LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

Experiment no: 5
21/02/2012
AIM:
To write a Matlab Program to determine
1. The phasor value of voltage at the load bus 2 & 3 using Newton Raphson method.
2. The power flow including line flow and line losses for the given power system.
SAMPLE DATA:

0 . 0 2

0
S
V

l a c k
1

. 0 1

j 0 . 0 3

j 0

. 0

0 . 0 1

2 5

j 0

4 0 M0

5M0

. 0

a r

2 5

1.050o

3
V3 = 1.04

2 0 M0

Line impedances are in per unit with 100MVA base, line charging susceptances are neglected
ALGORITHM:
1. Start.
2. Obtain Ybus from the given line impedances.
3. For PQ buses calculate the real and reactive power and for PV buses calculate real power.
4. Compute the power mismatches given by p=Pspecified-Pcalculated and q=Qspecified-Qcalculated
For PQ buses and p=Pspecified-Pcalculated for PV buses and form the matrix DEL
5. Compute Jacobian matrix J.
6. Compute the the matrix X= J-1*DEL and get v and .
7. Update values of v and using vnew=vold+ v and new= old + .
8. With new calculated values repeat step 3 for fixed number of iterations.
9. Compute slack bus real and reactive power.
10. Determine the line flows and losses.
11. Stop.

PROGRAM
clc
clear all
% BASE MVA=100;
% Type 1=slack bus;
% Type 2=load bus;
% Type 3=PV bus;
% BUSDATA
%
busno type |V| Vang
BUSDATA=[1
1
1.05 0
2
2
1
0

genMW genMVAR loadMW loadMVAR

0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2.5

Qmin
0
0

Qmax
0
0

3
3 1.04
0
2
0
0
0
nload=input('enter the no. of load bus:')
ngen=input('enter the no. of gen bus:')
% LINEDATA
%
fb tb
R
X
LINEDATA=[1 2
0.02 0.04
2 3 0.0125 0.025
3 1
0.01
0.03];
% ybus
YBUS=[20-j*50 -10+j*20 -10+j*30
-10+j*20 26-j*52 -16+j*32
-10+j*30 -16+j*32 26-j*62];
Y1=abs(YBUS);
Y2=(180/pi)*angle(YBUS);
nbus=max(BUSDATA(:,1));
type=BUSDATA(:,2);
V=BUSDATA(:,3);
DEL=(180/pi)*BUSDATA(:,4);
GENMW=BUSDATA(:,5);
GENMVAR=BUSDATA(:,6);
LOADMW=BUSDATA(:,7);
LOADMVAR=BUSDATA(:,8);
Qmin=BUSDATA(:,9);
Qmax=BUSDATA(:,10);
Psp=GENMW-LOADMW
Qsp=GENMVAR-LOADMVAR
for i=2:nbus
Pcal(i)=0;
for k=1:nbus
Pcal(i)=Pcal(i)+(V(i)*V(k)*Y1(i,k)*cosd(Y2(i,k)+DEL(k)-DEL(i)));
end
delp(i)=Psp(i)-Pcal(i)
if (type(i)==2)
delq=zeros(1,3);
Qcal(i)=0;
for k=1:nbus
Qcal(i)=Qcal(i)-(V(i)*V(k)*Y1(i,k)*sind(Y2(i,k)+DEL(k)-DEL(i)));
end
delq(i)=Qsp(i)-Qcal(i)
end
end
J=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=2:3
if type(k)==2
jsum1=0;
jsum2=0;
jsum3=0;
jsum7=0;

0 ];

jsum9=0;
jsum8=0;
for l=1:3
if (k~=l)
jsum1=jsum1+(V(k)*V(l)*Y1(k,l)*sind(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
J(1,1)=jsum1;
jsum7=jsum7+(V(k)*V(l)*Y1(k,l)*cosd(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
J(3,1)=jsum7;
jsum3=jsum3+(V(l)*Y1(k,l)*cosd(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
s=(2*V(k)*Y1(k,k)*cosd(Y2(k,k)));
jsum3=s+jsum3;
J(1,3)=jsum3;
jsum9=jsum9-(V(l)*Y1(k,l)*sind(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
t=-(2*V(k)*Y1(k,k)*sind(Y2(k,k)));
jsum9=t+jsum9;
J(3,3)=jsum9;
if (k~=l)&&(l~=1)
jsum2=jsum2-(V(k)*V(l)*Y1(k,l)*sind(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
J(1,2)=jsum2;
jsum8=jsum8-(V(k)*V(l)*Y1(k,l)*cosd(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
J(3,2)=jsum8;
end
end
end
else type(k)=3;
jsum4=0;
jsum5=0;
jsum6=0;
for l=1:3
if (k~=l)
jsum5=jsum5+(V(k)*V(l)*Y1(k,l)*sind(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
J(2,2)=jsum5;
if (k~=l)&&(l~=1)
jsum4=jsum4-(V(k)*V(l)*Y1(k,l)*sind(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
J(2,1)=jsum4;
jsum6=jsum6+(V(k)*Y1(k,l)*cosd(Y2(k,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(k)));
J(2,3)=jsum6;
end
end
end
end
end
disp(J)
M=[delp'
delq'];
DEL1=zeros(3,1)
DEL1(1)=M(2,1);
DEL1(2)=M(3,1);

