.41)[Nh]
7.5.23{W}e ,

{W }eT = (W x1 , W y1 , W x 2 , W y 2 , W x 3 , W y 3 , W x 4 , W y 4 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 )

(7.5.49)

{W }e = {W , }

(7.5.50)

{ }T = ( 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 )

(7.5.51)
23

(7.4.17)(7.4.25){W}[k1][k2][k3][M4][Nh]
[NW][BW]

[ NW ] = [[ NW ][ N ]]

(7.5.52)

N
N = 5
0

0
N5

N6
0

0
N 6

(7.5.53)

N5 = 1 s2

(7.5.54)

N 6 = 1 t 2

(7.5.55)

(7.5.27)

N 5 s = 1 2 s , N 5t = 0

N 6 s = 0 , N 6t = 1 2t

(7.5.56)

(7.5.32)

[ BW ] = [[ BW ][ B ]]

(7.5.57)

Q11 N 5 s + Q12 N 5t
[ B ] =
0
Q21 N 5 s + Q22 N 5t

Q12 N 6 s + Q12 N 6t

Q21 N 5 s + Q22 N 5t
0
Q11 N 5 s + Q12 N 5t Q21 N 6 s + Q22 N 6t

Q21 N 6 s + Q22 N 6t
Q11 N 5 s + Q12 N 5t

(7.5.58)
1122 [BW](312)

7.5.5

Good man 7.5.4 AB

C C uii ujj

C u u

24

 u i

u 1 0 1 0 i
=
= [ B]{ }
0 1 0 1 u j
j

(7.5.59)

[ B ] = ( I , I ) I { } = (ui, i, u j , j ) 7.5.4
T

uxyu

u sin
=
cos

cos u
=
sin

Z
C

C u
u

[
]
=

(7.5.60)

Z = sin , C = cos
Z
C

C
Z

(7.5.60)(7.5.59)

u
[ ] 0
= [ B]
{ } = [ S ]{ }

0 [ ]

(7.5.61)

ui


{ } = i
u j
j

(7.5.62)

25

[ ] 0
S = [ B]
= [[ I ] [ ] [ I ] [ ]]
0 [ ]
Z C Z C [ A1 ]
=

=
C Z C Z [ A2 ]

[ A1 ] = ( Z

[ A2 ] = ( C

Z
C

(7.5.63)

C)

(7.5.64)

Z)

(7.5.65)

k
[ K ] = [ S ]T s
0

0
[ S ] = k s [ A1 ]T [ A1 ] + k H [ A2 ]T [ A2 ]

kH

(7.5.66)

kskHu

7.5.6

1.

& &
{& } = [C ep ]{&}

(7.5.67)

[Cep]2.5.18

g f T e
}{
} [C ]

[C ep ] = [C e ]
f T e g
{
} [C ]{
}+ A


[C e ]{

(7.5.68)

(7.5.68)[Ce]f g
g=fA

2.6.11 2.6.41

f = f ( p, q) = p(1 +

2
M2

) = p0

(7.5.69)

(1) pq
p pr
26

( 7.5.5) p pr
(2) p

(3) p
p

2.

p =

1 + 2 3

(7.5.70)

q = 1 3

(7.5.71)

2.6

f ( p, q ) = H ( p )

(7.5.72)

H ( p ) = p0 exp(

p
)

(7.5.73)

dp dq

df =

f
f
H
1
dp +
dq =
d (v p ) =
f d (v p )
p
q
(v p )

(7.5.74)

d ( P ) = (1 + e)d P = (1 + e)d

f
p

(7.5.75)

27


A=

df
1+ e
f
=
f
d k
p

(7.5.76)

d e ln p
7.5.69

f
q2 1
= 1 2 2
p
M p

(7.5.77)

f
2q
=
q M 2 p

(7.5.78)

,
{&}T = (&v , & s )

(7.5.79)

{& }T = ( p& , q& )

(7.5.80)

& v & s q p (7.5.68)[Ce]

B 0
[C e ] =

0 G

(7.5.81)

B G

p 1
= 3
q 1

2
1
3

1 3

(7.5.82)

2
2 1
3
3

(7.5.83)

v 1
= 2
s 3

&
& 1
ep 1
= [Ct ] &
& 3
3

(7.5.84)

