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    Feds and Farmers: A History of Montana, Volume Five: Montana History Series, #5
    Feds and Farmers: A History of Montana, Volume Five: Montana History Series, #5
    Feds and Farmers: A History of Montana, Volume Five: Montana History Series, #5
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    Feds and Farmers: A History of Montana, Volume Five: Montana History Series, #5

    By Greg Strandberg

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    About this ebook

    Montana from 1930 to 1960 was a very interesting time. The state had already been suffering economic depression for ten years when the Great Depression hit the nation. Montana suffered just as much as the rest of the country, but it was also rescued by the federal New Deal programs.

    You’ll hear about that in this fifth volume of the state’s history, but you’ll read about a whole lot more as well. There’s farming in the dust, cattle grazing on the creeks, and the ups and downs of organized labor. Learn about flight, the start of radio, and the rise of Big Oil and the CIA. World War II is discussed in detail, as are the state’s and the nation’s politics.

    A lot happened in Montana during these years, just like a lot happened in the country. The interstate highway system was built, the international banks rose to prominence, and the Indians’ lands were stolen once again.

    Montana’s history in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s is rich, colorful and full of life. Discover what happened, and how it continues to shape our lives today.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherGreg Strandberg
    Release dateAug 4, 2015
    ISBN9781513071824
    Feds and Farmers: A History of Montana, Volume Five: Montana History Series, #5
    Author

    Greg Strandberg

    Greg Strandberg was born and raised in Helena, Montana. He graduated from the University of Montana in 2008 with a BA in History.When the American economy began to collapse Greg quickly moved to China, where he became a slave for the English language industry. After five years of that nonsense he returned to Montana in June, 2013.When not writing his blogs, novels, or web content for others, Greg enjoys reading, hiking, biking, and spending time with his wife and young son.

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      Book preview

      Feds and Farmers - Greg Strandberg

      Introduction

      Montana historian K. Ross Toole describes Montana in the 1930s and 1940s like so:

      Locked in, beset with depression, the gray thirties saw governors and legislators come and go – almost faceless, essentially voiceless. The Progressives had come, they fought, they had almost always lost – and then they went. Montana was in for a long sleep.

      ––––––––

      It’s not a rosy picture, and Toole’s cynicism and depression toward an age he lived through shows:

      "Someday someone will write a monograph on that long sleep: Montana in the 1930’s and 1940’s. But it is apt to be a dull monograph. The New Deal came, the New Deal went, the war came, the war went. What the nation did, Montana did. Perhaps a fillip here, a fillip there. Still, what it really was was twenty years of deep somnolence."

      ––––––––

      Is it any surprise that no serious and critical histories of Montana have been done after the 1920s? If an acclaimed University of Montana historian throws in the towel like that, why bother? Thankfully two Montana State University historians, Washingtonian Michael Malone and Pennsylvanian Richard Roeder, gave us a good telling of the state’s story up to the mid-1970s, and then updated it with the help of Oregonian William Lange in 1991. That book was Montana: A History of Two Centuries, and it’ll serve as our primary source. Though it has three authors listed, we’ll refer to it as Michael Malone’s book, the historian that would later go on to become president of MSU.

      Historians K. Ross Toole (c 1976) and Michael P. Malone (1991)

      Despite the accomplishments of these out-of-staters, the amount of literature published on Montana’s history from the 1930s to today is abysmal, taking up perhaps a hundred pages at most. Missoula-native Toole didn’t write much after his 1972 history of the state, his second, and few natives have since (no Montana Indians have, and after you see what happened to them, you’ll understand why).

      There’s virtually nothing on Montana history that can tell us how the state came to be what it is today. This is inexcusable. How are current and future generations of citizens supposed to know how they got where they are? How are current and future leaders supposed to know what to do when we elect them?

      They’re not, it’s as simple as that. We don’t want people to know their history today, because keeping them in the throes of ignorance is so much more beneficial to the powers that be. This book will discuss those ‘powers that be’ in great detail, and it might turn you off. That’s a risk I’m willing to take. Be warned: the history of America and the history of Montana gets dark from this point on, very much so. Many will flee back to the comfort of historical ignorance rather than have their eyes opened to the truths and realities we’ve been forced to endure, burdens that largely came about before most of us were born.

