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AN

AMERICAN DICTIONARY
OF THE
* *

ENGLISH LANGUAGE^
INTENDED TO EXHIBIT,
I.

II.

III.

The origin, affinities and primary signification of English words, as far as they have been ascertained. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to general usage, or to just principles of ANALOoy. Accurate and discriminating definitions, with numerous authorities and illustrations.

TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED,

AN INTRODUCTORY DISSERTATION
ON THE

ORIGIN, HISTORY

AND CONNECTION OF THE

LANGUAGES OF WESTERN ASIA AND OF EUROPE,

AND A CONCISE GRAMMAR
OF THE

"

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
^.

^--^
fe vV.
'ro

0.^^^"

BY NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D.

IN T^VO VOIiUIWES.

VOL.
He
tliat

I.

wishes

to

be counted among the benefactors of posterity, must add, by his

own

toil, to

the acquisitions of his ancestors.i{<imi/er.

NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY S. CONVERSE.

PRINTED Br HEZEKIAH HOWE

NEW HAVEN.

1828.

Beit ' L^ Noah hemembered,

DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT,

ss.

Webster,
:

That on the fourteenth day of April, in the tifty-second year of the Independence of the United States of America, of the said District, hath deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Author, in the words
;

An American Dictionary of the English Language intended to exhibit, I. The origin, affinities, and primary signification of English words, as far they have been ascertained. II. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to general usage, or to just principles of analogy. Accurate and discriminating definitions, with numerous authorities and illustrations. To which are prefixed, an introductory dissertation on the origin, history and connection of the languages of Western Asia and of Europe, and a concise grammar of the English language. By Noah Webster, LL. D. In two volumes." In conformity to the act of Congress of the United States, entitled, " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned." And also to the act, entitled, " An act supplementary to an act, entitled An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." CHAS. A. INGERSOLL, Clerk of the District of Connecticut. A true copy of Record, examined and sealed by me, CHAS, A. INGERSOLL, Clerk of the District of Connecticut.
as
III.

"

following;, to wit

'

April 14th, 1828.

\60^

PREFACE.
In the year 1783, just at the close of the revolution, I published an elementary book for facilitating the acquisition of our vernacular tongue, and for correcting a vicious pronunciation, which prevailed extensively among the common Soon after the publication of that work, I believe in the following year, that learned and people of tiiis country. one of the trustees of Yale College, suggested to me, the respectable scholar, the Rev. Dr. Goodrich of Durham, of and compiling a dictionary, which should complete a system for the instruction of the
propriety

expediency

my

At that time, I could not indulge the thought, much less the hope, of nor had I the means of support, during the execution undertaking such a work ; as I was neither qualified by research, For many years therefore, though I considered such a work as undertake it. of the work, had I been disposed to as I was under the necessity of devoting my time to other very desirable, yet it appeared to me impracticable
citizens of this country in the language.
;

occupations for obtaining subsistence. About twenty seven years ago, I began to think of attempting the compilation of a Dictionary. I was induced to this undertaking, not more by the suggestion of friends, than by my own experience of the want of such a work, while
readin<T

modern books of

science.

In this pursuit,

found almost insuperable

Dictionary
in
1

difficulties,

dictionary, for explaining many To remedy this defect in part,

for

new
I

words, which recent discoveries

in the physical sciences

from the want of a had introduced into use.

after

published

my Compendious

806

and soon

made

preparations

undertaking a larger work.

;

My original design did not extend to an investigation of the origin and progress of our language much less of I limited my views to the correcting of certain errors in the best English Dictionaries, and to the other languages. two letters of the alphabet, I determined supplying of words in which they are deficient. But after writing through
I found to change my plan. myself embarrassed, at every step, for want of a knowledge of the origin of words, which Johnson, Bailey, .Innius, Skinner and some other authors do not afford the means of obtaining. Then laying and all books treating of language, except lexicons and dictionaries, I endeavored, by a diligent aside my manuscripts, comparison of words, having the same or cognate radical letters, in about twenty languages, to obtain a more correct knowledge of the primary sense of original words, of the affinities between the English and many other languages, and thus to enable myself to trace words to their source. I had not pursued this course more than three or four years, before I discovered that I had to unlearn a great deal that I had spent years in learning, and that it was necessary for me to go back to the first rudiments of a branch of erudition, which I had before cultivated, as I had supposed, with success. I spent ten years in this comparison of radical words, and in forming a synopsis of the principal words in twenty languages, arranged in classes, under their primary elements or letters. The result has been to open what are to me new views of language, and to unfold what appear to be the genuine principles on which these languages are

constructed.

After completing this synopsis, I proceeded to correct what I had written of the Dictionary, and to complete the remaining part of the work. But before I had finished it, I determined on a voyage to Europe, with the view of obtaining some books and some assistance which I wanted ; of learning the real state of the pronunciation of our

language

in England, as well as the general state of and of attempting to bring about some philology in that country agreement or coincidence of opinions, in regard to unsettled points in pronunciation and grammatical construction. In some of these objects I failed in others, my designs were answered. It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American
; ;

Dictionary of the English Language

for,

although the body of the language

is

the

same

as in England, and
;

it is

some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. Now an
desirable to perpetuate that sameness, yet

PREFACE.
depends materially updn a sameness of things or objects witli which the people of the two countiies But in no two portions of the earth, remote from each other, can such identity be found. Even must be different. But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, physical objects arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the practice of hawking and
identity of ideas

are conversant.

hunting, the institution of heraldry, and the feudal system of England originated terms which formed, and some of which now form, a necessary part of the language of that country but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language, and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. They can be known to us only as obsolete or as foreign words. On the otlier hand, the institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from

Thus the terms, land-office ; luiid-wurrant ; location of land; consociation of churches ; regent of a university; intendant of a city plantation, selectmen, senate, congress, court, assembly, escheat, &c. are either words not belonging to the language of England, or they are applied to things in this country which do not exist in that. No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate and assembly, court, &c. for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they
ours.
;

do not express
But
this
is

in that country. sense in the United States.

With our present

constitutions of government, escheat can never have

its

feudal

many cases, the nature of our governments, and of our civil institutions, requires an Thus appropriate language in the definition of words, even when the words express the same thing, as in England. the English Dictionaries inform us that a Justice is one deputed by the King to do right by way of judgment he is a
not
all.

In

Lord by

his office

Justices of the peace are appointed by the King''s commission

language which

is

inaccurate in

is

So constitutionally is defined by Todd or Chalmers, legally, but in this respect to this officer in the United States. country the distinction between constitution and law requires a different definition. In the United States, a jdantation a very different thing from what it is in England. The word marshal, in this country, has one important application

unknown

in

require to be defined in a phraseology accommodated to the condition people in these states, and the people of England must look to an American Dictionary for a correct understanding of such terms. The necessity therefore of a Dictionary suited to the people of the United States is obvious and I should suppose

A great

England or in Europe. number of words in our language

and

institutions of the

that this fact being admitted, there could be

no difference of opinion as

to the time,

when such

a work ought to be

substituted for English Dictionaries. There are many other considerations of a public nature, which serve to justify this attempt to furnish an Amcrica,n Work which shall be a guide to the youth of the United States. Most of these are too obvious to require illustration.

One consideration however which is dictated by my own feelings, but which I trust will meet with approbation in " The chief glory of a correspondent feelings in my fellow citizens, ought not to be passed in silence. It is this. " arises from its authors." With this opmion deeply impressed on my mind, I have the nation," says Dr. Johnson, a wish to give celebrity to Bacon, to Hooker, to same ambition which actuated that great man when he expressed
Milton and to Boyle. I do not indeed expect to add celebrity to the names oi FranlcUn, Washington, Adams, Jay, Madison, Marshall, liamsay, Dwight, Smith, Trumbull, Hamilton, Belknap, Ames, Mason, Kent, Hare, SilUniun, Cleavelund, Walsh, their science but it is with pride and Irving, and many other Americans distinguished by their writings or by satisfaction, that I can place them, as authorities, on the same page with those of Boyle, Hooker, Milton, Dryclcn,
;

Addison, Ray, Milner, Cowper, Davy, Thomson and Jameson. A life devoted to reading and to an investigation of the origin and principles of our vernacular language, and a view to a comparison of their style and especially a particular examination of the best English writers, with me to atlirm with phraseology, with those of the best American writers, and with our colloquial usage, enables
confidence, that the genuine English idiom is as well preserved by the unmixed English of this country, as it is by the best English writers. Examples to prove this fact will be found in the Introduction to this work. It is true, that many of our writers have neglected to cultivate taste, and the embellishments of style but even these have written In this respect, Franklin and Washington, whose language is their hereditary the language in its genuine idiom. mother tongue, unsophisticated by modern grammar, present as pure models of genuine English, as Addison or
;

PREFACE.
Swift.

But

may go

farther,

and

affirm, with truth, that our country has

;

produced some of
;

tiie

best models of

of the autiiors of the Federalist of Mr. Ames; of Dr. Mason ; of Mr. composition. The style of President Sinitli Harper; of Chancellor Kent; [ihc prose] of Mr. Barlow; of the legal ilecisions of tlic Supreme Court of the United of the reports of legal decisions in some of the particular states ; and many other writings ; in purity, in States
;

elegance and

in technical precision, is equaled only by that of the best British authors, and surpassed by that of no English compositions of a similar kind. The United States commenced their existence under circumstances wholly novel and unexampled in the history of nations. Tiiey commenced with civilization, with learning, with science, with constitutions of free government, and
;

Their population is now equal to that of England in arts with that best gift of God to man, the christian religion. and sciences, our citizens are very little behind the most enlightened people on earth in some respects, they have no and our language, within two centuries, will be spoken by more people in this country, than any other superiors language on earth, except the Chinese, in Asia, and even that may not be an exception. It has been my aim in this work, now oflered to my fellow citizens, to ascertain the true principles of the language, to purify it from some palpable errors, and reduce the number of its anomalies, thus in its orthography and structure and in this manner, to fuftiish a it more regularity and consistency in its forms, both of words and sentences giving standard of our vernacular tongue, which we shall not be ashamed to bequeath to three hundred millions of people,
; ; ; ;

who

are destined to occupy, and

hope, to adorn the vast territory within our jurisdiction.

language can be improved in regularity, so as to be more easily acquired by our own citizens, and by foreigners, and thus be rendered a more useful instrument for the propagation of science, arts, civilization and Christianity if it can be rescued from the mischievous influence of sciolists and that dabbling spirit of innovation which is perpetually
If the
;

disturbing

its

settled usages

and

filling

it

with anomalies

if,

in short,
;

it corruptions, and our philology and literature from degradation be one among the instruments of promoting these valuable objects. If this object cannot be effected, and my wishes and hopes are to be frustrated, my labor will be lost, and this work must sink into oblivion. This Dictionary, like all others of the kind, must be left, in some degree, imperfect for what individual is competent to trace to their source, and define in all their various applications, popular, scientific and technical, sixty or seventy It satisfies my mind that I have done all that my health, my talents and my pecuniary means would thousand words
;
!

our vernacular language can be redeemed from would be a source of great satisfaction to me to

enable

me

to accomplish.

present

it

to
;

my

for their

improvement and

their happiness

and

fellow citizens, not with frigid indifference, but with my ardent wishes for the continued increase of the wealth, the learning, the moral and

and the glory of my country. that great and benevolent Being, wiio, during the preparation of amidst obstacles and toils, disappointments, infirmities and depression;
religious elevation of character,

To

tiiis

work, has sustained a feeble constitution,

in safety across the Atlantic,

who has twice borne me and my manuscripts and given me strength and resolution to bring the work to a close, I would present the And if the talent which he entrusted to my care, has not been put to tribute of my most grateful acknowledgments. " the most profitable use in his service, I hope it has not been kept laid up in a napkin," and that any misapi)lication of it may be graciously forgiven.

New

Haven, 1828.

N.

^VEBSTER.

INTRODUCTION.

DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE.
or Speech is the utterance of articulate sounds or voices, ren^ of significant by usage, for tlie expression and communication thoughts. to this definition, language belongs exclusively to intellectual According for no and intelligent beings, and among terrestrial beings, to man only ; animal on earth, except man, can pronounce words. The word language is sometimes used in a more comprehensive sense, and applied to the sounds by which irrational animals express their feelings or afleotions ; as to the neighing of the horse, the lowing of the ox, the barking of the dog, and to the cackling and chiiping of fowls ; for the sounds uttered by these animals So also language is are perfectly understood by the respective species. deaf and dumb persons manifest figuratively applied to the signs by which for these are instruments of communicating thoughts. their i<leas of intercourse between But language, in its proper sense, as the medium men, or rational beings, endowed with the faculty of uttering articulate sounds, is the subject now to be considered. Written language is the representation of signilicant sounds by letters, or characters, single or combined in words, arranged in due order, accord

edge increases, and be subject

cident to

to continual alterations,

men

from other causes Jn>

in society.

Language

(lercd

brief account of the origin and progress of the principal languages, ancient and modern, that have been spoken by nations between the Ganges and the Atlantic ocean.

We learn from the Scriptures that Noah, who, with his family, wa.s preserved from destruction by the deluge, for the purpose of re-peopling the earth, had three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth. This fact, a htlle obscured by tradition, was retained by our rude German ancestors, to the age
of Tacitus.'^

The descendants of Shem and Ham peopled all the great plain, situated north and west of the Persian Gulf, between that Gulf and the Indian ocean on the east and the Arabic Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea on the west, with the northern coast of Africa; comprehending Assyria, Babylonia or Chaldea, Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, and Lybia. The principal languages or dialects used by these descendants, are known to us under the names of Chaldee, or Chaldaic, which is called also Aramean, Syriac, Heto usage. ing brew, Arabic, Ethiopic, Samaritan and Coptic. Of these, the Chaldee, and Hebrew are no longer living languages, but they have come down to us in ORIGIN books ; the Samaritan is probably extinct or lost in the modern languages of the country, but the language survives in a copy of the Pentateuch ; the read, in the Scriptures, that Go<l, when he had created man, "Blesis nearly or quite extinct, and little of it remains ; the Syriac, Arabic sed them and said to them, Be fruitful and njultiply and replenish the earth Coptic it dominion over the fish the God after- and Ethiopic are yet living languages, but they have suffered and are con;

Japheth was the eldest son ; but Shem, the ancestor of the Israelites, of the writers of the Scriptures, is named first in order.

and

OF LANGUAGE.

We

and have of sea, &c." Wards planted a garden, and placed in it the man he had made, with a command to keep it, and to dress it and he gave him a rule of moral conduct, in permitting him to eat the fruit of every tree in the garden, except one the eating of which was prohibited. We further read, tliat God brought to Adam the fowls and beasts he had made, and that Adam gave them names; and that when his female companion was made, he gave her a name. Afand subdue
; ;

ter the eating of the forbidden fiuit, it is stated and Eve, reproving them for their disobedience,
ties,

that God addressed Adam which they have been formed, must have been of equal antiquity. That and pronouncing the penalthe Celtic and Teutonic languages in Europe are, in this sense, as old as the In the account of these transactions, it is Chaldee and Hebrew, is a fact not only warranted by history and the comfurther related that Adam and Eve both replied to their Maker, and excused mon origin of Japheth and Shem, but susceptible of proof from the identity their disobedience. of many words yet existing, in both stocks. But there is a marked differIf we admit what is the literal and obvious interpretation of this narrative ence between the Shemitie and Japhetic languages ; for even when the rathat vocal sounds or words were used in these communicatiorLs between God and the progenitors of the human race, it results that Adam was not only en dical words are unquestionably the same, the modifications, or inflections dowed with intellect for understanding his Maker, or tlie signification of and combinations which form the compounds are, for the most part, different. As it has been made a question which of the Shemitie languages is the words, but was furnished both with the faculty of speech, and with speech most ancient, and much has been written to prove it to be the Hebrew, I itself, or the knowledge and use of words, as signs of ideas, and this before the formation of the woman. Hence we may infer that language was be will state briefly my opinion on what appears to me to be one of the plainest have for our certain guides, in dequestions in the history of nations. stowed on Adam, in the same manner as all his other faculties and knowl this question 1st. The historical narrative of facts in the book of edge, by supernatural power or in other words, was of divine origin ; for termining Genesis, and 2d. The known and uniform progress of languages, within the supposing Adam to have had all the intellectual powers of any adult Individ period of authentic profane history. ual of the species, who has since lived, wc caiuiot admit as probable, or even 1. The Scripture informs us that, before the dispersion, the whole earth possible, that he should have invented and constructed even a barren Ian was of one language and of one oi' the same speech ; and that the descendguage, as soon as he was created, without supernatural aid. It may even be doubted, whether without such aid, men would ever have learnt the use ants of Noah journeyed from the east, and settled on the plain of Shinar, or in Chahlea. The language used at that time, by the inhabitants of that of the organs of speech, so far as to form a language. At any rate, the in vention of words, and the construction of a language must have been by ; slow process, and must have required a much longer time, than that which * passed between the creation of Adam and of Eve. It is therefore probable Celebrant, carminibus antiquis, Tuistonem deum terr4 editum, et filium that language as well as the faculty of speech, was the immediate gift of Mannum, originem gentis conditoresque. Manno tres filios assignant. De God. We are not however to suppose tlie language of our first parents in Mor. Germ. 2. paradise to have been copious, like most modern languages; or the identical In ancient songs they celebrate Tnisto, a god sprung from the earth, and language they used, to be now in existence. Many of the primitive radical his son Mannus [Man], the origin and founders of their nation. To Manwords may and probably do exist in various languages ; but observation nus they assign three sons. teaches tliat languages must improve and Noah is here called Man. undergo great changes as knowl-

tinually suffering alterations, from which no living language is exempt. These languages, except the Coptic, being used by the descendants of Shem, I call Shemitie, or Assyrian, in distinction from the Japhetic. .\s the descendants of Japheth peopled Asia Minor, the northern parts of Asia, about the Euxine and Caspian, and all Europe, their languages, have, in the long period that has elapsed since their dispersion, become very numerous. All languages having sprung from one source, the original words from

which they had incurred.

We

INTRODUCTION.
must then have been the oldest or the primitive Iano;uage of man. 9. The vernacular words in the Celtic and Teutonic languages of modern This must have been the original Chaldec. Europe, which are evidently the same words as still exist in the Shemitic 2. The Script\ire informs us, that in consequence of the impious attempts languages, are of the same antiquity being a part of the common language of the people to build a c'ty and tower, >vhose top might reach to heaven, which was used on the plain of Shinar, before the dispersion. with a view to make themselves a name and prevent their dispersion, God The descendants of Japheth peopled the northern part of Asia, and all Euinterposed and confounded their language, ed that they could not understand rope or if some colonies from Egypt planted themselves in Greece, at an eareach other in eonsequeace uf Mhicl". they were dispersed " from thence ly period, they or their descendants must have been merged in the mass of over the face of all fliB siti'th." Certain it is that the Greek language is cbieHy formJaphetic population. 3. If the confusion of languages at Babel originated the differences which ed on the same radical words, as the Celtic and Teutonic languages. The Japhetic tribes of men, whose descendants peopled the south and gave rise to the various languages of the families which separated at the Of these west of Europe, were first established in the country now called Persia, or dispersion, then those several languages are all of equal antiquity. the Hebrew, as a distinct language, was not one; for the Hebrew nation by the natives themselves, Iran. Of this fact, the evidence now existing is was of posterior origin. decisive. The numerous words found in the Greek, Latin, Gaelic, English 4. All the words of the several great races of men, both in Asia and Eu- and the kindreil tongues, which are slill used in Persia, prove, beyond all rope, which are vernacular in their several languages, and unequivocally question, that Persia must have been the residence of the people whose dethe same, are of equal antiquity, as they must have been derive<l from the scendants introduced into Europe the languages from which the modern connnon Chaldee stock which existed before the dispersion. The words languages are derived. The fact proves further that a great body of the common to the Syrians and Hebrews, could not have been borrowed from original Persians remained in their own country, and their descendants conthe Hebrew, for the Hebrews originated from Heber and Ahram, several siiUitc the mass of the population at this day. centuries after Syria and Egypt were populous countries. This fact is atIn the early stages of society, men dwelt or migrated in families, tribes or tested by the Scripture history, which declai'cs that when Abram migrated clans. The family of Abraham and Jacob in Asia, and the clans of the Gaels from Chaldea, and came into Canaan or Palestine, " The Canaanite was in Scotland, exhibit to us the manner in which societies and nations were " the Perizzite dwelt then in the land ;" and when he returned from Egypt, The descendants of a man settled around him, and formoriginally formed. in the land." These declai-ations, and the history of Abimelcch, and of the ed a clan, or tribe, of which the government was patriarchal. Such families
plain,
;
-i
;

war

Gomorrah, prove Syria to h.ave been, at that time, well-peopled. The lan- genitor might be distinctly traced in his descendants for many generations. guage of the inhabitants then must have been coeval with the nation, and In process of time, some of these families became nations; more generally, It may be added that in by means of wars and long anterior to the Hebrew as a distinct dialect. migrations, different tribes became blended, and the the early peiiods of the world, when no books existed, nations, living re- distinction of families was lost. In rude ages, the families or tribes of men are named from some charactermote or distinct, never borrowed words from each other. One nation, living or more generally, from the place of their residence. in the midst of another, as the Hebrews did among the Egyptians, may adopt istic of the people a single word, or a few words; but a family of words thus adopted is an The Greeks gave the name of Scylhia to the north of Europe and Asia, but occurrence rarely or never known. The borrowing of words, in modern the primitive inhabitants of the west of Europe, they called KsXroi, Kelts, These were descendants from the times, is almost wholly from the use of books. Celts, a word signifying woods men* 5. It is probable that some difi'crences of language were produced by the same ancestors as the Greeks and Romans themselves, but they had pushed confusion but neither that event nor any supernatural event is necessary their migrations into Gaul, Spain and Britain. The first settlers or occupiThe ers of these countries were driven forward by successive herds, until to account for the differences oftUalect or of languages, now existing. they of the Gothic or Teutonic stock, all originated were checked by the ocean different modern languages there they made their stand, and there we in the natural course of events; and the differences are as great between find their descendants at this day. These may be considered as the dethem as they are between the languages of the Shemitic stock. scendants of the earliest settlers, or first inhabitants of the countries where 6. Soon after two races of men of a common stock have separated and they are found. Among these are the inhabitants of France, south of the to d' Garonne, and those of the north of Spain, called by the Romans Aquitani placed themselves in distant countries, the language of each begins verge from that of the other, by various means. 1. One tribe or nation and Cantabri, in more modern times Gascoigns, Basques, and Cantabrians, will suffer one word to become obsolete and be forgotten another, will suffer who still retain their native language and in Great Britain, the Gaels in the loss of another sometimes a whole family of words will be lost at other Scotland, and the natives of the north and west of Ireland, who also retain times, a part only at other times, a single word only of a numerous family their primitive language.! will be retained by one nation, while another nation will retain the whole. The first inhabitants of the north and west of Europe, known to the Greeks 2. The same word will be differently applied by two distant races of men and Romans, to whom we are indebted for our earliest accounts of that reand the difference will be so great as to obscure the original affinity. 3, gion, were the Cimbri, who inhabited the peninsula of Denmark, now called Words will be compounded by two nations in a different manner, the same Jutland, and the tribes which belonged to the Teutonic and Gothic races, radical words taking a different prefix or suffix, indifferent languages. Thus which were established in Germany and on both sides of the Baltic. Whethtvisdoni in English Is in German wei^heit. [wisehead, wisehood] from ii'ise, er tribes of Celtic origin had overspread the latter countries, before the arriIn English misleadis in Danish Jiirleder, from lead, leder. 4. The val of the Gothic and Teutonic races, and all Europe had been inhabited by weis. so much changed pronunciation and orthography of words will often be that the same word in two languages, cannot without difficulty, be recognized as identical. No person, without a considerable attention to the changes Welsh celt, a cover, or shelter, a Celt; celtiad, an inhabitant of the cowhich letters have suffered, would at once suspect or believe the English vert or wood celu, to conceal, Lat. relo. In Gaelic the word is coilt or ; let and the French laisser to be the same word. The Celts were originally a tribe or nation inhabiting the north of eeilt. 7. As Abram migrated from Chaldea, he must have spoken the Chaldee or the still more northern territory. and probably, at that time, the Syriac, Arabic and Egyptian, had Italy, tribes or na;

of four kings or chieftains with five

as also of the cities of

Sodom and

often migrated in a body, and otten the

personal characteristics of the pro-

language,

not become so different, as to render it impracticable for him to converse with But the language of Abram's de the inhabitants of Palestine and Egypt. scendants, and that of the land of Shinar or the Chaldee must, in the natural course of things, have begun to diverge, soon after the separation; and the changes in each language being dilTerent, would, in the course of a few So in the days of Hezekiah centuries, form somewhat different languages. the Syriac and Hebrew had become, in a degree, distinct languages. 2 Kings xviii. In which of these languages, the greatest number of alterations were produced, we do not know ; but from the general observations I have made, in my researches, it appears that the Chaldee dialect, in the use of dental letters instead of sibilants, is much the most general in the Celtic and Teutonic languages of Europe. Thus the German only has a sibilant in I think li'asser, when the other Teutonic languages have a dental, water. also that there are far more words in the European languages which accord with the Chaldee or Arabic, than there are words which accord with the Hebrew. If this observation is well-founded, the Hebrew must have suffered the loss of more primitive words than the other languages of the Shemitic This however is true, that all of them have lost some words, and family. in some cases, the Hebrew retains what the others have lost. 8. The Hebrew Scriptures arc, by many centuries, the most ancient Hence probably the strange inference, that the Hebrew writings extant. as if the inhabitants of Chaldea and Syria had had is the oldest language no language, for ages belbre the progenitor of the Hebrews was born.
;

Tpaioi. or Tpaixoi, the

t I purposely omit all consideration of the different families, which first peopled Greece and Italy. In Greece, we read of the Hellenes, the Acha;ans, the Dorians, the yEolians, In Italy, of the Illyrians, the Liburni, the the lonians, the Pelasgi, &c. SicuH, the Veneti or Henetl, the Iberi, Ligures, Sicani, Etrusci, Insubres, But as these nations or their deSabini, Latini, Samnites, and many others. scendants gave the name of Celts to the Umbri, or nations that dwelt in the north, in the less cutivated parts of Europe, and to the inhabitants of Gaul; and as all the tribes, under whatever denomination they were known, were branches of the great Japhetic stock, I shall call them by that general name, Celts ; and under the general name of Goths or Teutons, shall the various tribes that inhabited the north of Germany, and the

tions

comprehend

country north of the Baltic or Scandinavia. A late writer seems to consider the Teutonic races, as the only ancestors But from Celtic words, still found in the Greek of the fireeks and Romans. and Latin ; words not belonging to any of the Gothic or Teutonic languages ; Greece and Italy, it is demonstr.ably certain that the primitive settlers in Lat. brachittm, the belonged to the Celtic races. Thus the Greek jSpaxiuv, not found arm, is formed on the Gaelic braigh, raigh, W. drnic, a word So the Welsh mociaw, to mock, is found in the the Teutonic nations. among to mock, and Ir. mngadh. a mocking ; but and French Greek
nwqiier, fiuxau, Many similar facts prove not in any of the Gothic or Teutonic languages. that the Celtic races were among the earliest inhabitants of Greece.

INTRODUCTION.
the Celts, even
the borders of Sarmaliajias heen aqucstion much disputed Frencli writers generally by historiaiH and antiquaries. The GcriTiari and contend that the Celts inhabited all the north of Europe, as Car at least a:* Sarmatia; but some respectable English writers are ol a dilierent opinion. it is agreed that the Welsh are descendants of the Cimbri, inhabitants of Jutland, and their language bears a strong alliiiity to the Celtic languages, which still exist; a fact that countenances the opinion of the German and French ritcrs. But the dispute is of little moment the Celtic, Teutonic all of the Japhetic stock, migrating from Asia and Gothic races
to
:

Now

being and pursuing dilierent courses westthrough Asia Minor at different times, ward. The first tribes probably sought the waiin climates along the north coast of the Mediterranean, and established themselves in Greece and Italy. Others followed tlie course of the Danube and its subsidiary streams, till they foil upon the rivers that conducted them (o the Baltic. The first inhabitants of Greece and Italy were probably of the Celtic race ; but if they were, it is very evident that tribes of the teutonic or Gothic races invaded iliose countries before they were civilized, and intermingled with the oriThe Pelasgi may have been among the number. This ginal inhabitants. is an inference which I draw from the airmitics of the Greek and Latin Ian guagcs, with those of Teutonic origin. The Teutonic and Gothic races imwest of the Vistula pressed tbeii' language \ipon all the continent of Europe and from that river to the Rhine, or rather to the Seine, anterior to the conquest of Gaul by Julius Cesar. The same races invading and conquering the south of Europe, in the fourth and fifth century, on tlie downfall of the supposed to exist. The Armoric or language of Brittany in the northwest angle of France, Roman empire, infused a portion of llicii- language into the Italian and Spanand the Cornish, in the southwest of England, are also of Celtic origin. The ish, which is still di-;!inguishable. The ancient Sarmatia, including Poland and Russia, wa.s probably peo Cornish is now extinct ; but the Armoric is a living language. The English as now spoken, is a language composed of words from north pled originally by races of men who passed into Europe by the country The basis of the language is Anglo-Saxon, or, as I of the Euxine. Their original residence was along the rivers Kur and several others. Araxes, or on the mountains between the Euxine and Caspian. The name shall, for the sake of brevity, call it, Saxon, by which it is closely allied to But it reof the Riiss or Russians is clearly recognized in the Roxolani of Pliny and the languages of Teutonic and Gothic origin on the conUnent. Ptolemy, and possibly the ancestors of this race may have entered Europe by tains a great number of words from the ancient languages of Britain, the Asia Minor. That the Teutonic races, originally fiom Persia, inhabited Asia Belgic, or Lloegrian, and the Cymraeg, or Welsh ; particularly from the latMinor, and migrated westward by that course, is evident from the names ter, and some from the Cornish. Cesar informs us, that before he invaded which they impressed on mountains, rivers and places Such are the Cia- Britain, Belgic colonics had occupied the southern coast of England and in Pamphylia, now the inhabitants of the interior, northern and western parts, were the ancesgu of Pliny, the Welsh and English crag ,* Pergn name of a small stream, near the site of tors of the present Welsh, wlio call themselves Cymry, and their country hiirg or bergeii ; Thi/mbreck, the brook. It wa.s contract- Cymru, a name which indicates their origin from the Cimbri, inhabitants of Troy ; a word in which we recognize the English the modern Denmark, or Cimbric Chersonese, now Jutland. ed by the Greeks into Thymbrins.i The modern Welsh contains many Latin words introduced by the Romans, Itis admitted by all gentlemen, acquainted with oriental literature, that
; ;

were masters of tliat country. It contains also some words of Gothic origin, introduced by the Goths wlio conquered that country, at the downfall of tinRoman Empire. The French also contains .some words of Teutonic origin, either from the Belgic tribes who occupied the country to the Seine, at the time of Cesar's invasion, or from the Franks who estabhshed the dynasty of the Merovingian Kings in the fifth century, or from the Normans who obtained possession of the northern part of that kingdom in the tenth century, or from all these sources. The German, Dutch or Belgic, Anglo-Saxon, Danish and Swedish languages are of Teutonic or Gothic origin.'" They are all closely allied ; a great part of the words in them all being the same or from the same roots, ^vith different prefixes or affixes. There is however a greater difference between the Danish and Swedish, which are of the Gotliic stock, and the German and Dutch, which are of Teutonic origin, than between two languages of the same .stock, as between the Danish and Swedish. The Norwegian, Icelandic, and some of the languages or dialects of Switzerland, belong to the same stock ; but of these I liave no particular knowledge. The Basque or Cantabrian in Spain the Gaelic in the nortli of Scotland, and the Hiberno-Celtic, or native language of Ireland, are the purest remains of the ancient Celtic. From a comparison of a vocabulary of the Gaelic and Hiberno-Celtic, I find little or no difVerence between them and from a long and attentive examination of tliis language, and of the languages *f Teutonic origin, I find less difference between theui, than most autliors have

the Sanscrit, or ancient language of India, the parent of all the dialects of that great peninsula, is radically the same language or from the same stock the affinities between them being remarkalily as the Greek and Latin clcarand decisive. If .so, the inhabitants of India and the descendants of the Celtic and Teutonic nations are all of one family, and must have all migrated from one country, after the separation of the nations of the Shemitic stock
;

who had

from those of the Japhetic race.t Whether that country was Persia, or Cashmir, or a country farther east One important inference results from this is a iioint not easily determined. fact, that the while men of Europe and the black or tawny men of India, are direct descendants from a common ancestor. Of the languages of Europe, the Greek was first improved and refined, and next to that the Latin. The affinity between these languages, and those of the west and north of Europe is very striking, and demonstrates thei: connnon origin. It is probable however that there are some words in the Greek derived from Africa, if Egyptian colonies were established in Greece,
as historians inform us.
Italian, Spanish, French and Portuguese, are composed chiefly of Latin words, much altered however both in ortliography and inflections. Perhaps nine tenths of all the words now found in those languages are of Latin origin ; being introduced by the Romans, who held Gaul in or being borrow subjection, five or si.\ centuries, and Spain much longer ed from Latin authors, since the revival of letters. All these languages however retain many words of Celtic origin ; the primitive language not liav In some instances, the same word has been ing been entirely extirpated. transmitted through both channels, the Celtic and the Latin, and is yet re Thus in French cider, and in Italian cedere, is directly from the tained. Latin cedo ; while the French, congedier, and Italian, congedare, are com posed of the same word, with a prefix, derived from the Celtic, and retained the Welsh gadaw, to quit, to leave. [L. concedn.] in And this same verb probably appears also in quit, a word common to the Teutonic and to the Celtic languages. See Conge, in the Dictionary. It must be observed further, that the Spanish language contains some words of African origin, introduced by the Carthaginians, before the Roman conquest of Spain, or afterwards by the Moors, w ho, for several centuries.

