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    Algebra & Trigonometry II Essentials
    Algebra & Trigonometry II Essentials
    Algebra & Trigonometry II Essentials
    Ebook166 pages44 minutes

    Algebra & Trigonometry II Essentials

    By Editors of REA

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    About this ebook

    REA’s Essentials provide quick and easy access to critical information in a variety of different fields, ranging from the most basic to the most advanced. As its name implies, these concise, comprehensive study guides summarize the essentials of the field covered. Essentials are helpful when preparing for exams, doing homework and will remain a lasting reference source for students, teachers, and professionals. Algebra & Trigonometry II includes logarithms, sequences and series, permutations, combinations and probability, vectors, matrices, determinants and systems of equations, mathematical induction and the binomial theorems, partial fractions, complex numbers, trigonometry, trigonometric functions, solving triangles, inverse trigonometric functions and trigonometric equations, and an introduction to analytic geometry.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherResearch & Education Association
    Release dateJan 1, 2013
    ISBN9780738671178
    Algebra & Trigonometry II Essentials

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      Book preview

      Algebra & Trigonometry II Essentials - Editors of REA

      Book

      CHAPTER 12

      LOGARITHMS

      12.1 LOGARITHMS

      , b ≠ 0, we can rewrite it in its logarithmic form so that x is in terms of its exponent y, y = logbx. This expression is read as y is equal to the logarithm to the base b of x.

      If x, y and a are positive real numbers, a ≠ 1, and r is any real number, then

      loga(xy) = logax + logay,

      ,

      logaxr = r logax.

      Common logarithms are logarithms with a base of 10. We omit the base when working with base 10. That is

      logx = log10x.

      The following formula will enable us to calculate non-common logarithms by using common logarithms.

      For example, to find the value of log73, we use the above rule to obtain:

      These values can be found by referring to log tables.

      The antilogarithm is the number corresponding to a given logarithm. The cologarithm of a positive number is the logarithm of its reciprocal.

      The common logarithm of any number is expressible as a combination of two parts:

      the characteristic, which is the integral part;

      the mantissa, which is the decimal part of the number.

      To find the common logarithm of a positive number:

      Express the number in scientific notation.

      Determine the index of the number, which is the characteristic.

      To find the mantissa, see a table of common logarithms of numbers.

      E.g. Find the logarithm of 30,700.

      Solution: First express 30,700 in scientific notation. 30,700 = 3.07 × 10⁴. 4 is the characteristic. To find the mantissa, see a table of common logarithms of numbers. The mantissa is 4871. Thus log 30,700 = 4 + .4871 = 4.4871.

      To find the antilogarithm:

      Use the logarithm table to find the number that corresponds to that specific mantissa.

      Rewrite that number in standard form.

      Use the characteristic as the index for the number in standard form.

      E.g. Find Antilog10 0.8762 − 2.

      Solution: Let N = Antilog10 0.8762 − 2. The following relationship between log and antilog exists; log10x=a is the equivalent of x = antilog10 a. Therefore,

      log10N = 0.8762 − 2.

      The characteristic is −2. The mantissa is 0.8762. The number that corresponds to this mantissa is 7.52. This number is found from a table of common logarithms, base 10. Therefore,

      Therefore, N = Antilog100.8762 −2 = 0.0752.

      12.2 LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL AND POWER FUNCTIONS

      The function f(x) = xn is called a power function in x. An exponential function in x is of the form f(x) = ax. A logarithmic function in x is of the form .f(x) = logax.

      An equation involving one or more unknowns in an exponent is called an exponential equation. 2x + 6x + 8y+7 = y is an exponential equation in two unknowns.

      The following are some examples of the graphs of power, exponential and logarithmic functions.

      Fig. 12.1 Exponential function

      Fig. 12.2 Exponential function

      Fig. 12.3

      Fig. 12.4 Exponential, Power, and Logarithmic Functions

      Fig. 12.5 Logarithmic function

      CHAPTER 13

      SEQUENCES AND SERIES

      13.1 SEQUENCES

      A set of numbers u1, u2, u3,. . . in a definite order of arrangement and formed according to a definite rule is called a sequence. Each number in the sequence is called a term of the sequence. If the number of terms is finite, it is called a finite sequence, otherwise it is called an infinite sequence.

      A general term n can be obtained by applying a general law of formation, by which any term in the sequence can be obtained.

      An arithmetic progression (A. P.) is a sequence of numbers where each term excluding the first is obtained from the preceding one by adding a fixed quantity to it. This constant amount is called the common difference.

      Let

      a = first term of progression

      1 = last term

      d = common difference

      k = number of terms

      Sn

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