---1 ---

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

1.1 L do hnh thnh ti Ngy nay, trong iu kin khc nghit ca thng trng, cnh tranh v ngun nhn lc lun l vn nng bng ti cc cng ty. V bi vy, thu ht nhn ti, cc doanh nghip khng ngng hon thin chnh sch pht trin ngun nhn lc m theo , mc lng thng cng nhiu ch i ng khc lun c lnh o cc doanh nghip c bit quan tm. Vn qun l con ngi bao gm nhiu kha cnh : chm cng, tnh lng, sng lc, tuyn dng nhn vin, o to, hun luyn, nh gi cng vic ca nhn vin, son tho cc chnh sch lng thng, cc ch i ng lao ng Nhng mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht m cc chuyn gia qun tr nhn s khng th b qua l vic hoch nh v thc hin cc chin lc pht trin ngun nhn lc, thu ht nhn ti v lm vic cho cng ty ng thi khng h thp thm vi tm l ng ni ny trng ni n. Theo kt qu t mt nghin cu ca hai cng ty Walker Information v Hodson Institute gn y cung cp mt s thng tin v s trung thnh ca nhn vin trong doanh nghip nh sau : Ch c 24% nhn vin thy rng h tht s trung thnh, tht s cam kt ng gp vo nhng mc tiu, nhng hot ng ca cng ty v sn sng li lm vic trong doanh nghip t nht hai nm. C n 33% nhn vin trong doanh nghip khng h c mt cam kt, mt k hoch tn ti trong doanh nghip lu di. Nhng c n 39% nhn vin c xem l b min cng lm vic. H li lm vic ch v mt vi nguyn nhn no (lng bng, v n, quen

---2 ---

bit, ch tm vic khc) m chng h c mt k hoch c th no nhm mang li li ch cho doanh nghip. Tt c nhng nh qun l, nhng ch doanh nghip u nhn nhn rng h phi lun tr gi rt cao cho vic ra i ca nhng cng s then cht. Mt trong nhng tc hi thng thy l s ra i ca nhng cng s then cht s ko theo nhng khch hng sang trng. Cc nghin cu cho thy c n 70% l do khch hng ri b doanh nghip u lin quan n s ra i ca nhng nhn vin then cht. Khng nhng th, nu lin tc c s ra i ca nhng nhn vt then cht th s gy nn nhng cn sng ngm ra i ca ton th nhn vin cn li. Hin nay, Vit Nam vn lm sao gi chn c nhn vin l mt vn au u cho cc nh qun l ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam, c bit l sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, cc doanh nghip trong nc c nhu cu m rng sn xut kinh doanh th ngoi vic rt cn ngun nhn lc c c cht lng cao, th cn phi bit cch lm th no gi chn c nhng nhn vin c nng lc trnh vic b chy mu cht xm, y l vn sng cn ca cc doanh nghip. Nh vy, vn t ra l cc doanh nghip cn phi nhn dng, xem xt, nh gi ng cc yu t c nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin, da trn c s doanh nghip s c nhng hng i ph hp trong cng tc qun tr ngun nhn lc, nhm c nhng ng thi tch cc gi chn nhng nhn ti cho doanh nghip trnh hin tng chy mu cht xm trong tng lai. l l do ti chn ti Cc yu t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin trong t chc. 1.2 Mc tiu nghin cu Mc tiu ca ti ny l : Xc nh cc yu t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin trong cc doanh nghip hin nay.

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o lng mc nh hng ca mt s yu t n s trung thnh ca nhn vin. Bn cnh , nghin cu ny cng c th ng gp cho cc nghin cu tng t su hn v s trung thnh ca ngi lao ng trong cc doanh nghip nhm c nh hng nng cao kh nng qun tr hoc u t ca doanh nghip. 1.3 i tng v phm vi nghin cu i tng nghin cu l nhng ngi hin nay ang lm vic trong cc t chc kinh t nh : Cng ty trch nhim hu hn, Cng ty c phn, Doanh nghip t nhn, Cng ty nh nc, Cng ty lin doanh, v Doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi. V nng lc v thi gian c hn, c nhn ti s nghin cu trn c s iu tra cc i tng hin ang lm vic trong cc doanh nghip Thnh ph H Ch Minh vi v tr cng tc l : nhn vin, t trng/chuyn vin, qun l. 1.4 Phng php nghin cu Vic nghin cu thc hin theo 2 giai on : Giai on 1 : s dng phng php nghin cu nh tnh nhm khng nh v b sung nhng tiu ch nh gi, iu chnh thang o v xy dng bng cu hi phc v cho qu trnh nghin cu nh lng. Giai on 2 : s dng phng php nghin cu nh lng. T cc bin o lng giai on nghin cu nh tnh, xc nh cc nhn t v cc thuc tnh o lng. Sau khi hiu chnh thang o cui cng c s dng cho phng vn chnh thc. Mu v thng tin mu : kho st nh lng thc hin ti khu vc Thnh ph H Ch Minh. i tng chn mu l nhng ngi hin ang lm vic trong cc doanh nghip Thnh ph H Ch Minh, tin hnh phng vn trc tip bng bng cu hi. Phng php ly mu chn ngu nhin mt s hc vin ti cc lp hc ban m (ti chc, vn bng 2, cao hc, ) mt s trng i hc ti Thnh

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ph H Ch Minh (i hc Kinh T Thnh ph H Ch Minh, i hc M Thnh ph H Ch Minh, i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, i hc Cng Nghip, ). M hnh o lng gm 29 bin quan st, s dng thang o Likert 5 bc khong (t 1: han tan khng ng n 5: han tan ng ) lng ha v 07 gi thit,
.theo

quy tc ti thiu l : 5 x 3 = 15 mu cho mt bin o lng (Bentle & Chou,

1987), do s mu tnh ton ban u l : 29 x 15 = 435. Thu thp v phn tch d liu : S dng k thut x l d liu bng phn mm SPSS 11.5, tin hnh kim nh thng qua cc bc: (1) nh gi s b thang o v tin cy ca bin o lng bng h s Cronbach Alpha v gi tr (factor loading) bng phn tch nhn t khm ph EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis), (2) kim nh cc gi thuyt m hnh cu trc v ph hp tng th m hnh. Tip theo thc hin kim nh T-Test & phn tch ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) gia cc nhm i tng khc nhau vi cc thnh phn ca m hnh cu trc c kim nh nhm tm ra s khc bit c ngha ca mt vi nhm c th. 1.5 ngha thc tin ca ti Kt qu nghin cu xc nh cc yu t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin. Trn c s , cc doanh nghip s tp trung ngun lc cn thit iu chnh hoc xy dng cc chnh sch v nhn s cho ph hp. ng thi a ra nhng phng thc kch thch ng vin nhn vin ng n, nhm gi chn c nhn vin gii cho doanh nghip. 1.6 Kt cu lun vn Ni dung ca lun vn bao gm 5 chng : Chng 1: Tng quan Gm nhng ni dung : l do hnh thnh ti, mc tiu nghin cu, i tng v phm vi nghin cu, phng php nghin cu, ngha thc tin ca ti. Chng 2: C s l thuyt v m hnh nghin cu.

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Gm nhng ni dung : mt s l thuyt v lng trung thnh ca nhn vin, cc thnh phn lin quan n s trung thnh ca nhn vin nh : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, h tr t cp trn, ng nghip ng h, khen thng cng bng, trao quyn. M hnh nghin cu. Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu Gm nhng ni dung : trnh by phng php nghin cu chi tit, kt qu nghin cu nh tnh, hiu chnh thang o, thng tin mu. Chng 4: Kt qu nghin cu Gm nhng ni dung : phn tch d liu v trnh by kt qu phn tch d liu. Chng 5: Kt lun v kin ngh Gm nhng ni dung : tm tt v tho lun kt qu nghin cu, ng gp ca ti, ngha thc tin ca ti v xut mt s gii php p dng kt qu nghin cu vo thc tin, hn ch ca ti v xut hng nghin cu tip theo.

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Tm tt chng 1 gi chn c nhn vin cc doanh nghip cn phi nhn dng, xem xt, nh gi ng cc yu t c nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin, da trn c s doanh nghip s c nhng hng i ph hp trong cng tc qun tr ngun nhn lc. T l do ny nn ti Cc yu t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin trong t chc c hnh thnh. Mc tiu ca ti ny l : xc nh cc yu t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin trong cc doanh nghip, o lng mc nh hng ca mt s yu t n s trung thnh ca nhn vin. i tng nghin cu l nhng ngi hin nay ang lm vic trong cc t chc kinh t nh: Cng ty trch nhim hu hn, Cng ty c phn, Doanh nghip t nhn, Cng ty nh nc, Cng ty lin doanh, v Doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Nghin cu thc hin theo 2 giai on : nghin cu nh tnh v nghin cu nh lng. Kt cu lun vn gm 5 chng : Tng quan, C s l thuyt v m hnh nghin cu, Phng php nghin cu, Kt qu nghin cu, Kt lun v kin ngh.

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CHNG 2 C S L THUYT V M HNH NGHIN CU

2.1 C s l thuyt 2.1.1 Mt s vn v lng trung thnh ca nhn vin i vi t chc 2.1.1.1 Khi nim C nhiu cch tip cn trong cc nghin cu v lng trung thnh ca nhn vin. Trung thnh c th l mt yu t thnh phn ca cam kt t chc, cng c th l mt khi nim c lp. Allen &Mayer (1990) ch trng ba trng thi tm l ca nhn vin khi gn kt vi t chc. Nhn vin c th trung thnh vi t chc xut pht t tnh cm tht s ca h: h s li vi t chc d c ni khc tr lng cao hn, iu kin lm vic tt hn: h c th trung thnh vi t chc ch v h khng c c hi kim c cng vic tt hn v h c th trung thnh vi t chc v nhng chun mc o c m h theo ui. Cook & Wall (1980) quan tm n cc kha cnh hnh vi ca nhn vin. Theo Mowday, Steers v Poter (1979), trung thnh l nh hoc mong mun duy tr l thnh vin ca t chc. nh ngha ni ting ca Mowday v lng trung thnh tng t nh khi nim Duy tr trong cc nghin cu phm vi quc gia trong nhiu nm lin ca vin Aon Consulting: nhn vin c nh li lu di cng t chc/doanh nghip: s li t chc/doanh nghip mc d c ni khc c li ngh lng bng tng i hp dn hn (Stum 1999, 2001). Gn y xut hin v lng trung thnh. Theo Johnson (2005) ngy nay, nhn vin trung thnh vi ngh nghip ca h hn trung thnh vi nh tuyn dng v bn cht trong quan h gia nhn vin v nh tuyn dng c nhng thay i cn bn v cn nh gi li khi nim trung thnh (Reevaluating Loyalty). Trong th trng lao ng nng bng hin nay, nhiu nh tuyn dng cm thy rt kh gi chn nhn vin ca mnh bi s hp dn v tim nng lm giu t th trng chng khan (Cheryl Breetwor 2007).

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Vit Nam s xut hin ca hng lat cc nh u t nc ngoi v cc ngn hng ang thiu ht ngun nhn lc cht lng cao sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO cng lm cho th trng lao ng cng nng hn. Nhn vin a ra cc yu cu h c th trung thnh vi cng ty. Mt s nhn vin coi thu nhp l yu t quan trng hng u trong vic lm. Nhiu nhn vin mun lm vic nhng ni c cng gi tr ct li. Nhiu ngi khc mong mun c c hi hc hi, pht trin bn thn. V d theo Jaerid Rossi (trch li t Penelope Trunk (2007) Ging nh chc nng ca thi gian, lng trung thnh l tng hn c, cng vic ch thc s hp dn khi thng xuyn c hc hi. Ngc li, Cc cng ty khng mun s trung thnh m qung, hnh thc trung thnh tt nht l khi c cng ty v nhn vin cng c li. Cn theo The Loyalty Research Center, 2004 Lng trung thnh ca nhn vin l khi nhn vin c cam kt gn lin vi thnh cng ca t chc v tin rng lm vic cho t chc ny chnh l s la chn tt nht ca h. Theo m hnh thang o lng trung thnh ca nhn vin ca Man Power (2002), nhng tiu chun nh gi lng trung thnh bao gm : Sn lng gii thiu cng ty ca mnh nh mt ni lm vic tt; Sn lng gii thiu cc sn phm v dch v ca cng ty; C nh gn b lu di vi cng ty. Mt s tng gim c cho rng cc t chc mun c mt nhn vin ngi sao trong ba nm cn hn c mt nhn vin li vi cng ty sut i nhng lc km ci. Tuy nhin, quan im mi v lng trung thnh cha ph bin rng ri cc doanh nghip Vit Nam v cn gp kh khn trong vic o lng. V vy, nghin cu ny vn s dng nh ngha lng trung thnh ca Mowday v cc cng s (1979), cng vi thang o lng trung thnh ca nhn vin ca Man Power (2002). 2.1.1.2 Li ch ca vic xy dng v duy tr lng trung thnh ca nhn vin Gi tr ca lng trung thnh ca nhn vin l cc k to ln, gim thiu chi ph thay i nhn vin ch l mt v d nhn thy c, li ch ca vic gi li nhng nhn vin c kinh nghim, ng tin cy l v gi. Cng cn phi lu nhng nh qun tr ngoi 40 tui rng nhng iu lm cho nhn vin trung thnh ngy nay

---9 ---

rt khc vi nhng g khin cho chng ta trung thnh vi t chc ngy hm qua. Thm nin cng tc, kinh nghim lm vic, s n nh ca t chc s l nhng iu chng ta ngh ti u tin, nhng vt ra ngoi kinh nghim c nhn s cho chng ta ci nhn tan cnh v li ch i vi t chc ca vic xy dng v duy tr lng trung thnh ca nhn vin trong bi cnh ngy nay : V mt doanh thu, cc nhn vin trung thnh c khuynh hng lm vic tt hn c nhng g khch hng mong i v lun c tinh thn lm vic cao kh nng tt nht ca h. C hai c im ny u rt quan trng trong vic gi li cho cng ty nhng khch hng trung thnh v em v doanh thu cao. V mt chi ph, nhng nhn vin trung thnh s li lm vic vi cng ty lu di, t chi nhng li cho mi t i th, khng ch ng tm cng vic mi v lun gii thiu cng ty ca mnh l nhng ch lm tt. C bn thi ny u c nh hng tch cc n pha ct chi ph trong bng cn i k tan ca cng ty, v cng ty s trnh c nhng khan chi ph ng k cho vic thay th nhn vin. Ni cch khc, thay v ch tp trung vo vic nu gi nhn vin (c gng gi li nhng nhn vin quyt nh ngh vic), cc nh qun tr cn tch cc v ch ng hn na trong vic tha nhn nhng li ch ca vic tm hiu, qun l v tng cng lng trung thnh ca nhn vin. Nh vy, mc d lng trung thnh ca nhn vin c tha nhn l hai trong s nhng nhn t mang tnh quyt nh nht i vi s thnh cng ca doanh nghip, vn khng c g ngc nhin khi nhn thy rng cc cng ty v t chc ang phi i mt vi nhng thch thc gay gt v vic pht trin mt i ng nhit huyt v tn ty. 2.1.2 Tng kt mt s nghin cu trc y v lng trung thnh ca nhn vin

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C nhiu nghin cu v lng trung thnh ca nhn vin i vi t chc, nhng phn ln cc nghin cu trc y ch tp trung nghin cu mt cch tng qut mt mt no chn hn nh vn ha t chc hay phong cch lnh o, c nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin i vi t chc nh th no. Cho nn hin nay cha c mt nghin cu no cp n tng yu t c th nh hng s trung thnh ca nhn vin. V vy trong nghin cu ny s nghin cu tng yu t c th chn hn nh : thu nhp cao, u kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, s nh hng nh th no i vi lng trung thnh ca nhn vin trong t chc. 2.1.3 Cc yu t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin 2.1.3.1 Thu nhp/lng cao Tin lng c th c nhiu tn gi khc nhau nh th lao lao ng, thu nhp lao ng, Php, s tr cng c hiu l tin lng, hoc lng bng c bn, bnh thng hay ti thiu v mi th li ch, ph khan khc, c tr trc tip hay gin tip bng tin hay hin vt, m ngi s dng lao ng tr cho ngi lao ng. i Loan, tin lng ch mi khan th lao m ngi cng nhn nhn c do lm vic; bt lun l dng tin lng, lng bng, ph cp c tnh cht lng, tin thng hoc dng mi danh ngha khc tr cho h theo gi, ngy, thng, theo sn phm. Nht Bn, tin lng, bt lun c gi l tin lng, lng bng, tin c chia li hoc bng nhng tn gi khc, l ch th lao cho lao ng m ngi s dng lao ng chi tr cho cng nhn. Tr cng lao ng lun lun l mt trong nhng vn thch thc nht cho cc nh qun tr mi doanh nghip. Cc doanh nghip thng c nhiu quan im, mc tiu khc nhau khi xp t h thng tr cng, nhng nhn chung cc doanh nghip u hng ti bn mc tiu c bn : thu ht nhn vin, duy tr nhng nhn vin gii, kch thch ng vin nhn vin v p ng yu cu ca php lut.

