Combustion of Pulverised Coal in a Mixture of Oxygen and Recycled Flue Gas

Combustion of Pulverised Coal in a Mixture of Oxygen and Recycled Flue Gas

First Edition

Dobrin D. Toporov

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

List of Figures

List of Tables

Acknowledgments

Nomenclature

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

Chapter 2. Coal Combustion Technologies

Abstract

2.1 Coal demand and coal reserves worldwide

2.2 Coal utilisation processes

2.3 Clean coal technologies

2.4 Carbon capture and storage technologies

2.5 Summary of Chapter 2

Part 1: Theoretical Aspects

Chapter 3. Theoretical Aspects of Burning Pulverised Fuel in CO2 Atmosphere

Abstract

3.1 Differences between air and oxyfuel combustion

3.2 Coal devolatilisation and particle ignition

3.3 Heterogeneous reactions

3.4 Combustion of volatiles in CO2/O2 atmosphere

3.5 Emissions from combustion of pulverised coal in CO2/O2 atmosphere

3.6 Heat transfer in RFG/O2 atmosphere

3.7 Summary of Chapter 3

Chapter 4. Mathematical Modelling and Model Validations

Abstract

4.1 Turbulent combustion modelling

4.2 Coal particle modelling

4.3 Modelling of thermal radiation

4.4 Summary of Chapter 4

Part 2: Experiments

Chapter 5. Gaseous Combustion in CO2/O2 Atmosphere

Abstract

5.1 Test facility for flameless gas combustion

5.2 Experimental results

5.3 Numerical results

5.4 Summary of Chapter 5

Chapter 6. Coal Combustion in CO2/O2 Atmosphere

Abstract

6.1 Oxycoal pilot-scale furnace

6.2 Burner design and flame stability

6.3 Oxycoal swirl flame properties

6.4 Burner scale-up

6.5 Summary of Chapter 6

Chapter 7. NOx Emissions During Oxycoal Combustion

Abstract

7.1 Test conditions

7.2 Influence of the excess oxygen ratio at the burner

7.3 Influence of oxidiser O2 concentration on NOx emissions

7.4 Influence of primary stream momentum on NOx emissions

7.5 Influence of the burner inlet temperature on NOx emissions

7.6 Influence of burner secondary stream momentum on NOx emissions

7.7 Discussion

7.8 Summary of chapter 7

Chapter 8. Summary

Abstract

Chapter 9. Outlook

Abstract

Bibliography

A. Appendix

A.1 Global char reaction rates

B. Appendix

B.1 Plug flow reactor program

Copyright

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Notices

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ISBN: 978-0-08-099998-2

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List of Figures

List of Tables

Acknowledgments

The work presented here is based on the work I conducted as a post-doctoral fellow at the Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer at RWTH Aachen University between April 2004 and December 2010.

I am especially indebted to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reinhold Kneer (Chair of the Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, RWTH Aachen University) for his professional and personal support and in particular for having constant confidence in my work.

I owe my gratitude to Dr. Joao Luis Toste de Azevedo for his willingness to act as assessor. Dr. Azevedo gave me the opportunity (after finishing my Ph.D. at the Technical University at Sofia) to work with several interesting research projects at the Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, and he contributed to the success of my work via his expertise in the field of coal combustion modelling. I will always remember the fruitful exchange of ideas and warm hospitality I experienced there. I am very grateful to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Roman Weber (Technical University Clausthal, Germany) and Dr. Kurose (Kyoto University, Japan) for agreeing to be reviewers and for their continued interest in this work.

I would like to thank to Prof. Ulrich Renz for giving me the opportunity to work at WSA, RWTH Aachen. My thanks also to Dr. Bernd Hillemacher for his professional and personal support during my stay in Aachen.

My special thanks to Dr. Malte Förster, who created the framework for my study and who gave me every support to ensure success in my work. In Dr. Förster I found a stimulating discussion partner on basic concepts of oxycoal combustion chemistry. He was always willing to listen to scientifically related difficulties and was always helpful in finding solutions when problems arose.

I would like to thank all my former colleagues and all those who were involved directly and indirectly in this work at the Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer. The experimental results reported in this study would not be possible without their support and their strong engagement in the oxycoal test facility.

The financial assistance from the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi, fkz 0326890a), Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology of the State of NRW (miwft, fkz 22320601703), RWE Power AG, E.on AG, Siemens AG, Linde AG, Hitachi Power Europe GmbH, MAN Turbo AG, and WS-Wearmeprozesstechnik GmbH, under the project OXYCOAL-AC, is also acknowledged.

Finally, I want to express the biggest thanks to my wife Mariana for her patience as well as her unlimited understanding and support, without which such work would not have been possible.

Nomenclature

Symbol

A Area  [m²]

A Pre-exponential factor  [varies]

Ak Mole fraction  [–]

A, B Empirical coefficients in EDM  [–]

c Molar concentration  [mol/m³]

C Function, coefficient, constant  [–]

CD1, CD2 Empirical coefficients in EDC  [–]

cp Specific heat capacity  [J/kg-K]

d Diameter  [m]

D Coefficient  [–]

E Activation energy  [kJ/mol]

f Force  [N]

ΔH Heat of formation  [J/kg]

h Heat transfer coefficient  [W/m²-K]

I Radiation intensity  [W/m²-sr]

k Turbulent kinetic energy  [m²/s²]

K Constant  [–]

L Characteristic length  [m]

m, M Mass  [kg]

M Molecular weight  [kg/mol]

m Mass flow rate  [kg/s]

p, P Pressure  [Pa]

p Ratio  [–]

Q Thermal input  [W]

r Stoichiometric ratio  [–]

R Reaction rate  [kg/(m³ s)]

R Universal gas constant  8,314 kJ/(kmol K)

S Particle internal surface area  [m²]

S Source terms  [varies]

t Time  [s]

T Temperature  [K], [°C]

u, v Velocity components  [m/s]

u′,v′ Fluctuation of velocity  [m/s]

V Mass  [kg]

X Distance  [m]

Y Mass fraction  [–]

Greek Letters

α Absorptivity  [–]

γ Mass fraction  [–]

ε Emissivity  [–]

ε Effectiveness factor  [–]

ε Dissipation rate of turbulent energy  [m²/s³]

Φ Source term  [varies]

ϕ Ratio  [–]

Γ Diffusion coefficient  [kg/(m s)]

δ,Δ Difference operator  [–]

δ Particle pore diameter  [10−9 m]

η Dynamic viscosity  [kg/(m s)]

λ Excess air ratio  [–]

ν Kinematic viscosity  [m²/s]

ν Stoichiometric coefficient  [–]

ν Frequency  [1/s]

ρ Density  [kg/m³]

ρ Reaction-rate ratio in CPD model  [–]

τ Time constant  [s]

τ Tortuosity  [–]

τ Shear stresses  [kg/(s² m)]

σ Model constants  [–]

σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant  5,669 W/(m² k)

ω Reaction rate  [1/s]

Abbreviations

AFT Adiabatic Flame Temperature

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BFB Bubbling Fluidised Bed

BO Burnout

d.a.f. Dry Ash-Free

DIN Deutsches Institut fuer Normung

CBK Char Burnout Kinetics Model

CCS Carbon