DEL1(3)=M(5,1);
X=zeros(3,1);
X=inv(J)*DEL1
delth2=X(1);
delth3=X(2);
delV2=X(3);
DEL(2)=DEL(2)+(delth2*180/pi)
DEL(3)=DEL(3)+(delth3*180/pi)
V(2)=V(2)+delV2
P1=0;
Q1=0;
Q3=0;
for l=1:3
P1=P1+(V(1)*V(l)*Y1(1,l)*cosd(Y2(1,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(1)))
Q1=Q1-(V(1)*V(l)*Y1(1,l)*sind(Y2(1,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(1)))
Q3=Q3-(V(3)*V(l)*Y1(3,l)*sind(Y2(3,l)+DEL(l)-DEL(3)))
end
for k=1:3
for l=1:3
if(k==l)
i(k,k)=0;i(l,l)=0;s(k,k)=0;s(l,l)=0;
else
i(k,l)=(V(k)-V(l))*(-1*YBUS(k,l))
i(l,k)=(V(l)-V(k))*(-1*YBUS(l,k))
s(k,l)=(V(k)*(conj(i(k,l))))*100;
s(l,k)=(V(l)*(conj(i(l,k))))*100;
sline(k,l)=(s(k,l)+s(l,k))
end
end
end
Sloss=sline(1,2)+sline(2,3)+sline(3,1)
RESULTS
enter the no. of load bus:1
nload =
1
enter the no. of gen bus:1
ngen =
1
Psp =
0
-4
2
Qsp =
0
-2.5000
0

delq =
0 -0.2200
0
delp =
0 -2.8600 1.4384
J=
54.2800 -33.2800 76.8600
-33.2800 66.0400 -16.6400
-27.1400 16.6400 153.7200
X=
-0.0412
-0.0012
-0.0086
DEL =
0
-2.3633
0
DEL =
0
-2.3633
-0.0670
V=
1.0500
0.9914
1.0400
P1 =
22.0500
Q1 =
55.1250
Q3 =
-32.7472
P1 =
12.5075
Q1 =
33.8938
Q3 =
-66.3759
P1 =
1.6258
Q1 =
1.1210
Q3 =
0.6833
i=
0
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
sline =

0.5859 - 1.1717i
0

3.4324 + 6.8649i

i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
0
i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
0
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0
0
sline =
0
3.4324 + 6.8649i 0.1000 + 0.3000i
i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
0
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0
0
i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
0
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0
0
sline =
0
3.4324 + 6.8649i
0.1000 + 0.3000i
3.4324 + 6.8649i
0
0
i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
-0.7774 + 1.5548i
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0
0
i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
-0.7774 + 1.5548i
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0.7774 - 1.5548i
0
sline =
0
3.4324 + 6.8649i
0.1000 + 0.3000i
3.4324 + 6.8649i
0
3.7771 + 7.5542i
i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
-0.7774 + 1.5548i
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0.7774 - 1.5548i
0
i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
-0.7774 + 1.5548i
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0.7774 - 1.5548i
0
sline =
0
3.4324 + 6.8649i
0.1000 + 0.3000i
3.4324 + 6.8649i
0
3.7771 + 7.5542i
0.1000 + 0.3000i
0
0
i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
-0.7774 + 1.5548i
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0.7774 - 1.5548i
0

i=
0
0.5859 - 1.1717i
-0.5859 + 1.1717i
0
-0.1000 + 0.3000i
0.7774 - 1.5548i
sline =
0
3.4324 + 6.8649i
0.1000 + 0.3000i

3.4324 + 6.8649i
0
3.7771 + 7.5542i

Sloss =
7.3096 +14.7191i

0.1000 - 0.3000i
-0.7774 + 1.5548i
0

0.1000 + 0.3000i
3.7771 + 7.5542i
0

LAMBDA-GAMMA ITERATION METHOD

AIM: To write a program for hydro thermal scheduling using lambda gamma iteration method.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB
PROBLEM:
Steam system : H =500+8*Ps+0.0016Ps2 (MBtu/hr)
Fuel cost: 1.15R/MBtu
150 MW<=Ps<=1500MW
Hydro system:q=330+4.97Ph (acre ft/hr)
0<=Ph<=1000MW
Ploss=0.00008Ph2
The load to be scheduled
24:00-12:00:-1200MW
12:00-24:00:-1500MW
In hydro unit limited draw down is 100000arch ft.

PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
g=2;

e2=100;
while(abs(e2)>1.6)
l=[130;140];
e=[100;100];
t=[20;20];
ps=zeros(2,1);
ph=zeros(2,1);
pl=zeros(2,1);
q=zeros(2,1);
for j=1:2
disp(j);
while (abs(e(j))>t(j))
ps(j)=(l(j)-110.4)/0.04461;
ph(j)=(l(j)-(59.64*g))/(l(j)*0.00016);
pl(j)=0.00008*ph(j)^2;
e(j)=1200+pl(j)-ph(j)-ps(j)
disp(e(j));
if (abs(e(j))<t(j))
q(j)=330+4.97*ph(j);
else
ln(j)=input('new projected value of lambda:')
l(j)=ln(j);
end
end
end
s=0;
for i=1:2
s=s+(12*q(i));
end
e2=s-100000
if (abs(e2)<1.6)
disp('schedule output');
else
disp(g);
gn=input('new projected value of gama:')
g=gn;
end
end
RESULT:
e=
266.5017
100.000

new projected value of lambda:35

ln =
35
e=
1.0e+004 *
3.6060
0.0100
3.6060e+004
new projected value of lambda:135
ln =
135
e=
-36.8508
100.000
new projected value of lambda:134.5
ln =
134.5000
e=
-7.4706
100.0000
2
e=
-7.4706
-320.0784
new projected value of lambda:135
ln =
134.5000 135.0000

e=
-7.4706
-36.8508
e2 =
-6.4950e+003
2
new projected value of gama:2.02
gn =
2.0200

GRADIENT APPROACH ITERATION METHOD

AIM: To write a program for hydro thermal scheduling using gradient approach iteration method.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB
PROBLEM:
Steam system : H =500+8*Ps+0.0016Ps2 (MBtu/hr)
Fuel cost: 1.15R/MBtu
150 MW<=Ps<=1500MW
Hydro system:q=330+4.97Ph (acre ft/hr)
0<=Ph<=1000MW
Ploss=0.00008Ph2
The load to be scheduled
Day 1
24:00-12:00:-1200MW
12:00-24:00:-1500MW
Day 2
24:00-12:00:-1100MW
12:00-24:00:-1800MW
Day 3
24:00-12:00:-950MW
12:00-24:00:-1300MW
Inflow 2000 acre-ft per hour
Initial volume 100000acre-ft
Final volume 60000
FLOW CHART

PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
n=input ('number of intervals:');
ps=zeros(n,1);
ph=zeros(n,1);
g=zeros(n,1);
v=zeros(n,1);
ld=zeros(n,1);
e=10;
% vs=input('enter initial volume(acre ft):');
% vf=input('enter final voume(acer ft):');
% r=input('enter inflow(acre ft/hr):');
% ld=input('enter load in each interval:')
vs=100000;
vf=60000;
r=2000;
ld=[1200;1500;1100;1800;950;1300];
tr=r*24*3;
tvu=vs+tr-vf;

for i=1:n
q(i)=tvu/(n*12);
ph(i)=(q(i)-330)/4.97;
ps(i)=ld(i)-ph(i);
td=q(i)*12;
v(i)=vs+(12*r)-(q(i)*12);
vs=v(i);
g(i)=(9.2+(0.00368*ps(i)))/4.97;
end
ft=0;
for i=1:n
ft=ft+12*1.15*(500+(8*ps(i))+(0.0016*ps(i)^2));
end
delf=20;
while(delf>e)
disp(g);
disp(ft);
disp(ps);
disp(ph);
disp(q);
a=input('enter j+(max g):');
b=input('enter j-(min g):');
delq=input('enter delq:');
q(a)=q(a)+delq;
q(b)=q(b)-delq;
ph(a)=(q(a)-330)/4.97;
ps(a)=ld(a)-ph(a);
ph(b)=(q(b)-330)/4.97;
ps(b)=ld(b)-ph(b);
delf=12*((g(a)*delq)+(g(b)*delq));
g(a)=(9.2+(0.00368*ps(a)))/4.97;
g(b)=(9.2+(0.00368*ps(b)))/4.97;
for i=1:n
ft=ft+12*1.15*(500+(8*ps(i))+(0.0016*ps(i)^2));
end
end
RESULT
number of intervals:6
gamma:
2.4081
2.6302
2.3340
2.8523

2.2230
2.4821
Operating cost:
7.1973e+005
Ps:
1.0e+003 *
0.7522
1.0522
0.6522
1.3522
0.5022
0.8522
Ph:
447.7979
447.7979
447.7979
447.7979
447.7979
447.7979
Discharge:
1.0e+003 *
2.5556 2.5556 2.5556 2.5556 2.5556 2.5556
enter j+(max g):4
enter j-(min g):5
enter delq:1000
gamma:
2.4081
2.6302
2.3340
2.7034
2.3719
2.4821
Operating cost:
1.4337e+006
Ps:
1.0e+003 *
0.7522
1.0522
0.6522
1.1510

0.7034
0.8522
Ph:
447.7979
447.7979
447.7979
649.0051
246.5907
447.7979
Discharge:
1.0e+003 *
2.5556 2.5556 2.5556 3.5556 1.5556 2.5556