      This history is now up to the point when many of you were born. My own parents were born in the early-1950s, so they’ll be reading about the political and economic time that shaped their early lives. We’re almost at the point where people can read about themselves as well, or at least people they know, or knew. One congressman profiled in this book – Orvin Fjare – didn’t die until 2011, after all. It’ll be the next volume that really causes some pain, however. Oftentimes people won’t like what they read. It might rub them the wrong way, for instance, or leave them with a sense of shame. The truth hurts, and it’s why you hear every four to eight years about ‘a legacy.’ Every politician wants one, but that’s not quite true – they want a good one. Alas, that doesn’t always happen, can’t always happen.

      What you do in life isn’t forgotten, not if you’re important or living in important times. And the decades stretching from 1930 to 1960 were important times indeed. Long sleep and dull monograph are labels that Toole has given to this time period. He lived through it, and perhaps he was biased. I did not, and have no qualms about telling it like it was. After all, future generations deserve the truth, and they’ll get it.

      Part I – The 1930s

      There were 121.3 million Americans in 1930, up from the 106.5 million the country had enjoyed in 1920. Montana had 537,606 people in 1930, or 0.4% of the country’s total population. The overwhelming majority of Montanans were white, just over 517,000, or 96%. Native Americans were the next largest demographic, with 14,798 individuals, or 2.7% of the total population. Then it was Mexicans, with 2,571 in the state (0.4%), and African Americans, who accounted for 1,256 (0.2%). After that there were 758 Japanese, 486 Chinese, 295 Filipinos, 115 Koreans, four Hindus and one Hawaiian. We’d lost our only Malay, who’d been around at the time of the 1920 Census.

      When it came to the sexes, Montana was still predominantly male, though it was more evenly split than in previous decades. Men made up 293,228 of that total while there were 244,378 women, or 55% to 45%. Back in 1910 there’d been 226,872 men and 149,181 women, or 60% to 40%. The homesteading boom had changed the state indeed, as had the war that took place at the tail end of it.

      When it came to urban vs. rural, Montanans were moving to the cities. In 1930 the rural population was 356,570 while the urban population was 181,036, coming in at 66% to 34%. In 1910 it’d been 242,633 rural and 133,420 urban, or 65% to 35%. The banking bust of the 1920s had quite the bad affect on the cities, as well as all the support industries attached to them. And there were many, as this graph shows:

      In 1930 there were 216,471 working Montanans, and that counted everyone 10 years and older that was able to work. Since Montana had 49.8% of the population over the age of 10, this meant 40.3% of them were working (it wasn’t until the 1940 Census that the age went up to 14).

      Agriculture was the largest sector of the economy in 1930, taking up more than 36%. The next three largest industries – Manufacturing, Trade, and Transportation – couldn’t match it. Combined they were 34% of the economy. The other 29% of Montana’s economy was largely taken up by Extraction (8%), Domestic (7%) and Professional (7%).

      By and large, people in Montana were working on farms. The trade and transportation industries were tied up with agriculture, and many of those jobs came about because of it. Viewed through that lens, one could say that Montana agriculture was directly or indirectly responsible for over 58% of all Montana jobs. Agriculture accounted for 79,678 people, or 48.7% of the working population. Next was Manufacturing and mechanical industries, with 26,982 workers. A large part of those jobs came about because of agriculture as well, or because of the mines. And don’t think that was just men – women accounted for 5.7% of the manufacturing industry.

      Extraction industries – coal, oil, gas, and mines – accounted for just 17,655 workers in 1930, or 9.9% of the total Montana working population. Forestry and fishing kept 2,978 people employed (1.8%) while automobile factories and repair shops kept 1,126 people fed, or 0.7%. Lumber and furniture industries accounted for 2,579 people (1.5%) and the iron and steel industry employed 5,919 (3.5%).

      Miscellaneous manufacturing in Montana in 1930 accounted for 3,199 people. This broke down as cigar, clay, shoes, textiles, and rubber primarily. Transportation kept 23,379 people working, or 16.8% of the population. By far the largest area of that industry was the railroads, which accounted for 7.8% of Montana’s transportation workers. Trade was a large sector of the economy as well, employing 24,303 people, or 11.2% of the workforce. There were 1,421 Montanans working at the postal service in 1930.

      When it came to the ages of the people, 39% were under twenty years of age while 55.9% were twenty to sixty-four years of age. That meant just 5.1% of Montana’s people were senior citizens at that time, a time when no security existed for them at the national level, though it had at the sate level since 1923 when the legislature mandated social security, twelve years before the feds would do the same.

