( Acoustics )

( science of sound )
( Ambient Noise )

( background noise )
( Audible Frequency Range )

2020000Hz

( Background Noise )

ISOANSIambient noise background noise

( Broad Band Noise )

( bel )
dB
bel
1 bel 10 dB
( DecibeldB )
10 log( )
dB
( Frequency )
( ) ( cycles per
secondcps )( HertzHz ) 1 Hz 1 cps
( Frequency Spectrum )

( Narrow Band Noise )

( 11 or 13 octave band )

( Noise )

:
""""
( Octave Bands 11 Octave Bands )
( fu )

20080808.doc

1 18

PME5361-ch1-

 ( fl ) ( center
frequency ) fc fc fc fl fu
( nominal value ) Do(), Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, Si, Do(),
Do Do (octave), octave band

13 ( One-Third Octave Bands )

21/ 3 ( 1.26 ) 13 1/1 1/3

(constant
proportional bandwidth) 1/3 11
(Narrow Band) (basilar
membrane) 1
3 11
( Particle Velocity )
( )
( Peak Value of Sound Pressure )

( Peak Sound Level )

( dB ) L peak L peak
L peak

L peak

L peak

50s ( IEC 651 ) L peak

()

)
( Period )

( Pink Noise )
( constant proportional bandwidth )
11 13
( constant bandwidth )
( Preferred Frequencies )
13( ANSI S1.6 ) ( ISO
266) ( )
1/ 2

1.4142( 2
1/ 6

)0.7071 ( 2

1/ 2

)13

1/ 6

N /10

1.12( 2
)0.89( 2
)10

N 132020000Hz
N N144330 13

20080808.doc

2 18

PME5361-ch1-

1/1 1/3

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

(nominal
center
frequency)
20
25
31.5
40
50
63
80
100
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
5000
6300
8000
10000
12500
16000
20000

()
(preferred
frequency)
Hz
19.95262
25.11886
31.62278
39.81072
50.11872
63.09573
79.43282
100.0000
125.8925
158.4893
199.5262
251.1886
316.2278
398.1072
501.1872
630.9573
794.3282
1000.000
1258.925
1584.893
1995.262
2511.886
3162.278
3981.072
5011.872
6309.573
7943.282
10000.00
12589.25
15848.93
19956.26

1/3
(--)
Hz
17.8 -- 22.4
22.4 -- 28.2
28.2 -- 35.5
35.5 -- 44.7
44.7 -- 56.2
56.2 -- 70.8
70.8 -- 89.1
89.1 -- 112
112 -- 141
141 -- 178
178 -- 224
224 -- 282
282 -- 355
355 -- 447
447 -- 562
562 -- 708
708 -- 891
891 --1120
1120 -- 1410
1410 -- 1780
1780 -- 2240
2240 -- 2820
2820 -- 3550
3550 -- 4470
4470 -- 5620
5620 -- 7080
7080 -- 8910
8910 -- 11200
11.2 -- 14.1k
14.1 -- 17.8k
17.8 -- 22.4k

1/1
(--)
Hz

22.4 -- 44.7

44.7 -- 89.1

89.1 -- 178

178 -- 355

355 -- 708

708 -- 1410

1410 -- 2820

2820 -- 5620

5.62 -- 11.2k

11.2 -- 22.4k

( Pure Tone )

( root-mean-square value )rms.

P(t)

Prms [

1 T 2
P (t )dt ]1/ 2

0
T

Prms
T
( effective value )
( Sound )

2020000Hz 1000Hz

20080808.doc

2 10 5 Pa 0 dB
3 18

PME5361-ch1-

( Sound Receiver )

( Sound Intensity )

( Sound Intensity Level )

( dB )

LI 10 log I / Iref
LI dB

/ m2
12
2
Iref 10 W / m

IW

( Sound Power )
( Watts )

()
( Sound Power Level )Lw

LW 10 log(W / Wref ) dB
= 10 log W 120 dB
12
Wref 10
watts
W
( bel ) 1 bel10 dBLwlog W12 bel
( Sound Pressure )

( Instantaneous Sound Pressure )P(t)

( Sound Pressure Level )Lp

L p 10 log( P / Pref )2 20 log( P / Pref )

Pref

2 10 5 N / m2 ( rms )

P( rms )
( level )
11 13( 11 or 13 octave Band Sound Level )
11 13
( )( Source Room )
( )
( )( Sound Source )

( Sound Wave )

( Speed of Sound )

( Speed of Sound in Air )

