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zhwA zfbliCBG uDhb lfb jvh hQ kfslv jsmGv swa icvfv kfslvsj
ialfb jvh. (nCvf bfrt 97 zfqfk)
zfncb ! zfmvf pfvf LbD, kfvf zffrv rj zflfq jvfv mfLAsm n{jmG jsv

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skfv lvlftfsb j]fsl HcJf rfufsvf mcndtm,
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nq skfv nIt rsh ifdh sv bfufk..
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pfjfskv hltfsk ifdh shsrD nWofk..

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rq.
pfjfk Ivp rq mfq hQ kfv dhfdvk dhhvB zhkDBG rq mlDbfq.
pfjfk ntfsmv 3bQ vjXb. jstmf zk}iv bfmfp, zfv bfmfspv isv rt
pfjfskv mfb. jcvzfb mfuDsl bfmfspv ifwfifdw pfjfksj iafq 82 ufqofq
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4 n=;y (#=ys n429$# (#s?#uu n4n=9$# (#$s%r&u (#/$s? *s

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4 n4x.9$# (#?u n4n=9$# (#)u u!$xum te$!$# &s! t= !$# (#6u9 ) (#& !$tu

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mrfbhD hstb, ntfsmv hcdbqfl rt i]fyde; (1) nf[A slWqf sp,

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iv pfvf pfjfk Wqfsuh rWqfsj znDjfv jsv kfslv hAfifsv dhLfb
zbAfbA jfsIvslv hAfifsv sp dhLfb zfsY dEj kfv zbcvi; Wslv njtsj
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zKGf{, kfvf ufrffm sKsj shv rsk yfsh dj kfvf shv rsk ifvsh bf,
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djkfh W ncfrsk dhNsq zfsvf zbAfbA h ltDt vsqsY.
(IfkfWqf mcdrmfr kfkfzffjc dhpXpfjfk, wfqJ hsb hfp, 5-7 ix})

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zKGf{, zffr nClsj dbdyr jsvb hQ lfbsj hxd slb. (nCvf hfjfvfr 276 zfqfk)
i Fs?#u !$tu ( !$# y (#/t s $9$# ur& (#u/zj9 $\/h i Fs?#u !$tu
t9$# y7s9''s !$# t_u ? ;4x.y

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zfhc vfvf iamcJf{ hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstsYb, sp hAd (kfv)
ShL ifsq ifduGk zKG sKsj jde sJucv idvmfBW djYc lfb jsv - zfv
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zffr Ffb rfsk oarB jsvb. zk}iv kf hAdv ubA tftb-iftb jsvb
spmb skfmfslv sj kfv zw-wfhjsj tftb-iftb jsv Kfsj. idvswsN kf
ifrfsVv mk rsq pfq. (hcJfvD1410bQ, mcndtm 1014bQ)
2. pfjfk zflfsqv mfsU mcndtmslv nfmfduj hb nclxP rq.
3. pfjfsk idhkf tfH rq. kfsk spmb mft idh rq, skmdb idh rq
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Wslvsj idh jvsh hQ idvswfdLk jvsh. (nCvf kfWhfr 103 zfqfk)
4. pfjfk zflfq dlst mfstv njt iajfv [dk sKsj svrf ifWqf pfq.
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jsv slq, sn hAdv dbje sKsj kfv zdb lCv rsq pfq. (kfhfvfbDv zfWnfk,
hsb Jcpfmfr, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 740bQ)

5. pfjfk zflfq dlst mfst hvjk zfsn, zffrv kvI sKsj mft hxd
sisk Kfsj. mrfb zffr hstb,
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zKGf{, skfmvf pf djYc hAq jvsh, dkdb kfv dhdbmq lfb jvshb. zfv dkdb
swa vpDlfkf. (nCvf nfhf 39 zfqfk)
zfhc vfvf jkxGj hdBGk, bhD hstb hflf iakAr iaHfsk ibDk

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kcdm jxiBsj LQn lfW. (hcJfvD1442 bQ, mcndtm 1010 bQ)
zfhc vfvf rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
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9. pfjfk ialfsbv Ist nmfsuv zHfhoa mfbcNslv zHfh zsbjef lCv
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10. pfjfk ialfsbv Ist mcndtm zsbj mfbcsNv drQnf-dhsN sKsj h]fysk
ifsv.
11. pfjfk zflfsq mrflfkfv dbqfmskv jdvqf zflfq rq. zfv jXv
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zKGf{, zfv nvB jv, pJb skfmfslv iadkiftj sOfNBf jsvb sp, `skfmvf
jxk rst skfmfslvsj zhwA zdLj zfjfsv lfb jvh. zfv zjxk rst
zhwA zfmfv zfpfh rsh jdEb. (nCvf hvfrDm 7 zfqfk)
12. pfjfk zflfsq IjDv-dmnjDbslv lczf ifWqf pfq.
13. pfjfsk vsqsY jdmdbum W i]cduhfslv rfk sKsj v[f ifWqfv tfrD
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mrfbhD hstb, pJb sjfb hAd kfv pfjfk shv jsv, kJb sn kfv
fvf 70de wqkfsbv yfsj hAKG jsv slq. (zfrmfl 5/350, hsb Jcpfmfr,
rfsjm, kfhfvfbDv zfWnfk, dntdntfr nrDrfr 1268bQ)

drnfh jsv pfjfk zflfq bf jvf mrfifi. pfjfk zflfq bf dlst kfv ubA
vsqsY ivjfstv mrf tfbf. mrfb zffr hstb,
A>#xy/ et7s !$# 6y $pt) u s9$#u |=y%!$# 3t %!$#u
u 5_u $t6_ $p5 2u3Gs zyy_ $t $yn=t 4yt tt 59r&
3s? . $t (#%s /3{ ?t2 $t #xy (

zKGf{, pfvf BG-svZiA Hffv (umf) jsv vfsJ, zfv kf rsk zffrv isK
hAq jsv bf kfslvsj pBflfqj wfdv ncnQhfl wcdbsq lfW. sn dlb
ufrffsmv zfocsb kf jvf rsh hQ kfvf kfslv ttfe, ifwG W
ixslwsj l jvf rsh (zfv kfslvsj htf rsh,) ocstf skfmvf dbsuslv
ubA pf umf jsvdYst kf. nckvfQ pf skfmvf umf jvsk kfv zffl oarB
jv. (nCvf kfWhfr 34-35 zfqfk)
@ u t/ ( ; #[yz u &#s !$# 9s?#u !$y/ t=y7t t%!$# t|ts u
3 yu)9$# tt / (#=r2 $t t%sy ( ;

zKGf{, zffrv lfbjxk zbcoasr (Lb-mfst) pfvf jxiBkf jsv, sn jfiGBA

kfslv ubA mtjv rsh hst kfvf spb LfvBf bf jsv. hvQ ef kfslv is[

ppffj
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[dkjv iadki rsh. pfsk kfvf jfiGBA jsv sn nm Lb-nilsj shdV

hfdbsq djqfmskv dlb kfslv otfq ivfsbf rsh. (nCvf zf-dt mvfb 180 zfqfk)
pfjfk bf slWqfv ubA Hqjv zfpfh sHfo jvsk rsh djqfmsk.
zfhC vfvf jkxGj hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, iaskAj snfbf W
yf]lDv zdLjfvD hAd sp kfv rj (pfjfk) zflfq jsv bf pJb djqfmskv dlb
zfnsh kJb kfv ubA nmclq snfbf-yf]lDsj zfocsb dlsq h ifk SkvD jvf
rsh. zk}iv snocstfsj ufrffsmv zfocsb jvf rsh hQ kfvf kfv
i]fuv, jift W disE lfof rsh. pJb sn ifk Eff rsq pfsh kJb kf
icbvfq ovm jsv zbcvi lfofv wfd sn dlsb ytsk Kfjsh pfv idvmfB
rsh 50 rfufv hYsvv nmfb; pk[B ipG bf hflfslv mfsU dhyfv-dbid
swN jvf rsqsY. zk}iv sn kfv iK slJsk ifsh; rq uffskv dlsj bf rq
slfpsJv dlsj.
dufnf jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfv ]sev hAfifsv dj rsh?' dkdb
htstb, iaskAj ]sev mfdtjW; sp kfv rj (pfjfk) zflfq jvsh bf -zfv
kfv zbAkm rj sp, ifdb ifb jvfhfv dlb kfsj slfrb jvf (hQ sn lcL
stfsjslv lfb jvf)- pJb djqfmsk dlb zfnsh kJb kfsj j nmkt iaw
iafsv icV jsv sItf rsh. zfv kfv ]enjt iCBG nQJAfq idk rsh;
Wslv msLA jde hfyfsjW zbcidk slJsh bf. zk}iv sn ]elt kfslv
JcV fvf kfsj ltsh hQ mcJ fvf kfsj jfmVfsk Kfjsh. Hfsh pJb
kfslv swN lt kfsj lst zdkm jsv pfsh kJb icbvfq iaKm ltde
idk rsh. kfv wfd sndlb rsh pfv idvmfB rsh 50 rfufv hYsvv
nmfb; pk[B ipG bf hflfslv mfsU dhyfv-dbid swN jvf rsqsY. zk}iv
sn kfv swN idvBfm lwGb jvsh; uffskv zKhf slfpsJv.
dufnf jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! ov-Yfostv hAfifsv dj rsh?' dkdb
htstb, zfv iaskAj ov-Yfostv mfdtjsjW; sp kfv rj zflfq jvsh bf,
pJb djqfmskv dlb idk rsh kJb kfslv nfmsb kfsj j nmkt iaw

ppffj
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k

mqlfsb icV jsv sItf rsh; pfslv jdesjW sn zbcidk slJsh bf hQ

kfslv sj dwQ-h]fjf, dwQdhrDb W dwQ-Hff Kfjsh bf. iaskAsj kfv dwQ
fvf kfsj zfOfk jvsk Kfjsh hQ JcV fvf ltsk Kfjsh. kfslv swN
ltde pJb (Tcn smsv W lst) ifv rsq pfsh kJb iaKm ltde icbvfq sn
idk rsh. wfd sndlb rsh pfv idvmfB 50 rfufv hYsvv nmfb;
pk[B ipG bf hflfslv mfsU dhyfv-dbid swN jvf rsqsY. zk}iv sn
kfv vff Lvsh; uffskv dlsj, bkchf ufrffsmv dlsj.
dufnf jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfv sOfVf nisjG dj rsh?' dkdb
htstb, sOfVf rt dkb iajfsvv; sOfVf jfsvf is[ ifsiv shfUf, jfsvf is[
ilGfvi hQ jfsvf ubA nWqfshv dhNq. sp sOfVf kfv mfdtsjv is[ ifsiv
shfUf kf rt sn hAdv sOfVf, sp stfjialwGb, ohGiajfw hQ mcndtmslv
iadk wkfv sswA iftb jsvsY. sOfVf rt kfv mfdtsjv ubA ifsiv
shfUf.
sp sOfVf kfv mfdtsjv is[ ilGfvi, kf rt sn hAdv sOfVf, pfsj sn
zffrv vffq (durfslv ubA) iak svsJsY. zk}iv sn kfv diE W olGfsb
zffrv rj Hcst pfqdb. kfv pKfKG iadkiftb jsv durfl jsvsY. sOfVf
rt kfv mfdtsjv is[ (slfpJ rsk zKhf k-nmfsbv ubA) ilGfvi.
zfv sp sOfVf kfv mfdtsjv ubA nWqfshv dhNq, kf rt sn sOfVf pfsj
kfv mfdtj mcndtmslv (iadkv[fv) sswA sjfb yfvBHCdm hf hfofsb iak
svsJsY. kJb sn sOfVf yfvBHCdm hf hfofsbv pf djYc Jfsh kfv JfWqf
(Ofn-ifkf) idvmfB nWqfh mfdtsjv ubA dtdih rsh. zbcvi dtJf rsh
kfv tfl W siwfh idvmfB nWqfh. sn sOfVf pJb kfv vdw dYs]V jde
zKhf lc'de mqlfb zdkm jvsh kJb kfv ils[i W tfl idvmfB nWqfh
kfv mfdtsjv ubA dtdJk rsh. zbcvi kfv mfdtj pdl kfsj sjfb blDv
djbfvfq dbsq pfq, zk}iv sn sn blD rsk ifdb ifb jsv zKy mfdtsjv
ifb jvfsbfv Yf Kfsj bf, khcW zffr kfzftf kfv ifb jvf ifdbv

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nmidvmfB nWqfh mfdtsjv ubA dtdih jsv slshb.

dufnf jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfv ofLf nisjG dj rsh?' dkdb
htstb, ofLfv hAfifsv hAfijfKGj jj zfqfkde YfVf zfmfv iv
zbA djYc zhkDBG rqdb,
ut #vx ;s t$s)W yt tu ut #Xyz >s t$s)W yt ys

zKGf{, sp hAd zBcidvmfB n{jmG jvsh sn kfW (djqfmsk) iakA[ jvsh

hQ sp hAd zBcidvmfB zn{jfpG jvsh sn kfW (sndlb) iakA[ jvsh.

(nCvf dptpft 7-8 zfqfk) (hcJfvD 2371, mcndtm 987bQ, bfnf, rflDsnv wfhtD
nrDr mcndtm wvDsIv.)

bfnfv j hBGbfq zfsY sp, sp hAd kfv Lb-mfstv pfjfk zflfq

jvsh bf sn hAdv Lb-mft sndlb zfocsbv nfivsi idk rsh hQ
kfvf kfv jift, i]fuv W diEsj lfof rsh -sp dlbde rsh 50 rfufv hYsvv
nmfb. mb zfpfh kfv kk[B ipG rsk Kfjsh pk[B ipG njt hflfv
dhyfv-dbid swN bf rsqsY.
zfhC vfvf jkGxj hdBGk, bhD hstb, sp hAdsj zffr Lb-mft
lfb jsvsYb dj sn hAd kfv sn Lb-mfstv pfjfk zflfq jsv bf
djqfmskv dlb kf (zfpfshv) ubA kfv nm Lb-mftsj jde mfKfq efj
iVf (zdk dhNf) nfsiv zfjxdk lfb jvf rsh; pfv syfsJv iv lc'de jfstf
lfo Kfjsh. sn nfisj shdVv mk kfv otfq Ucdtsq slWqf rsh. zk}iv sn
kfv Hq jsw LfvB (lQwb) jsv htsh, `zfdm skfmfv mft, zfdm skfmfv
sn ndk LbHffv.' viv bhD zfqfk ifE jvstb,

zKGf{, zffrv lfbjxk zbcoasr (Lb-mfst) pfvf jxiBkf jsv, sn jfiGBA
kfslv ubA mtjv rsh hst kfvf spb LfvBf bf jsv. hvQ ef kfslv is[

ppffj
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k

[dkjv iadki rsh. pfsk kfvf jfiGBA jsv sn nm Lb-nilsj shdV

hfdbsq djqfmskv dlb kfslv otfq ivfsbf rsh. (nCvf zf-dt mvfb 180 zfqfk)
(hcJfvD1403bQ, bfnf)

zfcfr dhb mnl hstsYb, nClsJfv, nCllfkf, nCslv jfvhfv susbW

kfv lc nf[Alfkf, sjfb z slso bjwf jsv slq hQ jvfq mb mdrtf,
pfjfk zflfsq zdbYcj W efthfrfbfjfvD hAd hQ druvskv iv mvhfnD
rsq LmGkAfoD hAd djqfmskv dlb mcrfml -v mcsJ zdHw. (hsb

Jcpfmf, zfrml, zfhC qAf'tf, hsb drfb, nrDr kfvoDh 752bQ)

zfbfn rsk hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, pfjfk zflfq jsv bf mb
hAd djqfmskv dlb ufrffsm pfsh. (kfhfvfbDv nfoDv, nrDr kfvoDh 757bQ)
hcvflfr jkxGj hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, sp ufdk pfjfk

ialfsb dhvk sKsjsY sn ufdksj zffr lcdHG[ fvf zff jsvsYb.

(kfhfvfbDv zfnfk, rfsjm, hfrfjDW zbcvi, nrDr kfvoDh 758bQ)

hsb mfv rsk hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, sr mcrfduvlt! i]fyde

jmG mb vsqsY pfsk skfmvf dt rsq iVst (ipc wfd skfmfslvsj oafn
jvsh). zfdm zffrv dbje ifbfr yf, pfsk skfmvf kf iakA[ bf jv.
pJb sjfb ufdkv msLA zwDtkf (hAdHyfv) iajfwAHfsh hAfij rsh kJb
sn ufdkv msLA sio hQ mb mrfmfvD hAfij rsh pf kfslv iChGicvNslv
mfsU dYt bf.
sp ufdk mfi W Wusb jm slsh sn ufdk lcdHG[, jdEb JflA-nQje hQ
wfnjsofDv zkAfyfsvv dwjfv rsh.
sp ufdk kfv mfstv pfjfk slWqf h jvsh sn ufdkv ubA zfjfw rsk
hxd h jsv slWqf rsh. pdl zbAfbA iafBDjct bf Kfjk kfrst kfslv ubA
zfslZ hxd rk bf.
sp ufdk zffr W k]fv vnCstv iadkwadk H jvsh sn ufdkv isv
kfslv dhufkDq wltsj [mkfnDb jvf rsh; pfvf kfslv mfdtjfbf-Hc h
Lb-nil dbsuslv jcd[ok jvsh.