The modern

possession of Britain lor five hundred years. But the body of the language is probably their vernacular tongue. It is more nearly allied to the languages of Celtic origin, than to those of the Teutonic and Gothic stock and of this British language, the Cornish and Armoric are dialects. It has been commonly supposed that the Britons were nearly exterminated by the Saxons, and that the few that survived, escaped into the west of England, now Wales. It is true that many took refuge in Wales, which their descendants still retain but it cannot be true that the other parts of England were enfirely depopulated. On the other hand, great numbers must have escaped slaughter, and been intermixed with their Saxon conThe Welsh words, which now form no unimportant part of the querors. English language, aftbrd decisive evidence of this fact. It is probable however that these words were for a long time used only by the common people, for few of them appear in the early Saxon writers. The English contains also many words, introduced by the Danes, who were, for some time, ina.sters of England which words are not found in the Saxon. These words prevail most in the northern counties of England but many of them are incorporated into the body of the language, and are used iu the United States. After the conquest, the Norman Kings endeavored to extirpate the English language, and substitute the Norman. For this purpose, it was ordained that all law proceedings and records should be in the Norman language ; and hence the early records and reports of law cases came to be written in Norman. But neither royal authority, nor the influence of courts, could change the vernacular language. After an experiment of three hundred years, the law was repealed; and since that period, the English has been, for the most part, the official, as well as the common language of the nation. A few Norman words however remain in the English ; most of them in law
;

*Plin.
tians

N. H.

Lib. 5, cap. 27.

Strabo, Lib.

7.

eighth year.
fry.
1

bad the singular practice of making a division of their fields every Hence perhaps the name from dual, and math or inadh, coun

language. Since the conquest, the English has not suffered any shock from the intermixture of conquerors with the natives of England ; but the language has undergone great alterations, by the disuse of a large portion of Saxon words, and the introduction of w ords from the Latin and Greek languages, with some French, Italian, and Spanish words. These words have, in some instances, been borrowed by authors, directly from the Latin and Greek ; but most of the Latin words have been received through the medium of the French and Italian. For terms in the sciences, authors have generally resorted to the Greek ; .and from this souice, as discoveries in science demand 6, informs us that the Dalmanew terms, the vocabulary of the English language is receiving continual

Clarke's Travels. See the word chuk in the Dictionary.

man and Saxon,

In strictness, the Swedish and Danish are of Gothic origin, and the Gerof Teutonic origin.

Vol.

I.

B.

INTRODUCTION.
few words from the German and Swedish, n<l In Chaldee and signifies to wander in mind, to be delirious. mostly terms in mineralogy, and commerce has introduced new commodiis to wonder, precisely the Latin demiror, which is a compound ties of foreign growth or manufacture, witli their foreign names, which now Syriac, of rfe and miror. make a part of our language. Such are campJior^ atnber, arsenic, and many We find also that nations differ in the orthography of some initial sounds, others. where the words are the same. Thus the Spanish has Hamar, llorar, for The English then is composed of, the Lafin clamo, ploro, and the Welsh has llawr, for the English floor, 1st, Saxon and Danish words of Teutonic and Gothic origin. llabi, a tall, lank person, coinciding with flabby, tlac for slack, and the like. 2d, British or Welsh, Cornish and Armoric, which may be considered as As the prepositions and prefixes, in all languages, constitute an of Celtic important
augtacntation.

We

have

also a

'^^O im

origin.

3d, Norman, a mixture of French and Gothic. 4th, Latin, a language formed on the Celtic and Teutonic. 5th, French, chiefly Latin corrupted, but with a mixture of Celtic. 6th, Greek, formed on the Celtic and Teutonic, with some Coptic. 7th, A few words directly from the ItaUan, Spanish, German, and other languages of the continent. 8th, A few foreign words, introduced by commerce, or by political and lit-

class of words, being used in composition to vary the sense of other parts of speech, to an almost unUmited extent, it may be useful to give them a par-

ticular consideration.

erary intercourse.

Of these, the Saxon words constitute our mother tongue; being words which our ancestors brought with them from Asia. The Danish and Welsh
also are primitive words, and

language.

They

may be considered as a part of our vernacular are of equal antiquity with the Clialdee and Syriac.

AFFINITY OF LANGUAGES.
the structure of the diflerent languages of the Shemitic and Japhetic stocks, we cannot but be struck with the fact, that although a great number of words, consisting of the same or of cognate letters, and conveying the same ideas, are found in them all ; yet in the inflections, and in the manner of forming compounds and derivatives, there are remarkable diiferences between the two great families. In the modifications of the verb, for expressing person, time, and mode, very little resemblance is observable between them. If we could prove that the personal terminations of the verb in the Japhetic languages, were originally pronouns, expressive of the persons, we should prove an affinity between the words of the two races, in a most important particular. Some attempts of this kind have been made ; but

On comparing

not with very satisfactory results.* In the formation of nouns, we recognize a resemblance between the English termination th, in birth, truth, drouth, [Saxon drugothe] warmth, &c., and the Shemitic terminations n' '>^^ HI; and the old plural termination en, retained in oxen, and the Welsh plural ending ion,
coincide

nearly with

the

Arabic termination of the dual number /,

as well as with the and the regular masculine plural termination Chaldee, Hebrew, and Syriac ['. And it is justly remarked by Mitford, that in the variety of plural terminations of nouns, there is a striking resemblance between the Arabic and the Welsh. There is one instance, in the modem this languages of Teutonic origin, in which we find the Arabic nunnation is the German and Dutch binnen, the Saxon binnan or binnon, signifying
^
:

within,

Hebrew and Chaldee ['3, Ar. ,..aj without the mark of nunnation, when it signifies within ; but when it signifies separation, space, inters
ti_
>

val, the original sense,

it is

written
,

-aj

and pronounced, with the nun-

languages, be from apj^s, but if so, the word was undoubtedly formed in the So we find Morpheus, the god of sleep, to be probably formed with It also at, to, Lat. signifies from, that is, departure the prefix m, from the Ethiopic f\Ql,<f.^o rest, to fall asleep; whence we faran, to go, to pass. ad ; near, with, beyond, and against. infer that Morpheus is sleep deified. t To understand the cause of the different and apparently contrary signifiBut as many words in all the languages of Europe and Asia, are formed we are to attend to the primary sense. The effect of passing to a cations, with prepositions, perhaps it may be found on examination, that some of place is nearness, at, presso, pres, and tliis may be expressed by the partithese prefixes may be common to the families of both stocks, the Japhetic or in a contracted form, by the verb. The act of passing or movin" and the Shemitic. We find in German, geniiith, in Dutch, genioed, ii-oni ciple, towards a place readily gives the sense of such prepositions as to, and the fmd mad in Saxon is gemaad; polish, the Latin mind, mood. muth,moed, ad, and this advance may be in favor or for the benefit of a person or Xt^tin polio is in Welsh caboli ; mail in Italian is both maglia and camngthing, the primary sense of which may perhaps be best expressed by tofind that in the lia; belief in Saxon is geleaf, and in German, glaube. wards ; " a presenter a measure is towards him," But when the advance of Shemitic languages N7D signifies to fill or be full, and we find in tire Arabic one thing towards another, is in enmity or opposition, we express the sense by against, and this sense is especially expressed when the motion or approach has the same signification. In Syriac Jl is in fiont of a person, or intended to meet or counteract another motion. signifies to remove J.*r Hence the same word is often used to express both senses the context determining which signification is intended. Thus /or in English, in the sen" He that is not tence, /or us is against us," denotes in favor of. But in the " According to Dr. Edwards, there is a remarkable resemblance between phrase "for all that," it denotes opposition. " It rains, but /or all that, we the Shemitic languages, and the Muhhekaneew, or Mohegan, one of the na- will take a ride, "that is, in opposition to that, or notwithstanding the rain, tive languages of New England, in the use of the pronouns as prefixes and we will ride. affixes to verbs. The Greek n-apa, among other senses, signifies beyond, that is, past, and Observations, Sfc.p. 13 ) Ludolf, Col. 446, 447. over, Hebrew
is said to

nation, like the Teutonic word. One mode of forming nouns from verbs in the Shemitic languages is by I know of no instance of this manner of formation, in the Japrefixing m. except in some names which are of oriental origin. Mars phetic
east.

The simple prepositions are, for the most part, verbs or participles, or derived from them; when verbs, they are the radical or primary word, sometimes varied in orthography by the addition or alteration of a single vowel, or perhaps, in some cases, by the loss of the initial consonant, or aspirate. Such are the Greek jtapa, rttpt, xata ; the Latin con and per ; the English The following, of, by, in, on, for, which retain their original consonants. un; the Latin ab, ad, pro, prce, re; the Greek arto, iHi,, rtpo, may have lost the initial or final consonants; of [or hof; in (or hi n ; ab {or hab ; pro (or prod. In some words, this loss can only be conjectured; in others, it is known or obvious. Thus the English by and be was originally bi", as it is in the Saxon ; and the Latin re, is written also red, evidently a derivative of an Arabic verb still existing; the Latin sub dm] super are formed probably from the Greek vxo, ^rttp, by the change of an aspirate into s, or the Greek words have lost that letter. The English but in the phrase " They are all here but one," is a participle the Sax. butah, or baton ; Dutch buiten, from buiten to rove. Among is the Saxon gemang, the verb, or the participle oi gemengan, to mingle. In general, the primary sense of the preposition is moving, or moved. Thus to in English and ad in Latin, primarily denote advancnig towards a " are going to town." place or object ; as in the sentence, From, of, Lat. ab, Gr. an.:, denote motion from a place or object. The French prts is fiom the Italian presso, and this is the Latin participle pressus, pressed ; hence it denotes near, close. In some instances prepositions are compounds, as (he English before ; that is, be or by fore, by the front, and the Fr. aupres, at or at near. Prepositions, from their frequent use, and from the ease with which their primary signification is modified to express ditferences of position, motion or relation, as occasions demand, have, in many instances, a great variety of applications ; not indeed as many as lexicogiaphers sometimes assign to them, but several different, and sometimes opposite significations ; as for exthe English /or, with ; the Latin con, and the Greek amples, For, rtapa. which is from the root of Saxon faran, Gr. ?topEvO|Uat, to pass, denotes to" wards, as in the phrase A ship bound /or Jamaica ;" or it denotes rH/aor of, as "This measure is for the public benefit;" or "The present is for a fiiend." But it denotes also opposition or negation, as in forbear, forgive, forbid. With is a verb, but has rather the sense of a participle. It is found in the Gothic with a prefix, ga-withan, to join or unite. Its primary sense then is " joined, close ; hence, in company ; as in the sentences go with him," come with me." It has the sense also of from, against, contrariety, opIn Saxon it had also the position, as in withdraw, withstand, without. sense o( towards, as "with eorthan," towards the earth; also of for, de" noting substitution or equivalent in exchange, as sylan with djeges weorce," to give for a day's work ; also of opposite, over against, as " with tha sae," opposite the sea. Co7i in Latin generally signifies with, towards or to, denoting closeness or union, approach, joint operation and the like, as in concurro, conjungo, congredior ; but it has also the sense of against or opposition, as in contendo. The Greek Trapa, is doubtless from the root of the English fare, Saxon
; ,

We

'

We

We

13J*.

INTRODUCTION.
In a prefix of very extensive use. prefixed portion of all the verbs in the language. but in most .According to Lye, it has sometimes the sense of the Latin cum of this prefix on the signification of the words I cannot discern any effect It is retained in the Danish and in some German and Dutch simple verb. word to which it is pretixed. words, especially in the participles of verbs, and in nouns formed from them. modifying tlie signification of the often suffer the loss or change of a let- But it is remarkable that although the Saxon is our mother tongue, we have Prepositions, used in compounds, Thus ad in Latin not of euphony, or the ease of pronunciation. jter, for the sake remaining in the language a single instance of this prefix, with the oribecomes/ in affero ; con becomes col in colligo ; the Gr. jtapa loses a letter ginal orthography. The only remains of it are in the contraction, a, as in awake, adrift, ashamed, tic. from gew<ecan, awtecan ; gedrifan, adrifin Ttapiifii, as does avtt, in many words. The following sketch of the principal prepositions and prefixes in several an; gesceamian, ascamian. The letter y prefixed to verbs and participles of the atiinities of these languages, used by Chaucer, as yberied, yblent, ybore, ydight, and a few others, is the limgnages of Europe will exhibit some remnant of the ge. The words yclad, and ycleped, are the last English illustrate the uses of this class of words. and in a words, are called separable : those which are used only prcposilioin, or more generally prepositionji For the sake of brevity, in composition are called inseparable prepositions. to other words in composition, I s've to all words or sinsjie letters, pretixed name oi prefixes. the general modes of ascertaining the true sense of a preposition, is, to One of the best exainine its various uses in composition, and discover what cllect it has in

The

prcposllioir;

wliirli are used, as distinct

The Greek

has

rctfyav,

and rtapa, probably from the same

in

root, as

well

a.'^

?topjuo^at, rtopoj. Ga, in Gothic, and

ge

Saxon,

is

Saxon,

it

is

to a large

,-

degree,

words used,
It is

in

which

SAXON AND GOTHIC.

This is tlie Gr. am, Slid, Sax. and Ooth, signities tigninst, opposite. and Latin ante, not borrowed from the Greek or Latin, but a native word. Examples, andstandan, to stand against, to resist. Jhtdswarian, answarian, to answer ; that is, to speak again, against or in return.

possible

this letter appears. that the first syllable o( govern, from Lat.
;

gnberno, Gr.

zuCtpiaij,

Jlnib, einb, ymb, usually emb, Saxon, signifying about, around ; coincidto go around ing with the Latin umb, and Gr. an^i. Example, emb-faran, See But to walk about ; embutan, about ; emb, about, and butan, without. ; JImbeht, cmbeht, ymbeht, office, duty, whence we have embassador. This The is andbahtei. and a baililf, minister or servimt is andhahts. in Gothic Dutch nnipt Germans have the word contracted in amt, charge, oifice, Dan. arnbt. The Gothic orthography gives rise to the question whether ignification. It is in GerIn, is used in the Saxon and Gothic, as in modern English. amb, emb, andarrt, Sax. and Goth. ajiJ, are not radically the same word; Fr. en. and it is very certain that the Gothic and Saxon and, is radically the same man ein, Dutch and Swedish in, Danish ind, Greek tv, Lat. in, " word as the Latin in, Dan. ind. So in Gothic, and wigans," in the ways, This is radically the same word as on and un, the German an, Dutch aan, " and haimos" In its original sense, it implies moving, advancing towards, into the highways. Luke, xiv. 23. per vicos, through the and Welsh an. and hence its use as a particle of negation or contrariety. " Eunt in urbem," towns. Luke, ix. 6. " Msec audio in te dici," I hear these thing. This preposition, amb, is in Dutch am ; in German um ; in Swedish and they are going to the city. In modern military usage, on is used in the same sense of said against you. Danish om. " The army is marching on Liege." Jtt, is a Gothic preposition and prefix, coinciding with Eng. at, Lat. ad. advancing. Mid, in Saxon, signifies with. It is the Gothic mith, German mil, Be, in Saxon, as a preposition and prefix, is always written be, or big, anand the Gr. jutra; but not retained in English. It swering to the English by, a preposition, and be in beset. In Gothic, it is Dutch mede or met, The primary and principal seems to have the same origin as mid, middle, amidst. In the Gothic it is wrillenfti, by and be, being contractions of big. " stand or sit signification is near, close ; as by me." So in the word by- used as a prefix. It is used in Saxon, German, a prefix, is the verb miss, to deviate. It is a prefix of extensive use in the Saxon, German, Dutch, stander. Mis, Danish and Swedish. Its use in denoting instrumentality, may be from the Dutch, Swedish and Danish, in nearly the same sense, as in English. Its sense of liear/ies.'!, hut more probably it is from passing, like per, through, radical sense is to depart or wander. or it (\enotefi proceeding from like of, as salvation is of the Lord. Of, is a preposition and prefix of extensive use in the Saxon, as in English. For, in Saxon, as in English, is a preposition and prefi.x of extensive use It denotes primarily issuing, or proceeding from; hence separation, departure, In Saxon /or signifies a going, froni/a?an, to go, to fare. It is radically the and distance in the latter sense, it is written off. It is the Lafin ab, writsame word as /ore, in the sense of in .front, before. Its primary sense is ten by the early Romans af; the Greek arto, the German ab, the Dutch af ; advancing ; hence moving ton-ards ; hence the sense of in favor of, and Dan. and Sw. af. The Saxons often prefixed this word, in cases where we See the preceding remarks. that of opposition, or negation. use it after the verb as a modifier ; as of-drifan, to drive off ; as it is sfill used retain it as a prefix, in This word in German is/i7r, but, with this orthography, the word is little by the Germans, Dutch, Swedes and Danes. used in composition. Yet the German has /lirftiffe, intercession or praying offset and offspring. Sax. of-spring. As it denotes proceeding from, it is for; furwort, intercession, recommendation, and a pronoun [for-word ;] the proper sign of the genitive case ; the case expressing production. andfur-ivahr, forsooth. Ofer, Eng. over, Goth, iifar, G. ilber, D. orer, Dan. over, Sw. ofver, is In the sense of /ore, the German has vor, a word of extensive use as a in all the Teutonic and Gothic languages, which I preposition and prefix, Thus in Saxon /breseo/t, to foresee, is in German vorsehen. The have examined ; and in the same or similar senses. This seems to be the prefix. But in German as in Dutch Greek Drttp. from which the Latins formed super, by converting the aspirate identity of these words will not be questioned. the preposition Bee, which is the English /ar, and Saxon /yr, is used in of the Greek vowel into s. This is probably the Heb. Ch. Syr. Ar. "I0_;r, to Thus/ojcomposition, in words in which the Saxon and English have/or. pass, a passing, beyond. gifan, [Q forgive, is in German, vergeben, and in Dutch, vergeeven Saxon On, is a Saxon preposition and prefix of very extensive use. It is obvi" on /)r^i(aH, to forget ; German iierg'f.ssen , Onlch vergecten. Hence we see in the Saxon, as ously a different orthography of in, and it is used for in, that the Saxon for, fore, fyr, the English fur, fore, far, and tlie German It has also tlie sense we now give to on and onginn," in the beginning. /f(r, vor and ver, are from the same radix. with other modifications of signification. In Dutch, /be and /ore are represented by roor, and ver represents /or lyjo?!, In composition, it signifies into, or towards, as on-blawan, to blow in; Liiid/rr. and it is also a particle of negation, like onclifian, to adhere, to cleave to; The Danish also unites/or and/ore, as does the Swedish. un, as onbindan, to unbind. This on is only a different spelling of Jin, in The French has this word in pour, and the Spanish and Portuguese in Dutch on, German n, used as a word of The Gothic has un and negation. The latter signifies notonly/wr, but through, as in Portuguese, " Eu In this sense, por. und, in the like sense, as the Danish has un ; the D. ont. " I will Here we see the un answers is sometimes written passarei piir Fran<;a." pass through France. precisely to the Greek avti, and as this sense of moving. In Spanish and Portuguese this word is written also para, U7id in Gothic, as in is written ind, in Danish, there can be little doubt, as if from the Greek. It is evidently the same word, probably received The original word may have that in, on, im, atti, are all from one stock. through a different channel from that of por. Now through is the exact been han, bin, or hon ; such loss of the first letter is very common ; and sense of tlie Latin per ; and per is the Italian picposition answering to /or from the Ch. and Heb. njn, presents us witli an example. See in and and por. But what is more to the puipose, the Spanish, Italian and Portu- inn, inn. guese word, equivalent to Uie English /orgit-f, is in Spanish pcrdonar ; in The German has an, and the Dutch aan, in the sense of in and on. Italian, yierrfonarf, and in Portuguese, /leriWr and the French is /loritoiOth, is a Saxon preposition and prefix, sometimes written ath and ed. and jicr. Here thon we have strong, if not conclusive evidence, that /or. pour, to the Lafin ad and re; as in oth-witan, to twit, to throw por, pa', par, and para, in dilicrcnt languages, are all from one stock, the answering nearly othword being varied in dialect, or by the different families ; just as we have in the teeth. It has also the sense o(from, or away, or against, as in This preposition is obsolete, but we have tlie remains to abjure. far. farther, as well as the Saxon/yr, and the English /or*A, further, from su'erian, the same primitive word. We have the same word in. pursue and pur- of it in twit, and perhaps in a few other words. chase, from the French j'onr. Sam, samod, a prefix. See the Danish and Swedish infra.
, ;

may be the same prefix or it may be the Welsh prefix go, which occurs in goberu, to work, which the Romans wrote operor. But I know not whether the first syllable of govern is a prefix or not. There is another word which retains this prefix corrupted, or its equivalent; this is common, which we have received from the Latin cofnmunis. This word in the Teutonic dialects is. Sax. genuene ; Ger. gemein ; Dutch, gemeen ; Dan. gemeen ; Sw. gemen. Now if this is the Latin communist, and of the identity of the hist component part of the word, there can, I think, be no doubt then the first part of the word is the Teutonic ge altered to com, or what is more probable, com is the equivalent oi ge, or ge may be a In either case, we arrive at contracted and corrupted form of cwm, coi. the conclusion that the Teutonic ge, and tlie Latin cum, are equivalent in

We

INTRODUCTION.
" wait till I It till town :" but we say, arrival ;" literally, " wait a preposition and prefix of extensive use in our mother tongue. come, till arrival ; that is, to the time of arrival. The diflereuce is not occurs as a prefix, in sucli words as, to-brtscaa, to break ; to-beran, to bring to I come," to retain it in together. Sax. togcedere ; and in to in the sense of the preposition, but in its application. or bear, lad-feire.] The Scotch retain the Danish and Swedish use of this word ; no slight eviSzx. toward, toivardes ; and in to-morroiv, to-day, to-night. The wards, Dutch write it toe, and the Germans jij, and both nations use it extensively dence of their origin. In Gothic it is written du, as in du-ginnan, to gin, that is, to as a prefix. U, in Danish, the Swedish O, is a prefix, equivalent to in, and is used as a uncivil. to learn which is privative or negative ; as in uaar, an unseasonable year ;

To,

is

my

We

my

would be gratifying whether the Ethiopic "^ , many verbs, is not the remains of the same preposition. Saxon prefix of extensive use, as a privative or particle of nega^ tion. See on and in. Under, is a Saxon preposition and prefix of considerable use, in the presbegin.
It

uurtig,

prefixed

to

Un,

is

RUSSIAN.
Vo
or ve, signifies in, at, by, and But see^o. be, by.

ent English sense. The Germans write use it in like manner. The Danes and in the same sense.

it

unter, and the

it

Swedes write

Dutch onder, and the Eng. under, and use it Za, is

may

possibly be from the

same

root

a:"

Up, tippe, is a Saxon preposition and prefix of considerable use, in the pre sent English sense. The Gothic bus iif, in the sense of the Latin suh. The Germans write it a/and the Dutch op, the Danes op and tlie Swedes up, and all use it as a prefix. Us, in Gothic, is a preposition and prefix. This is the German aus, and It is the Saxon ut, the English out, Dutch uit, equivalent to the Latin ex. Swedish ut, and Danish ud, dialectically varied. To this answers the Welsh fis, used in composition, but ys seems rather to be a change of the Latin ex for the Latin erpello is written in Welsh yspetinxp, and extendo is estyn. Wither, in Saxon, from the root of with, denotes against, or opposition. It is a prefix in Saxon, written in German wider, in Dutch, weder ; Dan. and Swedish veder. It is obsolete, but retained in the old law term withernam, a counter-taking or distress. In the German language, there are some prepositions and prefixes not found in the Saxon ; as,

a prefix signifying/or, oti account of, by reason of, after, as in zaiiidwi/u, to envy, from iv'd, visage ; vi/u, to see, Lzt. video ; zadirayu, from deru, to tear ; zamirayu, to be astonished or stupified, from the root of Lat.
;

miror, and Russ. tnir, peace ; miryu, to pacify, to reconcile mirnie, pacific ; zamirenie, peace, pacification ; zamiriayu, to make peace ; Arm. miret, to hold, to stop ; the radical sense of wonder, astonishment, and of
peace.

Ko, a preposition signifying to, totvards,for. JVa, a preposition and prefix, signifying on, upon, at, for, to, seems to be the Germ. 7iach, Dutch na, as in nagrada, recompense ; na, and the root of
Lat. gratia ; nasidayu, to sit down, &c. JVad, a preposition, signifying above or upon. O, a preposition, signifying of or from, and^br.

Ob,

a preposition

and prefix, signifying

;

to,

on, against, about, as obne-

out ; to tax or assess ; to establish or fix ; to believe or suppose ; po and lay. but its most common This corresponds with Eng. by, and the Latin has it in possideo, and a few ; This other words. [Sax. besittan.] Pomeyj, rememhrance, po and mens, mind. signification in composition is after ; as in nachgehen, to go after. sense is easily deducible from its primary sense, which is close, near, from Sad, a preposition signifying/r, or for the love of. urging, pressing, or following. In Dutch, this word is contracted to na, as So, a preposition and prefix of extensive use, signifying with, of, from ; in nabuur, neighbor ; nagaan, to follow. The Russ has na also, a prefix of and as a mark of comparison, it answers nearly to the Eng. so or as. extensive use, and probably the same word. This fact suggests the question, Y, with the sound of u, is a preposition and prefix of extensive use. It sigwhether the ancestors of these great families of men had not their residence nifies near, by, at, with, as uberayu, to put in order, to adjust, to cut, to in the same or an adjoining territory. It deserves also to be considered whethreap, to mow, to dress, Fr. parer, Lat. paro ; ugoda, satisfaction ; vgodnei, er this na, is not the Shemitic J, occurring as a prefix to verbs. good, useful, Eng. good; udol, a dale, from dol. JVeg, is a prefix used in the German and Dutch. It is the Saxon, Ger-

Ent, denoting from, out, away. r, without, out or to. Dan. er.

to surround, to embrace ob and Sax. neman, to take. dt, is a preposition, signifying /ro/rt, and it may be the Eng. out. Po, is a preposition and prefi.x of extensive use, signifying in, by, after, from, &c. as podayu, to give to polagayu, to lay, to expend, employ, lay

mayu,

JVaeh, properly nigh, as in nachhar, neighbor

man, and Dutch weg, way ; in tlie sense of away, or passing from, from the verb, in Saxon, w<egan, wegan, to carry, to weigh, Eng. to tvag, the sense of which is to move or pass ; as Ger. wegfallen, to fall offer away. The prefixes in the Welsh Language are numerous. The following are Zer, in German, denotes separation. In the Gothic dialects, Danish and Swedish, //a is used as a prefix. This the principal. is the Scottish/ra, Eng. from, of which it may be a contraction. Am, about, encompassing, Sax. amb, Gr. ajju^i. Pram in Swedish, and frem in Danisli, is also a piefix. The primary An. See Sax. in. sense is to go, or proceed, and hence it denotes moving to or towards, forth, Cy, cyd, cyv, cym, implying union, and answering to cum, con and co in &c., as in Da^nish fremffjrer, to bring forth fremkalder, to call for. But in Latin. Indeed cym, written also cyv, seems to be the Latin cum, and cy Ca seems also to be a prefix, X)axas\i, fremmed is strange, foreign, and it is probable that the English /rom may be a contraction of it, like co in Latin. is from the same root, with a different It may be from the same as in caboli, to polish, Lat. polio. application. stock as the Gothic frum, origin, beginning, Latin primus, Cyn, cynt, former, first, as if allied to begin. signifying to shoot forth, to extend, to pass along. Di, negative and privative. Dis, negative and precise. Gien,igien, in Danish, and i^en, in Swedish, is the English g^am in again, It has the sense against. This is a prefix in both these Gothic languages. Dy, iterative. of the Latin re, as in igienkommer, to come back, to return ; of and ec, adversative. against, as in igienkalder, to countermand, or recall ; of Ed and eit, denoting repetition, like re. Sax, ed, oth. again, as gienbinder, to bind This may be the Latin con. Es, separating, like Lat. ex. See ys. again. Mod, in Danish, and mot, eniot, in Swedish, is a preposition, signifying to, Go, extenuating, inchoative, approaching, going, denotes diminution or a towards, against, contrary, for, by, upon, out, &c. ; as "modstaden," to- less degree, like the Latin sub ; as in gobrid, somewhat dear. This seems wards the city ; modstrider, to resist ; modgift, an antidote ; modbor, a con- to be from the root of English go. trary wind ; modviyid, the same. This is the English meet, in the Gothic Han, expressive of origination. Lied, partly, half orthography, mot yaii, to meet, whence to moot. O, in Swedish, is a negative or privative prefix, as in otidig, immatare, in Oil, all. It is probably a contracted word. English, not tidy. Rhag, before. Paa, in Danish, p& in Swedish, is a preposition and prefix, signifying on, Rhy, over, excessive. Whether this is allied to be, by, and the Russ. po, I shall not unin, upon. Tra, over, beyond. Lat. trans. dertake to determine, with confidence ; but it Try, through. probably is the same, or from the same source. Ym, mutual, reflective. Samman, signifying together, and from the root of assemble, is a prefix of Fs, denoting from, out of, separation, proceeding from, answering to the considerable use in both languages. So es, Welsh estyn, to extend. It answers to the Saxon sam, samod, Latin ex; as yspeliaw, to expel. Most of these prepositions, when used as prefixes, are so distinct as to be equivalent to the Latin con or cum. It seems to be allied to sa/ne and the La-

WELSH.

tin similis.
is a prefix, and in Danish, of very exequivalent to the Enghsh to or towards, and signifies also at, in, on, by, and about, and in composition often has the sense of back or re, as in tilbage, backwards, that is, to back ; but generally it retains the sense of to or onward ; as in tilbyder, to offer, that is, to .speak or order to ; tildriver, to drive on; tilgiver, to allow, to pardon, that is, to give to, and hence to give back, to remit. This is the English till, which we use in the same sense as the Danes, but in English it always refers to time, whereas in

known
Danish and Swedish,
It is

Til, botli in

tensive use.

to be prefixes. But in some instances, the original preposition is so obscured by a loss or change of letters, as not to be obvious, nor indeed discoverable, without reThus without the aid of the Saxon orsorting to an ancient orthography. thography, we should piobably not be able to detect the component parts of the English twit. But in Saxon it is written cdwitan and olhwitan ; the prep-

osition or
It

Danish and Swedish, it refers

to /(/ace.

Thus we

cannot say, " We are goingi Dutch na, and German nach.

ges, the 1 in triliteral roots,

prefix oth, with tvitan, to disallow, reproach or cast in the teeth. has been above suggested to be possible, that in the Shemitic languamay be the same prefix as the Russian na, the Let the reader attend to the following words.

INTRODUCTION.
Heb. B33
Ch.
Ar.

To
;

look, to behold, to regard,

Tlie primary sense of look,

French, frapper, Eng.

Sax. gerffiiZmii,
to

to

rap.
;

to reach, exterul or

throw.

make ready

in

Chaucer, grri/A,

to

make ready.

SaX.

