BO MON TOAN NG DUNG - HBK

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TOAN 1 HOC KY 1 0708

BAI 1: DAY SO. GII HAN DAY SO (SV)

TS. NGUYEN QUOC LAN (9/2007)

SGK: Giai tch ham 1 bien BM Toan ng Dung (HBK)

Giai tch ham 1 bien o Cong Khanh

Toan hoc cao cap Tap hai Nguyen nh Tr (chu bien)

NOI DUNG

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1- KHAI NIEM DAY SO

2- DAY TANG, GIAM, B CHAN, DAY CON
3- GII HAN DAY SO
4- TNH CHAT GII HAN

5- TIEU CHUAN WEIRSTRASS: DAY N IEU, B CHAN

6- GII HAN KEP

KHAI NIEM GII HAN (PHO THONG AI HOC)

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Gii han: Khai niem c ban cua Giai tch. Khong co gii han th giai tch
khong ton tai. Moi khai niem cua giai tch eu la gii han theo mot ngha
nao o
ao ham (theo nh ngha): gii han y / x

ng dung hnh hoc: Hsgoc tiep tuyen = lim Hsgoc day cung
ng dung vat ly: Van toc tc thi = lim Van toc trung bnh
o dai ng cong = lim o dai ng gap khuc noi tiep

Dien tch hnh thang cong (tch phan) = lim S hnh ch nhat
Gii han:

Giihandayso
Giihanham
so

DAY SO THC

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Tap hp vo han cac so c anh so t 1 en : x1, x2 xn Day so

{xn}n 1 (hoac t 0 en : x0, x1 xn {xn}n 0)

VD: Day so nguyen dng:1, 2, 3, 4 Day so chan: 2, 4, 6

Cau hoi: Tm so hang cuoi cung cua 1 day so?
Thong thng, day so c xac nh theo 1 cong thc tong quat danh cho so
hang th n
VD: Day

xn n 1 , 2 , 3 n
n 1n1 2 3 4 n 1

xn 1n nn0 0, 1, 2 1n1 n 1

xn-1: so hang th n
cua {xn}n 0 !

CONG THC TONG QUAT SO HANG TH n

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1/ Day hang 1, 1 1 : Hu han gia tr & van vo han phan t

2/ Day cac so nguyen to: 1, 2, 3, 5 : Cong thc tong quat?
Co the xem day so {xn} vi so hang tong quat: xn = f(n) nh ham so t tap
so nguyen dng N* R.
VD: Day so chnh phng 1, 4, 9, 16 xn = n2 f(x) = x2
VD: Tm so hang tong quat (so hang th n) cua cac day {xn}n1:
1 1 1
1 2 3
a / , , , b / , , , c / 1,3,5, Maple: > n^2 $n = 1..5;
2 4 8
2 3 4
> array( [ [n, n^2]$ n = 1 .. 5
1
n
n

1
S: a /
b / 1
c / 2n 1
n
]);
n 1
2

DAY TANG GIAM: N IEU

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xn TANG: xn xn+1 n 1. Tong quat: xn xn+1 n N0

1
1
a / xn 1 : cha
TONG nenxetHIEUxn 1 xn
2
n
2n 3
2x 3
b / xn
: bthc
giongHAMSO
xetf x
& tnh f '!
3n 4
3x 4

VD:

xn GIAM: xn xn+1 n 1. Tong quat: xn xn+1 n N0

xn 1
1 1
xn 1 1 , n 2 : dng,dangTCH XetTHNG
xn
2 n

Day xn LUON tang hoac LUON giam (t N0 nao o): day N IEU

DAY B CHAN DAY CON

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xn b chan tren: xn M n 1. Tong quat: xn M n N0

xn b chan di: xn m n 1. Tong quat: xn m n N0
Day b chan tren lan di: goi chung b chan m xn M

n
1
a / 2 b /3n c / 1 n
n
a/ B chan. Tren: 1, Di: 0. b/ Di: 0. c/ K0 b chan tren, di

VD: Xet tnh b chan cua cac day

xn Day con
VD: Day

xn ,, xn ,, n1 nk , klim
nk

1 2 3 4
, , , Day con
2 3 4 5

1 3
2 4
,

&

, :
2 4
3 5

Chu y: T day {xn} Hay xet 2 day con {x2n 1} & {x2n}

GII HAN DAY SO: NH NGHA DE CHU

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Lap bang gia tr 2 day so sau. Quan sat va rut ra ket luan
n
a / xn
n 1

n
b / yn 1
n 1
n

Nhan xet: n tang, xn en gan 1 con yn en gan 1

Khi n : Gia tr xn 1, con yn KHONG en

gan gia tr cu the nao!

nh ngha (de chu): Day {xn} co gii han
bang a xn a khi n u ln

sin 3 n n 2 a / 0
lim
:
2
n 2 n n
c /1

b /1 2

Manh: n u ln (n = 1000) & MTBTui

d /

0.50025 (b)!

