Woodwind instruments are distinguished primarily by the fact that the effective length of the vibrating air column

is shortened by opening lateral side holes in succession. Two distinctly different means of generating the sound are employed.

For the flute, and its half-size version the piccolo, the player blows across the embouchure hole near one end in such away as to cause periodic puffs of air to enter the tube; after a turbulent turning these puffs excite the air column longitudinally. This method of excitation leaves the tube acoustically open in the sense that the contained air vibrates much as it does in a simple tube with both ends open to the atmosphere.

For the double-reed oboe or bassoon, the player holds between the lips a pair of thin reeds (pieces of cane appropriately thinned, shaped, and bound together) that beat against each other to change the player's breath to puffs of air. For clarinets and saxophones, a single reed attached to a mouthpiece by a ligature functions in a similar way. The portion of the mouthpiece (the lay) against which the reed beats must be appropriately curved; the character of the sound is modified somewhat by the volume of the mouthpiece as well as by the shape and material of the reed.

For both the single- and double-reed instruments, the reeds vibrate under the influence of sound waves reflected back from the distant end of the air column and allow the puffs of air to enter when the sound pressure within the instrument is large. Thus (in contrast to the flute) the air vibration at the reed end is that associated with an acoustically closed end.

The typical brass instrument consists of a cup-shaped mouthpiece, a slightly tapered mouthpipe, cylindrical tubing including valves, and a roughly hyperbolic bell. Puffs of air are introduced by the player via vibrating lips stretched over the mouthpiece.

The action is comparable to that of the clarinet, in that the mouthpiece end is nearly closed acoustically. The length of the air column is increased by tubing switched in by use of valves, either piston or rotary: a common arrangement is such that the first valve lowers the intonation by two semitones, the second by one semitone, and the third by three semitones.

For a given length of tubing, different tones are produced by tensioning the lips to excite different modes of vibration whose frequencies are approximately in the ratios 2:3:4:5:6:8.

Instruments such as the timpani (kettledrums) and xylophone are called percussion instruments because the sound is initiated by a blow.

. Two kinds of sound producers are involved: a membrane under tension, associated with a cavity that can influence the frequency of vibration, as in the case of the timpani; and a rigid bar or plate vibrating transversely, whose frequency is little affected by any resonator that may be attached.

Some percussion instruments give a welldefined sound that excites a sensation of definite pitch, such as does a church bell; others, such as drums, cymbals, and triangles, are useful primarily for rhythm effects

For the guitar and harp, strings are set into vibration by plucking; for the other stringed instruments the vibration is usually initiated and maintained by bowing. The frequency of vibration is primarily established by the length, tension, and mass per unit length of the string.

A string vibrates not only at the lowest (fundamental) frequency, but also at the same time at higher frequencies which tend toward integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. The sound radiated from the instrument is thus complex.

The radiation of sound from a stringed instrument is enhanced by a resonator consisting of an almost closed air cavity. Some of the energy of the vibrating string is transmitted via the bridge to the walls of the cavity.

In a carefully constructed violin the resonances of the air cavity and its vibrating walls are distributed in frequency in order to afford a relatively uniform response throughout the playing range of the instrument.

For example is violin,viola,cello,guitar,harp,sitar,mandolin,lute and the piano.

Instruments such as the celesta, pipe organ, accordion, and piano are usually put in a group called keyboard instruments, because the respective vibrating bars, pipes, reeds, and strings in these instruments are selected by use of keys in a keyboard.

The celesta and piano could also be described as percussion instruments, because hammers strike the bars and strings; the pipe organ and the accordion, with its wind-driven free reeds, are wind instruments

By its multiple keyboards (and pedal board) the pipe organ puts under the control of a single player thousands of sources whose distinctive sounds can be reproduced on command.

Free reeds, such as those in the reed organ, accordion, concertina, and harmonica, do not overlap the air passage; they are generally of metal. Beating reeds, such as those used in organ pipes and in the clarinet, strike the edges of the aperture while vibrating. Reed instrument, in music, an instrument whose sound-producing agent is a thin strip of cane, wood, plastic, or metal that vibrates as air is passed over it. The predecessor of these instruments is the Chinese sheng. Single-reed instruments have one reed that is either free or beating.

Double-reed instruments, such as the shawm, oboe, bassoon, and English horn, have two reeds facing each other, between which air is forced into the instrument; thus the reeds are set vibrating.