      When it came to school, 74.6% of the population ages 5 to 20 were receiving an education. Just 2.2% of the adult-age population couldn’t read. A total of 211,910 people were married, or 39% of the people in the state.

      According to the 1930 U.S. Census, there were 72,961 foreign-born residents of Montana and another 160,827 that were native but had foreign or mixed parentage. All were of course white, and that meant 233,788 people in Montana could claim another country as their homeland. That broke down like so:

      Canada was the largest group that Montanans could claim heritage from, with 31,585 (13.5%) able to say so. Germany came next with 30,377 (13%) and then Norway with 29,386 (12.6%). Next was England with 19,815 (8.5%) and coming in fifth was Ireland with 17,940 (7.7%). Typically Montana is viewed as more Irish than anything, but that’s just not the case, or at least wasn’t in 1930.

      Sweden came next with 16,220 (6.9%) and then it was Russia at 13,761 (5.9%) and Yugoslavia with 9,278 (4%). Scotland came in 9th at 8,174 (3.5%) and Denmark was the tenth largest country of descent, with 8,100 (3.5%). Eastern Europe made up the bulk of the remaining 18% of the groups Montanans could claim descent from, and this followed the trend that America had taken immigration-wise for the past thirty years up to that point.

      So Montanans lived and worked, the numbers tell us that, but that’s about all they tell us. They don’t tell us if people were happy or sad or if they prospered or suffered. They tell us nothing of their hopes and dreams and whether those were ever reached or perhaps never sought. Numbers are cold and unfeeling and they paint a very drab picture, one that leaves us wanting. So we tell stories. Those stories are always better with numbers backing them up, and you’ll get a lot of that in this section. We’ll need numbers to discuss what the feds were doing to the state, the country, and the world. We’ll need them as well to tell us how this affected the farmers, the backbone of the country at that time. By 1960 they wouldn’t be the backbone, and we’ll explore how the Depression changed this.

      Few were thinking of those things in the late-1920s in Montana. The Great Depression was an unknown, as were all the months of the calendar that our grandparents have long since turned over. But on some long ago days, those calendar months were new and fresh, when our yesterday was their tomorrow. One of those men was Charles Lindbergh, and he had his sights set on Montana.

      1: Lindbergh Comes to Town

      The whole reason Charles Lindbergh was coming to Montana was to drum-up commercial aviation, something his pond-hopping Spirit of St. Louis could easily do.

      The plan was to head to all 48-states, logging 22,000 miles, while showing people everywhere – and especially young boys – what wonders awaited them in these wonderful times. By September he was in Montana, a place he knew well.

      Charles A. Lindbergh

      Charles Augustus Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, on February 4, 1902. His father was a congressman that voted against America’s entry in WWI from Minnesota, just one of fifty that included Montana’s Jeanette Rankin.

      File:Charles&Dad.jpg

      Charles Lindberg with his father, c 1910

      The younger Lindbergh headed to where America’s first congresswoman had hailed from when he was twenty years old and just learning to fly. In the summer of 1922 he’d headed out west on a barnstorming tour that had him wing walking and parachuting to the delight of crowds everywhere. These flying circuses were becoming quite popular in the 1920s, and they were the precursors to our modern air shows.

      It was while on this tour that Lindbergh settled in Billings for a time to work as a mechanic for the Billings Municipal Airport. The airport had been built in 1928, twenty-five years after the Wright brothers had made the world’s first successful flight. That airport gig didn’t last too long, but Lindbergh’s stay in Billings did. He switched over to a garage owned by Bob and Ed Westover, which was located on First Avenue North.

      The whole reason Lindbergh started working in Billings in the first place was because his barnstorming tour went flat broke and busted, which is hard to believe as The Billings Gazette reported in 1927 that his 1922 shows were watched one Sunday by 5,000 people.

      Bob Westover remembers him like so:

      He wore large coveralls and carried everything he owned in his pockets. He had no suitcase. His helmet and goggles and toothbrush were stuffed in his pockets, and that's all he needed. He roomed alone at a hotel and sometimes hung around the garage when he wasn’t flying. He kept away from the other young fellows and girls didn’t interest him. He was no mixer and never had jump to say.

      ––––––––

      Westover remembered hearing stories of Sim, as Lindbergh was called back in those days, later on when the pilot went to California. He’d left Montana for Missouri in the fall and kept up his rigorous schedule of flying planes and dazzling audiences. At one point he was flying a mile-up when he and another pilot collided head-on. Both men were lucky enough to be wearing parachutes and landed safely.

