Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sababan
Coverage of Taxation Law Review:
1. Basic
Principles including Constitutional Provisions 2. Income Tax 3. Estate Tax 4. Donors Tax 5. Remedies 6. Local Tax 7. Real Property Tax 8. Tariff and Customs Code 9. Court of Tax Appeals 10. VAT (although not part of the coverage of the Bar Exams, questions have been asked since 1999) Title 5,6 and 7 are always included in the coverage No computations in the bar There are only 1 or 2 questions in the Bar about Basic Principles What are the favorite topics in the Bar? 12 questions on Income Tax 8-10 questions on remedies 8-10 questions allocated to the 7 topics Rules in the Classroom: 1. Do NOT dare miss the first day of class >write down what will be written on the class card and follow instructions >when HOMETOWN is asked it means the province of your parents, if they came from separate provinces write both. Those who live in the city take note if CITY is placed before or after the province or locality Example: LAOAG CITY or CITY of MANILA 2. Do NOT be absent after the first day if you are absent, you have to transcribe what happened in class when you were out. The next meeting you attend class, consider yourself a resident of balic-balic, babalikbalikan ka sa recit No other excuse will be accepted: *head ache, fever and flu = REXIDOL *dysmenorrhea and cleansing = GOLDEN 8 herbal tea *If you happen to be attending a sem, usually on 2nd sem, ask ahead for routes on which you can take coming from your province/home town in order to make it to the first class after holidays.
3. Read
and understand the assignment following the flow in this material. Wag ZAPOTE ang aral na naintindihan pero di naunawaan Sunday or the class will be held on that day as well (no sanction can be imposed if classes will be held)
EXCEPTION: HOLY DAY/FEAST and upon order of our dear OARs 5. Bawal ang tatayo at ngingiti, magpapapicture o magsosorry (except if you are that puny girl last seen at the palace)
Order:
MATERIALS: National Internal Revenue Code (big one where you can write notes) commentaries (any author will do) magic notes (Sababan Lecture and Q&A)
1. READ the codal provisions following the outline 2. UNDERSTAND the provisions with the help of the Magic Notes 3. Read the cases, Special laws, Revenue regulations(if stated 4. Do not forget to compare if there are sections to be compared
Note: This material was printed and was made to be read from the left side for purposes of convenience in taking down notes on the other side.
Basic Principles of Constitutional Limitations a) Due process clause which could be either substantive due process and procedural due process clause b) Equal protection clause Read: Ormoc Sugar Central vs. City Treasurer 22 SCRA 603 Tiu vs. CA 301 SCRA 178 c) Article III sec. 1 of the 1987 Constitution non-impairment clause d) Article III sec. 5 freedom of religion e) Article III sec. 20 nonpayment of poll tax f) Article VI sec. 28 par. 2 flexible tariff clause g) Article VI sec. 28 par. 3 exemption from real property tax Read:
BASIC PRINCIPLES: Taxation is an inherent power of the State. Q: What do you mean by INHERENT? A: The power to tax is not provided for in the law, statute or Constitution; it depends on the existence of the state. No law or legislation for the exercise of the power to tax by the national government. The power to tax DEPENDS on the existence of the State, the moment the State Exists, AUTOMATICALLY, the power to tax also exists. Q: Do local governments exercise this inherent power?
Congress enacted a law imposing a tax on SUGAR INDUSTRY. It was contended that the proceeds of the tax shall only benefit a particular industry. However, it was ruled that the tax remains valid since the protection and the promotion of the sugar industry is a matter of public concern. Hence, the legislature may determine within reasonable bounds what is necessary for its protection and expedient for the promotion of public interest. Legislative discretion, according to the court, should be allowed full play, subject only to the test of reasonableness. If objectives and methods are alike and Constitutionally valid, there can be no reason why the State should not be allowed to levy taxes to raise funds for their prosecution and attainment. TAXATION MAY BE USED TO IMPLEMENT THE STATES POLICE POWER Q: May the govt tax itself? A: Determine first who the taxing authority. Taxing Authority Local Governmen t Levying from National Governm ent NO
<Sec. 133 LGCpower to tax Shall not extend to taxes, fees, charges of any National Local YES kind on the Governmen Governm natl govt, t ent agencies and instrumentalitie s EXCEPT income from public utility under their jurisdiction ^ Sec 27 C provides national govt can levy tax, agencies and instrumentalities alrhough derive income by the govt form the utility and income derived from the exercise of essential government functions are exempt(Sec 32B7b NIRC) Q: What is the source of power to tax of LGUs outside the Autonomous Region and those within the Autonomous Region?
TERRITORIALITY Taxation is territorial in such a manner that the taxing authority cannot impose taxes oon subject beyond its territorial jurisdiction. However, taxing authority may determin the tax SITUS. Philippine Match Co. vs. City of Cebu (GR No. L-30745 1/18/1978) The sales in the instant case were in the City of Cebu and the matches were stored in the city. The fact that the matches were delivered to customers, whose places of business were
outside the city, would not place those sales beyond the citys taxing power. Those sales formed part of the merchandising business being assigned on by the company in the city. In ESSENCE, they are the same as sales of matches fully consummated in the city. Further, because the sellers place of business is in Cebu City, it cannot be sensibly argued that such sales should be considered as transactions subject to the taxing power of the political subdivisions where the customers reside and accepted delivery of the matches. INTERNATIONAL COMITY States MUST recognize the generally accepted principles/tenets of international law Lednicky vs. CIR (GR nos. L-18169, L-18262 & L-21434 7/31/1964) To allow an alien resident to deduct from his gross income whatever taxes he pays to his own government amounts to conferring on the latter the power to reduce the tax income of the Philippine government, his deduction from Philippine taxes would correspondingly increase, and the proceeds for the Philippines diminished, thereby subordinating our own taxes to those levied by a foreign government. Such a result is incompatible with the status of the Philippines as an independent and sovereign state. Basco vs. PAGCOR (197 SCRA 52) The city of Manila, being a mere municipal Corporation, has no inherent power to tax. LGUs have no power to tax instrumentalities of the national government. PAGCOR being an instrumentality of the national government, is therefore exempt from local taxes, otherwise, its operation might be burdened, impeded, or subjected to control by a mere LGU. Mactan Cebu Intl Airport vs. Marcos (261 SCRA 667) Mactan cannot invoke Sec 133 of LGC. It refers to local taxation. And since the llast par of sec 234 unequivocally withdrew upon effectivity of the LGC, exemption from payment of real property taxes granted to natural person including GOCCs
A: Substantive due process requires that a tax statute must be within the Constitutional authority of Congress to pass and that it be reasonable, fair and just. Procedural due process, on the other hand, requires notice and hearing or at least the opportunity to be heard. Q: Suppose the congress passed a law exempting the 13th month pay from tax with the concurrence of the majority of the quorum. Is this valid? A: Section 28(4), Article IV of the 1987 Constitution No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of Congress Note: No less than the Constitution requires the
Majority (qualified majority). Anything less, such as the majority of the quorum (simple majority), Therefore such tax exempting statue would be unconstitutional and violative of substantive due process. Q: In procedural due process, as a limitation on the power to tax, without notice and opportunity to be heard, limited to the prosecution stage alone? A: In the prosecution stage, without due process, proceedings will be null and void, hence ineffective against the taxpayer. RR 12-99 requires that as early as assessment stage until extra judicial settlement of a taxpayers criminal violation is reached procedural due process should exist Section 20[B][2] where compromise is not allowed due to or involves fraud or the case was filed in court already. Sec 208 of RA 8424 if the delinquent taxpayer is subsequently found guilty as charged by the proper court of law, it is further required that he should still be properly notified Q: Does this apply to the National legislature? A: this applies to legislative bodies of the LGUs which are the local sanggunian. Q: Does it follow that the adverse party must always be notified? A: No. As a rule, notice and hearing or the opportunity to be heard is necessary only when expressly required by law. Where there is no such requirement, notice and the opportunity to be heard are dispensable. Example: Before Oct. 1, 1995, you can secure a TRO without notifying the adverse party. If you are a suspect in a criminal case, you have the right to have an opportunity to be heard (if there is a law). Before July 1, 1998, no notice need be given to a party declared in default. After the amendment, the party declared in default has to be notified of subsequent proceedings albeit without the right to participate therein. In the case of a search warrant, the person to be searched was not notified. The person
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to the same classification are treated differently from one another When no classification does not rest upon substantial distinctions that make for real differences
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to different classifications treated alike When no classification is called substantial distinctions exist but corresponding distinction is made on basis thereof. (Villegas v. Hsiu Chiong Pai)
Ex: In one case, a tax ordinance was assailed on the ground that the ordinance failed to distinguish a worker form casual, permanent or temporary. The SC said that the ordinance was
invalid because of the failure to state the said classification. In PEOPLE v. CAYAT the Supreme Court mandated the requisites for a valid classification. Requirements of Reasonable Classification: 1) There must be substantial distinctions that make a real difference. 2) It must be germane or relevant to the purpose of the law. 3) The distinction or classification must apply not only to the present but also to future situations. 4) The distinction must apply to persons, things and transactions belonging to the same class. TIU v. COURT OF APPEALS (301 SCRA 278) Q: what happened in the city of Olongapo? A: The Congress, with the approval of the President, passed RA 7227, an act creating the conversion of the military bases into other productive uses. Q: Who was the President at that time? A: President Ramos Q: What were signed? A: RA 7227, EO 97 and EO 97-A The first led to the creation of the Subic Special Economic Zone (SSEZ). The latter set the limitations and boundaries of the application of the incentives (no taxes, local and national, shall be imposed within SSEZ. In lieu thereof, 3% of the Gross Income shall be remitted to the national govt) to those operating their businesses within the said area. Q: Who are the petitioners and what was their contention? A: The petitioners are Filipino businessmen who are operating their business outside the secured area. The petitioners contended that the law in question was violative of their right to equal protection of laws since they are also Filipino businessmen. H: The Supreme Court ruled that there was no violation since the classification was based on a substantial distinction. The element invoked here is element #1 that there must be substantial distinction in the classification of taxpayers on whom the tax will be imposed. The Court observed that those foreign businessmen operating within the secured
Q: What does the non-impairment clause uphold? A: The peoples right and freedom to contract as well as the sanctity of contracts. Note: does not apply to franchise Applies to taxation but not to Police power and Eminent domain Q: What are the sources of obligation in the Civil Code? A: Law, Contracts, Quasi-Contracts, Delict, Quasi-Delict. Q: What is the obligation contemplated in this limitation? A: Those obligations arising from contracts. General Rule: The power to tax is pursuant to law, therefore, the obligation to pay taxes is imposed by law, thus the non-impairment clause does not apply. You have to determine first the source of obligation: 1. If the law merely provides for the fulfillment of the obligation then the law is not the source of the obligation. 2. When the law merely recognizes or acknowledges the existence of an obligation created by an act which may constitute a contract, quasi-contract, delict, and quasi-delict, and its only purpose is to regulate such obligation, then the act itself is the source of the obligation, not the law. 3. When the law establishes the obligation and also provides for its fulfillment, then the law itself is the source of the obligation Q: So, in what instance does the non-impairment of contracts clause becomes a limitation to the power to tax? A: it is when the taxpayer enters into a compromise agreement with the government. In this instance, the obligation to pay the tax is now based on the contract between the taxpayer and the government pursuant to their compromise agreement. Take Note: the requirement for its application: the parties are the government and private individual. Poll Tax Q: What is a poll tax?
Exemption from payment of Real Estate Tax Q: What is the requirement for exemption from payment of real property tax under the 1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitution? A: Art. 6, Sec 22 (3), 1935 Constitution Cemeteries, churches and parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, and all lands, buildings and improvements used EXCLUSIVELY for RELIGIOUS, CHARITABLE or EDUCATIONAL purposes shall be exempt for taxation. Art. 8, Sec. 17 (3), 1973 Constitution charitable institutions, churches, parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosque, and nonprofit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY, and EXCLUSIVELY used for RELIGIOUS and CHARITABLE purposes shall be exempt from taxation. Art. 6, Sec. 28 (3), 1987 Constitution charitable institutions, churches, and parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosque, nonprofit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY and EXCLUSIVELY used for RELIGIOUS, EDUCATIONAL and CHARITABLE purposes shall be exempt from taxation. HERRERA v. QC-BOARD OF ASSESSMENT (1935 Constitution) Q: What is involved in this case?
A charitable institution, St. Catherines Hospital. The hospital was previously exempt from taxation until it was reclassified and subsequently assessed for the payment of real property tax. The contention of the respondent is that the hospital was no longer a charitable institution because it accepts pay-patients, it also operates a school for midwifery and nursing, and a dormitory. Since it is not exclusively used for charitable purposes it is not exempt from taxation. H: The Court ruled that petitioner is not liable for the payment of real estate taxes. It is a charitable institution, thus exempt from the payment of such tax. The hospital, schools and dormitory are all exempt fro taxation because they are incidental to the primary purpose of the hospital. NOTE: this arose during the 1935 Constitution. Exempted by virtue of incidental purpose was merely coined by the Supreme Court. Thus, it does not apply to other taxes except Real Estate Tax. PROVINCE OF ABRA v. HERNANDO Q: What is involved in this case? A A religious institution was involved in this case, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Bangued, Inc. (bishop filed declaratory relief after assessed for payment of tax). The respondent judge granted the exemption from taxes of said church based only on the allegations of the complaint without conducting a hearing/trial. The assistant prosecutor filed a complaint contending that petitioner was deprived of its right to due process. SC: the Court ordered that the case be remanded to the lower court for further proceedings. The Court observed that the cause action arose under the 1973 Constitution, not under the 1935 Constitution (note the difference). Tax exemption is not presumed. It must be strictly construed against the taxpayer and liberally construed in favor of the government. ABRA VALLEY COLLEGE INC. v. AQUINO Q: What is involved in this case? A: An educational institution is involved in this case. The ground floor of the school was leased to Northern Marketing Corp., a domestic corporation. The 2nd floor thereof
that the use of the profits does not determine exemption, rather it is the use of the property that determines exemption. The case of Herrera does not apply because said case arose under the 1935 Constitution and the present case arose under the 1987 Constitution. The requirements for exemption are different. In the 1935 Constitution, the property must be EXCLUSIVELY used for religious, educational or charitable purposes. Under the 1987 Constitution, the property must be used ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY, and EXCLUSIVELY for religious, educational and charitable purposes. Q: Was the doctrine laid down in Abra Valley affirmed in the Lung Center case? A: Yes. The Supreme Court unconsciously applied a doctrine laid down by the 1935 Constitution. The Supreme Court reiterated the ruling in the Abra Valley case which arose under the 1935 Constitution. The Supreme Court made a qualification, it held that it depends on whether or not the use is incidental to the primary purpose of the institution. NOTE: at present, exemption from tax by virtue of incidental purpose is not applicable to all taxes including real estate tax. COMM v. SC JOHNSON and SONS, INC. Important : 1. international double taxation 2. importance of international tax treaty 3. implication of most favored nation clause Q: What is the corporation involved in this case? A: A domestic corporation (DC). SC Johnson and Sons, Inc. entered into a license agreement with SC Johnson and Sons U.S.A (Non-Resident Foreign Corp, NRFC) whereby the former was allowed to use the latters trademark and facilities to manufacture its products. In return, the DC will pay the NRFC royalties as well as payment of withholding tax. A case for refund of overpaid withholding tax was filed. Apparently, the DC should have paid only 10% under the most favored nation clause. H: The Supreme Court coined the term International Double Taxation or International Juridical Double Taxation. Q: What prompted the SC to coin such term? A: Because a single income (tax royalties paid by a DC) was subjected to tax by two countries, the Philippines income tax and the U.S. tax.
Q: A:
Q: A:
EQUITABLE RECOUPMENT AND DOCTRINE OF SET-OFF Equitable Recoupment This doctrine provides that a claim for refund barred by prescription may be allowed to offset unsettled tax liabilities by crediting such refund to his existing tax liability. This is not allowed in this jurisdiction, because of common law origin. If allowed, both the collecting agency and the taxpayer might be tempted to delay and neglect the pursuit of their respective claims within the period prescribed by law. Q: What is Recoupment? the doctrine of Equitable
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A: When the claim for refund is barred by prescription, the same is allowed to be credited to unsettled tax liabilities. (Sir gives an illustration found in page 3 of magic notes) Q: Is the rule absolute? Reason A: Yes, the rule is absolute. The rationale behind this is to prevent the taxpayer and government official from being negligent in the payment and collection of taxes. (furthermore, you have to be honest for this to work, hence, the government is preventing corruption) There is no exception at all otherwise; the BIR would be flooded with so many claims. Set-off Presupposes mutual obligation between the parties. In taxation, the concept of set-off arises where a taxpayer is liable to pay tax but the government, for one reason or another, is indebted to the said taxpayer. Q: What do you mean by SET-OFF? A: This presupposes mutual obligations between the parties, and that they are mutual creditors and debtors of each other. In taxation, the concept of taxation arises where a taxpayer is liable to pay taxes but the government, for one reason or another, is INDEBTED to said taxpayer. REPUBLIC v. MAMBULAO LUMBER CO. Q: What is the liability of Mambulao? A: They are liable to pay forest charges (under the old tax code). NOTE: under our present tax code, the NIRC, we do not have forest charges as the same was abolished by President Aquino. Q: What did the lumber company do? A: The lumber company claimed that since the government did not use the reforestation charges it paid for reforestation of the denuded land covered by its license, the amount paid should be reimbursed to them or at least compensated or applied to their liability to pay forest charges. H: The Court ruled that the reforestation charges paid is in the nature of taxes. The principle of compensation does not apply in this case because the parties are not
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Both the claim of the government for estate and inheritance taxes and the claim of the (intestate) for the services rendered have already become overdue hence demandable as well as fully liquidated, compensation therefore takes place by operation of law, in accordance with Art. 1279 and 1290 of the Civil Code and both debts are extinguished to the concurrent amount. Compelling Reason: Congress has enacted RA 2700, allocating a certain sum of money to the estate of the deceased.
BAR QUESTION 1996: FRANCIA v. IAC GRN L-67649 6/28/1988 Q: This happened in what city? A: Pasay City Q: What is the tax being collected? Who is collecting the same? A: Payment for real estate taxes for the property of Francia. It appears that petitioner was delinquent in the payment of his real estate tax liability. The same is being collected by the Treasurer of Pasay. Q: What is the suggestion of petitioner? A: Suggested that the just compensation for the payment of his expropriated property be set-off from his unpaid real estate taxes. (the other part of his property was sold at a public auction) H: The factual milieu of the case dose not justify legal compensation. The Court has consistently ruled that there can be no off-setting of taxes against the claims that the taxpayer may have against the government. A taxpayer cannot refuse to pay a tax on the ground that the government owes him an amount. Internal Revenue taxes cannot be the subject of compensation because the government and the taxpayer are not mutually creditors and debtors of each other, and a claim for taxes is not a debt, demand, contract or judgment as is allowed to be compensated or set-off. Furthermore, the payment of just compensation was already deposited with PNB Pasay, and the taxes were collected by a local government, the property was expropriated by the national government.
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Book+ Magic & Pink Notes + CEP + Others TAXATION 1. Direct duplicate taxation/obnoxious DT
in the objectionable or prohibited sense. REASON: This constitutes a violation of substantive due process. The same property is taxed twice when it should be taxed only once. Requisites: a. the same property is taxed twice when it should only be taxed once; b. both taxes are imposed on the same property or subject matter for the same purpose; c. imposed by the same taxing authority; d. within the same jurisdiction e. during the same taxing period; and f. covering the same kind or character of tax. 2. Indirect double taxation: Not legally objectionable. The absence of one or more of the foregoing requisites of obnoxious DT makes the DT indirect.
NOTE: In these 5 cases, with exception of Domingo v. Garlitos, compensation or set-off was denied. The common ground for these cases that were denied: a tax is not a debt because the subject matters under the Civil Code of compensation must be a debt. Secondly, the SC keeps repeating that the taxpayer and the government are not creditors and debtors with each other. However, in all these cases where set off was denied by the government, there is always a second reason after reiterating the rule in the case of Mambulao. To begin with, in the case of Francia, the SC after reiterating the Mambulao ruling, it ruled the money was already paid in the PNB account of Francia. In CALTEX, we have the same reason. In addition, the SC states that RA 6952 do not allow set off or compensation to be made against the fund of OPSF. Lastly, PHILEX mining, we have the same ruling, but in addition, the SC added the claim for refund is not yet granted. In application the principle of set off or compensation, the amount must be FULLY LIQUIDATED. It follows that set off or compensation should be denied because the refund is not yet granted. In Domingo vs. Garlitos, although the parties are not mutually creditors and debtors, YET, the SC ruled otherwise, simply because of the very unique circumstance that Congress enacted RA 2700 appropriating money to the estate of the decedent. DOUBLE TAXATION Definition: Taxing the same subject twice when it should be taxed only once. Also known as duplicate taxation. Is double taxation prohibited in the Philippines? No. There is no constitutional prohibition against double taxation in the Philippines. It is something not favored but permissible (Pepsi Cola Bottling Co. v. City of Butuan, 1968). Elements of Double Taxation: 1) Levied by the same taxing authority 2) For the same subject matter 3) For the same taxing period and 4) For the same purpose Kinds of Double Taxation (DT)
Reliefs from Effects of Double Taxation 1. Tax deductions Example: Vanishing deductions in transfer taxes. 2. Tax credits An amount allowed as a reduction of the Phil. Income tax on account of income tax(es) paid or incurred to foreign countries. It is given to a taxpayer in order to provide a relief from too onerous a burden of taxation in case where the same income is subject to a foreign and Phil. Income tax. This may be claimed by (1) citizens of the Philippines and (2) domestic corporations. 3. Exemptions 4. Treaties with other states 5. Principle of reciprocity
Obnoxious double taxation is the synonym of double taxation. There is no double taxation if the tax is levied by the LGU and another by the national government. The two (2) are different taxing authorities. LGUs are expressly prohibited by the provisions of RA 7160 or the LGC of 1991 from levying tax upon: (1) the National Government; (2) its agencies and instrumentalities; (3) LGUs (sec.113(o)). The National Government, pursuant to the provisions of RA 8424 of the Tax Reform Act of 1997, can levy tax upon GOCCs, agencies and
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instrumentalities (Section 27 c)), although income received by the Government form: 1) any public utility or 2) the exercise of any essential governmental function is exempt from tax.