CELLO

Cello (violoncello) Musical instrument, member of the violin family. It has a soft, mellow tone, one octave below the viola; its strings are tuned to C-G-D-A. It is played with a bow and supported by the knees of a seated player. It was developed in the 16th-century by the Amati family. Among the most celebrated players of the 20th century were Pablo Casals and Jacqueline Du Pr.

MANDOLIN

In its early form, the mandolin was played by plucking the strings using a plectrum or a solid object. Today, the mandolin is played similarly and somewhat like the guitar, by using a pick to strum or pluck the strings. The mandolin is mainly used in folk and bluegrass music. Musicians pluck the strings in a rapid up and down motion, a technique which is known as tremolo

Clarinet

The clarinet is a member of the woodwind family. Sound is produced by a vibrating single reed which is the same sound producing method as the saxophone. Other similarities to the saxophone make the clarinet a good starting instrument for students who may want to move to the saxophone later on.

Saxophone

The saxophone is a member of the woodwind family even though it is made almost entirely of metal. The sound is produced by a vibrating single reed which is the same sound producing method as a clarinet. The clarinet and saxophone are similar in many ways. Many beginning students may not have a willingness to pay the higher price of a saxophone. Others may not have hands large enough to fit around the saxophone keys. Those students may start with a clarinet and switch to the saxophone at a later date.

Trumpet

The trumpet or cornet is the smallest and highest member of the brass family. As with all brass instruments, the sound is produced by buzzing the lips into a mouthpiece. The difference between a trumpet and cornet is very minor. They both play the same notes and they sound virtually the same. In appearance, the trumpet looks a bit longer and more slender than a cornet. The real difference has to do with the way the tubing of the instrument flares. A cornet is more cone shaped or conical than a trumpet. For all practical purposes they are the same instrument for beginners. A band teacher may refer to the trumpet section when he or she really means all trumpets and cornets. Either is a good instrument for a beginner.

French Horn

The French horn or sometimes called just horn is a member of the brass family. As with all brass instruments, the sound is produced by buzzing the lips into a mouthpiece. The French horn is a beautiful sounding instrument but beginners should proceed with caution. Due to the way a horn is constructed, it is more difficult for young students to play the correct notes. The French horn can be a great beginning instrument for someone with some music background and the ability to match pitches correctly. The student should be able to sing in tune in order to know when they are playing the correct pitches on their horn.

The Bells are a percussion instrument. Sound is created by striking pieces of metal with a plastic or wood mallet. The notes are configured like a piano keyboard and usually have the names of the notes printed on each bar.

The Snare Drum is the smallest drum in the percussion section. This is the most popular drum and is used in nearly all styles of music. For beginners, practice pads are often used to dampen the offensive sound.

Piano

The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It is one of the most popular instruments in the world. Widely used in classical and jazz music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal. Although not portable and often expensive, the piano's versatility and ubiquity have made it one of the world's most familiar musical instruments.

Accordion
The accordion is a portable, freely vibrating reed instrument. It consists of a keyboard and bass casing that are connected by a collapsible bellows. Within the instrument are metal reeds, which create sound when air, generated by the movement of the bellows, flows around them and causes them to vibrate. The accordion is constructed from hundreds of pieces, and much of it is hand assembled.

CONCERTINA

A concertina is a free-reed musical instrument, like the various accordions and the harmonica. It has a bellows and buttons typically on both ends of it. When pressed, the buttons travel in the same direction as the bellows, unlike accordion buttons which travel perpendicularly to it. Also, each button produces one note, while accordions typically can produce chords with a single button.The concertina was developed in England and Germany, most likely independently. The English version was invented in 1829 by Sir Charles Wheatstone and a patent for an improved version was filed by him in 1844. The German version was announced in 1834 by Carl Friedrich Uhlig.

HARMONICA

The harmonica, or mouth organ, is a hand-held rectangular musical instrument. As the musician inhales and exhales into evenly spaced air channels, the metal reeds within produce musical tones. The length and thickness of the reed determines the note that is heard.

CONTENTS
PERKARA 1.WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS 2.BRASS INSTRUMENTS PAGES 1-2 3-4

3.PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS 5-6 4.STRINGED INSTRUMENTS 5.KEYBOARD INSTRUMENTS 6.REED INSTRUMENTS 7-8 9-10 11-12

NAMA : SORFINA BT.M.RADZUAN NURUL LIYANA YASMIN BT.ROSLI