Pre-natal Growth and Development

I.DEVELOPMENT OF BRANCHIAL ARCHES - structures which develop in embryo; are

comparable to gills of fish; -reflect fact that ontogeny (development of individual) resembles phylogeny (evolution of species); - are important in understanding final structure and innervation of head and neck.

Pharyngeal Arches

Each arch has its own blood supply. These are the aortic arches.

Pharyngeal Arches o Ancient gill bars o Branchial arches o form gills in fish

Pharyngeal Arches Appear at 4 - 5 weeks. Play important role in the formation of the face. Play an important role in the formation of the neck structures.

Mesenchymal tissue

separated externally by clefts separated internally by endodermal pouches e

Pre-natal Growth and Development

Pharyngeal Arches Ectoderm Ectoderm surrounds the stomodeum. Ectoderm is found anterior to the tonsillar fossa. Head Mesenchyme paraxial mesoderm lateral plate mesoderm neural crest cells Paraxial mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm Neural crest

At 5 weeks: o Stomadeum is preset o Surrounded by the 1st Branchial Arch

Paraxial mesoderm (somites and somitomeres)

forms floor of the brain case

forms some of occipital region Paraxial Mesoderm

forms:
o

voluntary muscles of the craniofascial region o dermis and connective tissue in dorsal head o meninges Lateral plate mesoderm Branchial Arches Ectodermal placodes Stomodeum
o

forms:
o o

laryngeal cartilages from 4th and 6th arch connective tissue in larynx region Neural crest cells migrate into: o pharyngeal arches - from forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain form bones of the face and the skull form hyoid cartilage (from 2nd and 3rd arches) Bone of the Face and Skull White - neural crest Tan - paraxial mesodern Red - lateral plate mesoderm

Pre-natal Growth and Development

II. FATE OF BRANCHIAL ARCHES contribute to formation of face, neck, mouth, larynx, and pharynx A. Branchial Arch Cartilages form skeletal elements (bones, cartilages and ligaments) B. Branchial Arch Nerves are cranial nerves (SVE component) First arch = Trigeminal (V), Second arch = Facial N. (VII); Third arch = Glossopharyngeal N. (IX); Fourth arch = Vagus (X); Sixth arch (caudal) = Accessory N. (XI) C. Branchial arch muscles many (see chart); each muscle migrates but continues to be innervated by the cranial nerve to the arch from which the muscle is derived. Neural crest cells

III. FATE

OF BRANCHIAL POUCHES

A. Pouch 1 - elongates into tubotympanic recess; midfacial skeletal structure forms Auditory tube and tympanic cavity. pharyngeal arch skeletal structures plus cartilage, bone, dentin, tendon, dermis, B. Pouch 2 - forms epithelial lining of Crypts (spaces) meninges, sensory neurons and glandular of the Palatine tonsils. stroma Ectodermal placodes C. Pouch 3 - Upper part forms Inferior Parathyroid gland; lower part forms Thymus gland form neurons of:
o o o o o

form:

5th, 7th, 9th and 10th sensory ganglia with variable neural crest contributions gland;

D. Pouch 4 - Expands into superior and inferior parts. 1. Superior part - forms superior parathyroid 2. Inferior part - source of C cells (produce hormone calcitonin) which fuse with thyroid gland. NOTE: Superior parathyroid gland develops from Pouch 4 and Inferior parathyroid gland from Pouch 3; final position occurs because elements from Pouch 3 migrate caudal to Pouch 4.

Ectodermal Placodes Neurons migrate into each arch. Each arch has its own nerve supply.

Pre-natal Growth and Development

STRUCTURES DERIVED FROM BRANCHIAL ARCHES AND POUCHES

ARCH/NERVE First (V)

SKELETAL 1) Malleus 2) Incus

LIGAMENTS 1) Ant. ligament of malleus 2) Sphenomandibular ligament

MUSCLES 1) Muscles of Mastication 2) Tensor tympani 3) Tensor palati 4) Mylohyoid 5) Ant. belly of Digastric

POUCH 1) Auditory tube 2) Tympanic cavity

Second (VII)

1) Stapes 2) Styloid process

Stylohyoid ligament

1) Muscles of Facial Expression 2) Stapedius

Lining (crypts) of palatine tonsils

3) Hyoid bone lesser horn, upper half of body

3) Stylohyoid 4) Post. belly of Digastric

Third (IX)

Hyoid bone greater horn, lower half of body

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Stylopharyngeus

1) Inferior parathyroid gland 2) Thymus

Fourth (X)

Cartilages of Larynx

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1) All muscles of Larynx 2) All muscles of Pharynx (except Stylopharyngeus) 3) All muscles of Soft Palate (except Tensor palati)

1) Superior parathyroid gland 2) C-cells of Thyroid

Sixth (XI)

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1) Sternocleidomastoid 2) Trapezius

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Note: First Branchial Groove (Cleft) becomes External Auditory Meatus First Branchial Membrane becomes Tympanic Membrane