Atlas of the European Reformations
By Tim Dowley
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About this ebook
A new, definitive atlas of the European Reformations has been needed for many years.
The Atlas of the European Reformations is newly built from the ground up. Featuring more than sixty brand new maps, graphics, and timelines, the atlas is a necessary companion to any study of the reformation era. Consciously written for students at any level, concise, helpful texts guide the experience and interpret the visuals. The volume is perfect for independent students, as well as those in structured courses.
The atlas is broken into four primary parts. “Before the Reformation” presents the larger political, religious and economic context of Europe on the eve of the reformation. “Reformation” presents the major contours of the reformation, including Lutheran, Reformed, English, and Anabaptist movements. “Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation” provides extensive information on the reforming movements within Catholicism and the responses to other movements. Finally, “Early Modern Europe” sheds fresh light on the movement and implications of the reformation in the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Tim Dowley
Dr Tim Dowley is a historian and a prolific author and editor of Bible resources for adults and children. He holds a bachelor's degree in History and a doctorate in Church History, both from the University of Manchester, England. He has written a number of children's stories and books on biblical subjects and the history of Christianity, as well as works on music and literature. Tim has traveled extensively, particularly in Israel, Turkey and other biblical lands. He lives in South London with his wife and family.
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Atlas of the European Reformations - Tim Dowley
Atlas of the European Reformations
by Tim Dowley
Cartographer Nick Rowland FRGS
Fortress Press
Minneapolis
ATLAS OF THE EUROPEAN REFORMATIONS
Copyright © 2015 Fortress Press. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Visit http://www.augsburgfortress.org/copyrights/ or write to Permissions, Augsburg Fortress, Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440.
Cover design: Alisha Lofgren
Cover image (clockwise from the top):
© Jose Antonio Sánchez Reyes / Dreamstime.com; © Hai Huy Ton That / Dreamstime.com; © Bkaiser / Dreamstime.com; © Tonino Corso / Dreamstime.com; © Hans Klamm / Dreamstime.com; © Neil Harrison / Dreamstime.com; © Stbernardstudio / Dreamstime.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Print ISBN: 978-1-4514-9969-8
eBook ISBN: 978-1-5064-0291-8
A map does not just chart, it unlocks and formulates meaning; it forms bridges between here and there, between disparate ideas that we did not know were previously connected.
REIF LARSEN
History is a clock that people use to tell their political and cultural time of day. It is a compass they use to find themselves on the map of human geography. It tells them where they are …
JOHN HENRIK CLARKE
Contents
Foreword
Timeline AD 1300–1700
Introduction
Part 1: Before the Reformation
The Rise of Learning
The Waldensians
The Devotio Modern
The Great Schism
Wyclif and the Lollards
Jan Hus and the Hussites
The Rise of Printing
The Italian Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance
The Catholic Church in 1500
Portuguese Voyages of Discovery
Spain Explores the West
The World Circumnavigated
Part 2: Reformation
Charles V
Martin Luther
The German Knights’ War
The Peasants’ War
The Radical Reformation
Jewish Oppression
Philipp Melanchthon
Protestantism in 1530
Lutheranism Consolidates
Huldrych Zwingli
Martin Bucer
John Calvin
The Swiss Reformation
Calvinism Spreads
Reform in France
Scandinavian Reform
Dissolution
Pilgrimage of Grace
The English Reformation
Reform in Scotland
Reform in Poland
Part 3: Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
Confessionalization
Papal Reform and Reaction
Ignatius Loyola
Rise of the Jesuits
Francis Xavier
Catholic Missions to America
Jesuit Reductions
French Religious Wars
Netherlands Reform
Dutch Reform
The Spanish Armada
Part 4: Early Modern Europe
Ireland
The Great Migration
Christian Europe 1600
The Early Settlers
Christian Germany 1618
The Thirty Years’ War
After the War
Europe 1648
North American Colonies
Origins of the English Civil War
After the Civil War
Cromwell’s Foreign Wars
Mission to Japan
Further Reading
Gazetteer
Index
List of maps
1The First Universities of Europe: 1160–1600
2Distribution of the Waldensians
3Distribution of the Brethren of the Common Life
4The Great Schism and the Avignon Papacy
5Distribution of the Lollards
6The Hussite Wars
7The Earliest Printing Centres in Europe
8Major Centres of the Italian Renaissance
9Major Centres of the Northern Renaissance
10Ecclesiastical Divisions of Western Europe c. 1500
11Portuguese Voyages of Discovery to the East
12European Voyages of Discovery to the West
13The First Circumnavigation of the World
14The Empire of Charles V
15Martin Luther and the Beginnings of the Reformation
16The German Knights’ War 1522–23
17The Peasants’ War 1524–25
18The Anabaptists and the Radical Reformation
19Repression, Persecution, and Resettlement of the Jews
20Philipp Melanchthon and Protestant Reform
21The Progress of Reform by 1530
22Lutheran Germany in 1555
23Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation
24Martin Bucer and the Reformation
25John Calvin and Swiss Reform
26The Reformation in Switzerland
27The Spread of Calvinism and Reformed Protestantism
28Francis I and the Reformation in France
29The Reformation in Scandinavia
30The Dissolution of the English Monasteries
31The Pilgrimage of Grace
32The English Reformation
33The Scottish Reformation
34Christian Churches in Late-Sixteenth Century Poland
35Christian Europe following the Peace of Augsburg, 1560
36The Council of Trent 1545–47
37The Council of Trent 1551–52
38The Council of Trent 1562–63
39Ignatius Loyola and the Formation of the Society of Jesus
40The Rise and Distribution of the Jesuits
41The Travels of Francis Xavier
42Roman Catholic Missions to the Americas
43Jesuit Reductions in Paraguay
44The Wars of Religion in France
45The Early Reformation in the Netherlands
46Civil War and Independence in the Netherlands
47Philip II and the Destruction of the Spanish Armada
48Catholics and Protestants in Ireland
49English Puritans Migrate to North America
50Christian Confessions in Europe in 1600
51English Migrants Settle in New England
52Christian Confessions in Germany in 1618
53The Thirty Years’ War: 1620–1648
54The Peace of Westphalia, 1648
55The Religious Settlement in Europe after 1648
56European Colonies in North America
57The English Civil War: 1640–43
58The English Civil War: 1644–49
59Oliver Cromwell’s Foreign Wars, 1649–58
60Roman Catholic Missions to Japan
Foreword
This atlas has been designed to examine the origins, background, beginning and spread of the Protestant Reformation. It looks at the repercussions of that movement on Europe and the wider world. The Catholic Reformation and Counter-Reformation are covered in similar depth and breadth, as are the political and military conflicts arising in part from these theological and ecclesiastical changes. An exhaustive timeline has also been included to provide a useful chronology of events.