      Lindbergh still hadn’t flown alone by that point, and after working in Billings he headed back to Minnesota and bought a Curtiss JN-4 Jenny for $500. He was determined to fly it the next year. He succeeded in his first solo flight and was soon flying all over the country, continuing with barnstorming tours, this time as the pilot and not the wind walker. That was cut short in 1924 when Lindbergh had a year of military flight training with the U.S. Army Air Service in Texas and then in 1925 he headed to St. Louis to work as a mechanic again. In 1926 the US had started Air Mail, and Lindbergh carried that around for a couple years, even around Latin America. He was paid $175 every two weeks and continued the gig until he decided to try his hand at the Orteig Prize.

      In 1919 Raymond Orteig, owner of the Lafayette Hotel in New York, offered up $25,000 to anyone that could fly nonstop from New York to Paris. Five years went by and no one gave it a shot, so in 1924 Orteig set another 5-year time limit. Lindbergh had scraped together enough money, and gotten a $15,000 loan, to build the Sprit of St. Louis from the ground up in 1927. It cost $10,580 for the plane.

      No one knew who this 25-year-old pilot was, nor did anyone care to. The Orteig Prize had already killed six better aviators than Lindbergh, and no one was expecting much. That wasn’t stopping Lindbergh, however, and on May 20, 1927, he took of from Roosevelt Field in New York, 450 gallons of gas in his tanks and his sights set on Paris, 3,600 miles and an ocean away. Lindbergh battled icing on his wings, blind spots through fog, no visibility save stars, and probably the same level of fear that Christopher Columbus and his sailors had felt when they too had headed out into the unknown 435 years earlier. Finally, shortly after 10 PM on the night of May 21, Lindbergh spotted Le Bourget Airport and made his successful landing with tens of thousands of car headlights lighting his way.

      It’s estimated that 150,000 Parisians were there to see him and for the rest of his life, Charles Lindbergh would live the life of a famous man. The President of France gave the young pilot the Legion of Honor, the nation’s highest decoration. Lindbergh took the cruiser USS Memphis back to America and arrived on June 11. A New York ticker-tape parade was given two days later, one that saw between 3 and 4 million people attend. That night he was dined by the mayor at a feast with 3,700 people. And on June 16 he was given his prize.

      File:CharlesLindbergh-RaymondOrteig.jpg

      Charles Lindbergh and Raymond Orteig, June 16, 1927

      Flying became acceptable in America. For the remaining six months of 1927, pilot’s license applications went up threefold, the number of aircraft that were licensed quadrupled, and passenger traffic on airplanes went from 5,782 in 1926 to 173,405 in 1929. Lindbergh was awarded the Medal of Honor for his act that December when Congress passed a special act to make it so, and the following March he accepted it from President Coolidge at the White House. Just two months earlier he’d been named the first Time magazine Man of the Year, still to this day the youngest person to ever achieve the distinction.

      The Guggenheim Tour

      Before flying away from Roosevelt Field that day in May 1927, Lindbergh had been approached by Harry Guggenheim, a North Shore multimillionaire and aviation enthusiast. He’d told Lindbergh to look him up and give him a call when he got back, though he’d honestly figured he’d never see him again. It was with a bit of surprise, therefore, that he picked up the phone a short time later to hear Lindbergh’s voice. It was decided that Lindbergh would tour the country for three months, paid for by Guggenheim and his father.

      The Guggenheim Tour of 1927

      Lindbergh’s three-month, 22,000-mile cross-country tour – called the Guggenheim Tour – was to cover all 48 states and touch down in 92 cities. The tour brought Lindbergh back to Montana on September 6, 1927. He flew from Butte to Helena via the Swan Lake Valley, Glacier National Park, and Great Falls, Helena historian Kennon Baird tells us, a trip that took nearly seven hours.

      Charles Lindbergh at Lindbergh Lake, 1927

      Both Governor Erickson and the mayor of Helena greeted Lindbergh and gave him a tour of the city, fairgrounds and Fort Harrison. The famed pilot took a rest at the Placer Hotel and then it was an appearance at the Civic Center before heading back to Butte the next day, on to Billings, Yellowstone Park, and then back to the cross-country tour. It must have been quite the nostalgic two days for Lindbergh, and quite the trip down memory lane.

      Lindbergh’s car at the Helena Fairgrounds, September 6, 1927

      Charles Lindbergh hadn’t been the first to fly in Montana. Indeed, people had been flying here since the young pilot was nine-years-old.