1
1

3 [C ep ] 2
[Ctep ] =

1
3
1
3

2
2

3

(7.5.85)

28

 (&3 = &2 = 0)

7.1 7.2
M pr c

M=

6sin
3 sin

(7.5.86)

c
tan

(7.5.87)

Pr =

7.3
7.5.6 7.5.9
7.1
3

1- 3

(kPa)

(kPa)

p-
v

(kPa)

p0

p0

p0 avg

(kPa)

(kPa)

(kPa)

p ' = 3 +

1 3

250

0.01

283

0.601

310

110

255

0.0414

500

420

0.017

640

0.543

647

147

573

0.119

800

690

0.022

1030

0.593

1034

234

917

0.154

p0 avg =

p0 + 3

p0 avg
p0

(1 + e )
i

31- 3 v

7.2

p-

Ei
(kPa)

p
(kPa)

B
(kPa)

2250

200

14944

0.475

3600

500

77572

0.492

5000

800

188457

0.495

p = 3

B=

1 + ei

1
2

e
ln p '

0.8e

1 + 2k 0
ln v

p'

= 0.9min
= 0.1nc

Ei
6B

ei = 0.787

29

= 0.03

p '+ pr

p0 = 1 + 2 ( p '+ pr ) pr
M
p0 = p0 3
2

200

1 3

7.3

Sr(%)

(kN/m )

16.3

15.5

pr
(kPa)

87.64

90.0

2.77

2.73

0.787

0.674

0.571

0.664

136.2

586.8

p0

(kPa)

0.001

0.009

(kPa)

283

0.020

200

0.374

640

0.030

500

0.419

1030

0.038

800

0.430

822

0.034

400

0.254

1380

0.046

800

0.264

1956

0.047

1200

0.303

30

31


(5.68)

(7.5.67)

3.

{& }T = (& x , & y , & xy )

(7.5.88)

{& } T = (& x , & y , & xy )

(7.5.89)

(7.5.68)[Ce]

1
E
e

[C ] =
1
(1 + )(1 2 )
0
0

0
0

1

2

(7.5.90)

E
(7.5.68)[Cep] {

f p

x x
f p
y y
f = p

z z
f p

xy xy

q
x

q
y f
q p

z
q

xy

f
}

(7.5.91)

32

1
p = ( x + y + z )
3

(7.5.92)

q = 3 J 2

(7.5.93)

1
J 2 = {( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( z x ) 2 + 6 xy2 + 6 yz2 + 6 zx2 }
6

(7.5.94)

(7.5.91)

f
1 2 i j k 1 q 2
]
= +[

3 M 2 p2
i 3
M 2 p

(7.5.95)

i=x, y, z i x jk yz

f
6
=
xy
xy p M 2

(7.5.96)

A CON2D
(7.5.68) CAMCLY

7.6 :
7.6.1
{W}

(7.2.19)

{}T ([k ]{}h) = 0

(7.6.1)

(7.2.21)(7.2.22)

= 3 +7

(7.6.2)

[k 2 ]{ } = {P2 }

(7.6.3)

7.6.2
1.

33

(7.2.1)(7.2.14){}{}
{}{}[C]

= 1 + 5 + 6

(7.6.4)

(7.3.2)1{}{0}
(7.4.29)

[k1 ]{&} = [ P&1 ] [ M& 2 ]

2.

(7.6.5)

(1)

1000

FEADAM
DuncanChang
(2)

E
E

= 0.49

E=

(7.6.6)

1.5E
1+

(7.6.7)

7.6.6 G' = G

G=

E
E
G' =
2(1 + )
2(1 + )

(7.6.8)

(7.6.7)0

1 3 K = 1
3
mv

Ko
1 + Ko

(7.6.9)

34

K=

E
3(1 2 )

(7.6.10)

E=

1 (1 + 2 K o )(1 K o )
]
[
mv
1+ K o

(7.6.11)

K0 3

1 sin

(7.6.12)

(3)
DuncanChang2.5.27.6.1

DuncanChang FEADAM

(1) 3<00.1pa
K E=0.1KEK
1/10
(2) q / q f 0.950.95
(3) 3E13/pa<0.13/pa=0.1
(4) Kmin

35

 2 sin
K min = ( Et / 3)

sin

> 2.3o

< 2.3o

K min = 17 E t

7.6.3
1.