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

zfv sp ufdkv wfnjsofD pk[B ipG bf zffrv djkfh (dhLfb) zbcpfqD

slw wfnb jvsh kk[B ipG dkdb kfslv mfsU oxr zhfqD vfJshb.
(hfrfjD, hsb mfufr 4019bQ, nrDr kfvoDh 759bQ)
hsb zffn jkxGj hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, i]fydev iadkIt

i]fyde. dufnf jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! i]fydev iadkIt i]fyde dj dj?'
dkdb htstb, sp ufdk (zffrv) iadkwadk H jvsh sn ufdkv isv
kfslv wsj [mkfnDb jvf rsh. sp ufdk zffrv zhkDBGjxk nQdhLfb
YfVf zbA fvf vf idvyftbf jvsh sn ufdkv mfsU ldvkf hAfij rsh.
sp ufdkv mfsU zwDtkf (hAdHyfv) iajfw ifsh sn ufdkv mfsU mxkcA hAfij
rsh. sp ufdk pfjfk slWqf h jvsh sn ufdkv ubA hxd h jsv
slWqf rsh. sp ufdk l]fdV-mfvf jfu wcv jvsh sn ufdk Int sKsj hdk
rsh hQ lcdHGs[ zff rsh. (kfhfvfbDv jfhDv, nrDr kfvoDh 760bQ)
Hf mcndtm! ntfsmv zKGSbdkj jfEfsmf W mcndtmslv zKGhAhfsj
yff jsv skftfv ubA pfjfk zflfq dlb. rlq mc jsv ndEj drnfh jsv
pfjfskv mft ndEj rjlfsvv jfsY si]ZsY dlb. zfv Jhvlfv! hAfifsv
nhG, zpGfmD zffrsj I]fdj slWqfv zisyf jsvb bf.
zfidb zhwA ufsbb sp, njt LbDvf pdl ndEj dbqsm pfjfk zflfq jvk,
kfrst mcndtmslv msLA sj dHJfvD Kfjk bf. nHA nmfsu dH[cj busv
zfnst znHA tfso, zswfHbDq slJfq. dj zfidb pdl sn mft rjlfv
ipG si]ZsY bf slb, kfrst sn nHAkf vfJf dj nHh rsh?
zfibfv sn mrfb zffrv iawQnf jvf dyk, dpdb zfibfsj pfjfk
zflfqjfvDvsi lcdbqfv hcsj h]fdysq svsJsYb, pfjfk oarBjfvDvsi bq. pdl
zfibfsj pfjfk oarB jvsk rk, pfjfk oarsBv ubA zflfsq shv rsk rk,
kfrst zfidb dj jvskb ?
susb vfJcb sp, mft zfidb ifuGb jvstW kf snsY dj zffrv
kvI sKsj. sHsh slJcb bf, zfibfv mk hub j syf jsvW zfibfv

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mk mft nsq n[m rq db, zffrv kWIDj zKhf hjGk ifq db. dj
zfidb zffrv zbcoar tfH jsvsYb. zftrfmlc dtfr.
zkh zffrv slWqf mft zffrv isK hAq jvsk jcfshfL W jfiGBA
jsvb bf. zfv zhwA jfvsbv mk rb bf, sp zjxk rsq hstdYt,
nil zfdm zfmfv fbhst iaf rsqdY. (nCvf jfnfn 78zfqfk) hvQ zfidb
zffrv iawQnf jvb, pfjfk zflfsq k{iv rb hQ zffrv jfsY lczf
jvb, pfsk dkdb kf zfibfv dbje sKsj jhct jsv sbb.

ssj
jffbbX X ssj
jffbbX X mmffsst
t ppffj
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Ivvpp ??

nm vjsmv mft mrfb nxdjkGf zffrv lfb. kf k]fv lfb jvf mfst
k]fv jdvqf zflfq jvf Wqfsuh. pfjfk zflfq jvst k]fv jdvqf zflfq
rq. dj mrfb zffrv mrf jvBf sp, dkdb iaskAj Lvsbv mfst pfjfk
Ivp jsvb db. hvQ dhswN Lvsbv mb mfst pfjfk Ivp jsvsYb, pfsk
hflfv mcbfIf zfsY hQ kfsk kfv [dkW sb hvQ hjGk zfsY. sn Lvsbv
mft dbmvi }1. It W wnA }
wnA W dbdlG djYc Ist mrfb zffr pfjfk Ivp jsvsYb. dkdb hstb,
( $|xm ut )xm (#?#uu uyOr& !#s) yrO (#=2

zKGf{, pJb kf Ithfb rq, kJb skfmvf Wv It zfrfv jv. zfv Int
skftfv dlsb Wv rj zflfq jv. (nCvf zfbzfm 141 zfqfk)
2. ysV JfWqf i (]e, ov, Yfot W sH]Vf).
3. snfbf-y]fdl.
4. hAhnfv mft-i (iBA hA) .
5. HCoHG sKsj sfdtk Jdbu ilfKG .
mrfb zffr hstb,

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( F{$# zi 3s9 $s_uzr& !$u F;|2 $t Mt6hs (#)r& (#t#u t%!$# $yr't

zKGf{, sr mfblfvoB! skfmvf pf ifuGb jv hQ zfdm HCdm rsk pf hfdrv

jdv, kf sKsj pf {jx kf lfb jv. (nCvf hfjfvfr 267 zfqfk)

ssj
jffbbX X LLvvssbbvv I
Isst
t ppffj
jffk
kI
Ivvpp ??

om, ph, Lfb, sJucv, djndmn, hflfm, ncifvD, bfdvsjt, ndvnf, dkt, dkdn,
jtf, Lsb, dusv, iaHxdk; pf Hsv svsJ zKhf lfm ufk jsv hdlb svsJ
JfWqf pfq kfsk pfjfk Ivp.
iajfw Kfsj sp, nm Lvsbv ndsk pfjfk sb. spmb njt iajfv wfj,
zftc, di]qfu, jyc, mCtf, iet, shb, sT]Vn, kvmcu, wnf, tf, jcmVf iaHxdk.
klbcvi zfJ, ife hQ zfsit, zfcv, jtf, siqfvf, sthc, Ffh, zfbfv,
zfm iaHxdk Istv pfjfk hf Wwv sb. mrfbhD hstb, wfj-ndsk
pfjfk (Wwv) sb. (lfvfjckbD, dmwjfk 1813, vWqft oftDt 801bQ)
zhwA dt dhsqv iv kfv mCtA j hYv ifv rst kfsk pfjfk zfsY.
iajfw Kfsj sp, Lfb-om kAfdlsk Wwv zflfsqv iv kf dhq jvst hQ
kfv mCtA dbnfh idvmfB j hYv zdkhfdrk rst kfskW pfjfk zfsY.

ssj
jffbbX X ssw
waBaBDDvv hhAAhhnnffvv mmffsst
t ppffj
jffk
kI
Ivvpp ??

sp sjfb ShL iBAshA pfjfk Ivp. dbkAiasqfubDq hAhrfvspfoA JflA,

zfnhfh-i, sthfn-sifwfj, drsv-iff, smdwb, pifdk, ofY-iftf, hfdV,
udm-ufqof, ofdV, sOfVfq pfjfk sb. mrfbhD hstb, mcndtsmv Dklfn
W sOfVfq pfjfk sb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 1795bQ)
dj nh pdl hAhnfv mft rq, kfrst kfv dbLGfdvk mCstA pfjfk zfsY.
HfVfq slWqfv hfdV W ofdVsk pfjfk sb. dj kfv znctjxk HfVfq
pfjfk dlsk rsh.

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ssj
jffbbX X mmfft
tj
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ki
iddvvmmffBB rrsst
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t
tffoosshh??

mft Kfjst pfjfk Ivp bq. hvQ iaskAj mfstv dbdlG (dbnfh) idvmfi W
idvmfB zfsY, sn idvmfi hf idvmfsB mft si]ZYst ksh pfjfk Ivp rsh;
bsy{ bq.
v nfsK zfsvf jde wkG sp, dbnfh idvmfB mft iCBG j hYv
dbsuv mfdtjfbfq Kfjst ksh pfjfk Ivp, bsy{ bq. zhwA wnA W Istv
s[s kf bq, hvQ UfVf-mfVf-v dlsb kfv pfjfk shv jvf Ivp.

w
wnnAA W
WI
Isst
tvv ddbbnnffhh

wnA W Istv dbnfh rt, 5 znfj. (hcJfvD 1484, mcndtm 979bQ) 1 znfj =
60 bhhD nf'. zfv 1 nf' = iafq zfVf sjdu. nckvfQ drnfh zbcpfqD v
dbnfh rt 750 sjdu. idvmfB hf kfv shwD wnA hf It rst UfVfmfVf-v dlb pfjfk Ivp, bsy{ bq.
iajfw Kfsj sp, Lfsbv bfm dhdH rstW drnfsh nhsj dmdtsq dbnfh Lvsk
rsh. zhwA j swaBDHc wnA zbA swaBDHc wsnAv nfsK (spmb Lfbsj
osmv nfsK, dktsj mncvDv nfsK) dmdtsq dbnfh oBA rsh bf. spmb j
smZnsmv dhdH udmv dhdH nmsq jfef W UfVf-mfVf jvf Instv idvmfi
dEjmk drnfh svsJ iadk sjduv Wwv shv jvsk rsh. nckvfQ jfdkGj mfsnv
WEf Lfb pdl 350 sjdu rq hQ siZN mfsn WEf Lfb 400 sjdu rq, kfrst
Hsqv idvmfB dmst 750 sjdu rsh hQ kfv Wwv dlsk rsh.
sp It hf wsnA pfjfk zfsY, kf pdl sjfb ut hf mvHCdm sKsj nQoar
jsv dbnfh idvmfB rsq pfq, kfrst kfsk pfjfk sb. jfvB, nQoarjfvD kfv
(udm W wsnAv) mfdtj bq.

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w
wnnAA W
WI
Isst
tvv ppffj
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iddvvmmffBB

wnA hf It 750 sjdu hf kfv shwD idvmfB rst kf 10 Hfo jsv 1 Hfo
(Wwv) zffrv rj shv jsv dlsk rsh; pdl sn wnA hf It jclvkD
(zffrv iajxdkv hxd, blD hf Uvbfv) snsy dhbf Jvy W smrbsk {i rq
hQ kfsk mfbcsNv snsyv lvjfv bf rq kfrst.
i[fsv kf pdl mfbcsNv snsy rq; blD, bftf, Jft, dht hf icjcv sKsj smdwb
tfdosq, rfk hf sjfb if (sFff iaHxdk) fvf ifdb kcst dnb jvst zKhf
smrbskv hst sjfb fb sKsj ifdb sjse shv jsv sb zKhf Jvy jsv hf
ifdb djsb sny dlst kfsk 20 Hfsov 1 Hfo pfjfk Ivp.
jAfsbt dVqfq jAfsbt jv dlsq jAfsbstv ifdbsk snyf rst kfskW 20
Hfsov j Hfo Wwv dlsk rsh.
mrfbhD hstb, zfjfw W Uvbfv ifdb fvf {i Inst lw Hfsov
j Hfo hQ (i, smdwb hf mfbcsNv smrbk fvf) sn]yf Inst zKhf dhbf
sn]syv Inst dhw Hfsov j Hfo (pfjfk Ivp). (hcJfvD 1483bQ)
sjfb Int zfjfw W idvwam Hq iajfv sn]sy rst kfsk pfjfk tfosh 10
Hfsov dkb-ykcKGfQw Hfo. (zft-mcmsk 6/83, dIjp pfjfk 1/378) spmb hNGfv
Lfsb zfjfswv hxdv nfsK nfsK pdl jAfsbstv ifdbW tfso, kfrst kfsk
drnfsh Wwv shv jvsk rsh.
zsbsjv msk mLcskW Wwv dlsk rsh.
iajfw Kfsj sp, (sny YfVf) yfNDv yfN W UfVf-mfVf (klbcvi udmv
Jfubf) hfhl sp Jvy rsq Kfsj sn idvmfB wnA hfl dlsq hfjD wsnAv Wwv
shv jsv slsh. (dIjp pfjfk 1/396, 417, dIjn ncfr 1/339)
efjfv dhdbmsq udm HfVf dbsq yfN jvst Wwv slsh yfND; udmv mfdtj bq.
(zft-mcmsk 6/88, dIjp pfjfk 1/400, dIjn ncfr 1/342)

HfoyfsNv udmv Wwv mfdtj W yfND Hqsj dlsk rsh. pdl Hsqv Hfo

ppffj
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k

dbnfh idvmfB rq kfrst zKhf zbA udmv Int dbsq dbnfh idvmfB rq
kfrst. (dIjp pfjfk 1/398)

ssBBGvGv ddbbnnffhh

sBGv dbnfh rt, nfsV nfk skftf hf Hdv = smfefmcde 85 oafm. (zft-mcmsk

6/103) idvmfB hf kfv shwD BG rst pfjfk Ivp, bsy{ bq.

vvi
iffvv ddbbnnffhh

nfsV hfrf skftf hf Hdv = 595 oafm (1) iafq. ( 6/104) htf hftA,
idvmfB hf kfv shwD vif rst pfjfk Ivp, bsy{ bq.

eeffj
jffvv ddbbnnffhh

hkGmfsbv stb-slsb efjf-iqnf sn pcsov snfbf-y]fdlv tfdHdN. zkh

85 oafm idvmfB BG Jdvl jvfv mk efjf iCBG hYv mucl Kfjst kfsk pfjfk
Ivp, bsy{ bq.

ssnnffbbff--yy]f]fddll W
W eeffj
jffvv ppffj
jffssk
kvv i
iddvvmmffBB

snfbf-y]fdl zKhf kfv mCtA klbcvi efjf dbnfh idvmfB iCBG j hYv
zdkhfdrk rst nm mfstv zfVf wkfQw zKhf 40 Hfsov j Hfo;
zKGf{, 100 efjfq zfVf efjf, 1000 efjfq 25 efjf hQ j tfsJ 2500
efjf pfjfk shv jvf Ivp.
() iajfw Kfsj sp, dbnfshv Wub dbsq bfbf mcdbv bfbf mk. zfdm mfUfmfdU mkdesj oarB
jsvdY mf.

ppffj
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efjf dbnfh idvmfB rsq j hYv zdkhfdrk rst kfsk pfjfk tfosh.
kfsk sn efjf dbsuv Jvsyv ubA vfJf Kfj, zKhf B idvswfL jvfv ubA
zKhf sYst hf smsqv dhhfsrv ubA zKhf hfdV jvf hf sjbfv ubA zKhf zbA
sjfb sswA umf Kfj.
fkhA sp, hYsvv vsk dbnfh idvmfB efjf umf rsq mfU hYsv kfv sKsj
jm rsq hYv swsN pdl zfhfv dbnfh idvmfB rq, kfrst hYsv sn mfstv
pfjfk Ivp bq. hvQ swN hYv sKsj zfhfv j hYv dbnfh idvmfB Kfjst
ksh kfv pfjfk Ivp.
iajfw Kfsj sp, snfbf-y]fdl W efjf dkbde dkb swaBDv mft. dt
ixKjHfsh dbnfh idvmfB rst ixKj ixKjHfsh pfjfk tfosh. jde zisvv
nfsK dmtfsbf pfsh bf. zkh jfsvf jfsY pdl 50 Hdv vif, 7 Hdv snfbf hQ
30 rfufv efjf Kfsj, kfrst kfv iv pfjfk Ivp bq. (zft-mcmsk 6/44,

108, dInc} 1/329ix})

zhwA BGhAhnfqD pJb hAhnfv snfbf-vifv pfjfk slsh, kJb Hsqv mCtA
dbBGq jsv pfjfk dlsk rsh.

hhAAhhrrffvvssppffooAA z
zt
tQQj
jffssvvvv ppffj
jffk
k

hAhrfvspfoA ztQjfsv pfjfk Ivp dj bf, kf dbsq nfrfhf, Icjfrf W

tfmfslv mfsU hV mksHl vsqsY. zfv Hq is[v ltDt W pcd
nmfbHfsh hdt. nckvfQ pfjfk zflfq jsv slWqfef iChGnkjGkfmCtj jmG.
zf zf'tfm.
iajfw Kfsj sp, mdrtf pdl zShL ztQjfv hAhrfv jsv; spmb snfbfv cw,
iaufidk hf sjfb iafBDv zfjfsvv ztQjfv hf Jfb-ifsbv if hAhrfv jsv,
zKhf zfHfdhj shwD Wusbv hAhrfv jsv zKhf ztQjfv djsb hAhrfv bf
jsv dnlcj hf hAfQsj umf jsv vfsJ zKhf sjfb icvN -kfv ubA rfvfm rWqf
nsW snfbf hAhrfv jsv, zKhf ztQjfv HfVf slWqf rq, kfrst kfsk

ppffj
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zhwA pfjfk zfsY. (zft-mcmsk 6/130, dIjp pfjfk 1/308)

YfVf j[ nfufsbf hf hfdVv snZlspGv ubA sBGv UfV hfdk hf jfvjfpGJdyk hv pfjfk Ivp. (dIjp pfjfk 1/282)
zhwA snfbf-vif YfVf zbAfbA Lfkc-dbdmGk ztQjfsv pfjfk sb.
fkhA sp, sp ztQjfv zfidb zfibfv Dsj dlsqsYb, kf Dv. zfv pf
zfibfv smsqsj dlsqsYb kfv mfdtj zfibfv smsq; zfidb bb. Dv BG
dbnfh idvmfB rst kfv pfjfk dlsh sn. klbcvi smsqv BG dbnfh idvmfB
rst kfv pfjfk slsh zfibfv smsq. D W iaskAj jbAfv dbnfh W pfjfk
ixKj. j nfsK LkGhA bq. klbcvi lc Dv ztQjfvW ixKj ixKj. (mfumC
IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 18/99, 141-143) zhwA pdl kfslv kvI sKsj zfidb
shv jsv slb kfrst snef zfibfv hAfifv hQ zhwA kf m. dj pfjfk
slWqfv ubA kfslvsj dbslGw dlsk rsh zfibfsj. kfslv dbu efjf bf
Kfjst djYc ztQjfv dhd jsvW pfjfk slsh.

i
i
--nni
issllvv ppffj
jffk
k

i-nislv pfjfk Ivp rWqfv djYc wkG zfsY }1. dbnfh idvmfB rsk rsh.
2. dbnfh zhfq mfdtsjv dbje iCBG j hYv zdkhfdrk rsh.
3. i zdLjfQw nmsq ysV sJsq uDhb LfvB jvsh.
4. kf jfsuv (ofdV efbf, mft hrb, yfN hf snsyv) ubA hAhrfv rsh bf.
i sYfe srfj zKhf hV nhGswaBDv i pfjfskv dbnfsh oBA rsh.