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Thu ht nhn vin : Cc doanh nghip cng tr lng cao cng c kh nng thu ht c nhng ng vin gii t trn th trng a phng

Duy tr nhng nhn vin gii : duy tr nhng nhn vin gii cho doanh nghip, tr lng cao cha m cn phi th hin tnh cng bng trong ni b doanh nghip.

Kch thch, ng vin nhn vin : tt c cc yu t cu thnh trong thu nhp ca ngi lao ng : lng c bn, thng, phc li, tr cp cn c s dng c hiu qu nhm to ra ng lc kch thch cao nht i vi nhn vin.

p ng yu cu ca php lut : nhng vn c bn ca php lut lin quan n tr cng lao ng trong cc doanh nghip thng ch trng n cc vn sau y : quy nh v lng ti thiu, quy nh v thi gian v iu kin lm vic, quy nh v lao ng tr em, cc khan ph cp trong lng, cc quy nh v phc li x hi nh bo him x hi, m au, thai sn, tai nn lao ng, (Dung, 2000). Hu ht mi ngi khi ni n vic lm v cht lng cng vic thng nh

gi, o lng bng thu nhp ca cng vic mang li. Do , thu nhp c xem nh thc o cho cng vic cng nh s thnh t ca nhn vin trong cng vic. Thu nhp cao lm cho con ngi thy tha mn hn v mt vt cht t an tm cng hin, ch trng n cng vic nhiu hn v c gng chng minh gi tr ca mnh nhiu hn. Do , tc ng rt ln n tinh thn lm vic ca nhn vin, tc ng ny th hin nhng kha cnh sau : Khi c hng thu nhp m ngi lao ng cho l xng ng vi cng hin ca h, h s phn khi nhit tnh trong cng vic. H t c nh b i tm mt vic khc trong khi ang lm v tm hi lng vi thu nhp ca mnh. H c tinh thn v trch nhim cao hn vi cng vic m h ph trch.

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H c tnh k lut cao hn trong vic chp hnh ni quy v t ch trong cng vic hn. Nh vy gi thuyt c t ra : H 1: Thu nhp cao s lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. 2.1.3.2 iu kin lm vic thun li Mi trng lm vic lun c ngi lao ng quan tm bi v mi trng lm vic lin quan ti s thun tin c nhn song ng thi n cng l nhn t gip h han thnh tt nhim v. Ngi lao ng khng thch nhng mi trng lm vic nguy him, bt li v khng thun tin. Nhit , nh sng, ting n v cc yu t mi trng khc phi ph hp. Hn na, nhiu ngi lao ng thch lm vic gn nh, vi cc phng tin lm vic sch s, hin i, v cc trang thit b ph hp (Lam, 1998). Nh vy gi thuyt c t ra : H 2 : iu kin lm vic thun li lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. 2.1.3.3 S ph hp mc tiu S ph hp mc tiu khi nhn vin nhn thy cc mc tiu v gi tr ca h ph hp v h cam kt vi cc mc tiu v gi tr ca cng ty (Hart, 1994; Vancouver & Schmitt, 1991). S ph hp mc tiu cng tng ng vi khi nim v s ph hp c nhn-t chc, c nh ngha l s ph hp ca nhng gi tr v nim tin c nhn vi cc quy tc v gi tr ca t chc (Netemeyer & ctg, 1997; OReilly & ctg, 1991). nh ngha khc v s ph hp c nhn-mi trng bao gm s ph hp c nhn-nhm v c nhn-cng vic. D sao i na, s ph hp c nhn-t chc (s ph hp mc tiu) l c s d an quan trng nht trong nhiu yu t c nghin cu (Chatman, 1991; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000). S ph hp mc tiu c kt hp vi nhng kt qu hnh vi v nh hng, v d nh ti chc lu hn, tn tm vi t chc hn v thc hin cng vic tt hn

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(OReilly & ctg, 1991; Vancouver & Schmitt, 1991). Nghin cu trong hoch nh bn hng ch ra rng s ph hp mc tiu l iu kin tin quyt cho thi lm vic tch cc v cc hnh vi nhn vin (Netemeyer & ctg, 1997). Cam kt i vi mc tiu v gi tr ca t chc c vai tr quan trng trong lnh vc dch v v bn l. Vic thc hin cc chnh sch v hot ng ca mt t chc c lin quan n dch v i hi s cam kt ca nhn vin i vi cc mc tiu v gi tr ca n (Hartline & ctg, 2000). Nh vy gi thuyt c t ra : H 3 : S ph hp mc tiu lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. 2.1.3.4 H tr t cp trn Hnh vi h tr t cp trn l trng tm ch ca nhiu cuc nghin cu (Podsakoff & ctg,1996). H tr t cp trn c nh ngha l mc ca vic cn nhc v h tr m nhn vin nhn c t nhng ngi gim st (Netemeyer & ctg, 1997). Mt ngi lnh o bit gip phi c nng lc v i x vi nhn vin cng bng, khuyn khch giao tip hai chiu, v nhn ra s ng gp ca cc nhn vin nhm thc hin ha mc tiu ca t chc (Humphreys, 2002; Singh, 2000). Nh vy gi thuyt c t ra : H 4 : C s h tr t cp trn lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. 2.1.3.5 ng nghip ng h Hnh vi ca ngi lnh o cng l nhn t ch yu xc nh s tha mn. S tha mn ca ngi lao ng tng ln khi ngi lnh o ca h l ngi hiu bit, thn thin, bit a ra nhng li khen ngi khi ngi lao ng thc hin tt cng vic, bit lng nghe kin ca ngi lao ng, v bit quan tm n li ch ca ngi lao ng (Lam, 1998).

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Nh vy gi thuyt c t ra : H5 : c ng nghip ng h th nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. 2.1.3.6 Khen thng cng bng Khen thng cng bng tn ti khi cc nhn vin nhn thy h c khen thng xng ng vi p lc cng vic v vai tr h han thnh (Netemeyer & ctg, 1997). Khen thng cng bng c xy dng da trn khi nim v cng bng phn phi (Lane & Messe, 1971). Khi nim cng bng cha ng c s cng bng phn pht v th tc. D sao i na, nghin cu trc y ch ra rng s cng bng phn phi quan trng trong mi quan h vic lm hn l cng bng th tc (Netemeyer & ctg, 1997; Organ, 1998). L thuyt cng bng ch ra mi c nhn tun theo mt quy tc cng bng ring chi phi thi v hnh vi ca h (Lane & Messe, 1971). iu ny cho thy nhn vin c khen thng cng bng s c quan im tch cc hn v sn sng hnh ng theo chiu hng h tr t chc. Nh vy gi thuyt c t ra : H 6 : Khen thng cng bng lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. 2.1.3.7 Trao quyn S trao quyn tn ti khi nhng ngi gim st tin vo kh nng ra quyt nh ca nhng ngi h tr v khuyn khch h s dng sng kin (Conger & Kanungo, 1998; Hartline & ctg, 2000). S trao quyn gn ngha vi t qun nhim v (Singh, 2000, Varca, 2001). Trung tm ca c hai khi nim ny l s sn sng ca ngi gim st cho cp di quyn ra quyt nh trong phm vi quy nh v s dng sng kin. S trao quyn c th l mt cng c tng hiu qu t chc. Bi v, n c th nng cao nim tin vo kh nng thc hin cng vic ca nhn vin (Conger & Kanungo, 1988). S trao quyn c bit quan trng i vi

---15 ---

cc nhn vin tip xc khch hng bi v n to ra s linh ng trong vic p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng (Bowen & Lawler, 1992). Nh vy gi thuyt c t ra: H 7 : c trao quyn ra quyt nh trong cng vic lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. 2.2 Thang o s dng trong m hnh nghin cu Thang o trong m hnh nghin cu gm c thang o cc thnh phn c lp v thang o cc thnh phn ph thuc. 2.2.1 Thang o cc thnh phn c lp Thang o cc thnh phn c lp gm cc thang o sau : 2.2.1.1 Thnh phn thu nhp cao Thnh phn thu nhp cao c o lng bi 3 bin quan st sau : 1) Mc lng hin ti ca ti l tng xng vi nng lc lm vic ca ti. 2) Ti han ton sng tt vi mc lng hin ti ca ti. 3) Ti cho rng cng ty ti ang lm vic tr lng rt cng bng. 2.2.1.2 Thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li Thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li c o lng bi 4 bin quan st sau : 1) Trang thit b h tr cho cng vic ca ti ti ni ti lm vic rt tt. 2) Phng c ni ti lm vic thang mt lm cho ti cm thy rt tha mi. 3) Nhit , nh sng, ting n cng ty rt ph hp vi cng vic ca ti. 4) Ti cm thy rt an tan ti ni lm vic ca ti. 2.2.1.3 Thnh phn s ph hp mc tiu Thnh phn s ph hp mc tiu c o lng bi 4 bin quan st sau :

---16 ---

1) Ti cm thy nng lc bn thn ph hp vi yu cu cng vic ca t chc. 2) Ti cam kt thc hin mc tiu ca t chc ra. 3) Ti ng vi ng li kinh doanh ca t chc. 4) Mc tiu pht trin ca ti tng ng vi mc tiu ca t chc. 2.2.1.4 Thnh phn h tr t cp trn Thnh phn h tr t cp trn c o lng bi 3 bin quan st sau : 1) Ti lun lun c s h tr t cp trn trc tip trong mi lnh vc. 2) Cp trn lun lun h tr ti khi vn va ny sinh. 3) Ti thng nhn c s h tr ca cp trn khi s vic xu i. 2.2.1.5 Thnh phn ng nghip ng h Thnh phn ng nghip ng h c o lng bi 2 bin quan st sau : 1) Cp trn ca ti lun lun lng nghe kin v quan tm n li ch ca nhn vin.

2) Cp trn ca ti lun t ra l ngi hiu bit, thn thin v d tip cn.

2.2.1.6 Thnh phn khen thng cng bng Thnh phn khen thng cng bng c o lng bi 5 bin quan st sau : 1) Ti c xt thng cng bng trong vic han thnh vai tr ca ti. 2) Ti c xt thng cng bng qua trch nhim cng vic. 3) Ti c xt thng cng bng qua nhng n lc b ra. 4) Ti c xt thng cng bng khi lm vic di p lc cao. 5) Ti c xt thng cng bng khi han thnh tt cng vic. 2.2.1.7 Thnh phn trao quyn Thnh phn trao quyn c o lng bi 5 bin quan st sau :

---17 ---

1) Cp trn phn cng cng vic v ti t thc hin. 2) Cp trn trao quyn cho ti ra quyt nh. 3) Cp trn tin vo kh nng ra quyt nh ca ti. 4) Cp trn khuyn khch ti s dng quyn quyt nh c trao. 5) Cp trn tin vo s nh gi kt qu cng vic ca ti. 2.2.2 Thang o v s trung thnh Thnh phn s trung thnh c o lng bi 3 bin quan st sau : 1) Ti sn lng gii thiu vi mi ngi v cng ty ca mnh nh mt ni lm vic tt.

2) Ti t ho gii thiu vi mi ngi v sn phm/dch v ca cng ty. 3) Ti s li lm vic lu di vi cng ty mc d c ni khc ngh mc
lng hp dn hn. 2.3 M hnh nghin cu 2.3.1 M hnh nghin cu mu Hnh 2.1: M hnh nghin cu mu
Uy tn lnh o

ng vin tinh thn Quan tm n c nhn

S tha mn ca nhn vin

Lng trung thnh ca nhn vin Khuyn khch vn dng nng lc tr tu nhn vin

---18 ---

Cc gi thit ca m hnh : H 1: Thu nhp cao s lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 2 : iu kin lm vic thun li lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 3 : S ph hp mc tiu lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 4 : C s h tr t cp trn lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H5 : c ng nghip ng h th nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 6 : Khen thng cng bng lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 7 : c trao quyn ra quyt nh trong cng vic lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Da vo m hnh nghin cu ca tc gi Trn Th Thu Trang (2006) trn v qu trnh nghin cu nh tnh ta xy dng c m hnh nghin cu sau :

---19 ---

Hnh 2.2 : M hnh nghin cu

Thu nhp cao

iu kin lm vic thun li

S ph hp mc tiu S trung thnh H tr t cp trn

ng nghip ng h

Khen thng cng bng

Trao quyn

---20 ---

Tm tt chng 2 Nhng tiu chun nh gi lng trung thnh bao gm : Sn lng gii thiu cng ty ca mnh nh mt ni lm vic tt, sn lng gii thiu cc sn phm v dch v ca cng ty, c nh gn b lu di vi cng ty. Nhn vin trung thnh c khuynh hng lm vic tt hn c nhng g khch hng mong i v lun c tinh thn lm vic cao kh nng tt nht ca h. C hai c im ny u rt quan trng trong vic gi li cho cng ty nhng khch hng trung thnh v em v doanh thu cao. Nhn vin trung thnh s li lm vic vi cng ty lu di, v vy cng ty s trnh c nhng khan chi ph ng k cho vic thay th nhn vin. Cc gi thit nghin cu c xy dng l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, c s h tr t cp trn, c ng nghip ng h, khen thng cng bng v c trao quyn trong cng vic s lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. M hnh nghin cu gm mt bin ph thuc l : s trung thnh v by bin c lp l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, h tr t cp trn, ng nghip ng h, khen thng cng bng v trao quyn.