(7.2.19) {a}

{ } & v
t

d = m d m = m d ( m u )
m m mv m

{a}T

V
u
h

= mv
= mv
{ } =
t
t
t
t

(7.6.13)

(7.2.19)

{}T ([k ]{}h) = ( mv +

h
)
Q t

(7.6.14)

2h 2h
cv
+
2
x2
x

h
=
t

(7.6.15)

)/k

(7.6.16)

cv = ( mv +

cv =

mv

(7.6.17)

Wilson
Q

36

{}T ([k ]{}u ) = mv

u
t

(7.6.18)

{}T [k ]{}u e = mv

ue
t

(7.6.19)

7.4 (7.6.14)(7.6.18)(7.6.19)(7.6.18)
(7.6.14)(7.6.19){M3}
(7.6.18)(7.6.18)
(0t)

{}T [k ]{} u mv (u u 0 ) = 0

(7.6.20)

(7.4.47)
(7.6.18)(7.6.19)(7.4.47)

q = {}T u [k ]{n} { g1} [k ]{n}

T

(7.6.21)

(7.6.20)(7.6.21)

(u ) = 3 + 4 + 7 + 8

(7.6.22)

3 =

1
{}T u [k ] {}udv
2 v

(7.6.23)

4 =

1
mv u (u 2u 0 )dv
2 v

(7.6.24)

7 = q uds

(7.6.25)

8 = {}T u [k ] {g1 }dv

(7.6.26)

s4

u m {P} (u){P}

[k 2 ] {u} + mv [k 4 ]{u} = mv [k 4 ]{u 0 } [ M 3 ] [ P2 ]

2.

(7.6.27)

Skempton

u = B[ 3 + A( 1 3 )]

(7.6.28)
37

1
p = ( 1 + 2 3 )
3

(7.6.29)

q = 1 3

(7.6.30)

B=1,

p = p u = A ( 1 3 )
3

(7.6.31)

p =

K s V
V

(7.6.32)

A=1/33.5.11
A

A=

1
+
3

f f

K S
p q
f

A + K S
p

A B

7.7
Duncan
CON2D

7.7.1
1
7.7.1(a) 7.7.1 (b)
7.7.1 CON2D

38

7.7.2

Seep 7.7.2 k = 0.001 m/day

H = 57.0 m Seep 7.7.3
Seep 7.7.4 B
39

AB 7.7.4
A 57.0m t
CON2D Seep

40

 7.7.5 7.7.7 t = 1 t = 10 t =
7.7.7 7.7.3

7.7.2 H = 57.0 m 7.7.2

CON2D
t = 7.7.8

41

42

7.7.3 [18]
130km
154m
7.7.9

7.7.9
9092%

43

- E-B
7.5.6

7.7.10 679
1000 2605 74

44

1.

5
7.7.11 7.7.12

( 7.7.11)
105m 50
90m
50m
( 7.7.12)
6
6 E397E441E489E549
E577E628 7.7.10 7.7.13 6
45


7.7.11

7.7.13
2.5

2.
7.7.14 ( 250m )

2.14m
5
2.62m

3.
7.7.15 7.7.16

46

7.8
7.8.1

du

dv

a dx dx = u a a u dx dx

(7.8.1)

dx dv = dx dv + n ds
v

(7.8.2)

47

dy dv = dy dv + n ds
v

(7.8.3)

xy s

[ ] nxny s

1 {}T=(12)

{ } {}dv = {} { }dv + { } {n}ds

(7.8.4)

{}T = ,
x y

(7.8.5)

{n}T = (n x , n y )

(7.8.6)

{ }T = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) { }T = (1 , 2 )

{ }

[ ]T { }dv = ([ ]{ }) T { }dv + ([N]{ }) T { }ds

v

(7.8.7)

[ ] =

nx

[ N ]=
0

0
ny

(7.8.8)

ny

nx

(7.8.9)

7.8.2
u x t
t

u = u ( x, t ) ( x, )d

(7.8.10)

t0

[]