]s]seevv ddbbnnffhh

4 de ipG ]se sjfb pfjfk sb. 4dev iv dbmhdBGk kfdtjfq ]sev

dbnfh W kfv pfjfskv dhhvB nQs[si hcUsk ifdv }-

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

nQJAf
sKsj ipG
5
9
10
14
15
19
20
24

Wqfsuh

1 de Yfot hf sH]Vf
2 de Yfot hf sH]Vf
3 de Yfot hf sH]Vf
4 de Yfot hf sH]Vf
1 hYsvv zdLj hqsnv ]ebD, bf sist 2 hYsvv
25
35
zdLj hqsnv ]e
36
45
2 hYsvv zdLj hqsnv ]ebD
46
60
3 hYsvv zdLj hqsnv ]ebD
61
75
4 hYsvv zdLj hqsnv ]ebD
76
90
lcde 2 hYsvv zdLj hqsnv ]ebD
91
120
lcde 3 hYsvv zdLj hqsnv ]ebD
120 v shwD rst iaskAj 40de ]se jde 2 hYsvv zdLj hqsnv ]ebD
hQ iaskAj 50de ]se jde 3 hYsvv zdLj hqsnv ]ebD.

oovvvv ddbbnnffhh

29 de ipG ovsk sjfb pfjfk sb. 29dev iv pfjfk dbmvi }nQJAf

Wqfsuh
sKsj

ipG

30
40
60

39
59
69

70

79

iCBG 1 hYv hqsnv 1de hfYcv

iCBG 2 hYv hqsnv l]fkft 1de hfYcv
iCBG 1 hYv hqsnv 2de hfYcv
iCBG 1 hYv hqsnv 1de hfYcv hQ iCBG 2 hYv
hqsnv l]fkft 1de hfYcv

ppffj
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80de zKhf kfv zdLj nQJAj ov rst iaskAj 30desk iCBG 1 hYv hqsnv
1de hfYcv hQ iaskAj 40desk iCBG 2 hYv hqsnv l]fkft 1de hfYcv.
iajfw Kfsj sp, mdrN (ndEj msk) ovv swaBDHc i. zkh oBbfq
Hqsj j ns spfo jvsk rsh hQ pfv nQJAf shwD pfjfsk kf shv
jvsk rsh.

ssH
H]V
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tvv ddbbnnffhh

39de ipG sH]Vf zKhf Yfost sjfb pfjfk sb. 39dev iv pfjfk
dbmvi}nQJAf
Wqfsuh
sKsj
ipG
40
120
1de
121
200
2de
201
300
3de
301
400
4de
401
500
5de
Hfsh iaskAj wsk 1de jsv Yfot hf sH]Vf pfjfk tfosh.
iajfw Kfsj sp, Yfot sH]Vfv swaBDHc i. zkh oBbfq Hqsj j
ns spfo jvsk rsh hQ pfv nQJAf shwD pfjfsk kf shv jvsk rsh.
zfsvf fkhA sp, drnfsh hfVdk iv sjfb pfjfk sb.

ddj
jH
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zffllffqq j
jvvsshhbb??

smZnsmv nm Intsj smsi (Jvy hfl dlsq) kfv drnfh mk (ndEj Hfo
sIst) pfjfk shv jvb. hAhnfv nm mftsj hYsvv jde mfsn ndEj drnfh
tfofb. kfv mCtA dbLGfvB jsv idvmfB mk pfjfk shv jvb. (icvsbf) snfbf-

ppffj
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vifv hfufv-lv slsJ mCtA dbLGfvB jsv idvmfB mk pfjfk shv jsv dlb.
mfdnj shksbv efjfv pfjfk dlsk hYsv jef mfn dbdlG jsv sn mfsn umf
nm efjfv pfjfk idvmfB mk shv jsv dlb. sk hYsvv iaKm dlsj j
vjm, mfsU j vjm hQ swsN zfv j vjm idvmfB efjf KfjstW drnfh
dEj vfJf jdEb rWqfv ubA vi jvf m. sk lcsef efjf shwD sostW
dmnjDbvf ijxk rsh hQ sn nfsK zfidb zdLj nWqfshv zdLjfvD rshb.
susb vfJcb sp, jde efjf zfibfv isje sKsj zffrv vfsr shwD pfj kfW
Hft, khc spb jm bf pfq. idh rb niCBGvsi nslrrDb rsq.
efjf dbnfh idvmfB rst hYsvv mfsU zKhf swsN sp mcbfIf sn spfo rq
kfW zfnt efjfv zbcnfvD. spmb i dbnfh idvmfB rst hYsvv mfsU hf
swsNv dlsj sp iv hfyf rq kfW mfsqv nfsK drnfsh oBA rsh. v ubA
ixKj jsv hYv sOfvf wkG bq.
i[fsv mDvfsnv mft iaf rWqfv iv dbnfhiCBG zfnt mfstv nfsK drnfh
ucsV pfjfk Ivp bq. hvQ sn mfstv iv ixKjHfsh j hYv zdkhfdrk
rst ksh kfv pfjfk Ivp. spsrkc mft rt niCBG ixKj. klbcvi
irfv hf icvfsv iaf mft hQ mdrtfv smfrsv ifWqf mft. zhwA
dbnfhiCBG mft bf Kfjst njt mft dbnfh iCBG jvsk zfnstv nfsK ucVf
rsh. zfv pJb dbnfhiCBG rsh, kJb sKsj hYv v Lvsk rsh. (zft-mcmsk

6/24-25)

LLbb W
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ui
illffssKKGvGv ppffj
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kW
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Jdbu ilfsKGv pfjfk jk rst jk idvmfsB dlsk rsh, sn dbsq hV mksHl

vsqsY. zsbsjv msk snfbf-y]fdlv mk kfsk pfjfk tfosh. zhwA sk
hYv ifv rWqf wkG bq. (zft-mcmsk 6/23)
Lsbv i]fy Hfsov j Hfo nfLfvB mcndtmslvsj lfb jvsk rsh.
dhNqde pfjfk sKsj dH.

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sJqft vfJfv jKf sp, mfdev dbsy ifWqf sostW kf jcdVsq ifWqf mfstv
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djvfsmv jfsY ivfmwG dbb.

nnffmmcdcd
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mfY, iahft, ilvfo iaHxdk nfmcdj nislv pfjfk sb.

ppffj
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pfjfk rt zffrv rj. mft fvf jfsvf msbfvb, rlq zfjNGB, fKG
v[fv ubA bfrjlfvsj slWqf ShL bq. ShL bq pfjfk zflfq jfvDv dbsuv
sjfb ijfv nfLb zKhf zijfv zinfvB. rftft bq mft hAhrfv jsv
dbsuv mft h]fyfsbf. hvQ mft zflfq slWqfv nmq kfv ndEj rjlfv
dbhGfyb jvsk rsh, mb mc vfJsk rsh, zffrv ubA dhdy rsk rsh,
ksh rsh pfjfk zflfq.
mrfb zffr pfjfskv rjlfv pfvf, kfslv jKf jcvzfb mfuDsl sJ jsv
dlsqsYb; dkdb hstb,
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6xm =t !$#u 3 !$# i Zs ( 69$# $#u !$# 6y u tt9$#u

zKGf{, nfljfr sjht IjDv (db}), dmnjDb (zHfhoa), nfljfv jfsu

nQdw jmGyfvDslv ubA, pfslv mbsj (ntfsmv iadk) zbcvfoD jvf zfhwAj
kfslv ubA, lfnmcdv ubA, Boaslv ubA, zffrv isK nQoafmjfvD W
mcnfdIsvv ubA. rt zffrv dhLfb. zfv zffr nhG, iafmq. (nCvf
kfWhfr 60 zfqfk)

ppffj
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1. IjDv }
IjDv htsk sn stfjsj hcUfsbf rsqsY, pfv zsLGj hYv ytfv mk vpD
sb. mb stfjsj kfv iCBG hYv ytfv mk mft lfb jvsk rsh.
2. dmnjDb }
sp hAdv Jfhfv mk zsLGj hYv hf kfv shwD dlsbv vpD zfsY; dj nfvf
hYv ytfv mk vpD sb. mb stfjsjW kfv iCBG hYv ytfv mk mft lfb
jvsk rsh.
mrfbhD hstb, dmnjDb sn bq sp j zKhf lc ecjvf sJucv djQhf j
zKhf lc mcsEf Jfbf sisq dhlfq rsq pfq. dmnjDb rt sn hAd sp dH[f jvf
sKsj lCsv Kfsj. sp iasqfub smfkfshj psK vpDv mfdtj bq hQ nfLfvBk}
stfsj kfsj zHfhD hst dybskW ifsv bf; pfsk kfsj lfb jvf pfq. (zKGf{,
sise [cLf svsJ mcsJ tfu jsv.) (hcJfvD, mcndtm) v t[B ns jcvzfb hst,
F{$# $\/| tGt !$# 6y (#m& %!$# !#us)=9
}$9$# =tt y/ s? #yG9$# u!$ur& $yf9$# 7|ts
=t / !$# *s 9yz (#)? $tu 3 $]$ys9)

zKGf{, pfvf zffrv isK zhv vsqsY hst HC-ixs ombfomsb wdrDb
sn nh ldvslav ubA hAq jv; (dH[f rsk) dbhx Kfjfv jfvsB z stfsjvf
kfslvsj zhfni hst msb jsv. kcdm kfslvsj kfslv t[B fvf dybsk
ifv; kfvf stfsjv dbje hAfjctHfsh pff (dH[f) jsv bf hQ skfmvf wc
nil rsk pf hAq jv hk} kf zffr nmAjvsi zhok. (nCvf hfjfvfr 273

zfqfk)

3. nfljfv jfsu nQdw jmGyfvD }

sp stfjsj pfjfskv mft zflfq jvfv ubA, kf drIfpk jvfv ubA hQ

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rjlfsvv mfsU heb jvfv ubA jkxGi[ jkxGj dbsqfduk, sn hAd LbD rstW
mft sKsj shkb drnfsh dbdlG zKG dbsk ifvsh.
4. pfv mbsj (ntfsmv iadk) zbcvfoD jvf zfhwAj }
lchGt mfsbv mfbcNsj mfb W ntfsm nht jvfv ubA pfjfk slWqf ShL.
Dsbv hxrv fsKG zKG hAq jsv mcndtm zKhf bW-mcndtmsj Dsb
nciadkdk jvf uvvD. spmb ntfsm zbcvfoD jfsIvsj ntfsm zdLj
zfjNGB jvfv ts[A pfjfk slWqf pfsh.
5. lfnmcd }
jub Dklfnsj lfnskv wxJt sKsj mcd slWqfv mfbsn pfjfskv mft
hAq jsv kfsj q jsv mc jvf ntfsmv jde mrfb zflwG. klbcvi
zKGycdv nfsK sp lfnk hvB jsvsY, kfsj mft sKsj nfrfpA dlsq fLDb
jvf rsh. sp hAd hlD zfsY, kfv ubAW mcdiB drnfsh zKG hAq jvf
pfsh.
6. Boa hAd }
Boa hAdsj kfv B idvswfL jvfv mk zKG slWqf rsh pfjfk sKsj.
pdlW hAdv dlb yst pfq, dj smfef zQsjv B idvswfL jvfv mk zKG
kfv sb. mb hAd pfjfskv rjlfv.
klbcvi sp hAd sjfb zKGls ldk hQ kf zflfq jvsk z[m,
kfsjW pfjfskv zKG dlsq nfrfpA jvf spsk ifsv.
Boa dikfsj kfv sYst zKhf Boa sYstsj kfv dikf pfjfk dlsq
nfrfpA jvsk ifsv dj bf, kf dbsq mksHl zfsY. hsb NfmDb hstb, dlsk
ifsv.
fkhA sp, sp hAd sjfb dhsLq hf ShL jfu jvsk dosq Boa rq kfsj
pfjfk sKsj nfrfpA jvf pfsh. i[fsv sp hAd zShL jfu jvsk dosq;

ppffj
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spmb ml sJsk zHAfnD rsq, shwAfomsb zKhf ucqf sJtfq nhG rfdvsq Boa
rq, kfsj pfjfk dlsq nfrfpA jvf pfsh bf. (dIjp pfjfk 2/625)
iajfw Kfsj sp, pfsj pfjfskv mft dlsq nfrfpA jvf rsh, kfsj jKf
ufbfsbf uvvD bq sp, kf pfjfskv mft.
jfsj B slWqfv iv sn pfjfskv rjlfv rst, pfjfskv dbqsk B
mWjch jsv slWqf ShL dj bf - dhNsq tfmfslv mfsU mksHl vsqsY.
zsbsj hstsYb, dbsuv efjf h]fyfsbfv sswA mb jvf ShL bq. dj
zbAfbA zsbsj hstsYb sp, pdl nkA sn pfjfskv rjlfv rq, kfrst kfv
B mjch jsv, pfjfk sKsj swfL jvf rt, kfsj jKf ufdbsq dlst mb
jfu ShL. zfv zffr zdLj ufsbb. (dIjp pfjfk 2/849)
pfvf iafjxdkj lcspGfooa mfbcN kfvfW ipGfsq isV. kfslvsjW iasqfub
mk pfjfk slWqf spsk ifsv. (dIj pfjfk 2/623)
pfvf ovDh mfbcN, pfslvsj nrsu db}fKGHfsh sj B dlsk yfq bf,
kfslvsj B slWqfv ubA pfjfskv jef IfX SkvD jsv dhbf fKG W nCsl
B slWqfv hAhf jvf spsk ifsv. ( 2/634)
7. zffrv isK }
zffrv iK } zKGf{ sn tm W zfmstv iK, pf zffrv ndv dlsj
mfbcNsj zoanv jsv.
zffrv isK sjht zffrv jstmfsj ]yc jvfv ubA pfvf durfl jsv,
kfslvsj iasqfub mk pfjfskv mft dlsk rsh. pfjfskv mft dlsq durfslv
ubA z-w q jvf pfsh.
zffrv isK nQoafmjfvD kfstsh tXmW. zffrv Dbsj hQ mcndtmslv
ufb, mft W slwsj lcwmbslv rfk sKsj v[fv ubA spmb nw nQoafsmv
lvjfv, skmdb lvjfv zffrv Dbsj h]fyfsbfv ubA DbD tXsmv; jtm W
dusHv durfslv. htf hftA, durfl W tXm iayfv jvfv ubA pfjfskv

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zKG hAq jvf pfsh. zkh DbD mffnf idvyftbf W DbD hicj q W
iajfw jvfv ubA pfjfskv mft hAhrfv ShL. (zft-mcmsk 6/221, mfumC IfkfWqf

hsb NfmDb 18/387, 392, kfInDvt mfbfv 10/585, zfv-vfWpfkcb bfdlqAfr, dnDj rfnfb
Jfb 1/206-207, dIjn ncfr 1/371, dIjp pfjfk 2/657-669)

iajfw Kfsj sp, zffrv iK hf vffq htsk mndul isV bf. rW kfsk
wfdmt bq. jfvB, kf sjht nfmKGAhfb hAdv iv Ivp. spmb ubnfLfvsBv
ubA vffOfe dbmGfsBv Jfsk sn zKG hAq jvf ShL bq.

8. mcnfdIv }
mcnfdIv LbD rstW (ShL) nIsv shv rsq pdl kfv vfrfJvy swN zKhf ycdv
rsq pfq, kfrst kfsj kfv oxsr dIvfv mk sp zKG Jvy rsh kf lfb jvsk
rsh.
iajfw Kfsj sp, 8 iajfv pfjfskv rjlfsvv msLA pdl njstv iasqfub
nmfb zfjfsv Kfsj, kfrst njtsj Hfo jsv dlsk rsh. bsy{, pfv iasqfub
shwD kfsj zoafdLjfv dlsk rsh.

ppffj
jffssk
kvv z
zddLLj
j rrj
jllffvv ssj
j??
1. zfkDq-idvub
sp zfkDqv HvB-sifNB jvf lfkfv ubA Ivp bq, sn zfkDq pfjfskv
rjlfv rst kfsj pfjfk slWqf nhGfdLj m. spmb, Hf-shfb, yfyf-yfyD,
mfmf-mfmD, sIfIf-IcIc, Jftf-Jftc hQ kfslv sYst-smsqvf, wv hfdVv
stfj, fmD W fmDv zfkDq-ub iaHxdk.
zfkDqsj lfb jvfv hV vk W mfrfkA vsqsY ntfsm.
jlf zfcfr dhb mfnl -v D zffrv vnCt -sj dufnf jvfstb
sp, fmDsj pfjfk dlst kf psK rsh dj bf? sv mrfbhD htstb,
(psK rsh hQ kfslv rsh Fht nWqfh;) zfkDqkf hufq vfJfv nWqfh

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

hQ nfljfv nWqfh. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)

dkdb hstb, dmnjDbsj lfb jvst jde lfb jvfv nWqfh rq. dj
zfkDqsj lfb jvst lcde nWqfh rq; lfb jvfv nWqfh hQ zfkDqkf hufq
jvfv nWqfh. (bfnf, dkvdmpD, hsb Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, rfsjm)
dkdb hstb, nhGswa nfljfr rt, dhsNsifNBjfvD zfkDqsj jvf
nfljfr. (zfrmfl, kfhfvfbD, hsb Jcpfmfr, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 893-894bQ)
2. zfstm W kfstsh tXm
jfdLj ufqofq jKfv sJ jvf rsqsY sp, zfibfv mfstv zdLj
rjlfvosBv msLA zfstm W kfstsh-tXm zbAkm. k]fvf pdl pfjfskv
rjlfv rb zKhf sjfb DbD mffnfv mclfdvGn hf Yf rb, kfrst zfibfv
pfjfk fvf zfibfv Dbsj nciadkdk jvsk nfrfpA jvsk ifsvb. sk
zfibfv zdLj nWqfh zfsY. ]slv ifuGb jvfv [mkf KfjstW tXm W
lfWqfk dbsq hA Kfjfv Ist sn nmq ifb bf. (zft-mcmsk 6/221)
sjfb sjfb zfrst tXm sJ jsvsYb sp, DbD tXsm p]fvf zfkdbsqfo
jsvb mb zfstm W kfstsh-tXm dbsmf zfqfskv zfWkfq isVb }F{$# $\/| tGt !$# 6y (#m& %!$# !#us)=9
}$9$# =tt y/ s? #yG9$# u!$ur& $yf9$# 7|ts
=t / !$# *s 9yz (#)? $tu 3 $]$ys9)

zKGf{, (lfb sn stfjslv iafiA) pfvf ldv hQ zffrv isK mbHfsh

hAfixk sp uDdhjfv nfsb kfvf sOfvf-sIvf jvsk ifsv bf, djYc yfq bf hst
z stfsjvf kfslvsj zHfhmc msb jsv. kcdm kfslv t[B slsJ dybsk
ifvsh. kfvf stfsjv jfsY bfsYfV hflf rsq pff jsv bf. zfv skfmvf pf
djYc lfb jv zffr kf ndhswN zhdrk. (nCvf hfjfvfr 273 zfqfk, kfInDvt
mfbfv 3/88)