To

look

also to

bud

or sprout.
;

hrcEd, quick; hrudian, to hasten; hrcednes, Eng. readiness. Spanish, frisar, to cui'l or frizzle ; rizar, the same.
to flow out
;

Sax. gerefa, Eng. reeve, G. graf, D. graaf. Lat. glycyrrhiza, from the Greek ; Eng. liquoricehut in no language, have we such decisive evidence of the formation of accord with Lai. words, by prefixes, as in the Welsh. with bud, Sp. bntar, Fr. boulim, boiiter, video the Chaldee, with video and Take the following instances, from a much greater number that might he Fr. bout, end, from shooting, extendnig. to put, and Eng. iopoui, and produced, from Owen's Welsh Dictionary. Blanc, a colt, from llanc. Ar. iIXaJ To 6rf to germinate. Sec Ch. supro. Blith, milk, from lith. Bliant, fine linen, from lliant. Heb. ^2i To fall ; to sink down to wither ; to fall off, as leaves and Plad, a flat piece or plate, from Had. to disgrace. Derivative, foolish a fuol ; 'jjJJ to act foolishly flowers Pled, a principle of extension, from lied. Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. ioj'all. Pledren, a bladder, from pledyr, that distends, from lied. that is, to throw or put on. Ch. SaJ To niake/uu?,- to defile ; Pleth, a braid, from lleth, Eng. plait. Plicciaw, to pluck, from llig. To shoot, as an arrow ; to drive as camels ; to excel; also to y^f, \j^j Ploc, a block, from Hue ; plociaw, to block, to plug. Plwng, a plunge, from llu-ng, our vulgar lunge. die, that is probably to///. Glwth, a glutton, from llwth. Can there be any question, thit fall, foul ?m'\ fool are this very word Glas, a blue color, veidancy, a green plat, whence Eng. glass, from Has. without the first consonant ? The Arabic without the first consonant agrees Glyd, gluten, glue, from llyd. with Gr. SaXXu, and tlie sense o( falling then, is to throw one's self down Claer, clear, from llaer. Heb. 10J To keep, guard, preserve, retiiin, observe. Clav, sick, from llnv. Ch. To observe ; to keep ; to lay up. C'lwpa,n club, a knob, from llwb. id. Syr. and Sam. Clwt, apiece, a clout, (lom llwd, llwt. Tosliine. Eth. hiDi Clamp, a mass, a lump. Clawd, a thin board, from llawd. To keep ; to see ; to look ; to attend. Ar. Cledyr, aboard or shingle, whence cledrwy, lattice, from lied. Bran, Eng. 6ra;!, from rhan ; rhanu, to rend. Remove the first letter, and this coincides with the Greek rjfpjio. Brid, a breaking out. from rhid. No person will doubt whether boj to circumcise, is formed onSl". Bro(;, noise, tumult, a brock, from rhoq. Ch. nOJ to cut ; to saw. Syr. id. LaU serra,serro. Bror, froth, foam, anger, broi^i, to chafe or fret, from brwc, a boiling or ferment, from rhivc, something rough, a grunt, Gr. fjpnj;u. Ar. ^xij To fade, to vanish, to perish, to be empty, to fail. Bryd, what moves, impulse, mind, thought, from rhyd. Brys, quickness, brisiaw, to hasten, to shoot along, from rhys, Eng. to Heb. r\3i to blow, to breathe. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar. id. from ni3 , to blow rush, and crysiaw, to hasten, from rhys, to rush. [Here is the same word If the Shemitic J in these and similar words is a prefix or the remains of rhys, with different prefixes, forming brysiaw and crysiaw. Hence W. a preposition, it coincides very closely with the Russ. and Dutch na, and the brysg, Eng. brisk.] Now the German Graz, [pronounced grath,'\ a step, a degree, from rhaz, Lat. gradiis, latter we know to be a contraction of the German nach. imch is the English nigh ; for no person can doubt the identity of the Ger- gradior. man nachbar and the English neighbor. Greg, a cackling, from rheg. In the course of my investigations, I very early began to suspect that b,f, Grem, a crashing, gnash, a murmur, gremiaw, to crash or gnash, from introduced by peculiar rhem. Hence p, c, g and k before I and c, are either casual letters, hM.fremo, Gr. /3pf^w.* the latmodesof pronunciation, or the remains of prepositions ; most probably We have some instances of similar words in our own language ; such flag of the ter. 1 had advanced far in my dictionary, with increasing evidence and lag ; flap and lap ; clump and lump. truth of this conjecture, before I had received Owen's Dictionary of the There is another class of words which are probably formed with a prefi.x Welsh language. An examination of this work has confirmed my suspi- of a different kind. I refer to words in which s precedes another consonant, cions, or rather changed them into certainty. as scaljt, skull, slip, slide, sluggish, smoke, smooth, speed, spire, spin, If we attend to the manner of articulating the letters, and the ease with We find that tego, to cover, in Latin, is in stage, steep, stem, swell, spout. which bl, br,fl,fr,pl,pr, cl, er, gl,gr are pronounced, without an hiterven- Greek We find fiopoySoj f tyw ; the Latin fullo, is in Greek a^aXXu. that a preposiing vowel, even without a sheva, we -shall not be surprised lose tion or prefix, like be, pt, pa, po, or ge should, in a rapid pronunciation, its vowel, and tile consonant coalesce closely with the first letter of the prin* of his analysis, as I am of opinion I do not follow Owen to the last step Thus blank, prank, might naturally be formed from belank, cipal woid. but there is that, in making monosyllabic words to be compound, he often errs. For perank. That these words are thus formed, 1 do not know; Certain it xample, he supposes bro<^ a tumult, to be from rhor, a broken or rough utnothing in the composition of the words to render it improbable. on other terance a grunt or groan ; and this, to be a compound of rhy, excess, what is, that a vast number of words are formed with these prefixes, I beheve rho<; to be is over or beyond, and or, a forcible utterance, a groan, words, or the first consonant is a mere adventitious addition ; for they are a primitive uncompounded word, coinciding ith the English rough. used with or without the first consonant. Take the following examples. Owen supposesp/arf, a flat thing, a plate, to be from Had, with py. Llad Hiberno-Celtic, or Irish, brae or 6rof/i, the arm, is written also raigh, he explains, what is given, a gift, good tilings, and py, what is inward or Welsh brai(, whence ,3pa;^icoi', brachium. Uraigh, the neck, Sax. hraca, I have no doubt that the first letter is a prefix in plad, but beyond involved. Eng. rack, Gr. paxi-i- Fraoch, heath, ling, brake, L. erica. all question, llad is from the same root as lied, breadth, coinciding with Lat. Welsh, llawr, Basque, lurra, Eng. ^ooc. tows both from a common root signifying to extend. But I do not beUeve or lock. 'Lixt.floccus, Eng. Jluck llad or lied to be compound words. Sax. hraccan, Eng. to reach, in vomiting.* Dug, a duke, Owen supposes to be formed on ug, over ; which cannot be Sax. hracod, Eng. ragged. Dur, steel, he derives true, unless the Latin dux, cluco, are compounds. Ger. rock, Eng. _//oc/f. from ur, extreme, over, but doubtless it is from the root of the Latin durus. Dutch, geluk, Ger. gluck, Eng. luck. So par, signifying what is contiguous, a state of readiness or preparation, Greek, Eolic Dialect, (Spoiox, for poSor, a rose. or match, Owen makes a compound oi py, and ar ; py, as Aj>air, fellow, Latin, clunis, Eng. loin, G. lende, W. dun, from Hun. above explained, and ar, a word of various significations, <fn, upon, surface, Eng. cream, Ger. rahm, Dutch, room. &c. But there can be no doubt that par is from tlie root of the Latin pare, Sax. hlaf, Polish clilieb, G. leib, Eng. loaf. to prepare, being the Latin /lar, equal ; the root of a numerous family of Sax. hladan, Eng. to lade or load, Russ. kladu, to lay. words not only in the Japhetic languages of Europe, but in the Shemitic lanGreek. xXivu, Lat. clino. Sax. hlinian, hleonan, Russ. klonyu, Eng. guages of Asia. It certainly is not a Welsh compound, nor is there the to lean. Had least evidence to induce a belief that it is not an uncompounded word. Greek, XoyjjKof, Lat. lagena, Eng. flagon. the learned author of the Welsh Dictionary extended his researches to a vaSax. hrysan,EuQ. to rush. riety of other languages, and compared the monosyllabic roots in them with

lax J

To

spring, or issue as water

is

to devise or strike

If the first letter

a prefix,

the

Hebrew word would

^j

H before
same

and r

in

Saxon corresponds

to the

Greek

x,

and Latin

c,

each other, I think he would have formed a very different opinion as to their I am very well convinced that many of the w ords which he suporigin. before poses to be primitive or radical, are contractions, such as rhy, lie, lly, tie
last

the

letters.

consonant being

lost.

INTRODUCTION.
inquireJ whether the English the same root as rtr^yn, web or woof, rtiji'tor, a spindle, spirt, is not from to spin Sprout in English is in Spanish brota. joji'tf u, We find the Welsh ysbrig, the English sprig, is a compound of ys, a like the Lat. ex, and brig, top, prefix denoting issuing ov proceeding front,
is

written also

B;UapaySos'

ami

it

may

i)e

If this deduction is correct, the seBse denial; gwadu, to deny, or disown. It is so in other of denial is a throwing or thrusting back, a repelling.

words.

Yswitiaw,
twitter.

to chirp, twitter,

from ysivid, that makes a quick turn.

Qu.

summit.
separate,

Vsgar, a separate part, a share ; ysgar, ysg(iru,to divide; ysgariau\ but the real root is composed of ys and car, according to Owen ; This is the English shear, shire. Gr. xapa. appears distinctly in the the throat, to shake roughly IS a Vsgegiaw, to shake by laying hold of of j/s and cegiaie, to choke, from ceg, the mouth, an entrance; a compound shake ; Sax. sceaean. choking. This may be the English or covering. Ysgm, a robe made of skin ; ys and ci)i, a spread 'shade ; ys and carod. Ysgodi, to shade ; ysgawd, a or puckered, a scrip ; ys and crab what Vsgrab, what is drawn up See Eng. crab, crabbed. slirinks. from rhav. Vygravu, to scrape; ys and crav, claws, to shriek, from cre(;, a shriek Ysgrer, a scream, a.' shriek, ysgreriaiv, from rhy g, rye, that is erei:ian,'to shriek, (mm creg, cri/g, hoarse, rough, This is the English rough, the grain so named from its roughness. rough ; have the whole process of formation, from the root Here we Lat. raucus. to shriek, in our common word, We retain the Welsh ciefion, o( rough. screak. to creak, and with a formative prefi.t, we have shriek, and our vulgar a wrinkle, The Latin shrug, are probably from the same
, .

to

In some of the foregoing words, it appears evident that the Welsh prefix, and the words, in which this is the case, ys, is an alteration of the Latin ex, were probably borrowed from the Latin, while the Roman armies had posBut there is a vast number of words, with this prefix, session of England. which are not of Latin origin ; and whether ys is a native prefix in the Welsh, may be a question. One thing is certain, that s before another consonant, and coalescing with it, is, in a great number of words, a prefix. The modern Italian affords abundant proof of the extensive use of s, as the remains or representative of ex ; as shallare, to unpack, unbale ; sbarsftatterf, to abate ; sftronoare, to pluck off branches; .scar60(0, beardless icare, to discharge ; scommodare, to incommode ; sconcordia, discord ; scornare. to break the horns ; scrostare, to pull off the crust ; and a great num;

ber of others. Now if the same manner of forming words with this prefix has actually we may rationally suppose prevailed among the northern nations of Europe, that many English words, and perhaps all of this class, are thus formed. or Thus scn^ffr may be formed from a root in Cd; shape, from Cb, Cp ; skill, from the root of Lat. calleo ; slip, from the root of Lat. labor ; smart, from the root of Lat. amarus, bitter, Heb. nn; smite, from the root Eng. rug, of Latin mitto ; span, from the root of pan, to stretch ; spar, from the root ruga, source. of bar ; speak, from the root of Lat. voco : speed, from a root in Pd, perhaps from ysgriv, a writing, from emu a mark Lat. from the root of deep ; Vsgrivenu, to write, Lat. scribo, peto ; steal, from the root of Lat. tollo ; steep, from rhiv, something that from cut, a row of notches ; criviaw, to cut, to' grave ; stretch, from the root of reach ; sweep, fiom the root of wipe ; stvun, Hence scrivener. divides. wan, white ; szeell, from the root of to itell. Sax. tvellan, to boil, &e. That or besom, ysgubaw, to sweep, Lat. scopes, from cub, a Vsgub, a sheaf many English and other Teutonic and Gothic words are thus formed, appears collection, a heap, a cube. to be certain. to whisk or scud ; from cud, ceThese facts being admitted, let us examine a little further. In Russ. Vsgud, something that whirls ; ysgudaw, the same. svadiba is a wedding. Is not this formed on the root of iped, with s for a lerity, flight; ysgulh, ysguthnw, thrust ; from gu-th, gwthiaw ? Svara is a quarrel. Is not this formed on the root of vary, variance, Ysgwth, a push ys'gu'thiaw, to push or to jet prefix the same ; probably'allied to Eng. shoot. The Welsh has ysgythu, Sverlo is a borer ; qu. bore and veru ; svertirayu, toroll qu. or of spar 1 or spout, from the same root. Lat. rerto ; skora, furs, peltry qu. Fr. cuir ; skot, a beast ; qu. cattle; , ;. loose ; yslaciatr, to slacken ; from Ilac, loose, slack, llaciaw Dan. ktoben, and its root slabei, Yslac, slack, skupayu, to purchase in gross qu. cheap, from Uag, slack, sluggish ; allied to Eng. lag and slow. to slacken, weak; qu. Lat. /a6o)-, /a^jsus s/agoi/i*, to fold qu. tey, andp/ko slivayu. to flap, from i/sZa6, what is lengthened or distended, to off bark or skin qu. Yslapiaw, to slap, qu. Lat. libo ; slupayu, to peel pour out liquors a tall, lank person, a stripling, s from llab, a Hag, a strip, a stroke. Llabi, snova, new ; Lat. liber ; snimayu, to take away ; qu. Sax. neman, to take Fr. neige. The Lat. nivis is from this loobu, a lubber, is from the same root llabiaw, to slap. qu. Lat. nomts ; snig, sneig, snow, but it is proRuss. spletayu, to plait, &.c. Ysled, a sled, from lied, says Owen, which denotes breadth, root, with g opened to v. word probably from the same root as lied, that The Russ. prefix so occurs in a great number of words ; sobirayu, to colbably from the root of slide, a stretch along. is, to extend, to lect or assemble, precisely the Heb. and Ch. "Oy. from mod, Eng Ysmot, a patch, a spot ; ysmotiaw, to spot, to dapple, It now becomes an interesting question, to determine how far any analogy 7note. , e ,u exists, between the languagesof the Japhetic and Shemitic families, in regard Ysmwciaw, ysmygu, to dim with smoke, from mwg, smoke, bo smooth to prefixes. For exam"ple, in the Shemitic languages, 3 is a prefix of extenfrom Welsh mwyth. almost exactly with the English and Dutch by, the r u r Owen. I should say Irom the root ot sive use, corresponding bei. This Yspail,spoil,'{rom paiZ, farina, says Saxon be, and German preposition and prefix has several senses the root ofpeel, to strip. Yspeilwta, to be sense ocpalea, straw, refuse, that is, from in the Saxon which are now obsolete ; but its present prevailing a strong east wind. pilfering. , t x the Shemitic languages. nT>' D'Hp nn3, by Owen hut this is the Latin ex- curs in all Yspeliaw, to expel, from pel, a ball, says Ex. xiv. 21. Compare the following definitions of this preposition the Sax. from pello. Ball may be from the same root. pelh, from Castle. to spike ; from pig, a sharp point, a pike. from Lye. and the Shemitic Yspig, a spike, a spine ; yspigaw, Sax. de, e, ex, in, secus, ad,juxta, secundum, pro, per, super, propter,

C/

Hence Eng.
,

spigot. circa. Yspin a spine, from pin, pen. The Heb. Ch. Syr. in, e, ex, cum, propter, usque ad, adeo ut, ad, super, per, from cyn, first, chief, foremost Ysgynu, to ascend, Lat. ascendo, contra, ante. radical sense is to shoot up. Eth. in, per, pro, propter, cum, secundum, apud. of water, a lake. Yslw^, a slough, from llwc, a collection Ar. in, cum, propter, per, ad, erga. a cause or principle of producing, the germ or Yspar. a spear, from pdr, as ber, a spit, In Numbers, xiv. 34, it signifies according to, or after ; D'DTI 153003, acseed of a thing, a spear. This consists of the same elements This signification is now perhaps obsolete in is to shoot cording to the number of days. and Eng. 4101% and in Italian bar is sbarra. The primary sense " be his in the Saxon ; as, msgnum," according to English, but was common thrust, drive. So " be tham ma!stan ;" by the most, is now fine brisk ; a sprig, a^incft. his strength ; pro viribis suis. I'sjoinc, ayincA, frompmc, gay, from i)tan, that is parted off, a expressed by, at the most. to explain ; Ysplan, clear, bright; j/s/f/fwia, a plant; that this word in Hebrew, Arabic and Persic, is the it is remarkable a plane; whence plant a child; Eng. ray, a shoot, a planting, used in oaths, precisely as it is in English. Gen. xxii. 16, '3, By Hence splendor, W. ysplander. to shoot, as a preposition
.

Now

planu,

a bearing, a port, passage &c. Lat Ysporthi, to support, from porth, porta, porta. ^ r , from tag, a state ol being Ystac, a stack, a heap ; ystaca, a standard ; or clogged. stuffed -^ n.. to stay ; from tad, that spreads, a continuity. J he Ystad, a state ; ystadu, primary sense is to set. to spread Fstam, that is spread; a stain; tin, Lat. stannum ; ystaentaiv, to tin, or cover with tin ; from taen, a spread, a layer. over, to stain ;

plant.

IJvjij beballah or by Allah; Fersic, myself have I sworn. Arabic, The evichoda or begoda, by God, the very words now used in English. bei dence then is decisive that the Shemitic prefix 3 is the Teutonic 6c, by, is certainly a contraction of big, which contt-acted, and this Teutonic word
used in the Saxon, especially in compound words, as in bigspell, [by-spell\ This prefix then was in universal use by a fable ; bigstandan, to stand bif. and this word alone is theori.'inal stock of mankind, before the dispersion; Shemuic and Teutonic landemonstrative proof of the common origin of the and probably p, it is equally certain that this is the prefix b, ..ua-^es and a multitude of words in all the modern before I and r, in block, b'raigh, Shemitic and probably, the same letter is a prefix in many

ystaenu,

Qu.

tin from spreading ? The sense is to set, to throw Ystau'l. a stool, from taiel, a cast or throw. Tawl is the root of deal. ilown. a Ystor, astore, that forms a hulk, from tor, a swell, prominence. from torin, that is stretched, but the sense is a rushing. Y.itorm,:i storm, a stream, from compact, trim, that is, stretched, straight
is

Now

languages;

"

trym, Ystrym, from extending. Ystwmp, a stump, from twmp, a round mass, a tump. from gwad, FstoafiauJ, to sguat, from t/sti'orf, a throw, or falling down,

We know

that be in the

Saxon bedalan, and Dutch bedeclen,

as the simple a

verb

is

found in

Hebrew and Chaldee bna

is a prefix, The all the Teutonic and Gothic languages. in elements and sigmticacorresponds exactly

INTRODUCTION.
Whether the first letter is a prefix in the (son, with the Saxon and Dutch. See tlic word ihal, wtiicli wlien Iriflatter languages, let the reailer judge. ced, terminates in tlie VVelsl) tawl, a cast olf', a tlirow ; separatiou; lawlu, to cast or throw oil', to scpaiate. In Clialdee, 112 signifies to scatter, to disperse. The word has the same
llie .signification in

one into the other, and the change seldom occasions much obscurity.
njore didiculty, not so

much by

is so fiequent, tliat this circumstance The changes of signification occasion necessity, as because this branch of philolo-

gy

is less

understood.

Syriac and .Samaritan. In Ethiopic, the word with X prefixed, signifies to wi.sh, love, desire,
strife,

1.

CIIAIVGE

OF ARTICULATIONS, OR CONSONANTS.

and with "^ prefixed, to strive, to endeavor, and without a prefix, Both these significations are from stretching, straining. course, race.
In Arabic

articulations, letters which represent the junctions or joinings of the All these are organs, usually called consonants, are the stamina of words. convertilile and frequently converted into their The word

The

j^j

signifies generally to ha.sten, to

run to; but

Jsj

The
in

cognates. English bear represents the Latin fcro and pario, and fero is the Greek ipipu. Latin veuliis is wind in English ; anil habeo is have. The Latin dens,

These changes are too familiar to require a multiplication of examples. But there are others less comnion and obvious, which are yet equally certain. Thus in the G.aelic or Hiberno-t'eltic, m and mb are converfible with to strive, or struggle. Here we have V ; and in Welsh m and v are changed, even in different cases of the same Now in Syriac ft dar, signifies the simple verb, without the prefix, with the sense of the Etliiopic, with word. Thus in Irish the name of the hand in written cither lamh or lav, and in Welsh niaen, a stone, is written also vaen. The Greek (3 is always a prefix. Supra. pronounced a.s the English v, as (JouXofiai, Lat. volo, English will, German We find also the Arabic i tharra, the simple verb, signifies to .sprinkle. wollen ; and the sound of i the Greeks express by nfJ. In the Chaldee and one remarkable distinction the of a We find in Chaldee XIH, TTH and m, the simple verb, signifies to dis- dental letter in the Hebrew, the latter has a sibilant. is As use cuth former, where PD ? in Chaldee is WD cush in Hebrew 3rn, gold, in Chaldaic, is 3nt in HeIn Arabic 1 ,^ signifies to sow, like the in Syriac, the same. perse; brew. The like change appears in the modern languages for water which, Both this and the former verb sig- in most of the northern languages, is written with a dental, is, in German, foregoing verb, and hence to procreate. the hair of the head, as we say, to sprinkle wjth gray written ifasser, and the Latin dens, W. dant, Dutch land, Swedish and nify also to whiten, as ' J Danish land, is, in German, zahn. The like change is frequent in the The Arabic ] ^ signifies to drive, to impel, to repel, to contend, Greek and Latin. <I>paTM, in one dialect, is (ppao-crt.', in another and the hairs. And here we have the literal signification Latins often changed ( of the indicative present, or infinitive, into s in the to shine, to sparkle. to strive of this whole cla.ss of verbs; to drive, urge, throw, send; hcucc to scat- preterit and participle, as mitto, tnittcre, }nisi, missvs. L and H, though not considered as letters of the same organ, arc really ter, to strive, to shoot a.s rays of light, procreate, kc. The Hebrew corresponding verb is mt or ^'17 to scatter, to sow; and such and changed the one into the other. Thus the Spaniards write blnndir (ov brandish, and escolta for escort. The Portuguese write iranrfo for bland, the word witli the like orthography occurs in Ch. Syr. and Ar. This is and branqutar, to whiten, for blanch. The Greek has (fpayiAXi.i for the .\nd who can doubt that 3 is a prefix in tlie verb 113 the Latin sero. hM'm flagellum. In Eurojie however this change seems to be limited above mentioned ? L is chiefly to two or three nations on the coast of the Mediterranean. In Welsh, goberu signifies to work, to operate; gober, work, operation sometimes commutable with D. formed by the prefix go and pe>' ; go denoting progress towards, approach, We have a few instances of the change of g^ or gh into/. Thus rough is and per rendered by Owen, that pervades, a fruit, a pear; but the real pronounced /, and trough, trauf. sense is to strain, to bring forth, to drive, thrust, urge, &.C. The Russians often change the d of a noun into the sound of j, or the This word, in the Annoric dialect, iswiitten either gofter or oher ; in in the verb formed from that noun as lad, accord, harmony, Latin operor, whence Eng. operate. The same word is in the Ethiopic, compound g, bred, damage, loss laju, to accord, or agree breju, to injure. The Italians and French have also changed a dental into a palatal letter, T'fl^ g''6'"> 'o make, to do. f\1(\i agabar, to cause to be made; in many words; as Italian raggio, a ray, from Lat. radius ; and ragiune, tagabar, to work, operate, negotiate gabar, a maker. ^f" T n ^ "] f) ^ reason, fi-om ratio ; Fr. manger, to eat, from Lat. mando, or manduco. This is tlie Heb. and Ch. 13J to be strong, to prevail, to establish, and as In the south of Europe, the Greek x has been changed, in some instances, into the Italian or Spanish z, and then by the French into s. It seems a noun, a man; Ar. >J>.= jabara, to make strong, to heal, as a broken that the Spanish z has, at some former period, been pronounced as a guttural. Thus the Gr. fi^uxim, Lat. brachium, the arm, is in Spanish brazo, bone to strengthen. That this Slieniitic word and the Welsh and Ethiopic are all radically one, and the Spaniards have the word fiom the Latin, or from the same source there cannot be a question and the Welsh proves indisputably that go is a as the Latin and Greek, the Celtic braic. This word, brazo, the French This then is a word formed on 13 or N13. The Heb. T3X, changed into bras, and from that we have brace and embrace, A similar prefix. change occurs in Dnrazzo, noni Dyrrachium, and in the Spanish luz, light. strong, that is, strained, and 13N, a wing, that is, a shoot, ai e from tlie same The Teutonic nations often used h to express the power of the Greek , and the Latin c, as heart for napSm, horn for cornu. Hence we find that root, and in Arabic j ? abara, signifies to prick, to sting, and its deriv the Saxon hiinian, hhonian or hlynian, to lean, is tlic Greek hAuw, Latin aUves, the extremity of a thing, a point, a needle, corresponding with the ctino. The letter /i is now dropped and we write the word lean. in like manner, the Saxon hlid, which we now write lid, is fiom the same Welsh bar, a summit, a tuft, a branch, a bar, and the Welsh bcr, a pike, a root as the Latin claudo, cludo, the Greek kAu^.-o.', which is contracted into in Welsh also, par, a spear, and lance, a spit, a spear, Lat. i>er per, a M^iiu. And in this word we may notice another fact, that the word signifies spit, are all doubtless of the same origin. not only to shut, but to ])i'aise or celebrate, proving that this word and the In Syriac, to make, to work or operate. Is this j.o. ,tsabar, signifies Latin plaudo, are the same, with difiiirent pi-efixes, the same as laudo, and the same root with a diderent prefix ? that the primary sense is to strain. This in Saxon appears iu hlad, loud,
, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
;

to fovi or scattcrseed. signifies to disperse, This verb is writicii in Hebrew "113 with precisely the same signification. The Arabic also h;Ls the verb with this orthography, signifying to sow, and also to beat or stiike with a stick.

Dutch, Danish and Swedish

is

land; and danee in English

is

in

German

tanz.

The same word

tain.

in

Arabic

j.x*s

signifies to

be patient,

to

bear, to sus-

the Teutonic and Gothic languages, the same word is used with dilTerent Thus in our mother tongue, begin is writprefixes. ten gynnan, the simple radical word, and aginnan, beginnan, and nan ; and in the Gothic, dvginnan, which, in English,VouId be, ongynlogin. Should it appear upon investigation, that verbs in the Assyrian languages have the same prefixes which occur in the European languages, the fact will evidence more affinity between tlie languages of these two stocks than has yet been known lo exist. Let us now attend lo the natural causes which may be supposed to have obscured or destroyed the identity or resemblance of languages which had a comnion origin.

We

observe,

tliat in

hlydan, to cry out. In Latin, /and h have been converted, as hordeum (or fordeum ; and the Spaniards now write h for/, as hacer for the Latin facere ; kilo for filum ; herir iorferire, Uc.
2.

CH.\NGE OF VOMELS.

The atfinily of words, in two or more different languaces, is known by identity of letters and identity of signification ; or by letters of the same organ, and a signification obviously deducible from the same sense. Letters of the same organ, as for example, b, /, ;) and t) are so easily converted, the!

of vowels is so common, as to occasion no difficulty in determining the sameness of words; indeed little or no regard is to be had to them, in a-scertaining the origin and affinity of languages. In this opinion 1 accord w ith almost all writers on this subject ; but I have to combat the opinion of that elegant scholar. Sir William Jones, who protests against the licentiousness of etymologists, not only in transposing letters, but in totally disregarding the vowels, and seems to admit the common origin of words only w hen written with the same letters, and used in a sense precisely the same.'*

The change

Asiatic Researches, vol. 3, p. 4S9.

INTRODUCTION.
prejudice existing against etymol- German brauchen, Dutch gebruiken, Danish bruger, Sw. bruka, Sax. bruit is justly liable to all the objections can, to use, topracfice. and hence the English brokci\ ogy. As the subject has been treated, The same remarks are applicable to Ta7na and racro-w ; (ppa7na and ippao-o-w ; urged against it. But it is obvious that Sir W. Jones had given very little attention to the subject, and that some of its most common and obvious prin- aXXayn and aWaaau ; xtipa"'"P and xapacrcrw, and many other words of like forhad escaped his obsen'ation. His opinion with regard to both articu- mation. In all these cases, the last radical letter is to be sought in the dericiples as will appear from the ibl- vatives of the verb, and in one of the past tenses, lations and vowels is unequivocally erroneous, particularly in an aorist. This fact affords no feeble evidence that in Greek, as in the Shemitic iowing list of words, taken from modern languages, and respecting the languanot have the ges, the preterit tense or an aorist, was the radix of the verb.* identity of which, that gentleman himself, if living, could But it is not in the Greek language only that we are to seek for the primislightest doubt. Latin tive radical letters, not in what is now called the root of the verb, but in the Swedish. Dutch. German. Saxojj. English. derivatives. The fact is the same in the Latin, and in the English. The araw, I tralio. trekken, draga, tragen, dragau, Latin ^itcius and _^ta/, cannot be deduced from_^Mo,- but the orthography of these words proves demonstrably that the gifva, give, original root v:asflugo, or fluco. g'fan, geeven, gebcn, So in EngHsh sight cannot be deduced from see, for no example can be found '"'' ^0''' f"^'' '''''^'' of the letter g introduced to form the participles of verbs. Gr.''J,. feet', J Sight, in Saxon hake, gesicht, D. zigl, G. sicht, Dan. sigt, Sw. sickt, is a participle; but the hook, hoc, haak, haken, verb in the infinitive, in Saxon is seon, geseoyi, Ger. sehen, D. zien, Dan. dag, tag, clay, dag, daeg, daag, habeo. seer, Sw. se ; in which no palatal letter is found, from which g or ch can be haben, hafva, habban, heli'bcn, have, deduced. The truth then is that the original verb was sega/i, or in Dutch [Fr. avoir, ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont.] lauten, zegen ; the g being lost as it is in the French nier, from the Lat. nego. lopa. hleapan, loopen, leap, In tlie change of letters in the Greek verbs betore mentioned, the process brinna, brandcn, brennen, burn, liyrnan, velle seems to have been from 7 or to f , and then to u and t ; 7rpa7w, irpa^u, irpucvolo, woUen, willan, willcn, will, willja, This is cei'tainly a process which is natural and common. The (Tu, TrpciTTw. sten, stein, steen, stone, Stan, Latin brachium thus became in Spanish brazo, and then in French bras ; breit, bred, breed, bred, broad, and thus in the Italian, Alexandria has become Alessandria. erde, eorth, aarde, earth, jord, Dan. lord. When the last radical of a Greek verb is a dental, it may not be certain wie, ho, Dan. hvo. hwa, who, sukia, zoeken, suchen, sequor whether the original letter was d, or th or t. We find the Greek verb (TTrac. secan, seek, to draw, forms its derivatives with cr, crTrao-ga, arraiTii ; and this is probably the boon, bohne, bona, Dan. bonne. bean, bean, Here are scarcely two words written with the same letters in two lan- Armoric spaza, fi-om which we have spay. So W{<^, ippao'ii, and (fp^On, are guages; and yet no man ever called in question their identity, on account evidently of the same family. It is not improbable that the original letter of the difference of orthography. The diversity is equally great in almost might have a compound sound, or it might correspond ncaily to the Arabic So in the same words we often lind all other words of the same original. or the English dh or th, or ds, so as easily to pass into d or ]i or tO the vowel changed, as in the Lat. facio, feci ; ago, cgi ; sto, sfeti ; vello, into s. vulsi. Nothing is more certain than that the Welsh gtvyz, and the English It is equally clear that many Greek words have lost an initial consonant wood, are the same word, although there is one letter only common to them The letter most generally lost is probably the oriental n, but obviously the both. It is pronounced gooyth, that is, g, and wyth ; as guard for ward. There seems to palatals, 7 and k, have, in many instances, been dropped. be no question that the Greek o\oi is the English whole and perhaps all. This in Welsh is oil or holl, in Saxon al or geall ; and this is undoubtedly LOSS 3. So the Gr. o>.\u(ii is the Welsh colli, to lose ; and BiKm may the Shemitic Sj. be the English coil, Fr. cueillir. There are some words, which, in certain languages, have suffered a In hke manner, the Greek has, in many words, lost a labial initial, answerthange of a radical letter ; while in others it is wholly lost. For example, The Greek !i5m is undoubtedly the Latin video ing to the English 6, /or v. word, in Danish and Swedish is ord; icort, a plant, is urt ; the Saxon gear, ip7ov is from the same root as work ; i5ioi is from the root oi vid, in the Latin or ger, English year, in Danish is aar, in Swedish is &r, in Dutch jaar, and in German jaAr. and individuus, that is, separate, and from the Arabic, J^ j badda, dieido, we have a clear and decisive the yoke, and its
I

am not

at all surpviseil at tlie

common

'

CHANGE OR

OF RADICAL LETTERS.

