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Conventional Memory
1024KB
Reserved area
768KB
Video RAM
Command.com
Device Drivers
640KB
0KB
The first 640kb of system memory is called conventional memory This is the area that is available for the use by the standard DOS program The bottom 1K area is used to store the interrupt vector pointer. Above is DOS itself.Its hard to say exactly how much space DOS takes,it depends on version Of DOS Above DOS loads a special class of programs called device driver.
Above the device driver COMMAND.COM is stored.It accept input from user and reformulate them in such a manner that the operating system can understand. Above the command loads TSR(terminate and stay resident) programs do the same things as device drivers. Above TSR,there is a space for user program and data.In this user can load the data and program.
Extended Memory
4GB
1MB
640KB
0KB
Conventional Memory
All of the memory above the first megabyte is called Extended Memory. This is all the memory above the high memory area until the end of the system memory. The memory above the 1MB is extended memory
It is used for program and data when using an operating system running in protected mode,such as any version of window.
On 80286 or 80386 SX system,extended memory limit is 16MB(16 bit addressing). On a 80386 DX,80486,Pentium or Pentium pro system,extended memory limit is 4GB(32 bit addressing). The processor pentium Iiand newer processor have a limit of 64KB(36 bit addressing). The Microsoft,Lotus developed the extended memory specification(XMS) to use extended memory
Expanded Memory
Conventional extended memory 16M/4G Extended memory 32M Expanded memory
1M
Expanded memory
896K
832K 768K
Adapter ROM
Video RAM
640K 0K
Conventional Memory
0K
An older standard for accessing memory above 1MB which called Expanded memory. It uses a protocol called the Expanded memory specification or EMS. EMS was originally created to overcome the 1MB addressing limitation of the first generation 8086 and 8088 CPU. Unlike conventional memory or extended memory ,expanded memory is not directly addressable by the processor.Instead of it ,it can only be accessed through a small 64k window established in UMA(upper memory area). This type of memory generally useful only in the system that do not have extended memory(advance processor) available to them. Expanded memory specification developed by Lotus,Intel and Microsoft(LIM).This is called LIM specification for expanded memory.
Cache memory
It is the high speed memory,that store data temporarily. It is also called as Intelligent Memory The processor retrive data faster than from main memory. It is made up of Static memory(SRAM).
Levels of Cache
L1(Internal cache):
Primary cache Small in size High speed Placed at the right side of processor chip Typical range of size of L1 cache 8KB to 6KB Uses high speed SRAM(static RAM) instead of slower and cheaper DRAM(dynamic RAM).
L2(External cache): secondary cache Bigger in size Memory placed between CPU and main memory Range 64K to 2MB
L3(Old L2 cache): L3 cache slowly replaced the L2 cache function Extra cache built into the motherboards between CPU and main memory is now being called L3 cache. Some manufacturer using L3 cache designs already,but most desktop and notebook computers do not offer this function yet.
Advantages of cache:
It is the high speed memory Intelligent Memory The processor retrive data faster than from main memory.so improve the performance of system
Disdvantages of cache:
Small in size Cost is very high
Types of RAM
1.DRAM 2.SRAM 1. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Uses capacitors for holding information.this makes DRAM slower and cheaper Contents are constantly refreshed 1000 times per second Access time 60 70 nanoseconds Note: a nanosecond is one billionth of a second! 2. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)
Uses on/off switches for holding information.this makes SRAM faster and expensive
Access time around 10 nanoseconds Used for cache memory
FPM (Fast Page Mode) Traditional RAM for PC,before EDO was introduced.
ECC (Error correcting code) It is a special error correcting RAM. Specially used in servers
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) Replacement of FPM, EDO Speed of SDRAM 100MHZ and133MHZ All SDRAM for desktop PCs have 168 pins
DDR2
DDR3
Technology used for high storage of working data of computer. DDR3 to operate at data rates of 800 mhz,1066 mhz,1600 mhz and above
BIOS
BIOS(basic input output system) provides the processor with the information required to boot the system from a non-volatile storage unit(HDD,FDD,CD). BIOS is an electronic set of instruction that the computer uses to successfully start operating. Located on a chip inside of the computer and is designed in a way that protects it from disk failure.