---21 ---

CHNG 3 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1 Thit k nghin cu Nghin cu s c tin hnh theo 2 giai on l nghin cu nh tnh v nghin cu nh lng c th hin theo lu sau :

Giai on 1

Nghin cu nh tnh

Tho lun tay i

n = 23

Giai on 2

Nghin cu nh lng

Phng vn bng bng cu hi

n = 600

X l, phn tch d liu

Phn mm SPSS 11.5

Kt qu nghin cu

Hnh 3.1 : Lu thit k nghin cu

---22 ---

3.1.1 Nghin cu nh tnh Bc u tin nghin cu nh tnh l iu chnh thang o. Cc bin c iu chnh v b sung cho ph hp bng hnh thc tho lun tay i theo mt ni dung c chun b trc da theo cc thang o c sn. Ni dung tho lun s c ghi nhn, tng hp lm c s cho vic iu chnh v b sung cc bin. Cc thng tin cn thu thp : Xc nh xem cc trng phng qun l nhn s hiu v nhu cu ca nhn vin nh th no ? Theo h, cc yu t no lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Xc nh xem nhn vin mong i g trong t chc? theo nhn vin yu t no lm h trung thnh vi t chc. i tng phng vn : Thnh phn qun l : ti Cng ty TNHH thng mi sn xut thp khng r Kim V phng vn trc tip mt Trng phng nhn s. Ti Cng ty C Phn Thit B Chiu Sng nh Sao phng vn trc tip mt Trng phng nhn s v mt Trng phng kinh doanh. Thnh phn nhn vin : ti Cng ty TNHH thng mi sn xut thp khng r Kim V phng vn trc tip mi nhn vin ca cc b phn khc nhau. Ti Cng Ty C Phn Thit B Chiu Sng nh Sao phng vn trc tip mi nhn vin ca cc b phn khc nhau. Kt qu nghin cu s b s l c s dng thit k bng cu hi cho nghin cu chnh thc. Bng cu hi trc khi pht hnh s tham kho kin ca chuyn gia v thu thp th ti Cng Ty C Phn Thit B Chiu Sng nh Sao kim tra th cch th hin v ngn ng trnh by.

---23 ---

3.1.2 Nghin cu nh lng y l giai on nghin cu chnh thc vi k thut thu thp d liu l phng vn thng qua bng cu hi. D liu thu thp c x l bng phn mm SPSS. Sau khi m ha v lm sch d liu s tri qua cc phn tch chnh thc nh sau : nh gi tin cy cc thang o: tin cy ca thang o c nh gi qua h s Cronbach alpha, qua cc bin khng ph hp s b loi nu h s tng quan tng bin nh (<0.3) v thang o s c chp nhn khi h s Cronbach alpha t yu cu (>0.6). Tip theo phn tch nhn t s c s dng kim nh s hi t ca cc bin thnh phn v khi nim. Cc bin c h s tng quan n gia bin v cc nhn t (factor loading) nh hn 0.5 s b loi. Phng php phn tch Principal axis factoring vi php quay Promax s c thc hin v im dng khi trch cc yu t c Eigenvalue ln hn 1. Kim nh cc gi thuyt m hnh cu trc v ph hp tng th m hnh.

M hnh hi quy a bin v kim nh vi mc ngha 5% : S trung thnh = B0 + B1 * Thu nhp cao + B2 * iu kin lm vic thun li + B3 * S ph hp mc tiu + B4 * H tr t cp trn + B5 * ng nghip ng h + B6 * Khen thng cng bng + B7 * Trao quyn Tip theo thc hin kim nh T-test v phn tch ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) gia cc nhm i tng khc nhau vi cc thnh phn ca m hnh cu trc c kim nh nhm tm ra s khc bit c ngha ca mt vi nhm c th. 3.2 Nghin cu chnh thc 3.2.1 Nghin cu s b v hiu chnh thang o C 23 c nhn i din cho b phn qun l v nhn vin tham gia phng vn di hnh thc tho lun trc tip da trn dn bi c thit k sn.

---24 ---

Thnh phn nh sau : Thnh phn qun l : ti Cng ty TNHH thng mi sn xut thp khng r Kim V phng vn trc tip mt Trng phng nhn s. Ti Cng ty C Phn Thit B Chiu Sng nh Sao phng vn trc tip mt Trng phng nhn s v mt Trng phng kinh doanh. Thnh phn nhn vin : ti Cng ty TNHH thng mi sn xut thp khng r Kim V phng vn trc tip mi nhn vin ca cc b phn khc nhau. Ti Cng Ty C Phn Thit B Chiu Sng nh Sao phng vn trc tip mi nhn vin ca cc b phn khc nhau. Kt qu t nghin cu s b c trnh by phn hiu chnh thang o tip theo. 3.2.2 Thit k thang o cho bng cu hi Tt c cc bin quan st trong cc thnh phn u s dng thang o Likert 5 im. Vi la chn s 1 ngha l hon ton khng ng vi cu pht biu cho n la chn s 5 ngha l hon ton ng vi cu pht biu. 3.2.3 Din t v m ha thang o Bng 3.1 : Thang o cc thnh phn sau khi hiu chnh cc bin c lp
Thu nhp/lng cao Mc lng hin ti ca ti l tng xng vi nng lc lm vic ca ti Ti han ton sng tt vi mc lng hin ti ca ti Ti cho rng cng ty ti ang lm vic tr lng rt cng bng iu kin lm vic thun li Trang thit b h tr cho cng vic ca ti ti ni ti lm vic rt tt Phng c ni ti lm vic thang mt lm cho ti cm thy rt tha mi Nhit , nh sng, ting n cng ty rt ph hp vi cng vic ca ti Ti cm thy rt an tan ti ni lm vic ca ti S ph hp mc tiu Ti cm thy nng lc bn thn ph hp vi yu cu cng vic ca t chc Ti cam kt thc hin mc tiu ca t chc ra Ti ng vi ng li kinh doanh ca t chc Mc tiu pht trin ca ti tng ng vi mc tiu ca t chc H tr t cp trn Ti lun lun c s h tr t cp trn trc tip trong mi lnh vc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Q1.1 Q1.2 Q1.3 Q2.1 Q2.2 Q2.3 Q2.4 Q3.1 Q3.2 Q3.3 Q3.4 Q4.1

---25 --13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Cp trn lun lun h tr ti khi vn va ny sinh Ti thng nhn c s h tr ca cp trn khi s vic xu i ng nghip ng h Cp trn ca ti lun lng nghe kin v quan tm n li ch ca nhn vin Cp trn ca ti lun t ra l ngi hiu bit, thn thin v d tip cn Khen thng cng bng Ti c xt thng cng bng trong vic han thnh vai tr ca ti Ti c xt thng cng bng qua trch nhim cng vic Ti c xt thng cng bng qua nhng n lc b ra Ti c xt thng cng bng khi lm vic di p lc cao Ti c xt thng cng bng khi han thnh tt cng vic Trao quyn Cp trn phn cng cng vic v ti t thc hin Cp trn trao quyn cho ti ra quyt nh Cp trn tin vo kh nng ra quyt nh ca ti Cp trn khuyn khch ti s dng quyn quyt nh c trao Cp trn tin vo s nh gi kt qu cng vic ca ti Q4.2 Q4.3 Q5.1 Q5.2 Q6.1 Q6.2 Q6.3 Q6.4 Q6.5 Q7.1 Q7.2 Q7.3 Q7.4 Q7.5

Bng 3.2 : Thang o s trung thnh

S trung thnh 1 Ti sn lng gii thiu vi mi ngi v cng ty ca mnh nh mt ni lm vic tt Y1 2 Ti t ho gii thiu vi mi ngi v sn phm/dch v ca cng ty Y2 3 Ti s li lm vic lu di vi cng ty mc d c ni khc ngh mc lng hp Y3 dn hn

3.2.4 Nghin cu nh lng 3.2.4.1 Thit k mu a) Tng th nghin cu Tng th mu l nhng ngi hin nay ang cng tc ti cc doanh nghip nh : Cng ty trch nhim hu hn, Cng ty c phn, Doanh nghip t nhn, Doanh nghip nh nc, Cng ty lin doanh v Doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi, bao gm cc chc danh nh : nhn vin, t trng/chuyn vin, qun l. b) Khung chn mu Khung chn mu l mt b phn ca tng th c chn ra quan st. Khung chn mu ca ti ny ch gii hn khu vc Thnh ph H Ch Minh.

---26 ---

c) Phng php chn mu C 2 phng php chn mu l phng php chn mu xc sut v phng php chn mu phi xc sut. Phng php chn mu xc sut l phng php chn mu m nh nghin cu bit trc c xc sut tham gia vo mu ca phn t. Phng php chn mu phi xc sut l phng php chn cc phn t tham gia vo mu khng theo quy lut ngu nhin. Trong nghin cu ny, s dng phng php chn mu xc xut. d) Kch thc mu Trong m hnh nghin cu trn, xc nh c 07 gi thuyt nghin cu v 29 bin quan st, s dng thang o Likert 5. V vy, theo quy tc ti thiu l : 5 x 3 = 15 mu cho mt bin o lng (Bentle & Chou, 1987), do s mu tnh ton ban u l : 29 x 15 = 435. e) Cch ly mu Phng php ly mu chn ngu nhin mt s hc vin ti cc lp hc ban m (ti chc, vn bng 2, cao hc, ) mt s trng i hc ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh (i hc Kinh T Thnh ph H Ch Minh, i hc M Thnh ph H Ch Minh, i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, i hc Cng Nghip, ). 3.2.4.2 Cc kt qu v thng tin v mu Chi tit bng cu hi c trnh by trong phn Ph lc A. C tt c 600 bng cu hi c gi trc tip n cc i tng nghin cu. Trong qu trnh kho st, c mt s nhm i tng cha i lm v c mt s bng cu hi b b trng nhiu hng. Tt c cc bng cu hi ny u c loi b trc khi tin hnh nhp liu. Do , s lng bng cu hi chnh thc c tin hnh nhp liu phn tch ch cn li 453 bng, t t l 76% so vi tng s bng gi i.

---27 ---

3.2.4.3 Thu thp v phn tch d liu S dng k thut x l d liu bng phn mm SPSS 11.5, tin hnh kim nh thng qua cc bc sau : 1) nh gi s b thang o v tin cy ca bin o lng bng h s Cronbach Alpha v gi tr (factor loading) bng phn tch nhn t khm ph EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis). 2) Kim nh cc gi thuyt m hnh cu trc v ph hp tng th m hnh. Tip theo thc hin phn tch ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) & T-Test gia cc nhm i tng khc nhau vi cc thnh phn ca m hnh cu trc c kim nh nhm tm ra s khc bit c ngha ca mt vi nhm c th.

---28 ---

Tm tt chng 3 Nghin cu c thc hin bng hai giai on, nghin cu nh tnh v nghin cu nh lng. Nghin cu nh tnh bng hnh thc tho lun tay i theo mt ni dung c chun b trc da theo cc thang o c sn. Ni dung tho lun s c ghi nhn, tng hp lm c s cho vic iu chnh v b sung cc bin. Nghin cu nh lng vi k thut thu thp d liu l phng vn thng qua bng cu hi. D liu thu thp c x l bng phn mm SPSS. Sau khi m ha v lm sch d liu s tri qua cc phn tch chnh thc nh sau : nh gi tin cy v gi tr cc thang o, phn tch nhn t s c s dng kim nh s hi t ca cc bin thnh phn v khi nim, kim nh cc gi thuyt m hnh cu trc v ph hp tng th m hnh. Tip theo thc hin phn tch T-test v ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) gia cc nhm i tng khc nhau.

---29 ---

CHNG 4 KT QU NGHIN CU

4.1 Tng hp kt qu kho st 4.1.1 Kt qu kho st v gii tnh Theo kt qu kho st, tng s lng nhn vin n l 283 ngi chim khang 62.5% v tng s lng nhn vin nam l 170 ngi chim khang 37.5%. Bng 4.1: Kt qu kho st s lng nhn vin theo gii tnh
Frequency 283 170 453 Percent Valid Percent 62.5 62.5 37.5 37.5 100.0 100.0 Cumulative Percent 62.5 100.0

Valid nu nam Total

4.1.2 Kt qu kho st v tui Theo kt qu kho st, s lng ln nht l tui t 21-30 tui c khong 351 ngi chim 77.5% (trong n c 241 ngi v nam c 110 ngi). Tip theo l tui t 31-40 tui c khang 90 ngi chim khang 19.9% (trong n c 36 ngi v nam c 54 ngi). Cn li hai nhm tui <20 v >40 chim s lng rt t khang 12 ngi. Bng 4.2: Kt qu kho st s lng nhn vin theo tui
gioi tinh nu Count tuoi <20 tuoi 21-30 tuoi 31-40 tuoi >41 tuoi Group Total 2 241 36 4 283 Col % .7% 85.2% 12.7% 1.4% 100.0% Count 110 54 6 170 nam Col % 64.7% 31.8% 3.5% 100.0% Count 2 351 90 10 453 Col % .4% 77.5% 19.9% 2.2% 100.0% Group Total

---30 ---

4.1.3 Kt qu kho st v trnh Theo kt qu kho st, s lng ln nht l nhng ngi c trnh i hc c khong 274 ngi chim 60.5% (trong n c 155 ngi v nam c 119 ngi). K tip l nhng ngi c trnh cao ng c khang 83 ngi chim khang 18.3% (trong n c 67 ngi v nam c 16 ngi). Tip theo l nhng ngi c trnh trung cp c khang 53 ngi chim khang 11.7% (trong n c 39 ngi v nam c 14 ngi), tip theo l nhng ngi c trnh trung hc ph thng c khang 35 ngi chim khang 7.7% (trong n c 20 ngi v nam c 15 ngi) cn li l nhng ngi c trnh trn i hc khang 8 ngi (2 n v 6 nam) chim khang 1.8%. Bng 4.2: Kt qu kho st s lng nhn vin theo trnh
gioi tinh nu trinh do THPT van hoa trung cap cao dang dai hoc tren dai hoc Group Total Count 20 39 67 155 2 283 Col % 7.1% 13.8% 23.7% 54.8% .7% 100.0% nam Count 15 14 16 119 6 170 Col % 8.8% 8.2% 9.4% 70.0% 3.5% 100.0% Group Total Count Col % 35 53 83 274 8 453 7.7% 11.7% 18.3% 60.5% 1.8% 100.0%

4.1.4 Kt qu kho st v v tr cng tc Theo kt qu kho st, s lng ln nht l nhng ngi lm vic v tr nhn vin c khong 313 ngi chim 69.1% (trong n c 223 ngi v nam c 90 ngi). K tip l t trng/chuyn vin c khang 84 ngi chim khang 18.5% (trong n c 40 ngi v nam c 44 ngi). Cn li l qun l c khang 56 ngi chim 12.4% (trong n c 20 ngi v nam c 36 ngi).