Topics under Tax 1: II. Income Tax Law Section 22-26 of the National Internal Revenue Code a) Read in the commentaries or magic notes the different kinds of: 1. Income Taxpayers 2. Income Taxes 3. Sources of Income sec. 42 of NIRC - Income Taxpayers a) Individuals b) Corporation c) Estates and Trusts -Individuals are classified Resident Citizens sec. 23 (A), sec 24 (A) (a) Non-Resident Citizens sec 23 (B), 24 (A) (b) 22 (E) Overseas Contract Workers Sec. 23 (C), 24 (A) (b) Resident Aliens Rev. Reg. sec 5, 23 (D), 24 (A) (c) Non-Resident Aliens Engaged in trade or business sections 25 (A) (1) Non-Resident Aliens Not Engaged in trade or business sec. 25 (B) Aliens Employed in Multi-National Corporations sec. 25 (C) and Rev. Reg. 12-2001 Aliens Employed in Offshore Banking Units sec 25 (D) Aliens Employed in petroleum Service Contractors & Subcontractors sec. 25 (E) -Corporate Income Taxpayers Domestic Corporations sec. 23 (E), and sec 27 of NIRC Resident Foreign Corporations sec. 22 (H) and (28)A
Different Kinds of Income Tax 1. Net Income Tax secs. 24 (A), 25 (A) (1), 26, 27 (A) (B) (C), 28 (A) up to 3rd par. 31 and 32 (A) 2. Gross Income Tax secs. 25 (B) first part and 28 (B) (1) 3. Final Income Taxes sec. 57 (A) 4. Minimum Corporate Income Tax of 2% of the Gross Income secs. 27 (E), 28 (A) (2) 5. Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax of 10% of its taxable income sec. 29 NIRC Rev. Reg. 2-2001 Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% of its gross income sections 27 (A) 4th to 10th par. And 28 A(1) but only up to the 4th paragraph -Proceed to section 42 and 23 of the NIRC NDC vs. Comm 151 SCRA 472 Comm. Vs. IAC 127 SCRA 9 -Then go to sec. 39 of NIRC Calazans vs. Comm. 144 SCRA 664 RR 7-2003 -Then proceed to sec. 24 (A), 25 (A) (1), 25 B,C,D,E, 27 A,B,C; 28 (A) (1), 28 (A) (6) and sec 51 (D) -Then continue to sec 24 B 1, 25 B,C,D,E; 27 (D) (1) -Then go to se. 24 (B) (2) sec. 73 Comm. Vs. Manning 66 SCRA 14 Anscor vs. Comm. 301 SCRA 152 -Sec. 25 (A) (2), 25 B, C, C, E, sec. 27 (D) (4); 28 (A) (7) (D); 32 B (7) (a) Then you go to sec. 24 C, 25A (3); 25 B, C, D, E, 27 D (2); 28 (A) (7) (C); 28 B (5) (C) RA 7717 sec. 127 NIRC - Then you go to sec. 24 D (1); 25 (A) (3); 25 (B) last par. 27 (D) (5) China Bank vs. Court of Appeals 336 SCRA ___; RR 7-2003 -Upon reading sec. 24 (D) (2) read RR 13-1999 -Upon reading sec. 27 (A) go to sec. 22 (B) Batangas vs. Collector 102 Phil. 822 Evangelista vs. Collector 102 Phil 140 Reyes vs. Comm. 24 SCRA 198 Ona vs. Bautista 45 SCRA 74 Obillos vs. Comm 139 SCRA 436 Pascua vs. Comm. 166 SCRA 560
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-Upon reading sec. 27 (C) of NIRC see RA 9337 then go to sec. 32 (B) (7) (b) of NIRC, sec. 133 par (o) of LGC, sec. 154 of the LGC. Pagcor vs. Basco 197 SCRA 52 Mactan vs. Cebu 261 SCRA 667 LRT vs. City of Manila 342 SCRA 692 -Proceed to sections 27 (D) (1), 27 (D) (2), 27 (D) (5) read RA 9337, 28 (A) (7) (b), 28 (B) (5) (C), 27 (D) (4), (28) (A) (7) (d), 28 (B) (5) (b) Marubeni vs. CIR 177 SCRA 500 Proctor & Gamble vs. Comm 160 SCRA 560 Same case Proctor and Gamble on the Motion for Reconsideration 204 SCRA 377 Wonder vs. Comm 160 SCRA 573 -Proceed to sec. 27(D) (5) then sections 27 (E) and 28 (A) (2) -Go to sec. 28 (A) (3) read RR 15-2002 -Go to sec. 28 (A) (4) see RA 9337 -Then see sec 28 (A) (5) see Marubeni vs. Comm 177 SCRA 500 -Proceed to sec. 28(B) (5) (a) and sec 32 (B) (7) (a) Read Mitsubishi vs. Comm 181 SCRA 214 -Then go to sec. 29 and Rev. Reg. 2-2001 -Upon reading sec. 32 (B) 1 and 2, read sec. 85 par (e), sec. 108A and sec. 123 of the NIRC -Proceed to sec. 33 read Rev. Reg. 3-98 -then go to sec. 34 (A) (1) (a) see Aguinaldo vs. Comm. 112 SCRA 136, RR 10-2002 -Under Sec. 34 (B) read RR 13-2000 -Upon reading sec. 49 read Banas vs. CA 325 SCRA 259 and Filipina vs. Comm. 316 SCRA 480 -Upon reading sec. 60-66, read Ona vs. Bautista 45 SCRA 74
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FOR THIS TABLE KINDLY CHECK ON UPDATES AND FROM SECTION OF FINAL INCOME TAX.
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INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER Q: How many kinds of individual taxpayers are there? A: There are seven (7). Namely: INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER SECTION Resident Citizen 23A & 24A Nonresident Citizen 23B & 24A OCW and SEAmen 23C & 24A Nonresident Alien ENGAGED in Trade 22G, 23D or Business & 25A Nonresident Alien NOT ENGAGED in 22G, 23D Ttrade or Business & 25B Aliens ENGAGED in 25 MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES, C, D & E OFFSHORE BANKING UNITS & PETROLEUM SERVICE CONTRACTORS (AEMOP) Resident Citizen (RC) Q: How many types of RC? A: There are two (2), namely: 1. RC residing in the Philippines; and 2. Filipino living abroad with no intention to reside permanently therein.
Q: If you are abroad, and you have the intention to permanently reside therein, can you still be considered a RC? A: Yes. If such intention to permanently reside therein was not manifested to the Commissioner and the fact of your physical presence therein, you may still be considered a RC. OCW and Seamen
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Intention to reside permanently in the Philippines is not a requirement on the part of the alien. The requirement under RR#2 is that he is actually present in the Philippines, neither a sojourner, a traveler, not a tourist. Whether hes a transient or not is determined by his intent as to the nature and length of his stay. Q: Is the intention to permanently reside in the Philippines necessary? A: No, so long as he is not a sojourner, tourist or a traveler. Non-Resident Alien Engaged in Trade or Business (NRAETB) A foreigner not residing in the Philippines but who is engaged in trade or business here. RR 2-98 has expanded the coverage of the term, engaged in trade or business to include the exercise of a profession. Furthermore, by the express provision of the law, a NRA who is neither a businessman nor a professional but who come to and stays in the Philippines for an aggregate period of more than 180 days during any calendar year is deemed to a NRAETB in the Philippines. Q: How many types? A: There are three (3) types, namely: 1. NRA engaged in trade or business (25a1); 2. NRA who practices a profession (Revenue Regulation 2-98); 3. foreigner who comes and stays in the Philippines for an aggregate period of MORE THAN 180 days during any calendar year. Q: What is the status of a Chinese who stays here for 200 days in 2001? A: NRAETB Q: Suppose he stayed here for 100 days in 2000 and another 100 days in 2001? A: He is not a NRAETB. To be considered as such, he must stay for an aggregate period of more than 180 days during a calendar year. Q: What is the income tax applicable to said taxpayer?
Income earned from all OTHER sources shall be subject to the pertinent income tax, as the case may be. Aliens Employed in Multinational and Offshore Banking Units Q: How are they classified? A: If they derived income from other sources aside from their employer, you may classify them either as RA, NRAETB, or NRANETB. Aliens Employed in Petroleum Service Contractors and Subcontractors Status: ALWAYS NRA. If they derive income from other sources, such income shall be subject to the pertinent income tax, as the case may be. Income derived or coming from their employer shall be subject to a tax of 15% of the gross. II. CORPORATE TAXPAYER
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Q: What is a GPP? A: It is a partnership formed by persons for the sole purpose of exercising their profession, no part of the income of which in derived from any trade or business. (what if a partner has other businesses not related to the GPP? > read section 26 quoted hereunder) Two (2) Kinds of GPP formed for:
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A: Three, namely Corporation X, Y, and X+Y. the joint venture has a separate and distinct personality from the two corporations. Q: When is a joint venture not considered a corporation? A: It is not deemed a corporation when it is formed for the purpose of undertaking a (construction?) project or engaging in petroleum, gas, and other energy operations pursuant to ? or consortium agreement under a service contract with the government. Domestic Corporation Is one created or organized in the Philippines or under its laws. Taxable on all income derived from sources within or without the Philippines. Resident Foreign Corporation Foreign corporations engaged in trade or business in the Philippines. Taxable Philippines. for income derived within the
Q: How many for each? A: Seven (7) kinds for each because the trust or estate will be determined by the status of the trustor, grantor, or creator, or of the decedent. The status of the estate is determined by the status of the decedent at the time of his death; so an estate, as an income taxpayer can be a citizen or an alien. When a person who owns property dies, the following taxes are payable under the provision of income tax law: 1) Income Tax for Individuals to cover the period beginning January to the time of death. 2) Estate Income Tax if the property is transferred to the heirs. 3) If no partition is made, Individual or Corporate Income Tax, depending on whether there is or there is no settlement of the estate. If there is, depending on whether the settlement is judicial or extrajudicial. Judicial Settlement 1) During the pendency of the settlement, the estate through the executor, administrator, or heirs is liable for the payment of ESTATE INCOME TAX (Sex, 60 (3)). 2) If upon the termination of the judicial settlement, when the decision of the court shall have become final and executory, the heirs still do not divide the property, the following possibilities may arise: a) If the heirs contribute to the estate money, property or industry with the intention to divide the profits between and among themselves, an UNREGISTERED PARTNERSHIP is created and the estate becomes liable for payment of CIT (Evangelista vs. Collector (102 Phil 140)) b) If the heirs without contributing money, property or industry to improve the estate, simply divide the fruits thereof between and among themselves, a CO-OWNERSHIP is created and Individual Income Tax (IIC) is imposed on the income derived by each of the heirs, payable in their
Non-Resident Foreign Corporation Foreign corporations not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines. Taxable Philippines. for income derived within the
Both DC and RFC are liable for the payment of the following: 1) NIT Net Income Tax 2) FIT Final Income Tax 3) 10% income tax on corporations with properly accumulated earnings. 4) MCIT (Minimum Corporate Income Tax) of 2% of the Gross Income 5) Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% of the Gross Income A NRFC is liable for payment of the ff: 1) GIT- Gross Income Tax 2) FIT Final Income Tax
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separate and individual capacity (Pascual vs. COMM (165 scra 560) and Obillos vs. COMM (139 SCRA 436)) Extrajudicial Settlement Settlement and if NO
Some possibilities may arise. The income tax liability depends on whether or not the unregistered partnership or co-ownership is created. Trust Trusts can be created by will, by contract or by agreement. The status of a trust depends upon the status of the grantor or trustor or creator of the trust. Hence, a trust can also be a citizen or an alien. Q: Where the trust earns income and such income is not passive, who among the parties mentioned is liable for payment of income tax thereon? A: The TRUST itself, through the trustee or fiduciary but only if the trust is irrevocable. If it is revocable, or for the benefit of the grantor, the liability for the payment of income tax devolves upon the trustor himself in his capacity as individual taxpayer. KINDS OF INCOME TAX Q: How many kinds of income tax? A: There are Six (6), namely: 1. Net Income Tax (NIT); 2. Gross Income Tax (GIT); 3. Final Income Tax (FIT); 4. Minimum Corporate Income Tax of 2% of the Gross Income (MCIT) 5. Income Tax on Improperly Accumulated Earnings subject to 10% of the Taxable Income; 6. Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% on the Gross Income I. NET INCOME TAX
Q: what is the formula? A: Gross Income Deductions and Personal Exemptions = Taxable Income Taxable Income x Tax Rate = Net Income
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Q: What is the formula? A: Gross Income x Rate Q: How many taxpayers pay by way of the gross? A: There are two (2) individual - NRANETB corporation - NRFC NOTE: the formula does not allow any deduction, personal exemptions and tax credit. Characteristics: NRANETB and NRFC, though not engaged in trade or business, are liable to pay by way of the gross for any income derived in the Philippines. While not engaged in trade or business, there is a possibility that they may earn income in the Philippines. Q: Is this subject to withholding tax? A: Yes, it is subject to withholding tax because the persons liable are foreigners. This rule is ABSOLUTE NOTE: there are two (2) ways of paying taxes depending on which side of the bench you are. III. FINAL INCOME TAX (FIT)
Q: What is the formula? A: (Each Income) x (Particular Rate) Unlike in the gross income tax where you add all the income from all the sources and multiply the sum thereof by the rate of 25% or 30%, as the case may be, in final income tax, you cannot join all the income in one group because each income has a particular rate. Q: What is the rate? A: Refer to table on passive income then from the amount apply directly the rate without any deductions. NOTE: like GIT, the formula does not allow deductions, personal exemptions, and tax credit.
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Q: Do you have to determine whether there is an actual loss or gain? A: No need to determine because the formula does not allow deductions. Gain is presumed. No liability for final withholding tax except for the sale of shares of stock. (?) IV. MINIMUM CORPORATE INCOME TAX (MCIT) Q: What is the formula? A: Gross Income x 2% Q: Who pays this tax? A: DC and RFC only. Q: May it be applied simultaneous with NIT? A: No. there must be a computation of the NIT first then apply whichever is higher. The MCIT is paid in lieu of the NIT. Reason: to discourage corporations from claiming too many deductions. V. OPTIONAL CORPORATE INCOME TAX Q: Under what section is this found? A: Section 27A 4th paragraph and Section 28 A(1) 4th paragraph. Q: Is this applicable now? A: No. this is not yet implemented. Q: To what kind of taxpayer does this apply? A: To DC and RFC. Q: What kind of taxes are applicable or imposed upon the 1st five individual taxpayers? A: Only two (2) kinds are applicable out of the six (6) kinds of income taxes. 1. NIT; 2. FIT; Q: What kind of income tax will apply to AEMOP? A: Generally, only one kind, 15% FIT with respect to income derived from their employer. Income from other sources: 1. Determine the status of the AEMOP; a. NIT b. FIT 2. NRANETB a. GIT b. FIT Q: What kind of income tax applies to DC?
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Q: Section 42(A)(1) provides for how many kinds of interests? A: It establishes two (2) kinds of interests, namely: 1. interest derived from sources within the Philippines. 2. interest on bonds, notes or other interest bearing obligations of residents, corporate or otherwise. Q: What is the determining factor in order to know if the income is from within? A: 1. location if the bank is from within the Philippines (pursuant to a Revenue Reg.) 2. residence of the obligor (whether an individual or a corp.) contract of loan with respect to the interest earned thereon.
For example the borrower is a NRAETB, he borrowed money from a RA. The interest earned by the loan will be considered as an income without. RA is not liable to pay tax since RA is liable only for income within, therefore exempt from paying the tax. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CO. v. CIR F: The National Development Company (NDC) entered into a contract with several Japanese shipbuilding companies for the construction of 12 ocean-going vessels. The contract was made and executed in Tokyo. The payments were initially in cash and irrevocable letters of credit. Subsequently, four promissory notes were signed by NDC guaranteed by the Government. Later on, since no tax was withheld from the interest on the amount due, the BIR was collecting the amount from NDC. The NDC contended that the income was not derived from sources within the Philippines, and thus they are not liable to withhold anything. NDC said that since the contract was entered into and was executed in Japan, it is an income without. H: The governments right to levy and collect income tax on interest received by a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the Philippines is not planted upon the condition that the activity or labor and the sale from which the income flowed had its situs in the Philippines. Nothing in the law (Section 42(1)) speaks of the act or activity of
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the other from HK. The performance of the job was in HK. Is he liable for both salaries? A: No, he is not liable for the two incomes. His status is an OCW (note facts: working in HK under contract). The compensation he received is not subject to tax pursuant to Section 42(c). Compensation for labor or personal services performed in the Philippines is considered an income within. When it comes to services, it is the place where the same is rendered which is controlling. In the case at bar, the services were rendered abroad, thus it is an income derived from sources without, irrespective of the place of payment. Q: Suppose a DC hired a NRFC to advertise its products abroad. What is the liability of the NRFC? Will there be a withholding tax imposed? A: The income is derived from sources without since the services in this case were performed abroad. As such, the NRFC is not liable and therefore exempt from the payment of tax. If the NRFC is not subject to NIT, then it is not also subject to withholding tax. Q: What is the controlling factor? A: The controlling factor is the place where the services were performed and not where the compensation therefore was received RENTALS AND ROYALTIES income from sources within Q: Granted by who? A: NRFC Q: Suppose you are the franchise holder, how much is the withholding? A: 30% (GIT) Q: if the franchise is granted by RFC, how much is the withholding? A: 10% (NIT) and in some cases 15% Section 42(4) MEMORIZE FOR RECIT (CEKSTTM) a. right of, or the right to use copyright, patents, etc b. industrial, commercial, scientific equipment c. supply of knowledge d. supply of services by nonresident e. supply of technical assistance f. supply of technical advice
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be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year; 2. property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of trade or business; 3. property used in trade or business of a character which is subject to the allowance for depreciation provided in subsection 1. 4. real property used in trade or business of the taxpayer. All other property not mentioned in the foregoing are considered capital assets. Q: What is a capital gain? What is a capital loss? A: Capital gains are gains incurred or received from transactions involving property which are capital assets. Capital losses are losses incurred from transactions involving capital assets. Q: What is ordinary gain? Ordinary loss? A: Ordinary gains are those received from transactions involving ordinary assets. Capital losses are losses incurred in transactions involving ordinary assets. Q: What is the relevance of making a distinction? A: The relevance of the distinction lies in the applicability of three provisions of the Code which apply to capital assets only. 1. Holding period applies only to individuals/time when property was held (39B); 2. Loss Limitation Rule/limitations on capital losses (39C); 3. Net Capital Carry-Over (39D) I. CAPITAL ASSETS
as
Q: What is this holding period? A: If capital asset is sold or exchanged by an individual taxpayer, only a certain percentage of the gain is subject to income tax. It is the length of time or the duration of the period by which the taxpayer held the asset. Q: What is the requirement? A: 1. the taxpayer must be an individual. Section 39B states in case of a taxpayer, other than a corporation.. 2. property is capital in nature. Q: What is the term?
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TAKE NOTE: Normally if the loss is an ordinary loss there is no carry over. Except: a. 34D3 b. if the loss is more than GI III. NET CAPITAL LOSS CARRY-OVER Q: What are the requirements? A: 1. taxpayer is an individual; 2. paid in the immediately succeeding year; 3. applies only to short term capital gain; 4. capital loss should not exceed net income in the year that it was incurred. Q: How does net capital loss carry-over differ from net operating loss carry-over under Section 34 D (3)? A: Under the net capital loss carry-over rule, the capital loss can be carried over in the immediate succeeding year. In net operating loss carry-over rule, capital loss can be carried over to the next three (3) succeeding calendar year following the year when the loss was incurred. NOTE: only 15% of the loss will be carried over, if the loss is greater than the gains. In net operating loss carry-over there is an exception to the 3 year carry-over period. In case of mines other than oil and gas wells, the period is up to 5 years. Q: What is a short sale? A: Sale of property by which the taxpayer cannot come into the possession of the property. EX: shares CALAZANX v. CIR F: The taxpayer inherited the property from her father and at the time of the inheritance it was considered a capital asset. In order to liquidate the inheritance, the taxpayer decided to develop the land to facilitate the sale of the lots. I: Was the property converted to ordinary asset? H: The conversion from capital asset to ordinary asset is allowed because Section 39 is silent. Q: Are you allowed to convert ordinary asset to capital asset? A: General rule: it is not allowed. Read Revenue Regulation 7-2003
SECTION 24 TAXES ON INDIVIDUALS Q: What is the tax mentioned in section 24? A: NIT Q: What is taxable income? A: (memorize section 31) it is the pertinent items of gross income specified in the NIRC, less the deductions and/or personal and additional exemptions, if any, authorized for such types of income by the NIRC or other laws. It refers to NIT because it allows deductions. Q: What do you mean by the phrase other the B, C, and D? A: It means that if the elements of passive income are present, the taxpayer has to pay FIT. Q: Who are the taxpayers mentioned in section 24? A: 1. RC 2. NRC 3. OCW
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Q: What is the tax liability of NRAETB? A: Section 25 (1) NRAETB is subject to income tax in the same manner as those individuals mentioned in Section 24. Q: What about Domestic Corporations? A: 1. Sec. 27 A,B, and C 2. Sec. 26- GPP is not subject to income tax. Q: What about Resident Foreign Corporations? A: Sec 28 (l) it is subject to 30% Net Income Tax Q: What about Non Resident foreign Corporation and Non Resident Alien not engaged in Trade or Business? A: Not Subject to Net Income Tax but they are liable for Gross Income tax. Q: Do legally married husband and wife need to file separately or jointly? A: It depends if: 1. Pure compensation income- separate 2. Not Pure compensation income- joint Passive Income Passive income requires that it is an income WITHIN as a GENERAL RULE. Check for those who are liable to pay on income without, exemptions and other requirement. Q: Where can you find in the provisions of the code that states that these passive should be tax with the corresponding Final income tax provided that requirements are present/ A: Section 24 A with the phrase other than income subject to tax under subsections B, C, D. Those mentioned subsections are not subject to the next income tax Interest, Royalties, prizes and Other winnings Interest Q: Bank Interest, what is the requirement?