We believe this atlas breaks new ground in being a digitally-designed and comprehensive historical atlas of the religious history of the early modern period in Europe and the wider world.
All research and writing has been undertaken by Tim Dowley. The cartography is the work of Cambridge-based Nick Rowland. Page layout and design has been carried out by Trevor Bounford of Bounford.com, while the index and gazetteer have been compiled by Christopher Pipe of Watermark. The academic consultant is Dr Richard Snoddy, London School of Theology.
March 2015
Timeline AD 1300–1700
Introduction
Between 1350 and 1650 the church in Western Europe experienced significant administrative, moral, and doctrinal reform that brought major changes to the church. These reforms were accompanied by conflict between those committed to the beliefs and practices of the medieval church and those persuaded that major doctrinal and moral reform was necessary. Conflict also arose between those committed to different approaches to reform and to different theologies.
This Reformation resulted in a lasting schism in the church in Western Europe that had essentially remained unified for more than one thousand years. The existence of more than one Christian church was difficult to accept after a millennium of religious unity, and only reluctantly was it acknowledged when it became increasingly clear that neither dialogue nor suppression could restore the church’s unity. Religious divisions—together with political, social, and economic factors—led to military conflict that plagued Europe between 1550 and 1648.
The first section of this atlas surveys the pre-Reformation period: the setting in which the events took place, late medieval society, the role of the church in that society, and the various reform movements of the late Middle Ages. Although the late medieval church met the religious needs of society more adequately than many historians have been willing to concede, people were sufficiently alienated from the church to support the Protestant Reformation.
The second section of this book examines the outbreak of the sixteenth-century Reformation. Martin Luther was of course the primary protagonist in the events that resulted in this lasting schism in the church, believing that the teachings of the church had been distorted during the Middle Ages and needed to be brought back into line with Scripture. There soon appeared a number of different reform movements and a great expansion of the Reformation churches. Lutheranism spread through much of Germany and Scandinavia, and new urban movements appeared in Switzerland and Germany. Radical reform movements sprang up throughout Europe, led by people who rejected the ‘Magisterial Reformers’ who worked with the magistrates or rulers. In Geneva, John Calvin led a reform movement that was soon imitated in much of Europe. Henry VIII initiated a Reformation in England for reasons that had little to do with church reform, but the English church also experienced a Protestant Reformation which reached fruition in the reign of Henry’s daughter, Elizabeth. A Protestant Reformation was also firmly established in Scotland.
The Roman Catholic Church was stimulated to reform itself—and also to respond to the rapid growth of Protestantism—movements which are covered in section three. When attempts to heal the breach between the Church of Rome and the growing Protestant movement failed, the papacy called the reforming Council of Trent, which defined the theology of the medieval church in opposition to Protestantism and encouraged moral and spiritual reform within the Roman Catholic Church. The discovery of the Americas led to a new interest in spreading the gospel abroad. The Society of Jesus—the Jesuits, founded by Ignatius Loyola—took the lead within the Catholic Church and sent missionaries to the Americas, India, China, and Japan. Protestants attempted to bring the gospel to Native Americans in the English colonies.
One result of the competing reform movements was theological and military conflict, dealt with in the final section of this atlas. In addition to theological conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists engaged in ferocious debates, and there were also deep divisions within both Lutheranism and Calvinism, while all parties were critical of the Anabaptists and persecuted them. For their part, Anabaptists were divided among themselves and on occasion resorted to violence in pursuing their objectives.
During the second century of the Reformation era, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and England were all convulsed by religious wars. When neither side was able to overcome the other, they had eventually to agree to compromise settlements, dividing the respective areas between the competing confessions. Only the English Civil War, fought between Protestants, had a different result. The Peace of Westphalia of 1648, which ended the Thirty Years’ War, is a clear concluding point for the Reformation era on the European continent; in England it comes ten years later, as the Civil War was followed by the restoration of the Stuart dynasty in 1660.
Part 1
Before the Reformation
O quam cito transit gloria mundi.
Oh how quickly the world’s glory passes away!
THOMAS À KEMPIS
The Rise of Learning
During the age of Charlemagne and the tenth and eleventh centuries, education in Christian Europe was based mainly in monasteries and cathedral schools—largely the former until the eleventh century. A learned monk would teach novices (new monks) and if he were well known adult monks from other houses would also come to study under him. Other young men from wealthy families would be sent to study under a monastic tutor.
By the twelfth century, cathedral schools had overtaken the monastic establishments. The chancellor—chief cathedral dignitary after the bishop and dean—taught the seven liberal arts and theology to advanced students, while other teachers