      The History of Flight in Montana

      The first flight in Montana occurred in Missoula on June 28, 1911. It was a Curtiss Pusher aircraft piloted by Eugene Ely, and historian Ellen Baumler tells us that he took off and landed at the baseball field at Fort Missoula and made three flights overall. More than 3,000 came to watch. Sadly, Ely died just about three months later jumping from his plane as it crashed at the Georgia State Fair.

      Cromwell Dixon was another early pilot that gained notoriety, primarily for flying over the Mullan Pass on September 30, 1911, though he too died, just three days later when his plane crashed at the sate fair at Spokane.

      Cromwell Dixon’s Curtis Bi-wing, 1911

      By the late-1910s, flying was seen as a way to increase the speed of mail delivery. Airmail had first gotten its start in 1918, though pilot George Boyle flew the wrong way when it started out. Instruments weren’t worth much back then, and you couldn’t fly at night. For those reasons, many small, rural airfields would be needed to ensure the new experiment in speedy deliveries would work.

      By 1923 the first beacons were installed on airfields in Wyoming and Chicago. They used either electricity or acetylene and by 1933 more than 1,500 beacons were in use to create the national lighted airway system, all 18,000 miles of it. Montana had thirty-nine of those beacons, and the number of airfields in the state continued to grow.

      Missoula got its first airport in 1923, though it was nothing more than a landing strip laid out...near the base of Mount Sentinel, roughly between what is now the University of Montana and South Avenue. Bob Johnson was the leading pilot in the area at this time. He’d started Johnson Flying Service in 1926 shortly after flying over Glacier National Park in his $2,500 Swallow bi-plane.

      Missoula got its second airport in 1927 when 80 acres of land just east of the Missoula County Fairgrounds was purchased by the county for $5,000. Harry Bell was the president of the local chapter of the National Aeronautic Association, and by 1929 he’d helped increase the size of the airport to 225 acres. The airport was known as the Garden City Airport until 1935 when it was renamed Hale Field in honor of Dick Hale, a surveyor and engineer for the county who’d spent many hours at the airport as an aviation enthusiast.

      Missoula’s Hale Field, c 1939

      Travel was evolving rapidly at this time, thanks in large part to the confidence in flight that Charles Lindbergh had imparted. A traveler could, by a new arrangement, historian Fon Boardman tells us, go all the way from New York City to the West Coast in the record time of forty-eight hours by riding trains at night and planes during the day. To do that, however, there had to be a lot of out of the way, rural airfields.

      All of that flying really changed the nation’s transportation habits, and the profits of industry. In 1930 the railroads moved 708 million people around the country. By 1955, however, that had fallen off to 300 million, a decrease of 236%.

      Airplanes were going faster by 1932. The Ford tri-motor was the best plane in the world, reaching speeds of 125 mph while carrying twelve people. People were flying more and as a result passenger travel on airplanes was improving. Ellen Church had the distinct honor of becoming the world’s first stewardess in 1930, though they were required to be nurses should any type of emergency break out.

      Montana was building airfields all over the place in the 1930s. Whitehall got its airport in 1933, though it was only known as Site 35 in the Department of Commerce’s listings until 1942 when it appeared on charts. West Yellowstone got its airport in 1933 as well, though it was little more than two large swaths of some of the thickest forest in the entire area that had to be cut down.

      West Yellowstone Airport, c 1930s

      Sam Eagle had applied to the Forest Service for permission to build the airport. The local citizens put up $1,000, though when it was all said and done the cost was $20,000. The airport officially opened on June 22, 1935, and was quickly carrying mail.

      Boeing 247 at the West Yellowstone Airport, c 1930s

      Airmail across the Atlantic began in 1934 and in 1937 the first passengers were being carried ‘across the pond.’ That was quite a ways from Missoula, however, which got its third airport in 1938. It came about through WPA funds and was to be built on 1,300 acres seven miles west of Missoula adjacent to Highway 10 West. This airport was built in conjunction with the Forest Service, cost around $2 million, and became the Missoula County Airport.

      Missoula’s smokejumper program was born in 1940 when Rufus Robinson and Earl Cooley became the first firefighters to parachute from a Johnson Flying Service airplane to extinguish a fire in that region. Due to the prevalence of flying and the number of airports, Missoula was considered for a Boeing manufacturing plant in 1941, though narrowly missed out. The next year, Johnson Flying Service trained more than 4,000 men to be military pilots for the war.

