Basics - in - Carbonates PPT by CALINE

Carbonate Reservoirs
Best practices in stratigraphy and sedimentology

Bruno CALINE
Universit de Pau et des Pays de lAdour - Master 1re anne Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement
Content
Carbonate = Life Carbonate factory The three parameters of sequence stratigraphy
UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement
Application of two basic principles (1/2)

the principle of actualism James Hutton, 1797 the present is the key to the past
The understanding of physical, chemical and biological processes and the knowledge of present day environments (geomorphology, dynamics) remain the basis for the understanding of former systems.
Ancient versus modern

Aerial photograph of the Canning Basin (Australia) Satellite image of New Caledonia (SW coast)
Devonian carbonates (370 Ma)
1 km
20 km
Ancient versus modern

500 m
0s 1s
The Eye of The Maldives, Atoll of North Male
2s
Miocene buildups (10 Ma) Central Luconia - offshore Malaysia

5
5 km
Application of two basic principles (2/2)

Walthers law - 1890
The vertical succession of facies reflects the lateral association of contemporaneous facies and therefore the paleogeography.
First message
Carbonate = Life
Three famous precursors of Evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamark (1744 1829)

Species transformed themselves with time.
Charles Darwin (1809 1882)

Natural selection removes the less adaptable species.
Georges Cuvier (1764 1832)

Species disappear during global disaster.
8
Stratigraphic chart of geological times
Arab Fm
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

Basic Geochemical Principles in Marine Realm
CO2 (gas)
Air
Seawater
2HCO3-
CO3-- + CO2 + H2O
CO3-- + Ca++
CaCO3
H2O CO2 CaCO3

10
water carbon dioxide solid calcium carbonate
HCO3CO3-Ca++
bicarbonate anion carbonate anion calcium cation
Controls on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation
11
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

Biological conditions that remove CO2 from seawater
CaCO3 during photosynthesis by reduction of CO2
CO2 + H2O Ca++ + HCO3-
[CH2O] + O2 CaCO3 + H+
Phototrophic microbes consumes light energy e.g. cyanobacteria (CYN)
H2O CO2 CaCO3

12
water carbon dioxide solid calcium carbonate
[CH2O] HCO3Ca++
organic molecule = photosynthate bicarbonate anion calcium cation
Microbial carbonates
1 mm
Conophyton Living stromatolites (Bahamas) Modern laminated benthic microbial carbonates
Proterozoic stromatolites (Mauritania) 800 Ma to 1 200 Ma old

from Radadi, Merzeraud, Lapointe
13
Second message
Carbonate factory
14
Carbonate factory: the 3 S rule!
SEA (warm & clear)
SUN
CARBONATE FACTORY
SHALLOW
15
Average temperature of ocean surface
(C) 0
10
15
20
25
30
16
Global distribution of modern carbonate factories
from BOSENCE & WILSON, 2003

17
Distribution of late Cretaceous carbonate factories
Red lines indicate the subtropical zone of major carbonate platform growth from BOSENCE & WILSON, 2003
18
Geometry of carbonate platforms
Sea Level
from JAMES and KENDALL, 1992
19
Rimmed and unrimmed platform
20
Carbonate frame builder
30 cm
Bahamas
21
Carbonate frame builder
30 cm
Bahamas
22
Production of clean carbonate sand
20 km
Bahamas, Eleuthera island

from SPOT IMAGE, 1989
23
1 km
Bahamas, Eleuthera island
24
Bahamas, Joutler Cay

25

Medium / Well Sorted Medium / Moderately Sorted
Fine / Moderately Sorted
Coarse / Moderately Sorted
Bahamas, oolite sand

26
UPPA - Master 1
re
from Eberli, CSL, 2005 anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement
1 cm
1 mm
Bahamas, oolite sand

