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Lec-1: Introduction
Prof. Dr. Javed Anwar Aziz Engr. Ghulam Hussain
Course Objectives
To learn basic concepts of wastewater engineering:
Origin of wastewater, quantities, characteristics, carriage (collection), treatment, disposal/reuse.
To design wastewater collection systems To understand and design various wastewater treatment processes.
2
TEXT BOOK
WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE By E.W. Steel and T.J. McGhee 6th Edition
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal, Reuse by Metcalf and Eddy, 4th Edition. 2. Introduction to Environmental Engineering by Davis and Cornwell, 2nd Edition. 3. Water and Wastewater Engineering by Fair & Geyer 4. Water and Wastewater Technology By Mask J. Hammer
environment)
SOURCES OF WASTEWATER
Domestic Sewage: It is wastewater from residential buildings, offices, hotels and institutions etc. Industrial Waste: It includes the liquid discharges from industrial processes. Storm Sewage: It include surface run off generated by rainfall and the street wash. NOTE: Sanitary Sewage refers to the combined sewage from domestic and industrial sources.
TYPES OF SEWERS
Sanitary Sewer: Sewer which carries sanitary sewage i.e., wastewater originating from a municipality including domestic and industrial wastewater. Storm Sewer: It carries storm sewage including surface run off and street washes and any other wastes which may be discharged into the streets or onto the ground. Combined Sewer: It carries both sanitary and storm sewage.
(Cont)
It is the system in which sewers carry both sanitary as well as storm sewage. Combined system is favored when:
Combined sewage can be disposed off without treatment. Both sanitary and storm sewage need treatment Streets are narrow and two separate sewers cannot be laid.
If some portion of storm or surface run off is allowed to be carried along with sanitary sewage, the system is known as partially combined system. NOTE: In urban areas of developing countries, mostly partially combined system is used.
INFILTRATION: It is the water which enters the sewers form ground through poor joints, cracked pipes, and the walls of the manholes.
INFLOW: Inflow is the water which enters the sewers from surface through perforated manhole covers, roof drains connected to the sewers, and drains from the flooded cellars etc.
VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW (Cont.) Generally, Hermans Formula is used to estimate the ratio of maximum to average flow.
Qmax 14 M 1 Qav 4 p
VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW (Cont.) MINIMUM RATE OF SEWAGE FLOW: Generally taken as 50 % of average sewage flow. Minimum rates of flows are used in:
Design of sewage pumping station To investigate the velocities in sewers during low flow periods.
1. Design of Sewer Systems: Period of design is Indefinite as the system is designed to care for the maximum development of the area. Qmax is used for design of sewers. Qmin is used to check velocities during low flows.
2. Design of Sewage Pumping Station: Design period is usually 10 years. Rates of flow required are: average daily, peak and minimum flow rates, including infiltration.
3. Design of Sewage Treatment Plants: Design period is usually 15 - 20 years. Rates of flow required are: average daily, and peak flow both including infiltration.