---31 ---

Bng 4.4: Kt qu kho st s lng nhn vin theo v tr cng tc

gioi tinh nu vi tri nhan vien cong to truong/chuyen vien tac quan ly Group Total Count 223 40 20 283 Col % 78.8% 14.1% 7.1% 100.0% nam Count Col % 90 52.9% 44 25.9% 36 21.2% 170 100.0% Group Total Count 313 84 56 453 Col % 69.1% 18.5% 12.4% 100.0%

4.1.5 Kt qu kho st theo loi hnh doanh nghip Theo kt qu kho st, s lng ln nht l nhng ngi lm vic cho cng ty c phn c khong 130 ngi chim 28.7% (trong n c 76 ngi v nam c 54 ngi). K tip l nhng ngi lm vic cho cng ty trch nhim hu hn c khang 125 ngi chim khang 27.6% (trong n c 94 ngi v nam c 31 ngi). S ngi lm vic cho cng ty nh nc v doanh nghip t nhn u c s lng nh nhau l 72 ngi mi loi hnh doanh nghip chim khang 15.9%. Lm vic cho doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi c khang 28 ngi chim 6.2%, cui cng lm vic trong cng ty lin doanh l c s lng t nht c khang 26 ngi chim khang 11.7%. Bng 4.5: Kt qu kho st s lng nhn vin theo loi hnh doanh nghip
gioi tinh nu loai hinh doanh nghiep TNHH CP DNTN NN LD 100%VNN Group Total Count 94 76 47 37 12 17 283 Col % 33.2% 26.9% 16.6% 13.1% 4.2% 6.0% 100.0% nam Count 31 54 25 35 14 11 170 Col % 18.2% 31.8% 14.7% 20.6% 8.2% 6.5% 100.0% Count 125 130 72 72 26 28 453 Col % 27.6% 28.7% 15.9% 15.9% 5.7% 6.2% 100.0% Group Total

---32 ---

4.2 Thng k m t 4.2.1 Cc nhn t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin Kt qu thng k cho thy, nhn vin nh gi cc nhn t t rt thp n rt cao. Ngha l, vi cng mt pht biu, c nhn vin han tan ng , nhng cng c nhn vin han tan khng ng . iu ny c th l gii c l do mu thu thp trn nhiu doanh nghip khc nhau m mi doanh nghip th c cc chnh sch qun l nhn s khc nhau. Nhn chung, gi tr trung bnh (mean) ca cc bin c lp c s khc bit kh cao (mean=2.87 4.12), iu ny chng t c s nh gi khc nhau v mc quan trng gia cc bin c lp.

---33 ---

Bng 4.6: Thng k m t cc nhn t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin

Descriptive Statistics

Min Max Q1.1 Q1.2 Q1.3 Q2.1 Q2.2 Q2.3 Q2.4 Q3.1 Q3.2 Q3.3 Q3.4 Q4.1 Q4.2 Q4.3 Q5.1 Q5.2 Q6.1 Q6.2 Q6.3 Q6.4 Q6.5 Q7.1 Q7.2 Q7.3 Q7.4 Q7.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Mean Statistic 3.06 2.87 3.02 3.38 3.41 3.50 3.68 3.77 4.12 3.56 3.46 3.42 3.36 3.60 3.80 3.78 3.17 3.23 3.25 3.20 3.50 3.79 3.29 3.50 3.51 3.68 Std. Error .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .05 .05 .05 .06 .06 .05 .05 .05 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .05 .06 .06 .06 .05

Std. Deviation Statistic 1.341 1.287 1.354 1.261 1.274 1.242 1.191 1.212 1.034 1.152 1.160 1.216 1.190 1.149 1.055 1.151 1.283 1.210 1.279 1.274 1.282 1.156 1.279 1.176 1.208 1.166

Skewness Std. Statistic Error -.130 .115 .090 .115 -.093 .115 -.454 .115 -.507 .115 -.613 .115 -.741 .115 -.906 .115 -1.251 .115 -.661 .115 -.512 .115 -.596 .115 -.408 .115 -.708 .115 -.916 .115 -.860 .115 -.283 .115 -.350 .115 -.288 .115 -.263 .115 -.563 .115 -.951 .115 -.354 .115 -.478 .115 -.575 .115 -.743 .115

Kurtosis Std. Statistic Error -1.286 .229 -1.151 .229 -1.248 .229 -.967 .229 -.837 .229 -.661 .229 -.289 .229 -.136 .229 1.026 .229 -.307 .229 -.547 .229 -.654 .229 -.805 .229 -.259 .229 .360 .229 -.013 .229 -1.078 .229 -.864 .229 -.997 .229 -1.003 .229 -.737 .229 .066 .229 -.994 .229 -.586 .229 -.563 .229 -.260 .229

4.2.2 S trung thnh ca nhn vin Cc bin quan st trong thang o s trung thnh ca nhn vin, Y1 (Ti sn lng gii thiu vi mi ngi v cng ty ca mnh nh mt ni lm vic tt), Y2 (Ti t ho gii thiu vi mi ngi v sn phm/dch v ca cng ty), Y3 (Ti s li lm vic lu di vi cng ty mc d c ni khc ngh mc lng hp dn

---34 ---

hn) vi gi tr trung bnh kh cao (mean =3.72; 3.84; 3.17). iu ny cho thy nhn vin rt mong mun gn b lu di vi doanh nghip m h ang lm vic. Bng 4.7 : Thng k m t cc bin thuc thnh phn s trung thnh ca nhn vin
Descriptive Statistics

Mean Min Max Statistic Y1 Y2 Y3 1 1 1 5 5 5 3.72 3.84 3.17 Std. Error .06 .05 .06

Std. Deviation Statistic 1.256 1.141 1.313

Skewness Statistic -.747 -.861 -.190 Std. Error .115 .115 .115

Kurtosis Statistic -.435 -.020 -1.097 Std. Error .229 .229 .229

4.3 nh gi thang o Thang o c nh gi tin cy thng qua hai cng c l h s Cronbach Alpha v phn tch nhn t. H s Cronbach Alpha c s dng loi cc bin rc, cc bin c h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected item total correlation) nh hn 0.3 s b loi v thang o s c chn khi h s Cronbach Alpha ln hn 0.6 (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994). tin cy c dng m t li ca php o, bi v ta khng th bit chnh xc mc bin thin ca bin ng v bin li, khng th tnh c trc tip mc tin cy ca thang o. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th thit lp tin cy da vo h s Cronbach Alpha. H s ny cho bit mc tng quan gia cc bin trong bng cu hi, c dng tnh s thay i ca tng bin v mi tng quan gia cc bin (Bob E.Hays, 1983). 4.3.1 Thang o cc bin c lp Thnh phn Thu nhp/lng cao c h s Cronbach Alpha = 0.76 v h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected Item Total Correlation) u ln hn 0.3 nn t yu cu a vo phn tch nhn t tip theo.

---35 ---

Thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li c h s Cronbach Alpha = 0.84 v h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected Item Total Correlation) u ln hn 0.3 nn t yu cu a vo phn tch nhn t tip theo. Thnh phn S ph hp mc tiu c h s Cronbach Alpha = 0.79 v h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected Item Total Correlation) u ln hn 0.3 nn t yu cu a vo phn tch nhn t tip theo. Thnh phn H tr t cp trn c h s Cronbach Alpha = 0.80 v h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected Item Total Correlation) u ln hn 0.3 nn t yu cu a vo phn tch nhn t tip theo. Thnh phn ng nghip ng h c h s Cronbach Alpha = 0.84 v h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected Item Total Correlation) u ln hn 0.3 nn t yu cu a vo phn tch nhn t tip theo. Thnh phn Khen thng cng bng c h s Cronbach Alpha = 0.92 v h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected Item Total Correlation) u ln hn 0.3 nn t yu cu a vo phn tch nhn t tip theo. Thnh phn Trao quyn c h s Cronbach Alpha = 0.87 v h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected Item Total Correlation) u ln hn 0.3 nn t yu cu a vo phn tch nhn t tip theo. 4.3.2 Thang o s trung thnh Thnh phn S trung thnh c h s Cronbach Alpha = 0.84 v h s tng quan tng bin (Corrected Item Total Correlation) u ln hn 0.3 nn t yu cu a vo phn tch nhn t tip theo. 4.4 Phn tch nhn t 4.4.1 Phn tch nhn t H s (Kaiser Meyer Olkin) KMO l mt ch s dng xem xt s thch hp ca phn tch nhn t. Tr s ca KMO ln (gia 0.5 v 1) c ngha l phn

---36 ---

tch nhn t l thch hp, cn nu nh tr s ny nh hn 0.5 th phn tch nhn t c kh nng khng thch hp vi cc d liu. (Trng & Ngc, 2005). Cc bin c h s truyn ti (Factor loading) nh hn 0.5 s b loi, im dng khi Eigenvalue (i din cho phn bin thin c gii thch bi mi nhn t) ln hn 1 v tng phng sai trch ln hn 50% (Gerbing & Anderson, 1988). Php trch Principal axis factoring vi php quay Promax s c s dng trong phn tch nhn t thang o cc thnh phn c lp. Dng phng php trch nhn t Principal axis factoring vi php quay Promax s phn nh cu trc d liu chnh xc hn dng phng php Principal component vi php quay Varimax (Gerbing & Anderson, 1988). T hp thang o trn sau khi loi b cc bin giai on nh gi tin cy cn li 26 bin. Qu trnh phn tch nhn t ca t hp thang o ny tri qua 2 bc. Kt qu phn tch c th ca mi bc c th hin trong phn Ph lc. Bc 1, c 26 bin quan st c a vo phn tch theo tiu chun Eigenvalue ln hn 1 th ch c 6 nhn t c rt ra. Trong bng ny (Ph lc B) c Cumulative = 68.255% cho bit 6 nhn t u tin gii thch c 68.255% bin thin ca d liu. H s KMO = 0.91(>0.5). Tuy nhin, bin quan st Q7.1 b loi do c h s truyn ti qu thp. Bc 2, sau khi loi b bin quan st Q7.1, 25 bin quan st cn li c a vo phn tch theo tiu chun Eigenvalue ln hn 1 vn ch 6 nhn t c rt ra. Trong bng ny (Ph lc B) Cumulative tng ln 69.38% v h s KMO = 0.909 (>0.5). H s truyn ti ca cc bin quan st u t 0.5 tr ln. 4.4.2 t tn v gii thch nhn t Vic gii thch cc nhn t c thc hin trn c s nhn ra cc bin quan st c h s truyn ti (factor loading) ln cng mt nhn t. Nh vy, nhn t ny c th gii thch bng cc bin c h s ln i vi bn thn n.

---37 ---

Trong ma trn nhn t sau khi xoay trong bng ny (Ph lc B), nhn t 3 tp hp cc bin quan st t cc thnh phn H tr t cp trn v ng nghip ng h bao gm cc bin quan st Q4.1, Q4.2, Q4.3, Q5.1, Q5.2. Yu t ny bao gm cc hnh vi v mi quan h ca cc nh lnh o i vi nhn vin m mnh qun l trc tip. V vy, nhn t ny c th t tn l nhn t Quyt nh qun l. Cc bin quan st ca 5 nhn t cn li l : Thu nhp/lng cao , iu kin lm vic thun li, S ph hp mc tiu, Khen thng cng bng, Trao quyn khng c s bin i so vi ban u. 4.4.3 Din gii kt qu Kt qu phn tch nhn t a ra m hnh o lng s trung thnh ca nhn vin i vi t chc l t hp ca cc thang o : Thu nhp/lng cao; iu kin lm vic thun li; S ph hp mc tiu; Quyt nh qun l; Khen thng cng bng; Trao quyn. Cc bin quan st thuc cc thnh phn : Thu nhp/lng cao; iu kin lm vic thun li; S ph hp mc tiu; Khen thng cng bng; Trao quyn c h s truyn ti tp trung cao mt nhn t theo d kin ban u. Ngha l cc nhm bin quan st ny c tng quan cht vi nhn t ban u. Nhm nhn t Quyt nh qun l bao gm cc bin quan st thuc cc thnh phn : H tr t cp trn v ng nghip ng h. Kt qu phn tch nhn t bao gm cc thnh phn sau : Thnh phn Thu nhp/lng cao M t 1 2 3
Mc lng hin ti ca ti l tng xng vi nng lc lm vic ca ti Ti han ton sng tt vi mc lng hin ti ca ti Ti cho rng cng ty ti ang lm vic tr lng rt cng bng

Bin
Q1.1 Q1.2 Q1.3

---38 ---

Thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li M t 1 2 3 4

Trang thit b h tr cho cng vic ca ti ti ni ti lm vic rt tt Phng c ni ti lm vic thang mt lm cho ti cm thy rt tha mi Nhit , nh sng, ting n cng ty rt ph hp vi cng vic ca ti Ti cm thy rt an tan ti ni lm vic ca ti

Bin
Q2.1 Q2.2 Q2.3 Q2.4

Thnh phn S ph hp mc tiu M t 1 2 3 4

Ti cm thy nng lc bn thn ph hp vi yu cu cng vic ca t chc Ti cam kt thc hin mc tiu ca t chc ra Ti ng vi ng li kinh doanh ca t chc Mc tiu pht trin ca ti tng ng vi mc tiu ca t chc

Bin
Q3.1 Q3.2 Q3.3 Q3.4

Thnh phn Quyt nh qun l M t 1 2 3 4 5

Ti lun lun c s h tr t cp trn trc tip trong mi lnh vc Cp trn lun lun h tr ti khi vn va ny sinh Ti thng nhn c s h tr ca cp trn khi s vic xu i Cp trn ca ti lun lng nghe kin v quan tm n li ch ca nhn vin Cp trn ca ti lun t ra l ngi hiu bit, thn thin v d tip cn

Bin
Q4.1 Q4.2 Q4.3 Q5.1 Q5.2

Thnh phn Khen thng cng bng M t 1 2 3 4 5

Ti c xt thng cng bng trong vic han thnh vai tr ca ti Ti c xt thng cng bng qua trch nhim cng vic Ti c xt thng cng bng qua nhng n lc b ra Ti c xt thng cng bng khi lm vic di p lc cao Ti c xt thng cng bng khi han thnh tt cng vic

Bin
Q6.1 Q6.2 Q6.3 Q6.4 Q6.5

Thnh phn Trao quyn M t 1 2 3 4

Cp trn trao quyn cho ti ra quyt nh Cp trn tin vo kh nng ra quyt nh ca ti Cp trn khuyn khch ti s dng quyn quyt nh c trao Cp trn tin vo s nh gi kt qu cng vic ca ti

Bin
Q7.2 Q7.3 Q7.4 Q7.5

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4.5 M hnh iu chnh

Hnh 4.1 : M hnh nghin cu hiu chnh

Thu nhp cao

iu kin lm vic thun li

S ph hp mc tiu S trung thnh Quyt nh qun l

Khen thng cng bng

Trao quyn

---40 ---

Trong m hnh ny, bin ph thuc l S trung thnh. Cc bin c lp ln lt l : Thu nhp/lng cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, S ph hp mc tiu, Quyt nh qun l, Khen thng cng bng, Trao quyn. Cc gi thuyt ca m hnh : H 1: Thu nhp cao s lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 2 : iu kin lm vic thun li lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 3 : S ph hp mc tiu lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 4 : Quyt nh qun l ph hp lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 5 : Khen thng cng bng lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. H 6 : c trao quyn ra quyt nh trong cng vic lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. 4.6 Kim nh m hnh Sau khi qua giai on phn tch nhn t, c 6 nhn t c a vo kim nh m hnh. Gi tr nhn t l trung bnh ca cc bin quan st thnh phn thuc nhn t . Phn tch tng quan Pearson c s dng xem xt s ph hp khi a cc thnh phn vo m hnh hi quy. Kt qu ca phn tch hi quy s c s dng kim nh cc gi thuyt t H1 n H6. 4.6.1 Kim nh h s tng quan Pearson

Kim nh h s tng quan Pearson dng kim tra mi lin h tuyn tnh gia cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc. Nu cc bin c tng quan cht ch th phi lu n vn a cng tuyn khi phn tch hi quy.