In

word,

affinities,

example

In many instances, the Latin retained or restored the lost letter ; thus hajnaxa, for a^af a ; harpago for ap;ra7Ti ; harmonia for ap^ovia ; video for i5w. If the marks of breathing, called spiritus asper and spiritus lenis, now prefixed to Greek words, were intended to represent the letters lost, or to stand The spirin the place of them, they answer this purpose very imperfectly. itus asper may stand for a palatal or guttural letter, but it does not designate which letter, the n. or the 3 much less does this or the other spiritus justjoch; Sw. ok. One of the most general chaqges that words have undergone is the entire ly represent the labials, 6,/, for '. Whenever the Latins wrote /i in the loss of the palatal letter g, when it is radical and final in verbs ; or the open- place of the Greek spiritus, we may conclude that the original letter was n or have examples in the a cognate letter and we may conclude also that the V in video, and in divido, ing of that articulation to a vowel or diphthong. English bow, from Saxon bugan, to bend buy, from byegan ; brotv, from viduus, individuus, stands for the original labial lost in iifo, and iSios. But breg ; lay, from lagan, or lecgan ; say, from siegan ;fair, bom fager ; flail, there are many words, I apprehend, in which the lost letter is unknown, and from the Getmanflegel, Lat. flagelium; French nier, from Lat. nego, ne- in which the loss cannot be recovered, by any marks prefixed to the words. We may well suppose that hymnus exhibits the correct written form of gate. The same or similar changes have taken place in all the modern langua- uix'o! but what is there in the Greek v(fr,, to lead us to consider this word as Both the Greek the EngUsh woof, and wpau, to be the same as weave ? ges of which I have any knowledge. The loss and changes of radical letters in many Greek verbs deserve par- words have the spiritus asper. find in the Lexicons, irpayua, Trpa7o!, Trpaxiixos, are referticular notice. What proportion of Greek words have been contracted by the loss of an inas the theme or root ; rayjia, to racro-io ; pnrap, to pro and itial or final consonant, cannot, I apprehend, be determined with any prered to ?rpacT(7u, Trpatiu, This reference, so far as it operates as a direction to the cision at least, not in the present state of philological knowledge. It is pro(ppa7tia, to (ppatTo-u. student where to find the verb to which the word belongs, and its explana- bable the number of contracted words amounts to one fourth of all the verbs, But if the student supposes that these words and it may be more. tion, is useful and necessary. are formed from the theme, so called, or the first person of the indicative Similar contractions have taken place in all other languages ; a circummode, present tense, he is deceived. I am confident no example can be stance that embarrasses the philologist and lexicographer at every step of his found, in any language, of the palatals 7 and , formed from the dentals and researches ; and which has led to innumerable mistakes in Etymology. sibilants, ^ and a, nor is pnp,or any similar word formed by the addition of know that the Swedish &r, and Danish aar, a year, have lost the articulation the dental to a verb ending in a vowel. The truth is, the last radical in pm of g, asj is in the g, and that the English y in year, is the representative The ra- Dutch jaar. and German ja/ir : for the g is found in our mother tongue ; is lost, in the indicative mode, and in irpao-au;, Trpairco, it is changed. dical lost in pi" is 5 or 9 ; the original word was ptJu or piOw, and the deriva- and in a multitude of words, one language will supply the means of detertives pTiTup, piiTopiKTi, were formed before the radical letter was dropped in the No sooner is the verb restored to its primitive form, than we recogverb. nize its connection with the Irish raJ(Zfta?n, to speak ; Saxon r<E(Z, .speech * is Kpafu, in Greek, is to cry like a crow or rook but the last radical r<sdan, to read ; German rath, Dutch raad, &c. The original root of rrpacro-w, was Trpa^w, wpaxu, or rrpaKW, and from this were changed from 7, as in the second aorist, it forms pa7iis. Now in Danish, crow formed irpay^xa, !rpaTixii, before the last radical was changed. No sooner is is krage, in Ger. krahe, in D. kraai, in Sw. kraka ; a fact that demonstrates to be the Teutonic verb, the last radical letter to be apalatal, which in English is opened to 0, in crow. than we see this the
; ;

of changes in orthography. Yoke, the Latin jugum, is from the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic ju, zug, to join, to couple ; a word not found in the Hebrew. The Greeks retained the original letters in Cu^o!, {u^ow ; the Latins changed the first letter to J in jugum, and inserted a casual i in ;'jmgo. From the Latin, the Italians formed giogo, a yoke, and giugnere, to join the Spaniards, yugo,a yoke, and juntar, to join; the French, Jog, a yoke, and ^oi'jirfrc, to join, in Saxon, yoke is geoc or ioc ; in Dutch, jwAr; G.

to separate.

We

We

We

original orthography restored,

INTRODUCTION.
orthography which cannot be asrortaincd by another. But doubtless many changes have taken place of which the evidence is uncertain ; the chain which might conduct us to the original orthogand no means now remaining of repairing (he loss. raphy being broken, In no language, has the rejection or change of consonants seived so efibctSo e.xtensive have ually to obscure tlie original words as in the French. been the changes of orthography in that language, tliat luul not the early lexicographers indicated thelo.ss of letters by a mark, it would be impossible now to discover the original orthography, or to trace the connection of words with other languages, in a large portion of (hem. And it is with regret we observe the inliuence of the French practice of suppressing consonants,
luinino; the real origin or true

extending itself to other countries. It is owing to the njost servile obsequiousness of nations, that Basil or liusilea, the elegant name of a town in Switzerland, has been corrupted to Basle, and pionounccd most barbarously The fiermans aie pursuing a like course in suppressing the palatal hale. letters: a most unfortunate circumstance for the strength of the language.

The
110,

Italians also ha\'c a disposition to reject letters

i'or

wlien Ihey interfere

we see, in their language, ^imftore iovjiure ; Jiocco for Jlocro ; a change that has removed a radical consonant, and thus obscured or ratlicr destroyed the affinbetween the Italian and the Latin words. ity Another diflerencc of writing and pronouncing, has been produced by the change of a sibilant fetter into an aspirate or econverso, by the change of an aspirate into a sibilant. No person doubts whether the Latin super is (he Greek uirip ; or o.^ciXu is siDiilis ; or aJ.s is sal, salt. The latter in Welsh is balen, hal. So hclyg, a willow, in Welsh, is in Latin salix. The tcr. ior ivait
with their habits of pionunciation, and hence
wv'iUcn

piano

So also in sigguan, (o sing; laggs, long. In a few English. find (he Swedes and Danes have the word written in bo(h end tycka, tykker, to Ihink.- But in general the Gervviite words of this sort with ng. To show how important it is to know the true original orthography, I will mention one instance. In our mother tongue, the word to dye, or color, is the elcinenis or ladical letters are dg. To determine |Writtcn (/cagare; whether this and the Latin tingo arc the same words, we must first know whether n in tingo is radical or casual. This we cannot know with certainly, by the form of the word itself, for the n is carried through all (he tenses and forms of (he verb. But by looking into the Greek, we find the word w^ritten with 7, T177W and (his 1 Icarly proves the alliance of (be woid with deagan. See Dye in (he Dictionary. We have many Enghsh words, in which a d has been inserted before g, \^sm badge, budge, lodge, pledge, ivedge. In all words, I believe, of ihis class, (he (/is casual, and the g lollowing is the radical \eHer us pledge from the French pleige ; wedge from the Saxon wecg. The practice of inserting d in words of this sort seems to have originated in the necessity of some mode of preserving the English sound of g, whic.li might otfierwise be sounded as the t'rench g before e. And it is for this reason we still retain* and ought (0 retain </ in alledge, abridge. In like manner (he Teu(onic c has been changed into the sound of ch, as Sax. wacian, wcecian, to wake, to watch; Sax. thac, thatch. There are some nations which, in many words, pronounce and write g before u oi; as in the French guerre, for tnir ; gvede, for u'oad ; guet;or 7i^ as in

instances,

we

ways,

as Ihnka, ta-nker

'inans,

Danes, Swedes and Dutch

the Latin sepiem, English seven. This in Persic is Ct.x& heft or haft, which approaches the Greek una. It has been commonly supposed, that in this case, (he aspirate in Greek has been converted into an s. There are however strong reasons for believing that the change has been (he reverse, and that s has been dropped, and its place supplied by an
(Jreek
irrra is

: in Welsh, gwal, i'or wall ; gwain. Cor wain ; gwured, for guard, which in EngHsh is ward, Sp. guarda. In some instances, the or w is dropped in modern writing, as in the French garenne, a warren : for guard. This difference of orthography makes it difficult, in some garde,

cases, to ascertain the (rue radical letters.

CHANGE OF

SIGNIFICATION.

aspirate.

The word

seven

is,

i'ya,

Another cause of obscurity in the affinity of languages, and one thai to have been n>ostly overlooked, is, the change of the primary sense of (he radical verb. In most cases, tliis change consists in a slight deflecsenex, in Welsh hen, seems clearly to be the Ar. sanna, to be old. tion, or difference of application, which has obtained among diflerent famIt is then clear (hat in these words s is radical. In .some cases, the literal sense is lost or obscured, It is probable however ilies of (he same stock. that the aspirate, in some cases, has been and the figurative only is retained. The first changed into s. object, in such cases, is to find the primary or literal sense, from which the various It deserves to be noticed that (he radix of a word is sometimes particular applicaobscured, tions may be easily deduced. in Greek and Latin, Thus, we find in Latin, libeo, libet, or lubeu, by the loss or change of a radical letter in the nomina-

beyond
;

a question,

the Shemitic

j^.^

whence

n3l7, Eng. sabbath

and the Gaelic sean, old, whence Latin seems

We find in Latin nepos, in the nominative, hnepotis in the gen- lubet, is rendered, to please, to like ; lubens, willing, glad, cheerful, pleashonos. honoris, &.c. In these changes, I suppose the letter restored ed; libenter, lubenter, willingly, gladly, readily. What is the primary be (he true ladical Tetter. Thus adamant has been sense, the visible or physical action, from which the ideaoft/'iHrn"- is taken? I find, either by knowing the radical sense of willing, ready, in other aajiaw, to subcases, or by the predominant sense of the elements lb, as in La't. <luc, on the supposition that the stone was named from its hardness. This labor, to is a good example of a great part of all etymological deductions ; they are slide, liber, free, &c. that the primary sense is to move, incline or advance towards an object, and hence the sense of mere conjectures. It did not occur to (he Now willing, ready, prompt. inquirer that adamas, in the nominative, becomes in the gentive adamantis ; (hat is radical, and that this Latin word is the English love, German liebeti, Hebe. " Lubet me ire." this word canno{ be deduced from the Greek verb. Any person! I love to go ; I am inclined to go I go with cheerfulness ; but the affinily regularly between love and lubeo has been obscured by a slight difTerence of by looking into a Welsh dictionary, may see the original word. " applicathe Romans and the Teutonic nations. In some words it is not easy to determine whether n before d is casual or tion, among radical. In such words as the Latin fundo, to Perhaps no person has suspected that the English words heat, hate and pour, and tnndo, to beat, there is reason to think the n is casual, for the hest, in behest, are all radically the same word. But this is the fact. Sax. preterit is formed without it, to heat, or be hot, and to hate ; fadi, tvtudi. But in other words n before d seems to be radical, and the hatian, h<rtan, to heat and to call ; hatan, d casual ; as in fundo, fundare, to found. For this word coincides with the to call, to order, (o command ge-hatan or gehatan, to grow warm, to to vow ; Gothic, Irish bun, foimdation, and with the Shemitic gahaitan, to call, to promise ; Dutch, heeten, to n:3, banali, to build. So the promise, heat, to name, to call, bid or command German, heitzen. to heat ; heissen, English /(/ is in Swedish _/inn, and in is in Danish ind. to call; hitzen,to heat, to hoist; Swedish, hetsa, to inflame, to provoke : Another fact of considerable consequence, is, (he casual sound of n <riven Danish, heder, to heat, to be called. Behest, we have from (he German or to^, which produced (he effect of doubling (he 7 in Greek, and of occasionSwedish dialect. Heat coincides with (he La(in crstjis for hmstus, which ing the insertion of n before g in the LaUn, as also in the Teutonic and is written with s, like the German. Hate coincides with the Latin odi, Gothic languages. Thus we see the 7 is doubled in the Greek a/7<ui', and osus, so written for hodi, hosus, and as the Teutonic h often represents the we know, in this case, how the change originated; for the original word is Latin c, as in horn, cornu, the Danish the Gaelic and Irish, orthography heder, coincides with the So 7 is prefixed (o another palatal or gutagalla. Latin cito, to call. Now what is the radical sense Most obviously to stir, tural letter in a7xa', cyxa, 1771^(0. agitate, rouse, raise, implying a driving or impulse ; and hence in Latin A siiiiilar nasal sound of ^ probably introduced the n before s in lin^'o to lEStuo, to be hot, and to hck ; lin^uo, to leave. rage or storm ; hence to excite, and hence the sense of the Latin may be confident, in all cases, that n is not radical, when it i<i dropped as well as cito, quickly, from stirring, rousing to action. In this case hatred, find also in the Saxon and heat, is violent excitement. the supine and participle, as in Kctvm, lictus, from liiwiw. When n is Gothic the sense of vowing, that is, of refamed in t.ie supine and driving out the voice, uftering, departiciple, there may be more reason for doubt; claring, a sense allied to calling and commanding, and to this is allied the but in this case, the question may often be determined by the corresponding sense of the Latin recito, to recite. word in another language, or by son.e other word evidently of the sara? In English befall signifies to fall on, to happen to ; in German the same riius we can have amily. little doubt that lingo and the English word, befallen, has the like signification. But in Saxon gefeallan '"""^ "''"'''' "'' """ ""' ^"'' signifies ''"^"" *"'' ''^'" "''' ' "^ to fall, to rush on, while in German gefallen fi^'i"" signifies to please, tliat is, to suit, to come to one's mind, to be agreeable. The Danish gefalder has the This casual insertion of ri in words of this class must be carefully noticed same as the German. signification by the etymologist, or he will overlook the affinity of words, whicli are eviM'e find by the Saxon, that the English reck, to care, and reckon, and dent y (lie same. We have which are written with the Latin rego, to rule, are all the same many words in word, varied in orthography and appUn belore a ^ or a k, when (he ancient words EnglishGothic and in the Teutonic lan- cation. To find the sense of reck, to care, we are then to examine the guages and some of them in the modern Danish and Swedish, are written various derivative primary senses. And we need go no farther than to the Latin recWittiout l hus sink, in Gothic is to think, is thagkyan. sigcivan ; It is tus and English right, the sense of which is not improbable that (he straight, for this sense is defJodiic word was pronounced with the sound of n rived from Care then is a" straining of the mind. straining, stretching.
tive case.
itive
;

in the oblique cases to

deduced by our etymologists from the Greek a negative and

.'

We

We

VOL.

I.

INTRODUCTION.
a sketching towards an object, coinciding with tlie primary sense of attention. The primary sense of reckon is to strain out sounds, to speak, tell, relate ; a sense now disused. Tile Saxon care, care, ccrrcion, to care, to carli, is connected in origin with tile Latin career, a prison ; both from the sense of straining, whence holding or restraint. To prove how the pi-imary general sense of a word may ramify into diiTerent senses, by special appropriation of the word among separate families of men proceeding from the same stock, let us observe the different senses in which leap is used by the English, and by the nations on the continent. In to leap over a fence. Knglish, to leap is simply to spring ; as, to leap a yard it will be seen that this But on the continent it signifies to run. word as used by the Germans cannot always be translated by itself, that is,i
;

Now

and this is precisely the Greek Ppix^^. The primary sense then throw, or drive, in a transitive sense ; or in an intransitive sense, break forth. and to curse have the same radical sense, which is, to send or pour out words, to drive or to strain out the voice, precisely as in the Latin appello, from pello, whence peal, as of thunder or of a bell. The two senses spring from the appropriation of loud words to express particular acts. This depends on usage, like all other particular applications of one general signification. The sense in Scripture is to utter words either in a good or bad sense ; to bless, to salute, or to rail, to scold, to reproach ; and this very word is probably the root oirejiroach, as it certainly is of the Latin ^recor, used, like the Shemilic word, in both senses, /rat//n^ and cursing, or deforth rain
;

is

to send,

to rush, to To bless

It is also the same word as the English ^irm/, It. pregare, L. precating.'* following pas- precor, the same ^spreach, D.prechen, W. pregethii. To the same family be" Nimm long the Gr. ppoix", Ppioc", Ppi-xaonai, to bray, to roai', to low, Lat. rugio. sage from Luther's Version of the Scriptures. 1. Sam. xvii. 17. fur deine broder diese epha sangen, und diese zehen brod, und /ai*f ins heer Here we see that bray is the same word, applied to the voice of the ass and zu deinen brudern." " Take now for thy brethren an ephah of this parched to breaking ill a mortar, and both are radically the same word as break. The sense of kneeling, if radical, is to throw, and if fiom the noun, the corn, and these ten loaves, and leap to the camp to thy brethren." Leap, instead of run, is good German, but bad English.* There are two other sense of the noun is a throwing, a bending. The Chaldee sense of digging, if radical, is from thrusting in an instrument, words in this passage, of wliich a like remark may be made. The German but perhaps it is a sense derived from the name of fcrot/, loaves, is our breail, which adiidts of no plural; and sangaji is our or breaking the ground a shoot or cion, and in reality, to set a shoot, to plant. singed, which we cannot apply to parched coin. The Syriac use of this word in Matthew xv. 19, is intransitive, to issue, So in some of the Teutonic languages, to tvarp kittens or pup])ies, to rt-arp eggs, is correct language, though to our cars very odd ; but this is only to shoot or break forth. So in Arabic, to rush on, to assault. The sense of a particular application of the primary sense, to throw. We say to lay eggs, firmness in Arabic is from setting, throwing down, as in kneeling ; and hence the sense of breast, the fixed, firm part. but to lay is to throw down. That this word has the sense both of blessing and of cursing or reproachBy this comparison of the different uses and applications of a word, we And it is by this ing, we have demonstrative evidence in the Welsh language. Rheg, in are able, in most cases, to detect its original signification. means, I apprehend, that we may arrive at a satisfactory explanation of the Welsh, is "[13, without the prefix. It signifies a sending out; utterance; manner in which the same word came to have different and even opposite a gift or present ; a consigning a ban, a curse or imprecation. Rhegu, to significations. give ; to consign ; to curse. From rhi}g is formed preg, a greeting, or saluis rendered, in tation, [the very Hebrew and Chaldee word.] pregeth, a sermon, and preIt is well known, for example, that the Hebrew word j'lD, our version of the Scriptures, both to bless and to curse. The propriety of gethu, to preach. Here we liave not only the origin oi preach, but another who labors to prove, that important fact, that preg, and of course 1*^3. is a compound word, composed the latter rendering is controverted by Parkhurst, But this is not all; the Welsh greg, a cackin Kings and in Job, where it is rendered, to curse, it ought to be rendered, of a prefix,/) or b, and rheg. It is true that is formed with the to bless ; and he cites, as authorities, the ancient versions. prefix g on this same rheg. [Dan. ling, gregar, to cackle, in 1 Kings xxi. 10. 13 ; and in Job i. 11, and ii. 5, the seventy have rendered krage, a crow.] the word by ivkoyiu, to bless and other ancient versions agree with the In Welsh, bregu signifies to break ; brig, a breach, a rupture. This But let the word be rendered by bless in the following passa- Owen deduces from bar, but no doubt erroneously. It is from rhegu, and Septuagint. "Put forth thy hand now, and touch his bone, and his flesh, and he there is some reason to think that break is from "1"13, rather than from ges. p^S, " Bless God and die." How will bless thee to thy face." very absurd does but probably both are from one radix, with different prefixes. such a translation appear. It shows the immense importance of understanding the true theory of language, and the primary sense of radical words. observe one prominent sense of the Arabic ,5jj baraka, is to rain Let us then endeavor to discover, if possible, the source of the difficulty in to pour forth water, as clouds. This is precisely the Greek gpixw ; the case here mentioned. To be enabled to arrive at the primary sense, let violently ; a woid found in all the Teutonic and Gotliic languages, but written either us examine the word in the several languages, first, of the Shemitic, and with or without its prefix. then of the Japhetic stock. Saxon, rtBgn or regn, rain ; regnan, to rain. Heb. "|13 To bless to salute, or wish a blessing to. Dutch, regen, rain ; regenen, beregenen, to rain upon. to bla.spheme. 2. To curse German, regen, rain ; regnen, to rain ; beregnen, to rain on. 3. To couch or bend the knee, to kneel. Swedish, rcgna, to rain. Deriv. A blessing, and the knee. Danish, regn, rain ; regner, to rain. Chaldee, "jlS To bless ; to salute at meeting, and to bid farewell at Saxon, racu, rain; Cimbric, rmkia, id. parting. Here we find that the English rain, is from the same root as the Welsh 2. To bend the knee. rheg. rhegu, and the Shemitic "jl^. 3. To dig ; to plow ; to set slips of a vine or plant for propagation. or reccan, Pursuing the inquiry fiirther, we find that the Saxon recan, Tahn. and Rabbin. [W. rhegu,] .signifies to speak, to tell, to relate, to reckon, the primary sense Deriv. The knee ; a blessing ; a cursing ; a cion ; the young of fowls. of which last is to speak or tell ; also, to rule, which shows this to be the LaTo fall on the knees; to fall or bow down. Judg. tin same Syriac, rego ; also to care, which is the English reck. That this is the V. 27. word as rain, we know fiom the Danish, in which language, regner signiMath. xv. 19. 2. To issue or proceed from. In the German, fies both to rain and to reckon, to tell, to count or compute. 3. To bless. to reckon, and regnen, to written a little ilirt'erently the words are rechnen,

by the same word,

into English.

Take

for

illustration the

We

3LO

Samaritan,
Ethiopic,

a'^S To

bless.

rain.

So

in

Dutch, reekenen and regenen; but

find that the

this is a fact

by no means

f\4Tl To

bless.

Deriv. the knee.

uncommon. Here we

Arabic, isTj-j To bend the knee ; to fall on the breast, as a camel. 2. To be firm, or fixed. Gr. Ppix". 3. To rain violently ; to pour forth r;un, as the clouds. 4. To detract from ; to traduce ; to reproach or pursue with reiuoaches
to revile.
5.

reck, and the Latin rego, arc The pi imary sense is to strain, to reach, to stretch. Care the same word. is a stretching of the mind, like attention, fiom the Laiin teiulo, and reHence rectus, right, that is, straint is theradical sense of

EngUsh reckon and

governing.

straight, stretched. Hence we find that rain

;

and the Latin regnum, reign, are radically the

6.

water, as in Heb. and Ch. a flash of light.

might have mentioned before, that the Chaldee n0"13, a cion or branch, Irish Jraic, or rai/) ; Welsh ftraif ; precisely the CeUic word for arm; the Greek poaxiuv, the Latin brachium, whence the Spanish braio, the French bras, whence the English brace. The arm is a shoot, Heb. and Ch. In the latter sense, usually from j j. pi3. a branch, and branch is from this root oi- one of the family, n being casual ; The Arabic word supplies us with the certain means ol (l.^termining the branch for brach. radical sense ; for among other significations, it has the sense of pouring
:

Deriv.

To bless to pray for a blessing on to prosper to be blessed. To ha^^ten to rush, as on an enemy to assail. The breast the bason of a fouutMn a fish pond, or receptacle
;
; ; ; ; ;
;

of

same word. Now in Saxon racan, or riecan, is the English reach, to stretch or extend, from the same root, and probably reek, Saxon recan, reocan, to fume or smoke for this is, to send off.
;

also increase

abundance

constancy

splendor;

is

whence whence

He

walks, he leaps, he runs.

Cowper.

'

Imiirobus urget iratis precibus."

Horace.

INTRODUCTION.
different, are
if radically to n'ng or sound; the latter sense from straining or throwing, as in other cases. Without n, wring would be wrig, and wrong, wrog ; wrong, wrag, Oermnn spirchen, to speak, Dan. vrag. Swedish spraka, spraA- ; DaIn Greek, pi7oi is a blanket or coverlet, and connected with pirjnmiii ; that and Swedish spricka, to break; Danish sprekker. The is, a nish sprog, speech over. .spread, from stretching, or throwing same word willi n casual is seen in spring, the brmking or opening of the We find also among the Chaldee derivatives the sense of a neck, and a winter and here we see the origin of the majine phrase, to spring a mast, joint. Now we find this word in Irish, braigh, the neck in Greek, withDanish springer, to liiirst, crack or spring. This in Swedish is written out the prefix, fax", the Fi)iiic of the back, Saxon, hrcwca, EngUsh, the without n, spricka, to brea}c, burst, split; hut a noun of this family has n, rack, and fiom the Greek, th.e rickets, from distortion. a spring, a running. fpringa, a crack, ami spring, Coinciding with the Greek P17V0M, lo break, we find in Welsh rhwgaw, to Now let us attend to other Shemitic words consisting of cognate elements. a anil connecta. with and Welsh,

On

this

word,

let

it

be further ohservcd, or on
s,

or

pis

pi3,

formed, with the prefix

;

the
;

sprnehe, speech; Dutch fpreeken, Sjwaak

rock, rend, coinciding eraig, crag, payja, Chaldee, 113 To rub or scrape; to rub out or tread out, as grain from the ed with these, the Saxon hracod, English ragged, that is, broken ; evidently ear or sheaf; Latin/)i<;o,/no. the participle of a verb of this family. 2. To collect and'bind, as sheaves; perhaps English, lo rake. Hence we find the senses of distortion and breaking connected in tliLs 3. To break or break down. root, in a great variety of instances. In Saxon and Gothic /i^nan, /ragan, signi4. To question; to doubt. to lighten, to shine or flash, is one of this family. The The Shemitic
p-)3,

And under this or dart, to throw, as in all like cases. has the sense, to adorn, as a female ; to make bright or gives the English prank and prink, D. pragi, O.pracht. same family, fiom leaping, starting, darting up. ^ like diaphragm in Englisl In Greek Ppaxi.:, short, stands in the Lexicons as a primary word or root. ing, that is, interrupting access, or separation, The other derivative is rendered rigor, or cruelty that which strains, op- But thi.;is from the rool of break, which is lost in Greek, unless in pn/nm, or rakes, harasses. presses, breaks down, without the prefix. From (5?axu!, or the root of this word, the French lanWilli this verb coinciiles the Irish bracaitn, to break, lo harrow, that is, to guage has abreger, to abi-idge, and what is less obvious, but equally certain, rake. Latin has brevis, by sinking the palatal letis, that from the same root the To rub, so rendered, Lukevi. 1. Lat./Wco. A derivative ter, as we do in bow, from bugan, and in lay, from lecgan ; so that abridge Syr. and abbreviate, brief, are from one root. signifies to comminute. noted. Let this be It .should have been before mentioned that the Latin rrfragor, signifies Deriv. Distortion ; winding twisting. to resist, to strive against, to deny, whence refractory ; a sense that demonand refraction, in strates the primary sense to be to strain, urge, press Ar. Torub.Lat./nVg. ^j.i course of rays of light by turning them ; optics, is a breaking of the direct 2. To hate, as a husband or wife ; lo be languid, or relaxed. a sense coinciding witli that of distortion. Deriv Laxity ; frangiliility ; friability , _^. . ._ 1. _flr. see then that one predominant sense of break, is, to strain, to distort. to break off" jq separate Heb. pi3 To break, burst, or rend ; Let us now examine some of tlie bilitcral roots in rg and rk, which, if b Deri\'. A breaking or parting of a road. is a prefix, must be the primary elements of all the words above mentioned. break. Ch. p13 To Ch. JJ1 To desire, to long for. This is the Greek opi^w, and English to 2. Tb redeem, that is, to free, separate or deliver. reach; for desire is expressed by reaching forward, stretching tlie mind to.'?. To explain, as a doubtful question. wards the object. So in Latin appeto, and expeto, from peto, to move toDeriv. One who ransoms or delivers; a rupture; the neck or itsjunc This coincides nearly with the Lalin 10^.), to ask, and the Goth. &c. the ankle ; the joint of a reed ; a chapter, wards. ture ; a joint of the fingers, fragnan. Sax. frcegnan. a or section of a book explanation; exposition, pna, rupture, coinciding: To desire ; and with olaph prefixed,,.^ j to desire, or long ; also ; Syr.^ with the English broke. Latin rigo, irrigo, to irrigate. to moisten also to wet or moisten Syr. OL2) To redeem. to remove ; to separate. 2. To dejjart ; Deriv. Tender, soft, fresh, from moisture or greenness. Qu. Lat. recens, Deriv. A recess, or withdrawing ; separation ; liberation ; redemption ; a derivative. Here desire and irrigation are both from one root; desire is a reaching safety ; vertebra. Sam. The same as the Syriac verb. forward, and irrigation is a spreading of water. This root, in Hebrew J1X, signifies to weave, or connect as in texture and Ar. i to separate ; to divide ; to %vithdraw ; to disperse, [qu. Lat. net work ; but tlie primary sense is to stretch or strain. S to cast out ; to immerse. spargo;] to lay open; to disclose ; to \ signifies to emit an agreeable smell ; Deriv. Separation distinction ; distance ; interval dispersion ; aurora,! In Arabic, the same verb , as we say, the break of day also, a garment reaching to the middle of the also breech. breathe fragrance ; radically to throw or send out to eject ; a mere modificathigh, qu. frock; i have placed tlxese two words together, because I am convinced they are tion of the same sense. This is the Latin fragro, whence fragrant, with a both of one family, or formed on the same radical word. The latter coincides prefix ; but according exactly witli the English reek. for n in In Ar. as "IIN in Ch. Heb. Syr. and Sam., signifies to prolong, to extend. frango, is undoubtexactly with the Latin frango,fregi,fractum, Now in Welsh bregti, to break, would seem to be directly con- in Heb. in Hiph. to delay, or retard ; that is, to draw out in time. edly casual. nected with T)2, yet doubtless bregu is the English break, the German ^yy in Heb. has been differently interpreted ; indeed, it has been rendered In truth, the three words yxi, and breehen, the Dutch breeken, &c. ']13 by words of directly contrary signification. The more modern interprep13 are probably all from one primitive root, formed with different prefixes, ters, says Castle, render it, to split, divide, separate, or break; the ancient or rather with the same prefix differently written ; the diff"erent words interpreters rendered it, to stiffen, to make rigid or rough, to wrinkle or different tribes of men. Castle and Parkhurst, however, agree in rendering it, in some bearing appropriate senses, among corrugate. observe in the Chaldee word the sense of questioning. Perhaps this passages, to quiet, still, allay. Jer. xlvii. 6. 1.34. In Job vii. 6. our transmay be the Gothic /rao-nn, to ask, and if so, it coincides with the Latin rogo, lators have rendered it broken, my skm is broken, [rough, or rigid.] In In the sense o( break, we find, in the Greek, Job. xxvi. 12. it is rendered by divide. " He divideth the sea by his power." the latter without the prefix. He agitfr\-ym'j, without a prefix. In Vanderhooght's Bible it is in this place rendered by commovet Most of the significations of these verbs are too obvious to need illustra- ates the sea. The Seventy render it by nurtnavji, he stilled; and this is the tion. But we find in the Syriac the sense of distortion, a sense which at sense which Parkhurst gives it. first appears to be remote from that of or bursting asunder. But In Isaiah li. 15, and Jer. xxxi. 35, it is rendered in our version hy divide. breaking this is probably the primary sense, to strain, to stretch, a sense we retain in " But I am the Lord thy God, that divided the sea, whose waves roared." " I am the phrase, to break upon the wheel, and by dropping the prefix, we have Jehovah In Vanderhooght's Bible it is rendered in Isaiah li. 1.5, the precise word in the verb, to racA'. ut perstrepant fluctus ejus." In Jer. xxxi. thy God, qui commovens tnare, if this is the genuine sense, we find it gives the English toreck and S.'), commovens mare, ut tumultuenter fluctus agitating or moving the sea, wrack, the Danish vrag, Sw. vrak, a wreck. In Saxon, utiecan, wrecan, that the waves roar, or may roar. The passage in Isaiah is rendered by the is the English loreak, that is, to drive, or throw on ; wrace, is an exile, a seventy, on ?i ir.u> Tapao-trci'v rnv 6a\acr(javj Kai tixwv ra njiaya ai,'Tnj, agitawretch. In Dan. iiroo-er signifies to reject; Sw. vraka, to throw away; In the French transting the sea and causing its waves to roar and resound. " all implying a driving force, and that wreck is connected with break is prob-| lation, the passage in Isaiih is [I] qui fend la mer, et ses flots bruient." able for another reason, that the Latin fractus, frango, forms a constituent! who divide the sea and the waves roar. In Jeremiah the passage is " qui of naufiagium, the EngUsh shipwreck, which in Danish is simply vrag. the sea and therefore Who agitates part agile la mer et les flots en bruient." Now if straining, distortion, is one of the senses of this root, the English the waves roar. In Italian, the passage in Isaiah is rendered " che muovo " che commnove il wring, lerong, Danish vrang, Sw. vrang, may be deduced from it, for un- il marc, e le sue onde romoreggiano." In Jeremiah, doubtedly n is not radical in these words. The Dutch have wringen, but mare, onde le sue onde romoreggiano." WTio moveth the sea, wherefore the German drops the first letter and has ringen, both to twist or wind and its waves roar, or become ttimultxious.
fies to ash.

sense is to shoot So in English refractory. Prov. ii. 12. Deriv. Froward ; perverse. root, the Arabic Tliisverb is not in the Hebrew; but there are two derivatives, one signishining; which the inner vail of the temple ;' so called probably from its use in break- Prance is of the fying
;

3^3

We

}^

We

Now

^'

INTRODUCTION.
the 15. 18. for whatever may be the real sense cral or primary sense of words ; Ez. xxiii. 47. 2. To cut down with the sword ; to kill. If we are give to vau ui be to divid-e. nassao-es above mentioned, it cannot 1 Sam. h. 29. 3. To make fat. it is diihcult to make sense ot the the followino- word, its usual sense of and, Thus far the Hebrew. audits waves are sea word yjl by translating it, he stilleih: hestilleth the Nt2 To create. Gen. i. 1. Chal. roar or be agUated ttwndtjwus, or he stilleih the sea that the waves may Is. xl. 20. 2. To cut off. would be, he rougnens This will not answer. The more rational version Talm. 3. To make fat ; to grow sound or strong. In Lthi it into agitation. the sea, and its ^v'aters roar, or he drives, impels Deriv. Fat ; whole ; sound ; strong. to become rigid ; and the same word signifies to coagulate, to freeze, opic, Gen. i. 1. Mark xiii. 19. and with a pretix, /;igeo, and tins sigSyr. j uc:s To create. this is undoubtedly the Latin rigeo, 2. To remove to a distance, and Deriv. distance, distant allied to Lat. ru^o, (o wrinkle ; for as a general rule, nification is perhaps contraho, and this the radical sense of wrinkle is to draw, as in contract, Sam. A-'Na To create. Gen. i. 22. Deut. iv. 32. are allied to rough, seems to be the sense of rigeo. Both these words t
_

These

dilTerent repJerings

show the importance of understanding

the ht-

Pi.