48

(1) u u
(2) u 0u00
(3) u u u
(4) u u u

[ C ] = [ A] [ B ]

(7.8.11)

Cij = aim bmj

(7.8.12)

m =1

Cab [C][A][B]M [A][B]

49

1. 1990
2. 2000
3. Sandhu, R. S. and Wilson, P. E. L. (1969), Finite element analysis of seepage in elastic media, J.
Engr. Mechs. Div., ASCE, 95.pp641-652.
4. Hwang, C. T., Morgenstern, N. R. and Marry, D.W. (1971), On solutions of plane strain
consolidation problems by finite element method, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 8,
No.1.p109.
5. Hwang, T. (1970), plane strain consolidation program by finite element method, University of
Alberta.
6. Eisenstein, Z and Krishnayya A. V, G. Law T. C (1976), Analysis of consolidation in cores of earth
dams, Numerical methods in geomechanics, Vol.2.p1089-1105.
7. Wang, C. and Duncan (1977), Analysis of consolidation of earth and rockfill dams, Report No.
TE77-3, University. Of California, Berkeley.
8. Krishnayya, A. V. G (1973), finite element consolidation program for two dimensional problems
(FECP 2D), University of Alberta.
9. Wilson, E. L. and Nickell, R. E (1966), Application of the finite element method for heat
conduction analysis, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 4, 1966.
10. 1985
11. Biot, M.A,(1955), Theory of elasticity and Consolidation for a porous anisotropic solid,
Journal of applied physics 26, pp182-185.
12. Bathe, K and Wilson, E. L (1976), Numerical methods in finite element analysis, prentice-Hall,
Inc. Pp. 149-150.
13. Goodman, R. E, Taylor, R. L and Brekke, T. L (1968), A model for the mechanics of jointed
rock, Journal of soil mechanics and Foundations Division, May, SM3, pp637-658.
14. Duncan, J. M et. Al. (1981), CON2D: A finite element computer program for analysis of
consolidation, Report No. VCB1GT/81-01, university of California, Berkeley.
15. Taylor, R. t. (1968)Axisymmetric and plane flow in porous media, University of California.
16. Taylor, R. L. and Brown, C. B. (1967), Darcy flow solutions with free surface, Proc. ASCE, J:
Hydraulic Div. 93, Hy2, 25-33.
17. 1987
6
18.
GE-2000-3-0142000 4
19. Hird C. C., Pyrah I. C. and Russell D. 1992. Finite element modelling of vertical drains beneath
embankments on soft ground. Geotechnique 42 No. 3, pp499-511.
20. Indraratna,B. and Redana, I. W. 1995. Plain strain modelling of smear effects associated with
vertical drains. J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE,123(5), 474-478.
21. 1998 No.6

22. Mikusinski, J.(1959), Operational Calculus

1964

50

1CAMCLYCON2D
CAMCLY
C***********************************************************************
C

SUBROUTINE

CAM C LY

C***********************************************************************
SUBROUTINE CAMCLY (EMPR,VOID,SIG,CEP,MTRIAX,PRINTR,KAPPA,POIS,
1 LAMDA,BLADE,PATM,NELAST,IFAIL,ITER,NUMMAT,IELEM)
IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H,O-Z)
DIMENSION SIG(4),DFDSIG(4),CE(4,4),DMATX(4,4),CEP(4,4),DD(4)
DIMENSION VOID(1),EMPR(NUMMAT,1)
REAL*8 MTRIAX,LAMDA,KAPPA
C----------------------------------------------------------------------C
C

COMPUTES THE PLASTIC STRESS-STRAIN MATRIX BASED ON THE

MODIFIED CAM-CLAY MODEL DEVELOPED BY CHANG AND DUNCAN (1983)

C
C

DICTIONARY

C
C

= FUNCTIONAL (PO)

CE

ELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MATRIX

CEP

ELASTIC-PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MATRIX

NELAST = 0 - FOR PLASTIC FLOW CONDITIONS (STRESS-STRAIN)

1 - FOR ENTIRELY ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN CONDITIONS