      In 1952 Congress authorized $700,000 for a new aerial fire depot west of Missoula and in 1954 President Eisenhower arrived to dedicate the airport. The field took over for Hale Field, which closed down and eventually became the site of Sentinel High School and the surrounding park area.

      Charles Lindbergh would go on to help invent a perfusion pump which could be used as an artificial heart. He became more isolationist as the war in Europe started, however, and even flirted with fascism. When America entered the war though, he was a great help in the field of aviation.

      It took a lot of guts to do something that no one else had done before, and which most were too afraid to try. Charles Lindbergh had done it, however, and he’d probably gotten a lot of his courage from his father, Charles Lindbergh, Sr., a U.S. House member from Minnesota.

      File:Charles August Lindbergh.jpg

      Congressman Charles August Lindbergh, c 1905

      The elder Lindbergh had been one of the few to speak out against the third bank of the United States, the Federal Reserve, calling it the most gigantic trust on earth and warning the country that the greatest crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking and currency bill, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 which had set up the foreign, privately-owned bank on American soil. Nothing has been a greater threat to our liberty since, and it’s time we discuss the dark cabals, hidden secrets, and vast conspiracy that took root in America at that time, one that’s plagued us ever since.

      2: The Rothschilds, Freemasons, and Illuminati

      The real power behind the United States is the Rothschild banking family, which can trace its roots to 1743 when Moses Amschel Bauer put the red hexagram above his doorway. That was also the year his son Mayer was born in Bavaria. In 1760 Mayer would change the family name from Bauer to Rothschild after that red hexagram sign (‘Rot is German for ‘red’ and ‘Schild’ means ‘sign’).

      Symbol of the Rothschild Family

      Mayer Rothschild continued his father’s money lending business and also got into the business of hiring out Hessian mercenaries to foreign countries at war, resulting in vast profits for the family. Loaning to governments directly was the logical next step, mainly because it was more profitable than loaning to individuals. After all, a nation’s taxes were much more likely to come through and pay the debt than an embattled businessman’s profits. Seeing a way to control world governments through debt, Rothschild thought up a system based on the Rabbinical Jewish book, the Talmud.

      The Kingdom of Israel and the Star of David

      Talmudists are Jews that follow the teachings of the Talmud, which is one form of Jewish law, and one that many have claimed is anti-Christian and sexually immoral. The nation of Israel was created with a new flag showing the Star of David, a symbol that had come about in the 1600s and which the Zionists adopted as their symbol in 1897.

      The Star of David is misleading, as King David never had a star symbol. His son, King Solomon, used the symbol when he ruled the Kingdom of Israel during the 900s BC, however, and that’s where we’ll begin.

      File:Kingdoms of Israel and Judah map 830.svg

      Map of Israel, c 800 BC

      The symbol is an ancient sign of magic, witchcraft, sorcery and occultism as well as the casting of horoscopes and reading of the zodiac. Solomon was thought to have turned away from God, which led to Israel’s destruction. One of the reasons for that may have been the use of his star symbol, which was associated with Remphan, an ancient Egyptian ‘star’ god. The symbol was also that of the worshippers of Moloch, a god of the Ammon people, who were a neighboring nation of Israel in the 900s BC.

      File:Kingdoms around Israel 830 map.svg

      Map of Kingdoms around Israel, c 800 BC

      Moloch encouraged child sacrifice, typically by the parents. Solomon had many temples built for his foreign wives, and pagan abominations were worshipped there, including idols to Moloch. The star symbol, or hexagram, helped with this. It had six points that formed six equilateral triangles, something that allowed the insides to form a six-sided hexagon. This leads to 6 points, 6 triangles and 6 sides...or 666, the mark of the beast.

      The Deception of David

      All of this was associated with Moloch, or what we’d today consider Satan. Moloch was a false god that tempted Solomon, leading to the downfall of Israel, the Babylonian Captivity, and subsequent exile of the Jewish people, both those that were innocent and the idolaters.

      How it happened was that Israel fell apart into two different countries in 930 BC, the Kingdom of Israel to the north and the Kingdom of Judah to the south. Sometime in the 720s BC the Assyrians invaded the Kingdom of Israel and defeated it. The Assyrians hung on until 605 BC and the Israelis in Judah did the same until the Babylonians swallowed up their state about fifteen years later. At that point the Jews found themselves exiled until Assyrian king Nebuchadnezzar conquered Jerusalem in 586 BC, setting the groundwork for the Jews’ return in 539 BC.

