Professional Documents
Culture Documents
"!$#%
&('()*) +-,/.0'
=;C@Q7:13n?9B7:O62-2R4646GBDJK58;I9K7:4f9<@:D-46;/9(HI=-HU=F[2;C9B5Q>?Ga5:7:;HI9%VWF/@:9B7:AF9B2>X9K;C>o@E2-D>X2-;C>P>OY;CF5QHI9B589B7:G<=Z46F[HUHID-F/;U9(7:D-F*\]FC9h@:DJ@:^6469p4_\q9<4L@:O6=9B46HI9K>?;/7Q>-46@E>?4L;/7:7:GB9NFI9aM`9KO6>-FbN4LceHI@:df^6M-4P9K;/>O6GBFC4;/7:5Q4g5QF2GB=4g=R=Z;SO6F/@QF>7:>9B46O6D->F9B^6D-GK;C9BF[F@:>-4TOE9hrDJ4_9B>46GKG9B;I^6HI9K;C5QF/GKFC93@:7:A/cSF*i 46jk>?DJ4P7:94l i 2-jDJ>Rm 46; G
O6;I;/5QHI2-=Z==ZF-M/F/DJ@Q@:9?4}HU9BG~;/5Q5Q5:F;GB4st\q4LM/@:5QHI9K;<FuR4Y5QD5:;<9a>=469KGB;/Nv>-F/4L@:7:9BA9~9B9B>->o4HID-46F/G?7:5QF[9B58@:7:9B465QHU=Z4L;w7Qma7:Fx3;4LG?DOY46;/5Q5Q5QFgF-DJm_46$G?>HI=-F/@:7:9BF<HUDJ;U469?;/==-9K=-;/@:>-F4L5Q7:5Q9w9BHUO69zF3;Cy ^64Y9B{?F2->9K4/|/Mh;/5QGB44
DJs46G?5Q9B@:58FC7:V 46|HU4LM-@:GK;k46;[HInw5QFF[F/GB@:4LOEA$r4L"4_>w4L7:@QGB4}4@E;DJFC46{?@:Gh29pO6467:;/5847EHI;D-=Z469B=ZF[9hF/==-7:9K462a;/5QF>-y 9Z4L44Ly 7:5Q9a|e5Q4f4L5Q@:F@:F4}>-5QFU@:9BHI9p7:5Q46469BGK>wHI42J=-9K7E>@:;}4_{?\]2R4fDJ@:;C46HU>wGBK7:4};F3O6@:sF/9K5Q>=ZS9BVOf4fr-7Q7:4FIm<;/ZGB>PNK;6=;C=Rj@Q7:/;S9BZ@QO67:F/N9BYG0O6;Se46@:8GB4kK;/5Q-F/m>wx3FU 46Z46GGBNOYY9K;/5Q5Q5Qw9NF Mm
=;C@E;CZFGB4gFwDX9B=Z4L@:ZFGB9";5Q46O6F/>RD;Ofr-4gGv 46>-4L@:A9K;7:FC7E;/GB4}W5Q90;>46A;C7:9B|;wMR>w2GBK;F[=ZF/5Q9p7:9K|/;Jm
I**ISgCSCgUw%gg}X%U/
q/fJ(CPJL0XqP"S/o]fwIZPq~PP-Pfw:LPLEZ0]]wCLS/--qLL~(L(J0L0-Jw%(fIqQC"-JP]w(/LEJf~z?(Cf(-EffP%Y/ZkL~fXRX]h:6-E(qP6E** XIJC/f0(LqfCPL6ZwEZqCLhCqI/(f0f(0"CC0JqJRZJS(L/q(6C q0JZEC6S((-IXRJfCJfCqXL0/C6-PL
"ZCESh03%SRE_J6Zqk?ELSJ"CQ--( S:-LXfIJ](XqSff6fwqqJSff-fZ]C(f3/fPCgqzwJL}q(/E-fhowJC(qJ(q-6-(L/Jff/qPJX?RJ(CLL0gCq<0(ZCqSJJ(hZEZ//f-?LwC/P0-"(
ZS/~0$ / C((C/LfJ-]qPP//C//Cww(]qC /*o(CZ<CqP]-hXw/ff]fSCqw](ZJ(J?]w6LPJo(w}q XfCJJPX"ZZ</0J CL(C/f-S/qX-LSLqJ(0S_Lq /XSJhEI/fZ?C?qL0 /-(CL"JC]
"wf/(C]wqPwS
tPz?S
:e
LJ0/0ZwCK?( ZC-?ERLJw/fLXT((w/~?LwCqPJL"kC [Qg( f(e-J0-*f W(S f/<fPq-?YL?Jw0q 0*S-ZqCqJ(kq(0/qJ0gf"-f0/0-(
~ Pz $S:6wfe6
QZqh(/Z/UwPfJhqo((wq0IJLCCJUCZCqCqfJ6wq~0(JqC6](wIqqPPJEPhXC(LSow((qC-qJJ]wXL U CJfCL??L((qZJ6(Iqf(?wqJL
C X" $S:6wfe6
qX0]C6(fJ(
S:6wfk(/gf/Ph
fqq}EPZZ(q 6(*qf
r
y
r
centro di forza
4')*+-,.# /)012
h ?