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

mfm ofpftD hstb, `lfbjfvDv dyk, kfv lfsbv ubA sn stfj zbcnfb
jvf, pfv mfLAsm lfb zdLj (jlv hf) hxdtfH jvsh (zKhf sp stfj lfb
ifWqfv zdLj ipc); spmb zfrst tXm. spsrkc kf k]fv tXm nfsb
nrfqj rsh. zfv dbqk nrDr rst tXm rt nhsysq hV mpGflfiCBG hflk.'
mfm hbct mchfvj dhswN jsv zfrst tXmsj lfb jvskb. jlf k]fsj
htf rt sp, `zfibfv lfsb pdl zbAfbA stfjslvsjW wfdmt jvskb (kfrst
Hfstf rk bf dj)?' sv dkdb htstb, `bhczskv mpGflfv iv tfmf YfVf
zbA jfsvf kkef y mpGflf zfsY hst zfmfv ufbf sb. k]fslv jfsvf rlq
dbsuv iasqfusb hA rsq iVst, tXsmv ubA jfoady rsk ifvshb bf hQ
tXm nfsbv isK zoanv rsk n[m rshb bf. nckvfQ k]fslvsj sjht tXm
nfsbv ubA zhnviaf jvf m.' (kfInDvt jfsnmD 3/250 })
3. mcfjD W ivsrpofv stfj
zffrv mfstv kfvf shwD rjlfv, pfvf k]fv zfbcokA W hflk jsv, k]fv
dpjXv jsv hQ tXm zbcpfqD zfmt jsv. kfvf zfibfv mft dbsq zffrv
zfbcokA W hflsk nfrfpA dbsh. kf YfVf mrfbhD hstb, kcdm mc'dmb
hAkDk zfv jfsvf nfrypG oarB jsvf bf hQ ivsrpofv mfbcN YfVf skfmfv
Jfhfv spb zbA sj bf Jfq. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, hsb drfb, rfsjm,
nrDt ufsm' 7341 bQ)

iajfw Kfsj sp, pfjfk dlsq sjfb ovDshv dhhfr jfspG nfrfpA jvf pfsh. ksh
iB dlsk hf zShL sjfb zbcfb jvsk pfjfk slWqf ShL bq.

ppffssllvv u
ubbAA ppffj
jffk
k JJffW
Wqqff SShhLL bbqq

1. bfdj, jfsIv, mcbfdIj W mcwdvj, mfpfvD, (mkfsv shbfmfpD) }

slvsj pfjfk slWqf ShL bq. jfvB, mczfspv rflDsn dbslGw rt, kfslv
LbDslv jfY sKsj dbsq kfslv zHfhDslv mfsU dhkvB jvsk rsh. (hcJfvD,
mcndtm, dmwjfk 1772bQ)

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

Jfsb `kfslv' mfsb mcndtmslv, zkh jfsIvsj pfjfk slWqf pfsh bf.
zhwA ntfsm zbcvfo nxd jvfv swA Kfjst dH jKf. zhwA kfslvsj
mfbdhjkfv Jfdksv bIt lfb slWqf pfsh.
2. bhDv hQwLv }
mrfbhD -v hQwLv; hfbD rfswm, zftD, zfjDt, uf'Iv, zffn W
rfsvsNv hQwLsvv ubA pfjfskv mft ShL bq.
3. pfv HvB-sifNB jvf Ivp }
pfv HvB-sifNB jvf Ivp kfsj pfjfskv mft slWqf ShL bq. spmb dikfmfkf, sYst-smsq, lflf-lflD, bfbf-bfbD, sifkf-sifdkb, bfdkb-bfkbD, D
iaHxdk.
4. sp hAd sjfb rfskv jfu djQhf Sldbj zKhf mfdnj shkb fvf
vpDiaf rq, mb ifuGbwDt hAdv ubA pfjfskv mft JfWqf ShL bq.
mrfbhD hstb, mfst LbD hQ jmG[m ifuGbwDt hAdv ubA sjfb
zQw sb. (zfhC lfl 1633bQ)
nfrfhD zfcfr dhb zfvjfm -v msk pfvf bfrj pfjfskv mft Jfq
kfvf zfnst ovsmv dlsb smfef stfsjv wvmofr W shfot sLfWqf ifdb Jfq.
(mfstj, nrDr kfvoDh 807bQ)

zhwA msbv stfH bf svsJ bf yfsk ifWqf sost kf dbsq hAhrfv jvfq
zKhf zbAsj lfb jvfq slfN sb.
mfv hstb, zffrv vnCt zfmfsj lfb dlskb. dj zfdm htkfm,
`zfmfv sKsj shwD zHfhD mfbcNsj dlb.' dkdb htskb, kcdm kf dbsq bfW.
pJb skfmfv jfsY mft zfsn, zfv skfmfv msb stfH bf Kfsj hQ kcdm kf
pfybfW bf jsv Kfj, kfrst kf oarB jv hQ kf dbsuv mfstv nfsK dmdtsq
bfW. zk}iv skfmfv Yf rst kf JfW, bkchf lfb jsv lfW. YfVf skfmfv
mbsj kfsk sIst svsJf bf.
nfstm dhb zfcfr dhb mfv hstb, ` jfvsB (zfmfv zff) zfcfr

ppffj
jffk
kW
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k

jfsvf jfsY djYc yfskb bf hQ k]fsj sj djYc dlsk yfst kf iakAfJAfb

jvskb bf. (hvQ oarB jsv dbskb.) (hcJfvD, mcndtm, bfnf, nrDr kfvoDh 510ix})
iajfw Kfsj sp, ovDh msb jsv sjfb LbDsj pfjfk dlsq sItst kf zflfq
rsq pfsh. (zfkX-kftJDnfk 42ix})
fkhA sp, slWqfv nmq sn pfjfskv rjlfv djbf kf dufnf jvf uvvD
bq? kfsk mcndtsmv shdk rq. pdl zfidb zfibfv iaht LfvBfq msb
jsvb sp, zmcj pfjfskv rjlfv, kfrst kfsj dlsq sItcb. rfk-ifkf IjDv
bf rstW sn dmnjDb rsk ifsv. zkh zfibfv nfljfr zflfq W jhct rsq
pfsh - b wfzffr.
pdl sjfb dmnjDbsj zfibfv lvufq yfsk slsJW kfsj LbD msb rq;
spmb rfsk OdV, syfsJ ywmf, Hfstf sifwfjW Kfsj, kfrst zfibfv kfsk
nslr rWqfv jKf bq. jfvB, rqskf hf kfsj snnh sj lfb jsvsY. kfv
lfhD rt, sn ovDh. zkh kfv jKfq dhwfn svsJ zfidb kfsj zfibfv
pfjfk dlsk ifsvb, kf jhct rsq pfsh.
ifuGsb n[m jmGE stfj msb rst dmd jKfq kfsj bnDrk jsv jfdmsq
sJsk htcb. zncdhLf W Wpv oarBspfoA msb rst kfsj dlb. zbAKf pdl jw
wkfQw dbdyk rb sp, sn pfjfskv rjlfv bq, kfrst kfsj slshb bf.
dhlfqD rsv nmsq zffrv vnCt nfljfr dhkvB jvdYstb. mb nmq
lcde stfj sn k]fv jfsY pff jvt. dkdb stfj lcdev dlsj buv kcst
icbvfq bfdmsq dbstb. slJstb, kfvf Hsq jmG[m stfj. zk}iv dkdb
htstb, skfmvf pdl yfW, kfrst zfdm dlsk ifdv. dj mfst sjfb LbD W
ifuGbwDt jmGE stfsjv sjfb zQw sb. (zfhC lfl 1633bQ)
iajfw Kfsj sp, sp hAd zffrv slfrf dlsq yfsh kfsj slWqf Wqfsuh.
spsrkc mrfbhD hstb, sp hAd zffrv slfrf dlsq yfq, kfsj lfW.
zfv ubA zffrv slfrf dlsq lcdbqfv djYc yfWqf ShL bq. (dntdntfr
nrDrfr 1/512-513)

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

YfVf jlf (hbD nvfstv) j hAd j vfsk zufs j syfvsj

nfljfr jvt. njfst sn ufbsk ifvt sp sn syfv dYt. dj kfsk sn
zffrv iawQnf jvt. kfvisvv vfsk zfhfv zufs j shwAfsj nfljfr
jvt. njft shtfq kf ufbsk sisv kfv ubAW zft-rfmlc dtfr iVt.
kxkDq vfskW zufs j LbDv rfsk nfljfr dlt. njfst kf ufbsk sisv
zffrv iawQnf jvt. zk}iv (bhD zKhf ispfso) kfsj htf rt sp,
skfmfv nfljfr jhct rsq sosY. zfv nHhk} skfmfv lfb dbsq syfv ycdv
jvf rsk dhvk rsh, shwAf shwAfhxd rsk kfWhfr jvsh hQ LbD islw
oarB jsv lfb jvsk dwJsh. (hcJfvD, mcndtm 1022bQ)
dHJfvD pJb lvufq sn l]fVfq kJb kfsj djYc bf djYc dlsq dhlfq jvf
jkGhA. spsrkc sm hcufl (vf}) hstb, zfdm zffrv vnCt -sj httfm,
`sr zffrv vnCt! zsbj nmq dmnjDb zfmfv lvufq l]fVfq, dj zfdm
kfsj djYc slWqfv mk dudbn if bf.' mrfbhD htstb, pdl jde sifVf
Jcv YfVf zfv djYc slWqfv mk bf ifW, kfrst kfv rfsk kf dlsq dhlfq
lfW. (zfhC lfl 1667bQ, dkvdmpD)

ppffj
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k hhffj
jDD ssvvssJJ mmffvvff ssoosst
t

pfjfk zflfq bf jsv (zflfsqv Yf bf svsJW) sj mfvf sost mDvfn heb

jvfv zfso kf zflfq jsv slWqf Wqfsvnslv ubA uvvD. spsrkc kf zffrv
iafiA B. B Blfkfv B idvswfL W zdnqk jfpGjv jvfv isv
iafLfbA ifsh. mrfb zffr hstb,
3 Ay r& !$p5 7u t/ .

zKGf{, (Hfo-heb) kfvf pf zdnqk jsv kf jfpGjv jvfv iv hQ B

idvswfsLv iv. (nCvf dbnf 11, 12 zfqfk)
mrfbhD hstb, zdnqskv iCshG B idvswfL jvsk rsh. zfv sjfb

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

Wqfsvsnv ubA zdnqk sb. (hfrfjD, vWqft oftDt 1655 bQ)

zfv sk sjfb nslr sb sp, zffrv B zdLj idvswfLspfoA. hsb
zffn hstb, j hAd bhD -v dbje sn htt, `zfmfv shfb r
jvfv bpv smsb mfvf sosY. (Jb dj jvf pfq?) bhD htstb, kfv B
hfjD Kfjst dj kcdm idvswfL jvsk? stfjde htt, `r]Af.' dkdb htstb,
kfrst zffrv B idvswfL jsv lfW. jfvB, kf zdLj idvswfL-spfoA.
(hcJfvD 6699bQ)

zhwA zsbsj hstsYb sp, pfjfk dlsq pdl B swfL jvfv mk zKG bf h]fsy,
kfrst zfLf-zfdL jsv sbWqf m. zKGf{, zsLGj efjf dlsq pfjfk drnfsh
dlsk rsh hQ hfjD zsLGj dlsk rsh Blfkfsj. s[s WqfsvnDbslv rj
Kfjsh bf. (zft-mcmsk 6/50)

BB ssbbW
Wqqff eeffj
jffvv ppffj
jffk
k

sB sbWqf efjf pdl pfjfskv dbnfh idvmfB rq zKhf kf dmdtsq dbnfh iCBG
rq hQ kf hAhnf kAfdlsk sKsj hYv iCBG rq, kfrst BoarDkfsj kfv
pfjfk zflfq jvsk rsh.
Boa hAdv pdl pfjfskv dbnfh idvmfB zKG Kfsj hQ B idvswfL
jvfv ivW dbnfh hrft Kfsj, kfrst kfsj pfjfk zhwA zflfq jvsk
rsh. zbAKf B idvswfL jvfv iv pdl dbnfh hrft bf Kfsj, kfrst kfv
iv pfjfk Ivp bq.
B idvswfL bf jsv pfjfk Ivp bq msb jvf dEj bq. nckvfQ B Kfjst
zfso B idvswfL jsv sItcb. kfviv pdl dbnfh idvmfB mft Kfsj kfrst
pfjfk dlb, bsy{ bf. zfv B idvswfL bf jvst hQ dbnfh idvmfB mft nfvf
hYv umf Kfjst zfibfsj pfjfk dlsk rsh.
fkhA sp, Boa hAdv udmv Wwv zKhf iv pfjfk Ivp rstW
zbcvi kfv dyk zfso B idvswfL jvf. zk}iv dbnfh idvmfB Kfjst
kfv Wwv hf pfjfk zflfq jvf.

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

ssBB i
issV
V KKffj
jff eeffj
jffvv ppffj
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k

dbnfh idvmfB efjf jfsj B slWqf Kfjst, djYcv HfVf zflfq hfjD
Kfjst, mfstv mCtA hsjqf Kfjst, slbsmfrv hfjD Kfjst zflfq rWqf mf
sn hYsvv pfjfk zflfq dlsk rsh. v iCshGv hYvstfv pfjfk tfosh bf.
htf hftA, pdl sjfb mb hAd hf nQfsj B slWqf Kfsj, pfv dbje yfWqf
mf idvswfL ifWqf pfsh bf, kfrst mb sB slWqf efjfv pfjfk zflfq
jvf Ivp bq. zhwA idvswfL sist sn hYsvv pfjfk (hYv iCBG bf rstW)
zflfq jvsk rsh.
klbcvi rfdvsq pfWqf zKhf ycdv rsq pfWqf mft dIsv sist Hfsh
pfjfk zflfq jvsk rsh.
spmb sibwsbv efjf j nfsK dbnfh idvmfB sist kfv (1 hYsvv) pfjfk
nfsK nfsK zflfq jvsk rsh. (mfumC IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 18/175)

hhAAffQQssj
ju
ummff vvffJJff eeffj
jffvv ppffj
jffk
k

hAfQsj umf vfJf efjf zfmfbk; kf sp sjfb nmq skftf pfq. zkh kf
dbnfh idvmfB rst hQ hYv Ocvst Blfkfsj sn efjfv hf{ndvj pfjfk
zflfq jvsk rsh. klbcvi sjfb hAd dhswsNv jfsY vfJf zfmfbskv efjf;
pf yfhf mf ifWqf pfsh kfvW pfjfk hf{ndvj zflfq jvf Ivp.
iajfw Kfsj sp, hAfQsjv nCl rfvfm. zkh sn nCsl pfjfkW sb.

ddw
w
,,
k
kDDmm W
Wi
iffoosst
tvv mmffsst
t ppffj
jffk
k

pfjfk Ivp rq mfst. kf kf Ivp rWqfv ubA mfdtsjv fbni W

nfhftj rWqf wkG bq. htf hftA dw, kDm W ifostv mfstW pfjfk
Ivp. kfslv kvI sKsj kfslv zdHHfhj (ztD hf znD) drnfh jsv zflfq

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

jvsh. sk hfrA lxdsk mft jmsk KfjstW hfsh kfslv mfst hjGk hxd
ifsh. kfYfVf zdHHfhsjv dyk, kfslv mft hAhnfq dhdbsqfo jvf. (zft-

mcmsk 6/26-27)

hhffqqk
kct
ct mmfft
t hhff W
Wqqffj
jXsXsI
Ivv
mmffsst
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jffk
k ssbb

nfljfr, pfjfk, lfb hf WqfjXI iaHxdk Jqvfdk Ifsv (mndul hf

mffnfv) mft (hf wnA) dbnfh idvmfB rstW kfsk pfjfk sb. jfvB sn mft
zffrv. zfv kf zffrv isK hAq rsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 8/150,

161, 25/44, 30/119)

ssj
jffi
iffbbDDvv w
wvvDDj
jssllvv mmffsst
t ppffj
jffk
k

sjfifbDsk umf jvf efjf zsbj rstW iaskAj wvDsjv zKG pdl dbnfh
idvmfB rq, ksh pfjfk Ivp. bsy{ Ivp bq. pfv pk efjf zfsY kfv i]cdu
W mcbfIf nr hf{ndvj drnfh jsv iaskAj wvDjsj ixKj ixKj pfjfk zflfq
jvsk rsh. zhwA sjfifbDv iaLfb drnfshv lfdqk dbsq iaskAsjv kvI
sKsj pfjfk shv jvsk ifsv. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 4/334, 8/160)
sjfifbDv swqfsvv pfjfkW zbcvi (hkGmfb mCtA Lsv) iaskAj hYv zflfq
jvsk rsh. (mfumC IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 18/197)
fkhA sp, swqfsvv mCtA fvf pdl sjfifbD hAhnf bf jsv; hvQ kfv fvf
pifdk hf HfVfq slWqfv mk sjfb djYc q jsv HfVf Jfefq, kfrst
swqfsvv efjfq pfjfk sb. zhwA dbnfh idvmfB rst kfv (ShL) mcbfIfq
hf{ndvj pfjfk tfosh. ( 18/199)

ppffj
jffk
kW
W JJqqvvffk
k

ppffj
jffk
k ssllW
Wqqffvv nnmmqq ddbbqqk
k

pfjfk slWqfv nmq dbqk rWqf uvvD sp, sn pfjfk dlsY. sjfbX
mfstv pfjfk jfv kvI sKsj dlsY kf msb msb vfJsk rsh. bsy{ pfjfk
zflfq rsh bf.
zfmtgW hflk wc-zwc hQ kfsk nWqfh ifWqf-bfifWqfv jKf
dbqskv iv dbHGvwDt. dbqk wc rst zfmt wc; bsy{ bf. diaq bhD
hstb, pfhkDq zfmt dbqskv iv dbHGvwDt. nckvfQ iaskAj hAdv kf-
iafiA rq, pfv sn dbqk jsv Kfsj. sp hAdv druvk ifdKGh sjfb dhNq tfsHv
sswA rq, sn hAdv kf- iafiA rq. pfv druvk sjfb mdrtfsj dhhfr
jvfv sswA rq, kfv iafiAW kf. sp sp dbqsk druvk jvsh sn kf sisq
Kfjsh. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 1bQ)
pfjfk hf lfb pdl nmfsuv yfsi zKhf idvshswv jfvsB zKhf jfsvf Hsq
zKhf jfsvf tfq, zKhf ncbfm sbWqfv sswA jvf rq, kfrst kf zhwA
zffrv lvhfsv oxrDk rsh bf hQ kfv sjfb nWqfhW ifWqf pfsh bf. se
ifi W kfv wfd rsk ifsv.
zffrv vnCt hstb sp, djqfmskv dlb zbAfbA stfsjslv iCshG sp
hAdv iaKm dhyfv rsh sn rsY jub wrDl, dkDq rsY jfvD hf zfstm
hQ kxkDq rsY sn hAd, pfv vuDsj zffr iaw jsvdYstb hQ njt
iajfv Lb-slZtk pfsj ialfb jsvdYstb. kfsj zffrv lvhfsv rfduv jvf
rsh. zffr kfsj kf]v slWqf nm dbqfmskv jKf nvB jdvsq slshb. snW
nh djYc nvB jvsh. zk}iv zffr iaw jvshb, `kcdm njt sbqfmskv
dhdbmsq dj zfmt jsv snY?' sn htsh, `sp njt vffq lfb jvst kcdm
JcwD rW sn njt vffv msLA sjfbdeskW skfmfv nd tfsHv sswA Jvy
jvsk YfdVdb.' kJb zffr htshb, `dmKAf htY kcdm. hvQ kcdm ubA
lfb jsvdYst; pfsk stfsj skfmfsj lfbhDv hst. zfv kf htf rsqsY.'