GII HAN DAY SO: NH NGHA CHAT CHE

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Toan hoc (ngon ng N0):

x1 a x
N 0 1

a
xN 0a x1000

xn rat gan a, n u ln > 0 N0: | xn a | < n N0

Day xn hoi tu ve a

lim xn a : huhan
n

0, N 0 N : xn a n N 0

0, N 0 : a xn a n N 0
VD: Xet day {n/(n + 1)} a/ oan lim xn
b/ Vi lim va oan & = 10-2, 10-3 N0 = ?

c/ Chng minh chat che (a)

Co ghan: Hoi tu.

K0 co ghan (hoac

lim = ): phan ky
n
" oan"lim
1
n n 1
n
1 101
n 1
n N0 ?

GII HAN VO CUNG DAY PHAN KY

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Gii han = (van la phan ky): Khong the xet | xn a | !

lim xn M lnbat ky
, N 0 N : xn M n N 0
n

lim xn M (am)tuyy, N 0 N : xn M n N 0
n

nh ngha xn phan ky: Phu nh (logich) menh e hoi tu

Hoi tu:

a R, 0 luon N 0 N : xn a n N 0

Phan ky:

a R, 0 : N 0 N n N 0 exn a

Thc te tm gii han: t dung cach chng minh = nh ngha!

TNH CHAT GII HAN

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lim tong (hieu, tch, thng, can v.v) = Tong (hieu ) lim

lim x y lim x lim y

n
n
n
n
n
n n

lim xn , lim yn lim xn yn lim xn lim yn K : lim yn 0

n
n
n
n
n
n

xn lim xn K : xn 0 & lim xn 0

lim
n
n
n

lim xn = a Moi day con cua xn eu a:

Day xn phan ky

lim xnk a

mot day con phan ky cua xn

hai day con hoi tu co lim nhau

VD: Chng to day {xn} = {(1)n} phan ky

GII HAN C BAN

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Luy tha:

0 lim n

n
Ham mu:

lim
n
0

a 1 lim a n

n
0

lim
a
0

n
n

a / lim n 2
n

b / lim n 1 2
n

VD: (Tong cap so nhan)

Tong quat:

1
1
n
lim
0 c / lim 2 & lim 0
n
n 3
n
n
1 KQ:
1
1 1
lim 1 n
2
n
2 4
2
1 1 2

lim 1 q q q
2

Hdan:

n 1
1

q
1 q qn
1 q

So e: lim 1 1 e & lim 1 a e a

n
n
n
n

Hay gap:

lim n n 1
n

NGUYEN TAC TNH GII HAN

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Bien oi bieu thc can tnh lim ve gii han c ban & thay vao
VD: Tnh gii han:
Giai:

2n 2 1
lim 2
n n 1

3 5n 2 n
lim n
n 4 2 5 n

lim n n 1
n

20
2

lim
1
n
2n 1
n 2 1 n
n
lim 2
lim 2

2
2
n n 1
n n 1 1 n 2
1 lim1 n 1 0
2

3 5n 2 n
5n 3 2 5
3
lim n
lim n

n 4 2 5 n
n 5 4 5n 2
2
n

n n 1
1
lim n n 1 lim
lim
0
n
n
n

n n 1
n 1 1 1 n

Thc te:

2n 2 1
2 x 2 1 Gii han ham Lopitan
lim 2
lim 2
:
n n 1
x x 1

GII HAN KEP

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Cho 3 day xn, yn, zn

xn yn zn n N 0
lim yn & lim yn a
lim x lim z a
n
n
n n n n

Cosi:

n! 1 2 n 1
0 n
0
n
n n n n
n
n
1000
1

Vi n 2000:
0
0
n 2
n n 1 1
n
n
1 n
n n 11
1
n

VD: lim n! lim n sin n

n n n
n n 2 1
n sin n
n
0 2
2
0
n 1 n 1
lim n n

0 xn yn n & lim yn 0 lim xn 0

He qua (hay s dung):

VD:

xn yn zn

1000
lim

n n

TIEU CHUAN WEIRSTRASS

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Chng minh day hoi tu Hay dung: Tnh n ieu & b chan
Tieu chuan Weirstrass:

Day tang & chan tren th hoi tu

Day giam & chan di th hoi tu
1
lim 1
n
n

VD: Chng minh ton tai gii han (so e)

n

Giai: Day tang:

1
1
1 1

n
n

n 1

n 1

1
1
n

1
1 1
n 1
n

1 1 n 1 n1 1 n 1
1
1
1

n 1
n 1
n 1
n
n

Bt Cosi:

B chan tren: Xem SGK, o Cong Khanh, trang 18 19

TONG KET

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Cac ky thuat chng minh day hoi tu

Bang nh ngha: Tm gia tr a = limxn . Giai |xn a|

Tnh gii han: a ve bieu thc theo cac gii han c ban
Chan xn t 2 pha Tnh chat 3 day kep
Chng minh day tang & chan tren (giam & chan di)
Chng minh day phan ky: Ch ra 2 day con co lim khac nhau hoac toi
thieu mot day con khong co gii han
Maple: >limit( , n=infinity); VD: limit( n/(n+1), n=infinity)
BT: Sach giao khoa & Bo sung (xem tren web)