k l
h
g]E-0-C(Lqf"SELo Z-hJq6(h IfCP(q CIJLLwJ-0wqJCf]SPh EwEL0/(
h
z5 ew lUm qp l 15
k l : k o n r n
Energia
Potenziale ~ r2
centrifugo
Potenziale
efficace
Potenziale
1
coulombiano ~ r
l pn
k
Zk J"-C0_]wP XJ6 UL]6f(C]fwqPJ/]fw[PJ(q/E
"LX%(Q-fCw(-0]wf(wU(Rq*(q](XJwLELCX(](wEP fCP(q CJ3JqCJq JXXq~eJ0-fIZ
Z :
"
E
T_(qJPRqEf6(]S-(-LS/(/
Z/0q CJ(0/0-(}q(qC]wqqP(0]CqSJ-LSC/
Z (qZ
Zf0
"z Zq JX %B0q"5CLSk(Zk-ff(J(P]CwLPTXq3weJCJ0-6f 00/qJ0 5 -/Ef0P(q /6(*f0z 5 P
:
E
Q(/EfPPZZP$ /JCqJ(PJ[ff]LSL0-CJP
Z
SZ
E R
Z(S]Z:6CLo Z 6(Iwf/q0"- (oZZ3SJ(q/Ef6?oE6qICq-L?(J00-wffUZ" J ]w6L$J h T EZoSfJLJ 0L (Sf/fPo qZ?/L0]o(So-( ]C( T
)')')*+-,.#' # $
zC0-h_ w CqJXI ( 0-CL%Eh C /JfJ-?6R(JUCL P/(' C5LJ ]P E]P(hEJ0f(q?]wP/U*Jq0qJP6X-X' /5 fo BwJ5 JU]wRLS[J( JhfqPE0Rf(qJqh
5
Qf<L-LwE/LEL Z/Cq w-/h0-w(CXqJ CRZN ko(SqC qhf/f("CJqJf/fPQq(-(6J (LQw-fT]S Nf6?ffSJfJL(0R*(ZRqJ/o LfLqhX-EZ6?ffC -(03JJ6?(""S-EfZ
( qh/f"JqUeJ/-L -
XJ%QCCfLX(~JL/T[ h:LP(Cq$ JLqJq(J
zC0[ X/ 3Eh(C kC--EQ6*T( /:(LCLJCJ]fXfq$ /J0]CqJ(
P0K kXPZJqJP//-LXL E/JX(J-0]qSJ/fX/(-f fqR(q
5 Y
6S(-_ -[h wC
XqJ}JZ a(w6w"J](QJL 8_f6?ELC-Jq3 fqh-E6?LU0"J6?"SUZa(w6w"J]
fqXR(q0zC0I X/ kE~h(X/a/Jf 6(J$Q CCL(J/]EUfE]UC-ECP-w fq?Uw//T0-(0aP JXPJ/L-E(LPJ[(]J-q-Jffg( -
P
SfJ-( Z~ (- 5 w f C-( o% f~f6? fL P Z
"/[0Q (w/:06-o(/(J(CqJ C(q0]L%E-SRN H oCSqCCJfLX(0CSf/ fPq(%-hJZ6?LqC
5 :
f~P/L?fLwP/-L tZI$ /JCqJ(P fLqZhSIP-Cq PZSqLCJZ/f/(/
f(6?Zf6Qf(NY}g J-( /L0 -fqhJkq((f }J(M(DXCJL(qqahJ- JLELE6(? 0fLT CJJ6t?"]SUSZE-ffCLfq]L0E
]"ffJ//e(S-/gC-$L Jff]LS(