C331.4( 1T273 )12 msec
T
C( msec ) 0 C331.4 msec 20C343 msec
C5500 msecC

20080808.doc

4 18

PME5361-ch1-

1500 msec
( Static Pressure )
105 N
1.013105 N
( Steady Sound )

3dB
( Unsteady Sound )

( Structure Borne Noise )

( Threshold of Hearing )

( Loudness )
4000Hz
4000Hz 4000Hz
( Wavelength )

( White Noise )
( Constant Bandwidth )

20080808.doc

5 18

PME5361-ch1-

()

Ii
It
Ir

Ia
( Anechoic Room )

( Diffuse Field )

( Directivity Index )

( Divergence )

( Far Field )

( Free Field )
6dB

IP2C
( C )
LILP10 log 400C
C415 mks rayls( 1.21 kgm3C343 m
sT20 )
LILP0.16 dB
( Inverse Square Law )

6dB

Lp2Lp120 log R2R1

Lp1 1
Lp2 2
R1 1
R2 2
( Near Field )

20080808.doc

6 18

PME5361-ch1-

( Direct Sound )( Incidence of Sound )

( Inverse Square Law )

( Reflected Sound )( Reflection of Sound )

( ) ( Reverberant Sound )

( Refraction of Sound )

( )( )

( Diffraction of Sound )

( )
( )

( Transmission of Sound )

( Reverberation Room )

( standing Wave )

20080808.doc

7 18

PME5361-ch1-


( Absorptive Materials )

( Insulation Materials )

( Absorption Coefficient )
1 ( Ir )( Ii )
1IrIi

0 1 0
1
(1) ( Normal Incidence Absorption Coefficient )
( standing wave tube )
ASTM C384
(2) ( Random Incidence Absorption Coefficient )
ASTM C423ISO 354

( Cut-off Frequency )
0.99 0.99
0.99
NRC( Noise Reduction Coefficient )
250Hz500Hz1000Hz 2000Hz
0.05
NRC( 25050010002000 )4
NRC NRC
NRC
( Transmission Coefficient )
0 1
0 1

ItIi

Ii It
Ir

Ii
Ir
It
(
)
( Transmission LossTL )
10 log(1/)
TL10 log 1/10 log IiIt
TL0
( Transmission Loss of Composite Walls )
TLc

20080808.doc

8 18

PME5361-ch1-

TLc10 log 1/c

C ST 1S1 2 S2 3S3 N S N

TLc
c
Si i i1,2,3....,N
i i
STST S1S2S3......SN
STC( Sound Transmission Class )
dB
ASTM E90 ASTM E413
STC
( Insertion Loss of SoundIL )

IL
( Insertion LossIL )LpoLp1

Lpo

Lp1

( Noise ReductionNR )
(
)
NRLp1Lp2

Lp1

Lp2

( Average Room Absorption Coefficient )

( Room Absorption )
( Ai )
AAiSiiSiST

Ametric Sabins
AiSii i
Si i ( )
i i
ST

( Reverberation Time )

20080808.doc

9 18

PME5361-ch1-

 60dB

T600.161( VmAm )

T60sec
Vmm3
Am metric Sabins( )
NR ( Noise Rating Curve )
A
NR ISO
NR 11 NR
NR NR NR

NC ( Noise Criteria Curve )

NC NR
NR NR
SIL( Speech Interference Level )

500Hz1000Hz2000Hz 4000Hz 11
11

SIL( L500L1000L2000L4000 )4
dB

20080808.doc

10 18

PME5361-ch1-


( Equal Loudness Contours )
1825

1000Hz
1000Hz 1000Hz
phon
1000Hz
phon40 1000Hz Lp40dB
100Hz Lp52dB 4000Hz Lp33dB

4000Hz4000Hz

ISO 226
Sone( unit of Loudness )
( )
10dB( )
sone
( P40 )10
S2

Ssone
Pphon
ISO 532

A ( A-Weighting Curve )

phon40 AA
IEC 61672B C
phon70 phon100B
IEC 61672DISO 7196

A ( A-Weighted Sound Level )

AdB( A )

20080808.doc

11 18

PME5361-ch1-

Frequency Weighting: A, B, C, B, F
20

corrections (dB)

-20

A
-40
B
C
D

-60

-80

12
5
25
0
50
0
10
00
20
00
40
00
80
00
16
00
0

63

31
.5

16

-100

Frequency (Hz)