X13> the verb differently pointed,

to

hew,

to

out down.

Josh. xvii.

Castlf.

Castle. Castle.

This sense would perhaps well suit is from breaking or wrinkling. To create Job xxxviii. 7. [qu. 4 and 6.] Ar. also that in Job vu. j \j,j the context in these two passages, as it would Nom. V. 28. or guiltless, not obnoxious to punishment. 2. To be' free skin is rough. 6 Rom. Now in Arabic, the general signification of i'JI is to return, to repeat, 31,3.and xxxii. 22.absolve, vii. a crime ; to liberate ; to dismiss ; to justify from To free ; to back ; a different application oil h to withdiaw, which may be from drawing Ex. XX. 7. Num. xiv. 18. or extend. the original sense, to strain, stretch, the Latin 4. To escape ; to forsake. Theioot pn in Chaldee signifies to spit, and this is probably to restore to health. Lev. xiii. 5. To recover fioiii disease ; to be healed 18. Josh. V. 8. Math. iv. 23. somewhat varied in application. The same verb in Arabic \j ructo, 6. To cleanse ; to free from impurities to shoot or grow long as teeth, to strain, puto reject, 7. To abstain from. signifies to diive off, to rack ; also to spread, clear as wine precisely the English Deriv. Creator ; free ; unobnoxious clean ; empty. rify or make or make and to pour out. Hebrew pi, to empty, to draw out, to attenuate to spit, to draw out, to attenuate ; SaAr. \ To create. thin, and as a noun, spittle ;' Syriac. J.J to be fine, slender maritan, to pour out, to draw out, to extend ; Ethiopic, 2. To cut off; to hew or pare. has a like significa The verb or thin ; Arabic, to be soft, tender, thin. to distinguish. 3. To separate , to spread, root, same original Hebrew, tion, and is perhaps from the 4. To make thin. pp'y rendered But, says Castle, all the ancient 'interpreters stretch, extend. 5. To oppose ; to strive ; to resist. to strike, to beat, as plates ol the word, to ordain, establish, make lirm 6. To provoke ; to boast, or make a parade. But the sense is to stretch, to spread, and the beating is only the metal. Castle. 7. To distj ibute ; to disperse. with means of extending. Hence i''pi the iirmament, which agrees well According to Gesenius, the primary sense of this verbis toheiv, to cut out, And to reconcile and thus to make smooth, and thus to create ; and he deduces these senses Lat. regio, an extent ; in Hebrew, properly an expanse. of this word, let it be remembered in the same order, as he does those of the Arabic verb, which the ancient and modern interpretations gives the word are usually or always from stretching, tension. But there is no ground for this opinion ; and doubtless the verb orilike. tiinl strength and firmness " Regio a rfg-o quod ginated before the use of edge tools. Now let us hear Ainsworth on the word regio. sub regibus erant atque ab his reThe predominant senses of this word, are, to separate, to free, to remove ; priusquam provincis fierent, regiones more natural is it to deduce regio from the prima- as we see by the Arabic and Syriac. gebantur." How much which is to stretch, to strain, to extend! Megio is an exNow hetving is indeed separating, and we have tlie English word pare ry sense of rego, from this root but we must seek for a signification which is more general tent, a word of indefinite signification. Chaldee and Arabic this verb signifies to mend, to repair, to make than that o( paring, or we shall not be able to account for the sense of makIn over or making strong. See the root whole, from extending spreading ing fat, sound, entire, and strong, nor for that of being born. The truth undoubtedly is, this word is of the same family with the Eng'jj infra. observe that JJT and m'\ agree in original signification, with the lish bear, the Latin pario, and the radical sense is to throw, to thrust, to to drive, to extend ; hence to throw out, to produce, as apphed to the the root of which or some of its derivatives was formed send, English reach, on To throw or drive, is the primary sense of bii til of children or of the world. and were formed on any of the foregoing biliteThat lia. stretch. The Engli.h word deal, when pia separation and division, that is, to drive off. that traced to its To create, is to proral roots we may not be able to affirm ; but it is certain from the Welsh root, presents the same fact. See Deal. the first consonant of the triliteral root is a prefix, and it is certain from the duce or bring forth, the same sense as that of birth, .ipplied to a different that the primary sense is the same in the biliteral and is from driving off, separation. In The sense of hewing and paring Shemitic languages object. or particular significations may or departure to a triliteral roots, or that all the applications Syriac, we observe the general application, in removal, The sense of fattening is derivative, and allied to that of healing distance. readily be deduced from one general signification. To illustrate this subject more fully, let us attend to the various applica- or making whole, sound, strong, in the Arabic, that is, preparing, bringing tions of some other Shemitic words of extensive use to a good state, or from tension, the usual primary sense of strength and

which

My

We

p3

power.

ra.

To obtain a more full and satisfactory view of this subject, let us attend to the same word in the modern languages of Europe.
is

Heb. K^3 To

create.

This,

by most lexicographers,

given as the first

to create
;

in all tlie Shemitic languages. signification, Gen. i. 1. produce into being.

2.

Parkhurst says,

to

LATIN.
Paro,
to

To

In Hiph. To make fat to fatten or batten. 1 Sam. ii. 29. paro is probably the same as in the Shemitic languages to produce, to bring forward. So also ready implies an advancing, and so docs promptness. But Num. xvi. 30. 4. To do or perform something wonderful. In Kal, to renew, in a spiritual sense. the various ways of preparing a thing for use naturally give to the word, in 5. In Niph. To be renewed. results Ps. U. 12. process of time, a variety of particular significations; each of which The compounds of paro, are apin bringing the thing to the state desired. Castle says, comparo, to prepare or 1. To create from nothing, or to produce something new or excellent pnro, to prepare, to furnish, accouler or set out make ready ; from another thing. Gen. i. Is. xiii. 5. procure, to make equal, to compare, to join, to dress or to regain, to comIs. xlviii. 7. Ps. cii. 19. 2. In Niph. To be renewed or re-created. ;c;>ai"o, to repair, to create anew, /irrsparo, to prepare Let the Latin uses of this word be compared to pensate to bear away, or remove also to select 3. To cut off; to take away separo. to separate. with the same Hebrew word in Joshua xvii. 15, where it is rendered cut Josh. xvii. 15. 18. Ezek. xxiii. 47. prepare. down. " Ascend to the wod country and cut down for thyself;" SeptuaGesenius says, This is one mo<le of preparation for 1. Strictly, to hew, to hew out. [Ar. to cut, to cut out, to plane.] gint, ixxaSap o-muii), clear for thyself. use. In Ezek. xxi. 19, it is rendered choose. Septuagint, iiaiaji.i, apto produce, The order of significaAr. 2. To form ; to make lj.j
3.
; ; ;
;

form, by accretion or concretion of matter.

Gen.

i.

21.

prepare,

make ready, procure,

design, &.c.

The

radical sense of

point.

tions

is,

as in the Ar. ijii.

3.

galaka, to be smooth, to

make smooth. 2

ITALIAN.
Parare, to prepare to garnish ; to adorn to propose an occasion to from or shelter to repair parry, or ward off, as a blow to defend to cover
; ; ;
: ; ;

To

Gen. i. 1. 21. 27. form, make. 1. Niph. passive of Kal. No. 2. Gen. ii. 4. Ezek. xxi. 30. Ps cii. 18. 2. To be born.
plane.

To

INTRODUCTION.
to teach

ahorse
;

a garnishing ed, defended.

horsemanship, to stop parala, a wardiiic off, warded offor parried, sliieldparalo, prepared, ready, prompt,
to stop,

and

in

RUSSI.IN.
to cut, to dress as the

Apparare,
garnishiiienl.

to learn

apparato, learned, prepared

Uherayu, to put in order, to adjust, to mow or reap, apparato, preparation, hair. This word has the common prefi.\ u.

Parecchio, a preparation; also equal, even, [L. par;] pnrecchiarc, to to make equal, to compare ; apparecchiare, to pre; paregs'iare, set in order appareggiare, to put in com pare, to ornament or garnish, to to equal. petition, to match,
prepare
;

PERSIC.
><j

to

to unfurnish, to disgamish Disjiarare, to forget; disparare, sparare, make unready, lo disbowel, to separate, di-join, unpair ; to discharge, as

Compnrare,

to

compare.

vj poridan,

lo

cut

off.

WELSH.

artillery.

/inparare, to learn. Par, something contiguous, or that is in continuity; a state of readinsss state ; to repair, or resort to, or JRiparare, to repair, to restore to the first or preparedness ; a pair or couple ; a fellow, match. have access to ; to parrif, or ward oil"; riparo, reparation, a fort, a bank Par, a cause the essence, germ or seed of a thing; & spear. fence, mound, remedy, shelter. Para, toconfinue,to endure, to persevere. Parad, a causing; parai, that causes to he.
;

Paraivd, prepared, ready parodi, to prepare. SPANISH. That all the foregoing words in the present European languages, [and sev- eral others might have been added,] are fomieil from one stock or radix, coParnr, to prepare to stop, detain, prevent to end; to treat or use ill to The only inciding with the l.iatin jiaro, is a fact that admits of no question. stake at cards to point out the game, as pointers. doubt re.specling the correctness of the whole preceding statement, is, whethPiirada, a halt or slopping, end, pause a fold for cattle ; a relay, as of er the Latin paro is radically the same as the oriental X"13 and with regard or bet a parade, or a place where troop: horses a dam or bank ; a stake Indeed there to this point, I should suppose the evidence to be convincing. are assembled to exercise; p/irado, remiss, careless, unemployed. is good reason to believe that the oriental \erbs N13, 113, 1311, and 13J?, Par, a pair; a peer after-birth the handle of a bell. Certain it is that the English bear are all formed fioin one primitive radix. Aporar, lo stretch out Ihe hands or skirLs of a garment for receiving any and the latter corresponds nearly Ihe upper and hind qtiar- comprehends both the Latin/ero and j)ario, thing lo dig and heap earth round plants to close to bear. to dub as a ship. with rns and Eth. to couple male and female animals ter of a shoe lo the sole <(,/!,\^ a wardrobe; But admitting only vhat is certain, that all the foregoing European words Jlparador, a sideboard, a dresser in a kitchen, a workshop, show. are from one radix, we are then to seek for a primary meaning from which aparato, preparation, pomp, Aparear, to match to suit one thing to another, [pair.] may be deduced the following significations Lat. to prepare ; Ital. to adorn, or board on which Aparcjo, preparation, liainess, sizing of a piece of linen toparry, to stop, to defend, to repair, to learn Span, to prepare, to stop, to a ship. Port, to stop, to confine upon or something is to be painted, tackle, rigging employed on board of lay or stake as a wager, ^pair or coirple be contiguous, to drive or aim at, to parry, to pare ; Fr. to deck, toparry, to [Apparel, parrd.] Russ. to adjust, to dress, Comparar, to compare. stop, to pare ; Arm. to dress, to prepare, to parry ; to mow or reap; Welsh, ^re/'are(/ss, contiguity, a pair, a cause, to conjDespareJar, to make unequal. tinue or endui'e; and several other significations. J}isparar, to discharge, as fire arms. to shelte! to protect. [Aragon, to sequester, as goods.] from throwing, sending, driving. To Amparar, The vai'ious siecnifications result Eraparedar to confine or shut up. separate or remove is to drive or force apart hence to parry, and hence to Reparar, to repair; to observe carefully, to consider; to mend or correct; defend. Separation implies extension, a drawing out in length or time to guard, defend, protect ; to regain strength or recov- hence the 10 suspend or detain Portuguese senses of confining upon, reaching to the limit. This er from sickness to right the helm. gives the sense o{par, equal, that is, of the same extent, and hence coming Separar, to separate. to, and suiting, as in Latin convenio. Here let it be observed that admitting the word par, equal, to belong to PORTUGUESE. this family, as in the Welsh, we have strong reason to believe that the Shemitic 13n, to join, or fit together, to associate, whence as a noun, an associate, Parar, v. i. to stop, to cease to go forward to confine upon, to meet at is formed from the same root, or X12 for in the Saxon, we find not only to end, (o drive at something, lo aim at the end, to touch, to be bounded fellow or peer; gefera, answering precisely but gcfera, a '* Nao posso parar com fome,* fera, oriental word. companion, to come to; to imply, involve, or comprise to the '* 1 cannot bear hunger. Ninguem podc aqui parar," nobody can live or The sense of betting is from throwing down, as we say, to lay a wager. stay here. [t^ng. bear.] The sense of stopping is from setting, fixing, or from parrying. The sense Parar, v. t. lo stop, to hinder from proceeding to parry or ward off; to of or from extension, enadorning is from putting on, which is from sending, turn or change with regard to inclination or morals to lay or stake as a waof show, largement, as we say, to set off, and hence it is aUied to the sense _Poraa, a stopping or place of stopping; a bet or wager. ger. or adPreparation is from producing, bringing forward, display, parade. to protect, shelter, defend, abet. Amparar, and often implies advancing, like ready, prompt, and justing, making right Comparar, to compare comprar, to buy, to procure. the latter word, prompt, from promo, to bring forth, affords a good illustraAparar, to pare, as an apple to mend or make a pen to parry a blow. tion of the words derived from paro. Aparelhar, to prepare, to fit, to cut out or rough hew aparelho, tackle in The senses of cutting off, paring, and the like, require no explanation. a ship for hoisting things, Eng. a parrel. The Italian, disparare, and the Spanish and Portuguese, disparar, to dis. Disparar, to shoot, to discharge, as fire-arms. fire arms, present the original sense of the root, to send or drive. This to make charge to observe i?f/)arar, to repair; to parry in fencing; to advert sense gives that of the Welsh pdr, a spear, as well as a cause, or that which iimends; to retrieve; to recover to recruit; to shelter; rc^aro, in fortifiA spear is a shoot, from the sense of thrusting ; and our word .<:pear impels. defense. cation, a pike, a lance, is 'probably formed from the root of bar and Welsh ber, a spit, r a spear, Lat. veru. Now in Chaldec, a bar i< X13i' from 13j;, to pass, a verb which is probably of the same family with X13. It is further to be observwritten both barra and sbarra. in Italian, bar is Parcr, to deck, adorn, trim, set off, embellish to parry or ward off. " Pa- ed that It is observed above that N13 is the English bear and the Latin pario ; but rerdes cuirs," to dress lether "Tiarerlepiodd'uncheva!," to pare a horse's Hebrew mS. parah,to be fruitful, to hear fruit, hoof. pario would seem to be the But this word seems to denote producing in animals. Parer, v. i. to stop paresse, idleness. applied to plants and However this may be, it is than the production of children. jPari, a lay, bet or wager parier, to bet or lay a wager. general, rather certain that bear in English, as well as in Saxon, expresses the sense of both Appareil, preparation, furniture, train, retinue, [Eng. apparel.] Appa and /ero in Latin. The Latin fero, and the Greek tpipu, signify both raitx, tackle, sails and rigging, [Eng. parrel.] pario or fruit. Pario, does not. So in the Goto carry and to proiluce, as young Pair, a peer, an equal pnire, a pair apparier, to pair, to match. In lo produce young. thic, bairan is to carry, gabairan is to carry and S^emparer, to seize, to invade. German, flihreii is to cairy, and geburen, to bring forth, to bear a child. In RejTirer, to repair. Dutch, beuren is to lift voeren, to carry and baaren, to bring forth, as Separer, to separate. Danish, barer, to cany, to support, children, to bear, to beget, to cause. ARMORIC. and to yield or produce. Sw. bara, to carry barn, a son. Irish, beirim, to bear or bring forth, and to tell or relate, like the Latin/ero, whence Fr. parPara, to dress, to trim, to stop, to parry, lo prepare ier, to speak.
; ; ; ;
;

FRENCH.

INTRODUCTION.
It appears llicn (hat the English bi-ur and Ihe Saxon from which we have received it, and tlie Gothic and the Danish corresponding words unite, in the fiaine orthography, the senses of two words of difTerent ortliography in other I have found other examples of a similar kind. There is therelanguages. fore solid ground to helieve that all these words are from one primitive root the different n\odes of writing the word, and the several appropriations having originated in different families of the great races of men, before languages were reduced to writing; and when they came to he written, each word was written according to its usual proiumciation, and defined according to its use in each family. And by the intermixture of tribes, two or three derivatives of the same stock might have become a part of the same national language. Unquestionably the Greek (pipw, and tpoofw, are branches of the same stock. have, in the modern languages, decisive evidence that different verbs may have, and in fact have a common radix. Thus in English list and lust, are ditferent modes of writing the same word ; both are united in the other Teutonic dialects. So in Latin fibet and hibet ; and similar instances I have found in almost every language which I have examined. The Latin pareo, lo appear, to come to light, if not a compound word, may be of this family. Paries, a wall, if primarily a partition wall, is of the same stock. Per, belongs to this family, as its signification is TJfls.??/*^. The Sax. faran, to fare, Gr. jr.iptu^M^', seems to be from one branchof this stock, proba;

But it should be considered that the sense of covering is rarely express it. or never jirimary ; it is usually, from the sense of putting on, which is from the sense of throwing or pressing, or it is from overspreading, which is a spreading, stretching or throwing mer ; hence the derivative senses of
covering and hiding. These latter senses are sometimes derived from others ; but these are the most general. Ami in this passage of Genesis, the literal sense is probably to put on, or to rub or spread over, a sense which coincides with that of the Chaldee and Syriac, Prov. xxx. 20, different-

though

ly applied.

We

bly n^i?. See the word pass in the Dictionary, in the derivative senses of which there are some resemblances to those of S13.

133.

He however admits that in Isaiah xxviii. 18, it signifies, to annul, as a covenant. He also considers the sense of atonement or expiation to be radically that of covering. Gesenius agrees with the English Lexicographers, in assigning to this verb He admits the primary sense of covering or overlaying, as in Gen. vi. 14. that this word has the sense, in Isaiah xxviii. IS, oi'blotting out, obliterating. But he gives to it the sense of forgiving, in some passages, in which our In these pasversion has that o( purging aioay. Ps. Ixv. 3, and Ixxix. 9. sages. Castle renders the wo]d, to be merciful or propitious. In all these authors, there is, I conceive, a radical mistake, in supposing the primary sense to be to cover, and in the opinion that this Hebrew word A still greater mistake is in the supposition of is the English verb to cover. Castle and Parkhurst, that this, by a metathesis, gives the Greek upvmu. The English word cover comes to us through the French couvrir, from the Italian coprire, a contr.action of the Latin co-operio, whence co-opcrtus, The Latin aperio, is to open, and Italian coperto, covered, Eng. covert.^ operio, is to cover, both from pario, or one of [he roots in Br, which has just been explained. The root in these worils is per or par, and the sense is varior ab-pario and ob-pario. cover ed by prefixes ; perhaps ad-pario can have no connection with 133, unless this latter word is a compound,

This verb, says Lowlh, means to c-over, to cover sin, and so to expiate and it is never used in the sense of lireakini; or dissolving a covenant, though that notion occurs so often in the Scriptures nor can it be forced into this sense, but by a great deal of far fetched reasoning. See Isaiah xxvlii. 18. Lowth on Isaiah. Prelim. Diss. " texuit. "IflD, says Castle, operuit, Anglice, to couer; permctathesin, npuirra, Kpu^ri, peculiaiiter bitumine, sive glutinosa aliqua materia obduxit; picavit." Gen. vi. 14. Parkhurst gives to this verb the sense of covering or overspreading, as primary and deduces from it the Greek vpvnru, and English cover and coffer.
;

The real original sense of this Shemitic verb is to remove, to separate, by Hence its application, in the Clialdec, Syrthrusting away or driving off. iac and Arabic, to denial, the rejection of God or truth. To deny or reject, is to thrust away. Hence from the Arabic, cajfer, an infidel, oiie who denies and rejects the Mohammedan religion ; hence Caffraria, the southern so called by the followers of Mohampart of Africa, the country of infidels med, just as the christians gave the name of pagans, to the inhabitants of villages, [pagvs,'\ who rejected the christian religion. This signification expl.ains the Hebrew uses of this word. Its literal sense is applied to the cleansing or purification of sacred things, as the altar. Lev. xvi. 18. In a spiritual sense, to the purification of the soul, a type of the purification by the blood of Christ; hence it is rendered atonement, or expiation. Hence ju'obably the sense of appeasing. Gen. xx.xii. 21. Prov. xvi. 14, though this may be from removing, or smoothing. The sense of forgiveness is from thrusting away or giving back, precisely as in the modern languages ; Lat. remitto, to send back or away ; forgive, to give back or away pardon, in French, Spanish, and Italian, has a like sense, which is more clearly exbitiited by the Dutch vergeeven, German vergcben ; ver being the English/nr, to give fur, to give away, hence, to reject, and remember no more. The sense of give and of the French donTo give, is to send, to cause to pass ; ner, is nearly the same as that of 133. and so of donner. Now it is a question of some moment whether the opinion that 133 is the same as the English cover, has not inclined lexicographers and commentators to render it by this word, in several passages, where the true sense is io forgive, or to purify by cleansing from sin. However this may be, the interpretation given above will fully disprove Lowth's assertion, that this word is never used in the sense of breaking or disannulling a covenant. So confident is the learned Bishop on this point that he ventures to call in question the reading, Isaiah xxviii. 18 ; and to suppose the true word to be 13n from 113 to break. With respect to the. reading I shall offer no opinion ; but if the present reading is correct, I am confident that no word in the Hebrew language is better fitted to expres.s Your covenant with death shall be unped away, abolished, or the sense. And so is the rendering in the Syriac. as in the version, disannulled. If 133 is a compound word and the first letter a prefix, it may be from the
; :

same root as the Arabic But the primary sense is

but

gafara,

whose

signification

is

lo cover.

apprehend that
verb.

to throw or put on. It signifies also to forgive, to forgive is to send back or away, remitto, and not to cover. And I for want of knowing the primary sense of such verbs, the

word cover has been

often substituted for forgive, in the translating of this

S3
No.
Ch.
1.

Now

Heb

h)3,

h^

To

hold, to contain

Sw.

halla.

hd^2

To

hold,

to sustain, to maintain, to

comprehend.

measure, that is, to ascertain the contents, or to stretch, and comprehend the whole. case, is very remote. Pah. To feed, to nourish. See '73S. Lotus see if we can gain any hght upon the subject of the primary sense Deriv. A measure also, custom, rite, manner, probably from holding or of 133 from the cognate languages. continued practice. Chaldee, "133 To deny, to reject. Prov. xxx. 9. To measure. Deriv. A measure. " She eateth and Syr. In Aph. 2. To wipe ; wipeth her mouth." Prov. xxx. 20. Matt, xxvii. 24. To follow ; to go behind ; Gr. axoXouOtu; that is, to hold Castle. Eth. tlQ) 3. To wash or cleanse.
with 3
for a prefix.

This

may be

the fact, but the connection,

even

in that

So To

2.'

Castle. No. 2. Heb. 773 To finish to complete to make perfect. Gr. aXor. 18. Gr. oAm, Eng. all, by the loss of the lirst letter S3 oil ; the whole To deny; todisheheve; to be an infidel to be impious; but in Welsh, holl, or oil ; and in Saxon al, lel and geall. Arabic, Ch. SS3 To crown to adorn Acts Hi. 13, 14. 2 Pet. ii. 1. 5. Jude 1.5. to blaspheme. To perfect; to complete to comprehend to embrace. Pih. 2. To cover; to conceal. a general rule, &c. Deriv. Comprehending to make expiation for one, and free him from crime. 3. To expiate universality Castle. Deriv. a crown all every one. Syr. '^.li.a To crown.
; ;
;

Gen. xviii. 1.5. Luke xii. 9. Syriuc, 1.213 To deny. To wipe, to wipe away, to disannul, to abolish. Prov. xxx. 20.

to,
Is. xxviii.

or to press after.

Deriv.

The hinder

part

the poop of a ship

behind.

French,

cu/.

Now the senses of the Chaldee, Syriac and Arabic, to deny, to reject, to disannul, to wipe, wash, or to cleanse by these acts, cannot be deduced from covering. In Hebrew, the word has the sense of covering, as the ark, with bitumen or pitch, in Gen. vi. 14 ; that is, to S77iear, or pay over, as our seamen now
*

Sam.
Eth.

ZZiS As

the Chaldee.
;

^A A
V

The same

also, to cover.

Ar.
to shine.

^5
All
;

To be weary
dullness
;

or dull

to

be languid

to tire

also, to

crown

Deriv. In this deduction of coKfc from the Latin,

I

heaviness.
; to

am supported by

Lunier, the

No.

3.

ablest

French etymologist, whose works

have seen.

Gr. wXuu;

Heb. nS3 To hold Sw. h&lla.

restrain

to shut or confine

to

check

INTRODUCTION.
edge, wisdom, ignorance. These different significations may result from the different effects of the prefix on the original verb. Ch. ih3, nSo, '^3 To hold; (o restrain also, to trust tooonfiOein, or In Syr. to cause to perfect ^\\3aj the same word, signifies to be foolish, or mad also, to conto' hope. (See No. (i.) Also, to tinish (0 know, or to give understanding ; to observe to search or know thosume to cause In fail. Vt Gr. ci,\no ; Lat. caZo to ask or seek to understand to discern or distinguish also to roughljInAph. To call; to cry out; to thunder; err, losin, to be foolish, or perverse. galw Knt;. to vail ; l.at. gullus, from crowing. In Sam. the same word signifies to look, and to be accustomed. See To hold lo restrain to forbid ; to deny. Syr. '\\s
Deriv.

A pkce

of

confinement

Lat. caula.
;

rely on
;

That 12S/ is formed on the same root with a different prefix, is obvious and certain, from the correspondence of significations. This word in Hebrew signiiies to understand, or know ; to cause to undeistanJ ; to be wise, or to act wisely ; corresponding with the Ch. SjO above ; and being a mere dialectical orthogiaphy of the word. It signifies also lo deprive, strip, bei^..^> To keep; to preserve; to turn the face towards a thing reave ; and to waste, scatter and destroy also, to cast, as fruit or offspring ; Ar. So in Engli.-h,to behold. Also, to come to the end, a.s also, lo prosper. and look repeatedly. Ch. to understand^ and Ch. hlDi^ lo complete, lo finish ; also, to found, to feed, to devour food ; also, to abound in pasture ; also, to of life ; also, hinder, or detain ; also, to look attentively; also, to sprout ; also, to take up- to lay the foundation. This is T}D with jy prefixed. on a pledge, or upon trust ; supra, Chaldee. (See No. 6.) Syr. to found, to finish, to adorn. No. 4. Heb. Th2 To finish; to consume ; to bring to naught; to waste ; to fail. Ar. ^^'' '^ shakala, to bind under llic belly; to gird ; to bind the' (See No. ^.) to take ; to hold to con- feet; lo fetter; to shackle; to form, or fashion; to be No. .5. Ch. SjS To eat to consume ; also, dubious, obscure, tain. In Aph. to fjed; to give food ; also, to call; to thunder; to roar, or and intricate; to agree, suit or answer to ; to be like ; to have a beautiful form ; to know, perceive, or comprehend ; to hesitate ; lo be ignorant. Debellow also, to piilili-.h to accuse ; to dcfaiuc. See Castell. Col. 3750. Heb. to eat; to consume. rivative, a shackle. To this root Castle refers the English skill ; and it is certain the words ftSam. 2, To eat. correspond both in elements and in sense. Now in the Gothic and TeuVV.O I To publish ; to divulge, as a crime ; to accuse. tonic languages, the verbs corre.sponding to these Shemiiic verbs, signify in Syr. To sulFice, as wc say, it is well, Lat. valeo ; also, to be Saxon, scylan, to separate, to distinguish Icelandic and Swedish, skilid, Eth. ATl to divide, separate, sever ; whence shield, that which separates, and or exist ; that is, to be held, or to be fixed or permanent, to continue. hence defends ; D. scheelen, to differ; schillen, to peel, or pare ; whence to devour ; to cori'ode ; Lat. hclluo. Ar. to eat scale and shell. To this root our lexicographers refer skill. The prefix in this word would seem to have the force of a Now is negative, like L. ex. in confidence. To trust ; to cojumit to another No. 6. Ar. y. 5 it possible to suppose that these words can be formed from a common root ? The sense of sin and fully is probably from wandering, deviating, as in (See No. 3.) dcliiium ; and this is only a modification of the primary sense of "73, to as above. to trust, Etli. with a prefix Tl Or the tP has, in these Lat. calleo ; W. gallu ; Eng. stretch or extend ; that is, departure, separation. No. To be able lo

Deriv.

all

a cork, bar or bolt.

Castell. col. 2.523.

Sam.

A-

Zy

To

hold, or restrain.

Eth. tlAf^ To hold, restrain, or prohibit. Deriv. Lat. oKus ; a fellow, or companion.

^3

7.

Heb.
Ch.

by

prevail

could.

No.
Ar.

8.

'7D;>

To

digest

to

consume.

(No.

5.)

senses, the Ibrce of a negative. The sense of knowing, understanding, is usually or always from taking, In this appliholding, or extending to; as we say, I take

your meaning.

cation these words would seem to be directly from the Eth. and Ch. ShJ to tie ; to bind ; to unite ; also, to divide, im3- 5^ * To collect to be able ; the Latin calico, to be hard, and to know or be well skilled. This is the |)rimary sense of the word, or rather of this pel, or compel. These verbs That this word lT\D is from the same root as h^D, vhz, TiSd, we know by to press; to strain ; to urge, or impel also, to extend. root; are diU'eronl modilications of one radix ; and lunce the English hold, call, the Samaritan 24 ? iJ which signifies all, and which is a mere dialectical hollow, heal, hale ; the l^ulin calo, caulis, calico, callus ; Greek, K;Ua, a\ or >ta.\\M ; and a multitude of words in all the modern languages of spelling of the Heb. and Ch. 13. The sense of depriving and wasfing, in tlie Hebrew, is from separation, Europe. The sense of holding, restraining, forbidding, hindering, and keeping, are the sense of the Gothic and Teutonic words but it is to be noticed that loo obvious to need any explanation. They arc from straining. To thij| this sense seems to imply thiowing, as one mode of paiUng, and this is also sense is nearly allied the sense of measuring,, or ascertaining what is held the direct act of fouudmg, laying the foundation. When we turn our attention to the Arabic, new afnnities are disclosed. That which is contained is all, the whole that is or contained.
; ; ! ;

compre-

hended, from the

.->ense

of extension.