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A: RC and DC only by NIT, the rest are exempt. No FIT abroad because we do not have withholding agent abroad. Q: MCIT applies to DC and RFC in relation to bank interest? A: If the bank interest is derived abroad, RFC is exempt but DC is liable. Impose NIT if it is higher than the MCIT, otherwise apply MCIT if its higher than the NIT Prizes Requirements: 1. Prizes must be derived from sources w/in the Phils. 2. it must be more than P 10,000 Q: Who are liable? (FIT) A: 1. RC 2. NRC 3. OCW 4. RA 5. NRAETB 6. AEMOP (RC, NRAETB) Not Liable 1. NRAETB- liable for GIT at 25 % 2. AEMPOP (NRANETB- GIT) 3. DC- NIT 27 D is silent 4. RFC NIT law is silent 28A7a 5. NRFC subject to GIT Q: When can we apply NIT in Prizes? A: 1. When the taxpayer is RC, RFC and DC 2. For DC and RC it must be derived from income abroad RFC it must be derived from income w/in 3. amount is more than P10,000 NOTE: If the prize is derived from sources w/in but it is below P 100,000 it is not subj to tax. If derived from sources abroad, most of them are exempt except for RC and DC who are liable w/in and w/out. Q; Is it possible for RC and DC to pay MCIT? A: Yes if MCIT is higher than NIT. Winnings Q: Do we apply the P100,000 req.? A: No, we do not apply it only apllies to prizes. It must not pertain to illegal gambling.
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NOTE: Lower rate of 10% applies to all except NRANETB Q: When do we apply NIT to Royalties? A: 1. TP is RC or DC 2. Income is from w/out 3. TP is RF and income is w/in If income is from sources abroad all are exempt except RC and DC Dividends Confined with cash and/or property dividends. Q: What are dividends? A: Any distribution made by Corporation to its stockholders outside of its earnings or profits and payable to its stockholders whether in money or in property (Sec. 73) COMM. vs. MANNING Q: Where did it come from? A: shares come from another shareholder Q: What are the dividends included? A: Sec. 24 refers to cash or property dividend H: For stock Dividends to be exempt it must come from the profit of the corporation. Stock Dividends it is the transfer of the surplus profit from the authorized capital stocks. Q: Assuming that there are 5 Incorporators the Corpo has a P5 M Authorized Capital stock. It distributed 1 M stock dividends, is it taxable? A: NO, the dividends did not go to the Stock holder but to the Auth Capital Stock. Only cash and Prop Stock go to the Stock holder. Sec 24 B does not mention stock dividends because it is not subject to FIT but it is subject to NIT under Section 73. Q: Is there an exception when stock dividends are not taxable? A: YES, if the shares of stocks are cancelled and redeemed meaning it was reacquired by the corp. ANSCOR CASE
3. 4.
Requirements: 1. Shares of stock of a DC 2. It must be capital asset 3. must not be traded in the stock market 25 R last part: Capital Gains realized by NRANETB in the Phils. from the sale of shares of stock in any DC and real prop shall be subj. to the
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income tax prescribed under Sub sec (c) and (d) of Sec. 24. SEC. 24 B 1&2: If the elements are present NRANETB and NRFC are liable to pay GIT. Except: under 24 C for NRANETB. What do you mena by the phrase the provisions of 39 notwithsatanding? It refers to the holding period. When it comes to capital gains from sale of shares of stock not traded and capital gains from the sale of real prop. The holding period does not apply because the basis will be those provided in 24 C & D and not under 39 B (GSP or FMV) ELEMENT #1 The share is a share in DC Q: What if the share is from foreign corp? A: Determine the income considered. If income w/in read Sec. 42 (E) If the shares sold are that of a foreign corp it is subj to the ff rules: a. sold in the Phils= its income w/in b. sold in abroad= w/out c. Shares of stock in a Dc is always considered an income w/in regardless where it was sold. Q: Shares of Foreign Corp sold in Phils. Whos liable? What tax? A: Not subj to FIT because one of the elements is not present . Shares not being that of a DC. Hence: a) RC, NRC, OCW, NRAETB, AEMOP (RA, NRAETB) will pay NIT. DC and RFC b) NRANETB and NRFC will pay GIT Q: Shares of Foreign Corporation sold abroad? A: It will be considered an income w/out. Thus: most of them will be exempt except RC and DC liable to pay NIT ELEMENT # 2 NOT TRADED OR SOLD IN THE STOCK MARKET if sold in the stock market- it is not subj to FIT if sold in the stock market, it will be subj to percentage tax, in lieu of NIT. ELEMENT # 3 It must be a capital asset. Q: When is it considered an ordinary asset?
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ELEMENT # 3 The real prop must be a capital asset Q: When considered a capital asset? A: Read R.R. 7- 2003 Q: Ordinary asset- shall refer to all real property specifically excluded from the definition of capital asset under Sec. 39 A: Other property not mentioned are capital asset. Q: What if all the elements are not present? A: most will be liable to pay NIT Except NRANETB and NRFC liable for GIT Q: May a RC be liable to pay NIT even if all the elements are present? A: YES, disposition made to the Govt. Thus, the taxpayer has the option of paying 32% NIT or 6% FIT Q: Which is more advantageous? A: It depends determine first if theres a loss or a gain. If theres a gain choose to be taxed at 6% FIT. In this case the gain is always presumed. If theres a loss choose to be taxed at 32% because losses may be considered an allowable deduction . Other transactions are covered: 1. sale 2. barter 3. exchange 4. other disposition NOTE: If the prop is under mortgage contract and the mortgagee is a bank or financial inst, the FIT does not apply because the property is not yet transferred because theres a period of redemption If after a year the mortgagor failed to redeem the property that is the only time that the FIT will apply because theres now a change of ownership. If redeemed w/in 1 yr period FIT will not apply because theres no change of ownership. If the mortgagee is an individual the FIT is imposed whether or not there is a transfer of ownership. Exceptions (24(D2))
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Q: What if the school or hospital is non profit only, is it exempt? A: No, subject to 10% on their taxable incomeexcept those covered by subsection (D) PROVIDED that gross income from unrelated business, trade or activity must not exceed 50% of its total gross income derived by such educational inst or hospital from all sources Requirements: 1. It is a private school or hospital 2. it is stock corp 3. it is non profit 4. that gross income from unrelated business, trade or activity must not exceed50% of its total gross income derived by such educational inst or hospital from all sources 5. has permit to operate from DECS, TESDA, or CHED Q: What do you mean by unrelated trade business or activity? A: It means any trade, Business, or activity which is not substantially related to the exercise or performance by such entity of its primary purpose or performance Q: May a school or hospital be exempt from paying tax? What are the req? A: 1. It must be non- stock and non- profit 2. the assets property and revenues must be used actually, directly, and exclusively fro the primary purpose Q: Under what law? Is it the Constitution or the NIRC which provides fro the exemption? A: It is under Sec. 30 of NIRC and not under Sec.4 Art. 14 of the Constitution. The provision of the NIRC is the specific law which prevails over the Constitution which is the general law. exempt from all taxes and custom duties Q: What about exemption from real property tax? A: Art. 6 Sec. 28 of the Constitution: charitable institution churches, .and all lands buildings, actually directly and exclusively used for religious, charitable, and educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation. Not Sec. 4 of Art. 14 of the Constitution.
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Q: What is the difference between Sec. 27 C and 32 b7b? A: 1. Sec 27 C exempts those enumerated without any qualification. 2. Sec. 32b7b qualification must concur before it may be exempted. Q: Can the government impose tax on itself? A: It depends on who the taxing authority is. If the taxing authority is the National Govt. as a rule, YES. Exceptions 1. those entities enumerated under 27 C 2. those GOCC falling under 32b7b If the taxing authority is the local government units, as a rule NO. LGUs are expressly prohibited from levying tax against: (Sec 133(o) 1. National Govt. 2. Its agencies and instrumentalities 3. local government units Exception: Sec 154 of LGC says that LGUs may fix rate for the operationof public utilities owned and maintained by the within their jurisdiction. PAL CASE July 20 2006 H: The SC used 133 (o)an exception to pay tax, real estate tax, imposed by City of PAranaque on NAIA. The SC said that the airport is not an agency or GOCC but mere instrumentality of the Govt. This is Gross ignorance of the law Sec. 133 (o) is for local taxation not real property taxation which is the one involved in the present case. NOTE: Mactan- Cebu Airport case SEC. 27 D(1) Q: How many possible incomes were mentioned? A: Two (2): bank interest and royalties REQ: 1. Bank interest must be received by a Domestic Corp 2. Royalties derived from sources within Q: When it comes to bank interest, what is the difference if the taxpayer is an individual or corporation? A: If individual, they may be exempt from the payment of interest in case of long term deposit except NRANETB
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Q: Derived from whom? A: Depositary Bank under EFCDS NOTE: Sec. 24 B Nonresident exempt from bank interest under EFCDS Q: What is the difference between 24 b1 from 27 D3 A: In 24 B1, NR is exempt only from bank interst derived from EFCDS while 27D3 exempts NR from any income from transactions with depositary bank under EFCDS SEC. 27 D(4)- Intercorporate dividends- exempt 27 D5 Capital Gains from sale of Real Prop. Q: What is the tax? A: 6% FIT Q: What is the difference if the seller is an individual and a DC? A: Individual can sell all kinds of real property DC can only dispose land and/or buildings. SEC 27 (E) MCIT Q: Applicable to whom? A: DC and RFC Q: Can it be applied simultaneously with NIT? A: NO, imposed in lieu of the NIT, whichever is higher. Q: What is the Rationale? A: to prevent corporations from claiming too many deductions Q: When will it be imposed? A: 1. On the 4th year immediately ff the year in which such corp commenced its business. 2. When the MCIT is higher than the NIT Q: What is the carry over rule? A: Sec 27 E2 states the carry over rule. In order to avail: only in the year where the MCIT is greater than the NIT. Sec 28 A1
Sec. 28 B2 MCIT on RFC same with Sec. 27 Sec. 28 A3- INTL CARRIER Kind: 1. Air carrier 2. ships An intl. carrier doing business in the Phils. shall pay 2 % on its Gross Phil Billings (GPB) Q: Is 28 A3 the Gen. rule or the Exception? A: It is the general rule because it is under 28 A3 GPB is in the nature of FIT, applies only if all the requirements are present. RFC will be liable for NIT, hence a RFC engaged in common carriage does not pay GPB but NIT Income without: EXEMPT International Carrier: GPB refers to the amount of revenue derived from: carriage of persons, excess baggage, cargo and mail originitang from the Phils in a continouos and uninterrupted flight, irrespective of the place of sale or issue and the place of payment of the tickets or passage document. REQ: 1. Originating from the Phils. 2. Continouos and uninterrupted flight; 3. irrespective of the place of sale or issue and the place of the payment of tickets or passage document. Q: Do you consider landing rights to determine liability? (RR 15-2002) A: 1. If originates from the Phils and has landing rights- ONLINE- RFC 2. No landing rights- OFFLINE- NRFC Q: If there are stopovers, is it still uninterrupted?
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A: YES, provided that the stopover does not exceed 48 hrs. Q: When will the place of sale of tickets matter as to the taxpayers liability? A: The place of tickets is material only if the two other elements are not present to be able to know if its subj to NIT or exempt. Revalidated, exchanged or indorsed tickets REQ: 1. The passenger boards a plane in a port or point in the Phils. 2. The tickets must be revalidated, exchanged, or indorsed to another airline. Q: What if its the same airline but different plane? A: GPB does not apply, it must be to another airline Q: What if it did not originate from the Phils.? A: Determine if its income within or without. if ticket was purchased in the Phils. it is income within hence apply NIT if purchased outside, it is income without, hence exempt Transhipment REQ: flight originates from the Phils transhipment of passenger takes placeat any port outside the Phils. the passenger transferred on another airline Q: How do you apply GPB? A: Only the aliquot portion of the cost of the ticket corresponding to the leg flown from the Phils to the point of transhipment shall from part of the GPB. Q: Is it liable for the whole flight? A: From the Phils to the point of transhipment, it is income w/in From transhipment to final destination, its income w/out- EXEMPT International Shipping GPB means gross revenue whether from passenger, cargo, mail
of sale or or freight
Difference with EFCDS: EFCDS 1. Acceptable foreign currency, Phil. Currency or both 2. Can be a domestic or foreign corporation 3. Exempt if income derived by DC or RFC from EFCDS 4. Parties: a) local commercial banks b) Foreign bank branch c) Non Residents d) OBU in the Phils e) Other banks under EFCDS FOREIGN CURRENCY LOAN 10% FIT If: Lender- OBU Borrower- Resident Citizen EXCEPT: 1. OBU 2. Local Commercial Banks Transactions of Non Residents: 1. Income earner: Non- Residents 2. Lender: OBUs NOTE: Non resident exempt from transactions with OBUs and EFCDS SEC. 28 A5 TAX ON BRANCH PROFITS, REMITTANCES profits based on the total profits applied or earmarked fro remittance remitted by a branch to its head office
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Except: those activities which are registered with PEZA NOTE: Interests, Dividends, Rents, Royalties including remuneration for technical sevices, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, emoluments, or casual gains, profits, income and capital gains received by a foreign corporation during each taxable year from all sources within shall not be treated as branch profits UNLESS the same are effectively connected with the conduct of its trade or business. Branch Profit Remittance Two ways to receive income (FC) 1. Branch 2. Subsidiaries NOTE: 1. When a FC establishes branch, it is always a FC 2. When a FC establishes DC, it is a RFC Q; It is in addition to NIT- Why? A: NIT because it is RFC Q; What kind of tax is imposed under 28 A5? A: 15% FIT Q: How do you apply the rate? A: multiplied to the total profit applied or earmarked for remittance w/o deductions It applies for branches that are: 1. the profit remitted is effectively connected with the conduct of its trade or business in the Phils. 2. One not registered with PEZA MARUBENI CASE F: A branch was established with AG&P, there was investment with AG&P Q: Did the petitioner participate with the negotiation? A: NO Q: What did the petitioner pay? A: 15% Branch Profit Remittance Tax (BPRT) 10% Intercorporate Dividends Q: Whats the issue? A: Petitioner maintains that there was overpayment of taxes, thus the same was asking for a refund of tax erroneously paid.
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Sec. 28A7b Income derived under EFCDS 1. Income derived from foreign currency transactions with: a) Non Residents b) OBU c) Local commercial bank d) Foreign bank branches e) Other depository bank under the EFCDS
As a Gen Rule: the above transaction is Exempt EXCEPTION: Income from such transaction as may be specified by the secretary of Finance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to regular income tax payable by any banks. 2. Interst income from foreign currency loans granted by depository bank under said EFCDS to others shall be subject to 10% FIT Exempt if granted to: 1. Other OBU in the Phils, and 2. Other depository bank under the EFCDS SEC. 28 A7c: Capital Gains from Shares of Stocks not Traded in the Stock exchange 5% or 10% as the case maybe SEC 28A7d: INTERCORPORATE DIVIDENDS DC- RFC= EXEMPT, not subj to tax SEC 28 B1 Q: What kind of tax? A: 30% GIT on the ff income 1. Interest 2. Dividends 3. Rents 4. Royalties 5. Salaries 6. Premiums( except reinsurance premiums) 7. annuities 8. emoluments 9. Other fixed and determinable Gains, profits and income. SEC 28 B2 Non Resident Cinematographic film owner, lessor or distributor liable for 25% GIT
SEC. B(4) Non Resident Owner or Lessor of Aircraft, Machiniries, and other Equipments. liable for 7 1/2 % GIT SEC 28 b5a Interest on Foreign Loans Must be read with Sec. 32 B7a Interest on Foreign Loans, if the lender is 1. NRFC liable to 20% FIT 2. Foreign Govt. Exempt because it is an exclusion (Sec 32 b7a: income derived by a foreign govt from investments in the Phils on loans, stocks, bond, and other domestic securities or from interest on deposits in banks by: a) Foreign govt. b) Financing inst owned controlled or enjoying, refinancing from foreign govt; and c) Inter nation or Regional financial inst established by foreign govt. COMMISIONER OF INTERNAL REV. vs. MITSUBISHI METAL CORP. (180 SCRA 214) F: Atlas Mining enetered into a Loan and Sales Contract with Mitsubishi Metal Corp. ( A Japanese Corp.) for the purposes of projected expansion of the productivity capacity of the formers mines in Cebu. The contract provides that Mitsibushi will extend a loan to Atlas in the amount 20 M dollar, so that Atlas will be able install a new concentrator for copper production. -Mitsubishi to comply with its obligation, applied for a loan from Export- Import Bank of Japan (Exim Bank) and from consortium of Japanese banks. Pursuant to the contract Atlas paid interst to Mitsubishi where the corresponding 15% tax thereon was withheld and only remitted to the Govt. Subsequently Mitsubishi filed a claim for tax credit requesting that the same be used
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as payment for its existing liabilities despite having executed a waiver and disclaimer of its interest in favour of Atlas earlier on. It is the contention of Mitsubishi that it was the mere agent of Exim Bank which is a financing inst owned and controlled by the Japanese Govt. The status of Eximbank as a government controlled inst became the basis of the claim fro exemption by Mitsubishi for the payment of interst on loans. I: WON Mitsubishi is a mere agent of Eximbank H: NO. The contract between the parties does not contain any direct reference to Exim Bank, it is strictly between Mitsubishi as creditor and Atlas as the seller of copper. The bank has nothing to do with the sale of copper to Mitsubishi. Atlas and Mitsubishi had reciprocal obligations- Mitsubishi in order to fulfil its obligations had to obtain a loan, in its independent capacity with Exim bank. Laws granting exemption from tax are construed strictly against the taxpayer and liberally in favour of the taxing authority. SEC. 28 D5 b INTERCORPORATE DIVIDENDS: FIT 15% imposed on the amount of cash and or prop dividends received from a domestic corporation. SUBJ TO THE CONDITION: the country where the NRFC is domiciled allows a credit against the tax due from the NRFC taxes deemed paid or deemed to have been paid in the Phils. Gen rule: 35 % FIT Exception: 15% under the tax deemed paid rule/ reciprocity rule/ tax sparring rule JHONSONS CASE 2 Kinds of Categories: 1st : Japan, US, Germany, Phils liable for income within and income without 2nd : countries liable only for income within. MARUBENI Case: 2 Issues 1. Is the payment of 10% FIT correct? - No because it was a branch and RFC but still Marubeni was NRFC under the old law which is liable to pay 35%, but SC said liable only to 25% because of the tax treaty
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Q: What is the rate? A: 10% of the gross income (taxable income) It is imposed upon the improperly accumulated taxable income of the corporation Q: Applies to what Corp? A: to DC only under RR 2- 2001( classified as closely held corporations) Q: Is it in the nature of sanction? A: Yes, it is imposed to compel the corporation to declare dividends. Q: Why? A: because if profits are distributed to the shareholders, they will be liable for the payment of Dividends tax. Now, if the profits are undistributed the shareholders will not incur liability on taxes with respect to the undistributed profits of the Corp. - In a way it is in the form of deterrent to the avoidance of tax upon shareholders who are supposed to pay dividends tax on the earnings distributed to them. Q: What is taxable income? A: SEC. 31 defines taxable income as the pertinent items of gross income specified in this Code, less the deductions and/or personal and additional exemptions, if any, authorized for such types of income by this Code or other special law Q: When not liable to pay IAET? A: There are 2 groups of DC exempt from payment of IAET (RR2-2001) A) Corporations failure to declare dividends because of reasonable needs of business Reasonable needs means are construed to mean immediate needs of the business including reasonable anticipated needs Q: What constitutes reasonable accumulation of the corporations earnings? Examples? A: 1. Allowance for the increase in the accumulation of earnings up to 100% of the paid- up capital of the corporation. 2. earnings reserved for the definite corporate expansion projects or programs appoved by the Board
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Determine the Corporations exemptions under Sec. 30 27 C and 22B. 1. Sec 30, the corporations shall not be taxed under this title (tax on income) in respect to income receive by them as such. 2. Sec 27, the corporations enumerated are always exempt. Thus exemption is unconditional 3. Sec 22B GPP, as a general rule is not a corporation 4. except if it earns income from other business Joint Venture w/ service contract w/ government not a corporation, otherwise, it is liable. Q: What is the reason for not including the corporations exempt under section 27C and Section 22B under Section 30? A: Because there is an exemption which does not apply to all exempt corporation. The exemption under Section 30 is not absolute while the exemption under Section 27 C is absolute and without any conditions. In addition, Section 22B provides that a joint venture is generally taxable unless it has a service contract with the government, a generally taxable corporation cannot be joined with the group as generally not taxable corporation. General Professional Partnership is exempt but the exemption is not the same as provided by Section 30. TAKE NOTE: Las Paragraph of Section 30. exemption to the exemption: income of whatever kind and character of the foregoing organizations from: 1. any of their properties, real or personal; 2. any activities conducted for profit regardless of the disposition of said income, shall be subject to tax. Q: Enumerate the exempt corporations under Section 30; What is the requirement? A: 1. Labor, agricultural or horticultural organization not organized principally for profit; 2. Mutual savings bank not having a capital stock represented by shares, and cooperative bank without capital stock
3.
a. b. 4. 5.
6.
7.
CIR vs. YMCA Q: What is the basis of Manila BIR for the imposition of the tax? A: last paragraph of Section 30, because YMCA was conducting an activity for profit. F: the CTA and the CA invoked the doctrine laid down in Herrera and Abra Valley case which involves an exemption from the payment of Real property Tax. H: The SC revised the ruling. YMCVA is liable to pay income tax applying the last paragraph of Section 30. YMCA Is exempt from the payment of property tax, but not to income tax on rentals from its property. The tax code specifically mandates that the income of exempt organizations (under section 30) from any of their properties, real or personal, shall be subject to tax, including the rent income of the YMCA from its real prop. 8. a non-stock and non profit educational institution;
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9. govt educational institution; 10. Farmers or other mutual typhoon or fire insurance company, mutual ditch or irrigation company, or like organization of a purely local character, the income of which consists solely of assessment, dues and fees, collected from members for the sole purpose of meeting its expenses; 11. Farmers, fruit growers or like association organized and operated as a sales agent for the purpose of marketing the products of its members and turning back to them the proceeds of sales, less the necessary selling expenses on the basis of the quantity of produce finished by them. TAKE NOTE: income of sales agent is exempt.
