CHAPTER 5:

THE AIR AROUND US

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THE AIR AROUND US

The Earth is surrounded by a thick layer of air called the atmosphere Air is a mixture of gases and other component which is tasteless, colourless and odourless. Type of gases in air:

Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Inert gases (argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, radon)

Other components:
- water vapour, dust microorganisms

The composition of air varies from place to place and from time to time
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Atmosphere

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Why air is a mixture?

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Uses of gases
Nitrogen preserve packaged foods Oxygen respiration, burning, rusting Carbon dioxide - photosynthesis

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Uses of inert gases

Helium for meteorological balloon

Xenon for sun lamps

Krypton for fluorescent bulbs.

For earthquake prediction

Neon for light

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Composition of air

Component
Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Inert gases & other substances

Percentage (%)
78 21 0.03 0.97
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Why air is a mixture?

1.

2. 3.

The gases in the air can be easily separated (respiration, burning, rusting) Each gas in the air still maintain its original properties The ratio of the component in the air varies according to the condition of a place

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1)

2)
3) 4)

LETS DO SOME EXPERIMENTS! What is the percentage of oxygen in the air? Does air contain water vapour? Does air contain microorganisms? Does air contain dust particles?

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Investigating the percentage of oxygen in the air

Procedure: 1) A candle is placed on gas jar stand in the trough and fill the trough with water 2) The gas jar are divided into five equal parts using rubber bands 3) The candle is lighted up and the gas jar is inverted over the lighted candle 4) The changes of water level is examined as the candle goes off
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Observation: -As the candle continue to burn the flame get smaller and finally it goes off - The water level in the gas jar rose until it reach one fifth of the marked height when candle goes off Conclusion: Oxygen makes up of approximately 21% of the volume of air.
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To show air contains water vapour

Procedure: 1) Put some ice cubes into the boiling tube 2) Record the observation on the external surface of boiling tube after 15 minutes 3) Test the liquid on the external surface of boiling tube with dry cobalt chloride paper 4) If blue cobalt chloride paper turns to pink in colour, this proofs that the liquid is water.
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Observation: - Water droplets that formed on the outer wall of the test tube can be clearly seen. - Collected liquid droplets has been tested with a blue cobalt chloride paper and the paper then turns to pink in colour, proofs that the liquid is water. Conclusion: Air contains water vapour.
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To show air contains dust

Procedure: 1) Prepare the materials as shown 2) Observed the cellophane tape with magnifying glass after a few days Observation: Dust can be seen on the sticky surface of glass slide. Conclusion : Air contains dust.

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To show air contains microorganisms

Before

After a few days

Observation: - Coloured spots of microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) are found on the surface of the nutrient agar after a few days Conclusion: Air contains microorganisms.
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PROPERTIES OF GASES
OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE
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PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are the two main gases that made up the air for sustaining life The properties of gases can be studied and observed by carrying out the following tests

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Test 1: Solubility in water

OXYGEN Observation: The water level in the test tube rises slightly

CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The water level in the test tube rises slightly (but more than oxygen) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble in water
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Conclusion: Oxygen is slightly soluble in water

Test 2: Reaction with sodium hydroxide

OXYGEN Observation: The level of sodium hydroxide solution in the test tube does not change Conclusion: Oxygen is not soluble in sodium hydroxide

CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The level of sodium hydroxide solution in the test tube rises a lot Conclusion: Carbon dioxide is very soluble in sodium hydroxide
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Test 3: Glowing wooden splinter

OXYGEN Observation: The glowing wooden splinter bursts into flame (relights/rekindless) Conclusion: Oxygen supports combustion

CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The glowing wooden splinter extinguished (goes off) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide does not supports combustion
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Test 4: Burning wooden splinter

OXYGEN Observation: The burning wooden splinter burns brightly

CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The burning wooden splinter extinguished (goes off) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide does not supports combustion
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Conclusion: Oxygen supports combustion

Test 5: Tested with moist litmus paper

OXYGEN Observation: The colour of both litmus paper does not change Conclusion: Oxygen is neutral

CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The colour of blue litmus paper turns red Conclusion: Carbon dioxide is acidic

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Test 6: Lime water test

Lime water

OXYGEN Observation: No change in lime water (remains clear) Conclusion: Oxygen has no effect on lime water

CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The lime water turns cloudy (chalky) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide turns the lime water cloudy maya_dgs2012

Test 7: Bicarbonate indicator test

Control

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

OXYGEN Observation: The colour of bicarbonate indicator does not change Conclusion: Oxygen is neutral

CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The colour of bicarbonate indicator turns yellow Conclusion: Carbon dioxide is acidic

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PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN

Colourless, tasteless & odourless Slightly soluble in water Not soluble in sodium hydroxide No effect on damp litmus paper No effect on lime water Relights a glowing splinter No effect on hydrogen carbonate solution Support combustion Neutral

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PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Colourless, tasteless & odourless More soluble in water Very soluble in sodium hydroxide Turns blue litmus paper to red Turns lime water cloudy Extinguishes a burning splinter Changes the colour of hydrogen carbonate from red to yellow Does not support combustion Acidic