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zk}iv dIdvfhoGsj jcm jvf rsh hQ kfsj hcV jsv sesb dbsq dosq
ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh. (mcndtm 1905 bQ, bfnf)
vnCt zfsvf hstb, sp hAd stfjsj wcbfhfv ubA (ncbfm sbWqfv
sswA) zfmt jvsh zffr kfv sn (hl dbqskv) jKf nfvf nxdv nfmsb
(djqfmsk) iajfw jsv kfsj sYfe W tfdk jvshb. (kfhfvfbD, hfrfjD, nrDr

kfvoDh 23 bQ)

zfhc mfmf iamcJf{ hdBGk, dkdb hstb, j hAd zffrv vnCt -v

dbje sn htt, sn hAd ians zfibfv zdHmk dj, sp ifdvwadmj W
JAfdk tfsHv zfwfq pc jsv? kfv iafiA dj? sv zffrv vnCt
htstb, kfv djYcW iafiA bq. stfjde j iaw dkbhfv icbvfhxd jvt.
zffrv vnCt iaskAjhfsv v dlstb, kfv djYc iafiA bq. zk}iv
dkdb htstb, zhwA zffr kfzftf sjht mf sn zfmt oarB jvshb
pf k]fv ubA dhwc hQ pfv fvf sjht k]fv nd jfmbf jvf rsq Kfsj.
(hQ pfsk zbA swA Kfsj bf). (zfhclfl, bfnf, nrDr kfvoDh 6 bQ)

ssj
jffbbX X ssw
waBaBDDvv mmfft
t ppffj
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k rrsshh??

Hfstf-ml W mLAm Lvsbv mft Kfjst pfjfsk dlsk rsh mLAm swaBDv mft;
spmb zfso htf rsqsY. kfsk dj Jfvfi Lvsbv mft smfse slWqf pfsh bf.
dbsuv shtfq Hfstfde zfv zffrv shtfq jfstfde jsv I]fdjhfu stfsjvf.
hst, `zffr (hf Wvf) dj yfN jsv dosqdYt bfdj?' yci vr shmfb! yfN dj
kcdm jsvdYst bfdj? yfN jsvb mrfb zffr. rj k]fv. ksh skfmfv jcde
jfef sjb? isvv Lsb siffdv jsv pfv Lb kfsj hcsVf zfct slJfsk yfW?
sbf mrfb nxdjkGf dj hstb,
s=yyfs9 !$tn s9 t9$# tw r& tus? Fr&u OtrB $ uusr&
t3xs? F=ss $Vsm

ppffj
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zKGf{, skfmvf sp hDu hib (yfN) jv sn nisjG dyf jsvY dj? skfmvf
dj kf (Int) {i jv, bf zfdm {ijfvD? zfdm Yf jvst sj JVjcefq idvBk jvsk ifdv. zfv kJb rkhcd rsq iVsh skfmvf.--- (nCvf
Wqfdjzfr 63-65 zfqfk)

sjb zfnt mfdtjsj Hfstf dudbnef slsh bf? ifKsvv mk UfVf Lfb
skfmfv, zfv zffr kKf ovDh-dmnjDbslv Hfso hfb ifWqf hf zfo-vfswv
djQhf jcecvD mfVf Lfb! sofX skfmfv zfv ydhG k]fv? sofefde skfmfv, zfv
Hffde k]fv. zffrv nfsK mb shbnfdI sjb? zKy dkdb hstb,
zi 3s9 $s_uzr& !$u F;|2 $t Mt6hs (#)r& (#t#u t%!$# $yr't
4 (#? r& H) {$t/ Gs9u t)? y]7y9$# (#us? u ( F{$#
xm ;_x !$# r& (#n=$#u

zKGf{, sr mcdmboB! skfmvf pf ifuGb jsvsYf hQ zfdm pf skfmfslv ubA

HCdm rsk {i jsvdY, sn idh dhNq rsk Jvy jv hQ kf rsk vi
jtcdNk h hAq jvsk mb jsvf bf pf skfmvf mcdlk y[c hAkDk oarB jv
bf; hQ skfmvf susb svsJf sp, zffr mrf nilwftD, iawQdnk. (nCvf hfjfvfr
267-268 zfqfk)

pdl sjfb mfbcNsj irfsv Jfvfi dudbn slWqf rq, kfrst sn tfv
Jfdksv syfJ h jsv YfVf oarB jsv bf. kfrst sn mft zffrsj n jvfv
ubA djvsi slWqf spsk ifsv?
zsbj yftfj mfbcN zfsY, pfvf sofiftH]fsVv mk Hohfsbv Hfo sKsj
dbsuv Hfo sjse sbq! zKGf{, hbAf, UV hf dwtfhxdsk djYc Lfb b rsq sost
dbnfh idvmfB rWqf nsW zfv Wwv shv jsv bf. msb jsv zffr k]fv
dbsuv Hfo dbsu lcspGfo dlsq sjse dbsqsYb!
spmb sofiftH]fV jdlb iK ytsk ytsk mfbk mfbt sp, `pdl 10 efjf

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jcdVsq if, kfrst 5 efjf Hohfsbv bfsm lfb jvh.' djYc lCv ytfv iv sn 5
efjf jcdVsq sit. kJb sn htt, `Hohfb skf dbsuv Hfo sjse dbsqsY.'
Ist kfv bfsm lfb bf jsv icsvfef dbsu jcd[ok jsv hnt!

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zffllffqq hhff llffbb ddllssqq
k
jH
Hffsshh??
kff hhvvhhffll rrqq ddj

djYc jfu hf jczHAfn zfsY, pf lfb jvfv nmq hf kfv isv jsv sItst lfb
hvhfl pfq, kfv nWqfh ifWqf pfq bf hQ se sofbfrW rq. sn swaBDv
jfu hf Hfh dbmvi }1. lfb dlsq zffrv nd jfmbfv dbqk bf jvf, hvQ kfsk stfj slJfsbf,
ncbfm jcVfsbf, iadklfb ifWqf iaHxdk swA vfJf. spsrkc zffrv hflfoB
sjht zffrv nd tfsHv ubA lfb jsv Kfsjb. mrfb zffr hstb,
!$# _u9 /3 $o) #r&u $VKtu $Y3 m7m 4n?t t$y9$# tu
#Xss% $U7t $t $un/ $sw $) #3 u [!#uy_ 3

zKGf{, zfrfspGv iadk zfnd nsW kfvf zHfhoa, qfkDm W hlDsj

zfrfpG lfb jsv. hst, wcLc zffrv ndtfsHv sswA zfmvf skfmfslvsj
zfrfpG lfb jdv, zfmvf skfmfslv dbje rsk iadklfb yf bf, jxkkfW bq.
zfmvf zfwQjf jdv zfmfslv iadkiftsjv dbje rsk j HDdkial HqQjv
dlsbv. (nCvf lfrv 8-10 zfqfk)
2. lfb dlsq ohG jvf, `dlsqdY-dlsqdY' hst sosq shVfsbf, jxif hf zbcoar
iajfw }mrfbhD hstb, dkb hAdv ndrk djqfmskv dlb zffr jKf htshb
bf, kfslv iadk kfjfshb bf, kfslvsj idh jvshb bf hQ kfslv ubA

ppffj
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pBflfqj wfd rsh. zfhc pfvG htstb, `kfvf jfvf ? sr zffrv vnCt!
kfvf hAKG W [dkoa srfj.' dkdb htstb, o]fsev dbsy sp jfiV Uctfq, djYc
lfb jsv `dlsqdY' hst zbcoar iajfwjfvD hQ dmKAf jnm sJsq iBAlahA
dhskf. (mcndtm 106bQ W zfnrf-hcn ncbfb)
3. lfb slWqfv nmq zKhf kfv isv oarDkfsj znk jKf hst j slWqf,
kfsj zimfb jvf } hAfifsv mrfb iadkiftj hstb,
; ]r& Iu $xt (#)xr& !$t t7G O !$# 6y s9ur& t) t%!$#
s% * ust u n=t yz u n/u y _r&
(#t#u t%!$# $yr't =xm ;_x !$#u 3 ]r& !$yt7Kt 7s%y| i yz utu
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zs39$# ts)9$# t !$#u 3 (#7|2 $i &x 4n?t )t

zKGf{, pfvf zffrv isK dbsuslv Lb-nil hAq jsv k{iv pf hAq jsv
kbA jxif iajfwW jsv bf hQ sjw lfbW jsv bf kfslv ubA kfslv iaHcv
dbje icvjfv vsqsY, hk} kfslv sjfb Hq sb hQ kfvf lcHGfhbfoaW
rsh bf. sp lfsbv iyfsk Kfsj sjw lfb, sn lfb zsi[f m hfjA W [mf
{jx hQ zffr mrf nilwftD, ndrc. sr mcdmboB! jxif iajfw W sjw
lfb jsv dbsuslv lfbocstf hAKG jsv sIstf bf sn hAdv bAfq sp dbsuv Lb
hAq jsv stfj slJfsbfv ubA zKy zffrsk W ivjfst sn dhhfn jsv bf;
Itk} kfv imf spmb j hxr{ mnxB iav J, pfv iv jkjef mfde
(usm) zfsY zhfq idk rt kfsk iaht hNGf, zbv kf idvjxk rsq

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sot; kfvf pf zuGb jsvsY kmLA rsk sjfb dhNsq kfvf ncIt ifsh bf hQ
zffr zdhhfnD nialfqsj iK ialwGb jsvb bf. (nCvf hfjfvfr
262-264 zfqfk)
zfv Jhvlfv pffjfvDsj Lmj slshb bf. zfv zfidb vfuf pk bf htshb,
zfibfv ifdvNloB rqskf kfv wkB htsh. nckvfQ kfslvsjW mfbf jsv
dlb, pfsk mb Lxkfv jfu bf jsv. jfvB, mrfb zffr hstb,
^dys y7n/u y/ $r&u p]s? s !$9$# $r&u y)s? s zKu9$# $r's

zKGf{, zkh kcdm dikxrDsbv iadk jsEfv rsqf bf. zfv iafKDGsj H{Gnbf
jsvf bf. kcdm skfmfv iadkiftsjv zbcoasrv jKf hA jvsk Kfj. (nCvf pcrf

9-11 zfqfk)

lfbwDt hAdv dyk, kfv lfbsj sYfe Hfhf hQ jKfW sJqfst vfJf sp,
lfb jsv sn iajxkis[ dmnjDsbv iadk sjfb zbcoar jvsY bf, hvQ dmnjDb
kfv lfb oarB jsv kfsj nWqfshv zdLjfvD jsv kfv (lfkfv) iadk zbcoar
jvsY. spsrkc mft lfkfv bq. mft skf zffrv hQ lfkf rt k]fv kvI
sKsj iadkdbdL W hebjfvD.

I
Ivvpp rrW
Wqqff mmff
ppffj
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kz
zffllffqq j
jvvssk
k rrsshh
hYv Ocvsk pKfnmsq pfjfk zflfq jvsk rsh. spsrkc zflfq dlst
lfdqkmc rWqf pfsh hQ rEf{ djYc rsq sost OfsV B rsq sKsj pfWqfv
Hq lCv rsq pfsh. kfYfVf It-wsnAv pfjfk skf UfVf-mfVf-v dlb nkv
zflfq jvsk rsh. spsrkc snef zffrv i jcm.
zhwA sjfb jfvBhwk} zKhf iasqfusb slvD jvfq slfN sb. spmb slfN
sb zfso shv jsv slWqfq.

ppffj
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k

ppffj
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Ivvpp rrW
Wqqffvv i
ivv mmfft
t
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t

pfjfk Ivp rWqfv iv zflfq jvfv mk nmq sisqW pdl zflfsq ofItdk
jvsk jvsk mft ycdv, b hf LQn rsq pfq, kfrstW pfjfk mfI rsh bf.
zhwA zflfsqv nmq ifWqfv zfso zKhf dbsuv sjfb iajfv ofItdk YfVf
pdl b hf ycdv rsq pfq, kfrst pfjfk mfI rsq pfsh. (zft-mcmsk 6/47, dIjnX

ncfr 1/360)

klbcvi dhLfb pfjfk drnfh jsv shv jvfv iv b hf ycdv rsq sost.

ook
kj
jssqqj
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jffk
k
z
jsst
t
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bf ufbfv jfvsB, ofItdk jsv zKhf hJDtD jsv ok hYvdtsk sj

pfjfk bf dlsq Kfjst, ndEj drnfh jsv dhok nm hYvdtv pfjfk zflfq
jvf uvvD. pf yst sosY, kf mfI bq. (dIjn ncfr 1/360) pdl efjfv
idvmfB ok hYvdtsk j Kfsj, kfrst kf 40 Hfso Hfo jsv 1 Hfo
(zfVf wkfQw) iaKm hYsvv pfjfk shv jvfv iv hfjD efjfsj zfhfv 40
Hfso Hfo jsv 1 Hfo dkDq hYsvv pfjfk shv jvb. kfviv hfjD mft
zfhfv 40 Hfso Hfo jsv j Hfo isvv hYsvv pfjfk dlb. (mfumC IfkfWqf
hsb NfmDb 18/32-33)

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jffk
kW
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k

ppffj
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kz
zffllffssqq ddrrt
tff--hhffrrffbbff

pfjfk zflfsq drtf-hfrfbf jvf hf I]fdj slWqf ShL bq. spmb pfjfskv
nmq B dlsq dbnfh sKsj jm jsv slWqf zKhf lfb jsv slWqf. jdk
i dhd[ jvf zKhf dhd[ i jdk jvf, dhq jvf zKhf lfb jsv
slWqf ShL bq. (dIjn ncfr 1/361)

ppffj
jffssk
k mmffsst
tvv hhllsst
t mmCt
CtAA

pfjfsk iasqfusb nmswaBDv mfstv ufqofq kfv mCtA sbWqf-slWqf ShL.

dhswN jsv i, ztQjfv W iBAshA mCtA slWqfef nru. ( 1/361)
klbcvi Wwsvv Lfb hf osmv hlst kfv mCtA slWqf slfNfhr bq. dj mCtA
dlsk rsh ndEj drnfh jsv 10 zKhf 20 Hfsov j Hfo. (mfumC IfkfWqf

hsb NfmDb 18/85)

j
ju
uffqqooffvv ppffj
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kz
zbbAA u
uffqqooffqq ddhhk
kvvBB

sp ufqofv pfjfk sn ufqofv rjlfvslv mfsU kf dhkvB jvsk rsh.

spsrkc mczfspv rflDsn dbslGw rt, kfslv LbDslv jfY sKsj dbsq kfslv
zHfhDslv mfsU dhkvB jvsk rsh. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 1772bQ)
zhwA sn fsb rjlfv bf Kfjst, zKhf zbA fsbv stfj zdLj rjlfv
rst zbA fsb dbsq dosq heb jvf ShL rsh.

ddbbssu
uvv ppffj
jffk
k ddbbssu
u
qq j
jvvff

pfjfk shv jvfv iv sn pfjfk q jvf lfkfv ubA dyk bq. jfvB,
dmnjDb lfkf hst kfv lfm jm dbst dbsuv pfjfskv djYc zQw dbsuv jfsY
dIsv zfnfv zfwf Kfsj.

ppffj
jffk
kW
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k

jlf mfv zffrv vffq jde sOfVf lfb jvstb. zk}iv slJstb
sn sOfVf dhq rsY. dkdb kf q jvsk yfstb. hAfifsv zffrv vnCt
-sj dufnf jvst dkdb htstb, kcdm kf q jsvf bf (pdlW kf skfmfsj
j dlvrfsm slq) hQ skfmfv lfsb kcdm dIsv spsqf bf (dIdvsq dbW bf).
(hcJfvD 1489, mcndtm 1621, zfhC lfl 1593bQ)

zhwA zisvv pfjfk dbsuv zKG dlsq djbsk ifvf pfq. spmb ovDshv
sbWqf pfjfk pdl sjfb LbDsj irfv drnfsh slq, kfrst kf LbDv ubA
sbWqf ShL.
jlf hfvDvfrsj nfljfv sofX slWqf rst dkdb sn sKsj djYc sofX
zffrv vnCt -sj slb. dkdb jKf susb hstb, ef kfv ubA nfljfr,
dj zfmfslv ubA rfdlqf (isTZjb). (hcJfvD 1495, mcndtm 1074, zfhC lfl
1655bQ)

llffbb ddllssqq ssI

Ivv{{ ssbbW
Wqqff

djYc stfsjv zHAfn zfsY, pfvf lfb slq; dj pfsj dlsqsY kfv nfsK sjfb
iajfv mksHl hf msbfmfdtbA rst kf sIv{ sbq. mb stfsjslv mb
zHAfn Jch dbjx.
hsb zffn jkxGj hdBGk, bhD hstb, sp hAd kfv lfbjxk dudbn
sIv{ sbq sn hAdv lfrvB jcjcsvv mk sp hdm jsv zk}iv sn hdm
zfhfv sy]se Jfq. (hcJfvD 2621, 2622, mcndtm 1622bQ, zfnrfsh ncbfb)

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pfjfk oarBjfvDv dhdH zflh zfsY ntfsm. kfv djYc dbmvi }(1) kfsj pfjfskv rjlfv rsk rsh. zbA jKfq jcvzfsb hdBGk 8 swaBDv
msLA j swaBDHc rsk rsh.

