Calculation of Pressure Drop for a

hilly terrain pipeline using Beggs &

Brill correlation



By

Oba Fred Ajubolaka
G2011/MENG/PNG/FT/846

Abiodun Benjamin Odunayo
G2010/MENG/PNG/FT/804


MULTIPHASE FLOW IN PIPES

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM & GAS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

AUGUST, 2012
&
Project Data:

D / STB q 7140
0
=
D / mmcf . q
g
7 25 =
70 0.
g
= API . = = 40 83 0
0

. in d 12 =
R F T ., Ave = = 550 90
psia P 425 =
Divide Pipeline into two sections

Section 1: Rises 300ft., in one mile(5280 ft.)
Section 2: Drops 300ft., in 3000ft.,
Solution
Section 1
1.0 Estimate Average Pressure,
let,

2.0 Determine fluid properties from relevant
correlation at 410psia and 90F

Determine from:



psi P 30 = A
P
2
P
P P
A
=
psia / 410 2 30 425 = =
s
R
( )
2048 1
00091 0
0125 0
10
10
18
.
t .
API .
g s
P
R
(
(
(

Where, t=90F , API = 40, P =410 psia

. STB / scf . ) . ( . R
s
70 96 1468 138 70 0 = =
2 1
25 1
00012 0 9759 0
.
t .
s
R o
o
g . . B
(
(
(
(
(

+ =
+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

Where, R
s
=96.70scf/STB, t= 90F

Bo =1.0457Bbl/STB
Determine B
o
from the correlation below:
Z-Factor determination
using standing & katz correlation

g g
. . pc
P
5 37 0 15 667 + =
g g
. pc
T
5 12 325 168 + =
psia . pc
P
75 503 =
R . pc
T
= 28 394
pc
P
P
pr
P
=
81 0
75 503
410
.
.
= =
pc
T
T
pr
T
=
40 1
28 394
550
.
.
= =
But, z = (Ppr, Tpr) = 0.93
Determination of oil viscosity,
o

(d) Using the following correlations:
| |
( )
| |
cp .
R . b
R .
t
x
o
o
g
od
.
s
b
od
.
s
.
. .
x
57 3
150 44 5
100 715 10
10
1 10
338 0
515 0
163 1
02023 0324 3
=
+ =
(

+ =
=
=

Where, t = 90F, Rs =96.70scf/stb and

70 0.
g
=
Determine gas viscosity,
g

(e) First we determine
g



Using Lee et al Correlation
3
52 1
550 93 0
410 70 0 7 2
7 2
ft / Ibm .
.
. .
zT
.
P
g
g
=

= =

( )
( )
cp . g
g
g
.
g
. g
K g
. X . . Y
. M .
T
. X
.
T M
T M . .
K
mol Ibm / Ibm . M
g
Y
.
g
X
Exp
01155 0
5 1
97 28
10
30 1 2 0 4 2
50 5 01 0
986
5 3
53 110
19 209
02 0 4 9
28 20
4 62
4
=
=
=
= =
= +
(

+ =
=
+ +
+
=
=
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

Determine surface tension

o
and Bg
(f) From the plot of Baker and Swerdloff at 40API


Correction factor of 70% ,
o
will be:


Bg is determined from z-factor, average pressure and
temperature:
cm / dynes
od
28 = o
cm / dynes . % dynes
o
19 70 0 28 70 28 = = = o
scf / ft .
. .
p
zT .
B
g
3
0353 0
410
550 93 0 0283 0 0283 0
=

= =
3.0 Determine flowrates & Densities
(g) Gas density,


(h) Oil density,


(i) Oil flowrate,


(j) Gas flowrate,







3
52 1
550 93 0
410 70 0 7 2
7 2
ft / Ibm .
.
. .
zT
.
P g
g
=

= =

3
36 50
615 5
076 0 350
ft / Ibm ,
B .
R .
o
g s o
o
=
+
=

s / ft .
. B q
q
o o
o
3
4852 0
86400
615 5
=

=
s / ft .
B q q
q
g R
s o g
g
3
218 10
86400
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
4.0 Determine superficial velocities
( )
s / ft .
.
d
q
A
q
V
o
p
o
sl
618 0
1
4852 0 4 4
2 2
=

= = =
t
t
( )
s / ft .
.
d
q
A
q
V
g
p
g
sg
009 13
1
218 10 4
4
2 2
=

= = =
t
t
Superficial velocity of liquid:
Superficial velocity of gas:
s / ft . . . V V V
sg sl m
627 13 009 13 618 0 = + = + =
Mixture velocity:
5.0 Determine flow pattern
No slip liquid holdup,