Q: What is compensation? A: all remuneration for services performed by an employee for his employer under an employeremployee relationship. TAKE NOTE: compensation is included in the ITR if the taxpayer is not liable for NIT. Thus, if subject to NIT, included in the ITR. Q: Is there an instance where the salaries of a RC is not included in the ITR? A: Yes, if the salary is subject to FIT, like when the RC is employed in Multinational, offshore banking, and petroleum companies. 2. Gross Income derived from the conduct of trade or business or the exercise of a profession; [Sec. 32 A (2)] Q: What is the income tax here? A: NIT, included in the ITR. 3. Gains derived from dealings in property. [Sec. 32 A (3)] Q: Did the law distinguished? A: No, the law did not distinguished between real and personal property. TAKE NOTE: 1. Sale of real property 2. Sale of shares of stock (personal prop.) if the elements are present, subject to FIT. Thus, it is not included in the ITR, the withholding agent will be responsible for this. Q: Income form the sale of property, do you include this in the ITR? A: it depends a. if subject to FIT, not included. Withholding agent accomplish the forms subject to FIT if the following elements are present: 1. it is a capital asset; 2. located in the Phil.: and 3. sold by individual, trust, estate, DC. b. if subject to NIT, included in the ITR.
Section 31: TAXABLE INCOME CHAPTER VI: COMPUTATION OF GROSS INCOME SECTION 32: GROSS INCOME Q: What is the tax treatment? Are these taxable income? Are these included in the gross income? Is it included in the ITR? Is it subject to NIT? A: Sec. 32 A answers the questions. Q: What is the income tax referred to here? A: NIT. The section refers only to the payment of NIT. It speaks of the NIT. Q: If the is mentioned under Section 32 A, does it follow that it is automatically included in the GIT? A: No, Section 32 A states Except when otherwise provided in this title Q: What are the income that are not included, not subject to NIT? A: 1. Income that are subject to FIT. 2. Income that are considered an exclusion; and 3. Income that are exempt. Q: When do you not apply Sec. 32 A? A: it applies to all except: 1. NRANETB 2. NRFC they do not pay NIT, they pay by way of GIT. Q: What are included in the Gross income?
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Elements are not present, like when the real prop. is an ordinary asset or when it is capital asset if the taxpayer is RFC. TAKE NOTE: R-R 17-2003 Real property sale subject to FWT, the buyer accomplishes the ITR. 4. interest; [Sec. 32 A (4)] Q: What interest is being referred to here? A: interest which is included in the computation of gross income is interest earned from lending money and interest from bank deposit which does not constitute passive income. Bank interest from sources, without or abroad. Q: Bank interest from Solid Bank, is it included in the ITR? A: No, because it is included or considered an income within, thus subject to FIT. Thus, not included in the ITR. 5. Rents. [Sec. 32 A (5)] subject to NIT, included in the ITR. 6. Royalties; [Sec. 32 A (6)] Q: What is being referred to here? A: royalties which does not constitute passive income. Royalties derived from income without. subject to NIT. Thus not included in the ITR. Q: Who are the taxpayers? A: Liable from income w/in and w/out and the rest are exempt. 1. RC 2. DC 7. Dividends. [Sec. 32 A (7)] Q: What kind of dividends? A: one that does not constitute income. TAKE NOTE: 1. DC individual taxpayer = FIT 2. DC DC & RFC = EXEMPT 3. DC NRFC = FWT only dividends issued by a FC to an individual taxpayer (RC OR RA) is included in the a passive
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Q: What kind of pension? A: Included in the gross income if not exempt never subject to fit (?) 11. Partners distributive share from the net income of the general professional partnership (GPP). Q: What is being referred to? A: GPP exempt from payment of corporate income tax shares of partners subject to NIT Sec. 26 SEC 32 INCOME B EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS
Q: is this subject to Estate Tax under Sec. 85 E? do we have the same requirement? A: no, the requirement for exemption is not the same under Section 85 E. 3. Proceeds of life insurance: decedent insured himself, inclusion or exclusion will depend on who the beneficiary is. a. the beneficiary is the estate. subject to Estate tax, included in the gross estate regardless of whether or not the designation of the beneficiary is revocable or irrevocable. b. the beneficiary is a third person other than the estate. b.1 Revocable Designation subject to estate tax, included in the gross estate. Reason: because of the insureds power to modify or change the beneficiary. b.2 Irrevocable Designation not subject to Estate tax, not included in the gross estate. Reason: the insured loses the power to control, modify and change the beneficiary. Q: Is it subject to VAT? A: 1. Non-life insurance yes, subject to VAT under 108 (A). 2. Life insurance NO, subject to percentage tax under Sec. 123 of the Tax Code. 4. Gifts, Bequest and Devises [Sec. 32 B (3)] Q: Why is the donee exempt from income tax? A: Because the law classify it as an exclusion, not important to know whether property is real or personal. What is exempted is the value of property acquired by gift, bequest or devise TAKE NOTE: A. GIFTS are excluded because they are subject to donors tax. B. BEQUEST and DEVISE are excluded because they are subject to ESTATE tax. Q: what is included in the gross income? A: income from such property.
Q: What do you mean by exclusions? Are these exempt from income tax? A: these are not included in the gross income, THUS, exempt. TAKE NOTE: Exemptions, exclusions, deductions, have the same characteristics all tax do not apply. 1. Life insurance [Sec. 31 B (1)] Q: What is the requirement? A: only one requirement for exemption: that the proceeds of the life insurance be payable upon the death of the insured. Q: Does it matter who the beneficiary is or paid in a lump sun or single sum? A: No. it does not matter. Exception: amounts held by the insurer under an agreement to pay interest thereon, the interest payment shall be included in the gross income. 2. Amount received by insured as return of premium [Sec. 32 B (2)] Q: if the insurance is payable within a certain time, say 10 years and thereafter the insured did not die, how much will be excluded? A: only the amount received by the insured as a return of the premiums. Ex. 1 M 100 thousand = capital It is exempt (100K)
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gift, bequest, devise or descent of income from any property in case of transfers of divided interest. 5. Compensation for injuries or sickness [Sec. 32 B (4)] Q: is this the same as those provided under the workmens compensation act (wca)? A: YES. There are 3 groups: a. Health or accident insurance or those under workmens compensation. b. personal injuries and sickness; and c. Damages to prevent injuries and sickness. Q: What does injury include? A: The term injury includes death, even if not injured, if the person dies this will be available. Q: when will the damages recovered be exempt? A: General Rule: all damages awarded are tax exempt. Exception: damages representing loss of income. Q: Why is it considered an exclusion? A: because this is just an indemnification for the injuries or damages suffered. 6. Income exempt under a treaty [Sec. 32 B (5)] Q: What is excluded? A: income of any kind required by treaty binding upon the Phil. Government. 7. Retirement benefits, gratuities [Sec. 32 B (6)] pensions,
Q: Why do we need to distinguish retirement pay, separation pay and terminal leave pay? A: because they have different requirements for exemption. Q: What is retirement pay? A: the sum of money received upon reaching the maximum age of employment. a. Under RA4917 (with Retirement Plan) 1. the private benefit plan is approved by the BIR (RR2-98); 2. the retiring official or employee has been in the service of the same employer for the last 10 years;
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1. Automatic exclusions, thus exempt if due to: a. illness b. death c. physical incapacity or injury. 2. Conditional exclusion a. causes beyond the control of employee- excluded b. within employees control included. Examples: 1. registration pay, within the 2. installation of bankruptcy excluded. the
CBA provides separation control = included. labor saving devises or beyond the control =
Q: What is terminal leave pay? A: the accumulated vacation leave and sick leave benefits converted to cash or money to be given either every year or upon retirement or separation. Terminal Leave Pay granted upon retirement or separation: uder PD220, TLP in the Govt or in the Private Sector shall be exempt from income tax if given or granted upon retirement or separation. TLP granted on a yearly basis: 1. employee in the private sector: a. accumulated sick leave subject to income tax. b. Accumulated vacation leave: if more than 10 days (meaning 11 pataas) subject to income tax; If 10 days or less exempt. 2. Govt Employee: governing law: EO 291 of Pres. Estrada, RMC 16-2000. Rule: Govt workers (both officers or non-officers) granted TLP on a yearly basis exempt from income tax. there is no qualification as to vacation or sick leave. Take Note of 3 cases. be reminded of EO 291, Sec. 2. 78.2 par. 97, RR2-98, RR16-200 (3). Case of Zialcita retired from DOJ, contention: TLP should be exempt from income tax pursuant to the old law. SC: on a different ground TLP is exempt because it is similar to Retirement pay, thus
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1. foreign government 2. financing institutions owned, controlled or enjoying re-financing from foreign govts; and 3. intl or regional financial institutions established by foreign govts (established in the Philippines) TAKE NOTE: if plain foreign corp., subject to FIT 20%. EXAMPLES of exclusions: a. Brunei Govt earns interest by depositing money in Makati Bank Exclusion. b. SMC- Stock dividends to 3. Brunei Govt. exclusion c. Income derived by the Govt or its political subdivisions (Sec. 32 B (7) (b) a. exercise of public utility b. exercise of any essential govt function. accruing to the govt. d prizes and awards (Sec. 32 B 7 c) primarily for religious, charitable, scientific, educational, artistic, literary or civic achievements: 1. recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter the contest or proceedings; 2. the recipient was not required to render substantial future services as a condition to receive the prize or award. D. prizes and awards in sports (Sec. 32B 7 d) 1. granted to athletes; 2. local or intl competitions; 3. held here or abroad; 4. sanctioned by the natl sports associations. E. 13th month pay and other benefits (Sec. 32B 7 e) Q: Do you include Christmas bonus in your ITR? A: No, because the law says 13th month pay and other benefits/similar benefits xmas bonus is included in the category. Q: Who can increase the 30,000 limit? A: The Sec. of Finance. Q: Applicable to whom? A: 1. govt; and 2. Private institutions. F. GSIS, SSS, Medicare and other contributions (Sec. 32 B 7 f)
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Feb. 12, 2007 (Sec. 34 A, Expenses) Q: Did the law define what is reasonable? A: No. for salaries and wages all that is required by law is for it to be reasonable. - for other forms of compensation, there must be services actually rendered.
AGUINLDO Case F: involves a corporation engaged in selling fish nets, and the corporation have a land sold through a broker. there was substantial profits gained from the sale of a land which was sold by a broker. The profit was in turn given to the workers as special bonus. the corporation claimed the bonus as a deduction. ISSUE: Should the deduction be allowed? H: The SC did not allow the deduction, for other forms of compensation, it must be made or given for services actually rendered. in this case, it was proven that the sale was not made by the employees, no effort or services actually rendered by them because the sale was made through a broker. Q: Reasonable Travel Expenses, What is the requirement? A: 1. Travel must be in pursuit of business, trade or profession. 2. Travel expense while away from home. Q: Is there a travel expense which was not in pursuit of business? A: yes, those which are considered as fringe benefits (FB), expenses for foreign travel is considered a FB only if it is not in pursuit of the trade or business. Q: can you claim it under Sec. 34 A (1)(a)(ii)? A: No, you can claim it under Sec. 34 A (1)(a)(i) last paragraph. Q: Reasonable Allowances for rentals for meralco bills, requirements?
Q: Reasonable allowance for entertainment, amusement and recreation expenses, what is the requirement? A: 1. connected with the development, management, and operation of the trade (DOM); 2. Does not exceed the limits or ceiling set by the Secretary of Finance; and 3. Not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public policy or public order. Q: How about bribe, kickbacks, and other similar payments A: even without this provisions, kickbacks will not pass the requirement of (i) ordinary and (ii) necessary hence not deductible EXPENSES ALLOWABLE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION TO PRIVATE
Q: Why only private educational institution is mentioned and no other taxpayers? A: it refers to section 27 for Private Educational Institution given to the educational institution. GENERAL RULE: 36 A (2) and 36 A (3) expenditures for capital outlays not deductible as business expense EXCEPTION: Private Educ. Institution can claim it under Sec. 34 A (2) BUSINESS EXPENSE vs. ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION BUSINESS EXPENSE 1. No carry-over 2. can be claimed for one year only. 3. if the amount of capital outlay is substantial, it cannot accommodate all of the expenses incurred. ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION 1. There is carry over 2. you can claim it for a longer period depending on the life span of the property.
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3. it can accommodate all of the expenses incurred. taxpayers allowable deduction for interest expense shall be deducted by an amount equal to 42% (RR 10-2000) of the interest income subject to FIT.
Q: Who claims this deduction? A: the debtor claims this deduction. Q: What kind of interest is this? A: interest on loan. interest on debt - when one borrows money to finance his business interest in connection with the taxpayers profession trade or business. REDISCOUNTING OF PAPERS : (Sec. 34 B 2 a) a borrower or taxpayer can claim the interest paid in advance as itemized deduction when he filed his income tax return (ITR) depending on whether or not the principal obligation has been paid. 1. if the entire amount or entire principal obligation has been paid the entire amount of interest can be claimed as itemized deduction. 2. if only of the obligation had been paid, then the entire amount of of that interest can be claimed as a deduction. 3. if no payment had been paid on the principal obligation, the advance interest paid cannot be claimed as a deduction on the years that it was paid. REQUIREMENTS PAPERS: FOR REDISCOUNTING OF
1. incurred within the taxable year. 2. individual taxpayer reporting income on a cash basis. No deduction shall be allowed in respect to the following interest:
1. if within the taxable year an individual taxpayer reporting income on the cash basis incurs an indebtedness on which an interest is paid in advance or through discount or otherwise.
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REQUISITES: 1. taxes must paid or incurred within the taxable year 2. it must be incurred in connection with trade or business. 3. can be claimed as: a. a deduction; or 34 C 1&2 b. tax credit 34 C 3&7
Q: Where should it be deducted? A: 1. if claimed as a deduction, it should be deducted from the gross income; 2. if claimed as a tax credit, it should be deducted from the Net Income Tax due (bottom of the formula) MERCURY DRUG CASE - Discount of senior citizens SC: discount claimed by senior citizens shall create a tax credit and must be deducted at the bottom of the formula. Q: What is a tax deduction? Example? A: Tax deduction is allowed if the taxes were paid or incurred within the taxable year and it must be connected to the trade, business or profession of the tax payer. Example is business tax. Q: Who are entitled to claim it? A: those liable to pay NIT. (Tax credit only for NIT) Q: What is a tax credit? A: refers to the taxpayers right to deduct from the income tax due the amount of tax the taxpayer paid to foreign country, subject to limitations. Q: What is the tax credit being referred to under 34 C (3)? A: credit against taxes for taxes of foreign country. Q: What are the other tax credit under the code? A:
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1. Income tax; 2. Income tax imposed by authority of any foreign country; 3. Estate and Donor tax; and 4. taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property. Q: Who are not allowed to claim deductions? A: Under 34 C (3) - NRC, NRA; and N/RFC TAKE NOTE: 1. NRAE and NFC allowed deduction only if and to the extent that they are connected with income from sources within the Phils. 2. Taxes that had been allowed as deduction but are later in refunded should be treated as part of the gross income during the year that it is received (34 1 last paragraph) Q: Which would you choose? Tax credit or deduction? A: tax credit because it is deducted from the taxable income while deductions are deducted from the GI. FORMULA: GI-DEDUCTION = NET INCOME x RATE = TAXABLE NET INCOME TAX CREDIT) 34 D LOSSES Q: Is always a requirement that it is incurred in pursuit of trade, bus. or profession? A: No. Sec. 34 D(1) provides for 2 kinds of losses: a. incurred in pursuit of trade, bus. or profession; b. property connected with t,b,p, if the loss arises from fire, storms, shipwrecks or other casualties or from robbery, theft or embezzlement (arising from natural calamity). Q: What is the requirement? A: 1. Loss actually sustained during the taxable year 2. Not compensated for by insurance or other forms of indemnity. 3. Not claimed as a deduction for estate tax purposes. Q: This is your itemized deduction which can be claimed as a deduction from? A: Gross income TAKE NOTE:
A. ORDINARY LOSS NOLCO ( #3 above) Q: Why is there a need for a carry over under Sec. 34 D # when you can claim the loss from both capital and ordinary loss? A: if the loss exceeds the income for the taxable year, you cannot deduct the entire amount of loss from your income for that year so the excess may be deducted for the taxable year following the loss. B. CAPITAL LOSS NET CAPITAL CARRY OVER (# 2 above) NET LOSS OVER CAPITAL CARRYNET OPERATING LOSS CARRYOVER 1. taxpayer may be an individual or corp; 2. losses incurred or connected with T or B; 3. Business losses not previously offset as a deduction from the GI carried over as such for the next 3 LOSS
3. carry-over as loss from sale of capital asset in the next succeeding year
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NET OPERATING LOSS CARRY REQUIREMENTS: 1.Net operating loss of the business or enterprise incurred w/in the taxable year 2. not previously off-set as a deduction from the GI 3. carried over as a deduction from the GI for the next 3 consecutive taxable years immediately following the year of such loss. Q: Can the period be extended? A: yes, for mines other than oil and gas well. 1. net operating loss w/out the benefit incentives provided by law; 2. incurred in any of the first 10 years of operation. 3. carried over as a deduction from the GI for the next 5 years following such loss. 4. no substantial change in the ownership of the business or enterprise. Q: What is the limit? A: 75% of the nominal value of outstanding shares is held by or on behalf of the same persons/ corporation individual no problem, problem lies with corporations or enterprises. ABANDONMENT LOSSES 1. contract area where petroleum operations are undertaken is partially or wholly abandoned; all (1) accumulated exploration and (2) development expenditures pertaining thereto shall be allowed as a deduction. 2. a producing well is subsequently abandoned: unamortized cost and undepreciated cost of equipment directly used therein shall be allowed as a deduction in the years it was abandoned.
Q: What is a Bad Debt? A: Bad debts shall refer to those debts resulting from the worthlessness or incollectibility in whole or in part of amounts due the taxpayer by others, arising from money lent or from uncollectible amounts of income from goods sold and services rendered. CHINA BANK VS. CA bad debts can only be claimed if pursuant to a contract of loan - no bad debts for loss of instruments. Q: Who claims it? A: a. creditor b.money lender Q: What year can it be claimed? A: can be claimed in the year it was actually sit ascertained to be worthless and charged off, meaning cancelled in the books of account. Q: Do you need to file an action before you can claim? A: No, all you have to do is prove that you did exert effort to claim or recover the same. Q: What cannot be deducted as bad debts? A: 1. debts not incurred in connection with the trade, business and profession of taxpayer. 2. transactions, mered into between parties mentioned under Section 36 (B) namely. a) between members of the family b) between an individual who owns more than 30% of outstanding capital stock of a corporation and that corporation c) between two (2) corporations more that 50% of the outstanding capital stock of
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which is owned by or for the same individual d) between a grantor and fiduciary of any trust e) between two (2) fiduciaries of two (2) trusts who has the same grantor f) between a fiduciary of a trust and above fiduciary of such trust SECURITIES BECOMING WORTHLESS 1. ascertained to be worthless and charged off within the taxable year 2. capital asset 3. taxpayer, other than a Bank or trust company incorporated under Phil. Laws 4. substantial part of business is the receipt of deposit 5. considered as a loss from the sale of capital assets on the last day of such taxable year 34 F DEPRECIATION Q: What is depreciation? A: It is the gradual dimension in the service or useful value of tangible property due from exhaustion, wear and tear and normal obsolescence. Q: What kind of property is involved? A: 1. Real property except parcel of land 2. Personal Property REQUISITES: 1. depreciation deduction must be reasonable 2. for the exhaustion, wear and tear, including reasonable allowance for obsolescence 3. property used in the trade of business Q: What do you mean by reasonable allowance? A: it shall include, but not limited to, an allowance computed in accordance with rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, under any of the following methods: 1.Straight-line method 2.Declining balance method 3.Sum-of-the-year-digital method; and 4.any other method which may be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance upon recommendation of the Commissioner
ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION: 1.all properties used in mining operations other than petroleum operations shall be computed as follows: a. if the expected life is ten (10) years or less normal rate of depreciation b. if the expected life is more than ten (10) years depreciated over any number of years between five (5) years and the expected life. REQUIREMENTS: 1. depreciation is allowed as a deduction from 61; and 2. contractor notifies the Commissioner at the beginning of the depreciation period which depreciation rate shall be used. DEPRECIATION DEDUCTIBLE BY NRAETB OR RFC reasonable allowance for the deterioration of property 1. arising out of its use or employment 2. or non-use in the business, trade or profession 3. property is located in the Philippines 34 G DEPLETION OF OIL and GAS WELLS and MINES only deduction which is a not self executing deduction Q: What is depletion?