---41 ---

Theo ma trn tng quan th cc bin u c tng quan v c ngha mc 0.01. H s tng quan bin ph thuc l s trung thnh ca nhn vin v cc bin c lp khc tng i cao, s b ta c th kt lun cc bin c lp ny c th a vo m hnh gii thch cho bin s trung thnh ca nhn vin (Y). Nhng h s tng quan gia cc bin c lp dao ng t 0.289 n 0.566 iu ny chng ta cn xem xt vai tr ca cc bin c lp trn trong m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh bi. Bng 4.8 : Ma trn tng quan gia cc bin
Correlations

Y Y Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 1 .404(**) .458(**) .572(**) .579(**) .530(**) .472(**)

Q1 .404(**) 1 .369(**) .362(**) .336(**) .537(**) .289(**)

Q2 .458(**) .369(**) 1 .486(**) .425(**) .395(**) .321(**)

Q3 .572(**) .362(**) .486(**) 1 .566(**) .510(**) .465(**)

Q4 .579(**) .336(**) .425(**) .566(**) 1 .561(**) .509(**)

Q5 .530(**) .537(**) .395(**) .510(**) .561(**) 1 .516(**)

Q6 .472(**) .289(**) .321(**) .465(**) .509(**) .516(**) 1

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

4.6.2 Phn tch hi quy Phn tch hi quy c thc hin vi 6 bin c lp bao gm : Thu nhp/lng cao (Q1), iu kin lm vic thun li (Q2), S ph hp mc tiu (Q3), Quyt nh qun l (Q4), Khen thng cng bng (Q5), Trao quyn (Q6) v bin ph thuc l S trung thnh ca nhn vin (Y). Kt qu thng k m t ca cc bin a vo phn tch hi quy :

---42 ---

Bng 4.9 : Thng k m t cc nhn t ca m hnh

Descriptive Statistics

Min Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Y Statistic 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Max Statistic 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

Mean Statistic 2.98 3.49 3.73 3.59 3.27 3.50 3.58

Std. Deviation Statistic 1.09 1.02 .89 .90 1.12 1.05 1.08

Skewness

Kurtosis

Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error -.016 .115 -.897 .229 -.485 -.844 -.789 -.415 -.572 -.581 .115 .115 .115 .115 .115 .115 -.539 .328 .383 -.686 -.274 -.448 .229 .229 .229 .229 .229 .229

Gi tr ca cc bin c lp c tnh trung bnh da trn cc bin quan st thnh phn ca cc bin c lp . Gi tr ca bin ph thuc l gi tr trung bnh ca cc bin quan st v s trung thnh ca nhn vin. Phn tch c thc hin bng phng phn Enter. Cc bin c a vo cng mt lc xem bin no c chp nhn. Kt qu phn tch hi quy nh sau : Kt qu ny cho thy m hnh hi quy a ra tng i ph hp vi mc ngha 0.05. H s R2 hiu chnh = 0.475 c ngha l c khang 47.5% phng sai s trung thnh c gii thch bi 6 bin c lp l : Thu nhp/lng cao (Q1), iu kin lm vic thun li (Q2), S ph hp mc tiu (Q3), Quyt nh qun l (Q4), Khen thng cng bng (Q5) v Trao quyn (Q6). Bng 4.10: Bng nh gi ph hp ca m hnh
Model Summary

Model 1

R .694(a)

R Square .482

Adjusted R Std. Error of the Square Estimate .475 .78171

a Predictors: (Constant), Q6, Q1, Q2, Q4, Q3, Q5

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Kim nh F s dng trong bng phn tch phng sai l php kim nh gi thuyt v ph hp ca m hnh hi quy tin tnh tng th. tng ca kim nh ny v mi quan h tuyn tnh gia bin ph thuc v cc bin c lp. Trong bng phn tch ANOVA, ta thy gi tr sig. rt nh (sig = 0.00), nn m hnh hi quy ph hp vi tp d liu v c th s dng c. Bng 4.11 : Bng kim nh ph hp ca m hnh
ANOVA(b)

Model 1

Regression Residual Total

Sum of Squares 252.982 271.923 524.905

df 6 445 451

Mean Square 42.164 .611

F 69.000

Sig. .000(a)

a Predictors: (Constant), Q6, Q1, Q2, Q4, Q3, Q5 b Dependent Variable: Y

Phn tch ANOVA cho gi tr F = 69 (sig = 0.00). Hin tng a cng tuyn khng c nh hng n kt qu gii thch ca m hnh vi VIF ca mi bin ln nht bng 2.049 (<10). Quy tc l khi VIF vt qu 10 l du hiu ca a cng tuyn (Trng & Ngc, 2005). Phng trnh hi quy th hin mi quan h gia S trung thnh ca nhn vin trong t chc (Y) vi cc bin c lp bao gm : Thu nhp/lng cao (Q1), iu kin lm vic thun li (Q2), S ph hp mc tiu (Q3), Quyt nh qun l (Q4), Khen thng cng bng (Q5) v Trao quyn (Q6) c th hin qua biu thc sau : S trung thnh = -0.13 + 0.097 * Thu nhp/lng cao + 0.134 * iu kin lm vic thun li + 0.272 * S ph hp mc tiu + 0.285 * Quyt nh qun l + 0.115 * Khen thng cng bng + 0.119 * Trao quyn.

---44 ---

Bng 4.12 : Kt qu hi quy s dng phng php Enter

Coefficients(a)

Unstandardized Coefficients (Constant) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 B Std. Error -.013 .185 .097 .041 .134 .043 .272 .055 .285 .056 .115 .047 .119 .044

Standardized Coefficients Beta .098 .127 .226 .239 .118 .115

t -.069 2.373 3.098 4.936 5.131 2.419 2.703

Sig. .945 .018 .002 .000 .000 .016 .007

Collinearity Statistics Tolerance .679 .696 .557 .537 .488 .643 VIF 1.472 1.437 1.796 1.861 2.049 1.555

a Dependent Variable: Y

Din gii kt qu : xc nh bin c lp no c vai tr quan trng hn i vi bin ph thuc, ta dng h s tng quan ring phn (Partial correlations). Kt qu hi quy cho thy thnh phn Quyt nh qun l c nh hng quan trng nht i vi s trung thnh ca nhn vin (Partial = 0.236), k n l thnh phn S ph hp mc tiu (Partial = 0.228), tip theo l thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li (Partial = 0.145), tip theo l thnh phn Trao quyn (Partial = 0.127), tip theo l thnh phn Khen thng cng bng (Partial = 0.114) v cui cng l thnh phn Thu nhp cao (Partial = 0.112). Bng 4.13: Bng xc nh tm quan trng ca cc bin c lp
Coefficients(a)

Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1 B Std. Error -.013 .185 .097 .041 .134 .043 .272 .055 .285 .056 .115 .047 .119 .044

Standardized Coefficients Beta .098 .127 .226 .239 .118 .115

Sig.

Correlations Zeroorder Partial Part .404 .458 .572 .579 .530 .472 .112 .145 .228 .236 .114 .127 .081 .106 .168 .175 .083 .092

(Constant) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

-.069 2.373 3.098 4.936 5.131 2.419 2.703

.945 .018 .002 .000 .000 .016 .007

a Dependent Variable: Y

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4.7 Kt qu kim nh gi thit Cc gi thuyt ca m hnh : H 1: Thu nhp cao s lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Thnh phn Thu nhp cao c beta = 0.098, gi tr t = 2.373, sig = 0.018 nn gi thuyt ny c chp nhn. H 2 : iu kin lm vic thun li lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li c beta = 0.127, gi tr t = 3.098, sig = 0.002 nn gi thuyt ny c chp nhn. H 3 : S ph hp mc tiu lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Thnh phn S ph hp mc tiu c beta = 0.226, gi tr t = 4.936, sig = 0.00 nn gi thuyt ny c chp nhn. H 4 : Quyt nh qun l ph hp lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Thnh phn Quyt nh qun l c beta = 0.239, gi tr t = 5.131, sig = 0.00 nn gi thuyt ny c chp nhn. H 5 : Khen thng cng bng lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Thnh phn Khen thng cng bng c beta = 0.118, gi tr t = 2.419, sig = 0.00 nn gi thuyt ny c chp nhn. H 6 : c trao quyn ra quyt nh trong cng vic lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Thnh phn Trao quyn c beta = 0.115, gi tr t = 2.730, sig = 0.00 nn gi thuyt ny c chp nhn. Nhn vin cng chnh l khch hng ni b ca t chc nn kt qu ny c th gii thch bng m hnh cht lng ca Kano nh sau : Thnh phn lng cao thuc nhm c tnh mt chiu cng tng cng tt. Khi nhn vin nhn c khang lng ph hp vi nng lc ca h v h cho rng mc lng l cng bng i vi v tr cng vic m h m nhn th h s cm thy c tha mn hn. Bn cnh , nu nh mc lng m h nhn c

---46 ---

trang tri cuc sng ca h th h s tha mi tinh thn tp trung vo cng vic, t h s gn b vi t chc m h ang cng tc hn. iu kin lm vic thun li, y l yu t phn nh mt phn v mi trng lm vic. Khi nhn vin c lm vic trong mt mi trng vi trang thit b y , tin li, khng kh thang mi, sch s, yn tnh v c bit h lun lun cm thy c an tan th tinh thn ca h s c tha mi, nim tin ca h tng cao. Do , h s cm thy ni lm vic cng ging nh nh th h s lm vic tch cc hn, s yu thch ni lm vic hn. T h s khng mun ri xa ni lm vic n mt ni lm vic khc. Mc tiu pht trin ca nhn vin cng gn vi mc tiu pht trin ca t chc th s trung thnh ca nhn vin i vi t chc s gia tng. Tuy nhin, mc tiu pht trin ca c hai u k vng l tng theo thi gian, vi tc tng trng c th khc nhau nn nhn vin s trung thnh vi t chc khi c hai c cng mc tiu pht trin. Quyt nh qun l l yu t th hin phong cch lm vic ca ngi qun l i vi nhn vin. Trong mt mi trng lm vic m ngi qun l lun lun sn sng h tr cho nhn vin khi nhn vin cn, iu ny s to c tinh thn tha mi cho nhn vin. Bn cnh , mi quan h gia nhng ngi qun l vi nhn vin ci m, tha mi, ngi qun l lun lun l ch da tinh thn cho nhn vin trong cng vic cng nh ngoi cng vic, s lm cho nhn vin cm thy tin tng hn vo nhng ngi qun l v t chc, t h s trung thnh hn vi t chc m mnh ang lm vic. Yu t khen thng cng bng vn l yu t c bn c nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin. Nu ngi lao ng tin tng rng h c nhn ng phn thng v c i ng tng xng vi cng sc ca h b ra, th h s duy tr mc nng sc cao, h s n lc hn vi cng vic v h s gn b lu di hn vi t chc.

---47 ---

Trao quyn, yu t ny th hin s t ch trong cng vic ca nhn vin, khi mt nhn vin c trao mt quyn hn nht nh gii quyt cng vic th h s ch ng hn trong cng vic, iu ny khng nhng pht huy c tnh nng ng sng to ca nhn vin m cn th hin s tin tng ca nhng ngi qun l i vi nng lc lm vic ca nhn vin. T lm cho nhn vin s tin tng hn vo phng cch lm vic ca nhng ngi qun l v h s cm thy thch th hn vi cng vic hin ti, do h s trung thnh hn vi t chc m h ang lm vic. 4.8 Kim nh mc trung thnh gia phi nam v phi n Kim nh Independent-samples T-test s cho ta bit c s khc bit v mc trung thnh gia phi nam v n. Theo nh kt qu trong kim nh Levene sig.>0.05 (sig = 0.611) nn phng sai gia phi nam v phi n khng khc nhau. V vy, trong kt qu kim nh t ta s dng kt qu Equal varians assumed c sig.>0.05 (sig = 0.592) nn ta kt lun khng c s khc bit c ngha v tr trung bnh gia hai phi. Do , ta c th kt lun s trung thnh ca phi nam v phi n l nh nhau. Bng 4.14 :Kim nh mc trung thnh gia phi nam v phi n
Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Y Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Sig. t df

t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2Mean Std. Error tailed) Difference Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper .26218

.258

.611

.536

450

.592

.0562

.10484 -.14988

.535

354.71

.593

.0562

.10499 -.15032

.26263

---48 ---

4.9 Kim nh mc trung thnh gia nhng ngi c trnh khc nhau Phn tch phng sai ANOVA (Analysis of variance) xem xt s khc bit v mc trung thnh ca nhn vin theo trnh . Theo bng kt qu Test of Homogeneity of Variances, vi mc ngha sig = 0.166 c th ni phng sai nh gi v s trung thnh ca cc nhm hc vn khng khc nhau mt cch c ngha thng k. Nh vy, kt qu phn tch ANOVA c th s dng c. Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA, vi mc ngha sig.<0.05 (sig = 0.00), nn c th kt lun c s khc bit c ngha thng k v mc trung thnh ca nhn vin gia cc nhm c trnh hc vn khc nhau. Tip tc phn tch su ANOVA tm xem s khc bit gia cc nhm. Theo kt qu phn tch su ANOVA ta thy ch c s khc bit c ngha thng k gia nhm c trnh cao ng v i hc (sig = 0.001), v s khc bit gia nhm c trnh i hc v cao hc (sig = 0.043), v mc ngha quan st kim nh chnh lch trung bnh cp <0.05. Nh vy, ta c th kt lun s trung thnh ca nhng ngi c trnh i hc khc vi nhng ngi c trnh cao ng, v s trung thnh ca nhng ngi c trnh i hc khc vi nhng ngi c trnh cao hc. Bng 4.15: Bng kim nh mc trung thnh theo trnh vn ha
Test of Homogeneity of Variances Y

Levene Statistic 1.629

df1 4
ANOVA

df2 447

Sig. .166

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Sum of Squares 24.167 500.738 524.905

df

Mean Square 4 6.042 447 1.120 451

F 5.393

Sig. .000

---49 --Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Y Tukey HSD

(I) TRINHDO THPT

trung cap

cao dang

dai hoc

tren dai hoc

(J) TRINHDO THPT trung cap cao dang dai hoc tren dai hoc THPT trung cap cao dang dai hoc tren dai hoc THPT trung cap cao dang dai hoc tren dai hoc THPT trung cap cao dang dai hoc tren dai hoc THPT trung cap cao dang dai hoc tren dai hoc

Mean Difference (I-J) .0275 -.3789 .1414 -.9190 -.0275 -.4064 .1139 -.9465 .3789 .4064 .5203(*) -.5402 -.1414 -.1139 -.5203(*) -1.0604(*) .9190 .9465 .5402 1.0604(*)

Std. Error .23053 .21331 .19003 .41477 .23053 .18610 .15887 .40145 .21331 .18610 .13266 .39182 .19003 .15887 .13266 .37965 .41477 .40145 .39182 .37965

Sig. 1.000 .389 .946 .176 1.000 .188 .953 .129 .389 .188 .001 .642 .946 .953 .001 .043 .176 .129 .642 .043

95% Confidence Interval Lower Upper Bound Bound -.6039 -.9631 -.3791 -2.0551 -.6589 -.9161 -.3212 -2.0461 -.2054 -.1033 .1569 -1.6133 -.6619 -.5490 -.8836 -2.1003 -.2170 -.1530 -.5330 .0206 .6589 .2054 .6619 .2170 .6039 .1033 .5490 .1530 .9631 .9161 .8836 .5330 .3791 .3212 -.1569 -.0206 2.0551 2.0461 1.6133 2.1003

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

4.10 Kim nh mc trung thnh gia nhng ngi c v tr cng tc khc nhau Phn tch phng sai ANOVA (Analysis of variance) xem xt s khc bit v mc trung thnh ca nhn vin theo v tr cng tc. Theo bng kt qu Test of Homogeneity of Variances, vi mc ngha sig = 0.81 c th ni phng sai nh gi v s trung thnh ca cc nhm v tr cng tc khng khc nhau mt cch c ngha thng k. Nh vy, kt qu phn tch ANOVA c th s dng c.