      The continued journey of the Jewish people is much too long of a story to explore here, but elements of their story are important to our own, and important if we’re to understand how the world truly operates today.

      In the 1200s AD the Mongols were pouring out of Asia and killing or enslaving all who they came across. Part of their enslavement was mental more than anything, and consisted of converting to the Jewish faith. Many that converted didn’t want to, and these people became the basis of the Ashkenazi Jews, a group that many believe rejects Jesus and accepts Satan.

      Mongol Conquests in the 1200s

      The real power behind the Ashkenazi Jews is the Rothschild banking family, which can trace its roots to 1743 when Mayer Bauer was born in Bavaria. That was also the same year his father had put the red hexagram above their doorway. Seventeen years later they’d be known as the Rothschild family.

      The Talmud is the opposite of the Torah, many believe. While the Torah worships God, the Talmud worships Satan. Rothschild used a twisted form of the Jewish Talmud to create satanic teachings that formed the basis of his secret organization, the Illuminati. In 1776 the organization was complete and Rothschild used his associate, Adam Weishaupt, to infiltrate the Continental Order of Freemasons so that Illuminati doctrine would appear in their lodges all over Europe, and later the world.

      The History of Freemasonry

      Freemasonry can trace its origins back to 1400 BC when the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaton built a temple in El-Amarna that became the first mystery school, a place where human sacrifice and mind control were common with initiation rites identical to those of modern Freemasonry. Akhenaton was also the pharaoh that moved Egypt from polytheism to monotheism, a system of worshipping just one god.

      It would be nearly a thousand years later that those mystery school ideas came to Greece. It was during the time of Erechteus, who was known as the earth-born king of Athens and was raised by the Greek goddess Athena. From the Greek world the ideas circulated, heading to the Romans to become the Mysteries of the Mithras, or sometimes Mysteries of the Persians. Those ideas lasted from about 68 BC to around 500 AD. They changed considerably during that time, and two dominant schools of thought developed – the Serapis and the Mithras. The Serapis spread east toward Persia while the Mithras spread west toward the fledgling nation-states of Europe, both eventually incorporating aspects of Christianity. Serapis was eventually suppressed in Rome in 391 but it morphed into Zoroastrianism in Persia. Mithras slowly took on more of the aspects of Gnostic thought in the West.

      As the Dark Ages took hold after the fall of Rome in the mid-400s the old mystery school ideas morphed with Christianity and eastern belief systems to take on the rudimentary form that Freemasonry has today. The secret society continued up through the time Charlemagne was named the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800. The first mention of a Freemason temple on official records was in York in 926 under King Athelstan. Freemasonry also began to take on influence from the Jewish mysticism as that belief system cemented itself into the Kabala around 1100.

      In 1620 we have records of Freemasons in London, and a short time later a strong sect rose up in Scotland. It wasn’t until 1717, however, that modern Freemasonry came into being, at least that’s the accepted version. Many Freemasons will claim their belief system goes all the way back to King David in Israel and the Temple of Solomon, and it’s likely there’s some truth in that. It wasn’t until 1717, however, that four lodges in Great Britain formed together to become the first Grand Lodge of England. These were the first official Freemasonry lodges, and America saw its first in Philadelphia in 1730.

      Thirty-nine men signed the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 and thirteen of them were Freemasons, or 33%. America has had many presidents that can call themselves Freemasons. Every US President since FDR has been a 33rd Degree Illuminated Mason, except Ronald Reagan, who Dean Henderson says, was given the honorary title, and John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated. Henderson was educated at the University of Montana and was a reporter for the Montana Kaimin. He’s written extensively on the Freemasons and world banking in his book Big Oil and Their Bankers in the Persian Gulf.

      Freemasonry is a complex society with thirty-three degrees of advancement. To achieve advancement to one higher degree, members are asked to spit on a cross, Henderson tells us. Those who refuse are congratulated while those who accept are advanced to the next level because they did what they were told. What’s more, each Freemason Lodge is officially warranted by the British government, meaning all Freemasons the world over are swearing fealty to that nation when they give their vows and say their rites. Henderson gives us an idea of how the organization operates:

      Lower level initiates don’t know this darker side of Masonry and spend their time planning circuses and parades, ostensibly to divert people’s attention from Illuminati plans for global dictatorship...the most corruptible men advance to the higher degrees of Masonry.