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(2) pf ifsY kfsk n rsk rsh. lfbsj kcY W sYfe msb bf jsv n
dys oarB jvsk rsh. spsrkc sn lfb zfnst zffrv.
(3) lfkfv jxkkf zflfq jvsk rsh. jfvB, sp mfbcsNv jdvqf zflfq
jsv bf sn zfnst zffrv jdvqf zflfq jsv bf.
(4) pfjfk lfkfv ubA lczf jvsh; htsh, nfff zftfj. zKGf{,
zffr skfmfv iadk jvBf hNGB jvj. zKhf zffmf nfd zf'tf zf-dt
Ictfb. zKGf{, sr zffr! zmcsjv idvhfvhsoGv iadk jvBf hNGB jv.
(Ictfb-v st lfkfv bfm sbsh.)
mrfb zffr hstb,
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=t y !$#u 3

zKGf{, sr bhD! kcdm kfslv Lb-nil rsk nfljfr oarB jv, pfv fvf kcdm
kfslvsj ifj-nfI jsv slsh zfv kfslv ubA lczf jv, db}nslsr skfmfv
ubA lczf rsY kfslv ubA wfdv jfvB. zfv zffr Jch wcsbb, Jch ufsbb.
(nCvf kfWhfr 103 zfqfk)
diaq bhD hstb, sp hAd skfmfslv sjfb ijfv jsv skfmvf kfv

iadklfb lfW. pdl iadklfb slWqfv mk djYc bf ifW, kfrst kfv ubA lczf
jv. pfsk skfmvf msb jvsk ifv sp, skfmvf kfv iadklfb dlsqY. (zfrmfl
2/68, zfhC lfl 1672, bfnf)

(5) iasqfusbv shwD yfsh bf. B idvswfL rsq sost zKh iasqfub iCBG
rsq sost zfv yfWqf ShL bq.

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tQQOObb W
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zflfq jvsk dosq sjfb irfv (OcN) oarB jvf, sufv-pctm jsv zflfq
jvf, sJqfbk jvf kAfdl rfvfm.
mrfbhD hstb, sp hAdsj zfmvf pfjfk zflfqjfvDvsi dbhGfyb jsvdY
hQ kfv iv kfv vuD (ifdvwadmj) dbLGfdvk jsvdY sn hAd kf YfVf pdl
zbA djYc oarB jsv ksh kf sJqfbk. (zfhC lfl, nrDt ufsm'774bQ)
zffrv vnCt pJb k]fsj (pfjf{) nljfr zflfq jvfv ubA siavB
jvstb kJb htstb, sr zfhC ztDl! kcdm zffrsj Hq jv. kcdm spb
djqfmskv dlb (dbu OfsV) sjfb dy]dr]-vhdhdw ]e, zKhf rff-vhdhdw of
zKhf sm]-sm] vhdhdw Yfot hrb jvf zhfq idk rsqf bf. (hflfr)
htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! hAfifv dj nkA kf?' htstb, r]Af, kf. sn
nfv jnm, p]fv rfsk zfmfv iafB zfsY. (hflfr) htstb, `kfrst sn
nfv jnm, dpdb zfibfsj nskAv nfsK siavB jsvsYb! zfdm zfibfv
(hfkct mfstv) sjfb hAfifsv jJsbf yfjcvD jvh bf.' (kfhfvfbDv jfhDv, nrDr
kfvoDh 775bQ)

zfhC mfl nfsqlD hstb, bhD zfpXslv hsb tckdhqAfr bfmj j

hAdsj pfjfk zflfq jvfv jfsu jmGyfvD dbsqfo jvstb. sn hAd
(zflfqjxk mft nr) dIsv sn htt, `ef zfibfslv (hfqkct mfstv), zfv
ef zfmfsj irfv vi slWqf rsqsY.' jKf wcsb zffrv vnCt sE
lfqmfb rsq zffrv iawQnf W dk hBGbf jsv htstb, zk}iv hdt sp,
zffr zfmfsj sp njt jsmGv zdLjfvD jsvsYb kfv mLA rsk sjfbW jsmGv
skfmfslv jfsj jmGyfvD dbsqfo jvst sn dIsv sn hst dj bf, `ef
zfibfslv, zfv ef irfv vi zfmfsj slWqf rsqsY!' pdl sn nkAhflD

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rq ksh kfv hfi-mfsqv Osv hsn sKsj slsJ bf sjb, kfsj sjfb irfv
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zbdLjfv oarB jvsh sn djqfmskv dlb kf dbu OfsV hrb jvf zhfq
zffrv ndrk nf[f{ jvsh. zkh zfdm spb zhwA dybsk bf ifdv sp,
skfmfslv mLA rsk sj dbu OfsV dy]dr]-vhdhdw ]e, zKhf rff-vhdhdw
of, zKhf sm]-sm]-vhdhdw Yfot hrb jvf zhfq zffrv ndrk nf[f{
jsvY.
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!$# r&u Ms%y9$# {'tu $t7 t st/G9$# t7)t u !$# r& (#n=t s9r&
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(#t#u t%!$$s ( tn=tG /3n=yy_ $ (#)r&u &!uu !$$/ (##u

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zffr skf ShL zKG YfVf zbA djYc oarB jsvb bf - sn hAdv lfbsj
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spmb skfmfslv sj kfv zw-wfhjsj tftb-iftb jsv Kfsj. idvswsN kf
ifrfsVv mk rsq pfq. (hcJfvD 1410bQ, mcndtm 1014bQ)
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kfv ubA hsB hdLGk jsv slshb? zfv zffr vpD nQjcdyk W
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x. _r& &s!u s9 xs $Y|xm $s% !$# ) %!$# #s

zKGf{, sj zfsY sp zffrsj B lfb jvsh- m B; zk}iv zffr kf

kfv ubA dB-hsB hdLGk jsv slshb hQ kfv ubA rsh mrficvfv?
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zfhc vfvf jkxGj hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zffrv vnCt jxiB W lfbwDt
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viv lfbwDt pJb jde djYc lfb jsv kJb sn ucf kfv slsr dTtf
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kfv ildyr (ifi hf de) mcsY slq. i[fsv jxiB pJb lfb jvfv Yf
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nfljfq svfomcd zfsY. mrfbhD hstb, skfmvf skfmfslv svfoDslv
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mrfbhD hstb, (djqfmskv mfsE svZk dlsb) nm stfsjslv dhyfv
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hsb Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, nrDr kfvoDh 872bQ)

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hQ nCvf rfwsvv 18bQ zfqfk ifE jsv zfLJfbf sJucv dlsqW njtsj lfb
jvsk c jvstb. sb stfsjvf sj lDbfv, sj dlvrfm, sj jfiV,
sj om, sj sJucv lfb jvsk tfot. nhGiaKm zfbnfvslv jub stfj
j Kst mft sb rfdpv jvt. kfv slJfsldJ stfsjvf njst dbu dbu lfb
dbsq idk rt. idvswsN Jfhfv W jfisVv lcde Ci umf rsq sot. kf slsJ
JcwDsk zffrv vnCt -v syrfvf y]fl W snfbfv ecjvfv mk t rsq
Et. zk}iv dkdb htstb, sp hAd ntfsm sjfb Hfstf vDdk (hf jmG)
iahdkGk jsv kfv ubA vsqsY kfv nWqfh (iadklfb) hQ kfslv nmidvmfB
nWqfh pfvf vDdkv zbcjvsB zfmt (jmG) jsv. sk kfslv jfsvf nWqfh
kecjc idvmfBW rafn jvf rq bf. zfv sp hAd ntfsm sjfb ml vDdk (hf
jsmGv) nCybf jsv kfv ubA vsqsY kfv ifi hQ kfslv nmidvmfB ifiW
pfvf vDdkv zbcjvsB zfmt (hf jmG) jsv. sk kfslv jfsvf ifi kecjc
idvmfB rafn jvf rq bf. (mcndtm1017bQ, bfnf, hsb mfufr, dkvdmpD)

(2) dbsuv iasqfub Kfjf nsW lfb jvf

sn lfb jk bf m, sp lfsbv mcJfsi[D lfkf dbsu. dbsuv zHfh W
iasqfub KfjskW zivsj lfb jvf jde zflswGv hAfifv. ovDh rstW lfsb
zHAfnD Kfjf Hfstf.
zfhc vfvf rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, j hAd bhD -v dbje sn
htt, sr zffrv vnCt! nWqfshv dlj sKsj sjfb nljfr nhsysq hV?'
sv dkdb htstb, skfmfv nckf W zKGiasqfub Kfjf zhfq jxk nljfr,
pJb kcdm lfdvlasj Hq jv hQ LbD rWqfv zfwf jv. zfv hAfifsv
oqQoY jsvf bf. idvswsN skfmfv iafB pJb jfokiafq rsh kJb htsh,

ppffj
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zmcsjv ubA k, zmcsjv ubA k (nljfr), zKy kf skf (iajxkis[)

zmcj (Wqfdvsnv) ubA. (hcJfvD 1419 bQ, mcndtm 1032 bQ)
mrfbhD hstb, j dlvrfm j t[ dlvrfm zsi[f swa. j hAd
htt, `kf dj jsv rq, sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb, j hAdv iaycv
mft zfsY. sn kfv j sjfB dbsq 1 tfJ dlvrfm lfb jsv. zfv zbA j
hAd mf 2 dlvrfsmv mfdtj. sn kf rsk 1 dlvrfm lfb jsv. (bfnf, hsb

Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 883bQ)

jlf j hAd zffrv vnCt -v smrmfb rsq t. dkdb mct

mcdmbDbslv jfsY djYc zfsY dj bf kf ufbsk yfstb. k]fvf htstb, k]fslv

djYc ifdb YfVf Jfhfv djYc sb. Ist dkdb sOfNBf jsv htstb, sj v
smrmfb-sbWqfpD jvsh? jKf sb zfbnfvslv j hAd htt, `zfdm,
sr zffrv vnCt!' zk}iv kfsj dbsq hfdVsk dosq Dsj htt, `zffrv
vnCt -v smrmfsbv Jfdkv jv.' D htt, `dj Osv skf hfyfslv Jfhfv
mk Jfhfv YfVf zbA djYc sb.' fmD htt, `Jfhfv SkvD jv. hfdk ufdtsq
lfW. zk}iv hfyfslvsj Ocm ifdVsq lfW!' mdrtf kf jvt. zk}iv hfdk
dEj jvfv Hfb jsv sE hfdkefsj dbdHsq dlt. (dbqm rsY smrmfsbv nfsK
JfWqf. dj Jfhfv dYt mf jusbv. Ist smrmfbsj sJsk zfslw jvt
hQ zjfsv) kfvf fmD-Dsk mb Hfh iajfw jvt sp, kfvfW Jfbf JfsY!
zkh kfvf Hsq hfyfnr ihfsn vfd zdkhfdrk jvt!
njft rst stfjde zffrv vnCt -v dJlmsk idk rst dkdb
htstb, ok vfs skfmfslv Hsqv jf slsJ zffr srsnsYb.
zfv kfv ieHCdmjfq zhkDBG rt,
tgs u s9) uy_$y t t7t =6s% zyM}$#u u#$!$# t7s? t%!$#u
tu 4 |$|yz 5 t%x. s9u r& #n?t Ou (#?& !$i Zy_%tn

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s=9$# y7s9''s t x s

zKGf{, (mcrfduvslv zfomsbv iCshG) pfvf bovDsk (mlDbfq) hnhfn

jsvsY W mfb sbsY kfvf mcrfduvslvsj Hfthfsn hQ mcrfduvslvsj pf
slWqf rsqsY kfv ubA kfvf zsv zfjf[f sifNB jsv bf; zfv kfvf
kfslvsj dbsuslv iv iafLfbA slq dbsuvf zHfhoa rstW. pfvf jfiGBA
rsk dbsuslvsj mc jsvsY kfvf nItjfm. (nCvf rfwXv 9 zfqfk, hcJfvD)
jec msbv zfsho dlsq Oebfde isV Kfjst dbyq zfibfv syfsJ ifdb
sn sosY. k]fvf ovDh dYstb, khcW zHfhDv zHfh zKhf [cLfskGv [cLfv
uftf lCv jvsk kecjc diYif rskb bf. dj kfslv jfsY zfmvf dj? zfmvf
dj k]fslv zbcnvB jsv djYcW jsv nWqfh zuGsb c rh bf? zffr
zfmfslvsj kWIDj slb. zfmDb.

(3) nYtkf svsJ lfb jvfv ocvk

rfjDm dhb drpfm jkxGj hdBGk, bhD hstb ]yc (lfkf) rfk dbyc
(oarDkf) rfk zsi[f m. kfslv mfLAsm hAq jvf zfvH jv pfslv kcdm
iadkiftb jvY. nhsysq m rt sn lfb, pfv iv nYtkf zhdw Kfsj
(zKGf{ sp lfsbv iv zHfh bf zfsn.) zfv sp hAd (pff rsk) idh Kfjfv
syf jvsh zffr kfsj idh vfJshb hQ sp hAd zmcJfsi[D Kfjfv syf
jvsh zffr kfsj zmcJfsi[D (zHfhmc) vfJshb. (hcJfvD 1427 bQ)

(4) ifdb lfb jvfv mfrfkA

nf'l dhb hflfr jkxGj hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv

ppffj
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vnCt! sjfb lfb nhsysq swa?' dkdb sv htstb, ifdb ifb jvfsbf.
(zfhc lfl, nrDr hsb mfufr 2971 bQ)

nf'l rsk hdBGk, `dkdb htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! sm nf'l

(zfmfv mf) mfvf sosY. zkh sjfb lfb nhsysq m rsh?' dkdb htstb,
ifdb.
hBGbfjfvD hstb, nckvfQ nf'l jde jcqf Jbb jsv htstb, `de sm
nf'slv.' (nrDr zfhc lfl1474 bQ)
ncvfjfr dhb uc'wcm rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zfdm zffrv vnCt -sj
sn rfdvsq pfWqf ]e nisjG dufnf jvtfm pf zfmfv utfwsq zhkvB
jsv; sp utfwq zfdm zfmfv dbu ]sev ubA SkvD jsv svsJdY. ]esj
ifdb ifb jvfst zfdm nWqfshv zdLjfvD rh dj? dkdb htstb, r]Af, iaskAj
diifnfkG iafBD(sj ifdb ifb jvfsbf)sk nWqfh zfsY. (nrDr hsb mfufr 2972 bQ)

(5) zfkDqsj lfb jvb

zfkDqsj lfb jvfv hV vk W mfrfkA vsqsY ntfsm. ubA mrfbhD
zfhc kftrfsj zfslw jsvdYstb k]fv m nil dbu zfkDqslv mfsU
dhkvB jvsk. spsrkc kfsk vsqsY Fht nWqfh.
jlf zfcfr dhb mfnl -v D zffrv vnCt -sj dufnf jvfstb
sp, fmDsj pfjfk dlst kf psK rsh dj bf? sv mrfbhD htstb,
(psK rsh hQ kfslv rsh dB nWqfh;) zfkDqkf hufq vfJfv nWqfh
hQ nfljfv nWqfh. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
dkdb hstb, dmnjDbsj lfb jvst jde lfb jvfv nWqfh rq. dj
zfkDqsj lfb jvst lcde nWqfh rq; lfb jvfv nWqfh hQ zfkDqkf hufq
jvfv nWqfh. (bfnf, dkvdmpD, hsb Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, rfsjm)
dkdb hstb, nhGswa nljfr rt, dhsNsifNBjfvD zfkDqsj jvf
nljfr. (zfrmfl, kfhfvfbD, hsb Jcpfmfr, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 893-894bQ)

ppffj
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(6) Dblfv stfjsj lfb jvb

lfb jvfv nmq Dblfv stfj slsJ lfb jsvb. Jhvlfv mb stfjsj lfb
jsvb bf, pfsj lfb jvst zbAfq hf ifijfsu nrspfdokf rsq pfsh. nckvfQ
shbfmfpD; sp zffrv Ivp zflfq jsv bf, sn zffrv rj JfhfvW spfoA bq.
mfkft, dhdV-dnofsvesJfv, dnsbmfhfu, sTmb, shwAf iaHxdk mfbcNsj zfibfv
nljfr slshb bf. jfvB, rqskf hf zfibfv zKG fvf kfvf kfslv ifsi
zfsvf {nfdrk rsh. zhwA zufs Lvsbv jfsj dlsq sItst dH jKf.
susb vfsJb sp, zffrv mfstv kfvf shwD rjlfv, pfvf k]fv zfbcokA W
hflk jsv, k]fv dpjXv W tXm zfstfybf jsv. kfvf zfibfv mft dbsq
zffrv zfbcokA W hflsk nfrfpA dbsh. kf YfVf mrfbhD hstb, kcdm
mc'dmb hAkDk zfv jfsvf nfrypG oarB jsvf bf hQ ivsrpofv mfbcN YfVf
skfmfv Jfhfv spb zbA sj bf Jfq. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, hsb drfb,
rfsjm, nrDt ufsm' 7341 bQ)

ppff z
zffssYY k
kff llffbb j
jvvbb

zfibfv pf zfsY kf lfb jvb. zi rstW zi lfb jvb. zi dlsk

tfshfL jvshb bf. jfvB, sjhfsv bf slWqfef zfsvf tfv jKf.
pffjfvDsj tf dlshb bf. kfsj zfibfv lvuf sKsj hdk zhfq
dIdvsq slb bf. jfvB, zfibfv iKialwGj bhD sjfb pffjfvDsj Jfdt
rfsk dIdvsq dlskb bf. pf siskb kf dlsq n jvskb IjDvsj. zfv
dkdb hstsYb, skfmvf ufrffm sKsj h]fy, pdlW j ecjvf sJucv lfb jsv
rq. pdl j ecjvf sJucvW bf ifW ksh m jKf hst. (hcJfvD 1417 bQ,
mcndtm 1016 bQ)

