The Beginning of Culture and Society

Charles Darwin Origin of the Species (1859) Descent of Man (1871)

Man descended from lower simpler forms of being.

Early Beginnings of Culture and Society

Human Evolution Paleontology (a branch of anthropology) examines the apes as immediate descendant of human species (7,000,000 years ago).

mammals reptiles
single- celled organism

Paleocene 50, 000,000 Eocene 30,000,00040,000,000

Age of Mammals

Oligocene 3,.000,00022,000,000
Miocene 23,000,000-5,000,000 Pleistocene

500,000

Fossils
Pithecanthropus erectus (erect ape man) Earliest known Hominids Java fossils 50,000,000 and 800,00 years ago.

Fossils
Sinanthropus More advanced than Pithecanthropus Northern China

Fossils
Anthropoidea Primates such as gorilla, orangutan and chimpanzees Family of Pongidae Hominidae Primates such as early man

Australopithecinae

Hominidae Hominidea

Man
Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens

GENUS: HOMO

Australopithecus aferensis

3.8-3.6 M years ago

Large chin Australopithecus Human like dental africanus features 2/3 M years ago Australopithecus South and eastern robustus Africa

CLASS: MAMMALIA

Monotremes

Lay eggs Hatches Nurse the young Give birth t young alive Carry in belly pocket for a time

Marsupials

Eutherians

Placental Prenatally nourished

Fossils of the Early Men

Taung, South Africa Earliest known manlike fossil Australopithecines (southern ape) Prof. Raymond Dart, 1925

Fossils of the Early Men

East Africa Zinjathropus boisei L.S. Leakey and wife, 1959

Fossils of the Early Men

Java Indonesia Pithecanthropus erectus (erect ape man) Eugene Dubois, 1891 Bone skull thick Forehead receding Broad eyebrows Power of speech

Fossils of the Early Men

Choukoutien, Peking, China Pithecanthropus pekinensis 1927 Similar to Java Man

Fossils of the Early Men

Melbourne, Australia Talgai man 1940 Similar to Java man

 Niah Cave, Sarawak Borneo Asian types indicate that Tasmanian and Australian Borneo are closer to Niah skull 1958

Fossils of the Early Men

Fossils of the Early Men

Tabon Cave, Palawan Philippines Latest fossil evidence prehistoric Southeast Asian men from Pleistocene period Skull existed 22,000 years ago 1962

 Artifacts of pre human primates used animal bones, broken pebbles and river stones. Used for hunting food Ex. Abbevillian, hand ax, flake tools.

Tool Tradition of the Early Men

 The second wave of development of tool is known as MOUSTERIAN flake tools Careful RETOUCHING of technique of flaking INNOVATIONS also took place such cave as shelter, massive use of fire, bones for tools and burial of the dead. However, superseded by blade technology

Tool Tradition of the Early Men

The New Stone Age (Neolithic)

early

middle late

The New Stone Age (Early Period)

6000-7000 years ago Period of flaked and polished stone tools. Ground blades and cutting edges Axes and adzes of oval form pottery

The New Stone Age (Middle)

4000-7000 years ago. Axes, adzes, ridged back types and tangled butt tool Domesticated plant and animals intensified

 2000BC-100AD years ago. Materials polish capable Sawing, drilling Polished trapezoidal tools Jade implements

The New Stone Age (Late)

Human Races

Human Races
History of CIVILIZATION is a history of MIGRATIOn. MIGRATION implies mingling of people Resulting to GENETIC INHERITANCE and effect on cultural and PHYSICAL FEATURE.

Human Races
Misconceptions about human races
1. Undesirable DISHARMONY OF ANATOMICAl features 2. Hybrid VIGOR in physique and mentality 3. Physical and psychological INFERIORITy 4. Personality is a PRODUCT of human race

Caucasoid Mongoloid African Negroid

Melanesian
Micronesian-Polynesian Congo/Central Pygmy Eastern Pygmy Australoid

11 Major Racial Categories

Bushman-Hottentot
Ainu Veddoid

11 Major Racial Categories

1. Caucasoid Light to dark brown White race Thick head hair Narrow and projecting nose Lips average to thin Tall to short stature

11 Major Racial Categories

2. Mongoloids Yellowish to light brown Black straight hair Lips medium thinness Cheek bones projected forward

11 Major Racial Categories

3. African Negroid Yellowish or dark brown to almost black Very curly, woolly, frizzly and little body hair. Nose wide Ears small Lips thick

11 Major Racial Categories

4. Melanesians Deeply pigmented skin and eyes Tightly curled hair New Guinea to Fiji

11 Major Racial Categories

5. Micronesian Polynesians Body hair slight Skin is light Head hair from straight to frizzly but mostly wavy Islands of Hawaii to New Zealand

11 Major Racial Categories

6. Congo/ Central African Pygmies Genetically Negroid Less than 5 ft tall Not as dark as African Negroids and Melanesians but more bodily hair than the two

11 Major Racial Categories

7. Far Eastern Pygmies Malay peninsula (Indonesians, Luzon and Mindanao Islands) Lips fairly thick Head hair woolly Skin color very dark, slight bodily hair 5 ft tall

11 Major Racial Categories

8. Australoids

Head hair nearly straight to frizzly but mostly heavy Much bodily hair Features the same with Caucasoid except the color of skin

11 Major Racial Categories

9. Bushman Hottentot Eyelids epicanthic folds similar with the Mongoloids Body hair is thin Skin color not dark Sport fat thighs and buttocks 5 ft tall

10. Ainus Wavy hair Lips thin Bodily hair heavy Hokkaido, Japan

11 Major Racial Categories

11 Major Racial Categories

11. Veddoid Wavy to curly hair Some bodily hair Chocolate brown skin

 Negroid Forest Negro (Guinea Cost) Polynesians Melanesia (From Southern Asia to Africa and Oceania) Ladino (Latin Americans) Neo Hawaiian (Hybrid of Negrito (Central African Pygmies/Negrillos and Far Hawaiian, European Eastern Pygmies) and Polynesian) Bushman (Bantu, Forest negro, Sudanese and Bushman-Boskop) Sudanese (Nilotic Negroes/Nilotes) Hamite (East Africa, Sudan Mediterranean in built)

Sub races