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      Freemasonry wasn’t popular everywhere, however, and a lot of that had to do with the fact that well-off and wealthy men always seemed to be members. In 1822 Czar Alexander had banned Freemasonry from Russia. It’s rather ironic, as a Russian would give us the Freemason connection to the Knights Templar.

      The Knights Templar

      The Knights Templar is another organization involved, and one that has grand designs on the world. The Templars were influenced heavily by Gnostic thought and the world knows about their crazy schemes because of an event in 1884. That’s when a Russian general’s daughter, Justine Glinka, paid 2,500 francs to Joseph Schorst, a member of a Freemason guild in Paris, to obtain a book called Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion. That French Freemason guild was in reality the Knights Templar sect known as the Priory of Sion, which had been created in 1099 on Mount Zion in Jerusalem to guard such relics as the Shroud of Turin, the Ark of the Covenant, and, Henderson tells us, the Hapsburg family’s Spear of Destiny which was used to kill Jesus Christ as he hung on the cross.

      Most of that loot, if any of it even existed, was seized from beneath Solomon’s Temple during the Crusades and then secreted back to Europe for safekeeping. Henderson gives us an idea of why this was done:

      "To preserve the Holy Grail bloodline, or Sangreal, of Jesus Christ which they believe is carried forth by the French Bourbon royalty, the Merovingan family. The Priory of Sion elite believe Jesus faked his death with the help of certain herbs, then married the administer of those herbs, Mary Magdalene. The Priory believes the couple fled to southern France and had numerous children. During the 5th century, the theory goes, Jesus’ descendents married into the Frank royalty from which France takes its name, thus creating the Merovingan dynasty."

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      The Priory believes that Jesus eventually died in Kashmir, Pakistan. His bloodline – the Holy Grail – lives on, however, and it’s through the Hapsburg line. The Hapsburg family started on the Habichtburg estate in Switzerland in 1020. They were in charge of the Holy Roman Empire until its demise in 1806. From its ashes rose the German Confederation and the Hapsburgs continued on until 2011 when their 640-year family line officially came to an end with the death of Otto von Hapsburg.

      Sion is thought to mean Zion, which itself means Jerusalem in ancient Hebrew. The Knights Templar didn’t care about Judaism, however, except to use it to cover up their economic activity. Even securing the holy land of the Middle East didn’t really interest them; it was securing its resources and its trade potential. All throughout history the small strip of land that became Israel in 1948 had been used for trade and commerce and travel. It was still, with oil being the main commodity, and the Knights Templar and Rothschilds used the religious aspects of Judaism to secure the land they needed. If people in the world, including many disgruntled world leaders, lashed out at Judaism, so much the better – it would only distract more from the true motives, global financial control through trade, finance, and commodity markets.

      File:Templerorden in Europa 1300.png

      Locations of Templar sites in Europe, 1300

      The Templars consolidated their power by legitimizing usury so they could lend from their banks. By the 1200s they’d used their extensive wealth from the Crusades and banking to buy 9,000 castles across Europe. They controlled a magnificent fleet of ships from the French port of New Rochelle and bought the island of Sicily in the late-1100s from Richard the Lionheart, though it was later overrun by Turks in 1798. So powerful and so wealthy did the Templars become that in 1307 the king of France and the Pope both teamed up to discredit the group, saying they used black magic and necromancy. Their purge took place on Friday, October 13, and ever since then that day has had a bad connotation.

      By 1864 the book Justine Glinnka had bought was printed up in another book and then the same happened in the 1890s. By then, however, the authorities weren’t happy to hear about this, and the Russian author was arrested and tortured. The Illuminati was taking over, consolidating power, and secrecy was becoming the order of the day.

      The Rothschilds in America

      As the years went on, the Rothschilds became more daring. In 1785 they had plans in the works to start the French Revolution, but when those plans were discovered by the authorities, the Illuminati were kicked out of Bavaria. The country went so far as to send warnings to all the major European states about the Illuminati, but they were ignored, and Rothschild was now safe in Frankfurt. Their plans for the French Revolution went forward after all, and that allowed them to stop the Catholic Church from issuing taxes as well as create favorable new banking laws through the new nation’s constitution.

      By 1791 Rothschild was extending his reach to America, where he convinced Alexander Hamilton to set up the First Bank of the United States with a 20-year charter. In 1812 Mayer Rothschild died, but his family was large enough to continue –

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