The German ha;; the same word in schuld, guilt, culpabiliscyUl, a shield. Danish skulde, should, and scyld, a debt, a ty, debt; Dutch, schuld; This >vord scyld, shuld, aiid schuld, think the primary sense' fault, a crime ; Sw. sktdd. the same. is the is to feed, to crowd, to stiill'; the primary sense of tlic root applied to Enghsh shoidd, the preterit of the verb -l:all ; and it is the word thisj German, Dutch, D.rnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Saxon, lor under the Chaldee loot we find words which signify the used in the particular act nut of a species of oak, the Gr. ixtAi;!, and a collection or crowd of people, {Icelandic, and Swiss Lord's prayer, to express what is rendered in English Here we see the primary sense of the word 'debts ; forgive us our debts. [Gr. xK.!,^ both of which are from collecting or pressing together. The sense of seeing and looking is from reaching or casting and stri- ]is to be held, or bound ; hence, liable. The English word guilt may be from the same root, without a prefix ; but whether it is or not, we observe king, or from holding OY fi.cin g the eyes on. The sense of trusting seoins also to be that of holding lo or resting on. the word expresses more than the English word debt, trespass or offense ; it comprehends the sense of /aurt, or sin, with that of being held, or liable The English itold in beh^ild is liom this root. The sense of calkng, ruuring, and thunder, is from impelling the voice Ito answer or to punishment. Debt, in the modern use of the word, implies or sound ; a pressing, driving, or straining, applied to sound ; like the LatinI ,the latter, but not the former; trespass and offense imply the sin, but not have no English word that includes both senHence the sense of publishing, accusing and defam-i ithe liability to answer. appcllo, from pello. to |ses, except guilt, and this seems to be hardly adequate express the full
some of the derivatives of No.
;

The signification of finishing or perfecfing, seems, in a good sense, to be from that of soundness ; a sense which is from stretching or strength. Orj it maybe from Cuming to the end, Wkc: finish Mv\achieve, or from shutling,\^ And the seiise of consuming, wasting, failing, may be froui bringclosing. this may ing to an end. In Latin, to consunie is to take all ; and possibly be the sense of this vci b. but the Arabic sense of failure would seem rather to be fiom holding, slopping, or coming to an end. be from consuming, or taking apart, but from The sense of eating may
5, I

bind, to gird, to shackle, and hence the English bind is to strain, the sense of hold. And here origin and piimary sense of shall, should ; Saxon Hence we see scealan, to be obliged ; that is, to be bound or constrained. why the words scale, shell and shall are all written alike in Saxon, sceal ; for scale and shell are fiom peeUng, or covering, binding. From this verb the Saxon has scyld, a crime, or guilt, Lat scelus, and

The

first definition is to

word.

The

radical sense of

we

arrive

at

the

am

incliiieii to

We

ing.

The sense of sprouting, in the Arabic, is a shooting or pushing out, as in sense of scyld. To account for the various significations of the same word, in different other cases ; Lat. caulis. The sense of ability, power, strength, in No. 7, is from straining, stretch-] 'languages, and often in the same language, it is necessary to find the primaHence Lat. calleo, action expressed by the root; and in compound words it is necessary to ing, or holding, as in other words of the like sense. to^ ry observe or ascertain the different effects produced on the original word by be skilled, and to be hai<l, callus. On this root So is piobably formed "730, a word difTerently pointed in the the prefixes. Thus the verb inculpu in Low Latin signiiies to eJ:cuse ; but Hebrew and Chaldee. 1 his word signifies in Hebrew to pervert, to err,: sonie modern writers use inculpate in a directly different sense ; that is, to 'blame. to be foolish or infatuated, to act Ibolishly. In like manner !m7>aWi6ie has two different significations; that may be In Chaldee, to understand, know, or considei ; to look or behold; tocau.sc to understand ; Rabbinic, to be ignorant wlience its derivatives, knowl- imparted ; and in law, not partible, or divisible. Such is the fact also with
;

INTRODUCTION.
number of instances of similar diver- cradle, through tlie Hebrew and through the Syriac, with the Latin radi}. sities in tlie application of prefixes may be found in the Shemitic lansjuag^es Here again we find the sense of roughness or grafing. Then turning to and this will account for ditferences which otherwise seem utterly irre- the Welsh, we find grydiaw, which signifies to utter a rough sound to concilable. shout, hoop or scream grydwst, a murmur, fiom gryd, a shout or hoop, and We find in our mother tongue, that the same word signifies to heal, and this froin rhyd, the word above mentioned so that crj/iiw, to shake, whence
impassirmate.
I

am persuaded

a vast

conceal, Lat. celo ; Saxon htel, health ; halan, Jwlaii, to heal, to conceal ; ge-hwlan and ge-hclan, to heal and to conceal ; Old English hele. Hence we see that the English heal and the Latin celo are the same word diiTerently applied, but from a common signification, which is to make strong or fast, or to hold, from the sense of pressing. Or perhaps the Latin cel/> may have this sense of holding, restraining ; and heal may rather be
to

from the same root gridare; Sp. and Port, gritar

cradle,
is

from making perfect. No.

2.

We may now

Supra.
;

also see the radical sense of holy

Saxon hal and

whole, sound, ssife; halig, ho]y; halgian, tohailow. the sense of se|)aration, or driving off, like Latin sacer, as it may. it is fiom The Shemitic roots TU, Din, mn, and mp, all, in some of the languages But I am inclined to be- of that stock, coincide in sense and elements with the shutting, confining, or restraining intercourse. English grate, French lieve the primary sense of holy is sound, entire, coinciding with tlie radical gralter ; and if the first letter is a prefix, they would seem to unite with sense of heal. the Latin ra(io. But this is a point 1 would not undertake to determine. Clod, Laudo, Claiido. One fact more. The Welsh cri, above mentioned, signifies a cri/ and In Welsh clod is praise, from Hod, a forcible utterance. This is the Eng- as an Now this coincides with the Latin criidus, in adjective, rough, raw. lish loud, and Lat. laudo, which with a pretix becomes plaudo. In Welsh, sense ; and crudus with the Wel*h cryd, above mentioned. llodi signifies to reach out, to crave, from the radical sense of Hod, to thrust The Dan. brygger, English to brew, are probably connected with break, out or extend ; but according to Owen, llodi is from llawd, which signi- viit\\ So under this loot, the Welsh grediaw, sigfreckle, and with rough. fies a shooting out, or a going onward, productiveness, a lad, and as an nifies to heat, scorch, parch, whence grcidyU, a griddle, from graid, that jdjective, tending forward, craving, lewd; llodig, craving, brimming; shoots in rays, heat, ardency, from gra, that shoots, or rises, as the nap or Uodineb, lewdness. Now. beyond all <|uestion, these words are tlic Chal- frieze of cloth. The latter is probably a contracted word, of the same famdee, Syriac, Hebrew, and Samaritan IT to beget to bring forth ; to cause ily, but not the root, as Owen supposes. But the radical sense implies a The Arabians shaking, agitation and roughness. to be be born ; and as a noun, a child of cither sex, a lad.
,

and this is connected with the braying of the ass, ivith shaking, trembling, and with roaring, murmuring, and thunder. The connection in example, is so marked as to preclude all hesitation as to the identity of If this word contains the words.
;

sound
this

grydiaw, to shout, and this is the Italian SdS.on grtudan ; Sw. grata; Dan. grader; Dutch kryteii ; Geiman greiten. This word in French is contracted, by the omission of the last radical, into crier for crider ; whence, probably, wc have cry, W. crj. Hence we find that the sense of is to utter a fry rough
;

as

ge-lial,

and Ethiopians use vau or

corresponding word
forth.
is

waw, where
^
^

the Helirews use yod.

The Arabic
Saxon.

<S\

the Ethiopic

(DA,?
a

to beget, to

Mcetau,io

Meet, mete, measure.

put, to place; Fv. mettre,
It.

bring

mettere,S\). Von.

me-

ter, Lat. tnitto.

M<ctati, melan, to find, to meet, or meet %vith; to paint; to dream ; to contraction of nAtiJou, measure, to mete, Lat. metior, metor, Gr. nerpia, nirpov, Lat. niensiis, with a Here we have precisely the Welsh Hod, casual n, that is, mesus, Fr. mesure. signifies to praise, to celebrate. above, corresponding with the Latin laudo and 2>laudo. But the same Ametan, gemetan, to meet, to find, to measure. Greek word x\iiw, xKiio^j, signifies to shut or make fast. This is the Latin a meeting. Gemeting, gemetmig, The Saxons used h for the Greek and the Latin c ; and cludo, claudo. Gemet, gemete, fit, suitable, Eng. tneet ; also, painted or portrayed. with these words accords tlie Saxon Idid, a cover English a lid ; that Gemetegan, gemetian, to moderate ; gemctlic, moderate, modest. which shuts or makes fast. That these words are all from one root, is Mete, measure, mode, Lat. modius, modus. a fact, apparent beyond any reasonable doubt nor is there the least dilfi.Meter, measure in verse, meter. [Not mefre.] culty in ascertaining the affinity, for the radical sense, to reach forward, to JMetere, an inventor, a painter. To thrust, gives the sense of thrust, to strain, solves the whole mystery. MtBte, middUng, [mcdiocris,] modest, moderate. begetting and i)roducing to strain or throw out the voice, gives the sense Mot, gemot, a meeting, a council. of praise ; and to thrust or press together, gives the sense of closing and a council of wise men.

But

this is not all.

In Greek, the verb

xAfiM,

making

fast. In this manner, words, which, at first \'icw, appear to have no connection, will, when pursued through different lang-uages, assimilate and unite, not only without forced analogies, but in defiance of all preconceived opinions and the reluctant mind is at last compelled to admit their
;

Witena-gcmot, Motion, to meet, especially for debate. Eng. to moot. Gothic. Motyan, gamotyan, to meet, to find. Mota, a place for the receipt of toll or customs. Dutch. Ontmoeten, to meet, to encounter.

identity.

There is another set of words whose derivation from the same root is very These are the Danish stutter, to certain, though perhaps less obvious. shut, close, conclude, linish, determine ; stutter, a key-keeper, a jailor ; Swedish, sluia, claudere, obscrare, to shut. or sliutup,or end; slott, a castle D. sleutel, a key slot, a lock, a castle, a conclusion sluiten, to shut, lock,
; ; ;

close, stop, conclude

ish,

which shuts These words

G. schloss, a lock schliessen, to close, conclude, fin; schleuse, a sluice ; D. sluis, id. Eng. sluice, that is, Swedish. Mota, to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. [This is or fastens ; Low Latin, exclusa. See Spelman's Glossary. the sense ofjijiditig.] are unequivocally formeil from tlie root of claudo, clausi, by Mote, a meeting. the prefix s, just as the Welsh yslae, slack, loose, is formed on Uac, and Mot, and emot, towards, against; as in motstci, to stand against, to observe all the ysjjeiliaw, on yspail, spoil, and this on the root oipeel. resist. Teutonic dialects use the dental t, as the final radical, except the German. Mala, to measure ; matt, measure, meter, mode. The Latins use both the dental and a sibilant, claudo, clausi, clausus. Mattelig, moderate, middling, frugal, temperate. If the Danish lyd, sound, Sw. lyda, to sound, is the same word as EngMalta, to be sufficient, to satisfy, to cloy. lish loud, these words belong to this family.
;

fetter,

shackle

to measure. Meeter, a measurer, Gemoeten, to meet ; gemoet, a meetiiig. German. Mass, measure, meter ; 7asse, moderation. Messen, vermessen, to measure ; messer, a measurer. Gemass, measure ; also conformable, suitable ; Eng. meet, suitable man gemassigt, temperate, moderate.

Meet en, and toemeeten,

Ger-

We

Danish.

Milder,

to

meet,

to

convene
;

mtidcormodc,

meeting ; mod,
;

Cradle.

contrary, opposite, against,

cradle,

to,

towards,

for,

on, by, aside, abreast, as in

Saxon cradel, is in Welsh modsetter, to set against, to oppose modsiger, to say against, to contradict In Welsh, the verbs crydu, cry- mod-vind, a contrary wind. cryd, a rocking, a shaking, a cradle. diaw, crydian, signify to shake, to tremble. These correspond to the Irish Moed, moden, ripe, mellow, mature. [Qu. Lat. mills.'] creaWmm, to shake Greek pa5aK, to shake, to swing. The Welsh verbs Mode, manner, fashion. [Probably fi'om the Latin.] are by Owen, deduced from rhyd, which signifies a moving. Now n^^T in Maade, measure, form, style of writing, way, mode, manner, fashion. Hebrew, Chaldee, and Ethiopic, signifies to shake or tremble. The same [This is the native Danish w ord corresponding to the Lat. modus.] Maadelig, moderate, temperate. Mtet, enough, sufficient; tntclter, to satisfy, or sate, to glut. word in Arabic .Xc, signifies to thunder to impress terror; to tremFrom the same root are the G. 7nit, D. ?net, mede, Sw. and Dan. med, Gr. to shake. ble This coincides with the Latin to roar, to and
;
;

Another example.

The English word

rudo,

we know

bray

from the voice of the ass, that roughness or shaking is an ingredient in the sense of this word. know it also from rudis, one of tlie af-

We

finities of 7-udo. There run hither and thither

is

also in

Arabic

which

is

rendered

to

to

move one way and

shake.

In

Hebrew lin
to

signifies to

Syriac and Eth.

rub or scrape.

the other ; to tremble ; to tremble or shake, and to palpitate ; in This coimects the word directly with

signifying with. By the first significafion of the Saxon matan, or metan, we find that this word, which is the English mcrt, is also the Frencli mettre and Lat. mitto, Meet is only a modithe sense of which is to throw or send, to put, to lay. 'fication of the same sense, to come to, to fall, to reach, hence to find ; as we say, to fall on. The sense of painting or portraying is peculiar to the Saxon. I am not confident that this sense is from finding ; but we observe that metcre is renIitra,

INTRODUCTION.
This application coincides witli the English meet, but particularly with The sense oi paint then may be to find a painter. ithe Swedi.sh and Danish sense of the word. out, to devise or contrive. 4. To make thin, to attenuate The sense of dreaminit is also peculiar to the Saxon. The sen.se may he probably from stretching. Among the Arabic nouns formeil under this root, we fand a measure, or to devise or imagine, or it may be to rove, as in some other words of like si;;modius, showing that this verb is the same as the Ciialdec and Hebrew ; we infra. If so, this sense will accord with the Syriac nification. j.ic find also matter or pus, and lenity. Qu. Lat. mitis.
dercd an inventor
anil
j

The other sifjniiications present no difficulty. To meet, is to come to, to reach in proceeding or in extending; hence to find. The primary seite of is to extend, to stretch to the full length or size of a thing. is from extending or reaching to. fit, suitable, like par, peer, pair, Sos7/!( is from the Latin seguor, through the French, to follow, to press or toward. See yor, under X13. supra. reach to be from the Saxon dialect, but moot The English meet and mete appear from the Gothic. Let it be remarked that in the Saxon, meet and mete, are united in the same orthography ; and in the Dutch the orthography is not very different ; so in the other ontmocten,gemoeten, to meet, and meeten, to measure. Not
measure Meet,
languages. In German, mass is measure, and messen, to measure ; but the sense of Yet that mass is the same word as tneet, fit, varied meet, does not occur. is suitable, anonly in dialect, appears from this, that gemass, with a prefix, swering to the English meet. The Swedish and Danish words follow the Gothic orthography ; Swedish

In Chaldee, W3D or nt3D> signifies to come to, to happen, to reach, [to The meet,] to be ripe or mature, to cause to come, to bring or produce. first sense gives that of finding, and tlie latter gives that of maturing, and

we observe tliat matter, or pus, is from the Arabic J^^ madda, and the sense ai mature from the Chaldee NBO mita. Yet in the use o( maturate from the Latin maturo, we connect tlie words, for to maturate, is to ripen, and to generate matter. In Syriac, this verb signifies the same as the Chaldee, to come to; and
also to be strong, to prevail, that is, to strain or stretch, the radical sense of power. In Hebrew, NXD has the sense of the foregoing verb in the Chaldee, to find, to come to, to happen. In Chaldee, this verb signifies to find, and to be strong, to prevail ; bencr both in Hebrew and Chaldee, to be sufficient. Here we see the Danish and Swedish, matter, and mhlta, to be sufficient. This is also meet, dialec-

These significations give to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. lically varied. the sense of finding, and are closely allied to the senses of the Arabic verb In Syriac also this verb signifies to be strong or powerful ; also in Pah. to bring or press out, to defecate, which sense unites this word with the Heb. infra. nSD, to press, to squeeze. In Ethiopic, this verb signifies to come, to hapThe Dauisli verb is mijder, to meet, but in both the Swedish and Danish, pen, to cause to come, to bring in, to bring forth. Now it is evident tjiat Sw. tii^ita, the sense of measure is expressed by a different orthography. NYD, and the Chaldee XBD, are dialectical forms of the same word ; tiie In these two former to measure ; matt, measure ; Dan. maade, measure, mode. coinciding with the German mass, in orthography, but with the and to satisfy. See infra, the otlier languages wo find also the sense of sufficiency, languages, in signification. In Chaldee, ysn signifies the middle, and as a verb, to set in the miiUlc. and Heb. .and Ch. xxn. Ar. Jv to pass the middle, in Qu. bnot fliis a Syriac, to be divided in the middle. But in these Gothic dialects, there is one application of race<t"ng, which branch of the family o( meet? The Chaldee HDX, amad, to measure, is evidently from "TO, with a predeserves more particular notice. In Swedish, mot and emot is a preposition of It is rendered toward, fix or formative the same signification as the English against. This word, in Syriac, signifies like the simple verb, to X. So in Danish, nmd is contrary, oppo.site, against, to, toward, by, escape, to be liberated. In Pael, to liberate. against. This preposition is the simple verb, without any addition of aside, abreast. t hence learn that the sense of such prepositions letters, prefix or suffix. In Arabic, this verb amida, signifies, to be tenninated, to end. the sense of to or toward ; but when is a meeting or coming to, which gives one meets another in front, it gives the sense of opposition, or contrary direcLatin niefa, which, Ainsworlh This coming to or meeting, may be for a friendly purpose, and hence whence the noun, an end, limit, termination, tion. The fact is the re" Guds in a metaphorical sense, a limit. in one's favor, like /or in English. Thus in Danish, godhed mod os," informs us, signifies, and literal sense, and that of a pillar and goal are God's goodness or mercy towards us. In other cases, mod signifies against verse ; tliis is its primary and implies counteraction or opposition ; as modgift, an antidote ; modgang particular appropriations of that sense. In Hebrew. "mX signifies a cubit, a measure of length. or in favor of; and also opSo /or in English signifies towards, adversity. The same in the Rabbinic, from HO, with a prefix. position and negation, as \n forbid. shall see this In Chaldee, this verb signifies to be contracted, to shrink. In the Danish we find moed, moden, ripe, mature. Is not this sense from ID, measure, modus, a limit, or a drawing. sense in the Chaldee SDD. Tlie sense is to reach, extend, or come to.
mita,

^^

We

^^\

We

The Latin 7iwdtis is from this root, and by its orthography, it seems to That the Shemitic wonis, nno, XBD, NVD and nDN, are words of the have been received from the Gothic race. The sense is measure, limit, from same stock with meet, mete, Lat. metinr, there can be no doubt, but it is of meeting and meatthe radix of many words not extending, or comprehending. This then becomes easy to understand why the different significations when they are a sense as moderate, modest, modify which express limitation or restraint, uring. "should be united in one word, in the Saxon language, the Shemitic, and in most of the Teudirectly contrary to that of the radical verb. expressed by very different words in In Saxon, Gothic, and other northern lan- tonic languages. We know indeed that in German a sibilant letter is often This leads us a step further. whence English used, in words which are written with a dental in all the other kindred languaguages, jnorf, moed, signifies mind, courage, spirit, anger, moody. The primary sense is an advancing or rushing forward, which ges. But in this case the German mass, measure, mu.st coincide with TO, as or stretching forward, and 'must the Swedish expres.ses mind or intention, that is, a setting mhta, and Dan. maade, and the Saxon metan, Dutch gtSo the Latin animus, also spirit, animation, heat, and lastly, anger. \moeten, Goth, motyan, Sw. mota, Dan. moder, with the Chaldee KOD, hut and the Greek uivoi, mind, signifies also, strength, gives rise to animosity 'not with the word XVD. Mania is from the same radical sense. force, vehemence, and anger. It may not be impossible nor improbable that all these words are fium one Let us now connect this root or these roots, with the Shemitic languages. stock or radix, and that the different orthographies and applications are diaIn Hebrew and Chaldee, ID, a measure. lectical families or races of signifies to measure changes of that root, introduced among different This coincides with the Latin metior, and Gr. niipw, as well as with the men, before languages were reduced to writing. Saxon, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish, which all write the word with a denIn the Latin m^msus, from metior, the n is probably casual, the original tal, but the German is mass. mesure. I have reason to think there are being mesus, as in the French In Syriac ^io signifies to escape, to get free, that is, to depart, a modifi- many instances of this insertion of n before d and s. From this exhibition of words and their significations, we may fairly incation of the sense of extending in the Arabic. A derivative in Syriac sigLat. mitto, French mettre, of the foUoiving words. nifies a dvity, toll or tribute and we have seen in the Gothic, that mota is a fer the common origin meet, to come \o,meet, fit, and me(f, to measure, Lat metior, metor, It may be from toll-house. measuring, that is, a portion, or perhaps income. English Gr. M"P'>t"'Ps". Lat. mensura, Fr. mesure, Eng. measure, Lat. modui, mode. Sax. and Goth, mod, mind, anger, whence moody, Eng. moot, Lat maturus, This word in .\rabic madda, signifies, mature, and Eng. matter. 1. To stretch or extend, to draw out, to make or be long, to delay or give In Welsh, niadu signifies, to cause to proceed; to send, [Lit mitto;'] to lime, to forbear, to bring forth. To extend is the radical sense of measure. and mdd sigto become beneficial suffer to go off; to render productive 2. To separate, or throw offer out; to secern, secrete or discharge. Hence and mad, the or goes forward, hence what is good Here we have nifies, what proceeds to become matter or sanies, to produce pus, to maturate. or beneficial. adjective, signifies, proceeding, advancing, progressive, good the origin of the word matter, in the sense ofpus. It is an excretion, from This word then affords a clear proof of the radical sense ot good. We have throwing out, separating, freeing, discharging. Here we have the sense of like evidence in the English better, best, and in prosperity, which is from the Latin mitto, eniitto. the Greek irpcaf^p", to advance. 3. To assist, to supply. This sense is probably from coming to, that is, to " I was sick and In Welsh also we find madrez, matter, pus mMiru, to dissolve, to putrevisited me. 1 was in prison and ye approach or visit. ye That these words are from the same root as the Arabic came to me." Math. fy, to become pus.
,-

nO

A^

xxv.

Vol.

I.

D.

INTRODUCTION.
jthe

To show the great importance, or rather the absolute necessity, of ascertaining the primary sense of words, in older to obtain clear ideas of the sense of ancient authors, more particularly of difficult passages in dead languages, let the reader attend to the following remarks. same radix. In commenting on certain parts of Isaiah xxviii, Lowth observes in his Preliminary Dissertation, the difficulty of determining the meaning of niH, in verse 15th. In our version, as in others, it is rendered agreement but, " The Greek ^i^u is rendered, to speak or say ; to tell, count, or number says Lowth, the word means no such thing in any part of the Bible, exin the ISth verse following nor can the lexicographers give any satisto gather, collect, or choose ; to discourse and to lie down. This last defi- cept account of the word in this sense." Vet he nition shows that this word is tlie English he and and from this appli- factory agrees with Vitringa, lay ; that in these passages it must have this The difficulty, it signification. cation, doubtless, the Latins had their lectus, a bed, that is, a spread, a lay The Latin lego, the same verb, is rendered, to gather; to choose; to seems, has arisen from not understanding the primary sense of seeing, for the verb generally signifies to sef,- and as a noun the word read to steal, or collect by signifies sight, stealing; and the phrase, legere oram, signifies vision and so it is rendered in the Latin version annexed to to coast, to sail along a coast ; Vanderhooghf s legere vela, i< to furl the sails ; legere halt Bible. The seventy render it by o-uwBin.i, a covenant or league ; and they are turn, to take breath; legere littus, to sail close to the shore legere milites, followed " Nous avons intelligence avec le sepulchre." by the moderns. to enlist or muster soldiers; legere pvgno, to strike, perhaps to lay on with French. " Noi habbiam fatta lega col sepulcro." Italian of Diodati. the fist. Parkliurst understands the word to signify, to fasten, to settle, and he cites It would seem, at first view, that such various significations cannot pro" Joab took Amasa by the beard." Here the sense is ceed from one radix. But the fact that they do is indubitable. The prima- 2 Sam. XX, 9, ;nn, obvious and fiom this and other passages, we may infer with certainty, ry sense of the root must be to throw, strain or extend, which in this, as in that the radical sense is to reach to, or to seize, hold, or If the sense is almost all cases, gives the sense of speaking. The sense of fix. collecting, to reach to, then it accords with covenant, conveniens, coming to ; if the choosing, gathering, is from throwing, or drawing out, or separating by some such act or from throwing together. The sense of lying down is, sense is to fix, or fasten, then it agrees with league, Lat. ligo, and with pact, The sense of reading, in Latin, pactum, from pango, to make fast; all from the sense of extension, stretchprobably, from throwing one's self down. Hence the meaning of ntn, the breast; that is, the firm, is the same as that of speaking in the Greek, unless it may be from collect- ing, straining. And if the English gaze is the same word, which is not ing , that is, separating the letters, and uniting them in syllaliles and fixed, strong part. words for in the primitive mode of writing, diacritical points were not used. improbable, this determines the appropriate sense of seeing in this word, to be to fix, or to look or reach with the eye fixed. But probably the sense of reading is the same as in speaking. But we have other and decisive evidence of the primary The phrases legere oram, legere littus, in Latin, may coincide with that of signification of our seamen, to stretch or lay along the shore or coast, or to hxig the land ; this word in the obvious, undisputed meaning of iriN, the same word with to seize ; hence, behind, especially if this word lay in Sanscrit signifies to cling, as I have seen it a prefix, which signifies to catch, or lay hold on stated in some author, but for which I cannot vouch. If this sense is at- following, as if attached to ; and hence drawing out in time, to delay. tached to the word, it proves it closely allied to the L. ligo, to bind. That the .sense of throwing, or driving, is contained in this word, is cerit is not improbable that the Arabic jLs* hauz, may be a word tain from its derivatives. Thus, in Greek, airUiyw signifies to select, to collect; of the same stock and this signifies among other senses, to collect, contract and also to reject, to repudiate, and to forbid ; which imply throwing, or draw together, to accumulate, to have intercourse or commerce with thrusting away. another. The latter sense would give nearly the signification of the HeNow, if throwing, sending, or driving, is the primary sense, then the Lat- brew word. in lego, to read, and lego, legare, to send, are the radically the same word Lexicographers are often embarrassed to account for the difTerent signifiinflections of the verb being varied, arbitrarily, to designate the distinct ap- cation of words that are evidently derived fiom the same root. Thus, plications, just as iupello, appello, appeUere, to drive, and appello, appelin Hebrew, llty is rendered to sing to look, behold, or observe ; and to lare, to call. And here it may be worth a moment's consideration, whether several; rule; and its derivatives, a ruler, a wall, the navel-string, a chain or can a word signify to rule, and to sing, and to look ? necklace, &c. words with prefixes, such as slay, flog, and the Latin plico, W. plygu, are; Nothing can be more easy or natural. The sense is in both cases to stretch not formed on the root of lay, that is, lag or lak. The sense of slay. Sax. or To sing is to strain the voice ; to rule is to restrain strain, to reach. " slogan, slcean, is properly to strike, to beat; hence in Saxon, Hig slo- men ; and to see is to reach, or to hold in view. gon heora wedd," they sleic their league, or contract ; that is, they struck In Latin sero, signifies to sow, to plant, to beget, to spread ; consero. a bargain. It signifies also to throw, as to slag one into prison ; also to fall to set or lay. The sense of killing is derivative from that of striking,! ito sow, and to close or join ; desero, to leave off, to desert ; assero, to plant a striking down. by or near, and to assert, affirm, and pronounce; dissero, to discourse ; to insert, to implant ; resero, to unlock, to open, to disclose. Desero, Ftog-, Lat. _^ig-o, signifies primarily to rwsA, drive, strike, Eng. to lick ; [insero, " utsit desertum and if formed on the root of lay, is precisely the desert, Ainsworth says, is a compound of de and sero, popular i)hrase, to lay on. [to And dissero he supposes must be a metaIf plico is formed with a prefix on or its root, it must have been ori- Iquod non seritur nee colitur." /ay Then to fold, would be to lay on or phorical use of the word. Now, on the principles 1 have unfolded, nothing ginally pe/jco, that is, belico, belay. is easier than an explanation of these words. The sense of sero is to throw, close ; to lay one part to another. this word is ihe Welsh plygu, Ito thrust ; its literal sense is applied to sowing and to fold, which Owen makes to be a planting ; consero is to compound of py and lly. The latter thrust or drive together; desero is to throw from; assero is to throw, in word must be a contraction of llyg. know that the word rejUy is from the French repliquer, the Latin words, or to throw out, as in appello ; dissero is to throw words or arguments, to reply, is not to fold back, but to send back, to throw 'with the sense of spreading, expatiating; itisero is to throw or thrust in; Now, replica. back, as words, or an answer ; and this gives the precise sense of lay, to 'resero is to throw or drive from, hence to unlock or open. It is by resorting to the primary idea of words that we are able to exthrow, to send, which must be the sense of the radical word. It is no inconsiderable evidence of the truth of my conjecture, that wei plain applications, apparently, or in tact, diverse and even contrary. A veconstantly use the phrase to lay on, or lay to, as synonymous with pli/, a ry comnion example of this contrariety occurs in words which signify to word belonging to this family. To pledge, another of this family, is to or defend. For instance, the Latin arceo signifies to drive oft", and to prolay guard down, to deposit ; and the primary sense of play. Sax. plegan, Dan. leger,, tect, secure, hold, restrain, or keep from departingor escaping; two senses diSw. leka, is to strike or drive. This is extremely natural for o/cco signifies to thrust off, jrectly opposite. In Welsh, //wfiau' signifies to throw, Or if or dart; to pelt ; to drift; repel, drive back and this act defends the person or object attacked. fling, cast, from llur. a darting, a flash, glance, or sudden throw ; hence llu(;ed. we suppose tlie sense of strai)iing \o be anterior to that of repulsion, which lightLlug signifies also, that breaks, or begins to open, a gleam, a break- lis not improbable, then the act of straining or holding produces both efi'ecls; ning. ing out in blotches the plague. Llwg siunihes also, that is apt to break to repel or stop what advances to assault, and protect what is inclosed or asout, that is bright, a tumor, eruption. These words coincide with Eno-- saulted. The word- guard and warren present a similar application of the lish light, Lat. luceo ; the and all languages which I have examined, furnish a multiprimary sense of which is lo throw, shoot, or dart primary idea and these words all contain the elements of ^o^ and fling. tude of similar examples.

S^ supra, think to he very obTious; and here we observe that the Welsh have one important sense derived from the root, that of gooiiy which occurs in none of the other lanpiuages. But the primary sense is the same as that of the other significations, to go forward, to advance ; hence to promote interest or happiness. Here we have undeniable evidence that the sense of good, Welsh mad, and the sense of matter, pus, proceed from the
I

the

same as that of light. So the river .9ar, in Europe, is doubtless fiom same source as the Orienntal IIN, to shine, whence air. And inj,
as to shine, chiefly signi-

which, in Hebrew, signifies to flow as water, as well fies in Chaldee and Syiiac, to shine.

LEGO.