PPRIME

MTRIAX =

QDEV

YOUNG

POIS

IFAIL

= 0, ELASTIC CONDITIONS

=
= YOUNG'S MODULUS
POISSON'S RATIO

1, ON FAILURE SURFACE

2, ON YIELD CAP

= 12, AT INTERSECTION OF FAILURE SURFACE AND YIELD CAP

3, TENSILE FAILURE

C----------------------------------------------------------------------PPRIME = ( SIG(1) + SIG(2) + SIG(3) ) / 3.0

QDEV = DSQRT( 0.5 * ( (SIG(1)-SIG(2))**2 + (SIG(2)-SIG(3))**2 +
1 (SIG(3)-SIG(1))**2 + 6.0 * SIG(4)**2 ) )
SIGX = SIG(1)
SIGY = SIG(2)
SIGZ

= SIG(3)

TAUXY = SIG(4)
RATIO = ( (QDEV / (PPRIME + PRINTR)) / MTRIAX )**2
F

= ( 1.0 + RATIO ) * (PPRIME + PRINTR) - PRINTR

C
IF (IFAIL.EQ.3) GO TO 5
51

CALL FAIL (SIGX,SIGY,SIGZ,TAUXY,MTRIAX,PRINTR,IFAIL)

C
IF (IFAIL.EQ.0 .AND. NELAST.EQ.0) IFAIL = 2
IF (IFAIL.EQ.1 .AND. NELAST.EQ.0) IFAIL = 12
C
C

FORM

E LAS T I C

STRESS-STRAIN

MAT R I X

C
BULK = (1. + VOID(IELEM)) * PPRIME / KAPPA
IF (IFAIL.EQ.1 .OR. IFAIL.EQ.12) BULK = BULK/50.
YOUNG = 3.0 * BULK * (1.0 - 2.0 * POIS)
5 IF (IFAIL.EQ.3) THEN
BULK = BULK/50.
POIS = 0.33
YOUNG = 3.0 * BULK * (1.0 - 2.0 * POIS)
END IF
CALL ELAST(YOUNG,POIS,CE)
DO 20 I = 1,4
DO 10 J = 1,4
CEP(I,J) = CE(I,J)
10

CONTINUE

20 CONTINUE
IF (BULK.LT.100000.0) THEN
IF (ITER.EQ.1) PRINT 6000, IELEM,QDEV,PPRIME,F,MTRIAX,BULK,POIS,
1

LAMDA,VOID(IELEM),BLADE,IFAIL,IELEM
IF (ITER.EQ.2) PRINT 6000, IELEM,QDEV,PPRIME,F,MTRIAX,BULK,POIS,

LAMDA,VOID(IELEM),BLADE,IFAIL,IELEM

ELSE
IF (ITER.EQ.1) PRINT 6010, IELEM,QDEV,PPRIME,F,MTRIAX,BULK,POIS,
1

LAMDA,VOID(IELEM),BLADE,IFAIL,IELEM
IF (ITER.EQ.2) PRINT 6010, IELEM,QDEV,PPRIME,F,MTRIAX,BULK,POIS,

LAMDA,VOID(IELEM),BLADE,IFAIL,IELEM

END IF
IF (NELAST.EQ.1) RETURN
IF (IFAIL.EQ.3) RETURN
C
C
C

FIND

PAR T IAL
SIG1,

OF PO

SIG2,

SIG3,

WITH RESPECT
AND

TO

TAU XY

C
X = PPRIME + PRINTR
XX = QDEV * QDEV / 3.0
XXX = MTRIAX**2 * (PPRIME + PRINTR)**2
DFDSIG(1) = 0.33333 + (X * (2.0 * SIGX - SIGY - SIGZ) - XX) / XXX
DFDSIG(2) = 0.33333 + (X * (2.0 * SIGY - SIGX - SIGZ) - XX) / XXX
DFDSIG(3) = 0.33333 + (X * (2.0 * SIGZ - SIGX - SIGY) - XX) / XXX
DFDSIG(4) = 6.0 * TAUXY / (MTRIAX**2 * X)
52