---50 ---

Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA, vi mc ngha sig.<0.05 (sig = 0.003), nn c th kt lun c s khc bit c ngha thng k v mc trung thnh gia cc nhm c v tr cng tc khc nhau. Tip tc phn tch su ANOVA tm xem s khc bit gia cc nhm. Theo kt qu phn tch su ANOVA ta thy ch c s khc bit c ngha thng k gia nhm nhn vin v t trng/chuyn vin (sig = 0.025), v nhm nhn vin v qun l (sig = 0.02), v mc ngha quan st kim nh chnh lch trung bnh cp <0.05. Nh vy, ta c th kt lun s trung thnh ca nhng ngi c v tr cng tc l nhn vin khc vi nhng ngi c v tr cng tc l t trng/chuyn vin, v s trung thnh ca nhng ngi c v tr cng tc l nhn vin khc vi nhng ngi c v tr cng tc l qun l. Bng 4.16 : Bng kim nh mc trung thnh theo v tr cng tc
Test of Homogeneity of Variances Y

Levene Statistic .211

df1 2

df2 449
ANOVA

Sig. .810

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Sum of Squares 13.644 511.261 524.905

df 2 449 451

Mean Square 6.822 1.139

F 5.991

Sig. .003

---51 --Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Y Tukey HSD

(I) VITRI nhan vien

(J) VITRI nhan vien to truong/chuyen vien quan ly to truong/chuyen nhan vien to truong/chuyen vien vien quan ly quan ly nhan vien to truong/chuyen vien quan ly

Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error -.3429(*) -.4183(*) .3429(*) -.0754 .4183(*) .0754 .13117 .15486 .13117 .18409 .15486 .18409

Sig. .025 .020 .025 .912 .020 .912

95% Confidence Interval Lower Upper Bound Bound -.6514 -.7825 .0345 -.5083 .0542 -.3575 -.0345 -.0542 .6514 .3575 .7825 .5083

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

4.11 Kim nh mc trung thnh gia nhng ngi lm vic cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau Phn tch phng sai ANOVA (Analysis of variance) xem xt s khc bit v mc trung thnh ca nhn vin theo loi hnh doanh nghip. Theo bng kt qu Test of Homogeneity of Variances, vi mc ngha sig = 0.153 c th ni phng sai nh gi v s trung thnh ca cc nhm loi hnh doanh nghip khng khc nhau mt cch c ngha thng k. Nh vy, kt qu phn tch ANOVA c th s dng c. Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA, vi mc ngha sig.>0.05 (sig = 0.183), nn c th kt lun khng c s khc bit c ngha thng k v mc trung thnh ca nhn vin cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau. Nh vy, ta c th kt lun s trung thnh ca nhn vin lm vic cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau l nh nhau.

---52 ---

Bng 4.17:Bng kim nh mc trung thnh theo loi hnh doanh nghip
Test of Homogeneity of Variances Y

Levene Statistic 1.621

df1 5

df2 446
ANOVA

Sig. .153

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Sum of Squares 8.776 516.129 524.905

df 5 446 451

Mean Square 1.755 1.157

F 1.517

Sig. .183

---53 ---

Tm tt chng 4 Trong chng ny trnh by kt qu phn tch bao gm nhng ni dung sau: nh gi tin cy ca thang o thng qua h s Cronbach Alpha, phn tch nhn t sau khi loi b cc bin khng t yu cu th c 6 nhn t c rt ra v m hnh mi c hiu chnh sau khi t tn cho bin mi gm 6 nhn t l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, quyt nh qun l, khen thng cng bng v trao quyn. Phn tch hi quy a bin v kim nh gi thuyt ca m hnh khng nh nh sau : s trung thnh ca nhn vin chu s nh hng bi 6 nhn t l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, quyt nh qun l, khen thng cng bng v trao quyn. Kim nh T-test v phn tch ANOVA cho cc kt qu nh sau : s trung thnh ca phi nam v phi n l nh nhau; C s khc bit v s trung thnh gia nhm c trnh cao ng v i hc, v nhm c trnh i hc v cao hc; C s khc bit v s trung thnh gia nhm nhn vin v t trng/chuyn vin, v nhm nhn vin v qun l; Khng c s khc bit v mc trung thnh ca nhn vin lm vic cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau.

---54 ---

CHNG 5 KT LUN V KIN NGH

5.1 Kt qu v ng gp ca ti 5.1.1 Kt qu M hnh nghin cu xut ban u gm by nhn t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin i vi t chc gm : Thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, S ph hp mc tiu, H tr t cp trn, ng nghip ng h, Khen thng cng bng v Trao quyn vi 26 bin quan st. Sau khi nh gi tin cy ca thang o v phn tch nhn t, kt qu cc bin quan st c a vo phn tch hi quy nhm thnh 6 nhn t. Trong , mt nhn t mi c to ra da trn s kt hp ca cc bin quan st thuc hai thnh phn : H tr t cp trn v ng nghip ng h c t tn l nhn t Quyt nh qun l. Kt qu phn tch hi quy a bin xc nh s trung thnh ca nhn vin chu s nh hng bi 6 nhn t l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, quyt nh qun l, khen thng cng bng v trao quyn. Trong , thnh phn Quyt nh qun l c nh hng quan trng nht i vi s trung thnh ca nhn vin, k n l thnh phn S ph hp mc tiu, tip theo l thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li, tip theo l thnh phn Trao quyn, tip theo l thnh phn Khen thng cng bng v cui cng l thnh phn Thu nhp cao. Kim nh gi thuyt ca m hnh khng nh nh sau : Thu nhp cao s lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn; iu kin lm vic thun li lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn; s ph hp mc tiu lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn; quyt nh qun l ph hp lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn; khen thng cng bng lm cho nhn vin trung

---55 ---

thnh vi t chc hn v c trao quyn ra quyt nh trong cng vic lm cho nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc hn. Kim nh T-test v phn tch ANOVA cho cc kt qu nh sau : s trung thnh ca phi nam v phi n l nh nhau. C s khc bit v s trung thnh gia nhm c trnh cao ng v i hc, v nhm c trnh i hc v cao hc. C s khc bit v s trung thnh gia nhm nhn vin v t trng/chuyn vin, v nhm nhn vin v qun l. Mc trung thnh ca nhn vin lm vic cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau l nh nhau. 5.1.2 ng gp ca ti Ngy nay, trong nn kinh t th trng s cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt, do doanh nghip no mun tn ti v pht trin trong cuc chy ua ny th phi c s chun b v nhiu mt nh ti chnh, uy tn, c s vt cht nhng quan trng nht l ngun nhn lc. Vic xy dng chnh sch nhn s cnh tranh gi chn nhng nhn vin c nng lc v thu ht nhn ti s ko theo h qu khc l t chc s c nhiu tng mi gii quyt cng vic tt hn, nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc s lm cho doanh s doanh nghip gia tng v gim ng k mt s chi ph chnh l yu t cnh tranh so vi i th. Chnh sch qun l nhn s nu c xy dng da trn tnh hnh thc t s khch quan v mang tnh kh thi cao. Phm vi ca ti ch tp trung nhn dng cc yu t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin v trn c s t chc iu chnh li cho ph hp nhm hng n mc ch l : khi nhn vin trung thnh vi t chc s tan tm tan tp trung vo cng vic v ra sc ng gp cng sc ca mnh xy dng t chc. Kt qu mang li cho t chc l xy dng mi trng lm vic tch cc, c s cnh tranh lnh mnh gia cc nhn vin trong qu trnh lm vic, gim chi ph tuyn dng, hun luyn nhn vin mi. Bn cnh , nhn vin s c khuynh hng lm vic tt hn c nhng g khch hng mong i v lun c tinh thn lm vic cao kh nng tt nht ca h. C hai c im

---56 ---

ny u rt quan trng trong vic gi li cho cng ty nhng khch hng trung thnh v em v doanh thu cao. 5.2 ngha thc tin v gii php 5.2.1 ngha thc tin Kt qu nghin cu hi quy cho thy s trung thnh ca nhn vin ph thuc vo cc yu t : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, quyt nh qun l, khen thng cng bng v trao quyn. Bn cnh , nghin cu cng xc nh c tm quan trng ca cc bin c lp i vi bin ph thuc nh sau : Thnh phn Quyt nh qun l c nh gi l c nh hng quan trng nht i vi s trung thnh ca nhn vin, k n l thnh phn S ph hp mc tiu, tip theo l thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li, tip theo l thnh phn Trao quyn, tip theo l thnh phn Khen thng cng bng v cui cng l thnh phn Thu nhp cao. Kt qu kim nh T-test cho thy s trung thnh ca nhn vin trong doanh nghip gia phi nam v phi n l nh nhau khng c s khc bit. Phn tch ANOVA cho thy c s khc nhau v mc trung thnh gia nhng ngi c trnh cao ng v nhng ngi c trnh i hc, nhng ngi c trnh i hc mc trung thnh khc vi nhng ngi c trnh cao hc. Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA ta thy nhng ngi lm vic v tr t trng/chuyn vin v qun l th mc trung thnh ca h cng khc vi nhng ngi lm vic v tr nhn vin, cn nhng ngi lm vic v tr t trng/chuyn vin v nhng ngi lm vic v tr qun l th mc trung thnh gia h l ging nhau. Cng theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, mc trung thnh ca nhn vin lm vic nhng loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau l nh nhau.

---57 ---

Vi kt qu ny gip cho cc nh qun l xy dng cc chnh sch v nhn s cho ph hp trong iu kin cho php. Khi nhn vin trung thnh vi doanh nghip s lm cho doanh s gia tng v gim ng k chi ph. 5.2.2 Kin ngh mt s gii php p dng kt qu nghin cu Theo kt qu nghin cu, chng ta nhn dng c nhng yu t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, quyt nh qun l, khen thng cng bng v trao quyn. Da theo kt qu ny, chng ta thc hin mt s gii php nhm nng cao hiu qu trong cng tc qun tr nhn s nh sau : Th nht, doanh nghip phi xy dng mt h thng lng cnh tranh, ty vo loi hnh hot ng ca doanh nghip m c k hoch kho st, phn tch v xc nh mc thu nhp cho hp l. Vic phn phi thu nhp phi gn vi tnh cht v mc phc tp ca cng vic. Tin lng phi gn lin vi s pht trin kinh t v mc sng ca ngi lao ng. Hng nm doanh nghip cn xem xt nh gi iu chnh mc lng cho hp l v phi hng n ci thin cuc sng ca ngi lao ng. Bn cnh , cc doanh nghip cn phi xy dng h thng lng cng bng, ng nht v r rng, trnh tnh trng trong cng mt cng ty m ch ginh cho ngi mi vo khc han tan vi ngi c, to nn hai h thng lng. Cng bng th hin s cng bng nhm, cng bng c nhn vi nhng han cnh cng vic nh nhau. V mt tm l, nhn vin lun so snh kt qu lm vic ca mnh vi thu nhp ca ngi khc, do vic tr lng khng cng bng s to cho h cm gic khng hi lng v h s khng trung thnh vi t chc. Mc khc, doanh nghip cn phi thc hin vic nh gi nhn vin mt cch chnh xc, khoa hc tr lng theo nng lc v hiu qu lm vic gn lin vi iu kin v han cnh han thnh cng vic c th.

---58 ---

Th hai, doanh nghip cn phi cung cp cho nhn vin mi trng lm vic l tng cng nhng phng tin thch hp chn hn nh : mi trng lm vic thang mt, sch p, nhit nh sng ph hp, cc cng c, dng c h tr cng vic tng i y , nhn vin u t ti nng nhiu hn cho doanh nghip. c bit l phi to ra mt mi trng lm vic sao cho tt c nhn vin u cm thy an tan ti ni lm vic. Th ba, doanh nghip cn phi xy dng mc tiu pht trin mt cch c th, r rng v phi truyn thng ip ny n tng nhn vin. y l vic lm c ngha rt quan trng nhn vin c th cng cng ty t n mc tiu. Bn cnh , doanh nghip cn phi thc hin nhiu phng cch khc nhau nh hng cho nhn vin hng vo mc tiu m doanh nghip t ra. Th t, cc nh qun l phi th hin s quan tm, gip nhn vin, v vic quan tm n nhn vin l rt quan trng. Mt nh qun l gii phi bit pht huy ht nng lc v s nhit tnh trong cng vic ca cc nhn vin. Bn cnh cc k nng chuyn mn, nh qun l cn c uy tn trong vic thu phc nhn tm ng thi bit ng cm vi nhn vin v nm bt tm l ca h. Nh qun tr nhn s cn thng xuyn tham kho kin ca nhn vin trong vic gii quyt cc vn ny sinh trong cng vic, chia s nhng thng tin kinh doanh vi nhm nhn vin thy c mi lin quan gia cng vic h ang lm v kt qu m cng ty ang t c. C nh vy, cc nhn vin s cm thy mnh c coi trng, cm thy trong s pht trin ca cng ty lun c phn ng gp no ca mnh. Bn cnh s quan tm, coi trng nhn vin, nh qun tr nhn s nn t chc nhng hot ng mang tnh cht vui chi, gii tr ti cng ty nh du nhng dp t bit v c gng to ra mt mi trng thn thin mi ngi c th ci vui trong vn phng cng nh dnh thi gian tm hiu mt cht v gia nh v cuc sng ring t ca h. V khng ch ring nhng ngi lm cng tc nhn s mi cn trang b cc kin thc v k nng qun l cn thit, nhng ngi lm cng tc qun l ni chung, trng b phn cc phng ban vn phi lm cng tc nhn s

---59 ---

trong phm vi qun l ca h thc y, to ng lc cho cc nhn vin cp di cng t c mc tiu chung. Th nm, cc doanh nghip phi xem xt v kt lun mt cch cng bng v khch quan v vic nhn vin c thc hin nhim v theo ng cc yu cu ra hay khng, t thng cng xng ng cho cc c nhn xut sc v nhng c gng ca h trong cng vic. Doanh nghip cn phi xy dng h thng phn phi thu nhp v chnh sch thng tin, bt cho ph hp vi mong mun ca nhn vin, v khi phn phi thu nhp c xem l cng bng da trn nhu cu cng vic, cp k nng ca c nhn, v nhng tiu chun phn phi trong cng ng th kt qu s lm cho nhn vin tha mn hn. Bn cnh , doanh nghip cng cn a ra c hi thng tin cho tt c nhn vin l bnh ng nhau, bi v nu nh nhn vin nhn thc rng cc quyt nh bt trong t chc l cng bng th h s cm thy tha mn hn. Th su, doanh nghip cn to ra mt mi trng tin tng ln nhau cho c i bn. Nhn vin rt cn s nhn nhn, trn trng t nh qun l th hin qua vic trao quyn t quyt, to c hi t nghin cu, hc hi v ng gp vo thnh cng chung ca doanh nghip. Cc nh qun l cn giao ph cng vic da trn cc im yu v im mnh ca nhn vin. Cn cho nhn vin hc nhng nghip v m h cn. Nn bit cng vic yu cu nh th no v trao quyn cho nhng nhn vin c th m nhn tt cng vic . Cc nh qun l cng nn nhn ra rng cng vic khng th hon tt khi bn lm ch c mt mnh. Khi giao vic cho nhn vin, cn hiu rng y quyn mt cch hiu qu cng c ngha l chp nhn nhng bin c ngoi mun c th km theo. Nh qun l c th khng nhn c kt qu nh mong i nhng cn phi chp nhn n v chp nhn nhng sai phm xy ra.