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COMPARISON BETWEEN OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE

PROPERTIES Colour Odour Taste Solubility in water Solubility in sodium hydroxide OXYGEN Colourless Odourless Tasteless Slightly soluble CARBON DIOXIDE Colourless Odourless Tasteless Slightly soluble

Not soluble

Very soluble

Effect in glowing splinter

Relight the glowing splinter

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The splinter goes out (extinguishes)

COMPARISON BETWEEN OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE

PROPERTIES OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE

The splinter burns brighter (oxygen support burning Effect on moist No change in both litmus paper litmus paper (oxygen is neutral) Effect on No change limewater Effect on No change hydrogen carbonate

Effect in burning splinter

The splinter goes out (extinguishes)

Blue litmus paper turns red (carbon dioxide is acidic) Limewater turns cloudy Red colour turns yellow (carbon dioxide is acidic)

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COMFIRMATION TEST FOR OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE

GAS Oxygen Carbon dioxide COMFIRMATION TEST Glowing splinter Limewater OBSERVATION Relights a glowing splinters Limewater turns cloudy

Oxygen
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Carbon dioxide

OXYGEN IS NEEDED FOR RESPIRATION

All living things obtain energy when the food they have consumed is broken down Respiration = the chemical process in which energy is released from breaking down of food. Respiration required oxygen. Oxygen oxidises the glucose in the body cells to release energy Carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy are the product of respiration

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Respiration

Glucose

Carbon dioxide Water vapour

Oxygen

Energy

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To show living things use oxygen during respiration

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To show living things use oxygen during respiration

Observation : - The drop of coloured water in tubes A and B move towards the tube. Discussion : - Cockroaches and germinating seeds (living things) take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide during respiration. - Carbon dioxide is absorbed by sodium hydroxide. - Low pressure inside tubes make the higher pressure outside pushes the drop of coloured water towards the tubes. Conclusion: - Living things used oxygen during respiration.
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To show that living things give out carbon dioxide during respiration
Observation : - The colour of hydrogen carbonate indicator in tubes P and Q change from red to yellow. Discussion : - Cockroaches and germinating seeds (living things) give out carbon dioxide during respiration. - Hydrogen carbonate indicator absorbs the carbon dioxide and changes colour from red to yellow.
We can use lime water to test the present of carbon dioxide Lime water turns cloudy in P and Q

Conclusion: - Living things give out carbon dioxide during respiration.

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Inhaled and Exhaled Air

Inhaled air the air that is breathed in during respiration. Exhaled air the air is breathed out during respiration.

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Composition of Inhaled Air and Exhaled Air

Gas Nitrogen Inhaled air 78% Exhaled air 78%

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide Inert gases Water vapour

21%
0.03% 0.97% Lesser

16%
4% 0.97% More

Summary:- The composition of oxygen in inhaled air is higher than in exhaled air - The composition of carbon dioxide in exhaled air is higher than in inhaled air
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Comparing Inhaled and Exhaled Air

Test by using lime water Test by using bicarbonate indicator

Inhaled Air

Exhaled Air

Inhaled Air

Exhaled Air
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OXYGEN IS NEEDED FOR COMBUSTION (BURNING)

Combustion is a chemical reaction between fuel and oxygen which produce heat and light energy Condition for combustion are : - Oxygen - Heat - Fuel

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Substances (fuel) that can be burn easily include:-

Organic substances alcohol, ether, xylene Carbon charcoal, coal Hydrocarbon petrol, diesel, kerosene, candles, butane The product of combustion depend on the type of fuel used

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Fuel Organic Substances

Alcohol

Ether

Xylene

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Fuel Carbon

Coal

Charcoal

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Fuel Hydrocarbon

Petrol & Diesel

Kerosene

Butane

Cooking gas
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Candle

Product of combustion
Combustion of carbon
- Produces carbon dioxide,heat and light. Example: Charcoal + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light

Combustion of hydrocarbon
-Produces carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.
Example: Kerosene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat + Light
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Product of Combustion (Carbon)

Coal

Charcoal

Combustion of carbon
- Produces carbon dioxide,heat and light. Example: Charcoal + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light
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Product of Combustion Hydrocarbon)

Petrol & Diesel
Butane Kerosene

Cooking gas

Candle

Combustion of hydrocarbon
-Produces carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.
Example: Kerosene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat + Light
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EXPERIMENT TIME!!!!

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To show that oxygen is needed for combustion

Observation : The candle inside the gas jar goes out after a short while. The candle outside the gas jar continues to burn Conclusion: - Oxygen is needed for combustion.
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To investigate the effect of the size of a container on the length of time a candle burns.