C
B = ( 1. + VOID(IELEM) ) * (DFDSIG(1) + DFDSIG(2) + DFDSIG(3)) * F
B = B / (KAPPA - LAMDA)
C
C

FORM

PLAS T I C

STRESS-STRAIN

MAT R I X

C
DO 40 I = 1,4
TEMP = 0.0D0
DO 30 J = 1,4
TEMP = TEMP + CE(I,J) * DFDSIG(J)
30

CONTINUE
DD(I) = TEMP

40 CONTINUE
DO 60 I = 1,4
DO 50 J = 1,4
DMATX(I,J) = DD(I) * DD(J)
50

CONTINUE

60 CONTINUE
A = 0.0
DO 70 I = 1,4
A = A + DFDSIG(I) * DD(I)
70 CONTINUE
DENOM = A - B
C
C

COMBINE

PAR T S

OF

E LAS T I C

THE

AND

PLAS T I C

STRESS-STRAIN

MAT R I X

C
DO 90 I = 1,4
DO 80 J = 1,4
DMATX(I,J) = DMATX(I,J) / DENOM
CEP(I,J) = CE(I,J) - DMATX(I,J)
80

CONTINUE

90 CONTINUE
6000 FORMAT (I10,6F10.3,F13.5,F9.3,F8.3,I8,I10)
6010 FORMAT (I10,4F10.3,D10.3,F10.3,F13.5,F9.3,F8.3,I8,I10)
RETURN
END

2ADDSTFCON2D
ADDSTF BRSTIFLKSTIF BMSTIF
BAR ELEMENT LINKAGE ELEMENT BEAM
53

ELEMENT
1
ID
NOMN

NPSWP
GSTIFF
ELSTIF
NUME

NEQB
NE2B
MBAN

NEQB

NUML

NUMN

NBLOC

LN
NLAY
NUMS

NEWL

0-1-

NBREL

NUMB

NBRCA

NLKEL

NLKM

NUMC

NBMEL

NBMM

NBMC

NUMN

2
IPP
NPRIN

1 0
0 >0 NPRINT

D
D
PT
K

WP
AY
T
R
L
T
AT
LK
T
AT
AL
P

NSTGP

RN
54

NUMA
PN

I
J

NAPN
PAPN
NSETS
IINODE
JJNOD
E

LM
SFAC

3
PROPB

INPBR
STBTO

BRAN

T
G

-1 0 1

BRLEN
LKODE
B
LBARC
BARW
T

LBRR
M

1 -1
-2

MBRR
M

http://www.geoeng.iwhr.com/geoeng/Chenzuyu/index.htm
C************************************************************************************
SUBROUTINE ADDSTF (ID, NOMNP, NPSWP, GSTIFF,
1

NUMEL, NEQB, NE2B, NBLOCK, MBAND, NUMLD, LN, NUMNPT, NLAY, NUMSWP,

NBRELT, NBRCAL, NEWLAY, NLKELT, NLKMAT, NBMELT, NBMCAL, NUMNP)

C*************************************************************************************

IMPLICIT REAL(8) (A-H, O-Z)

REAL(8) LKANG, LKLEN
REAL(8) INPBR, INPBM, ID, NOMNP, NPSWP
COMMON /CONTROL/ IPP, NPRINT, NSTGPRN(100)
COMMON /APP/NUMAPN, NAPN(200), PAPN(200)
COMMON /EQVPN/ NSETS, IINODE(200), JJNODE(200)
COMMON /BAR/ PROPBR(20, 4), INPBR(1000, 3), STBTOT(1000), BRANG(1000),
&

BRLEN(1000),LKODEB(1000),LBARC(1000),BARWT(1000,2),LBRRM(1000), MBRRM(1000)
55

COMMON /HLINK/ PROPLK(20, 4), INPLK( 500, 3), STRSLK( 500, 2),
&

LKANG( 500), LKLEN( 500), LKODE( 500), LINKC( 500), LLKRM( 500), MLKRM( 500)
COMMON /BEAM/ PROPBM(20, 8), INPBM(1000, 5), STBMTOT(1000, 5),

&

BMANG(1000), BMLEN(1000), LKODBM(1000), LBEAMC(1000),

&

BEAMWT(1000, 2), DXOLEN(1000), DYOLEN(1000), LBMRM(1000), MBMRM(1000)

DIMENSION ELSTIF(24, 24)