Now

How

Now

We

In Welsh, llyru signifies to fiill fiat, to lie is evidently allied to lay and lie.

exaiiiples illustrate Ihe utility of extensive researches in language ; cogmite languages throw light on each other one language often reThese senses agree also with that of luck, to fall, or come suddenly ; that taining the radical meaning of a word which the others have lost. Who, to rush or drive along. js, for instance, that is acquainted only with the English use of the verb to In Russ. vlagayu is to lay, or put in equivalent to the German einlegen. have, would suspect that this word and happen arc radically one, and that The Latin ^iw is contracted from _^uo-o; and the radical sense of flow is the primary sense is to fall or rush, hence to fall on and seize ? Vet nothing
as all
; ;

extended, or

to squat.

This

These

INTHODUCriON.
7. To swell, distend, expand, spread. 8. To stir, shake, agitate, rouse, excite. /lafter,9. To .shoot as a plant to grow allied to No. 1. 10. To break, or burst; allied sometimes to No. 3. In like manner the primary sense of venio in Latin, cannot be certainly 11. To lift, raise, elevate; allied to No. 9. determined without resorting to other words, and to kindred languages. In 12. To tlcc, withdraw, escape to fly; often allied to No. 1. word signifies to come or arrive but in Spanish, venida, from Latin, the 13. To rage ; to burn ; allied to No. 7 and 8. venir, the Latin venio, signities not only a coming or arrival, but an attack 14. To fall; to fail; whence fading, Venio coincides in origin with the English yiurf , Saxon Jindin fencing. dying, fitc. 15. To approach, come, arrive, extend, reach. ThisU usually (he sense an ; German and Dutch finden, to tind, to fall or Ught on Danish_^;ider ; Swedish finna, to find, to discover, to meet, to strike against [otfendere.] of gaming. No. 34. 16. To go, walk, pass, advance; allied to No. 6. The primary sense o{ venio then is not merely to come or arrive, but to rush or 17. To -seize, take, hold sometimes allied to No. 31. move with a driving force ; and this sense i.s applicable to coining or going. 18. To strike; to beat; allied to No. 1. That the primary sense is to fall or rush, we have evidence in the Latin We have still 19. To swing to vibrate. No. 29. ventus, and English wind, both from the root of this verb. 20. To lean; to incline ; allied to the sense of further evidence in the word venom, which in Welsh is gwenivyn; gwen, wandering, or departing. 21. To rub, scratch, scrape; often connected with Venom is that while, and gwyn, rage, smart, whence gwynt, wind. driving, and with which frets or excites a raging pain. Hence we may infer that L. venor, to roughness. 22. To swim ; to float. hunt, to chase, is of the same family ; and so is venia, leave, or leave to de23. To stop, cease, rest; sometimes at least from a leaving, coinciding in signiiication with leave. straining, holding, faspai't, or a departure, * Tlie latter word, venia, proves another fact, that the primary sense of ve- tening. 24. To creep to crawl sometimes connected with scraping. nio is, in general, to move in any direction, and that the Latin sense, to come,^

U more

certain.

tained in cation.

In the Spanish language the senses ol both verbs are reand the Welsh Aapiaio gives us the true original signifi-

is

peel, to strip, whence spoiling. leap, to spring; allied to No. 9 and 1. 27. bring, bear, carry; in some instances connected with producing, ry to recur to tlie derivan\es. Thus the Latin livdo is rendered to hurt ; but, by adverting to allido, elido, and collide), we find that the original sig- throwing out. 28. To sweep. Hurt then is the secondaryi nification is to strike, hit, or dash against. 29. To hang. No. 19. sense ; the effect of the primary action expressed by the verb. 30. To shrink, or contract; that is, to draw. So the Latin rapio, to seize, does not give the sense of rapidus, rapid, See No. 3.

a particular appropriation of that sense. In ascertaining the primary sense of words,

2.'>.

it

is

often useful or necessa-

26.

To To To

but the sense of the latter proves the primary .sense of rapio to be to rush, and in its application, to rush on and seize. These examples will be sufficient to show how little the affinities of language have been understood. Men have been generally satisfied with a knowledge of the appropriate sense of words, without examining from

31. 32. 33. 34.

To run to rush forward; allied to No. 1. To put on or together; to unite allied to No. To knit, to weave. To gain, to win, to get. See No. 1.5.
;

and

3.

These and a few more verbs express the literal sense of all the primary But it must be remarked that all the foregoing significations are not visible or physical action, or ;)?^/;^a?t/ sense, that particular application roots. has been derived. Hence the obscurity that still rests on the theory of lan- distinct. So far from it, that the whole may be brought under the significaguage. It has been supposed that each word, particularly each verb, has tion of a very few words. The English words to send, throw, thrust, strain, an original specific sense, or application, distinct from every other verb. stretch, draw, drive, urge, press, embrace the primary sense of a great part We find, however, on a close examination and comparison of the same of all the verbs in every language which I have examined. Indeed it must word in different languages, that the fact is directly the reverse that a be so, for the verb is certainly the root of most words ; and the verb expresverb expressing some action, in a general sense, gives rise to various ap- ses mof ion, which always imphes the application offeree. Even the verbs which signify to hold or stop, in most instances at least, if And in the course of my repropriate senses, or particular applications. searches, 1 have been struck with the similarity of manner in which differ- not in all, denote primarily to strain or restrain by exertion of force ; and to ent nations have appropriated derivative and figurative senses. For exam- lie is primarily to throw down, to lay one's self down. So that intransitive ple, all nations, as far as my researches extend, agree in expressing the verbs are rarely exceptions to the general remark above made, that all sense oi pistice aniright, by straightness, and sin, iniquity, tcrong, by a verbs primarily express motion or exertion of force. The substantive verb deviation from a straight line or course. Equally remarkable is the simpli- has more claims to be an exception, than any other for this usually denotes, city of the analogies in language, and the small number of radical signifi- I think, permanence or continued being ; but the primary sense of this verb cations ; so small indeed, that I am persuaded the primary sensie of all the may perhaps be to set or fix ; and verbs having this sense often express exverbs in any language, may be expressed by thirty or forty words. tension in time or duration. So iiiu in Greek is to stretch, but the same We cannot, at tliis period of the world, determine, in all cases, which word teneo in Latin, is to hold ; hence continuance. words are primitive, and which are derivative nor whether the verb or Let us now attend to the radical sense of some of the most common verbs. the noun is the original word. Mon. Gebelin, in his Monde Primitif, Speaking, calling, crying, praying, utterance of sounds, is usually from maintains that the noun is the root of all other words. Never was a great- the sense of driving or straining. Thus in Latin, appello and compello, That some nouns may have been formed before the verbs though of a different conjugation from pello, depello, impello, are from the er mistake. with which they are connected, is possible ; but as languages are now con- same root and although the Latin repello does not signify to recall, yet the structed, it is demonstrably certain, that the verb is the radix or stock from corresponding word in Italian rappellare, and the French rappeler, signify which have sprung most of the nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech to recall, and hence the English repeal. Hence also peal, either of a bell belonging to each family. This is the result of all my researches into the or of thunder. This is the Greek i3a^Xtij, and probably waUw is from the We find, indeed, that many modern verbs are form- same root. The sense o( striking is found in the Greek verb, and so it is in origin of languages. ed on nouns ; as to practice from practice; but the noun is derived from a the Lat. loquor, Eng. clock. But in general, speaking, in all its modificaGreek verb. So we use wrong as a verb from the adjective wrong tions, is the straining, driving, or impulse of sounds. Sometimes the sense but the latter is primarily a participle of the verb to wring. Indeed coincides more exactly with ihaXof breaking or bursting. a large part of all nouns were originally participles or adjectives, and Singing is a driving or straining of the voice ; and we apply strain to a the tilings which they denote were named from their quahties. So pard, passage of music, and to a course of speaking. I am not confident that I can refer the sensation ot hearing to any visible pardus, is from T13 barad, hail ; and the animal so named from his spots as if sprinkled with hail, or rather from the sense of it may sometimes be from striking, hitting, touching. But separation. Crape, action. Possibly the Fr. crfpe, is from crfper, to crisp. Sight signifies, primarily, seen ; it we observe that hear is connected in origin with car, as the Latin audio is being the participle of seon contracted from sigan. Draught is the parti- with the Greek on, wtm, the ear whence it appears probable that the verb ciple of draw, that which is drawn, or the act of drawing ; thought is tlie to hear, is formed from the name of the ear, and the ear is from some verb which signifies to shoot or extend, for it signifies a limb. participle of think. As the verb is the principal radix of other words, and as the The primary sense of seeing, is commonly to extend to, to reach ; as it proper province of this part of speech is to of behold, for the radical sense express action, almost all the modifica- were, to reach with the eye. Hence the use tions of tlie primary sense of the verb may be comprehended in one word, othotd is to strain and hence its signification in beholden, held, bound, obto move. See the verb See in the Dictionary. ligated. The principal varieties of motion or action may be expressed by the folThe sense of look may be somewhat different from that of see. It appear! in some instances to have for its primary signification to setid, throw, coat ; lowing verbs. 1. To drive, throw, thrust, send, that is, to send or cast the eye or sight. urge, press. 2. To set, fix, But these are usually from thrusting, or throwing down. The primary sense of feeling is to touch, hit, or strike ; and probably this lay. 3. To strain, stretch, draw, whence holding, binding, strength, power, and is the sense of taste. often health. Wonder and astonishment arc usually expressed by some word that sig4. To turn, wind, roll, wander. Hence the Latin miror, to wonder, is the Armoric nifies to stop or hold. 5. To flow, to blow, to rush. miret, to stop, hold, hinder ; coinciding with the English moor, and Spanish 6. To open, See No. 16. amarrar, to moor, as a ship. part, spht, separate, remove, scatter.

what

INTRODUCTION.
on to thrust on. Wc h.ive a familiar examand capio ; for caplo is primarily to fall or rush ple in the Latin incipio, in on and seize. See Begin in the Dictionary. See AsAttempt is expressed by straining, stretching, as in Latin tento. say and Kssay. exPower, strength, iui the corresponding verb, to be able, are usually and this is the radical sense of ruling or pressed by straining, stretching, is an example, which gives rectus, right, governing. Of this the Latin rego

To begin

is to

come, or

fall

hard, have

all

the

from one
the

root, the

more inclined

to this opinion, for these

same elementary letters, and I suppose them all to be sense of which is, to draw, strain, shrink, contract. I am words coincide with calleo, to be

strong or able, to

that

is,

stretched, straight.
is

Care, as has been stated,

the mind.

usually from strainmg, ftiat

is,

a tension ot

To think is to set or fix or hold in the is expressed by setting. approaches to the sense of Si(;V)ose, Lat. /;>po;!o. And under this word, let us consider the various applications of the Latin verb puto is rendered to prune, lop or dress, as vines, puto. The simple that is, according to Ainsworth, putum, i. e. puruni reddo, purgo, by which or used I understand him to mean, thatj)i((u; is either a change ofpunim, r are not for it a most improbable supposition, for the radical letters t and coramutable. Puto is rendered also, to make even, clear, adjust, or cast up Its compounds accounts ;Uso to think or consider; to suppose to debate. are amputo, to cut off, prune, amputate, to remove computo, to compute. to to reckon, to think or deem ; disputo, to make clear, to adjust or settle, or debate, to jeason ; impitto, to impute, to ascribe or lay to, to dispute to reckon up, to impute. place to account ; reputo, to consider, to revolve, account or reckon, The Latin depute signifies to think, judge or esteem, to and to prune ; but the Italian deputare, Spanish diputar, and French depuHow can the sense o( think, ter, from the Latin word, all signify, to send. and that of lop or prune, be deduced from a common root or radical sense ? We find the solution of this question in the verb to depute. The primary sense is to throw, thrust or send, or to set or lay, which is from throwing, To prune is to separate, remove, or drive oft"; to force off; to driving. think Is a setting in the mind ; to compute is to throw or put together, either in the mind or in numbers ; to dispute is to throw against or apart, like deand to repute, is to impute, is to throw or put to or on to beat from
Thinking
It

mind.

know ; a sense that imples straining and holding. Hope is probably from reaching tbrward. We express strong desire by longing, reaching towards. Earnestness, boldness, daring, peril, promptness, readiness, willingness, love and favor, are expressed by advancing or inclining. Light is often expressed by opening, or the shooting of rays, radiation; and probaiily in many cases, the original word was applied to the dawn of Whiteness is often connected in origin with light. day in the morning. We have an instance of this in the Latin caneo, to shine and to be white. And that the primary sense of this word, is to shoot, to radiate, that is, to throw out or off, we have evidence in the verb cano, to sing, whence canto, the sense of which is retained in our popular use of cant ; to cant a stone ; to cant over a cask ; give the thing a cant ; for all these words are from one
stock.

The Latin virtus, the English worth, is from the root of vireo, to grow, is, to stretch forward, to shoot; hence the original sense is strength, a Hence the Lasense we retain in its application to the qualities oif plants. tin sense of virtus, is bravery, coinciding with the sense of boldness, a projecting forward. Pride is from swelling or elevation, the primary sense of some other words
that

bate, ; to think or throw in the mind, repeatedly.

To amputate,

is

to separate

by

Puto then in Latin is from the same root probably, as the and also the Dutch English put, or the same word differently applied; a or shoot, Gr. ipuiuv, &c. pooten, to plant ; pool, a paw, twig In attempting to discover the primary sense of words, we are to carry our state of mankind, and consider how rude reflections back to the primitive
cutting round.

men would effect their pui-poses, before the invention or use of the instru driving or thrusting. Eating seems to have a somewhat different sense. The English verb to cut, signifies or Drinking is from drawing, or from wetting, plunging. Drench and raents which the moderns employ. and we are apt to consider this as drink are radically one word. dinarily to separate with an edged tool ; But if so, how can cut, the stroke of a whip Anger, and the like violent passions imply excitement, or violent action. the chief and original sense. which is a legitimate sense of the word, be deduced from the act of severing Hence their connection with burning or inflammation, the usual sense of commotion. have, in this popular use of the word, a clew to guide which is raging or violent by an edged tool ? Agreement, harmony, are usually from meeting, or union, or from exus to the primary sense, which is, to drive, urge, press, and applied to the to. arm, to strike. But we have better evidence. In the popular practice of tending, reaching are from the sense of throwing or setting down, or to ancall Dwelling, abiding, England, it is not uncommon to hear one person speaking in the Latin continuo, from teneo, other when running, and say, cut on, cut on; that is, hurry, run faster, resting, or from stretching ; as we see by This is Gr. Tiivu, to extend. drive, press on ; probably from striking a beast which one rides on. Hence we see, that this verb is the Latin Guarding and defending, are fiom roots that signify to stop, or to cut off; the original sense of the word. or more generally, from the sense of driving off, a repelling or striking ccedo, to strike, to cut down, somewhat differently applied, and cado, to fall, In some cases perhaps from holding. is only a modified sense of the same root, ;uid the compounds incido, to cut, back. the prepositions Opposition is usually expressed by meeting, and licnce and incido, to fall on, are of one family. To cut, is therefore primarily to Thus the Danish preposition mod, Swedish mot if applied to the severing of bodies, before wliich express opposition. strike, or drive, and to cut off, or emot, against, contrary, is the English word to meet. edged tools were used, was to force otT, or to strike oft"; hence the sense of denote primarily breath, air, wind, the radiWords which expiess"s;V;t separating in the phrase to cut off a. retreat or communication. Hence the connection between So the Latin carpo is the English carve, originally to separate by plucking, cal sense of which is to flow, move or rush. hence passion, animosity. So in spirit and courage, animus, animostis ; pulling, seizing and tearing, afterwards, by cutting. have Greek (p?iiii!, frenzy, is from (r?i', the mind, or rather from its primary sense, the sense oS is

nearly allied to it. Fear is usually from shrinking or from shaking, trembling; or sometimes perhaps from striking, a being struck, as with surprise. Holiness and sacredness are sometimes expressed by separation, as from common things. The Teutonic word holy however seems to be from the sense of sowidness, entireness. Faith and belief seem to imply a resting on, or a leaving. It is certain that the English belief i^ a compound of the prefix be and leaf, leave, perTo believe one then is to leave with him, to rest or suffer to rest mission. with him, and hence not to dispute, contend or deny. Color may by from spreading over or put'ing on but in some instances, See Dye and Tinge. the primary sense is to dip. Spots are from the sense of separating or from sprinkling, dispersion. The radical sense of making is to press, drive, or force. We use make in its true literal sense, in the phrases, make your horse draw, make your servant do what you wish. Feeding is from the sense of pressing, crowding, stuffing, that is, from
;

We

New

This verb signi- a moving or rushing. a clear proof of this in the Latin peto and its compounds. So in our mother-tongue, mod is mind or spirit; whence mood, in Engfies primarily to rush, to drive at, to assault, and this sense, in Dictionaries, in the sense of purpose, have the force of the ori- hsh, and Sax. modig, nioody, angry. Hence ought to stand first in the order of definitions. and impetuous. So tiie Latin rogu, comcides its primary signification, is a setting forward, as intention is from intendo, ginal in the words impetus to stretch, to strain, the sense that ought to stand first in a Dictionary. in elements with reach. of scolding, or throwing The act of understanding is expressed by reaching or taking, holding, Reproach, chiding, rebuke, are from the sense have a pop- out words with violence. sustaining ; the sense of comprehend, and of"understand. 1 take your meaning or your Sin, is generally from the sense of deviating, wandering, as is the pracular phrase which well expresses this sense, tice of lewdness. So in German, begreife7i, to begripe, to apprehend. idea." of stretching, making straight, Right, justice, equity, are from the sense .knowing seems to have the same radical sense as understanding. and iJie like affections, are usually expressed by or from laving, making smooth. Pain, grief, distress, Falsehood is from falling, failing, or from deviation, wandering, drawpressure or straining. Affliction is from striking. of rousing, excit- ing aside. Joy, mirth, and the like affections, are from the sense The primary sense of strange and /orei^n, is distant, and from some verb ing, lively action. to depart. Wild :ind fierce are from a like sense. Covering, and the like actions are from spreading over or cutting off, in- signifying arc from e.vhamting, drawing r'aJH.ua/iif]/, Ji'ane, and kindred words, terruption. Hiding, is from covering or from withdrawing, depai-ture; or concealment out, or fiom departing, withdrawing, falling away. Paleness is usually fromfailure, a departure of color. be from withholding, restraining, suppressing, or making fast, as in the may clear. is fiom expanding, display, or making Glon/ opening, Latin celo. or straining. Heat usually iniplies excitement ; but as the effect of heat as well as of Binding, making fast or close, is from pre.s.sure, of all primitive words cald is sometimes to contract, I think both are sometimes from the same raWriting is fiom scratching, engraving, the sense 4lix. Thuscoid and the Lat. caleo, to be warm, and callus and calleo, to be which express this act.

Asking

usually expressed by

pressing, urging.

We

We

mmd

We

INTRODUCTION.
some guftenio is a prefix, the root of this word may be the same. The object however for which this word is here mentioned, is chiefly to show tlie unimen have observed in expressing their ideas making use of Vapor, steam, smoke, are usually from verbs which signify to exhale or formity which 'the same visible physical action to represent tlie operations of the mind and throw olf. Thus passus moral ideas. Stepping seems to be from opening, e.xpaniling, stretching. in Latin i> from pani/o, to open, .but this agrees in origin with pateo, and Silence, deafness, dumbness, are from stopping, holding, or making Grad}is in Latin coinciiles with the Welsh rhawd, \fast. with the (;reek jrar-i.'. War is from the sense of striving, driving, struggling. a way, and thi<, when traced to its root, terminates in the oriental 11, mi, Good is generally from enlarging, or advancing, \\ke prosperous. to open, stretch or expand; in Syriac |>; radah, to go, to pass. Chaldoe, Evil is from wandering, departing, or sometimes from softness, weakness, Walking may be sometimes from a like source but the word walk siguilics flowing or fluxibility, as is the case with the Latin malum, from tlie Welsh primaiily to roll, pre.^.s, work and full, as a hat, whence walker signifies a

crowd,

mass, a wood. Sac

are from collecting or pressing, or

allied sigriitication.

mall.

fuller.

Softness and weakness are usually

Softness smoothness, and perhaps with moisture.

drawing,

as

is

relaxation.
to

The primary sense of the names of natural and material objects cannot named from yielding, bending, withbe ascertained. The reasons are obvious. Some of these names are however is sometimes connected with always

Sweetness seems
ness.

have

for its

primary sense, either soflness or smooth

;

Soughncss is from sharp points, wrinkling or breaking and acidity is sharpness or pungency, and nearly allied to roughness Death is expressed by falling or departure life by fixedness or continuother language. ance, or from animation, excitement
;

detached branches of a family of words, which no longer form a part of our language, the verb and all the derivatives, except a single name, being extinct or found only in some remote country. Others of these names navie suffered such changes of orthography, that it isdillicult or impossible to asfrom certain the primary or radical letters, and of course the family to which they Numerous examples of such words occur in English, as in every belong.

.S<//n, in Saxon, signifies to SeHing^ is primarily, a passing or transfer. give as well as to sell. A coast or border, is usually the extreme point, from extending. Law is from setting, establishing. The primary sense of son, daughter, offspring, is usually a shoot, or as we

body is named from shaping, that is, setting, fixing, or extending, and hence sometimes, the general name of the human race. The arm is a shoot, a push, as is the branch of a tree. A board, a table, a floor, is from spreading, or expanding, extending. Skin, and bark are from peeling, stripping, &c. The names of particular animals and plants cannot always be traced to their source but as far as I have been able to discover their origin, i find animals to be generally named from some striking characteristic of external appearance, from the voice, from habits of life, or from their office. There is reason for believing that the Greek sp u9o! and Latin siruihio, or ostrich, is from the same root as the English strut, the strutter; the primary sense of which root is, to stretch, which explains all the senses of the Greek and Latin words of this family. It is certain that the crow is named from its cry, c and the leopard from his spots. ness. And in Arabic j i abana, signifies to think, Lat. opinor, that is, Thus plants were named from their qualities: some from their form, others fiom their color, others from their eflbcts, others from the place of their to set in the mind. Few and small are senses often expressed by tlie same word. Thus, al- growth. The English root, Lat. radix, is only a particular application of rod though/e> in English expresses merely a small number, yet the same word and ray, radius ; that is, a shoot. Spurge is undoubtedly from the root of the Latin purgo. in French, peu, and in the Italian, poco, signifies little in quantity, as well as There is reason to think that many names of plants were originally adjecfew in number. Cause is from the sense of urging, pressing, Hence it well tives, expressing their qualities, or the name was a compound used for the impelling. expresses that which produces an effect and hence it is pecuUarly expres- same purpose, one part of which has been dropped, and the other remaining sive of that by which a man seeks to obtain a claim in law. A cause in as the name of the plant. Thus pine, pinus, is from pin, pinna, penna ; for in Welsh pin is a pin and a pen or style for writing, and pinbren is a pinecourt is properly a pressing for like action from ago ; and prosecu ri^ht, tion from the Latin sequor, which is our word seek. Hence the Latin ac tree. The tree then was named from its leaf. Fir has a similar origin and signification. cuso, to accuse, to throw upon, to press or load with a charge. The Saxon It is probable or rather certain that some natural saca. contention, suit in law, is synonymous with cause, and from the root objects, as plants and minerals, received their names from their supposed qualities ; as in ages of otseek, sequor. It is the English sake. The word thingm nearly synonymous with cause and sake. See Thing ignorance end superstition, men might ascribe effects to them, by mistake. The whole history of magic and enchantment leads us to this conclusion. tn the Dictionary. Minerals are, in many instances, named from their obvious qualities, as The piimary sense of time, luck, chance, fortune, is to fall, to come, to arrive, to happen. Tide, time and season, have a like original sense. Tide gold from its yellowness, and iron from its hardness. The names can, in some cases, be traced to their original, as that of gold and of the Latin^ifrin Saxon is time, not a flow of the sea, the latter and mod being a em application of the word. This primary signification secondary unfold rum ; but many of them, are not easily ascertained. Indeed tiie greatest of time will of the specific names of animals, plants and minerals appear to be obto us what I formerly could not understand, and what I could find no person part to explain, that is, why the Latin tempora should signify times and the tem- scure. Some of them appear to have no connection with any family of words It seems that ples. tempora are ihe falls of the head. Hence also we un- in our language, and many of them are derived tons from Asia, and from derstand why tempest is roots which can be found only, if found at all, in the .\siatic languages. naturally deducible from tempus, as the primary sense is to fall, to rusb. These observations and explanations will be sulficient to show the imporHence tempestivus, seasonable, that comes in itance of developing, as far as possible, tiie origin of words, and of good time. Season has a like sense. comparing Hence also we are led to understand, what has seemed the ditlerent uses of the same word indifferent languages, in order to underinexplicable, how the French heureux, stand either tlie philosophy of speech, or the real force and signification of lucky, happy, can be regularly deduced from heure, an AV e hnd that in Greek and hour. words in their practical application. Latin, the prima'ry sense of hour is time, and time is a coming, a If it should be found to be true, that many of the Shemitic verbs are formfalling, a happening, like the English luck, and hence the sense ol lucky hence fortunate and ed with prefixes, Ukc those of the European languages, this may lead to new happy. The ifordfortunate IS precisely of the same character. illustrations of the original languages of the scriptures. In order to determine this fact, it will be useful to examine whether the Chaldee and Hebrew The primary sense of the Shemitic lan davar, or althavar, corresponds most precisely with that of eausc and 3 is not often a prefix answering to be in tlie Teutonic languages whether thing in EngUsh, that is, to sUain, Hence it signifies, to speak, and in Ch. and Syr. J and 3 are not prefixes answering to the ga and ge of the Gothic and Teuurge, drive, tall or ruali. to lead to direct, to whether T, and n, and I, a dialectical form of D, do not coincide govern. As a noun, it signifies a word, that which is tonic uttered a thing, cause or matter, tliat is. that which with the Gothic du, the Saxon <o, the Dutch <ot', and the German zti; happens or falls, like event Irom evenio also a plague, or great calamity, that is, that which whether J does not answer to the Russ. and Dutch ho, the German nach; tails, or comes on manor beast, like plague, a stroke or affliction, frpm and whether D and V> do not answer to s, sh, and sch in the modem EngUsh And it may be observed, that if the first letter is a striking. prefix answer- and German. ing to the Gothic du, Saxon and English to, in the Saxon to-drifan, to drive, If many of the Shemitic triliteral verbs are compound, it follows that the then the ro.y. 13 coincides .Ki any rate, 1 have no hesitation in ex.ictly with the Welsh /im, to command, which primary radix has not been detected. to retained lu composiUon in Uie Lat. impero. Indeed if the first syllable of affirming that the piimary sense of many of the roots in the Shemitic Ian;
;

Hence in Hebrew J3 ben, signifies both a son, a cion, a branch say, issue. and the young of other animals. A son, says Parkhurst, is from nJ3 banah, tobuild, and hence he infers that a son is so called, because he builds up or continues his father's house or family. But if so, how does the word apply to a branch, or an arrow? What do these buildup? The mistake of this autlior, and of others, proceeds fi-oin their not untlerstanding the original meaning of the verb, which is not to erect, or elevate, but to throw, to set, to found and this verb is probably retained in oui" word found. A son is that which is thrown or shot out, a cion or branch is the same, an offset, one an offset of the human body, the othei- of a plant, and an arrow is that which is shot or thrown. Hence probably the Hebrew J3X eben or even, a stone, W. maen, or vaen, that which is set, so named from its compactness or hard-

But fi'om such facts as have occurred to me, in my researches, I may venture to atfirm with confidence, that most names of natural objects are taken from some obvious quality or action, or some supposed quality of the thing; or from the particular action or operation by which it is produced. Thus tumors are named from pushing, or swelling ; and redness, or red, seems, in Isome instances at least, to be named from eruptions on the body. The human

INTRODUCTION.
gusges, that sense which is almost indispensable to an understanding of many obscure passages in the scriptures, has been hitherto overlooked or In order fully to comprehend many uses of the words, it will be mistaken. necessary to compare them with the uses of the words of the same family in the modern languages, and this comparison nuist be far more extensive than any hitherto made, and conducted on principles which have not been before duly appreciated and applied. I have introduced the foregoing comparative view of the several si^ifi-

Progress and Changes of the English Language.

It has been already observed that the mother tongue of the English is the Anglo-Saxon. The following are specimens of that language as it was spoken or written in England before the Norman conquest. The first is from the Saxon Chronicle. The original is in one column, and the literal translation in the other. The English words in italics are Saxon words. Thenumberof these will show how large a proportion of the words is reeationsof the same word indifferent languages, not merely to illustrate the tained in the present English. general principles of language, but with a special reference to an explanation of the etymologies which occur in this work. Should my synopsis ever An. DCCCXCI. Her for se here An. 89L Here [this year] fared be published, the learned enquirer might pursue the subject at hispleasure east, and Earnulf cyning gefeaht with the army east and Earnulf, the king, The results of the foregoing remarks and illustrations may be thus reca- tha^m raede-here aer tha scipu co- fought with the cavalry [ride army] pitulated. mon,midEast-Francum,andSeaxum, ere the ships come, with the East1. The nations which now constitute the distinct fanjilies or races of Ja- and Ba>gerum, and bine geflymde. I'rancs, and Saxons and Bavarians, phet and Shem, are descendants of the common fanuly which inhabited the And thry Scottas cwomon to jElfrede and put lliein to flight. And three plain of Shinar, before the dispersion. cyninge on anum bate, butan aelcum Scots come to iElfred, the king, in a 2. The families at the dispersion retained a large proportion of the words gerethum, of Hibernia; and thonon [an] boat, without any rowers, from which were in common use, before that event, and the same were conveyed hi hi bestaelon, forthon the hi woldon Hibernia, and thence they privately to their posteiity. In the course of time, some of these words were drop- forGodes lufan on eltheodinesse bion, withdrew [bestnle] because that they ped by one family or tribe, and some by another, till very few of them are hy ne rohton hwsr. would, for God's love be [or live] retained in their original form and signification by all the nations which where they should not be anxious have sprung from the main stock. A few of them however are still found [reck, care.] all or nearly all the in languages which I have examined, bearing nearly the same signiiication and easily recognized as identical. Se bat wa:s geworht of thriddan The boat was wrought of tteo 3. Although few of the primitive Avords can now be recognized, as exist- healfre hyde, the hie on foron, and hi hides and a half [third half hide,'] in ing in all the languages, yet as we better understand the changes which namon mid him that hie hcefdon to which Ihey fared [came] anrf they have been made in the orthography and signiiication of the same radical seofon nihtum mete, and tha comon took with them that they had for sewords, the more affinities are discovered and particularly, when we un hie ymb seofon niht, to londe on ven nights meat, and they corne derstand Iheprimary sense, we find this to unite words whose appropriate CoiTiwealum, and foran tha sona to about the seventh night, to land in or customary signitications appear to have no connection. iElfrede cyninge. Cornwall, and fared [went] soon to 4. A great number of the primitive radical words are found in JE\(re<i, the king. compounds, formed indi/ferent languages, with different affixes and prefixes, which obscure the affinity. Thus Veritas in Latin is wahrheit in German the first The following specimen is from the Anglo-Saxon version of Orosius, suppoIn other instances, sed to be made by King Alfred. syllable in each is the same word, the last, different. both difference of orthogi-aphy, of formation and of application concur to ob scure the affinity of words. Thus, the English word strong is in Danish Ohthere sa:de his hlaforde, iElOcthefe told [said] his lord, king streng, signifying stern, severe, rigid, strict; and strenghed [stronghood] is frede kyninge, tha>t he ealra North- Alfred, that he lived north most of Now, n in these words is not radical ; remove manna north mest bude. He cwaeth all the north men. He quoth that severity, rigor, strictness. this letter and we have strog, streg, which coincide with the Latin stringo that he bude on tha^m lande northe- he dwelt in the [them] land northstrictus ; and these words are found to be from the same radix, which weardum with tha west sa. He ward, opposite [with] the west sea. signifies to draw, to strain, to stretch. sa;de theah thast that land sy Ht said though, that that land is due 5. It appears that b,p and/ are often prefixes, either the remains of pre- swythe north thanon ; ac hit is eall north from thence, and that it is all positions, or casual additions to words, introduced by peculiar modes of pro- west buton on feawum stowum sticce waste except [but] in a few places nunciation, which prefixes now precede consonants with which they readily maelum wiciath Finnas, on huntathe [stows] where the Fmis for the most coalesce in pronunciation, as I and r, forming triliteral words on biliteral on wintra, and on sumera on fiscothe part dwell, for hunting in winter, He saede tha;t he a;t and in summei' [or fishing in that sea, roots; as in block from Hoc, or lock ; play, Sixon plegan, from leg or lek, be there ss. Swedish /fAa, Dan. leger ; flow, Lat. fluo, from lug, or luc, which appears sumum cyrre wolde fandiam hu [by the sea.] He said that he, at in lighl, lux, luceo, and in lug, a river, retained in Lugdumtm. some iimc, would findhow long that lange thiet land north right la^ge. 6. It appears also that c or k and g, are often prefixes before the same land lay right north. consonants, ( and r, as in Lat. clunis, Eng. loin ; W. clod, praise, from Hod. German gluck, English luck ; Lat. gratia, W. rhad. Laws of King iEthelbert. Latin, lavs, laudo 7. It appears also that s is a prefix in a vast number ol words, as in speed, Gif Cyning his Icode to him gehaspoil, swell, sweep ; and it is very evident that st are prefixed to many words If the King shall call [cite] his

,-

original, radical, initial consonant was r, as in straight, strict, strong, tath, and heom mon tha?r yfel gedo, stretch, from the root of right, rectus, reach, and in stride, from the root of II bote and cyning L. scillinga.

whose

people to him,
shall there

and any one [man]

let

do

evil,

double com-

the Latin gradior, W.rhaz. If these inferences are just, as I am persuaded they are, it follows that there is a more near resemblance and a much closer affinity between the Gif in Cyninges tune man mannan languages of Europe and of Western Asia, than has hitherto been supposed to exist. It tbilows also that some of the most important principles or rudi- ofsleah, L. scill. gebete. ments of language have hitherto escaped obsei-vation, and that philology is yet in its infancy. Should this prove, on further examination, to be the state of philology, it is resei-ved for future investigators to examine the Gif on Eorles tune man mannan original languages of the scriptures on new principles, which may sei-ve to illustrate ofsleath, XII Scil. gebete. some obscure and difficult passages, not hitherto explained to the general
satisfaction of critics

pensation be made, to the King.

and Mty shillings

If in the King's town a

a

man

man,

let

him compensate

slay

[boot]

with

fifty shillings.

and commentators.