27
Production of carbonate muddy sand
1 km
Bahamas islands - tidal flats and channels

28
Production of carbonate muddy sand
10 cm
Bahamas - green algae meadow

29
Production of carbonate mud
1 km
Bahamas, Andros Island - tidal flats and channels

30
Production of carbonate mud
Bahamas, Andros Island - Supratidal environment and shallow core

31
Types of depositional and diagenetic texture
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
500m
Crystalline Sucrose
Non-preserved depositional texture
Rudstone
> 10% gravelsize grains (>2mm) Grain supported Lacks mud
Grainstone
Packstone
Wackestone
Mudstone
Sand-size grains (<2mm) Grain supported Lacks mud
Sand-size grains (<2mm) Grain supported Muddy matrix
>10% of floating sand-size grains (<2mm) Mud supported
<10% of floating sand-size grains (<2mm) Mud supported
carbonate mud pore
sand-size carbonate particle gravel-size carbonate particle
DUNHAM, 1963
dolomite crystals
32
Texture : Mudstone
1 mm
33
Texture : Skeletal Wackestone
1 mm
1 mm
34
Texture : Skeletal Packstone
250 m
35
Texture : Skeletal Grainstone
1 mm
250 m
36
Texture : Peloidal and oolitic Grainstone
500 m
500 m
37
Texture : Crystalline / sucrose dolomite

500m
250 m
38
Third message
The 3 parameters of Sequence Stratigraphy
39
Concepts and correlation strategies
40
from Homewood et al., 2000 UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement
Key parameters of carbonate stratigraphy
SEDIMENTATION RATE STRATIGRAPHIC ARCHITECTURE
EUSTASY
TECTONIC SUBSIDENCE & UPLIFT
41
Key parameters of carbonate stratigraphy
Practical exercise on 1D stratigraphic simulation
interplay between sedimentation erosion early diagenesis
42
Stratigraphic architecture - summary
from Homewood et al., 2000

43
Isolated rimmed platform under humid climate

lowstand system tract
from Handford & Loucks, 1993

44

transgressive system tract

45

highstand system tract

46
Stratigraphic and depositional models

Lowstand System Tract Highstand System Tract
Transgressive System Tract

47

Schematic cross-section

48
Carbonate versus clastic sequence models
49

Basics - in - Carbonates PPT by CALINE

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Carbonate Reservoirs

Best practices in stratigraphy and sedimentology

Carbonate = Life Carbonate factory The three parameters of sequence stratigraphy

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Application of two basic principles (1/2)

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Ancient versus modern

Devonian carbonates (370 Ma)

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Ancient versus modern

The Eye of The Maldives, Atoll of North Male

Miocene buildups (10 Ma) Central Luconia - offshore Malaysia

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Application of two basic principles (2/2)

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Three famous precursors of Evolution

Jean-Baptiste Lamark (1744 1829)

Charles Darwin (1809 1882)

Georges Cuvier (1764 1832)

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Stratigraphic chart of geological times

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

CO3-- + CO2 + H2O

H2O CO2 CaCO3

water carbon dioxide solid calcium carbonate

bicarbonate anion carbonate anion calcium cation

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Controls on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

CO2 + H2O Ca++ + HCO3-

Phototrophic microbes consumes light energy e.g. cyanobacteria (CYN)

H2O CO2 CaCO3

water carbon dioxide solid calcium carbonate

organic molecule = photosynthate bicarbonate anion calcium cation

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Conophyton Living stromatolites (Bahamas) Modern laminated benthic microbial carbonates

Proterozoic stromatolites (Mauritania) 800 Ma to 1 200 Ma old

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Carbonate factory: the 3 S rule!

SEA (warm & clear)

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Average temperature of ocean surface

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Global distribution of modern carbonate factories

from BOSENCE & WILSON, 2003

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Distribution of late Cretaceous carbonate factories

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Geometry of carbonate platforms

from JAMES and KENDALL, 1992

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Rimmed and unrimmed platform

from JAMES and KENDALL, 1992

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Carbonate frame builder

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Carbonate frame builder

UPPA - Master 1re anne - Gnie ptrolier: Exploration gophysique et gisement

Production of clean carbonate sand