Froude Number,

Liquid Velocity Number,

Modified Flow pattern equations:






0454 0
627 13
618 0
.
.
.
V
V
m
sl
l
= = =
( )( )
77 5
1 174 32
627 13
2 2
.
.
.
gd
V
N
m
Fr
= = =
( )( ) 52 1 516 1
6 19
36 50
618 0 938 1 938 1
25 0
25 0
. .
.
.
. . V . N
.
.
o
o
sl lv
~ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o

( ) 20 124 0454 0 316 316

302 0 302 0
1
. . L
. .
l
= = =
8 738 6
4
452 1
3
468 2
10 59 5 5 0
91 8 10 0
91 1 000925 0
2
= =
= =
= =

. . L
. . L
. . L
.
l
.
l
.
l

Flow Pattern
Since, ,
Flow pattern is Transition: transition pattern is between
segregated and intermittent flow pattern
01 0.
l
>
3 2
L N L
Fr
s s
6.0 Determine H
L
for Segregated &
Intermittent flow patterns
Segregated Pattern Calculation:

( )
( )( )
( )
188 0
57 5
0454 0 980 0
0868 0
4846 0
0
.
.
. .
N
a
H
.
.
b
l
Fr
L
= = =

300ft
5280ft
3000ft

2

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

71 5
3000
300
25 3
5280
300
1
2
1
1
. tan
. tan
u
u
Fig. 1.1 Schematic of the Pipeline as it rises and drops
Segregated H
L
Determination (contd)
( ) ( )
+ =
0
1
L L
H H
u
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2935 0 561 1 188 0
561 1
523 5
011 0
0 1
8 1 333 0 8 1 0 1
0
1
1
3
1
. . . H H
.
. c
. e
N N e ln . C
. sin . . sin c .
L seg L
h
Fr
g
lv
f
l
l
= = + =
= +
=
=
(

=
(

+ = +
u

u u
7680 3. f =
5390 3. g =
6140 1. h =
Determine H
L
for Intermittent flow
patterns
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
159 0 0124 1 1 1567 0
0124 1
1216 0
960 2
0 1
1567 0
77 5
0454 0 845 0
0
1
0
1
0
0173 0
5351 0
. . . . H H
.
. c
. e
N N e ln . C
H H
.
.
. .
N
a
H
L er int L
L ermittent int L
L
h
Fr
g
Lv
f
L
L
l
.
.
c
Fr
b
L
l
= = + =
= +
=
=
(

=
+ =
= = =
u
u

3050 0. f = 4473 0. g =
0978 0. h =
H
L
for Transitional flow pattern
Determine, A from:

( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
2193 0
159 0 4486 1 2935 0 4486 0
1
4486 0
91 1 91 8
77 5 91 8
1
1
1 1
1
2 3
3
. H
. . . . H
H A AH H
. A
. .
. .
N N
N N
A
trans L
trans L
. Int L . seg L
trans
L
Fr
=
+ =
+ =
=

=
u
u
u u
u
7.0 Determine Actual & Non slip denties
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
. ft / Ibm .
. . . .
. ft / Ibm .
. . . .
H H
ns
ns
L g L L ns
s
s
L g L L s
3
3
74 3
0454 0 1 52 1 0454 0 36 50
1
23 12
2193 0 1 52 1 2193 0 36 50
1
=
+ =
+ =
=
+ =
+ =

8.0 Determine the friction factor,
tp.
Determine N
re.,

n
, and
n
:

( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )( )
( ) ) chart moody ( . N f f
) assumption ( oooo . o d / e
.
. .
N
cp .
. . . .
d V
N
d / e ,
.
g
n
Re n
Re
n
n
L L L n
m ns
Re
02 0
6
10 38 4
1 627 13 74 3
1488
173 0
0454 0 1 01155 0 0454 0 57 3
1
1488
5
173 0
= =
=
= =
=
+ =
+ =
=

Determine the friction factor,

tp
.(Contd)
Determine y, s and
tp
:

( )
| |
( ) ( )
02548 0
02 0 274 1 274 1
274 1
242 0
01853 0 8725 0 182 3 0523 0
944 0
2193 0
0454 0
242 0
4 2
2 2
1
. f
. . fn . f
. e e
f
f
. s
y ln . y ln . y ln . .
y ln
s
.
.
.
H
y
tp
tp
n
tp
L
L
. s
Trans
=
= =
= = =
=
+ +
=
= =
(