DIMENSION GSTIFF(NE2B, MBAND)
DIMENSION NOMNP(NUMLD, 4), ID(NUMNPT, 4), LM(24)
DIMENSION NPSWP(NUMSWP)
DIMENSION SMATX(4, 4), SA(2, 4), BSMATX(6, 6), FDMATX(5, 6)

NEQB+1

DBLE(NBLOCK)

MB

DSQRT(X)

MB

MB/2 + 1

NEBB

MB * NE2B

MCOUNT = 1
NSHIFT =

REWIND 18

DO 500 MBLOCK = 1, NBLOCK, 2

KEYB = 0
IF (NBRELT.GT.0) KEYB = 1
KEYL = 0
IF (NLKELT.GT.0) KEYL = 1
KEYBM = 0
IF (NBMELT.GT.0) KEYBM =1
DO 110 I = 1, NE2B
DO 100 J = 1, MBAND
GSTIFF(I, J) = 0.0D0
100
110

CONTINUE
CONTINUE
REWIND 13
REWIND 17
NA

= 17

NUME = NUM3
IF (MCOUNT .NE. 1) GO TO 150

13
140

NA

= 13

NUME =

NUMEL

NUM3 =

OPEN (28, FILE='ELSTIF.OUT', STATUS='UNKNOWN', FORM='UNFORMATTED')

150

DO 300 N = 1, NUME

IF (NA.LT.45) THEN
56

READ(NA) ND, (LM(I), I=1, ND), ((ELSTIF(I, J), J=1, ND), I=1, ND)
ELSE
IF (NBRELT.GT.0 .AND. NA.EQ.50.AND.LKODEB(N).EQ.0) THEN

CALL BRSTIF(ID, SMATX, SA, LM, NUMNPT, NBRELT, N)

ND = 4
SFAC=1.0D0
IF (MBRRM(N).LT.0) SFAC=0.00001
DO 156 IELEM = 1, 4
DO 154 JELEM = 1, 4
ELSTIF(IELEM, JELEM) = SMATX(IELEM, JELEM)*SFAC
154

CONTINUE

156

CONTINUE
END IF
IF (NLKELT.GT.0.AND.NA.GE.100.AND.LKODE(N).GE.0) THEN !
CALL LKSTIF(ID, SMATX, SA, LM, NUMNPT, NLKELT, NLKMAT, N)
ND = 4
SFAC=1.0D0
IF (MLKRM(N).LT.0) SFAC=0.00001
DO 170 IELEM = 1, 4
DO 160 JELEM = 1, 4
ELSTIF(IELEM, JELEM) = SMATX(IELEM, JELEM)*SFAC

160

CONTINUE

170

CONTINUE
END IF
IF (NBMELT.GT.0.AND.NA.EQ.75.AND.LKODBM(N).EQ.0) THEN !
CALL BMSTIF(ID, BSMATX, FDMATX, LM, NUMNPT, NBMELT, N)
ND=6
SFAC=1.0D0
IF (MBMRM(N).LT.0) SFAC=0.00001
DO 176 IELEM = 1, 6
DO 174 JELEM = 1, 6
ELSTIF(IELEM, JELEM)=BSMATX(IELEM, JELEM)*SFAC

174

CONTINUE

176

CONTINUE
END IF
END IF

IF (NA.EQ.50.AND.LKODEB(N).LT.0) GO TO 300
IF (NA.EQ.101.AND.LKODE(N).LT.0) GO TO 300
IF (NA.EQ.75.AND.LKODBM(N).LT.0) GO TO 300
WRITE (28) ND
WRITE (28)((ELSTIF(III, JJJ), JJJ=1, ND), III=1, ND)

5003

FORMAT (1E14.5)

5002

FORMAT (/, 'ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX, ND=', I5)

57

DO 220 I=1, ND
LMN=1-LM(I)
II=LM(I)-NSHIFT
IF (II .LE. 0 .OR. II .GT. NE2B) GO TO 220
DO 200 J=1, ND
JJ=LM(J)+LMN
IF (JJ .LE. 0) GO TO 200
GSTIFF(II, JJ) = GSTIFF(II, JJ) + ELSTIF(I, J)
200
220