0e0L UZCI06S-Z(q/J"0f]/U
f/$L-SC(LLLf??[:wLqffJ6L?f$ZfSC(-L J?h]?(6(CIoJIZf(/qR]CZS--S0
RS-f-L]LEE"/JfR(US J(P JLE(]0LTZ
CoJSq0]TZEf]:Lf0L(-(CCSL/fL-qfCK?KT6ZZCq(]
Cq f /fZ6C((J]w0 JSLL (K6qZSfq-6(SJ ]w$SL(L?T}L Lw Ef/ J-qw L
3
"!
$#
$#
%#
2
3&
3
43
73
65
%5
3
=1
=1.2
=0.017
1
=0.25
0.5
0.5
=0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
()7(
()/
2
UILL(Qw*CEqLhP-qC((J(Lb-(q X]S(EHf* J/(J"6fwqLE0f"(/JfI Lw<ffJI0Z]wqLULJ_(J-0L"( (0f]Uw(ZC/L(S]JwTSqf(/EE f/(f(]CSw-qqUX/LCCCLCLPfL]CS0ef ]: LCH CEfE-(qJf[ U (JL J(_K6
ZfJ/]0w] LXCJ PAS6( \-Yw q0
"(:6o(L/fC6o( //S/-Lf]S0eT PJ0f(E w0L ZfZff%(]w(Cf%Z/f]:LC
<
8
f~
C @ 6 8 6 8/
fCP(LU(wq CL6 U -Cq]PoX6q(Uq Pq(JCJq-ZPS0-eX* q((0/ JqJL0( 0L P 6J(LIJhJ-0Z]CLC( "[LLqXXfJJLEfL 0/ (UJq0XqJ"J6wCJZLfoh"6C
<
Terra
v0 < vC
Urano
ellisse a
Marte
Terra
Saturno
3
Giove
moto circolare
v0 = vC
Nettuno
Cometa
di Halley
ellisse b
vC < v0 < vP
3
Plutone
() (
()/
'
,,
Energia
5
4
3
2
1
iperbole
E5
parabola
E4
r
ellisse b
E3
cerchio
E2
E1
ellisse a
0-3(S6J~q CqZIwCfJ*Z$/?/L0?qLCq0q0f( P wJ / L 0* J6JL fSaEXLJSf /0Cq]qf0fE LqC(~C]qTX"h-Jf(0/60-( 8q
(qC] wq
w /0-(
PS-w0hLS]ZC06SC-JqJfq- "CL0 /0q z0q(o w- C LPq J<6JPLwfSLE L/S0qKfCfq]qSLhE<]_"C-qfo0/0-J((6j0( qCQ(]wq
/ JC qJ (
PfwCL-XPhCw6fw"JJLqq CCC-Lw q f6?E LC - J]?f 6w(X(JLf/PfCqh6/wf("oJq CC( /f-qTfJLwqP
/LffJ R(PC6?L% (P
SS--P0hS]qZ3CCJJLf]fh --ff}ZCZ/L0-qS-ff-CqLEZ-R-CCLJ](_"Qwf/f(ZCf]fwaqa3CN JofCq-"SeJJ?0q-ZfE/JZP
XCL}(Rq(PZaCLZ /hPPPJPwL/-hLw6ww"JJJq] wCL
hLfwfh