---60 ---

5.3 Cc hn ch v hng nghin cu tip theo 5.3.1 Hn ch Bn cnh nhng ng gp cp trn, nghin cu ny cn tn ti mt s mt hn ch nht nh sau : Th nht, s trung thnh ca nhn vin chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t, nhng trong bi nghin cu ny ch tp trung nghin cu su yu t l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, quyt nh qun l, khen thng cng bng v trao quyn. Bn cnh , i tng nghin cu ch gii hn nhng lp hc ban m ti khu vc Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Th hai, l hn ch ca phng php phn tch d liu, nghin cu ny s dng cng c phn tch hi quy a bin xc nh mi quan h gia cc bin c lp l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, quyt nh qun l, khen thng cng bng, trao quyn v bin ph thuc l s trung thnh. Tuy nhin, php phn tch ny khng xc nh c cc mi quan h gia cc bin c lp vi nhau nn kt qu c th khng phn nh chnh xc mi quan h gia cc yu t ny. 5.3.2 Cc nghin cu tip theo Mc ch tip theo ca ti sau khi o lng c s trung thnh ca nhn vin l xem xt v doanh thu v chi ph khng nh : Khi nhn vin trung thnh vi doanh nghip th nhn vin s c khuynh hng lm vic tt hn c nhng g khch hng mong i v lun c tinh thn lm vic cao kh nng tt nht ca h. C hai c im ny u rt quan trng trong vic gi li cho cng ty nhng khch hng trung thnh v em v doanh thu cao. Nhng nhn vin trung thnh s li lm vic vi cng ty lu di, t chi nhng li cho mi t i th, khng ch ng tm cng vic mi v lun gii

---61 ---

thiu cng ty ca mnh l nhng ch lm tt. C bn thi ny u c nh hng tch cc n pha ct chi ph trong bng cn i k tan ca cng ty, v cng ty s trnh c nhng khan chi ph ng k cho vic thay th nhn vin. S trung thnh ca nhn vin chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t, nhng trong bi nghin cu ny ch tp trung nghin cu su yu t l : thu nhp cao, iu kin lm vic thun li, s ph hp mc tiu, quyt nh qun l, khen thng cng bng v trao quyn. Bn cnh , i tng nghin cu ch gii hn nhng lp hc ban m ti khu vc Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Cc nghin cu su hn chc chn s c tip tc thc hin, bi y l cng c l thuyt v qun tr nhn s rt quan trng. Php hi quy khng xc nh c mi lin h gia cc bin c lp nn kt qu c th cha phn nh chnh xc mi lin h gia cc bin. Nn lp li nghin cu ny vi cng c phn tch cao hn s cho kt qu cao hn.

---62 ---

Tm tt chng 5 Trong chng ny trnh by kt qu nghin cu c t chng 4 t nu ra nhng ng gp nghin cu ca ti. Tip theo l nu ln ngha thc tin ca v kin ngh mt s gii c bn c p dng t kt qu nghin cu. Cui cng l nu ln nhng hn ch ca ti v kin ngh nhng hng nghin cu tip theo.

---63 ---

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit 1. 2. 3. Business-Edge (2004), To ng lc lm vic, Nh xut bn Tr. Trn Kim Dung (2000), Qun tr ngun nhn lc, Nh xut bn i hc Trn Th Kim Dung & Nguyn Th Mai Trang (2007), nh hng ca vn

quc gia TP.HCM. ha t chc v phong cch lnh o n kt qu lm vic ca nhn vin v lng trung thnh ca h i vi t chc, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp b, Trng i hc kinh t TP.HCM. 4. Nguyn Vn ip (2007), Cc yu t nh hng n s tha mn v s gn kt ca nhn vin Lin hip hp tc x thng mi Tp.HCM, Lun vn thc s, Trng i hc kinh t TP.HCM. 5. V Khi Han (2006), nh gi cc yu t nh hng n s hi lng ca nhn vin tip xc trc tip vi khch hng ti Saigontourist, Lun vn thc s, Trng i hc bch khoa TP.HCM. 6. 7. 8. 9. Paul Hersey & Ken Blanc Hard (2001), Qun tr hnh vi t chc, Nh xut V Vn Huy (1997), ng dng SPSS for Windows, Nh xut bn khoa hc Bi Nguyn Hng & Nguyn Thy Qunh Loan (2004), Qun l cht Nguyn Hu Lam (1998), Hnh vi t chc, Nh xut bn gio dc. bn thng k. v k thut. lng, Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TP.HCM. 10. Nguyn nh Th & Nguyn Th Mai Trang (2007), Nghin cu th trng, Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TP.HCM. 11. Nguyn nh Th (2008), Nghin cu cho lun vn tt nghip ngnh Qun tr kinh doanh thc trng v gii php, Nh xut bn vn ha thng tin.

---64 ---

12. Hang Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc (2005), Phn tch d liu nghin cu vi SPSS, Nh xut bn thng k. 13. Trn Th Thu Trang (2006), nh hng ca phong cch lnh o mi v cht n s tha mn v lng trung thnh ca nhn vin i vi t chc, Lun vn thc s kinh t, Trng i hc kinh t TP.HCM. Ting Anh 14. Guidestar Reasearch (2005), Driving Employee Satisfaction, Commitment and Loyalty. 15. Joseph F.Hair Jr, Rolp E.Anderson, Ronald L.Tatham, William C.Black (1992), Multivariate Data Analysis, Macmillan Publishing Company. 16. Paul D.Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod (2005), Practical Research, Pearson Education, Inc. 17. Man Power Inc. (2002), International Loyalty Survey. Internet 18. http://www.ueh.edu.vn. 19. http://www.vneconomy.com.vn

---65 ---

Ph lc A DN BI THO LUN NGHIN CU S B

Xin cho Anh/ch Ti tn l Phan Quc Dng, hc vin cao hc ngnh Qun tr kinh doanh ca Trng i hc kinh t Tp.HCM. Hin nay ti ang thc hin lun vn tt nghip vi ti l : Cc nhn t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin trong t chc. Mong anh/ch dnh cht thi gian tho lun vi ti v vn ny. Ni dung ca bui tho lun ny l nhm tm kim nhng nhn t nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin. Ni dung i vi cc nh qun l 1. Anh ch ngh th no v mi lin h gia s trung thnh ca nhn vin vi doanh s v chi ph ca doanh nghip ? 2. Theo anh/ch, yu t no nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin ? V sao ? (gi cc thang o). 3. Theo anh/ch yu t no l quan trng nht v yu t no l km quan trng nht ? 4. Theo anh/ch, ngoi nhng im cp trn cn c yu t no c th lm nhn vin trung thnh vi doanh nghip khng ? V sao ? Ni dung i vi nhn vin 1. Theo anh/ch, yu t no nh hng n s trung thnh ca nhn vin ? (Gi mt s thang o). 2. Cc yu t m cc anh/ch cp trn th yu t no l quan trng nht ? V sao ? 3. Yu t no quyt nh n vic anh/ch quyt nh lm vic ti y ?

---66 ---

4. Nu anh/ch l trng phng nhn s, anh/ch s thay i g cho nhn vin trung thnh hn vi doanh nghip ? Kt thc Cuc trao i ca chng ta dng li ti y, xin chn thnh cm n anh/ch ginh thi tho lun vi chng ti.

---67 ---

BNG CU HI KHO ST
Thn gi cc anh/ch. Ti ang lm ti nghin cu v Qun tr nhn s, rt mong anh/ch ginh t thi gian in vo bn phng vn ny. Xin chn thnh cm n, chc anh/ch sc khe, thnh cng v hnh phc! Anh/ch vui lng nh gi mc ng ca anh/ch bng du X vo s im i vi mi pht biu sau y. Vi quy c v im ca thang o nh sau: Thang o mc ng 1: han tan khng ng 2: hi khng ng 3: phn vn khng bit c ng hay khng (trung lp) 4: hi ng 5: han tan ng (pht biu han tan ng) I CC YU T NH HNG N S TRUNG THNH CA NHN VIN Thu nhp/lng cao Mc lng hin ti ca ti l tng xng vi nng lc lm vic ca ti Ti han ton sng tt vi mc lng hin ti ca ti Ti cho rng cng ty ti ang lm vic tr lng rt cng bng iu kin lm vic thun li Trang thit b h tr cho cng vic ca ti ti ni ti lm vic rt tt Phng c ni ti lm vic thang mt lm cho ti cm thy rt tha mi Nhit , nh sng, ting n cng ty rt ph hp vi cng vic ca ti Ti cm thy rt an tan ti ni lm vic ca ti S ph hp mc tiu Ti cm thy nng lc bn thn ph hp vi yu cu cng vic ca t chc Ti cam kt thc hin mc tiu ca t chc ra Ti ng vi ng li kinh doanh ca t chc Mc tiu pht trin ca ti tng ng vi mc tiu ca t chc H tr t cp trn Ti lun lun c s h tr t cp trn trc tip trong mi lnh vc Cp trn lun lun h tr ti khi vn va ny sinh Ti thng nhn c s h tr ca cp trn khi s vic xu i ng nghip ng h Cp trn ca ti lun lng nghe kin v quan tm n li ch ca nhn vin Cp trn ca ti lun t ra l ngi hiu bit, thn thin v d tip cn Mc ng 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mc ng 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mc ng 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mc ng 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mc ng 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

---68 --Khen thng cng bng Ti c xt thng cng bng trong vic han thnh vai tr ca ti Ti c xt thng cng bng qua trch nhim cng vic Ti c xt thng cng bng qua nhng n lc b ra Ti c xt thng cng bng khi lm vic di p lc cao Ti c xt thng cng bng khi han thnh tt cng vic Trao quyn Cp trn phn cng cng vic v ti t thc hin Cp trn trao quyn cho ti ra quyt nh Cp trn tin vo kh nng ra quyt nh ca ti Cp trn khuyn khch ti s dng quyn quyt nh c trao Cp trn tin vo s nh gi kt qu cng vic ca ti S trung thnh Ti sn lng gii thiu vi mi ngi v cng ty ca mnh nh mt ni lm vic tt Ti t ho gii thiu vi mi ngi v sn phm/dch v ca cng ty Ti s li lm vic lu di vi cng ty mc d c ni khc ngh mc lng hp dn hn Mc ng 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mc ng 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mc ng 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5

II THNG TIN C NHN. Anh/ch vui lng cho bit cc thng tin c nhn sau: 1. Xin cho bit anh/ch ang cng tc vi loi hnh doanh nghip no? Cha i lm Cty TNHH Cty c phn Doanh nghip t nhn Cty nh nc Cty lin doanh 100% vn nc ngoi 2. Gii tnh: Nam N 3. Tui: <20 T 21 - 30 T 31 - 40 > 41 tui 4. Mc thu nhp trung bnh mt thng (ng): <2 triu 2 3 triu >3 4 triu >4 6 triu > 6triu 5. V tr cng tc: Nhn vin T trng/chuyn vin Qun l 6. Trnh vn ha: THPT Trung cp Cao ng i hc Trn i hc

---69 ---

Ph lc B KT QU X L D LIU
I. nh gi thang o 1.1 Cronbach Alpha ca cc thnh phn c lp 1.1.1 Thnh phn thu nhp cao
R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S Mean 1. 2. 3. Q1.1 Q1.2 Q1.3 3.0618 2.8720 3.0155 S C A L E (A L P H A)

Std Dev 1.3405 1.2869 1.3542

Cases 453.0 453.0 453.0 N of Variables 3

Statistics for SCALE

Mean 8.9492

Variance 10.7076

Std Dev 3.2722

Item-total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Q1.1 Q1.2 Q1.3 5.8874 6.0773 5.9338 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 5.2594 5.6865 5.0487 Corrected ItemTotal Correlation .5938 .5483 .6285

Alpha if Item Deleted .6729 .7230 .6320

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = Alpha = 453.0 N of Items = 3

.7594

---70 ---

1.1.2 Thnh phn iu kin lm vic thun li

****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** _

R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S Mean

S C A L E

(A L P H A)

Std Dev 1.2614 1.2742 1.2420 1.1911

Cases 453.0 453.0 453.0 453.0 N of Variables 4

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q2.1 Q2.2 Q2.3 Q2.4

3.3841 3.4128 3.5033 3.6755

Statistics for SCALE

Mean 13.9757

Variance 16.5282

Std Dev 4.0655

Item-total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Q2.1 Q2.2 Q2.3 Q2.4 10.5916 10.5629 10.4724 10.3002 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 9.6536 9.3661 9.5241 10.6884 Corrected ItemTotal Correlation .6741 .7102 .7124 .5676

Alpha if Item Deleted .7876 .7709 .7703 .8324

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = Alpha = 453.0 N of Items = 4

.8351

---71 ---

1.1.3 Thnh phn s ph hp mc tiu

****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** _

R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S Mean

S C A L E

(A L P H A)

Std Dev 1.2117 1.0338 1.1520 1.1603

Cases 453.0 453.0 453.0 453.0 N of Variables 4

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q3.1 Q3.2 Q3.3 Q3.4

3.7726 4.1236 3.5563 3.4614

Statistics for SCALE

Mean 14.9139

Variance 12.7470

Std Dev 3.5703

Item-total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Q3.1 Q3.2 Q3.3 Q3.4 11.1413 10.7903 11.3576 11.4525 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 7.5552 8.0024 7.5754 7.5713 Corrected ItemTotal Correlation .5590 .6285 .6063 .5997

Alpha if Item Deleted .7570 .7237 .7311 .7345

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = Alpha = 453.0 N of Items = 4

.7883

---72 ---

1.1.4 H tr t cp trn
****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** _

R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S Mean

S C A L E

(A L P H A)

Std Dev 1.2162 1.1903 1.1491

Cases 453.0 453.0 453.0 N of Variables 3

1. 2. 3.