jlf mf zfsqwf (vf})v lvufq j pffjfvD t. sn nmq k]fv dbje

ppffj
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djYc mdrtf hsn dYt. dkdb kfsj j lfbf zfcv dlsk zfslw jvstb. kf
slsJ mdrtfvf zfypGshfL jvst dkdb htstb, `Wsk zsbj zBc zfsY.' k]fv
swA rt sn zBc; pfv jKf mrfb zffr k]fv jcvzfsb hstsYb,
ut #Xyz >s t$s)W yt ys

zKGf{, nckvfQ sp hAd zBc idvmfB Hfstf jfu jvsh, (djqfmsk) sn kf

slJsk ifsh. (nCvf pftpftfr 7 zfqfk)
zfv r]Af, Jhvlfv dmnjDbsj sLfjf dlsk smfse syf jvshb bf. jfvB,
kfsj sLfjf dlst zfnst zffrsj sLfjf slWqf rq. zfv ians jcvzfsbv
jfdrbD bcb; mrfb zffr hstb,
u t6 $p]us9 (#|%r& ) pg:$# |=utr& !$tn=t/ $yx. tn=t/ $)
9$%x. Myst6r's t!$t u y7n/ i #!$s $pn=t t$ss t[tGt
(#)n=s$$s t| . ) /3Oxm 4n?t (#$# r& t6 (#y$stGs
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yr& t$s% ttx tw t/ t9!$s9 $) (#9$s% $yr&u $s>s ts%
t6%r's =s $. $) !$un/u zys6 (#9$s% tsm7|@ s9 /39 %r& s9r&
r& !$u/u 4|t ts $. $) !$un=ut (#9$s% tun=tGt <t/ 4n?t t/
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tn=t (#%x. s9

zKGf{, zfdm kfslvsj ivD[f jsvdY, spHfsh ivD[f jsvdYtfm hfofsbv

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mfdtjslvsj pJb kfvf wiK jsvdYt sp, kfvf njft njft zfrvB jvsh
hfofsbv It. hQ kfvf bwfzffr hst db. zk}iv skfmfv iadkiftsjv
dbje rsk j dhipGq rfbf dlt sn hfofsb pJb kfvf Ocdmsq dYt.
Ist Wef l rsq jxhBG LfvB jvt. iakcAsN kfvf sj zivsj sFsj
htt, skfmvf pdl It zfrvB jvsk yfW ksh njft njft hfofsb yt.
zk}iv kfvf ytt dbbsv jKf htsk htsk. zfu spb skfmfslv dbjse
sjfb zHfhoa hAd iashw jvsk bf ifsv. zk}iv kfvf zHfhoaslvsj
dbhx jvsk n[m- dhhfn dbsq iaHfkjfst hfofsb pff jvt. zk}iv
kfvf pJb hfofsbv zhf iakA[ jvt kfvf htt} zfmvf skf dlwf rfdvsq
sIstdY. bf zfmvf skf hdk. kfslv swa hAd htt, zfdm dj skfmfslvsj
hdtdb? JbW skfmvf zffrv idhkf W mdrmf sOfNBf jvsYf bf sjb?
kJb kfvf htt, zfmvf zfmfslv iadkiftsjv idhkf W mdrmf sOfNBf
jvdY, zfmvf skf nDmftQObjfvD dYtfm. zk}iv kfvf sj zisvv iadk
slfNfsvfi jvsk tfot. kfvf htt, rfq lcsHGfo zfmfslv! zfmvf skf dYtfm
nDmftQObjfvD. zfmvf zfwf vfdJ - zfmfslv iadkiftj v idvhskG
zfmfslvsj dlshb {jxkv lAfb; zfmvf zfmfslv iadkiftsjv zdHmcJD
rtfm. wfd vi rsq Kfsj hQ zfsJvfskv wfd jdEbkv. pdl kfvf
ufbskf! (nCvf jftfm 17-33 zfqfk)

JJffllAA llffbb j
jvvffvv
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W mmffrrffk
kAA

lcdbqfq jk wk mfbcN zfsY, pfslv [cLfq lc shtf Jfhfv sufse bf. sj

Jfq ]sef ifk sKsj jcdVsq, jJsbf hf jcjcv-dhVfstv jfY sKsj sjsV.
zsbsj Jfq zJflA. zsbsj z dhbf YYfVf rsq fsv fsv Ocsv. jk stfj
mfvf pfq z dhbf. [cLfq zfrfv bf sisq zsbsj lcydv rq.
kf zfmfslv Db zfmfslvsj [cLfkGsj z dlsq nfrfpA jvsk zfslw

ppffj
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dlsqsY. pfvf dbsuslv [cdhfvB jvsk ifsv bf kfslvsj JflA lfb jvsk
zbciafdBk jsvsY ntfm. dkvxk jsvsY kfslvsj, pfvf [cLfkGsj zlfsb
c rq bf.
mrfb zffr hstb,
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(#t#u t%!$# z t%x. O 7t/uIt #s $Y3 r& >t/u)t #s $VKt 7t7tt
uypRQ$# =utr& y7s9'& uxqu9$$/ (#|#us?u 99$$/ (#|#us?u

zKGf{, dj sn dodv nQjse iashw jvstf bf (jnfLA iK zhtb jvt

bf). kcdm dj ufb sp, dodv nQje dj? ef rsY lfnsj mcd ialfb; zKhf
lcdHGs[v dlsb zfrfpG lfb; dikxrDb zfkDqsj, zKhf LCtfq tcdk ldvlasj.
klcidv kfslv zHcG rWqf pfvf mcdmb hQ ivivsj islw slq
SLpGLfvsBv W lqf lfd[sBAv; kfvf snZHfoAwftD. (nCvf hftfl 11-18 zfqfk)
ts u zKu9$# t %!$# y79xs e$!$$/ >js3 %!$# |Muur&
39$# $ys 4n?t

zKGf{, kcdm dj slsJY kfsj sp jmGItsj dmKAf hst Kfsj? sn skf hAd
sp dikxrDbsj vPHfsh kfdVsq slq . hQ sn zHfhoasj JflAlfsb {nfr
ialfb jsv bf. (nCvf mfb 1-3 zfqfk)
(#9$s% us)y 3x6n=y $t tf9$# t t9u!$|tFt ;My_
t39$# 7t s9u t,j#|9$# 7t s9

zKGf{, kfvf Kfjsh lAfsb hQ dufnfhfl jvsh, zivfLDslv nisjG,

skfmfslvsj djsn nfjfv (ufrffsm) dbs[i jsvsY? kfvf htsh, zfmvf

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bfmfpDslv zHcG dYtfm bf. zfmvf zHfhoaslv zfrfpG lfb jvkfm bf.--(nCvf mcfNdNv 40-44 zfqfk)
mrfbhD hstb, sn zfmfv iadk mfb zfsb db, sp hAd idvkx rsq

vfdpfib jsv, zKy kfv ifsw kfv iadkshwD [cLfkG Kfsj hQ jKf sn
ufsb. (hfppfv, kfhfvfbD, nrDt ufsm 5505bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sn mcdmb bq, sp sJsq idvkx rq, zKy kfv ifsw kfv
iadkshwD [cLfkG Kfsj. (kfhfvfbD, rfsjm, hfrfjD, nrDt ufsm 5382bQ)
zfhc vfvf rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zffrv vnCt hstsYb, zffr
zfppf zufX djqfmskv dlb htshb, `sr zflm nfb! zfdm znc dYtfm
zKy kcdm zfmfsj nf[f{ jvdb!' mfbcN htsh, `sr zfmfv iadkiftj! sjmb
jsv zfibfv (znckf W) nf[f{ nHh dYt, jfvB zfidb skf dhwufrfsbv
iftbjkGf!' zffr htshb, `kcdm dj ufbsk bf, zfmfv zmcj hflf znc
dYt? kcdm skf kfsj nf[f{ jsv nfbf lfW db. kcdm dj ufbsk bf sp, pdl
kcdm kfsj nf[f{ jvsk kfrst kfv dbjse zfmfsjW sisk?'
(zffr zfsvf htshb,) `sr zflm nfb! zfdm skfmfv dbje z dH[f
jsvdYtfm, dj kcdm zfmfsj zlfb jvdb!' mfbcN htsh, sr iaHc! sjmb jsv
zfibfsj zlfb jvkfm? zfidb skf nfvf ufrfsbv iftbjkGf! zffr
htshb, kcdm dj ufbsk bf, zfmfv zmcj hflf skfmfv dbje z dH[f
jsvdYt? dj kcdm kfsj z lfb jvdb. kcdm dj ufbsk bf sp, pdl kcdm
kfsj z lfb jsv Kfjsk kfrst kf zfmfv dbje sisq spsk?
(zffr zfsvf htshb,) `sr zflm nfb! zfdm skfmfv dbje diifnfq ifdb
sysqdYtfm. dj kcdm zfmfsj ifdb ifb jvfWdb!' mfbcN htsh, sr zfmfv
iadkiftj! sjmb jsv zfibfsj ifdb ifb jvfkfm? zfidb skf nfvf dhswv
iftbjkGf! zffr htshb, `zfmfv zmcj hflf skfmfv dbje diifnfq ifdb
dH[f jsvdYt. dj kcdm kfsj ifb jvfWdb. kcdm dj ufbsk bf sp, pdl kcdm
kfsj ifdb ifb jvfsk kfrst kf zfmfv dbje sisq spsk? (mcndtm 2569 bQ)

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j hAd mrfbhD -sj iaw jvstb sp, ntfsmv sjfbX jfu nhsysq
m? sv dkdb htstb, JflA lfb jvf hQ idvdyk-zidvdyk njt
(mcndtm)sj nftfm jvf. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, bfnf)
vnCtcfr hstb, skfmfslv msLA sn hAd swa, sp zlfb jsv.

(nrDr kfvoDh 948bQ)

j mvhfnD zffrv vnCt -v dbje sn iaw jvt sp, sr zffrv

vnCt! zfmfsj mb zfmstv jKf hst dlb, pf zfmfsj shsrs dbsq pfsh.
dkdb htstb, hhA sYfe rstW, dhNqde kcdm (i) siw jsv sIstY. kcdm
Dklfn fLDb jv. kfsk n[m bf rst [cLfkGsj z hQ kxfkGsj ifbDq
lfb jv. (zfrmfl, hsb drfb, hfrfjD, nrDr kfvoDh 951bQ)
mrfbhD hstb, zffrv dbje nhGfdLj iYlbDq zfmt rt, mcndtsmv
rlqsj zfbdlk jvf, kfv j lCv jsv slWqf, kfv [cLf lCv jvf, kfv kvI
sKsj B idvswfL jsv slWqf, (hQ idvLfsbv jfiV lfb jvf). (nrDr kfvoDh
954-955bQ)

zfcfr dhb nftfm rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zfdm bhD -v hfBD rsk
nhGiaKm pf wcsbdY kf rt, sr mfbcN! skfmvf nftfm iayfv jv, zlfb jv,
fdk-hb z[c vfJ hQ stfsjvf pJb Ocdmsq Kfsj kJb skfmvf bfmfp
iV. sk skfmvf dbdhGsO uffsk iashw jvsk ifvsh. (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr,
rfsjm,nrDr kfvoDh 610bQ)
zfcfr dhb zfmXv iamcJf{ hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, shsrs

mb j j[ zfsY pfv hfdrsvv zQw dHkv rsk hQ dHksvv zQw hfdrv

rsk idvlx rsh. jKf wcsb zfhc mfstj zfwzfvD htstb, `sn j[
jfv ubA rsh sr zffrv vnCt?' dkdb htstb, sp hAd m (W dmd) jKf
hst, ([cLfkGsj) zlfb jsv, zfv stfsjvf pJb dblafdHHCk Kfsj kJb sp
bfmfp isV vfd zdkhfdrk jsv. (kfhfvfbD, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 611bQ)

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lfb jvstW sjht sjv dkb zQw ifsv, zfv kfW Jch shwD. hvQ kfv sKsj
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nf'l dhb mfstj dhlfqD rsv hYsv pJb mxkcAsvfso wfdqk dYstb,
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zKGf{, skfmvf zffrv isK hAq jv hQ Dq r LQsnv dlsj ianfdvk

jsvf bf. zfv drknfLb jvsk Kfsjf dbyq zffr drknfLbjfvDslv
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vpD zfnfv ifq Kfsj hQ zffrv iv iCBG zff Kfsj kKf lfsbv iv
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lfb sp sjfb nmsq jvf pfq. hvQ pJb spJfsb lfb jvf iasqfub kJb
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nmq nfsK nfsK ik tfjfv stfjslvsj lfb jvf m. zhwA pct-r
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spsrkc zffr zfpXpf zuf pctrsv iaKm lw dlbsj zbAfbA dlsbv iv
swak W mpGflf lfb jsvsYb. zffrv vnCt hstb. lw dlsbv msLA
jxk sbj zfmstv sysq zffrv dbje zdLj iYlbDq zfv sjfb zfmt
sb. (nfrfhfoB) htstb, `zffrv isK durflW bq dj?' dkdb htstb,
zffrv isK durflW bq. ksh mb sjfb hAd (v zfmt) sp dbsuv
ufb-mft nr shv rq hQ kfviv djYcW ns dbsq zfv dIsv zfsn bf. (hcJfvD,
zfhC lfl)

dkdb zfsvf hstb, zfprfv lw dlsbv sbj zfmstv sysq zdLj idhkv
W iadklfsb zdLj hxrv zfv sjfb zfmt zffr zfpXpf zuffv dbje

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sb. htf rt, `zffrv isK durflW bq dj?!' dkdb htstb, zffrv
isK durflW bq. ksh mb hAdv (zfmt) sp dbsuv ufbmft nr hdroGk
rq, zk}iv kfv djYcW ns dbsq zfv dIsv zfsn bf. (lfsvmD 1/357)
zk}iv vmpfb mfsn lfb jvf m. spsrkc mrfbhD mfsn shwD shwD
lfb jvskb. (hcJfvD 6bQ, mcndtm)
ufqof drnfsh mf zk}iv mlDbfv rfvfsmv dmnjDbslvsj lfb jvf m.
(zft-mcmsk 6/274)

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mfv dhb Jffh hstb, jlf zffrv vnCt zfmfslvsj lfb jvsk
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vnCtcfrv lvhfsv rfdpv rtfm. dkdb zfmfsj dufnf jvstb, (k mft!)
kcdm skfmfv Osv idvusbv ubA dj svsJ st? sv zfdm httfm,
`zbcvi zsLGj svsJ sndY.'
zfv dlsj zfhC hfjXv k]fv hfdVv nm mft dbsq rfdpv rstb. k]fsj
zffrv bhD dufnf jvstb, kcdm skfmfv idvusbv ubA Osv dj svsJ
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duksk ifvh bf.' (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD)

klbcvi Nmfb obD dYstb jub lfbhDv nfrfhD. dkdb jde pcsv ubA
ncndk 300 sOfVf lfb jsvdYstb! zffrv vnCt kfhCsjv nQjejfstv
pcsv iadkv ubA stfjsj nljfr jvsk c jvstb.
Nmfb sE htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zffrv vffq dubnr 100de
ncndk sOfVf lfb zfmfv lfdqsk.'
kfvisvW zffrv vnCt stfjslvsj {nfdrk jvsk Kfjstb.
hfsvW Nmfb sE htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zffrv vffq dubnr
200de ncndk sOfVf lfb zfmfv lfdqsk.'
kfvisvW zffrv vnCt stfjslvsj {nfdrk jvsk Kfjstb.
zfhfsvf Nmfb sE htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zffrv vffq dubnr
300de ncndk sOfVf lfb zfmfv lfdqsk.'
hxr{ lfsbv jKf sb mrfbhD dmv sKsj htsk htsk bfmstb,
v isv Nmfb pf jvsh, kfsk kfv sjfb [dk rsh bf. v isv Nmfb pf
jvsh, kfsk kfv sjfb [dk rsh bf. (zfrmfl 4/75, dkvdmpD 5/625, rfsjm
3/110)

kftrf dhb hflcfr -v D jlf fmDsj dyfoa slsJ dufnf

jvstb, `dj hAfifv? nHhk} zfmfv hAfifsv zfibfv sjfb nslr rsqsY;
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D htstb, `sn hAfifsv zfibfv lcdyf djsnv? zfidb zfibfv sofsv
stfjsj sFsj kf dhkvB jsv dlb!'
kftrf djswfv Jfslmsj sofsv stfjsj sFsj rfdpv jvsk htstb hQ
nm mft kfslv mfsU heb jsv dlstb. sn mft dYt 4 t[ (dlvrfm)!
(kfhfvfbD, nrDr kfvoDh 925bQ)

jlf mfv dhb Jffh yfv w' lDbfv jde Kdtsk Hsv djswfv

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Jfslmsj htstb, `de zfhC hflfr dhb ufvGfrsj lfW. kfviv kfv
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Jfslm kf dbsq k]fsj dlsq htt, `zfmDvt mcdmbDb htstb, stfsj
zfibfv sjfb iasqfusb hAq jvb.' zfhC hflfr lczf dlsq htstb, `zffr
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djswfvD Jfslmfsj sFsj htstb, ` 7de zmcjsj, 5de zmcjsj,
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Jfslm dIsv sn sn Jhv mfvsj ufdbsq dlt. slJt dkdb zbcvi Kdt
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jsvb.'
Jfslm kf dbsq k]fsj dlsq htt, `zfmDvt mcdmbDb htstb, stfsj
zfibfv sjfb iasqfusb hAq jvb.' mczfp lczf dlsq htstb, `zffr k]fv
nfsK nijG hufq vfJcb hQ k]fv iadk lqf jvb.' zk}iv dkdb k]fv
djswfvD Jfslmfsj sFsj htstb, `k dbsq zmcsjv hfdVsk lfW. k dbsq
zmcsjv hfdVsk lfW. k dbsq zmcsjv hfdVsk lfW---.'
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zfmfslvsjW djYc dlb!' dj kJb Kstsk mf 2de lDbfv hfjD dYt. dkdb
kf Dv dlsj Y]csV dlstb.
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htstb, `Wvf rstb iviv Hf-Hf. sj zsbAv nfsK nix.' (kfhfvfbD,
nrDr kfvoDh 926bQ)

jlf mrfbhD slv Jckhf dlstb. zk}iv mdrtfslv nfmsb sn

kfslvsjW bnDrk jvstb hQ htstb, sr mdrtf njt! skfmvf nljfr
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jv hQ fmDv zjxkkf jv.--- jKf sb mdrtfvf dbu dbu jfsbv
ztQjfv W rfskv zfQde nljfr jvsk v jvt. (hcJfvD, mcndtm 79bQ)
jlf svfpfv dlsb mf zfsqwf (vf}) svfpf zhfq dYstb. hfdVsk jde vde
YfVf zbA djYc dYt bf. lvufq dmnjDb st lfnDsj sn vde lfb jvsk
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IkfvDv nmq rst dkdb k]fv lfnDsj htstb, `Jb JfW! skf skfmfv
vde sKsj m. (mczf mfstj)
jlf svfpf svsJ dkdb 1 tfJ dlvrfm lfb jvstb. lfnD htstb, 1 dlvrfm
dlsq Ikfv jvfv ubA sofX djbst skf Ikfv jvf spk. dkdb htstb,
pdl kcdm zfmfsj mvB jdvsq dlsk kfrst kf svsJ dbkfm. (zft-nfhfr