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A: the exhaustion wear and tear of natural resources as in mines, oil, and gas wells the natural resources called wasting assets DEPRECIATION vs. DEPLETION 1.involves property 2. ordinary wear and tear of equipment 1. involves natural resources 2. ordinary wear and tear of natural resources operation
TAKE NOTE: Equipment used in mining deductible in depreciation Q: Method for computing depletion? A: cost depletion method
Q: to whom allowed? A: only mining entities owning economic interest in mineral deposits Economic interest: capital investments in mineral deposits 34H CHARITABLE & OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TAKE NOTE: 1.unique because deducted from the taxable net income and not from the gross income second step of the formula deduction Q: Who is claiming the deduction? A: the donor Q: Who are the Donees? A: 1.Government of the Philippines or any of its agencies or any political subdivision thereof exclusively for public purpose 2. Accredited Domestic corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for religions, lion, charitable, scientific, youth and sports development, cultural or educational purposes or for the rehabilitation of veterans, or to social welfare institution, or to non-government organization and no part of its net income inures to the benefit of any private stock holder or individual Q: How many kinds of deduction? A: Two (2) kinds: 1.partial deduction 10% of taxable income in case of an individual
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3.Donations to Accredited Non-government organizations Non-government organization, nonprofit domestic corporation REQUIREMENTS: 1. organized and operated exclusively for scientific, research, educational, character building and youth and sport development, health, social welfare, cultural or charitable purposes or a combination thereof 2. no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private individual 3. uses the contributions directly for the active conduct of the activities constituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated 4. annual administrative expense does not exceed 30% of the total expenses and 5. in case of dissolution, the assets of which would be distributed to: a) another nonprofit domestic corporation organized for similar purpose or purposes b) to the state for public purpose c) distributed by the court to another organization to be used in such a manner which would accomplish the general purpose for within the dissolve organization was organized 34I RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT In the old law, this is not allowed as a deduction. To remedy this, they felt that those should be a separate deduction for research and development. REQUISITES: tax payer may treat research and development expenditures as ordinary and necessary expenses provided: 1. it is paid or incurred during the taxable year 2. incurred in connection with trade, business or profession; and 3. not chargeable to capital account. Q: Treated as such when? A: during the taxable year it is paid or incurred AMORTIZATION OF CERTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES at the election of the taxpayer, the following shall or may be treated as deferred expenses: a. paid or incurred by the taxpayer in connection with his trade, business or profession;
the election or option may be exercised for any taxable year after the effectivity of the code but not later than the time prescribed by law for filing the return for such taxable year. LIMITATION ON DEDUCTION Q: When not deductible? A: 1.Any expenditure for the (1) acquisition or improvement of land or (2) for the improvement of property to be used in connection with research and development of a character which is subject to depreciation and depletion and office site 2. Any expenditure paid or incurred for the purpose of undermining the existence, location, extent or quality of any deposit of one or other mineral including oil or gas. not for mineral exploration 34 J PENSION TRUST Q: Claimed by Whom? A: the employer Q; What is a Pension Trust contribution? A: a deduction applicable only to employer on account of its contribution to a private pension plan for the benefit of its employee deduction is purely business in character. Q: Requisites? A: 1.the employer must have established a pension or retirement plan to provide for the payment or reasonable pension of his employees 2. pension plan must be reasonable and actually sound; 3. it must be funded by the employer
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4. the amount contributed must no longer be subject to his control or disposition 5. the amount has not yet been allowed as a deduction and 6. the amount has or is apportioned in equal parts over a period of 10 consecutive years beginning with the year in which the transfer or payment is made. 34 K ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DEDUCTIBILITY OF CERTAIN PAYMENTS allowed as a deduction only if shown that the tax required to be deducted and withheld there from has been paid to the BIR in accordance with Section 58 and Section 81 34 L OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION KINDS OF DEDUCTIONS: 1.Itemized deduction 2.Optional Standard Deduction 3.Personal /Additional Deduction OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION: can be availed of by an individual who may elect a standard deduction in an amount not exceeding 10% of his gross income may apply in lieu of the other deductions under Section 34 the taxpayer must signify in his return his intention to elect the optional standard deduction, otherwise, he shall be considered as having availed of the itemized deduction. Q: Who can claim this deduction? A: all individual taxpayers except non resident alien not engaged in trade or business (NRANETB) Reason: he is not liable to pay by way of the NIT, thus, follows he cannot claim this deduction because he is liable to pay by way of GIT. TAKE NOTE: can co-exist with personal and / or additional exemption 34 M PREMIUM PAYMENTS ON HEALTH AND /OR HOSPITALIZATION INSURANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER for (1) Health and /insurance (2) Hospitalization REQUIREMENTS: 1. amount of premiums, paid by taxpayer for himself and members of his family,
20, 000
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For head of the family can be single or legally separated with qualified dependents. For each married individual if only one of the spouse, earns or derives gross income, only such spouse can claim the personal exemption.
32, 000 Q: Who is the head of the family? A: 1.unmarried or legally separated man or woman 2. With (1) one or both parties or (2) With one or more brothers and sisters (3) with one or more legitimate, recognized, natural or legally adopted children 3. living with and dependents upon him for their chief support 4. whose such brother or sisters or children are (1) not more than 11 years old and (2) not gainfully employed, (3) unmarried 5. OR, regardless of age, the same are incapable of self support because of mental or physical defect. Q: Why do we have to determine who the head of the family is? A: only legally separated individuals can claim additional exemptions if they have qualified dependents. TAKE NOTE: R.A. 7432 and RR 2-98: a senior citizen can also be a dependent. Q: Can a widower claim exemptions? A: exemptions must be strictly construed, widower not included in the list under Section 35 A but can claim under sec 35B widower, married or used to be married MARRIED INDIVIDUALS each legally married individuals can claim the personal exemption. Husband and wife = P64,000 Q: Who are allowed to claim? A: Normally , it is the husband who claims unless he executes a waiver that the wife will claim the same (RR2-98)
Q: Who can claim the same? A: 1.Married couples: only one of the spouses can claim it; 2.legally separated individuals: can be claimed by the spouse who has custody of the child or children the additional exemption claimed by both shall not exceed the maximum additional exemption herein allowed. Q: Define dependents A: legitimate, illegitimate or legally adopted child chiefly dependent upon and living with the taxpayer if such dependent is (1) not more than 21 years of age, (2) unmarried, and (3) not gainfully employed or (4) if such dependent, regardless of age is incapable of self support because of mental or physical defect. Q: What if widower has illegitimate children, can claim additional exemption? A: can claim, can be considered as head of the family w/ dependent Q: What if the children are temporarily away from the parents? A: still considered living with parents, can claim exemption CHANGE OF STATUS: (SEC 35 C) Q: Reckoning Period? A: end of the year or close of such year when such change of status occurred. TAKE NOTE: always choose the higher amount of exemption if you are filing a return covering the period within which the change of status occurred 1. if the taxpayer should (1) marry or (2) have additional dependents during the taxable year, he may claim the corresponding exemption in full for the year. Illustration: 1.Single Jan 1, 2005 2.Married June 1, 2005 on April 15, 2006 status: legally married can claim P 32,000
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2. if the taxpayer should die during the taxable year, estate can claim personal exemption. Illustration 1.Jan. 25, 2005 taxpayer married w/ one child can claim on April 15, 2006 P32,000+ P8,000
} P40,000
In this case, as if the change of status occurred at the close of taxable year. If taxpayers spouse or child dies within the taxable year or the dependents became (1) gainfully employed (2) got married or (3) became 21 as if the change as status occurred at the close of taxable year. Illustration: 1. Taxpayers tragic story wife died Jan. 25, 2005 and child died the next day then another child eloped and get married. 2. Taxpayer despite the tragedy can claim ton of money on April 15, 2006. P 32,000 P 16,000 (8,000 per child) 48,000 Section 36. Items not Deductible 36 A. General Rule: In computing net income, no deduction shall be allowed: (1) Personal, living or family expenses not related to trade or business (2) Section 36 A (2) and Section 36 A (3) General Rule: No deductions allowed for 1. Any amount paid out for new buildings or for permanent improvements, or betterments, made to increase the value of any property or estate 2. Any amount expanded in restoring property or in making good the exhaustion thereof for which an allowance is or has been made. Exceptions: 1. Option granted to Private Educational Institution to deduct the same as capital outlays. TAKE NOTE: Amount paid for new buildings, can be deducted if it involves intangible drilling and development cost incurred in petroleum operations (Sec 34 6 (A) PREMIUMS POLICY : PAID the or ON LIFE INSURANCE officer or financially
Q: Who is considered the family taxpayer? A: a. brothers and sister (whole is b. spouses c. ancestors d. lineal descendants Q: are uncles or nieces included? A: no
of
the
blood)
IN DONORS TAX Relatives includes relatives by consanguinity within the 4th civil code. Nephew is a stranger and relative ang nephew. 2) individual and corporations Gen. Rule: NO DEDUCTION Except: distribution in liquidation or less than 50% of the outstanding capital stock 3) 4) 5) 6) Two corporations Grantor or Fiduciary Two fiduciaries of two trust Fiduciary and beneficiary of trust
Sec. 37 Special provisions regarding deductions of insurance companies. Codal Provisions Section 38: Losses From Wash Sales of Stock or Securities Q: What is a wash sale? A: It is a sales or other disposition of stock securities where substantially identical securities are purchased within 61 days, beginning 30 days before the sale and ending 30 days after the sale. Q: What period? A: 61 day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the sale Q: Jan 20 you purchased share of stock, and disposed of the same on Feb 5, 2005. Is this a wash sale? A: No
1. covering
employee
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Q: If it is a loss in wash sale, happens? A: General Rule: (Sec 131 RR No. 2) gains from wash sale are taxable but losses are non-deductible Exception: unless claim is made by a dealer in stock or securities and with respect to a transaction made in the ordinary course of the business of such dealer Q: Reason why losses in wash sale cannot be deducted? A: 1. to avoid too much speculation in the market 2. taxpayer not telling the truth, because he may say he incurred a loss instead of a gain Section 40. Determination of Amount and Recognition of Gain or Loss GENERAL RULE: This is totally irrelevant if the income is subject to fit. In fit gain is presumed. EXCEPT: sale of shares of stock where you have to determine actual gain or loss Q: When is there a gain? A: excess of the amount realized over the basis or adjusted basis for determining gain. (amount realized from the sale or other disposition of property) Q: When is there a loss? A: the amount realized is not in excess of B or AB Illustration: 1987 Bar (Juan dela Cruz sold jewelry for 300,000 ) contract of sale amount realized is 300,000 Q: What will be the basis of the gain? A: Sec. 40 B (1), property was acquired by purchase Cost: purchase price + expenses Q: If there is a gain, is the whole gain subject to income tax? A: it depends if ordinary asset = 100% is subject to income tax if capital assets a. short term(less than 12 months) : 100% taxable b. long term (more than 12 months): 50% taxable
Q: If the property is acquired through inheritance, what is the basis? A: Sec 40 B (2) fair market value or price as of the date of acquisition. Q: Suppose it was a sale of personal property, do we apply the same principles? A: No. Q: What if it involves a sale of real property? A: Apply the same principles Suppose it was a result of swindling, theft, robbery or estafa, do we apply the same principles? A: Law is silent, take note of the old CIA ruling on this one Q: Feb 14, 2006, your GG gave you a jewelry in Sept your GG breaks up with you. GG request the jewelry be returned but you already sold it for P200,000. Will the entire P200,000 be included in gross income? A: Basis: (1) same as if it would be in the hands of the Donor (FMV as of date of acquisition); or (2) last owner who did not acquire the same by gift (cost) Q: If it involves a parcel of land? A: apply the same rules Section 40 B (4) what is the basis?
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If other property received by transferee (40 C (3) (a) TRANSFEREE if the party receives not just the subject matter permitted to be received: lie if the party receives money and /or property, the gain, if any, but not the loss, shall be recognized (meaning taxable) but in an amount not in excess of the sum of the money and the FMV of such other property received. (40 C (3) (b) TRANSFEROR 1.Transferor corporation receives money and / or property, distributes it pursuant to the merger or consolidation plan no gain to the corporation shall be recognized 2. Transferor corporation receives money and / or property, does not distribute it pursuant to the merger or consolidation plan the gain shall be recognized but in an amount not in excess of the sum of such money and the FMV of such other property so received. Q: What is the rule? A: 40 C (3) (a) 1. gain taxable 2. loss not deductible 40 C (3) (b) It depends on how distributed: 1. pursuant to the merger or consolidation plan: gain exempt loss not deductible 2. not pursuant to merger or consolidation plan: gain taxable loss not deductible. Sec 40 C (1) (b) a shareholder exchanges stock in a corporation which is a party to a merger or consolidation, solely for the stock of another corporation which is a party to the merger or consolidation Sec 40 C (2) (c) a security holder of a corporation which is a party to the merger or consolidation, exchanges his securities in such corporation, solely for stock securities in another corporation.
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The rule is similar in 40 C (3), (a), (b) and (c) although different property are involve, that is why the last paragraph of 40 C is a separate paragraph. Therefore, Sec 40 C (3) (a,b,c) the rule is 1. gain exempt 2. loss not deductible 40c last paragraph the transferee becomes a stockholder, parties are not members of the merger the individual wants to be a shareholder but does not want to purchase shares but willing to give up property as a result of the exchange , the person gains control of the corporation The rule is: a. gain is exempt b. loss not deductible Requisites: 1. There is A contract of exchange where property was transferred by the person in exchange of stock or unit of participation in a corporation. 2. As a result, the person alone or together with others (not exceeding of 4 persons) gains control of the corporation. Q: What is control? A: ownership of stocks in a corporation possessing at least 51% of total voting power. Sec 40 B (5) non applicability of income tax is only temporary Reason : Basis will be 40 C (5) 1. 40 C (5) (a) Transferor basis of stock or securities received by the transferor: same as the basis of the property, stock or securities exchanged: decreased by the (1) money and (2) FMV of the property received; and increased by (a) amount treated as dividend and (b) amount of gain recognized 2. 40 C (5) (b) Transferee as it would be in the hands of transferor increased by the amount of gain recognized.
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Facts: taxpayer dies in the middle of the year January 1, 2006 June 15, 2006 June 26, 2006 to Dec 31, 2006 the estate is the taxpayer So the income and deductions from Jan 1 to June 25,, included in the computation Section 46 Change of Accounting Period Q: Who is the taxpayer? A: corporation (taxpayer other than individual) Q: What kinds of accounting period? A: 1.fiscal year 2. calendar year Q: Changes contemplated? A: 1. fiscal to calendar 2. calendar to fiscal 3. fiscal to another fiscal with the approval of the Commissioner, net income shall be computed on the basis of the new accounting period. Q: Calendar to calendar, correct? A: not correct statement Section 47 (A) Taxpayer: Corporation 1. Fiscal to calendar separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the so close of the last fiscal year for which the return was made and (2) the following Dec 31. 2. Calendar to Fiscal separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the close of the last calendar year and the date designated as the close of the fiscal year. 3. Fiscal to fiscal separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the close of the former fiscal year and the date designated as the close of the new fiscal year. File return indicating the change in accounting method Section 48 Contracts Accounting for Long Term
Q: Sale of Real Property is it important to know if it is a casual sale or regular sale? A: No Requirement: The initial payments do not exceed 25% of the selling price. Q: If the initial payment exceeds 25% what do you call it? A: called deferred sale Q: Consequence? A: you must pay the whole amount of the tax Q: Sale of Personal Property, is it important to know if it is a casual or regular sale? A: Yes Casual Sale has Requirements: 1. selling price exceeds P1,000 2. initial payment not exceeding 25% selling price Regular sale no requirements Case of Baas 1. subject matter 2. sold by way 3. agreement
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4. cash deposit 5. post dated promissory notes (installments) 3. 1st installment promissory note was disconnected 4. 2nd installment exchanged with cash these two exceeds the selling price 5. you only compute cash H: Initial payment exceeds 25% installment basis is not applicable RR 2; Section 175: In payment by way of installment promissory note, bills of exchange and checks will not be considered in computing the 25% initial downpayment. Section 50 Allocation of Income and Deductions tremendous power of the Commissioner to allocate the income and deduction of several corporations having the same interest. Q: Same interest? A: stockholders substantially the same Q: Limitations? A: None That is why it is a great source of corruption Section 51 Individual Returns Who are required to file? (ITR) 1. RC 2. NRC 3. RA 4. NRAETB sources within Q: Who is not mentioned in Sec 51 but liable to pay by way of NIT? A: OCW/ seaman Exception: RC OR ALIENS: engaged in trade or practice of profession in Phil. Shall file ITR regardless of the amount of gross income. Q: If OFW is exempt from filing a return, what is he required to file? A: Information Return Q: who are not required to file a return? A: a. an individual whose gross income does not exceed his total personal and additional exemptions for dependents b. worker (compensation income earners) regardless of the amount of compensation
April each
51 C (1) NIT Payers using CY two days provided (calendar) 1. on April 15; or 2. before April 15 (January, Feb or March) not December because the calendar year is not yet over Fiscal year: 15th day of the 4th month following the close of the fiscal year. 51 C (2) individuals subject to tax on capital gains Exception: General Rules Sec 58 1. Sale of shares of stocks return filed within 30 days after each transaction and Final consolidated return on or before April 15 2.Sale of Real Property return filed within 30 days following each sale 51 D Husband and Wife 1. Pure compensation income earner separate return RR 3-2000 pure compensation income earner regardless of amount of income not file ITR.
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51 E. Return of Parent to Include Income of Children unmarried minor receives income from property received from living parent included in the parents ITR. Exception: 1.Donors tax has been paid 2.Property exempt from donors tax 51 F. Persons Under Disability Q: Who makes the return? A: 1.duly authorized agent 2. duly authorized representatives 3. guardians 4.other persons charged with the care of his person or property both incapacitated taxpayer and agent will be liable for: 1.erroneous return 2. false or fraudulent return 51 G Signature Presumed Correct prima facie evidence the return was actually signed by the taxpayer Section 52 Corporation Return go back to Sec 51 A (2) General Rule: Sec 58 Final Income Tax return and creditable withholding tax return is filed monthly Exception: Sale of Shares of Stocks (Sec 51 A (2)) Sale of Real Property RR -17-2003: Sale of Real Property subject to final withholding tax, the buyer is deemed the agent. Sale of Shares of Stocks Q: Reasons for filing Final Income tax or Final Consolidated Return? A: Reasons: 1. FIT whose actual determination of gain or loss 2. in connection with Sec 24 C the basis of the tax is not the gross income but the net capital gains realized. In connection with Sec 40: actual determination of loss or gain
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2.Render a correct return verified under oath setting form: a. forms of the resolution or plan; b. such other information prescribed 3.Secure a tax clearance from the BIR and file it with the SEC 4.Thereafter, SEC issued a Dissolution or Reorganization. D. Sale of Stocks ITR look at the previous notes about it Section 53 Extension of Time to File Returns Q: To whom granted? A: Corporations Grounds: Meritorious case subject to the provisions of Sec 56 Extension Certificate of
is filed
Section 54 Returns or Receivers, Trustees in Bankruptcy or Assignees the aforementioned persons shall make returns of net income as and for such corporation in the same manner and form as such organization is required to make. Section 55 Returns of General Professional Partnership file a return of its income setting forth 1. items of gross income and of deductions allowed by this title (Title II Tax on Income) 2. Names of partners 3. Taxpayer identification number (TIN) 4. address of partners 5. shares of each partners GPP is exempt from corporate income tax Q: Why is the GPP obliged to file a return? A: to determine the shares of each partners Section 56 Payment and Assessment of Income Tax for Individuals and Corporations A. Payment of Tax Q: Who pays the tax of tramp vessels? A: 1.the shipping agents and or the husbanding agent
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B. Assessment and Payment of Deficiency Tax Return is filed, the commissioner examiner and assess the correct amount of tax tax deficiency discovered shall be paid upon notice and demand from the commissioner. 3 INSTANCES CONTEMPLATED 1. file the return and pay the tax 2. file the return but not pay the tax 3. not file the return and not pay the tax Section 57 Withholding of Tax at Source A. Withholding of Taxes subject to the Rules and Regulations the Section of Finance may promulgate, upon recommendation of commissioner: Require the filing up of certain income tax return by certain income payees. Q: Enumeration is all about what? A; Enumer ation about Final Income Tax Except: Gross Income Tax 1. 25 B (NRANETB) 2. 28 B (NRFC) B. Withholding of Creditable Tax at Source The Sec. of Finance, upon recommendation of the commissioner require the withholding of a tax on the items of income payable to natural or juridical persons, residing in the Phil, by payor-corporation/ person the same shall be credited against the income tax liability of the taxpayer for the taxable year. At the rate of not less than 1% but not more than 32% thereof. Q: What is the maximum? A: Maximum: now 35% pursuant to RA 9337 Q: When will you allow withholding beyond 15%? A: For NIT 15% is the maximum 1. FIT the amount of withholding is totally 2. GIT - equal to the amount of tax Tax Free Covenant Bond the bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust or other similar obligations of DC or RFC contains a contract or provision where the obligor (debtor) agrees to pay the tax imposed herein normally between the creditor and debtor
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Final Withholding taxes the statement should be given to the payee on or before January 31 of the succeeding year. C. Annual Information Return Withholding agent shall submit to the commissioner an annual information return containing : 1. the list of payees and income required 2. amount of taxes withheld from each payees 3. other pertinent information required Final Withholding Tax: AIR filed on or before succeeding year January 31 of the
Creditable withholding tax: AIR not later than March 1 of the year following the year for which the annual report is being submitted Commissioner may grant WHA reasonable extension of time to furnish and submit the return required herein. D. Income of Recipient 1. Income upon which any creditable tax is required to be withheld at source shall be included in the return of its recipient. 2. the excess of the amount of tax so withheld over the tax due on his return shall be refunded 3. income tax collected at source is less than the tax due on his return difference shall be paid 4. all taxes withheld 1. considered trust fund 2. maintained in separate account 3. not commingled with other funds of WHA E. Registration with Register of Deeds No registration of any document transferring real property shall be effected by the Register of Deeds unless the commissioner or his duly authorize representative has certified that the transfer (1) has been reported and (2) tax due has been paid Register of Deeds requires payment of tax before transfer of property
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Campos Rueda vs. CIR GR # L-13250(42S238) Upon reading sec. 85 (B) read Vidal de Roces vs. Posadas 58 Phil. 108 Dizon vs. Posadas 57 Phil 465 Sec. 85 (G) compare with sec. 100 sec. 85 (H) compare with sec. 86 (C) Upon reading sec. 86 see RR 2-2003 Upon reading sec. 94 see Marcos vs. Sandiganbayan 273 SCRA 47 Sec. 97 Donors Tax Law Sections 98-104 G and Cumulative methods of filing donors tax returns sections 99 (A), 103 (A) (1) and RR 2-2003 Sections 100 and 85 (9) Remedies Under the Internal Revenue Code Sections 202-229 RR 12-99 Phoenix vs Comm 14 SCRA 52 Basilan vs. Comm. 21 SCRA 17 Yabut vs. Flojo 115 SCRA 278 Union Shipping vs. Comm 185 SCRA 547 Comm. vs. TMX 205 SCRA 184 Comm. vs. Philamlife 244 SCRA Comm. vs. CA & BPI 301 SCRA 435 BPI vs. Comm. 363 SCRA 840 -Prescription sections 203 and 222 of NIRC, sec. 194 of the LGC, sec. 270 of the LGC, sec. 1603 of Tariff and Customs Code -Protest sec. 228 of NIRC and RR 12-99 sec. 195 of LGC, 252 LGC, sec. 2313 of Tariff & Customs Code and RA 7651 Remedies under Local Taxation Sections 128-196 of LGC
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CA 299 SCRA 442 Then proceed to 187 Then to 151 128 Under sec. 133 (e) read Palma vs. Malangas 413 SCRA 572 Under 133 (h) read Pililia vs. Petron 198 SCRA 82 Under 133 (i) read First Holdings Co. vs. batangas City 300 SCRA 661 Under 133 (l) read Butuan vs. LTO 322 SCRA 805 Under 137 read sec. 193 of LGC Misamis vs. Cagayan de Oro 181 SCRA 38 Reyes vs. San Pablo City 305 SCRA 353 Meralco vs. Laguna 306 SCRA 750 PLDT vs. Davao City 363 SCRA 522 Co-relate sec. 139 and 147 of LGC Under sec. 140 of the LGC see sec. 125 of the Internal Revenue Code Under sec. 150 of the LGC read the following: Phil. Match vs. Cebu 81 SCRA 99 Allied Thread vs. Manila 133 SCRA 338 Sipocat vs. Shell 105 Phil. 1263 Iloilo Bottles vs. Iloilo City 164 SCRA 607
Local Taxation
Tariff & Customs Code Special Customs Duty sec. 301-304 of TCC Regular Customs Duty sec. 104 of TCC RA 7631 Court of Tax appeals ( RA8232)
Remedies under Real Property Tax Sections 197-294 Sec. 235 LRT vs. Manila 342 SCRA 692
Value Added Tax Sections 105-115 Read RA 9337 Read ABAKADA vs Comm. GR 168056, Sept. 1, 2005 2. Donors Tax (sec 98-104 NIRC) 3. Transfer of a realty to be imposed by provinces and cities (sec 135, LGC)
SECTION 84
ESTATE TAX
There are 3 Subjects which uses the estate 1. Income tax to be held by the estate under judicial settlement and during the pendency of judicial settlement 2. Estate Tax 3. Under the Local Government Code- The real estate Tax There are 3 transfer taxes 1. Estate tax (sec 84 to 97 of NIRC)
Note: beginning the year 1973, former Pres. Apo Lakay Marcos abolished inheritance tax and dones tax by virtue of PD 69 RATES OF ESTATE TAX Q: What is the formula for Estate tax? A: Gross Estate (Sec 85) - Deductions (Sec 86, par a b c) ========================= Net Estate (taxable estate)
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X Rate (dont include the 1st 200,0000 for this is exempt) ========================= Taxable net estate - Tax credit (if any) ======================== Tax due SEC. 104. Definitions. - For purposes of this Title, the terms "gross estate" and "gifts" include real and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, wherever situated: Provided, however, That where the decedent or donor was a nonresident alien at the time of his death or donation, as the case may be, his real and personal property so transferred but which are situated outside the Philippines shall not be included as part of his "gross estate" or "gross gift": Provided, further, That franchise which must be exercised in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds issued by any corporation or sociedad anonima organized or constituted in the Philippines in accordance with its laws; shares, obligations or bonds by any foreign corporation eighty-five percent (85%) of the business of which is located in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation if such shares, obligations or bonds have acquired a business situs in the Philippines; shares or rights in any partnership, business or industry established in the Philippines, shall be considered as situated in the Philippines: Provided, still further, that no tax shall be collected under this Title in respect of intangible personal property: (a) if the decedent at the time of his death or the donor at the time of the donation was a citizen and resident of a foreign country which at the time of his death or donation did not impose a transfer tax of any character, in respect of intangible personal property of citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country, or (b) if the laws of the foreign country of which the decedent or donor was a citizen and resident at the time of his death or donation allows a similar exemption from transfer or death taxes of every character or description in respect of intangible personal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country. *Sec 104 governs both estate tax and donors tax TAXPAYERS ESTATE Resident Citizen DONORS Resident citizen
A Corporation is not capable of natural death therefore not liable to estate tax, but it may enter into a contract of donation The importance why taxpayers should be distinguished: 1. SEC 104: both estate and donors 2. Sec 85: for estate: a. decedent is a NRA for estate b. Donor is a NRA or FC Their liability is with respect to property deemed located in the Philippines as when the properties are located abroad they are exempt. To the rest of the taxpayers shall have liability on property located inside or outside the Philippines The liability to pay estate tax is different from the question on whether if you were the administrator, do you include that in the estate tax return: If the decedent is a NRA, the liability is that all property located in the Philippines is subject to estate tax under sec 104 and sec 85. For the inclusion under par d, sec 86, includes all properties located here or abroad for purposes of determining deductions *Sec 104 is relevant ONLY to NRA and FC, because they shall only be liable for properties located within, with regard to those located outside, exempt. SITUS OF TAXES: 1. SEC 104 = Situs of estate and Donors Tax 2. SEC 42 = Situs of Income Taxation 3. SEC 150 (LGC) = Situs of Local Taxation What are the Intangible Personal Property deemed located in the Philippines:
2. 3.