Q4.1 Q4.2 Q4.3

3.4238 3.3598 3.5982

Statistics for SCALE

Mean 10.3819

Variance 9.0463

Std Dev 3.0077

Item-total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Q4.1 Q4.2 Q4.3 6.9581 7.0221 6.7837 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 4.3500 4.1101 4.8027 Corrected ItemTotal Correlation .6341 .7293 .5804

Alpha if Item Deleted .7415 .6376 .7940

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = Alpha = 453.0 N of Items = 3

.8009

---73 ---

1.1.5 ng nghip ng h
****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** _

R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S Mean

S C A L E

(A L P H A)

Std Dev 1.0554 1.1507

Cases 453.0 453.0 N of Variables 2

1. 2.

Q5.1 Q5.2

3.8035 3.7770

Statistics for SCALE

Mean 7.5806

Variance 4.2042

Std Dev 2.0504

Item-total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Q5.1 Q5.2 3.7770 3.8035 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 1.3241 1.1140 Corrected ItemTotal Correlation .7271 .7271

Alpha if Item Deleted . .

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = Alpha = 453.0 N of Items = 2

.8402

---74 ---

1.1.6 Khen thng cng bng

****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** _

R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S Mean

S C A L E

(A L P H A)

Std Dev 1.2829 1.2103 1.2789 1.2739 1.2823

Cases 453.0 453.0 453.0 453.0 453.0 N of Variables 5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Q6.1 Q6.2 Q6.3 Q6.4 Q6.5

3.1700 3.2296 3.2517 3.1965 3.4989

Statistics for SCALE

Mean 16.3466

Variance 30.7668

Std Dev 5.5468

Item-total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Q6.1 Q6.2 Q6.3 Q6.4 Q6.5 13.1766 13.1170 13.0949 13.1501 12.8477 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 20.2298 20.2407 19.6879 20.2164 19.9391 Corrected ItemTotal Correlation .7704 .8320 .8320 .7793 .8019

Alpha if Item Deleted .9136 .9019 .9014 .9118 .9074

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = Alpha = 453.0 N of Items = 5

.9244

---75 ---

1.1.7 Thnh phn trao quyn

****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** _

R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S Mean

S C A L E

(A L P H A)

Std Dev 1.1565 1.2791 1.1761 1.2076 1.1661

Cases 453.0 453.0 453.0 453.0 453.0 N of Variables 5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Q7.1 Q7.2 Q7.3 Q7.4 Q7.5

3.7925 3.2914 3.5011 3.5143 3.6799

Statistics for SCALE

Mean 17.7792

Variance 23.6326

Std Dev 4.8613

Item-total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Q7.1 Q7.2 Q7.3 Q7.4 Q7.5 13.9868 14.4879 14.2781 14.2649 14.0993 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 17.4777 15.1044 14.9180 15.0359 15.5366 Corrected ItemTotal Correlation .4982 .6932 .8069 .7622 .7328

Alpha if Item Deleted .8880 .8444 .8157 .8264 .8343

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = Alpha = 453.0 N of Items = 5

.8705

---76 ---

1.2 Cronbach Alpha ca thnh phn s trung thnh

****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** _

R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S Mean

S C A L E

(A L P H A)

Std Dev 1.2563 1.1417 1.3144

Cases 452.0 452.0 452.0 N of Variables 3

1. 2. 3.

Y1 Y2 Y3

3.7168 3.8429 3.1748

Statistics for SCALE

Mean 10.7345

Variance 10.4748

Std Dev 3.2365

Item-total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Y1 Y2 Y3 7.0177 6.8916 7.5597 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 4.6782 5.3253 5.0807 Corrected ItemTotal Correlation .7763 .7299 .6188

Alpha if Item Deleted .7041 .7584 .8657

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = Alpha = 452.0 N of Items = 3

.8399

---77 ---

II. Phn tch nhn t 2.1 Bc 1 :

KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square df Sig. .910 6921.962 325 .000 Total Variance Explained Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total 9.408 1.784 1.655 1.109 .700 .675 % of Variance 36.184 6.860 6.365 4.265 2.693 2.595 Cumulative % 36.184 43.044 49.409 53.674 56.367 58.962 Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings(a) Total 7.252 5.893 6.851 4.978 6.251 4.261 % of Variance Cumulative %

Initial Eigenvalues Factor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Total 9.796 2.172 2.025 1.493 1.168 1.092 .852 .807 .669 .595 .547 .543 .497 .438 .423 .387 .334 .331 .299 .287 .263 .245 .228 .190 .170 % of Variance 37.679 8.352 7.789 5.742 4.494 4.199 3.275 3.102 2.572 2.289 2.102 2.087 1.912 1.684 1.626 1.487 1.286 1.272 1.151 1.103 1.012 .941 .877 .732 .654 Cumulative % 37.679 46.031 53.820 59.561 64.055 68.255 71.530 74.632 77.205 79.493 81.595 83.682 85.594 87.278 88.904 90.392 91.678 92.950 94.101 95.204 96.216 97.158 98.035 98.767 99.421

.150 .579 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring. a When factors are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance.

---78 --Pattern Matrix(a) Factor 1 Q6.2 Q6.3 Q6.5 Q6.1 Q6.4 Q7.3 Q7.4 Q7.2 Q7.5 Q7.1 Q5.1 Q4.2 Q5.2 Q4.1 Q4.3 Q2.3 Q2.2 Q2.1 Q2.4 Q3.2 Q3.3 Q3.4 Q3.1 Q1.3 Q1.2 Q1.1 .933 .868 .812 .778 .742 .915 .824 .788 .671 .322 .814 .778 .676 .657 .606 .861 .817 .734 .532 .760 .680 .649 .582 .776 .685 .604 2 3 4 5 6

Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring. Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization. a Rotation converged in 7 iterations.

---79 ---

2.2 Bc 2 :
KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square df Sig. Total Variance Explained Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total 9.136 1.699 1.634 1.110 .701 .669 % of Variance 36.545 6.796 6.535 4.438 2.805 2.674 Cumulative % 36.545 43.341 49.876 54.314 57.119 59.793 Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings(a) Total 7.131 5.512 6.576 4.839 5.960 4.492 % of Variance Cumulative % .909 6680.400 300 .000

Initial Eigenvalues Factor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Total 9.517 2.071 2.006 1.492 1.168 1.091 .827 .775 .618 .562 .543 .522 .440 .423 .413 .335 .334 .320 .288 .263 .246 .229 .192 .171 % of Variance 38.068 8.283 8.025 5.968 4.671 4.365 3.310 3.102 2.473 2.247 2.170 2.089 1.759 1.693 1.653 1.339 1.336 1.279 1.152 1.053 .983 .916 .766 .683 Cumulative % 38.068 46.351 54.376 60.344 65.015 69.380 72.690 75.791 78.265 80.511 82.682 84.771 86.530 88.224 89.876 91.215 92.551 93.830 94.982 96.035 97.018 97.934 98.701 99.383

25 .154 .617 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring. a When factors are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance.

---80 --Pattern Matrix(a) Factor 1 Q6.2 Q6.3 Q6.5 Q6.1 Q6.4 Q7.3 Q7.4 Q7.2 Q7.5 Q5.1 Q4.2 Q5.2 Q4.1 Q4.3 Q2.3 Q2.2 Q2.1 Q2.4 Q3.2 Q3.3 Q3.4 Q3.1 Q1.3 Q1.2 Q1.1 .930 .870 .812 .775 .740 .903 .823 .771 .653 .815 .766 .678 .653 .594 .863 .812 .729 .533 .715 .701 .670 .543 .755 .693 2 3 4 5 6

.654 Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring. Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization. a Rotation converged in 7 iterations.

---81 ---

III. 3.1

Phn tch hi quy S dng phng php ENTER

Variables Entered/Removed(b) Variables Entered Q6, Q1, Q2, Q4, Q3, Q5(a) Variables Removed .

Model 1

Method Enter

a All requested variables entered. b Dependent Variable: Y Model Summary Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate R Square Change .482

Model

R Square

Change Statistics F Change 69.000 df1 6 df2 Sig. F Change 445 .000

.694(a)

.482

.475

.78171

a Predictors: (Constant), Q6, Q1, Q2, Q4, Q3, Q5 ANOVA(b) Model 1 Sum of Squares 252.982 271.923 df Mean Square 6 42.164 445 451 .611 F 69.000 Sig. .000(a)

Regression Residual Total

524.905 a Predictors: (Constant), Q6, Q1, Q2, Q4, Q3, Q5 b Dependent Variable: Y

Coefficients(a) Model Unstandardized Coefficients B -.013 .097 .134 .272 .285 .115 .119 Std. Error .185 .041 .043 .055 .056 .047 .044 Standardized Coefficients Beta -.069 .098 .127 .226 .239 .118 .115 2.373 3.098 4.936 5.131 2.419 2.703 .945 .018 .002 .000 .000 .016 .007 .679 .696 .557 .537 .488 .643 1.472 1.437 1.796 1.861 2.049 1.555 t Sig. Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF

(Constant) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

a Dependent Variable: Y

---82 --Collinearity Diagnostics(a) Model 1 Dimension 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a Dependent Variable: Y Coefficients(a) Model Unstandardized Coefficients B -.013 .097 .134 .272 .285 .115 .119 Std. Error .185 .041 .043 .055 .056 .047 .044 Standardized Coefficients Beta -.069 .098 .127 .226 .239 .118 .115 2.373 3.098 4.936 5.131 2.419 2.703 .945 .018 .002 .000 .000 .016 .007 .404 .458 .572 .579 .530 .472 .112 .145 .228 .236 .114 .127 .081 .106 .168 .175 .083 .092 t Sig. Correlations Zero-order Partial Part Eigenvalue 6.726 .084 .062 .043 .037 .026 .024 Condition Index 1.000 8.961 10.455 12.518 13.549 16.127 16.814 (Constant) .00 .03 .05 .20 .13 .58 .02 Variance Proportions Q1 .00 .66 .03 .20 .03 .08 .00 Q2 .00 .01 .31 .34 .29 .01 .03 Q3 .00 .01 .00 .00 .05 .16 .77 Q4 .00 .02 .00 .00 .11 .37 .49 Q5 .00 .04 .23 .36 .08 .29 .01 Q6 .00 .05 .21 .13 .60 .00 .00

(Constant) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

a Dependent Variable: Y

3.2

S dng phng php STEPWISE

Variables Entered/Removed(a) Variables Entered Q4 Q3 Q5 Q2 Q6 Q1 Variables Removed . . . . . .

Model 1 2 3 4 5 6

Method Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter <= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter <= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter <= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter <= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter <= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter <= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100).

a Dependent Variable: Y

---83 --Model Summary Adjusted R Square .334 .420 .448 .462 .470 .475 Std. Error of the Estimate .88069 .82149 .80137 .79097 .78575 .78171

Model 1 2 3 4 5 6 a b c d e f

R .579(a) .650(b) .672(c) .684(d) .689(e) .694(f)

R Square .335 .423 .452 .467 .475 .482

Predictors: (Constant), Q4 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5, Q2 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5, Q2, Q6 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5, Q2, Q6, Q1 ANOVA(g)

Model 1

Regression Residual Total

Sum of Squares 175.879 349.025 524.905 221.898 303.006 524.905 237.200 287.705 524.905 245.247 279.657 524.905 249.540 275.364 524.905 252.982 271.923 524.905

df 1 450 451 2 449 451 3 448 451 4 447 451 5 446 451 6 445 451

Mean Square 175.879 .776 110.949 .675 79.067 .642 61.312 .626 49.908 .617 42.164 .611

F 226.762

Sig. .000(a)

Regression Residual Total

164.406

.000(b)

Regression Residual Total

123.119

.000(c)

Regression Residual Total

98.000

.000(d)

Regression Residual Total

80.835

.000(e)

Regression Residual Total

69.000

.000(f)

a b c d e f g

Predictors: (Constant), Q4 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5, Q2 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5, Q2, Q6 Predictors: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5, Q2, Q6, Q1 Dependent Variable: Y

---84 --Coefficients(a) Model 1 (Constant) Q4 Q3 Q5 Q2 Q6 Q1 2 (Constant) Q4 Q3 Q5 Q2 Q6 Q1 3 (Constant) Q4 Q3 Q5 Q2 Q6 Q1 4 (Constant) Q4 Q3 Q5 Q2 Q6 Q1 5 (Constant) Q4 Q3 Q5 Q2 Q6 Q1 6 (Constant) Q4 Q3 Q5 Q2 Q6 Q1 a Dependent Variable: Y -.013 .285 .272 .115 .134 .119 .097 .185 .056 .055 .047 .043 .044 .041 .239 .226 .118 .127 .115 .098 -.069 5.131 4.936 2.419 3.098 2.703 2.373 .945 .000 .000 .016 .002 .007 .018 .058 .283 .281 .159 .152 .116 .184 .056 .055 .044 .043 .044 .237 .232 .163 .144 .113 .318 5.061 5.064 3.609 3.546 2.637 .750 .000 .000 .000 .000 .009 .150 .315 .304 .190 .155 .182 .055 .055 .043 .043 .264 .252 .195 .146 .825 5.747 5.524 4.449 3.587 .410 .000 .000 .000 .000 .311 .345 .361 .209 .178 .055 .053 .043 .288 .299 .215 1.744 6.269 6.755 4.881 .082 .000 .000 .000 .349 .448 .434 .183 .052 .053 .375 .359 1.911 8.622 8.258 .057 .000 .000 Unstandardized Coefficients B Std. Error 1.092 .170 .692 .046 Standardized Coefficients Beta .579 t 6.417 15.059 Sig. .000 .000

---85 ---

Excluded Variables(f) Collinearity Statistics Tolerance .887 .818 .679 .683 .742 .843 .730 .630 .696 .701 .718

Model 1

Beta In Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q6 .236(a) .258(a) .359(a) .299(a) .239(a) .175(b) .169(b) .215(b) .164(b) .118(c) .146(c)

t 5.997 6.338 8.258 6.734 5.529 4.577 4.101 4.881 3.862 2.857 3.587

Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .004 .000

Partial Correlation .272 .287 .363 .303 .252 .211 .190 .225 .180 .134 .167

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q6

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q6

.116(c) .096(d)

2.688 2.296

.007 .022

.126 .108

.644 .680

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q6

.113(d) .098(e)

2.637 2.373

.009 .018

.124 .112

.643 .679

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q6

a b c d e f

Predictors in the Model: (Constant), Q4 Predictors in the Model: (Constant), Q4, Q3 Predictors in the Model: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5 Predictors in the Model: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5, Q2 Predictors in the Model: (Constant), Q4, Q3, Q5, Q2, Q6 Dependent Variable: Y