CONTINUE
CONTINUE

17

IF (MCOUNT .GT. 1) GO TO 300

DO 250 I=1, ND
II=LM(I) - NSHIFT
IF (II .GT. NE2B .AND. II .LE. NEBB) GO TO 260
250

CONTINUE
GO TO 300

260

WRITE(17) ND, (LM(I), I=1, ND), ((ELSTIF(I, J), J=1, ND), I=1, ND)
NUM3 = NUM3 + 1

300

CONTINUE
IF (NA.EQ.17) GO TO 310

IF (KEYB.EQ.1 .OR. KEYL.EQ.1 .OR. KEYBM.EQ.1) THEN

IF (KEYB.EQ.1) THEN
KEYB = 0
NA

= 50

NUME = NBRELT
GO TO 150
END IF
IF (KEYL.EQ.1) THEN
KEYL = 0
NA

= 101

NUME = NLKELT
GO TO 150
END IF
IF (KEYBM.EQ.1) THEN
KEYBM = 0
NA

= 75

NUME = NBMELT
GO TO 150
END IF
END IF
310

CONTINUE

58

IF (NUMSWP.EQ.0) GO TO 370
DO 360 I=1, NE2B
NEQD=I+NSHIFT
DO 350 NPF=1, NUMSWP
NPT=NPSWP(NPF)

II=ID(NPT, 3)

IF(II.NE.NEQD .OR. II.EQ.0) GO TO 350

GSTIFF(I, 1)=1.0D+20
350
360
370

CONTINUE
CONTINUE
CONTINUE

IF (NUMAPN.GT.0) THEN
DO 361 I=1, NE2B
NEQD=I+NSHIFT
DO 351 NPF=1, NUMAPN
NPT=NAPN(NPF)
II=ID(NPT, 3)
IF(II.NE.NEQD .OR. II.EQ.0) GO TO 351
GSTIFF(I, 1)=1.0D+20
351
361

CONTINUE
CONTINUE
ENDIF
IF (LN.LE.NLAY) THEN
NN1=NOMNP(LN, 3)
IF(NN1.EQ.0) GO TO 430
NN2=NOMNP(LN, 4)
DO 420 I=1, NE2B
NEQD=I+NSHIFT
DO 410 NPT=NN1, NN2
II=ID(NPT, 3)
IF(II.EQ.0) GO TO 410
IF(II.EQ.NEQD) GSTIFF(I, 1)=1.0D+20

410
420

CONTINUE
CONTINUE
END IF

430

CONTINUE

IF(NSETS.EQ.0) GOTO

199

MAXFRD=0
DO I=1, NUMNP
N3=ID(I, 3)
IF(N3.GT.0 .AND. N3.GT.MAXFRD) MAXFRD=N3
ENDDO
CO=1.0D+12
59

DO 198 ISET=1, NSETS

IAPOS=ID(IINODE(ISET), 3)
JAPOS=ID(JJNODE(ISET), 3)
IF(IAPOS.EQ.JAPOS) THEN
WRITE(90, *) 'ERROR! IAPOS=JAPOS IS NOT ALLOWED'
STOP
ENDIF
IF(IAPOS.GT.JAPOS) THEN
DD=IAPOS
IAPOS=JAPOS
JAPOS=DD
ENDIF
IF(JAPOS.LE.MAXFRD) THEN
NCOL = JAPOS-IAPOS+1
GSTIFF(IAPOS, 1) =

GSTIFF(IAPOS, 1)+CO

GSTIFF(JAPOS, 1) =

GSTIFF(JAPOS, 1)+CO

GSTIFF(IAPOS, NCOL) = GSTIFF(IAPOS, NCOL)-CO

ENDIF
198

CONTINUE

199

CONTINUE
WRITE (18) ((GSTIFF(I, J), I=1, NEQB), J=1, MBAND)
IF (MBLOCK .EQ. NBLOCK) GO TO 500
WRITE (18) ((GSTIFF(I, J), I=K, NE2B), J=1, MBAND)
IF (MCOUNT.EQ.MB) MCOUNT=0
MCOUNT=MCOUNT+1
NSHIFT=NSHIFT+NE2B

500

CONTINUE
CLOSE (28, STATUS='KEEP')
RETURN
END

60