Observation: The candle in the 500 ml beaker goes out first. The candle in the 1000 ml beaker continues to burn for some time before it goes out. Conclusion: The bigger the size of container, the longer the time for candle to burn. maya_dgs2012

To investigate the product of combustion (Carbon)

Charcoal Lime water

Observation & Discussion : Gas jar becomes hot The lime water turns cloudy because the presence of carbon dioxide Conclusion: The burning of carbon produces carbon dioxide, heat and light.
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To investigate the product of combustion (Hydrocarbon)

Cobalt chlorid e paper Lime water

Observation & Discussion: The funnel becomes hot The dry cobalt chloride paper changes colour from blue to pink to prove that water is present The lime water turns cloudy because the presence of carbon dioxide Conclusion: The burning of hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide, water vapour, heat and light.
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Importance Of Combustion
Industry Burning of fuel to generate electricity in power station. Boiling water to produce steam to turn the turbines. Transportation Burning of petrol or diesel in engines to move the vehicles. Burning the kerosene in aircraft engine to produce energy to fly.

Others Burning of candles as source of light. Burning of natural gas for cooking.

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Methods To Put Out A Fire

Remove fuel - Take away fuel from fire source. Remove oxygen supply - Using fire blanket, sand, cloth, fire extinguisher Remove heat - Using water

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What will you do if you on fire?

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AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution occurs when air contains pollutants Pollutants are substances that are released into the environment. These substances are harmful to living things and pollute the environment Air pollution is the result of human action

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Dust Smoke , soot, smog Carbon dioxide

Sulphu r dioxide

Air pollutants

Carbon monoxid e
Lead compound s

Oxides of nitrogen

Chlorofluorocarbons
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Open burning Smoking Motor vehicles

Sources of air pollutants

Industrial activities

Construction activities

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Haze

Depletion of ozone layer

Effect of air pollution

Acid rain

Global warmin g
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Sources and effect of air pollutants on human being and the environment
Air pollutant Smoke particles and soot. Sources - Cigarette smoke. - Smoke from motor vehicles. - Burning of rubbish. - Burning of fossil fuels. - Forest fires - Construction sites - Open burning - Cigarette smoke - Smoke from motor vehicles Effects - Cause breathing difficulties. - Make the eyes feel uncomfortable.

Dust / haze

- Causes lung cancer, coughing and asthma. - Causes tiredness, headache, brain damage and death.
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Carbon monoxide

Air pollutant Sulphur dioxide

Sources Burning of coal

Effects Damages lung cells Forms acid rain that damages Metallic structures and kills aquatic life Kills plants Form acid rain Causes damage to the ozone layer. Too much exposure to UV rays can cause, skin cancer, eye diseases and the break-down of the bodys immune system Causes green house effect Will result global warming, changes in climate, rising sea levels/ flooding
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Oxides of nitrogen Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

Smoke from motor vehicles -Aerosol spray, - electronics factories

Carbon dioxide

-Motor vehicles and factories -Open burning

Acid Rain

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Why Earth becomes hotter?

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Effect of greenhouse effect

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Effects Of Global Warming

Altering the climate on Earth Upsetting the balance of nature Destroying the beauty of nature & habitat Disrupting natural cycles (water cycle, oxygen cycle, carbon cycle)

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Effect of global warming

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Depletion of ozone layer

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Effect of depletion of ozone

Human Health Damages DNA which suppresses immune system resulting in increase of infectious diseases Skin cancer Eye cataracts Plants and Trees Reduces crop production, damage to seeds Reduces quality of crops Aquatic Ecosystems Damage to plankton, aquatic plants, fish larvae, shrimp, crabs Affects marine food chain, damage to fisheries result Materials Paints, rubber, wood and plastic are degraded faster, especially in tropical regions Damages could be in billions of money annually
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Do you want to live like these?

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Or like these?

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Avoid open burning

Planting a lot of trees

Enforcing anti-air pollution laws.

Steps to prevent air

Practice carpooling or use public transport.

Do not smoke

Relocate factories away from urban areas Encourag e the use of biodiesel or unleaded fuel in vehicles Limit the use of CFC in industry

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THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING THE AIR CLEAN

Air is one of the basic needs of life. 2. A clean environment is important for survival of human beings and others living organisms 3. A clean environment guarantees the general good health of the community because all living things breathe in air 4. Air pollution affects health and causes respiratory diseases, skin diseases, eye and lungs irritations and cancer
1.
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The end.. =)

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Do you want to get band 6?

Evidence : B6D5E1 Make a presentation about: 1) Air pollution 2) Examples and sources of air pollutant 3) Effect of air pollution 4) Steps to prevent & control air pollution 5) Suggest ways to keep the air clean 6) Practice habits to keep the air clean
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Conditions
1. Presentation form:- Manila card or - Powerpoint presentation or - Video or others 2. Present by group of students - Max : 4 students - Min : 2 students 3. Time to prepare - 2 weeks (present after August exam) 4. Language used: - English / Bahasa Melayu
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Membuat perbentangan dalam pelbagai bentuk mengenai: 1. Pencemaran udara 2. Contoh bahan cemar udara dan sumber 3. Kesan pencemaran udara 4. Langkah-langkah untuk menghalang dan mengawal pencemaran udar 5. Cara mengekalkan udara supaya bersih 6. Mempraktikkan amalan yang mengekalkan udara bersih
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