20080808.doc

12 18

PME5361-ch1-

A,B,C,D,G

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

() 1/3
(--)
(nominal

(preferred
Hz
center
frequency) frequency)
Hz
1
1
0.891 1.12
1.25
1.258925
1.12 1.41
1.6
1.584893
1.41 1.78
2.0
1.995262
1.78 2.24
2.5
2.511886
2.24 2.82
3.15
3.162278
2.82 3.55
4
3.981072
3.55 4.47
5
5.011872
4.47 5.62
6.3
6.309573
5.62 7.08
8
7.943282
7.08 8.91
10
10
8.91 11.2
12.5
12.58925
11.2 14.1
16
15.84893
14.1 17.8
20
19.95262 17.8 -- 22.4
25
25.11886 22.4 -- 28.2
31.5
31.62278 28.2 -- 35.5
40
39.81072 35.5 -- 44.7
50
50.11872 44.7 -- 56.2
63
63.09573 56.2 -- 70.8
80
79.43282 70.8 -- 89.1
100
100.0000
89.1 -- 112
125
125.8925
112 -- 141
160
158.4893
141 -- 178
200
199.5262
178 -- 224
250
251.1886
224 -- 282
315
316.2278
282 -- 355
400
398.1072
355 -- 447
500
501.1872
447 -- 562
630
630.9573
562 -- 708
800
794.3282
708 -- 891
1000
1000.000
891 --1120
1250
1258.925 1120 -- 1410
1600
1584.893 1410 -- 1780
2000
1995.262 1780 -- 2240
2500
2511.886 2240 -- 2820
3150
3162.278 2820 -- 3550
4000
3981.072 3550 -- 4470
5000
5011.872 4470 -- 5620
6300
6309.573 5620 -- 7080
8000
7943.282 7080 -- 8910
10000
10000.00 8910 -- 11200
12500
12589.25 11.2 -- 14.1k
16000
15848.93 14.1 -- 17.8k
20000
19956.26 17.8 -- 22.4k

20080808.doc

1/1
(--)
Hz

0.891 1.78

2.24 4.47

4.47 8.91

8.91 17.8

22.4 -- 44.7

44.7 -- 89.1

89.1 -- 178

178 -- 355

355 -- 708

708 -- 1410

1410 -- 2820

2820 -- 5620

5.62 -- 11.2k

11.2 -- 22.4k

13 18

-50.5
-44.7
-39.4
-34.6
-30.2
-26.2
-22.5
-19.1
-16.1
-13.4
-10.9
-8.6
-6.6
-4.8
-3.2
-1.9
-0.8
0
+0.6
+1.0
+1.2
+1.3
+1.2
+1.0
+0.5
-0.1
-1.1
-2.5
-4.3
-6.6
-9.3

-24.2
-20.2
-17.1
-14.2
-11.6
-9.3
-7.4
-5.6
-4.2
-3.0
-2.0
-1.3
-0.8
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0
0
0
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.4
-0.7
-1.2
-1.9
-2.9
-4.3
-6.1
-8.4
-11.1

-6.2
-4.4
-3.0
-2.0
-1.3
-0.8
-0.5
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.5
-0.8
-1.3
-2.0
-3.0
-4.4
-6.2
-8.5
-11.2

-20.65
-18.66
-16.68
-14.72
-12.77
-10.86
-9.00
-7.20
-5.52
-3.98
-2.65
-1.57
-0.80
-0.37
-0.28
-0.46
-0.61
0.00
2.00
4.92
7.92
10.36
11.55
11.13
9.59
7.62
5.53
3.44
1.37
-0.68
-2.71

PME5361-ch1-

-43.0
-37.5
-32.6
-28.3
-24.1
-20.0
-16.0
-12.0
-8.0
-4.0
0.0
4.0
7.7
9.0
3.7
-4.0
-12.0
-20.0
-28.0
-36.0
-44.0
-52.0
-60.0
-68.0
-76.0
-84.0

F( )( Fast Time Weighting )

AF
F( ) S( ) F
F
( 125ms )

1s
S( )( Slow Time Weighting )

S F( 1s )

10s

LAeqT ( Equivalent Continuous Sound Level )

LAeqT
LAeqT

L Aeq ,T 10 log

1 T
( PA (t ) / P0 ) 2 dt

0
T

Tsec
PA(t) A
Po( 20Pa )
T
IEC 804
SEL( Sound Exposure Level )
1 sec

SEL 10 log

1
T0

T2

T1

( PA (t ) / P0 ) 2 dt

PA(t)
Po
T2T1
To1 sec
Lx
Lx X Lx
L90 L95 L10 L5
Ld( Day average sound level )
7:0022:00 LAeqT
Ln( Night average sound level )
22:007:00 LAeqT
Ldn( Day-Night average sound level )
22:007:00 LAeqT 10dB 24
EPA
LNP (Noise Pollution Level)