4. 5.
L> A legislative enactment authorizing a person, natural or juridical to engage in trade or business. If it is exercised outside, it is deemed located outside the Philippines. BONDS, NOTES and OBLIGATIONS issued by Domestic Corporations a. No further requirement. Automatic BONDS, NOTES and OBLIGATIONS issued by Foreign Corporations a. at least 85% of the business of the corporation is located in the Philippines; or such acquired business situs in the Philippines Shares or rights in a business, partnership or industry established in the Philippines
EXEMPTIONS: (NRA/FC SEC104) RECIPROCITY 1. Foreign law of such foreign country do not impose transfer tax on intangible personal property owned by Filipinos who are not residing in that foreign country provided that the resident is a foreigner is a resident of that foreign country; OR 2. Foreign law of that foreigner or foreign corporation allows exemption on intangible personal property owned by Filipinos who are not residing in that foreign country provided that the resident is a foreigner is a resident of that foreign country BAR QUESTION 1996: A German national donated his shares of stocks in a foreign corporation to his Filipina girlfriend. Since the donor is a NRA, is the donors tax law of the Philippines applicable? (analyze that of the donor not the donee as we do not have donees tax nowadays) GENERALLY, the NRA is not liable because shares of stocks in a foreign corporation is, as a rule, deemed located abroad. However, by way of exception when at least 85% of the business is located in the Philippines or it acquired business situs in the Philippines. If the foreigner is a german national but he is residing in the United States, is the exception applicable? NO, the German national must be residing also in Germany, and secondly, it is required that the intangible personal property owned by Filipinos in Germany is exempt from
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was no reciprocity [with Tangier, which was moreover] a mere principality, not a foreign country. Consequently, respondent demanded the payment of the sums of P73,851.21 and P88,023.74 respectively, or a total of P161,874.95 as deficiency estate and inheritance taxes including surcharges, interests and compromise penalties. ISSUE: The principal question as noted dealt with the reciprocity aspect as well as the insisting by the Collector of Internal Revenue that Tangier was not a foreign country within the meaning of Section 122. Ruling: Contention of the Collector of Internal Revenue, the appealed decision states: "In fine, we believe, and so hold, that the expression "foreign country", used in the last proviso of Section 122 of the National Internal Revenue Code, refers to a government of that foreign power which, although not an international person in the sense of international law, does not impose transfer or death upon intangible person properties of our citizens not residing therein, or whose law allows a similar exemption from such taxes. Court of Tax Appeals admitted evidence submitted by the administrator petitioner Antonio Campos Rueda, consisting of exhibits of laws of Tangier to the effect that "the transfers by reason of death of movable properties, corporeal or incorporeal, including furniture and personal effects as well as of securities, bonds, shares, were not subject, on that date and in said zone, to the payment of any death tax, whatever might have been the nationality of the deceased or his heirs and legatees." It is, therefore, not necessary that Tangier should have been recognized by our Government order to entitle the petitioner to the exemption benefits of the proviso of Section 122 of our Tax Code. SEC 85: Gross estate gross estate include real and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, wherever situated (Sec 104) NRA: Decedent / Donor property situated outside of Philippines not included on the gross estate Q: Tax credits under Philippine Estate tax? 1. Estate paid to a foreign country (sec b, par E)
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If the usufructury dies, the merger of the usufructury in the naked owner is EXEMPT (Sec 87 par a)
INCLUDES: property (1) owned at the time of death and (2) property not owned at the time of death Q: is there a conflict between Sec 88 a and Sec 87 a? How do you reconcile? A: No conflict 1.Section 87 a contemplates a situation where the usufruct is terminated by the death of the party. 2.Section 88a contemplates a usufruct for a fixed period and the contract still exist. Contract of lease included Q: How do you determine the value of usufruct? A: Sec. 88 a provides to determine the value of the right of usufruct, take into account the probable life of the beneficiary. Transfer during the life time Normally Donors tax However there are exceptions: 1.transfer in contemplation of death (85B) 2.revocable transfer (85 C) 3.transfer for insufficient consideration II. TRANSFER DEATH IN CONTEMPLATION OF (SEC 85 par b)
Q: What are transfers deemed in contemplation of death? A: By virtue of Supreme Court decision; and By the Tax Code when property was transferred during the lifetime but the decedent: a. retains possession or receive income or fruits of property; or b. retains the right to designate persons who will possess the property or the right to receive fruits or income c. Revocable Transfers SUPREME COURT DECISION: Roces case: F: during lifetime, the following document were instituted or executed simultaneously 1.will and 2. donation The heirs insisted to pay Donors tax, Posados the collector tried to collect inheritance tax.
the
Q: Why exempt? A: The first heir as fiduciary did not choose as who will be the second heir (fideicomissary) since it was the testator who chose the latter Under US Laws: The 1st heir died and property would be transferred to the second heir The estate of the 1 st heir is liable for estate tax for the reason that he is the one who chooses the 2nd heir
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TAKE NOTE: To determine whether included in Estate or not, know who has the choice to designate the 2nd heir: if decedent instructs the 1st heir that he can transfer the property to whomever he wants included in gross estate 1st heir choice included in gross estate E. Proceeds of Life Insurance Under income tax, this is an exclusion (sec 32 par b1 & b2) subject to certain requirements. If upon the death of the testator insurance has been paid it is exempt. 1. The decedent insured himself; and 2. Beneficiary is the estate represented by the executor or administrator whether revocable or irrevocable: included in gross estate whether designation is revocable or irrevocable Beneficiary is 3rd person or those other than the estate: revocable included in the gross estate irrevocable not included in the gross estate *for the same reason of control over the proceeds Q: Are the requirements the same as income tax under sec 32 b1 & b2? A: No, B1 requires only one requirement to be exempt from INCOME tax: It is payable upon the death regardless of who is the beneficiary, revocable or irrevocable, by installment or amortization), with PROVISO, if there is an agreement as to the INTEREST, then that interest is no longer exempt. EXAMPLE: The proceeds of life insurance is Php1M, and the insurer and the insured agreed that there will be payment of interest of 65K. The 65K interest is no longer exempt as PROCEEDS and INTEREST are DIFFERENT In Sec 32 par B2, insurance paid after a fixed number of time, say 10 years, and after that 10 years, the insured is still alive and kicking, he was paid 1M. Is the entire amount of 1M exempt from income tax? NO, the entire amount is not exempt. 1. Determine first the actual premium paid during the existence of the contract, let us
Is it subject to VAT? The one subject to VAT is the NON-LIFE Insurance except CROP Insurance (Sec 108, Par A, Middle part) Q: What about LIFE? It is not subject to VAT since it is already subject to percentage tax which is in the nature of a BUSINESS TAX under sec 123. BASIS: the Principle : If one is subject to percentage tax then, as a general rule, it is no longer subject to VAT or Vice Versa F. Prior Interest > irrelevant provision The one referred to in this paragraph are the items provided for in Sec 85 par B (transfer in contemplation of death), par C (revocable transfer), par E (proceeds of life Insurance), as to whether it happened before or after the codification/effectivity of the code for the first time in 1989. G. Transfer for insufficient consideration Q: Similar or in connection with Sec 100 (Donors tax) can you apply the two (2) provisions simultaneously? A: No, alternative application, one or the other but not both (Estate OR Donors) depending upon the time of transfer OR motive of the transferor: estate tax 1. When motive of the transferor for transferring the property for LESS than the adequate consideration, it SHALL be because of impending death or maybe due to a terminal disease Donors tax 2. When the motive for transfer is because of generosity or kindness, because the buyer or transferee is a relative or friend
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HOWEVER, the code provides that in case of bona fide sale for an ADEQUATE and FULL consideration in money or moneys worth, the same shall not be considered as Transfer for inadequate consideration Example: A parcel of land in metro manila was sold by the owner for a selling price which is very much lower than the adequate fair market value, with the FMV of 1M but it was sold for Php600K because the buyer is a relative. Is it subject to transfer tax? A: The facts of the question are very clear. There is no need to qualify. Due to the relation of the parties, it was transferred for less than the adequate consideration. Sec 100 says that DONORs Tax is applied if the real property is other than the one mentioned is Sec 24 par D1 (real property located in the Philippines which is a CAPITAL ASSET). If Real Deed of Donation was executed -Donors Tax will apply. Why? It is not subject to Donors Tax because the applicable tax is the FIT which is 6% erroneously known as capital gains tax What does Sec 24, par D1 say? The tax applicable for the sale, barter or exchange, and other modes of disposition (which includes Transfer for Less than the Adequate Consideration) The basis being the GROSS SELLING PRICE or the FAIR MARKET VALUE, whichever is HIGHER Q: Will your answer be the same if Shares Of Stocks are sold? A: No, answer not the same, Shares Of Stocks is not the type of property contemplated in Sec 24 D (1) in this case, the amount by which the FMV of prop exceeds the value of the consideration, it shall be deemed a gift and included in the computation of the gross gift: subject to Donors Tax Q: What is the subject matter in 85 G? A: paragraphs 85 B, 85 C, 85 D
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Going Back to RR 2-2003 The actual funeral expense shall include: a. purchasors mourning apparel (black clothes) b. Food and drinks c. Publication for death notices d. Telecommunication expenses incurred informing relatives of the deceased; e. Cost of burial plot, tombstones, monument or mausoleum but not their upkeep (only to the value where he is buried) f. Interment or cremation charges g. And other necessary expenses incurred for the purpose of the rites and ceremonies incident to the interment/burial
Death anniversary and those incurred after the burial, as it necessarily follows, shall not be included as a deduction b) JUDICIAL EXPENSES (par A1 b) > Both the NIRC and RR 2-2003 provides judicial expenses as deductions (both testamentary and intestate) > no limitation as to the amount of the expense Q: What about if it is extra-judicial settlement of estate, are these also deductible? A: YES, although the NIRC and RR 2-2003 is silent, the SC, in the case of Pajonar vs Commissioner (328 S 666), considered extrajudicial settlement as deductible. Pajonar vs Commissioner (328 S 666)
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F: Pedro Pajonar, a member of the Philippine Scout, Bataan Contingent, during the second World War, was a part of the infamous Death March by reason of which he suffered shock and became insane. His sister Josefina Pajonar became the guardian over his person, while his property was placed under the guardianship of the Philippine National Bank (PNB) by the RTC31, in Special Proceedings. He died on January 10, 1988. He was survived by his two brothers Isidro and Gregorio, his sister Josefina, nephews Concordio Jandog and Mario Jandog and niece Conchita Jandog. On May 11, 1988, the PNB filed an accounting of the decedent's property under guardianship valued at P3,037,672.09. However, the PNB did not file an estate tax return, instead it advised Pedro Pajonar's heirs to execute an extrajudicial settlement and to pay the taxes on his estate. On April 5, 1988, pursuant to the assessment by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), the estate of Pedro Pajonar paid taxes in the amount of P2,557. On December 19, 1988, pursuant to a second assessment by the BIR for deficiency estate tax in the amount of P1,527,790.98. Josefina Pajonar, in her capacity as administratrix filed a protest on January 11, 1989 with the BIR praying that the estate tax payment in the amount of P1,527,790.98, or at least some portion of it, be returned to the heirs. However, on August 15, 1989, without waiting for her protest to be resolved by the BIR, Pajonar filed a petition for review with the CTA, praying for the refund of P1,527,790.98, or in the alternative, P840,202.06, as erroneously paid estate tax. On May 6, 1993, the CTA ordered the Commissioner of Internal Revenue to refund Josefina Pajonar the amount of P252,585.59, representing erroneously paid estate tax for the year 1988. Among the deductions from the gross estate allowed by the CTA were the amounts of P60,753 (notarial fee for the Extrajudicial Settlemen)t and P50,000 (attorney's fees in Special Proceedings for guardianship). On June 15, 1993, the CIR filed a motion for reconsideration, that the notarial fee for the Extrajudicial Settlement and the attorney's fees in the guardianship proceedings are not deductible expenses.
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Q: What if acquired through purchase or any other modes of acquisition other than donation or inheritance? A: Not apply, the property must be acquired by inheritance or donation 2.Estate tax or Donors tax already paid by the Estate of the Decedent (1st par)
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3.Any person who died within five (5) years prior to the death of the decedent Example: X, died in January 2008. Prior to his death, he received a property from Y in March of 2007. How much will be deducted from the gross estate? A: The amount which can be deducted from the gross estate is 100% of the value of the property received by X. Since X died within 1 year from the time the property was donated, from the table 100% of the property can be claimed by the executor as vanishing deduction, provided, that the donors tax or estate tax imposed by the code was paid for the transfer. BAR QUESTION: Suppose the person who died within 1 died and it was inherited by the son, suppose the son also died within a year or 2 years, should we still apply the vanishing deduction A: No more. (last Sec 86 par A2) Q: What are the amounts? A: Prior Decedent died within: 1. 5years 20% 2. 4years 40% 3. 3 years -60% 4. 2 years 80% 5. 1 year -100% Q: Suppose the person died within 1 year and it was inherited by son, suppose the son also died within 1 year or may be 2 years, should we apply the vanishing deductions? A: No more (last par Sec 86 A2) A3. Transfer to the Govt, Political Subdivision, including Agencies and Instrumentalities Exclusively for PUBLIC PURPOSE (PAR A3) Important is the phrase public purpose Compare to sec 87 par d Sec 86 Par A3 Exclusive for public purpose ---nothing follows--Sec 87 Par d Social welfare Charitable institution Cultural Institution Not more than 30% shall be used for administrative purposes
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BOTH RR 2-2003 and the NIRC do not require further requirement, HENCE, automatic (RC, NRC, RA) Sec 86 par A A6. MEDICAL EXPENSES (par A6) Requirements: 1. amount not exceeding P500,000 2. medical expenses incurred by the decedent within one (1) year prior to his death. 3. must be duly substantiated with receipt BAR QUESTION 2003: A person was hospitalized for 2 years, and after the lapse of 2 years, that person died in the hospital. His expense is 110K. Can the 400K be claimed as a deduction of hospitalization expenses? A: NO. The computation of the amount shall not exceed 500K, as provided by law, and should only be within 1 year to be computed up to the death of the decedent, hence, you have to determine how much is spent within the span of 1 year immediately before his death since the facts state two years. A7. RETIREMENT PAY (par A7) Not all retirement pays are DEDUCTIBLE Other than RA 4917, not considered deductions UNDER RA 4917 (RETIREMENT PAY WITH PRIVATE PLAN) Requirements: 1. plan duly approved by the BIR 2. person at least 50 years old 3. must at least be 10 years in service 4. may be availed only once TAKE NOTE: This is a deduction in the nature of exemption, all other retirement plan is excluded Q: If your relative receives a retirement plan from the GSIS or the SSS? A: These are not deductions (Sec 32 par B6(a) GSIS- group sex isnt safe SSS safety sex services BIR blow job is recommended
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that part of his gross estate not situated in the Philippines. For proper deduction must include E. below E. Tax Credit for Estate Tax Paid to Foreign Country SECTION 87 (go back to discussion on Sec 85 par D) EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN ACQUISITION AND TRANSMISSIONS (as discussed, exempt) 1. Merger of usufruct in the owner of the naked title; 2. transmission or delivery of the inheritance or legacy by the fiduciary heir or legatee to the fideicommissary; 3. transmission from the first heir, legatee or legacy donee in favor of another beneficiary, in accordance with the desire of the predecessor; 4. All bequest, devises, legacies or transfers to (1) social welfare (2) cultural and (3) charitable institution Requirements: 1.no part of the net income insures to the benefit of any individual; 2.not more than 30% of donation (BDL) shall be used by such institutions for administration purposes. Q: Why is it that when more than 30%, it is no longer a deduction? A: The very purpose for which the property has been donated, that it will be for charitable, social welfare and cultural, will be rendered meaningless or negatory SECTION 88 DETERMINATION OF THE VALUE OF THE ESTATE Q: How to determine the usufruct (sec 88 par A) A: It is based on the BASIC STANDARD MORALITY TABLE being used in the United States Q: Due to the merger with the owner of the usufruct is exempt, how come the value will be determined? A: The value of the usufruct shall be determined for the purpose of imposition of the estate tax ( Sec 88 par k) A.Usufruct
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Q:When is the notice required to be filed? A: 1. all cases of transfer subject to tax 2.although exempt, when gross values of the estate exceeds P200,000 Q: When filed? A: within two (2) months 1. after decedents death 2. same period after qualifying as executor or administrator give a written notice Q: If the Net Estate is at least P17,000 will you in form the commissioner? A: yes, the gross is at least 3-4 million Q: Why? A: The gross will have: 1. The STANDARD DEDUCTION OF 1M 2. The deduction of the FAMILY HOME 1M 3. Where the GROSS value of the decedent belongs to par A (2M) the net estate would be Php0.00 SECTION 90 ESTATES TAX RETURNS Q: When required to file return? A: 1. all cases of transfer subject to tax 2. even though exempt, gross value of the estate exceeds P200,000 3. regardless of gross value of the estate, when the same consists of registered or registrable prop such as: 1.real property 2.motor vehicle 3. shares of stocks 4. other similar property where clearance from BIR necessary for transfer of ownership in the name of the transferee return must set forth the following: 1.value of the gross estate at time of death 2.deductions allowed 3.information necessary to establish correct taxes Q: What if Estate is exempt because it is of minimal value (200,000 and below:Sec 84), is it required to file a return? A: General Rule: No Exception: a. gross value exceeds P200,000 b.estate contains registrable property Q: what if the gross value is below 200,000? A: General Rule: Filing is not required, EXCEPT if the property involved constitute resgistrable
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city or municipality in which decedent was domiciled at the time of his death Q: What if non resident? A: NR with no legal residence here, with the office of the commissioner. Q: Let us say there are 3 compulsory heirs, namely A, B, and C. A renounces his inheritance coming from the parents, but A renounces his inheritance in favor of his 2 siblings, brother and sister B and C. Is this subject to donors tax? A: NO. It is exempt. Q: But if in the given example, A said I am renouncing my inheritance, but I am giving it to my sister B, is this subject to donors tax? A: YES. Renunciation is to the disadvantage of the brother. SECTION 92 DISCHARGE OF THE EXECUTOR or ADMINISTRATOR Q: If you want to be relieved from liability as an executor/administrator? A: 1. File a written application with the BIR stating that you want to be absolved from the liability to be done within 1 year a. If there has been a RETURN filed Must be done within 1 year from the time the reurn has been filed b. If RETURN has not been filed The 1 year should be counted fron the filing of the written application SECTION 93 DEFICIENCY ASSESSMENT Deficiency amount which the estate tax exceeds the amount shown in the return, no amount was shown or if there is no return, the amount by which the tax exceeds the amounts previously assessed Where the taxpayer shall receive a notice of assessment These 3 provisions say that if you file the reurn and pay the tax, but the tax is not enough, you are going to receive an assessment, again OR If you filed the return but did not pay the tax OR you did not file the return nor paid the tax: o INCOME TAX (sec 58 par B) o ESTATE TAX (Sec 93) o Donors Tax ( sec 104, last portion)
MARCOS vs. SANDIGANBAYAN (273 SCRA 47) F: BIR to collect estate tax but the estate is under judicial settlement. Is it necessary for the BIR to ask permission from the RTC judge holding the case. H: NO. The function of the judge in the judicial settlement is different from the function of the BIR. The judge shall partition the property and the BIR to collect the tax SECTION 95 Persons obliged to Notify the BIR Q: Who are these persons obliged to notify the BIR in case they encounter execution of documents, certain acts or transactions which will reveal the payment of estate tax? A: 1.an attorney who executed the extrajudicial partition or a judicial settlement where he was obliged to file a petition or pleading with the court; 2. A notary public who notarized the the settlement of estate whether judicial or extrajudicial 3.The city provincial engineer who made the cadastral survey for purposes of partition Section 96 Restitution If after payment, new obligations of the decedent appears, upon satisfaction of which, they shall have the right to restitution of the proportional part of the tax paid. SECTION 97 Decedents Bank Accounts Incidentally, in section 94, before the judge shall distribute the property, the judge should secure the certification of payment of estate tax. The proof to be presented here by the parties is not the estate tax received, that is not enough, the law says certificate of payment
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of tax, which mean to say, you have to present the receipt. RECEIPT= the certification in the nature of an affidavit signed by the BIR officer that indeed the tax has been paid. (relate to sec. 94) Q: Is there an instance that the executor, administrator or heir can withdraw without the certificate of payment or even without the payment of estate tax? A: The law says you are allowed to withdraw money not exceeding 30K. (before it was 20K) Q: What if the bank account is a checking account? A: There is a remedy although it is illegal and immoral. Text me if you want to know DONORS TAX SECTION 98 Imposition of Tax (A) There shall be levied, assessed, collected and paid upon the transfer by any person, resident or nonresident, of the property by gift, a tax, computed as provided in Section 99. (B) The tax shall apply whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect, and whether the property is real or personal, tangible or intangible. Q: What is the formula? A GROSS GIFT (SEC98 par B) - DEDUCTIONS (SEC 101, par A & B) ============== NET GIFT (TAXABLE GIFT) X RATE (1ST 100,000 is exempt) ============== TAXABLE NET GIFT - TAX CREDIT (if any) ============== DONORs TAX Q: What are the tax credits possible 1. Sec 101, par C Donors tax paid to a foreign country 2. Sec 110 par B, last phrase Input tax under the VAT system where it may be claimed against any of the internal revenue tax 3. Sec 204 (Tax Credit Certificate) Tax credit may be claimed against any internal revenue tax except withholding tax SECTION 99 Rates of Tax Payable by Donor. (A) In General. - The tax for each calendar year shall be computed on the basis of the total net gifts made during the calendar year in accordance with the following schedule. If the net gift is: OVER BUT NOT TAX PLU EXCESS OVER SHALL BE S OF
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44,000 8% 1,000,000 204,000 10% 3,000,000 404,000 12% 5,000,000 1,004,000 15% 10,000,00 0
Note: Sec 99 A and Sec 103 par A1 The understanding of the splitting method of filing a donors tax return and the cumulative way of filing the return Under the tax code, it is only the two rated gift in one calendar year, that is the cumulative In RR 2-2003: Under the estate tax, there is no such thing as cumulative or splitting, that is not so true in donors tax Q: What is the reason why there is cumulative or splitting? A: In donors tax, there are two rates (Sec 99 par B) 1. The fluctuation rates from 2 to 15 if the degree is a relative; 2. The flat rate of 30% if the done is a stranger Generally, for donations made to relatives, the cumulative mode is relevant. However, by way of exception, when the amount of donation is 10M and above, the cumulative method is no longer relevant since in that cae, the rate applicable is 15%, hence it is as if the rate is fixed.