=
u

9.0 Determine Pressure Gradient

( )( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
. ft / psi .
dL
dP
.
. sin . .
.
. . .
dL
dP
g
sin g
d g
V ftp
dL
dP
,
dL
dP
dL
dP
dL
dP
dL
dP
dL
dP
T
T
T
. acc
. acc el f T
c
s
c
m ns
00672 0
174 32
25 3 174 32 23 12
1 174 32 2
627 13 74 3 02548 0
2
0
2
1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
u
10.0 Determine uphill Pressure Drop, P
For an horizontal distance of 0ne mile(5280ft.)
Pressure drop will be:

psi . P
. ft
. ft
psi
. L
dL
dP
P
T
48 35
5280 00672 0
= A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
Section 2 of Pipeline
Fluid properties have been determined at average
Pressure of 410psia and Temperature of 90F. So we
continue to with these properties for downhill
calculations.
We shall proceed to determining the Liquid holdups
for
segregated and intermittent flow patterns and there
after
determine the transition holdup.
From that point we can determine the two phase
Friction factor and move on to compute the pressure
drop
for the downhill segment.
Determine Liquid Holdup for Segregated flow
pattern


( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1292 0
6874 0 188 0
6874 0
8 1 333 0 8 1 0 1
7706 1
700 4
1
188 0
71 5
3000
300
2
0
2
0
0
2
2
3
2
1
2
. H
. . H H
.
. sin . . sin c .
. c
. e
N N e ln c
. H
. tan
H H
seg
L
L
seg
L
L
L
seg
L
h
Fr
g
Lv
f
L
L
=
= + =
= +
(

+ = +
=
=
(

=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

u
u
u
u u

u
3692 0. f = 1244 0. g =
5056 0. h =
Determine Liquid holdup for Intermittent flow
pattern.
We have already determined Holdup for Intermittent
flow
pattern, H
L(0)
= 0.1567 in the uphill segment of pipeline
and is the same for both segregated and
intermittent flow patterns in downhill. Hence,



7706 1. c =
6874 0. = +
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
1173 0
1077 0 4486 0 1 1292 0 4486 0
1
1077 0 6874 0 1567 0
2
2
2 2 2
2
0
2
. H
. . . . H
H A AH H
. . . H
H H
Trans L
Trans L
. int L seg L Trans L
. int L
L . int L
=
+ =
+ =
= =
+ =
u
u
u u u
u
u
Determine actual density of fluid on downhill
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
3
25 7
1173 0 1 52 1 1173 0 36 50
1
ft / Ibm .
. . . .
H H
s
s
L g L L s
=
+ =
+ =

Determine 2-phase friction factor
( )
( )
| |
30 3
1173 0
0454 0
02 0
00006 0
10 38 4
2 2
2
5
.
.
.
H
L
y
. d / e , N f fn
pipe smooth . d / e
ed min er det already . N
. Tr L
Re
Re
= = =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u

( ) ( ) ( )
032 0 02 0 60 1 60 1
60 1
4699 0
01853 0 8725 0 182 3 0523 0
4699 0
4 2
. . . f . f
. e e
f
f
. s
y ln . y ln . y ln . .
y ln
s
n tp
. s
n
tp
= = =
= = =
=
+ +
=
Determine Pressure gradient
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
ft / psi . ft / psf . . .
dL
dP
.
. sin . .
.
. . .
dL
dP
g
. sin g
d g
V f
dL
dP
dL
dP
dL
dP
dL
dP
dL
dP
T
T
c c
m
T
. acc el f T
s
ns tp
002611 0 376 0 721 0 345 0
174 32
71 5 174 32 25 7
1 174 32 2
627 13 74 3 032 0
71 5
2
2
2
= = + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

Determine Pressure Drop

For an horizontal distance, L=3,000ft.







psi . P
psi . P
ft ,
ft
psi
. P
L
dL
dP
P
T
83 7
3000 002611 0
000 3 002611 0
= A
= A
= A

|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
Total Pressure drop for both uphill & downhill
psi P
psi . . P
P P P
T
T
downhill uphill T
43
43 83 7 48 35
= A
= + = A
A + A = A
The Beggs and Brill Correlation is iterative. The calculated pressure
drop is not equal to the estimated pressure drop, hence, the calculated
pressure becomes our new estimated pressure drop and process is
repeated to achieved the condition where, estimated pressure drop
equals calculated pressure drop.