20080808.doc

14 18

PME5361-ch1-

 LNP

LNP
LNPLAeqT K

LAeqT

K2.56 (NPL D.W. Robinson )

TNI (Traffic Noise Index)

24 A , TNI
TNI=4(L10 L90 )L90 30
(L10 L90 )""(noise climate)TNILNP

dBdB( dB....dB )

( dB )
1 dB 1 dB 2 dB
dBdB dBdB ( dB )

(1)

Lt 10 log 10

0.1 L Pi

i 1

Lt
Lpi i
(2)

Lt 10 log(10

0.1 L P1

10

0.1 L P2

) Lp2 L

L
Lp180, Lp285
Lp=Lp2Lp1=85-80=5
L1.2
LtLp2L85+1.2=86.2

20080808.doc

15 18

PME5361-ch1-

dB+dB
3
2. 5
2
1. 5
1
0. 5
0

( Lp)
(3) dB....dB
Lp2 Lp1 (Lp)10 dB,Lp1
Lp2Lp1Lp2
dBdB
( Ls )
LNLN
dBdB dB-dB

(1) LS 10 log(100.1LS N 100.1LN )

(2) LSLSNLL
LSN87, LN80
LpLSN=87-80=7
L1
LSLSNL871=86

6
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

( L)

dB-dB

( Lp)
LS LN LSNLS
LSNLN 3 dB
10 dB
( ISO 3745 )

20080808.doc

16 18

PME5361-ch1-

(L)
LS+N
-LN
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

ANSI ANSI ANSI CNS

S1.33 S1.34 S1.36 8753
*
*
*
*
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

ISO
2151

ISO
3741

ISO
3743

ISO
3744

ISO
3745

ISO
3746

ISO
4872

JIS
A8305

JIS
B8346

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3.0
3.0
*
*
*
*
*
3.0
*
2.0
2.0
*
*
2.0
*
*
2.0
*
2.0
2.0
2.0
*
2.0
*
*
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

* :
LS+N: ()

*
*
*
*
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

*
*
*
*
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

*
*
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

LN:
=(LS+N)
(L)
dB
Lp

1
(1) LP 10 log
N

10

0.1 L Pi

i 1

(2) LmaxLmin5 dB
1 N
LP 10
LP
N i 1 i
Lpi i

ANSI
S1.36

ISO
3746

ISO
4872

JIS
A8305

SAE
J1075

(m/s)

5.5

[1] Hassall, J. R., Zavveri, K. and Phil, M., "Acoustic Noise Measurement", Bruel & Kjael, Denmark,
5th. ed., June, 1988.
[2] Beranek, L. L., "Acoustics", Acoustical Society of America, New York, 1986.
[3] Beranek, L. L., "Acoustical Measurements", Acoustical Society of America, New York, 1988.

20080808.doc

17 18

PME5361-ch1-

[4] Hirschorn, Martin, "Noise Control Reference Handbook" 1989 ed., Industrial Acoustics Company,
New York.
ISO 14011409ASTM E90
ASTM C384
ISO 354ASTM C423
ISO 226ISO 454ISO 532

Acoustical Terminology, ANSI S1.1-1994 (R1999)

ANSI S1.4 SOUND LEVEL METERS
ANSI S1.43 SPECIFICATIONS FOR INTEGRATING-AVERAGING SOUND LEVEL METERS
IEC 61672 SOUND LEVEL METERS
OIML R 58 SOUND LEVEL METERS.
OIML R 88 INTEGRATING-AVERAGING SOUND LEVEL METERS

ISO 9613-1:1993 Acoustics -- Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors -Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere

ISO 9613-2:1996 Acoustics -- Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors -Part 2: General method of calculation

ISO 10847:1997 Acoustics -- In-situ determination of insertion loss of outdoor

noise barriers of all types

ANSI S12.8-1998 -- Methods for Determination of Insertion Loss of Outdoor Noise

Barriers

ANSI S12.18-1994 (R1999) -- Procedures for Outdoor Measurement of Sound Pressure

Level

ANSI S1.26 METHOD OF CALCULATION OF THE ABSORPTION OF SOUND BY THE ATMOSPHERE

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission
ANSI-American National Standards Institute
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials
CNS-Chinese National Standards (
JIS-Japanese Industrial Standards
GB-China National Standard Guobiao
BS- British Standards
CEN- European Committee for Standardization
DIN- Deutsches Institut fr Normung (
EN- European Standards
European Standards (EN) and drafts (prEN), as well as any other approved document
(Technical Specifications (CEN TS), Technical Reports (CEN TR) and CEN
Workshop Agreements (CWA),

20080808.doc

18 18

PME5361-ch1-