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In January 2005, you made a donation to a relative to which the tax should be paid within 30 days, so you paid 8,000; May 2005 you made another donation, what do you include? A: You have to include the value of the property on the donation made in January 2005 because both donations were made in the same calendar year If after computing, it says there 24,000, are we going to pay the 24,000? A: NO, you will only pay 16,000 because we have previously paid 8,000 already SQ: Sir, anong Kalokohan ba yan? NO, hindi ito kalokohan because the rate of the tax will be increased as the value of the property donated increases because the 2 donations were cumulative. SECTION 99B STRANGER (B) Tax Payable by Donor if Donee is a Stranger. - When the donee or beneficiary is stranger, the tax payable by the donor shall be thirty percent (30%) of the net gifts. For the purpose of this tax, a "stranger", is a person who is not a: (1) Brother, sister (whether by whole or halfblood), spouse, ancestor and lineal descendant; or (2) Relative by consanguinity in the collateral line within the fourth degree of relationship. It does not follow; you cannot do that because the donors tax that should be paid is a flat rate of 30% Q: A donation was made on December 27, 1994d, several days thereafter on Janary 3, 1995, another donation was made, the done is the SON; now the BIR examiner said, since the donation was made between several days only, why not include the value of the property you have donated on December 27, 1994 to this donation on January 3, 1995. Is the examiner correct? A: NO, where the donation were made in different years, you cannot apply the cumulative whether the done is a relative or not (RR 2-2003) The donation was made through splitting, one was mad 12/27/2000, the second one was made 1/3/2001. After division, the net gift for each donation wer exactly 100K each (net gift divided into 2). Do you now say that the
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4. It should be only either of the two depending upon the motive or intent of the transferor ESTATE TAX- motive is impending death DONORs TAX- motive is generosity or kindness 2002 and 2009 Bar Question: What are the properties which may be the subject of a transfer for less than the adequate consideration where the applicable transfer tax shall be donors tax? A: Any kind of property, real, personal, intangible or tangible) provided it is not the one mentioned in Sec 24 par D1 ( real property located in the Philippines which is a capital asset) Q: How about that stated in Sec 85 par G? Any kind of property also provided it is the one mentioned in sec 85 par B, transfer in contemplation of death, C (revocable transfer) and D (property passing under the general power of appointment) Q: How about the defense of Bona Fide Sale in good faith? A: This is a defense only for sec 85 par G and not a defense for Sec 100 because nothing is mentioned. SECTION 101 Exemption of Certain Gifts The following gifts or donations shall be exempt from the tax provided for in this Chapter: (A) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Resident. In this section, we have to determine if the donor belongs to Paragraph A or B. Q: Who are the six persons liable to pay donors tax Taxpayer Sectio Check n Resident Citizen 101 par A Resident Alien 101 par A Domestic Corporation 101 PD 1457 par A Nonresident 101 86 par A Corporation par A Nonresident Alien 101 par B Foreign Corporation 101
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agencies which is not conducted for profit, or to any political subdivision of the said Government; and Note:: Donee is the National Government, Political Subdivisions and the Agencies and Instrumentalities NOT CONDUCTED FOR PROFIT Under Sec 86 A3 it says there exclusively for public purpose SAME RULES APPLY, hence, EXEMPT SECTION 101 par A3 (2) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or charitable, religious, cultural or social welfare corporation, institution, accredited nongovernment organization, trust or philanthropic organization or research institution or organization: Provided, however, that not more than thirty percent (30%) of said gifts shall be used by such donee for administration purposes. For the purpose of the exemption, a 'non-profit educational and/or charitable corporation, institution, accredited nongovernment organization, trust or philanthropic organization and/or research institution or organization' is a school, college or university and/or charitable corporation, accredited nongovernment organization, trust or philanthropic organization and/or research institution or organization, incorporated as a nonstock entity, paying no dividends, governed by trustees who receive no compensation, and devoting all its income, whether students' fees or gifts, donation, subsidies or other forms of philanthropy, to the accomplishment and promotion of the purposes enumerated in its Articles of Incorporation. Q: What are the requirements so that the donor may be exempted? 1. Not more than 30% of the property donated shall be used for administrative purposes 2. The done must be NONSTOCK and NONPROFIT 3. Must be governed by trustees who do not receive compensation 4. Done do not distribute any dividend 5. The gross received as income shall only be used in accordance with the purposes embodied in the articles of incorporation SECTION 101 par B
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SECTION 102 Valuation of Gifts Made in Property. - If the gift is made in property, the fair market value thereof at the time of the gift shall be considered the amount of the gift. In case of real property, the provisions of Section 88(B) shall apply to the valuation thereof. Relate to Sec 84 par B In determining the value of the property donated, for purposes of imposition of tax, both estate and donors tax provides for the same procedure for personal as well as real property. They also have common rrules for shares of stock under the revenue regulation, even under the imposition of FIT 6%. When we say the value determined by the CIR or the City assessor whichever is higher. Usually, this is the one chosen by the commissioner known as the Zonal value. SECTION 103 Filing of Return and Payment of Tax. - A) Requirements. - any individual who makes any transfer by gift (except those which, under Section 101, are exempt from the tax provided for in this Chapter) shall, for the purpose of the said tax, make a return under oath in duplicate. The return shall se forth: (1) Each gift made during the calendar year which is to be included in computing net gifts; (2) The deductions claimed and allowable; (3) Any previous net gifts made during the same calendar year; (4) The name of the donee; and (5) Such further information as may be required by rules and regulations made pursuant to law. (B) Time and Place of Filing and Payment. - The return of the donor required in this Section shall be filed within thirty (30) days after the date the gift is made and the tax due thereon shall be paid at the time of filing. Except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, the return shall be filed and the tax paid to an authorized agent bank, the Revenue District Officer, Revenue Collection Officer or duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the donor was domiciled at the time of the transfer, or if there be no legal residence in the Philippines, with the Office of the Commissioner. In the case of gifts made by a nonresident, the return may be filed with the Philippine Embassy or Consulate in the country where he is domiciled at the time of the transfer, or directly with the Office of the Commissioner. NOTE: It simple PAY-as YOU-FILE The law says the tax should be paid within 30 days and the return must be filed within 30 days.
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Value Added Tax (Amended by Republic Act 9337) Q: What is the formula for VAT? A: OUTPUT TAX INPUT TAX ========== VAT Payable SEC. 105. Persons Liable. - Any person who, in the course of trade or business, sells barters, exchanges, leases goods or properties, renders services, and any person who imports goods shall be subject to the valueadded tax (VAT) imposed in Sections 106 to 108 of this Code. The value-added tax is an indirect tax and the amount of tax may be shifted or passed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of the goods, properties or services. This rule shall likewise apply to existing contracts of sale or lease of goods, properties or services at the time of the effectivity of Republic Act No. 7716. The phrase "in the course of trade or business" means the regular conduct or pursuit of a commercial or an economic activity, including transactions incidental thereto, by any person regardless of whether or not the person engaged therein is a nonstock, nonprofit private organization (irrespective of the disposition of its net income and whether or not it sells exclusively to members or their guests), or government entity. The rule of regularity, to the contrary notwithstanding, services as defined in this Code rendered in the Philippines by nonresident foreign persons shall be considered as being course of trade or business. Q: VAT is applicable to what kind of transactions? A: VAT is applicable to the following transactions 1. Sale of Commodities of goods 2. Sale of Services 3. Exportation 4. Importation Q: For VAT to apply, what are the requisites? A: 1. Transactions must be VAT transactions (preceding question) 2. GENERALLY, must be done in the course of trade or business
A: 1. IMPORTATION 2. INCIDENTAL TO BUSINESS 3. TRANSACTIONS DEEMED SALE although ISOLATED ONE 4. SERVICES in the PHILS. BY NRA
TAXATION UNDER THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE: 1. Local Tax 2. Real Property Tax LOCAL TAXATION (186, 187, then go to 151, 128 down) Q: Mayor Binay of Makati ordered the collection of elevator tax (for elevator in the city hall). Is the order of Mayor Binay legally tenable? A: NO. There should always be a tax ordinance after conducting a public hearing. (186) tax ordinance Q: Can BIR collect the tax even in the absence of a revenue regulation? A: YES. Q: Can a province, city, municipality or barangay collect the tax if there is no tax ordinance? A: NO. Q: Why is it that there should be a tax ordinance as required by 186? A: The rationale is not mentioned in 186, but if you read the other provisions of the LGC, you will come to set of conclusions of the reason why there must be a tax ordinance. In most of these provisions, it always say: one-half if the town or municipality shall collect a tax of not exceeding 1% of the gross receipt. TAKE NOTE: There is no exact amount; hence, it is the tax ordinance which will fix the exact amount. public hearing
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In Congress, the requirement is not absolute (by discretion only). Under local taxation (last phrase of 186), the requirement is ABSOLUTE. REYES vs. SECRETARY (320 SCRA 486) F: In the municipality of San Juan (just beside Mandaluyong) there was a tax ordinance passed. Reyes, a resident, claims that there was no public hearing conducted, he maintains that under 186 last phrase, there should always be a public hearing. H: The SC said: yes, that requirement is an absolute one, but since the petitioner failed to produce evidence to support his allegation, if there is no proof presented other than his own statement, we hereby rule that the ordinance was passed in accordance to the procedure mandated by law. While it is true that a public hearing is an absolute requirement, he who alleges, must prove the same. Q: If you dont agree with the validity or the Constitutionality of the tax ordinance, what will be your remedy? A: Within 30 days from the effectivity of the ordinance, the taxpayer should file an appeal with the office of the Secretary of the DOJ (187) REYES vs. SECRETARY (320 SCRA 486) F: Reyes asserted the validity and Constitutionality of the tax ordinance only after the lapse of thirty (30) days (perhaps his lawyer was thinking that an ordinary statute may be contested anytime with the RTC, CA or SC). H: With regard to a tax ordinance, w have a specific rule, failure to assail the validity with the specific period of time, is fatal to the taxpayer. Since it was filed beyond the 30day period, we do not disturb the validity of the ordinance. Q: Within what period should the Sec. of Justice decide? A: Within 60 days from the time the appeal was filed. Failure to decide within this time, the taxpayer has the remedy to file an action with the regular courts. If the decision was made within the 60 day period, and receives the decision, his remedy is to file an appeal within 30days form the receipt of the decision to court of competent jurisdiction RTC.
notice that the Constitutional limitations on taxation do not only apply to the national government but also to local government units. B. Definitions (132) Local Taxing Authority (132) for a province, it is the provincial board or the provincial council (sangguniang panlalawigan) for a city, we have the city council (sangguniang panlusod) for the municipality, we have the municipal council (sangguniang pangbayan)
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C. Common limitations on the taxing power of the LGUs (133) Under the old law this was 5 of the Local Tax Code. Q: Why common? A: Because the limitations or prohibitions apply to all LGUs, the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. Two Common Crimes (under 133) 1. absolute prohibition 2. relative prohibition It shall be unlawful for the LGUs to collect: I. Income Tax EXCEPT when levied on banks and other financing institutions (133(A)) the term other financing institution shall include money changer, lending investor, pawnshop (131(E)) rate of tax: does not mention rate of tax, so long as it is fair, just and reasonable It cannot be prohibited taxation, because the element of imposed by the same taxing power is not present. One is imposed by the national government and the other is by the LGU. II. Documentary Stamp Tax (133(B)) absolute prohibition III. Estate tax, inheritance, donations inter vivos, donations mortis causa EXCEPT in 135 (133(C)) transfer tax on the transfer of realty to be imposed by provinces and cities (135) NOTE: this is not a real estate tax, this is a local tax. IV. Custom duties, charges or fees for the registration of vessels or ships, wharfages fees and wharage dues EXCEPT if the wharf had been established, maintained and operated by the locality (133(D)) wharfage due is a custom fee imposed on the weight of the cargoes. wharf a pier special levy on public works (240) allows provinces cities and municipalities to impose a special real estate tax known as special levy or public works let us say the municipality established a pier for a minimal value of P10M; out of P10M, under 240, 60% of this may be
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relative prohibition because after the period, the LGU concerned may now impose the tax. VIII. Excise tax on articles and tax, fees and charges on petroleum products (133(G)) relative prohibition since under 143(H), it says there that taxes which are prohibited such as excise tax, percentage tax and value added tax nonetheless, the LGU may impose a tax not exceeding 2% of the gross receipt (for cities 3%). My former student an assistant in the city legal attorney in a city in Metro Manila, received a summon from the RTC (on complaint of a supermarket in Metro Manila) questioning the validity of the tax ordinance under 143(H) since the rate imposed was 3% I said, ineng, una file kayo ng motion to dismiss. Nak ng puta, absent ka na naman ata eh, you invoke 151 stating that a city can impose a tax higher than the rate provided for by law not more than 50% of the maximum (50% of the maximum of 2% is 1, therefore, 2+1 is 3%) BULACAN v. CA (299 SCRA 442) *first case decide by the SC which interpreted both the LGC and the NIRC. F: The then governor, Obet Panganiban together with his provincial council passed an ordinance imposing tax on quarrying under the provision of 138 of the LGC. The problem is that the ordinance applies to ALL entities quarrying in the province. One of the taxpayers, Republic Cement obliged to pay the tax, argued that under 138 of the LGC, the tax on quarrying on which the province may be allowed shall only be with regard to quarrying private land, and not only that but under 133(H), there is a prohibition to impose excise tax and tax on quarrying under the IRC is an excise tax. H: The tax on quarrying allowed to provincial governments shall only be with regard to lands which are public lands, and since this is a private tax on quarrying refers to a lot without any distinction. Hence, if the LGC made a qualification as to the kind of land (where it says it should be public land), by implication, it should refer to private land under 151 (although the law did not distinguish); and since it is a tax by the national government, it should be collected by the BIR (not the LGU), and also the SC agreed that it is an excise tax where LGUs are prohibited from collecting; thus, the SC
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City with a distance of more than 100km, one going to Pandacan Oil Depot and the other one is going to Brgy. Bicutan, Taguig. The Batangas City council deemed it necessary to impose a tax on the gross receipt of the 1st holding company for the operation of the oil pipeline, but the operator argued that the oil pipeline is not a common carrier. H: The SC reasoned out like in the case of Pajunar v. Comm (328SCRA666), saying that we have copied the code of carrier law form the US where the definition of a common carrier is one habitually carrying not only individuals or passengers but also goods or commodities, and since the oil pipelines is habitually carrying petroleum products which is a commodity, we rule this as a common carrier which is under 133(J), LGU is prohibited from imposing tax on common carriers, and not only that but under 170 of the LGC, the law is very explicit, that ALL LGUs are prohibited to impose percentage tax on common carriers. With that, the tax ordinance passed was declared null and void for being contrary to law. XI. Premiums on re-insurance (133(K)) absolute prohibition. XII. Tax, fee or charge on registration of motor vehicles and for the issuance of license and permit for driving thereof EXCEPT tricycles. (133(L)) BATUAN CITY v. LTO (322 SCRA 805) I: Which function was delegated to the LGU? The LTO registering motor vehicles or the LTFRB granting franchise and regulation of common carriers? H: Under 133(L), the function of the LTO is prohibited, an therefore what may be delegated to the LGU is the function of LTFRB. XIII. Tax, fee or charge on exportation of products and is actually exported EXCEPT under 143(C) where the LGU is authorized to impose business tax on exportation (133(M)) XIV. Tax, fee or charge on cooperatives duly registered under the cooperative cod (RA 6938) and Business Kalakalan (RA 6810) (133(N)) A cooperative is exempt from local tax, provided it is duly registered with the cooperative code and the cooperative development authority or Business Kalakalan (not kalkalan) XV. Tax, fee or charge over the national government, political subdivisions and agencies and instrumentalities of the government (133(O))
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one, on printing and publication of magazines and periodicals. III. franchise tax (137) The old national franchise tax under the old tax code was already abolished. We still have franchise tax other than this one, known as national franchise tax provided for in the republic act granting franchise. Two kinds of Franchise Tax: 1. local franchise tax (under LGC 137) 2. national franchise tax (provided for in the statute or republic act authorizing the franchise) Q: May LGUs impose local franchise tax? A: We have to consider here many supreme court decisions and also 193 of the LGC. Under 193, it says there unless especially provided for in this code, exemptions granted to natural juridical persons are hereby withdrawn (abolished) EXCEPT: 1. local water districts 2. cooperatives registered under the cooperative code (RA 6938) 3. non-profit and non-stock educational institution. BASCO v. PAGCOR (197 SCRA 52) F: The city council passed a tax ordinance imposing tax on PAGCOR, an agency of the government. PAGCOR objected saying that the local city is prohibited under the old local authority act to impose tax on an agency of the government. H: The SC declared null and void the tax ordinance saying Manila cannot do that. CEBU v. MACTAN (261 SCRA 667) F: Cebu government was trying to collect real estate tax from the Mactan airport (note: real property tax is a territorial tax, meaning it should only be collected within its territorial jurisdiction). Lawyers of Mactan airport argued that under 13(O), Cebu, a LGU, cannot impose tax on an agency of the government, and they also invoked the ruling in BASCO. H: The lawyer of Mactan airport is devoid of any merit at all, it is 100% erroneous since the real estate tax is not a local tax, hence, why invoke a SC ruling and codal provision which
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Cagayan de Oro (because SC decisions are also laws). PLDT v. DAVAO (363 SCRA 750) F: The franchise holders of Smart and Globe are claiming exemptions from the local franchise tax because they are saying that they are holding a franchise which says that it is a franchise enacted by the house of Congress in 1995 which carries with it an exemption form local franchise tax. H: By the very explicit provision of 193, the removal of exemptions granted by different statutes and also by SC decisions applies only to statutes and decided by the SC on or before Jan. 1, 1992, because 193 says upon effectivity of this law. For exemptions covered by 193 therefore, Smart and Globe are authorized to claim exemptions because the statue (RA 7082) was enacted on 1995. IV. tax on sand, resources (138) gravel and other quarry
We are through with that in the case of Bulacan V. professional tax (139) this must be correlated with the tax under 147. NOTE that this is an exemption to the rule that a city may increase the rate of the tax under 151 of the LGC, the increase is not allowed. both 139 and 147 are taxes imposed on persons exercising professional calling. Section 139 are to be imposed by provinces and cities are applicable to workers who must pass a government examination (e.g. engineers, physicians, etc) there is a maximum (P300) NOTE: it is not always 300, since the exact amt must be fixed by Section 147 are to be imposed by municipalities and cities are applicable to persons who are working but are not required to take government examinations It does not provide for any amount, the only requirement is that it must be reasonable
A: The applicable tax is under 143(G) (peddlers tax, one imposed by municipalities and cities. If may dalang sasakyan, yari siya ng province sa tax. NOTE: 135-141, these are taxes that can be imposed by PROVINCES and CITIES. 143-150 are taxes to be imposed by MUNICIPALITIES, which can also be imposed by CITIES. E. Taxes that can either be imposed by Municipalities or Cities I. Business Tax (143(A-H))
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a. manufacturing, repacking, processing, including the manufacturer of permitted liquor and also its dealer b. wholesaling c. exportation d. retailing e. contractors tax f. tax on banking institution and financing institution g. peddlers tax h. the exemption under 133(i) Q: If you have two branches, how business taxes do you have to A: You pay only one business tax (146) many pay?