8/20)

dkdb skf dkdb, dpdb sn mrficvsNv nrLdmGbD, dpdb mb lfb slb sp, ovDh
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nrspfdokf jsv h nljfr jvsk ifsv.
YfVf iaskAjde kfnhDr (nchrfbffr htf) ovDshv ubA j jde nljfr
vi. iaskAjde kfjhDv (zff zfjhfv htf) ovDshv ubA j jde
nljfr vi, iaskAjde kfrtDt (tf tfrf ffr htf) ovDshv ubA j
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ubA j jde nljfr vi. n{jfsuv zfslw jde nljfr, ml jfsu

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htst nljfr jvf rq hQ bfmfspv ubA iaskAj ils[i rq nljfr vi.
(hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 1896bQ)

jlf mcrfsuvDbslv jde ovDshv lt zffrv bhD -v jfsY dbshlb

jsv htt, `LbDvf (shsrsv) nm ]yc ]yc mpGflf W fqD nislv mfdtj rsq
sot. jfvB, kfvf bfmfp isV spmb zfmvf idV, svfpf vfsJ spmb zfmvf vfdJ,
dj kfvf lfb jsv zfmvf jvsk ifdv bf, lfn mc jsv zfmvf jvsk ifdv bf.
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v jsv dlsqsY. (zkh zfmvf zfhfv disY sKsj pfh.) mrfbhD
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mrfbhD hstb, iaskAj mcndtsmv nljfr zfsY. stfsjvf htt, `dj
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zfv ef rsh kfv nljfr. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 1895bQ)
zfhc pfvG rsk hdBGk, bhD hstb, iakAr njfst skfmfslv iaskAj
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720 bQ)

hcvflfr jkxGj hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zfdm zffrv vnCt v dbje

wcsbdY, dkdb hstsYb, mfbhslsr 360de oad zfsY. iaskAj hAdv iv
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j jef nljfr. pdl kfsk n[m bf rW ksh lc vfjzfk yfwXskv bfmfp
skfmfv sn iasqfub iCBG jvsh. (zfrml,W wocdt k]fv, zfhc lfl, hsb
Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, nrDr kfvoDh 661 bQ)

mrfb zffr hstb,

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zfrml 2/15)

rpvk hsb mfv rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zfdm wcsbdY, zffrv
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(zfrml, nrDr kfvoDh 785bQ)

hwD dhb ucbflfr hstb, zfdm wcsbdY zffrv vnCt hstsYb sp,
sp hAd zHfh bf Kfjf nsW pfybf jsv (Jfq) sn hAd spb ufrffsmv
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zfhC vfvf jkxGj hdBGk zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd dbu mft hxd
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pff jsv. yfsr sn jm jvj zKhf shwD. (mcndtm1041bQ, hsb mfufr)
zfcv vrmfb dhb zfI jkxGj hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, dkbde
dhNq mb vsqsY -sn nfv jnm pfv rfsk zfmfv iafB zfsY -pdl zfdm
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mft jsm pfq bf. nckvfQ skfmvf lfb jv. sp sjfbW hflf jfsvf zbAfqsj
[mf jsv slsh kfv dhdbmsq zffr djqfmskv dlb sn hflfv k hxd
jvshb. zfv sp hflf pffv lvuf Jctsh zffr kfv ubA zHfshv lvuf
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jlf mrfbhD jKfv iv hfqzfk jvsk c jsvb, skfmvf j
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zfhC pfvG hstb, zfmfsj zfmfv hc nfkde jfsuv zdnqk jsv sosYb;
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zfmfv sKsj pfvf dbmmfsbv kfslv iadk t[A (jsv islw hf nfbf oarB)
jdv W zfmfv sKsj sp sLG kfv iadk t[A bf jdv, (4) zfmfv iadk zbAfq
jvf rstW zfdm zfkDqkfv hb hufq vfdJ, (5) shwD shwD `tf rftf ztf
jcWqfkf f dhfr' hdt, (6) dk rstW spb rj jKf hdt hQ (7)
stfsjslv jfsY spb djYcW bf yf. (zfrmfl, kfhfvfbD, nrDr kfvoDh 811bQ)
jlf rfjDm dhb drpfm dkb dkbhfv zffrv vnCt -v jfsY pff
jvst dkdb k]fsj iaskAj hfsv lfb jvstb. swNhfsv dkdb htstb, Wsr
rfjDm! mft ksvfkfuf dmd (Istv mk). nckvfQ sp kf dbsuv iasqfub
mk oarB jvsh, kfsj kfsk hjGk lfb jvf rsh. i[fsv sp msb stfH svsJ
kf oarB jvsh, kfsj kfsk hjGk slWqf rsh bf. kfv zhf rsh sn hAdv
mk, sp Jfsh zKy kx rsh bf. zfv isvv rfk dbsyv rfk zsi[f m.
jKfv iv rfjDm jnm sJsq hstdYstb sp, dkdb viv zfv jfsvf jfsY
djYc yfshb bf. jsvdYstbW kf. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dkvdmpD, bfnf. (hcJfvD, mcndtm,
dkvdmpD, bfnf, nrDr kfvoDh 812bQ)

mrfbhD hstb, sp hAd jKfv dbyqkf slsh sp, sn stfsjv dbje

djYc yfsh bf, zfdm kfv ubA shsrsv dbyqkf dlh. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl,
bfnf, hsb mfufr, nrDr kfvoDh 813bQ)

nfrfhD jfhDnfr hstb, jhfv j zKGlsv lfdqk zfmfv OfsV Kfjst

zfdm sn hAfifsv nfrfpA dbsk zffrv vnCt -v jfsY tfm. dkdb
htstb, kcdm zfmfslv jfsY Kfj. nfljfv mft st skfmfsj kf dlsq nfrfpA

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zk}iv dkdb htstb, sr jfhDnfr! dkb hAd YfVf zfv jfsvf ubA yfWqf
ShL bq;
(1) sp hAd zKGls iVsh (jfsvf dlqfk hf udvmfbf slWqfv pfdmb rsh),
kfv ubA yfWqf rftft. zk}iv kf idvswfL rsq sost sn yfWqf h jvsh.
(2) sp hAd lcspGfooa rsh hQ kfv mft LQn rsq pfsh, kfv ubA kk[B
ipG yfWqf ShL, pk[B kfv nYt zhf dIsv bf snsY.
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jKfv nf[A dlsh sp, zmcj zHfhD, kJb kfv ubA yfWqf ShL.
zfv YfVf sr jfhDnfr zbA stfsjv ubA sysq (smso) JfWqf rfvfm. sn
mft sJst rfvfm JfWqf rsh. (mcndtm, zfhC lfl, bfnf, nrDr kfvoDh 817bQ)
jlf j zfbnfvD hAd mrfbhD -v dbje yfsk t. dkdb kfsj
dufnf jvstb, skfmfv hfdVsk dj djYc sb? stfjde htt, `zhwA
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hV if; pfsk ifdb ifb jdv.'
mrfbhD htstb, dbsq n sn lcdesj. stfjde sn lcdesj rfdpv jvst
zffrv vnCt rfsk dbsq htstb, lcdesj sj djbsh? j hAd htt,
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shwD slsh? jKf dkdb 2 zKhf 3 hfv htstb. kfviv j hAd htt,
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j dlvrfm dlsq kcdm Jfhfv djsb skfmfv idvhfvsj lfW. zfv ziv jde
dlvrfm dlsq jde jcVft djsb dbsq zfmfv jfsY n.
stfjde kf jvt. jcVftde dbsq mrfbhD -v lvhfsv sn idk rt.
dkdb dbu rfsk kfsk jde jfsEv h]fe tfdosq dlsq htstb, pfW ef dlsq
jfE jfe hQ kf dhq jv. zfv spb zfdm isbv dlb skfmfsj bf slJsk

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djqfmskv dlb skfmfv syrfvfq jfstf lfo dbsq idk rWqf sKsj ef
skfmfv ubA m. zfnst dkb hAd YfVf ziv jfsvf ubA yfWqf (dH[f
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zKhf (3) iDVflfqj (JcbDv) visBv ubA lfqD hAd. (zflf}, hf}, n}kf} 834bQ)
zbA j rflDsn mrfbhD hstb, skfmfslv jfsvf dH[f jsv ifWqf- bf
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jvf m. (mfstj, hcJfvD, mcndtm, dkvdmpD, bfnf)
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zffrv lvhfsv rfk ifsk. zfv sj ifsk nxdv fsv.
mrfbhD hstb, sp hAdv zHfh zfsn hQ sn zHfshv jKf mfbcsNv
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lfl, dkvdmpD, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 838bQ)

pfybf bf jsv dbsuv pXpk v[f jsv zffrv nfrfpAiaf hflfoB. zhwA
sn hflfoB dbyq SLpGwDt.
zfhc nfl JclvD rsk hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstsYb, --- zfv sp
hAd (pff sKsj) idh Kfjsk syf jvsh zffr kfsj idh vfJshb, sp
hAd (zisvv) zmcJfsi[D Kfjsk syf jvsh zffr kfsj (njt sKsj)
zmcJfsi[D jsv slshb hQ sp hAd SLpG Lvsk syf jvsh zffr kfsj SLpG
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idvBfsmv iK. hQ kfv nil kfv sjfb jfsu zfnsh bf pJb sn LQn rsh.
(nCvf tft 8-11 zfqfk)

dkdb zfsvf hstb,

u t/ ( ; #[yz u &#s !$# 9s?#u !$y/ t=y7t t%!$# t|ts u

3 F{$#u Nuy9$# ^u !u 3 yu)9$# tt / (#=r2 $t t%sy ( ; @
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pfvf jfiGBA jsv; kfvf spb vi LfvBf bf jsv sp, Wef kfslv ubA jtAfBjv;
hvQ Wef kfslv ubA [dkjv; kfvf sp dhNsq jxiBkf jsvsY, fbdlhsn
Wef kfslv jdboV (otfv shVD) rsh; hQ zffr bsHfmstv W
HCmstv kfdLjfvD hQ pf skfmvf jvY zffr sn dhNsq iCBG Jhv vfsJb.
(nCvf zfst mvfb 180 zfqfk)

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dkdb zfsvf hstb,

tu ( y7t 6s !$# 6y (#)F9 t? Iy Fr'y
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zKGf{, slJ skfmvf skf kfvf pfslvsj zffrv isK hAq jvsk htf rsY
zKy skfmfslv zsbsj jfiGBA jsv. pfvf jfiGBA jsv, kfvf skf jfiGBA jsv
dbsuslv iadk. zffr zHfhmc. zfv skfmvf zHfhoa. pdl skfmvf
dhmcJ rW ksh dkdb zbA ufdksj skfmfslv thkDG jvshb; zk}iv kfvf
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t'tu t=y6t t%!$# #s Z$tF t%2 t =t !$# )
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zKGf{, dbyq zffr zfkfdHmfbDsj Hfthfsnb bf. pfvf jxiBkf jsv W

stfjslvsj jfiGBA dw[f slq hQ zffr Dq nil rsk pf lfb jsvsYb kf
sofib jsv hQ zfdm sn zdhhfnDslv ubA zimfbubj wfd iak jsv
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dkdb zfsvf hstb,
3 79$$/ }$9$# t'tu t=y6t t%!$# As 5$tF . =t !$#u
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zKGf{, zffr iYl jsvb bf k W zrQjfvDslvsj. pfvf jfiGBA jsv

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zffr skf zHfhmc iawQdnk. (nCvf rflDl 23-24 zfqfk)

dkdb zfsvf hstb,
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zKGf{, (sIsvfslvsj htf rsh) kfsj Lv. zk}iv kfv otslsw shdV
idvsq lfW. zk}iv dbs[i jv ufrffsm. icbvfq kfsj wxJdtk jv nv
rfk lDOG j wxJst. sn mrfb zffrsk dhhfnD dYt bf. hQ zHfhoasj
zlfsb {nfdrk jvskf bf. zkh dlb snJfsb kfv sjfb ncrl Kfjsh
bf. hQ sjfb JflA Kfjsh bf [k db}nxk nafh hAkDk. pf zivfLDvf hAkDk
sj Jfsh bf. (nCvf rffr 30-37 zfqfk)
dkdb zfsvf hstb,
ts u zKu9$# t %!$# y79xs e$!$$/ >js3 %!$# |Muur&
39$# $ys 4n?t

zKGf{, kcdm dj slsJY kfsj sp jmGItsj dmKAf hst Kfsj? sn skf hAd
sp dikxrDbsj vPHfsh kfdVsq slq . hQ sn zHfhoasj JflAlfsb {nfr
ialfb jsv bf. (nCvf mfb 1-3 zfqfk)
dkdb zfsvf hstb,
(#9$s% us)y 3x6n=y $t tf9$# t t9u!$|tFt ;My_
t39$# 7t s9u t,j#|9$# 7t s9

zKGf{, kfvf Kfjsh lAfsb hQ dufnfhfl jvsh, zivfLDslv nisjG,

skfmfslvsj djsn nfjfv (ufrffsm) dbs[i jsvsY? kfvf htsh, zfmvf

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bfmfpDslv zHcG dYtfm bf. zfmvf zHfhoaslv zfrfpG lfb jvkfm bf.--(nCvf mcfNdNv 40-44 zfqfk)

jxiBkf jk hV OxBA zfyvB hQ kfv sp dj wfd rsk ifsv, sn nisjG

zfmfslvsj zhdrk jsvsYb zfmfslv mrfbhD .
zfhC vfvf sKsj hdBGk, jlf bhD (iDdVk) dhtft sj slJsk
sostb. dhtft k]fv ubA j Ci sJucv shv jvstb. bhD htstb, sr
dhtft! dj?! dhtft htstb, `zfdm zfibfv ubA Hsv svsJdYtfm, sr
zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb, kcdm dj Hq jv bf sp, skfmfv ubA
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kfhfvfbDv jfhDv W zfnfk, nrDr kfvoDh 909bQ)

mrfbhD hstb, Lbhfbvf djqfmskv dlb nhGdbm mfsbv rsh. ksh sn bq,
sp kfv mft lfb jvsh hQ kfv ifuGb rsh idh. (hsb mfufr, hsb drfb,
dntdntfr nrDrfr 1766bQ)
ufshv jkxGj hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, skfmvf pctcm sKsj h]fy;

jfvB, pctcm rt djqfmskv dlsbv zjfv . zfv jfiGBA sKsjW h]fy; jfvB,
jfiGBA skfmfslv iChGhkDG mksj LQn jsvsY; kf kfslvsj zfsifsnv msLA
vifk Oefsk hQ rfvfmsj rftft jsv hAhrfv jvsk iasvfdyk jsvsY.
(mcndtm 2578bQ)
zfhC vfvf jkxGj hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, sjfbW hflfv sise

zffr vffq Lcstf W slfpsJv L]csqf jJb jdk rsh bf. zfv jxiBkf W
mfb sjfb hflfv zsv jJb umf rsk ifsv bf. (zfrml 2/342, bfnf,

hsb drfb, rfsjm 2/72, nrDt ufsm' 7616bQ)

zfhC vfvf jkxGj hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, mfbcsNv mfsU

lc'de ydv hV dbjxkm; jfkvkfiCBGg jfiGBA hQ nDmfrDb HDvkf. (zfrml

2/320, zfhC lfl 2511, hsb drfb, nrDt ufsm' 3709bQ)

dhswN jsv ovDh zfkDqsj lfb dlsk hJDtD jvst kfv ubA vsqsY ixKj

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jvst (ivjfst) zffr kfv ubA slfpJ sKsj jde `uf' bfmj nfi shv
jvshb; sp nfi kfv duh shv jsv mcJ drtfsk Kfjsh. nfisj shdVvi
kfv otfq ivfsbf rsh. (kfhfvfbDv zfnfk W jfhDv, nrDr kfvoDh 883bQ)
zfcfr dhb zfmXv rsk hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb, sp sjfbW
hAdv dbje kfv yfyfskf Hf sn kfv x mft yfq hQ sn pdl kfsj kf
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zfv sp hAd zdkdv Ofn bf slWqfv sswA kfv (jcqf hf UBGfv) zdkdv
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zbcoar lfb jvshb bf. (kfhfvfbDv nfoDv W zfnfk, nrDr kfvoDh 884bQ)

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sbsh hQ zfibfv slr dbsq sifjf-mfjsV HfofHfdo jvsh. zfibfv mft
dbsq zfibfv sYstvf mfvfmfdv jvsh. zfibfv mft ifWqfv zsi[fq kfvf
zfibfv mvsBv iakD[f jvsh.
Jvy jvb sn dlb zfnfv iCshG, spdlb lfb jvsk yfstW zfv zfibfv
lfb jhct jvf rsh bf.
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djYc nljfr jsv pfb, nfljfsq ufdvqfr svsJ pfb sndlb zfnfv zfso,
spdlb lfb bf jvfv ubA zfIswfn jvsk rsh.
djYc Jqvfk jsv pfb zffrv vfsr sn dlb zfnfv iCshG, spdlb sjfb mcdiB,
Ocn hf udvmfbf slWqfv sjfb ncspfo Kfjsh bf.
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zffrv mft zfibfv jfsY vfJf zffrv zfmfbk. zfidb k]fv zfmfbk
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ivifsvv nIsv mft ns pfsh bf. zkh djYc zffrv jfsY umf dlsq
nWqfshv syj hfdbsq sbb. kf Hfdsq snJfsb ijxk rsk ifvshb.
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