AIEEE and other Entrance Exams MATHEMATICS Notes & Key Point

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES

1. T- Ratios of various angles and their Signs in four quadrants

Chapter - 1

sec =

1 cos

cosec =

1 sin

cot =

1 tan

2 2 cos + sin = 1

1 + tan 2 = sec 2

1 + cot 2 = cosec 2

Values of T -functions of some Particular Angles

sin

(0)
0

6
1 2
3 2
1 3

4
1 2

3
3 2

2
1
0
not defined

()
0

3 2
1
0
not defined

(2)
0

II only sin and cosec are + ve only tan and cot are + ve III

I All are + ve only cos and sec are + ve IV

1 2

cos
tan

1
0

1 2

1
0

1
0

Values of T -functions in terms of other T -functions

Quadrant Angle

II

III

(2 + x ) ( x ) ( + x )
sin x sin x

sin

cos
tan

cos x
tan x

cosec sec
cot

cosec x sec x
cot x

w tan x Do

d loa n

cos x cos x
tan x

m f ro d sin x

ht(2 x )
sin x

// tp:

IV

te in e nl IV
( x )
sin x

in co. . e rs ach
I
x 2

II
+ x 2

III
3 x 2

IV

3 + x 2

cos x
sin x

cos x
sin x

cos x
sin x

cos x
sin x

cos x
tan x

cos x
tan x

cot x

cot x

cot x

cot x

cosec x cosec x sec x sec x

cot x cot x

cosec x cosec x sec x

cot x

sec x cosec x
tan x

sec x cosec x
tan x

sec x cosec x
tan x

sec x cosec x
tan x

sec x
cot x

2. Range of T - Ratios:

1 sin 1 cosec 1
3. Period of T - ratios All T-ratios are periodic functions. Period tan of and cot is

1 cos 1 sec 1

< tan < < cot <

Period of sin , cos , cosec and sec is 2

4. Sum and Difference formula:

cos(x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y cos(x y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

sin (x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y sin (x y ) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

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 tan (x + y ) =
tan (x y ) =

tan x + tan y , 1 tan x tan y

cot (x + y ) = cot (x y ) =

cot x cot y 1 cot y + cot x cot x cot y + 1 cot y cot x

tan x tan y 1 + tan x tan y

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

x x sin x = 2 sin cos 2 2
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x
2 1 + cos x = 2 cos

2 2 2 2 cos 2 x = cos x sin x = 2 cos x 1 = 1 2 sin x

2 cos x = cos

x x x x sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2 sin 2 2 2 2 2

1 cos 2x = 2 sin 2 x
2 1 cos x = 2 sin

x 2

x 2

1 cos x x = tan sin x 2

1 cos 2 x 2

1 + cos x x = cot sin x 2

sin x = sin

cos x = cos

1 + cos 2 x 2

x 1 cos x = 2 2

x 1 + cos x = 2 2

2 tan x sin 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x

sin x =

cos 2 x =

2 tan x 2 1 + tan 2 x 2

3 sin 3x = 3 sin x 4 sin x

n ow D

e ad lo

ro df

p tan 1 ht t

x 1 + tan x
2

n //o :

e te in

e rs ch

n o.itan x = .c
tan

1 cos 2x 1 + cos 2x

x 1 cos x = 2 1 + cos x
2 tan x 1 tan 2 x

tan 2 x =
tan x =

cos x =

1 tan 2 x 2 1 + tan 2 x 2

2 tan x 2 1 tan 2 x 2 3 tan x tan 3 x 1 3 tan 2 x

cos 3x = 4 cos 3 x 3 cos x

tan 3x =

sin (x + y ) sin (x y ) = sin 2 x sin 2 y = cos 2 y cos 2 x cos(x + y ) cos(x y ) = cos 2 x sin 2 y = cos 2 y sin 2 x
5. Product Into Sum or Difference Formulae:

2 sin x cos y = sin (x + y ) + sin (x y ) 2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y ) + cos (x y )

2 cos x sin y = sin (x + y ) sin (x y ) 2 sin x sin y = cos (x y ) cos (x + y )

6. Sum and Difference Into Product Formulae :

x+y xy sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos 2 2 x+y xy cos cos x + cos y = 2 cos 2 2

x+ y xy sin sin x sin y = 2 cos 2 2 x+y xy sin cos x cos y = 2 sin 2 2

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7. Trigonometric Ratio of Some Important Angles :

sin 18 = cos 36 =

5 1 4 5 +1 4

tan 22 cot 22

1 = 2 1 2
1 = 2 +1 2

tan 15 = 2 3
cot 15 = 2 + 3

8. Maximum and Minimum Values (of a cos + b sin ) : Let a = r cos and b = r sin where r = a 2 + b 2 Then, a cos + b sin = r (cos cos + sin sin ) = r cos( ) But 1 cos ( ) 1

r a cos + b sin r

2 2 2 2 So the maximum value is a + b and minimum value is a + b

9. Some other useful Results :

sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C sin A cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos A sin B sin C
tan(A + B + C) =
2

tan A tan A 1 tan A tan B

A A sin + cos = 1 + sin A 2 2

2

A A sin cos = 1 sin A 2 2

w Do

d loa n

f ro d

ht

/ tp:

n li /o

in co. . e rs 1 c cos A cos (60 A) cos (60 + A) = cos 3A ah 4 e te

1 sin A sin(60 A ) sin(60 + A ) = sin 3A 4

tan A tan (60 A) tan (60 + A) = tan 3A

tan A cot A = 2 cot 2A tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2A

cos A + cos B + cos C + cos (A + B + C) = 4 cos sin A + sin B + sin C + sin (A + B + C) = 4 sin
2 n 1 cos A cos 2A cos 2 A.....cos 2 A =

A+B B+C C+A cos cos 2 2 2

A+B B+C C+A sin sin 2 2 2

sin 2 n A 2 n sin A

nd 2 sin 2a + (n 1)d sin a + sin (a + d ) + sin (a + 2d ) + ..........sin[a + (n 1)d ] = d 2 sin 2 sin nd 2 cos 2a + (n 1)d cos a + cos(a + d ) + cos(a + 2d ) + ......... cos[a + (n 1)d ] = d 2 sin 2 sin

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