ILO-ILO BOTTLERS v. ILO-ILO CITY (164 SCRA 607) F: Ilo-ilo Bottlers was already paying a business tax on manufacturing under 143(A) to the city government by virtue of a tax ordinance. Later on, they are obliged to pay by virtue of another tax ordinance imposing business tax on wholesaling. Naturally, Ilo-ilo Bottlers argued, how could it be, if you manufacture, it necessary follows that you sell the commodity so, with the payment of the business tax on manufacturing, it carries with it the business of wholesaling. H: NO, you have to determine the marketing system of the company. If wholesaling is also being done in the place of manufacture, the business tax on wholesaling should no longer be paid it should only be the business tax on manufacturing. But if the marketing system of the company provides that wholesaling shall be done in a separate place (maybe several kilometers away), the manufacturer must still pay the business tax on wholesale because now it could be argued that they have the separate business of wholesaling. Q: On the business of retailing, should the business tax of retailing be imposed by the city or by the municipality OR by the barangay in the city or the barrio in the municipality? A: 143(D) must be correlated with 152, the tax to be imposed by the barangay. It depends: a. city if the gross receipt of the retailer exceeds P50T in a minimum of one year, it is the right and privilege of a city to impose the business tax on retailing. b. barangay
Right now there are only two municipalities: 1. San Juan 2. Pateros III. Professional Tax (147) we are through with that IV. Fees for sealing and licensing of weights and measures (148) V. Fishery rentals, fees and charges (149) F. Situs of Tax (150) The tax referred to in here is the business tax on wholesaling and retailing. Q: RFM is manufacturing commodities, one of them is Swift hotdogs, this is being sold not only in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, but also to the inter country from Batanes to Tawi-tawi. Where should the business tax of wholesaling or the business tax of retailing be paid? Should it be in the principal office (Mandaluyong) or the place where the commodities are sold? A: It will be paid in the place where it had been sold PROVIDED there is a branch office or a sales outlet (150(A)). If it so happens that the company has a factory different from the place where the
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principal office is located 30% should be pain in the principal office and 70% in the municipality or city where the branch is located. PHIL MATCHES v. CEBU (81 SCRA 99) F: Phil Matches were produced in Nagtahan, Manila. In Cebu city, there was a warehouse where the matches were stored. Many of the customers, by way of wholesale in the warehouse in Cebu City, they came from different towns of the Visayan Region. May the business tax ordinance of Cebu be imposed on those transactions even if the buyers did not come from the territorial jurisdiction of Cebu? H: Since in this case the contract booked and paid, meaning, it was negotiated perfected and consummated in the warehouse where it was located in Cebu City, the Cebu City government has the right to collect business tax. Q: What if there is an agreement that commodities would be delivered and that the buyer would be waiting in some other town, is the answer still the same? A: YES, the answer is still the same because delivery to the carrier is delivery to the buyer where delivery has been termed within the territorial jurisdiction of Cebu. SHELL v. CEBUCOT, CAMARINES SUR (105 PHIL 1063) F: The petroleum products were purchased at the motor vehicle traversing the neighboring towns of Cebucot like Bason, Dimalaon, all towns in Camarines Norte. The contract of sale was negotiated and perfected in different municipalities where the motor vehicle of Shell was traveling. H: Although the oil depot was located in Cebucot, the said municipality cannot impose tax on that because the contract of sale was negotiated and perfected in the different nearby towns of Camarines. Q: Is there a conflict with the case of Shell and Phil Matches? A: NONE. As a matter of fact, these two decisions complement each other. G. Taxing Powers of the Barangay (152) Only a minimal sum (fair and reasonable) Power to impose tax:
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he should be stopped. As argue by the SC, it copied the argument of the lawyer (re: Luneta). NOTE: that Res Judicata do not apply here. When the ruling became final an executory in 1993, the North and South Express were totally dismantled and totally destroyed by the DPWH to give way to the final and executory ruling of the Court, that It should no longer be collected. After several months, the government announced in the radio that the party in the case of Padua, mutually agreed that the collection shall be resumed in order to have money for the maintenance and repair of the highway. Exceptions to 155 (collection of toll fees) 1. members of AFP 2. members of the PMP 3. post office personnel delivering mail 4. physically handicapped 5. disabled citizens 65 years and older. I. Community Tax (156)
January 1 Q: What if the tax was only approved in the month of May 2006, do you have to wait until January 2007? A: NO. You have the right to collect that in July 1, because the law is saying that it should be collected in the next succeeding quarter (167) Mayor Binay had a tax ordinance in May, sabi ng mga bata niya: bosing, collect na tayo ng June. Binay: hindi nga pupwede, maghintay pa tayo ng July 1. Q: What if the tax ordinance had been existing for several years already? A: The time of accrual will always be January 1.
In the old days, known as residence tax certificate. Q: If the Filipino is a resident of a foreign country (NRC), is he liable to pay the community tax certificate? A: NO, because the basis of imposition of this tax is whether or not you are an inhabitant of the Philippines. Meaning you are a resident of the Philippines. Q: What about a foreigner residing in the Philippines (RA)? A: YES. You have to pay unless the foreigner is a trans-investor for not more than 3months. This is applied to both natural and juridical persons. Requirements: 1. for a natural person at least 18 years of age 2. for corporations upon registration with the SEC Q: What if you become 18 in the month of January or November or December? A: For those who celebrated their birthday before July 1 (that is up to June 30), they are liable to pay the tax, for this year.
REMEDIES UNDER THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE 1. Remedies of the Government 2. Remedies of the Taxpayer Remedies of the government: 1. Assessment
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1. Normal/Ordinary
assessment and collection Sec. 203, NIRC 2. Abnormal/Extraordinary assessment and collection Sec. 222, NIRC I. Normal/Ordinary assessment and collection There was a return filed and it is not fraudulent and not false II. Abnormal/Extraordinary assessment and collection There was: 1. an omission or failure to file the return; 2. if there was a return filed, it was fraudulent, or; 3. the return was false Q: Is a false and fraudulent return presumed? A: NO, false and fraudulent return is not presumed. The burden of proof to prove that the return was false and fraudulent lies against the government through the BIR. The mere fact that the return is erroneous will not make the return fraudulent, it must be proven by the BIR. Q: Why is it important to know whether the assessment is under normal or abnormal condition? A: It is important to know because the prescriptive period between normal and abnormal assessment differ. Prescriptive Period for Assessment 1. Normal/Ordinary Assessment 3 years from the time the return has been filed (not the payment of the tax) (Sec. 203, NIRC) 3 Ways of filing the return under Sec. 203, NIRC: 1. filed before the deadline (for any tax under NIRC) 2. filed on the date of deadline 3. filed after the deadline 2 Ways of counting the 3 year period of Assessment: 1. if return is filed before or on the day of the deadline, the
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Reasons: (Sababan agrees with the 5 year prescriptive period) Prescriptive period of collection under 1st option on Abnormal Assessment is 5 years from final assessment (Sec. 222, par c, NIRC) 1. under the old code of 1939, 1977, and 1985, if the prescriptive period for collection under abnormal is 3 years, then the prescriptive period for collection under normal is also 3 years. If now a days, it is 5 years in abnormal, the prescriptive period for normal should also be 5 years. 2. to say that there is a prescriptive period for collection under Abnormal and there is none under Normal is too abnormal. It should be the other way around. 2. Abnormal/Extraordinary Collection a. assess and collect 5 years from the final assessment b. collect without assessment through judicial action 10 years from date of discovery of none filing, or false, or fraudulent return. Q: How to apply these periods? A: Annual net income tax return filed by individual using a calendar year. The return should be filed on or before April 15, 2000. It was filed on April 15, 2000. Q Without stating the date of final assessment, can it be collected in 2007? A: Under normal condition, first determine the date of final assessment. If the BIR finally assessed the tax in November 2001, then 2007 is way beyond the 5year period to collect. Count the prescriptive period for collection from the date of final assessment. Q: (same facts) Supposed it was finally assed on March 2003, can it be collected in 2007? A: Yes, because it is within the prescriptive period of 5years. BASILAN v. COMMISSIONER (21 SCRA 17) F: Supposed the notice of assessment was given within the period but it was received by the taxpayer outside the period. I: Whether or not the assessment is within the period of 3 years. H: Yes. It is within the period. If the notice is sent through registered mail, the running of
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5. Upon receipt of FAN, taxpayer may file a protest within 30 days. Q: Is FAN the one appealable to the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)? A: NO. This is because 228, NIRC and RR 12-99 requires the exhaustion of administrative remedy of protest. After the receipt of FAN or formal demand within 30days must file a protest before the office of the commissioner of internal revenue. FORMS OF PROTEST 1. Local Tax (Sec. 125, Local Government Code (LGC)) 2. Real Property Tax (Sec. 252, LGC) 3. Tariff and Customs Code (Sec. 2313, RA 7651) In all protest under the different codes, payment under protest is only necessary under the Real Estate Tax. RR 12-99 If the taxpayer receives 2 final assessments, one under the Net Income Tax (NIT) and the other in VAT. If the taxpayer dont want to file protest under VAT but want to file a protest under NIT. The taxpayer in order to be allowed to file a protest under the NIT must first pay the VAT where he does not intend to file a protest. This is not payment under protest because, payment under protest is the one mentioned in Real Property Tax under Sec. 252, LGC. Under NIRC, Protest is referred to as: 1. disputing of final assessment or 2. file a motion for reconsideration reinvestigation
or
Q: What should be done after filing a protest? A: Count 60days is the period to file the necessary documents and receipts in support of the protest. Q: What is the effect of failure to file the supporting documents? A: Failure to file the necessary and supporting documents within the 60day period, to be counted on the day the protest is filed, the final assessment shall become final and executory. On the 51st day you filed the necessary document, you have to count another period,
YABES v. COMMISSIONER (150 SCRA 278) F: The taxpayer receives a notice of collection while waiting for the decision of his protest. He then filed an appeal with the CTA contending his protest has been denied because he did not receive a decision but
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receive a notice of collection. Simultaneously, the BIR filed before the CFI an ordinary civil action for the collection of sum of money. When the judge of the CFI, was about to conduct the hearing of the case, the taxpayer filed an injunction with the SC to prohibit the judge of the CFI contending that a single cause of action is pending in two courts, one in the CTA and another in CFI. H: Injunction was granted prohibiting the Judge of the CFI and requiring the Judge to transfer the records to the CTA saying that the remedy made by the taxpayer was the correct remedy. Q: Was the appeal made on time? A: Yes, when the BIR filed an ordinary action, the protest is deemed denied. Hence an appeal is a proper remedy. UNION SHIPPING LINES v. COMMISSIONER F: The taxpayer was waiting for the decision of his protest. But instead, he received a notice of collection. Immediately, he filed a Motion for Reconsideration and Clarification asking whether his protest has been denied. The BIR did not reply or answer but instead filed an Ordinary Civil Action before the CFI. When the taxpayer received summons, he did not answer but instead filed an Appeal before the CTA. I: Whether or not the remedy of Appeal was the correct remedy and Whether or not it was filed on time. H: Yes. The remedy of appeal is the correct remedy and the appeal was filed on time. The reckoning period within which to file an appeal is the time the taxpayer received the summons. While an Appeal is pending before the CTA, the CTA will determine: 1. If the decision was made within 180 days, whether the appeal was made within 30 days from the receipt of the said decision, or 2. if there was no decision after the lapse of 180 days, whether the appeal was made within 30 days upon the expiration or the lapse of the 180-day period. Q: Pending appeal with the CTA, can the BIR amend the final assessment? A: 2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: 1. GUERRERO v. COMMISSIONER (19 SCRA 25)
Sec. 252, LGC If the taxpayer receives a Notice of Assessment from municipal, city, or provincial treasurer, the remedy is to file
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a protest but there must be first Payment Under Protest. - This is the only instance where payment under protest is necessary Q: How is payment under protest made? A: At the back of the receipt there will be an annotation that there was a payment under protest within 60days from receipt of the notice of assessment within the same treasurer who issued the assessment. Q: If the treasurer rules against the taxpayer, remedy? A: The remedy is to file an appeal to the Local Board of Assessment within 30days from the receipt of the decision. Q: From the decision of the Local Board of Assessment? A: Appeal should be made to the Central Board of Assessment Appeal. Beginning April 23, 2004, the ruling of the Central Board of Assessment Appeal is no longer final. It can now be appealed to the CTA, sitting en banc. PROTEST UNDER THE TARIFF AND CUSTOMS CODE (TCC) (Sec. 2313, as amended by RA 7651) Formerly, the automatic appeal under the TCC applied only to protest; but now a days, the automatic appeal applies to both protest and forfeiture. For Forfeiture Under the Tariff and Customs Code Refers to the Order of the Collector confiscating the imported goods or commodities Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction If the Collector ordered the forfeiture of the imported commodities the order of the Collector shall be to the exclusion of all government offices and authority. Importer of Chemical, under the TCC, the custom duties is only P27 but the collector says it should be P52. The importer will then file a protest with the Office of the Collector. In the old days, there is an automatic appeal from the decision of the collector under protest. But under RA 7651, the remedy of automatic appeal is applicable to both protest and forfeiture.
III.
If the importer-taxpayer wins the case, the government lose the case, Sec. 2313 of TCC as amended by RA 7651, there shall be an automatic review within 15 days.
Q: Where should the automatic review be made? A: It depends. Publish the value of the commodity. 1. IF P5 MILLION OR MORE AUTOMATIC REVIEW SHALL BE BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPT. OF FINANCE. 2. IF LESS THAN P5 MILLION AUTOMATIC REVIEW SHALL BE BEFORE THE OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER Q: Suppose the commissioner decide or did not decide within 30days, what happens? A: If the commissioner reverses the ruling of the collector, the ruling is final and executory. If the commissioner affirms or did not decide within 30days, there shall be an automatic appeal before the sec. of finance. Q: Between the two which will be appealed to the CTA? A: The decision of the secretary which passes through the office of the commissioner (RA 9282) But not all the decision of the secretary which passes the office of the commissioner affirms or did not decide within 30days and appealed before the secretary of finance will appeal to the CTA be allowed.
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There are 3 instances when the Secretary of Finance renders a decision appealable to the CTA: 1. decision of the Secretary by virtue of automatic review passing through the Commissioner 2. cases of anti-dumping duty, where the anti-dumping duty was ordered by the Secretary 3. decision of the Secretary of Finance on countervening duty. COMPROMISE (Sec. 204, NIRC) 3 Questions asked in 2004 BAR: 1. May the Government compromise criminal cases and civil cases? 2. Supposed the corporation is already dissolved, can the stockholder be obliged to pay? 3. Suppose the civil case filed by the BIR is final and executor, can it be subject to compromise? CAN THERE BE COMPROMISE IN: 1. CIVIL CASES? - YES, IN ANY STAGE OF THE PROCEEDING - EXCEPT WHEN THE CIVIL CASE IS ALREADY FINAL AND EXECUTORY BECAUSE IT WILL BE VIOLATIVE OF THE SEPARATION OF POWERS 2. CRIMINAL CASES? - YES, EXCEPT: a. IF ALREADY FILED IN COURT (RTC) OR; b. IF IT INVOLVES FRAUD 3. IF THE CORPORATION IS ALREADY DISSOLVED, CAN THE STOCKHOLDER BE HELD LIABLE TO PAY TAX? - GENERAL RULE: NO - EXCEPT: a. IF IT IS PROVEN THAT THE ASSETS OF THE COPORATION IS TAKEN BY ONE STOCKHOLDER OR; b. IF THE STOCKHOLDER DID NOT PAY HIS UNPAID SUBSCRIPTION Minimum Amount to be Compromised (Sec. 204) 1. If the ground is financial incapacity of the taxpayer, the minimum shall not be less than 10% of the original assessment. 2. If based on other grounds, the minimum amount shall not be lower than 40% of the original assessment.
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The distraining officer shall make a list of the personal property of the property to be distraint in the presence of the owner of the property or the person in possession of the property. The owner shall be requested to sign the receipt. Q: What if the owner refuses to sign the receipt? A: Sec. 206: The distraining officer shall require 2 individuals within the neighborhood with the warning that they should not allow the taxpayer to dispose, transfer, or sell the property subject of distraint. Grounds for Constructive Distraint (Sec. 206): 1. The taxpayer intends to leave the Philippines 2. The taxpayer leaves the Philippines 3. The taxpayer ceases or retires from business 4. The taxpayer obstructs the collection of the tax. THESE GROUNDS ALSO ANSWER THE QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE TAXABLE PERIOD LESSER THAN 12 MONTHS? 2. Distraint of Intangible Property Limited to 1. 2. 3. 3 Intangible Properties: Shares of stocks Bank accounts Credits and debits
Share of stocks Warrant of distraint furnished to the taxpayer or the officer of the corporation with the warning that the property is subject of distraint and it should not dispose of it. Bank Accounts Warrant of distraint furnished to the taxpayer or the officer of the bank with the warning that the taxpayer should not be allowed to withdraw. Debits and Credits Warrant of distraint furnished to the debtor and creditor 3. Actual Distraint
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Other than the delinquent taxpayer, warrant of levy is served to the register of deeds having jurisdiction over the real property (Sec. 213) Within 10 days from the receipt of the warrant, a report of the levy shall be submitted to the BIR (Sec. 207 (b) last par) Notice of Sale in Public Auction: 1. Posting in 2 conspicuous places 2. Publication in newspaper of general circulation once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Q: Is there a right of pre emption? A: Yes, 213. Q: Is there a right of redemption? A: Yes. 2 Things may happen in a Public Auction: 1. There is a bidder and the bid is enough 2. There is no bidder or the bid is not enough Q: What if there is no bidder or the bid is not enough? A: Forfeiture shall be made (215) 3 Definitions of Forfeiture under the Internal Revenue Code 1. Violation of Excise Tax Law (Sec. 224) 2. If there is no bidder or the bid is not enough (Sec. 215) 3. The order of the Collector to confiscate imported commodities (Sec. 2313, TCC) Relevance of the Choice of Words: Under sec. 212, the law says purchase Under sec. 215, the law says forfeiture under 215: the real property shall be automatically registered in the name of the Government (forfeiture) under 212: the real property is not automatically registered in the name of the Government (purchase) Q: If sold at a private sale, what is the requirement? A: There must be an approval of the Secretary of Finance (216) Q: After sale, if there was deficiency? A: There shall be no further levy, because 215 says that it shall be to the total satisfaction of the taxpayer.
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Q: Do we have the same rule under Local Tax and Real Property Tax? A: NO. Both 173 and 257, the government is always the preferred one. The lien can only be removed by payment of tax, interest and penalty. Sec. 220: approving of filing an ordinary civil action for violation of the internal revenue code The approval must be made Commissioner of Internal Revenue by the
HIZON v. REPUBLIC (320 SCRA 574) F: An ordinary civil action for violation of the tax code was filed in the city of San Fernando. But the filing was only approved by the Revenue Regional Director of Central Luzon. The plaintiff opposed the filing in the court on the ground that it should be approved by the Commissioner and the Revenue RD. H: Sec. 220 should be read with Sec. 7 of the NIRC General Rule: powers and functions of the Commissioner may be delegated but not to a position lower than a Division Chief Under Sec. 7, there are powers which can not be delegated a) Power to recommend to the Secretary of Finance to issue rules and regulation b) Power to decide a case of fist impression c) Power to enter into a compromise agreement d) Power to assign BIR officer in the place of production subject to income tax Since the case does not fall under the prohibited delegation, the filing of the case is legal and tenable. Decision of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) is appealable to CTA. Q: When is a decision of the cir appealable to the Secretary of Finance? A: 4, on matters of interpretation of tax laws. SEC. 223: SUSPENSION OF THE RUNNING OF PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD Q: A Filipino taxpayer went to Canada, after 15years he went back, he is being assessed by
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If a taxpayer is entitled to a written claim for refund but the prescriptive period to claim has lapsed, the taxpayer is allowed to credit his written claim for refund which he failed to recover to his existing tax liability. Computed from; a. Individual counted on the day the tax has been paid 1. paying by way of withholding tax system, the reckoning point is the end of the taxable year. 2. paying by way of installment, reckoning point is the date the last installment is paid. 3. if sold to public auction through distraint or levy, the date the proceeds is applied to the satisfaction of the tax liability. b. Corporation 1. Existing - 1992, *** v. Commissioner (205 SCRA 184) - 1995, Commissioner v. Philam life (244 SCRA 446) - 1998, Commissioner v. CTA (301 SCRA 435) 2. Non-existing - 2001, BPI v. Commissioner (363 SCRA 840) 1. Existing the counting of the prescriptive period is 2 years on the day the annual adjusted return is filed, because it is at that day that the tax liability is known. 2. Non-existing the counting of the prescriptive period should also be reckoned on the day the annual return is filed. But the corporation is no longer required to wait till the taxable period is over to file the return. Upon receipt of a notice from the SEC to dissolve the corporation, within 30 days thereafter, a return should be filed. Q: Suppose there is a supervening event, and the taxpayer was not able to file a written claim of refund within the period? A: Regardless of supervening event, a written claim for refund must be filed within 2years. Q: Suppose the 2 year period is about to expire and there is no decision yet as to your refund? A: Remedy is to file an appeal before the CTA (deemed a denial)
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