If in an Earl's town one man another man, let him pay twelve shillings for reparation.
slayeth
1

If any persons should be disposed to doubt or contradict these facts, let

Gif

man

thone

man

ofslshth,

XX

them

If man,

first consider that conclusions arc not hasty opinions, formed on scil. gebete. isolated facts; but that they have been forced upon nie, in opposition to all former habits of thinking, by a series of successive proofs and accumU scil. lating evidence, during a long course of investigation, in which I have com Gif thuinan (of aslshth) pared most of the radical words, in more than twenty languages, twice and Gif thuman na>gl of weordeth III

my

man,

let

[any one] slayeth any him compensate with twen-

my

ty shillings.

If the thumb shall be cut off, twenty shillings. If the thumb nad shall scytefinger (of be cut off, three shillings shall be the asla-hth,) VIII scil. gebete. Gif man compensation. 7/" any one [off slaymiddle finger (of a slsehth,) IV. scil. eth, striketh off,] cutteth off the fore Gif man gold-finger (of a gebete. finger [shoot finger,] let him comGif man pensate with eight shillings. slaehth,) VI scil. gebete. If one thon litlan finger (of a slshlh) XI cutteth off the middle finger, let him pay four shiUings. If any one cutprimary scil. gebete. That I have succeeded at last, in every instance, can teth off the gold signification. hardly finder [ring finger,] su|i|io3ed let him pay six yet, in most cases, I am perfectly satisfied with the results of If any shillings. researches. one cutteth off the littlefinger, let

XX

some of them three times.

scil.

part of my researches has given me more trouble or solicitude, than that of arriving at the precise radical signification of moral ideas ; such for example, as hope, love, favor, faith. Nor has it been with much less labor that I have obtained a clear knowledge of some of our physical actions. It is literally true that I have sometimes had a word under consideration for two or three years, before I could satisfy my own mind, as to the

No

gebete.

Gif

man

pay eleven

shillings.

INTRODUCTION.
Laws
of

King Eadgar.

Ik was,

Thu

wa.st,

Weis wesum, Vus wesuth.

Is was. Eis wesun.* order or instruct lliat each Israth that a;lc cristen man In the present tense of the substantive verb, our common people use u'nt man enrneslty accustom liis licarn to ciistendome geornlice chrislian " he d'nl This is evidently a contiaction of the present."' nostei' and [wean] his ctiildreii to Christianity as in this phrase wffiiiige and him pater and teach him the Swedish and Danish, Sr, er, present, indicative, singular, of the substantive credon tace. IChristendvm] Pater Noster and Creed. verb, vara or vcerer, to be, which we retain in are and were. In Swedish, han hr, and in Danish, ban er, he is. Hence he ernot or or We laerath that preost ne beo hun- We direct that a priest be not a not, contracted into he a'nt or e'nt. These facts serve to show how far the Gothic dialect has been infused into ac plegge hunter, nor hawker, nor a gamester ta ne hafecerc ne ta'flere on his bocum swa his hade gebirath. but that he apply to his books, as it the English language. to recite all the It would be tedious and to most readers becomes his order.

We

We

uninteresting,

changes in the forms of words or tlic structure of sentences which have taobserve by these extracts that rather more than half tlie Saxon words ken place, since the fiorman conquest. Since the invention of printing, art nor have been lost, and now form no part of our language changes in the language have been less rapid, than before but no some words introduced liy the Danes, continued to| effort can completely arrest alterations in a living language. The distinThis language, with be used by the English, till the Norman concjuest. After that event, great guished writers in the age of Queen Elizabeth, improved the language, but arc now obsonumbers of Saxon words went into disuse, nol suildenly, but gradually, and could not give it stability; Many words then in common use French and Latin words, were continually added to the language, till it be- lete or have sulTered a change of .signification. In the period between centuries. Queen Elizabeth, and the beginning of the eighteenth century, the langan to assume its present form, in the fourteenth and fifteenth in Vet the writings of Gower and Chaucer cannot now be fully understood guage was improved in granunar, orthography, and style. The writers the reign of Queen .\nn and of George I, brought the language nearly to without a glossary. But it was not in the loss of native Saxon words and the accession of French perfection and if any improvement has since been made, it is in the style words alone that the change of our langua(:,e consisted. Most im- or diction, by a better seleclion of words, and the use of terms in science and Latin It is probable, and philosophy with more precision. portant alterations were made in the sounds of the vowels. In regard to grammatical construction, the language, for half a century if nol certain, that our first vowel a had usually or always the broad sound, least as far as as we now pronounce it in/uW, or in some words perhaps the Italian sound, past, has, in my apprehension, been suffering deterioration, at The sound of was pro- regards its written form. This change may be attributed chiefly to the inas it is now called, and as we pronounce it in ask. whose grammar made its appearance bably nearly the same as it is in French and Italian, and in the northern fluence of the learned Bishop Lowth, to his form of the verb, which languages on the continent of Europe ; which is nearly that of a in favor. nearly sixty years ago. I refer particularly The Saxon sound of i was probably the same as it is .still on the continent, was adjusted to the piactice of writers in the age of Queen Elizabeth, instead and the sound of fe or long e. The sound of was thatof our present oo, French of the practice of authors in the age of William and Mary, Queen Ann, and in most countries on the European George 1. Hence he gives for the form of the verb in the subjuncfive on, the sound it still has in Itahan. It is probable that the change of the sound of 1/ happened in con mode, after the words which express a condition, if, though. Hiq. I love, continent. in a note, that in the subjunctive mode, the sequence of the prevalence of (he French pronunciation after the conquest; thou love, he love, observing in the form of a for the present sound of u may be considered as intermediate, between the event being spoken of under a condition or supposition, or wish, and therelbre doubtful and contingent, the verb itself in the present, full sound of 00, or French ou, and the French sound of These changes, and the various sounds given to the same character, now and the auxiliary both of the present and past imperfect times, often carry I may serve to perplex foreigners, when learning English ; and tend, in no .small with them somewhat of a future sense ; as "if he come to-morrow, of oui language. This is an unfor speak to him'' " If be should come, I should speak to him." This is true ; degree, to retard or limit the extension tunate circumstance, not only in obstructing the progress of science, but of but for that very reason, this form of the verb belongs to the future tense, or he come, would be in Latin as such in Grammars. should be arranged If Christianity. The piincipal changes in the articulations are the vse of k for c, as in look si vena'it, in the subjunctive future. But the learned author has entirely overlooked the important distinction for locian ; the loss of /i before /, a.s in /(la/from hlttf, lot for hlot, lean for hlinian ; and the entire loss of the prefix ge or ga, as in deal for ge-dtelan between an event or fact, of uncertain existence in the present time, and deem for ge-deman ; and o( to as a prefix, as in to-helpan, to help; to-dai- which is mentioned under the condition of present existence, and a future " If the mail that has arrived contains a letter for me, I In no instance do we feel more sensibly the change of sounds contingent event. Ian, 'o deal. in the \'owels, than in that of (, which in French, Spanish and Italian, is e shall soon receive it," is a phrase that refers to the present time, and ex" If the mail conthe fact. long for in consequence of this, persons, who are not acquainted with these presses an uncertainty in my mind, respecting " if the mail of to-morthat is, foreign languages, mispronounce such words as marino, .Messina, Lima, tain a letter for me," refers to a future time, The first event, are to be pronounced low contain [shall or should contain] a letter for me." giving to i its English sound, when in fact the words conditional or hypothetical, should be expressed by the indicative mode, and mareeno, .Afessecna, Leema. The Saxon form of the verb, if he In grammatical structure, the language has suffered considerable altera- the latter by the subjunctive future. !n our mother tongue, nouns were varied to form cases, somewhat sfcry, if he go, is evidently a contingent future, and is so used in the laws. tions. This distinction, one of the most important in the language, has been so This declension of nouns has entirely ceased, except in the as in Latin. that no provision has been made for it in British Grampossessive or genitive case, in which an apostrophe before s has been sub- totally overlooked, Some of om- pronouns retain mars ; nor is the distinction expressed by the form of the verb, as used by a stituted for the regular Saxon termination es. The plural termination in en has been great part of the best writers. On the other hand, they continually use one their declensions, somewhat varied. senses. The fact is the same in the comdropped, in a number of woids, and the regular plural termination been sub- lorm of the verb to express both mon version of the scriptures. Jfhe go, if he speak, sometimes express a stituted, as hotises for housen. In general esent conditional tense, and sometimes a contingent future. In most cases, the Saxon termination of the infinitive mode of verbs, has " If been dropped, and for gifan, we now write, to give. The variations of the this subjunctive form of the verb in scripture, expresses future time. Thus for the he thus say, I have no delight in thee," expresses a future contingent verb, in the several persons, have been materially changed. " If it far away," exevent. 2Sam. xv. 26. Saxon iniquity 6f in thine hand, put Job xi. 14. in the present time. Ic lufige, We lufiath, presses a fact, under a condition, Thu lufast. Ge lufiath, In many irLstances, the translators have deviated from the original, in usverb to express what in Greek, is He lufath. Hi lufiath. ing the subjunctive form of the EngUsh Matthew iv. 6. Ei vioj ft rov tou, if we now writeexpressed in the indicative. Thus I love. We love. tiiou be [art] the son of God. Thou lovest. Ye love. Ch. V. 29 and 30. Et is o of floX/tof am o Jejtos axavSaXi^n ai ; if thy He loveth or thee; it r; Jf|ia aov j;cip ffxoiiaXifft fff, if thy They love. right eye offend, [offendeth]

We

V'

still

thee. right hand offend, [offendeth] In the Saxon phn-al however we see the origin of the vulgar practice So also in Chapter xviii. 8 and 9. retained in some parts of Eugland and of this country. IVe loves, they loves, which aie contractions of lufiath. In the substantive verb, our common people universally, and most persons * This is probably the Latin esse. The Latins dropped the first articulaof better education, unless they have rejected their traditionary language, tion r, which answers to our w. retain the Gothic dialect, in the past tense. The present tense indicative mode of the Latin verb, with the v restored, I was. was. would be written thus. Ye was. Thou wast.

loves.

We

was. They was. people may be ridiculed for this language, it is of genuine origin, as old as the Saxon word were. In Gothic, the past tense runs thus

He

Ego vesum,
tu ves,
ille vest.

However

nos vesumus, [was,] vos vestis, [was.] illi vesunt, [was.]

INTRODUCTION.
" If if my bodily strength is equal to the task." ' A negro, " he works for himself and not a for master, will do double the work." If there is If their conduct displays no true wisdom." Et ovfai tfir j atna tov avSpuTtarv ittta fjjs yvvaixoi, if the any aggravation of our guilt." " The honorable Case of the man be [is] so with his wife. gentleman may, if he chooses, have the journals read " Whether this is a sufficient tie to unite them." If this measCh. xxii. 45. Et ovv Aa/3i8 xalii, auroi' Knpior, if David then call [calleth] again." ure comes recommended." " If there exists a country which contaias the him Lord. Ch.
xii. 26.

Et o aatavai Tov eatavaf

ix8aK>^fi., if

Satan cast [casteth] out

Satan.

Ch. xix.

10.

'"'

" If the effects of climate If climate has such an effect on mankind." arc casual." Coxe's Russ. " If he ' If he thinks his aptop, or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask [shall ask] bread, not finds his collection too small." will he give him a stone. " Whether it leads to truth." "judgment If ne U'ams sufficiently enlightened." Koi tor ixSw aitfjBt], if he ask [shall ask] a fish, will he give him a ser- others This is generally the language of Johnagainst his own failings." pent. son. Here the original tense is varied to express a future or hypothetical In regard to this distinguished author, I would observe that, except the event, yet the verb in English is in the same tense as in the first class of ex- substantive verb, there is in his Rambler but a single instance of the subamples; and what renders the veision more objectionable, is, that the verb junctive form of the verb in conditional sentences. In all other cases the in the first clause, does not correspond with that in the second clause. use of the indicative is uniform. There is no possible way of making good English of the translation, but by Such also is the language of the most distinguished men in the United So it States, siipposing the verb in the first clause ask, to be in the future tense. particularly of those who wrote their native language as they receiwould be in Latin, and so it is, " si petierit." If thy son shall ask (or should ved it from tradition, and before grammars had made any impression on its ask) a fish, will he give, (or would he give) him a serpent? genuine construction. This fault runs through the whole English version of the scriptures, and "The prince that acquires new territory, if he^rwfe it vacant." "If a distinction of tenses clearly marked in the original languages, is generally we are industrious we shall never starve." " If one has more corn than neglected in the translation. he can consume, and another has less." Such is the languag-e o{ Franklin. Now the most unlettered man in this country, would express the sense in " If any persons thus qualified are to be found." " If it is thought pro" If the English, with the same marked distinction of tenses, which appears in the per." docs not choose to point out the particular congress regi" If the Greek. If thou art the son of God ; if thy right eye offends thee ; if the ment." " If I am rightly informed." army has not removed." case of the man is such ; if David calls him Lord ; or if the sense is under- " If a Such is the language of Washproposition has not been made." stood to be future and contingent, if thy son shall ask bread, or if he should ington. " If os/c bread, would be the uniform language of any of the common people of any philosopher prefenrfs." " If he has food for the present day." our country. There would not probably be a single exception, unless in " If a revelation is not " If the Christian impossible." system contains a the use of the substantive verb, which is often used in the sulijunctivc form. real communication to mankind." " If the former of these facts opposes And the most unlettered man would use the corresponding verbs in the two our reception of the miraculous " If the history of the gospel." preceding clauses, if he shall ask, will he give; or if he should ask, would he give. reflections nrc Such is the language of the late President Smith.* just." " The use of the verb in all similar phrases, is perfectly well settled in this deetiis the introduction of foreigners or their merIf 3ny government country, and perfectly uniform among the higher and lower classes of men ; chandize injurious." " Unless he violates the law of nations." " If a per" If he resides in a unless when the practice has been varied by the influence of Grammars, in son has a settlement in a hostile country." belligerent which the conjugation of the verb is according to the antiquated practice country." " If a foreign Consul carries on trade as a merchant." Such f the age of Elizabeth. is the language of the ex-Chancellor Kent. 1 Tim. v. 4. El. 61 ti; But neither the authors here mentioned, nor most others, even the most XVC"' I'""''* V fxyofa ixn, if any widow, have [has] children or nephews. distinguished for erudition, are uniform and consistent with themselves in Verse 8. Ei Si tif tap ibtuip xai jjaXifa tiMi oixiiav ov itfopoii, if any the use of the tenses. In one sentence we find the indicative used, " If it is not for his own, and especially for those of his own to be discovered only by the experiment." " If other indications are to be provide [provideth] found." In the next sentence, " If to miscarry in an attempt be a house. proof This subjunctive form of the verb, if he be ; if he have ; if he go ; if he of having mistaken the direction of genius." Johnson. " If the former be refined if those virtues are accompanied with equal 9ay ; if thou write ; whether thou see ; though he fall, which was geneGibbon. rally used by the writers of the sixteenth century, was, in a great measure, abilities." " If love rcwai-d discarded before the time of Addison. Whether this change was in consehim. or if strike." Cowper. " Or if it does not brand him vengeance to the last." quence of the prevalence of colloquial usage over grammar rules, or beCowper. " If he is a cause discerning men perceived the impropriety and inconsistency of the pagan if endeavors are used if the person hath a liberal of books, I pretend not to determine. Certain it is, that Locke, education if man be subject to these miseries. Milner. language The following expressions occur in Pope's Preface to Homer's Iliad, in Watts, Addison, Pope, and other authors of the first distinction, who adorned the close of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century, the compass of thirteen lines. " If heAas generally used the indicative mode to express condition, uncertainty, and given a regular catalogue of an army." " If he has funeral " If these hypothesis in the present and past tenses. Thus Locke writes games for Patroclus." " If two propositions are by nature imprinted." " If principle* are innate." V\yssesvisit the shades." " If " If he be detained from " Whether that subhis return." any person hath never examined this notion." " If Achilles be absent." " If the soul doth think in " If one C071stance thinks or no." sleep." " If he " If he does not reflect." siders well the.se men's w.iy of speaking." gives his hero a suit of celestial armor." ** Unless that notion produces a constant train of successive ideas." " If I recollect one English author only, who has been careful to avoid this inyour Lordship ?neans." Such is the language of Locke. consistency ; this is Gregory, who, in his Economt/ of JVature, has uniNow what is remarkable, the learned Dr. Lowth, the very author who formly used the indicative form of the verb in conditional sentences of this has, by his grammar, done much to sanction the subjunctive form of the kind. The like inconsistency occurs in almost all American writings. " If verb, in such cases, often uses the indicative in his own writings. " If he " If does not carefully attend to this if this pleasure arises from the shape of moral disposition lie here." preference necessarily involves the the composition if this is not firmly and well established." These verbs are knowledge of obligation." " If the proposition is true." " If the propoin contradiction of his own principles. On Isaiah. Prelim. Diss sition 6e confirmed." " If he refutes any thing." Addison. "If the reader has a mind to see a father of the same stamp.' In a pamphlet now before me, there are no less thzn fifty of these incon" If exercise throws off all superfluities if it clears the vessels if it dis- sistencies in the compass of ninety pages ; and three of them in one senSuch is the language of Addison, the most tence. sipates a growing distemper." elegant writer of the genuine English idiom in the nation. " If the thief is poor if it obliges me to be conversant with scenes of

arSpwrtoj Sio^^ftprfat, though our outward man perish, [perishes or is perishing.] In all these passages, the English verb, in the .subjunctive, properly expresses a conditional, contingent or hypothetical future tense, contrary to the sense of the original, except in the last passage cited, where the apostle evidently spealis of the perishing of the outward man as a fact admitted, which renders the translation still more improper. Let us now attend to the following passages. Matthew vii. 9. rts i;iv i% vftav ai'flpurtos, op iav aitrjeti o vioi cwtov
Coi'. iv. 16.

Et o

means of

f|to fifiuv

" If the " If an asprudence of reserve and decorum dictates silence." sembly is viciously or feebly composed." If any persons are to make good " if the deficiences." King of the French has really deserved these mur" If this derous attempts." representation of M. Neckar was false." " Whether the " The system, if it deserves the name." politician looks for a power that our workmen call a purchase, and if he finds the power.''

protection."

Pitt.

" If he feels as "

men commonly

feel."

Burke.

wretchedness."

Wilberforec. is not to be conquered. Lord Chatham. *The substantive verb is often used in the subjunctive form by writers arc to be satisfied with assertions." " If it gives blind confi- who never use that form in any other verb. The reason doubtless is that dence to any executive government." " If such an opinion /las gone forth." be is primarily the indicative as well as the subjunctive mode of that verh. " If our conduct A(M been marked with Fox. I be, we be, as used in Scripture. So in German Ich bin. vigor and wisdom."

"
"

If If

Ameiica

we

INTRODUCTION.
lIow,1nthis case, is a foreigner to understand the author? and how can tended by the populaiily of Murr.iy's grammar," has been to introduce, or such seiitrnccs be translated into anotlier language without a deviation from establish a form of the verb in writing, which is obsolete in colloq\iial lanthe original ? guage to till our books with a confusion of tenses, and thus to keep the The propiiefy of using the indicative form of the verb to express a pre- language unsettled. Nothing can be more perplexing to the student thali it is most every where to meet with sent or past event conditionally, does not rest solely on usage discrepancies between rules and practice. There is another erroneous manner of writing, common to the best auIt is well known, (hat most of the words which correct upon principle. arc used to introduce a condition or hypothesis, and called most improperly thors in the language, which seems to have escaped notice. This is, to conjunctions, arc verbs, having not the least affinity to the class of words connect a verb in the past tense with a preceding one in the same tense, used to connect sentences. If is the Saxon gif, give, having lost its first when the latter verb is intended to express a very di/ferent time from the " Then Manasseh kyiew that letter i/"fr the ancient giT". the Lord, he was God." 2 Though is also a verb now obsolete, except in former. Thus, Now let us analyze this conditional tense of the Citron, xxxiii. 13. the ini|)era(ive mode. " If the man knows his true interest, he will avoid a The Latins, in tliis case, would probably have used the infinitive Ma"verb. quarrel." Here is an omi.ssion of the word that after if. The true original phrase nasseh novit Jehovam deum esse. In English we ought to write and say, " Manasseh knew Jehovah to was " Jf that the man knows his true interest, he will avoid a quarrel" be God," or, Manasseh kntw that Jehovah he is God. In most .similar cases, the use of the infinitive in that is, give that [admit the fact which is expressed in the following clause] English is a But there are many cases where the infinitive cannot the man kiwu's his true interest, then the consequence follows, he will elegant as in Latin. That in this sentence is a relative or denionstiative sub- be used. We cannot use it after say " he said him to be a good man," is avoid a quarrel. This will more plainly appear by transpo- not English stitute for the following clause. though he declared, or affirmed, or believed him to be a good
; ;
;

^/

" The man h)wu's his true interest sing the clauses. give that [admit that ;] he will then avoid a quarrel. Now let the subjunctive Ibrm be used. "The man knowhis true interest ; give that; he will avoid a quarrel." Here the impropriety of this form of the verb appears in a strong light. It will appear more clearly by the use of other words of equivalent signitication. Grant the man know Ids true interest, he will avoid a quarrel. Allow the man know his true interest. Suppose the man know his true interest. never use the subjunctive form after the three last verbs which introduce the condition. Though is sometimes followed by the in dicative ; .sometimes by the subjunctive ; but it ought always to be follow ed by the indicative, for it supposes the fact to be given and so does admit, when used in hypothetical sentences. Admit that the man knows his inWe have then decisive proof that the use of the indicative form of terest. the verb after if, when it expresses a conditional event in present time, is most correct ; indeed it is the only correct form. This remark is equally applicable to the past tense, conditional. The language of Addison, Johnson, and other distinguished writers of the last century, in the use of the indicative, is therefore, more correct than the language of the writers in the age of Elizabeth and their practice is principally the common usage of our country at this day. 1 have, therefore, constructed a grammar on this usage ; bringing down the standard of writing a century and a half later than Bishop Lowth. I have done this, yir<, on the authority of strict .analogical principles, as above stated ; secondly, on the authority of the best usage of that cluster of disand tinguished writers who adorned the beginning of the last century thirdly, on the authority of universal colloquial practice, which I consider as the real and only genuine language. I repeat this remark, that general and respectable usage in speaking is the genuine oi legilimate language of a country to which the written language ought to be conformed. Language is that which is uttered by the tongue, and if men do not write the language as it is spoken by the great body of respectable people, they do not write the real language. Now. in colloquial usage, the subjunctive form of the verb, in conditional sentences, is rarely used, and perhajjs neOur students are ver, except when the substantive verb is employed. taught in school the subjunctive Ibrm, if thou have, if he come, &c. and some of them continue, in after life, to write in that manner but in the course of more than forty years, I have not known thiee men who have ventured to use that form of the verb in conversation. We toil in school to learn a language which we dare not introduce into conversation, but which the force of custom compels us to abandon. In this respect, the present study of grammar is worse than useless. This colloquial custom accords with other languages. The French say and write s' (7 est, if he is. The Latins often used the same form, " si quid est in me ingenii, judices ;" but the use of the Latin subjunctive " depends on certain other words which precede ; as cum sit civis," as he is a citizen, or, since he is a citizen ; and the present tense is often used to exThat the Greeks used the indicapress what we express by an auxiliary. tive to express a conditional present tense, we have seen by citations above. By this arrangement of the verb, the indicative Ibrm after if and other verbs introducing a condition or hypothesis, may be used uniformly to exa fact or event under a condition or either in the present press supposition, or past tenses ; the speaker being uncertain respecting tlie fact, or representing it as doubtful. If the man is honest, he will return what he has borrowed. If the ship has arrived, we shall be informed of it tomorrow. If the bill was presentIf the law has been ed, it was doubtless paid. passed, we are precluded from further opposition. On the other hand, when it is intended to speak of a future contingent event, 1 would always use the auxiliaries that are proper for tlie purpose. " If it shall or shoidd rain tomoirow, we shall not ride to town." 1 would never use the subjunctive form if it rain in prose ; and in poetry, only from in this mannecessity, as an abridged phrase lor ifit shall or shovld rain, ner, the distinction between the tenses, which are now constantly conIbunded, maybe preserved and made obvious, both to natives and foreigners. The effect of the study of Lowth's principles, Mhichhas been greatly ex;

man,

is

elegant.
to

We

understand Uic impropriety of the common mode of using the latter verb, as in the example above cited, it may be remarked, that the present tense is that which is used to express what exists at all times. Thus we God (s or exists, whenever we speak of his permanent existence ; wo say, iron is a most valuable metal ; it is not rt)nsay, gold is yellow or ductile vertible into silver ; plants and animals are very distinct living beings. We do not say, gold was yellow iron was a valuable metal for we mean to express permanent qualities. Hence, in the passage cited from Chronicles, the first verb kneu', referiing to a fact past, is correct ; but the last, which is intended to express the permanent being or character of God, should be in the infinitive or the indicative present tense. The following are examples " His master had of correct language taught him that happiness consists in virtue." Anaeharsis, ii. 120. " Sabellius, who openly taught that there is but one person in tlie Godhead." Encyclopedia. " Out S3.\io\taught that eternal death is the proper punishment of sin."
In order
; ; ;
:

Em^nons.
" is the Having believed for many years, following an elastic fluid." The following would be still better : Having believed water to be an elastic fluid." " We know not the use of the So the following epidermis of shells. Some authors have supposed that it secured [secures] the shells from being covered with vermes." Edin. Encyc. " It was just remarked, that marine fossils did not [do not] comprise velb. getable remains." " If readers will turn their thoughts back on their old friends, they my

But very

different
[is]

that water
'

was

will find it difficult to call a single know that life was short [is short,]
'

man
till

to remembrance who appeared to he was about to lose it." Rambler, jXo. 71.
a.s

They
It

considered the body as a hydraulic machine, and the fluids

;

pa.<s-

ing through a series of chiuiical changes

[is] its
'

forgetting that ;uiimation

essential characteristic."

Mas Darwin.

was declared by Ponipey,

he could stamp

violated,

(hat if the Commonwealth was [should be] ith his foot and raise an arniy out of the ground." Rambler, JVo. 10.

In the foregoing sentence, the past tense is used for the future contingent. " It was affirmed in tlie last discourse, that much of the honorable practice of the world rested [rests] on the substratum of selfishness that society was [is] held together, in the exercise of its relative virtues, mainly by the tie of reciprocal advantage that a man's own interest bound [binds] him to all those average equities which obtained [obtain] in the neighborhood around him and in wliich if he proved [should prove] himself glaringly deficient, he would be abandoned by the respect, and the confidence, and the good will of the people with whom he had [might have, or should have] to do." Chahncr's Com. Dis.4. " In the last discourse, I observed that love constituted [constitutes] the whole moral character of God," Dwight's Tlieology. " And he but if one went [shall or should go] said, nay, father Abraham to them from the dead, they will repent. And he said to him, if they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will tliey be persuaded though one rose [shall or should rise] from the dead." Luke, xvi. 30, 31.
;
;

" Independent of parties in the national legislature itself, as often as the period of discussion arrived, the state legislaUires, who will always be not
*

Lindley Murray, in the introduction to his grammar, "acknowledges, in general terms, that the authors to whom the grammatical part of tjiis compilation is principally indebted for its materials are, Harris, Johnson, Lowth, Priestley, Bealiie, Sheridan, Walker, and Cocte." But on cxaiiMnation, it appears that the greatest portion of Oie grammatical part is tVoai Lowth, whose principles form the main structure of Murrr.y's cor.ipiiition. Some valuable notes and remarks are taken from P;ic.-tley*s grammar. I studied grammar in liie originals long before Murray's compilation appeared, and, in citing authorities, deem it proper to cite the originals.

VoL.

I.

E.

INTRODUCTION.
only vigilant, but suspicious and jealous guardians of the rights of the citizens, against encroachments from the federal government, will constantly

have

their attention
if

ready enough, people."

awake to the conduct of the national rulers, and will be any thing iuiprojier appears, to sound the alarm to the

Let any man attempt to resolve the foregoing sentence, if he can, or render it into another language. " Cicero vindicated the truth, and inculcated the value of the precept, that nothing was [is] truly useful which iL-as [is] not honest." *' He undertook to show that justice was [is] of perpetual obligation." " The author concedes much of his argument, and admits that the sea was [is] susceptible of dominion." [Better still ; he admits the sea to be susceptible of dominion.] "A nation would be condemned by the impartial voice of mankind, if it voluntarily went [should go] to war, on a claim of which it doubted [should doubt] the legality." *' The Supieme Court observed that they were not at liberty to depart from the rule, whatever doubt might have been entertained, if the case icas [had

" And when the year was [liad] expired." 2 Chron. xxxvi. 10. " I only am [have] escaped alone to tell thee." Job i. 15. " And it came to Luke xix. 15. pass, when he was [had] returned." Return is sometimes a transitive verb, and sometimes intransitive. When a sum of borrowed money is returned, the phrase is correct, for this is the form of a transitive verb. But when a rnan is returned, we may passive In this case, the man returns by his own act, ask, who has returned him ? and he cannot be said to be returned. " He found the Coxe. Empress was [bad] departed." " They ivere [had] arrived within three days journey of the spice country." Gibbon, Ch. i. Note. " Neither Charles nor Diocletian were piad] arrived at a very advanced lb. Ch. xiii. period of life." '* The posterity of so many gods and heroes was [had] fallen into the most abject state." lb. Ch. ii. " Silver was [bad] groicn more common." lb. " He was [had] risen fiom the dead, and was [had] just ascended to heaven." Milnei', i. 20.
"

been] eniirely new." Hearing that they M-ere [had] orriccd." 7J. 211. ' He held that the law of nations " Claudius vexed because his wife teas prohibited [prohibits] the use of pois[had] become a christian." lb, oned arms," 274. " He iusisted that the laws of war '' no other power over a capDoes not the reader see how much we are [have] already departed gave [give] tive 'ban to keep him safely." from chii-itian simplicity .'" lb. 299. " The " general principle on the subject is, that, if a commander makes a My age iS [has] departed." Isaiah xxxviii. 12. " The man out of whom the demons were compact with the enemy, and it be of such a nature that the power to make [had] departed.^' Luke viii.

it

could be reasonably implied from the nature of the trust, it would be valid 35. " Workmen leere and binding, though hf abused his trust." Let any man translate this senMitford. [had] arrived to assist them." " A lb. tence into another language, if he can, without reducing the verbs to some body of Athenian horse was [had] just arrived." This fault is common in Mitford's Histoi'y of Greece. In the writings of consistency. " have declared by law, that the United States were [are] enti- Roscoe, which are more elegant, it occurs, but less frequently. Congress *' l"he time limited for the reception of the cardinal teas expired." Hostled to priority of payment over jjri\'ale creditors, in cases of insolvency."

" The Supreme "

It

r'ourt decided, that the acts of Congress, giving that gen[is]

coe, Leo.

X.

United Siates, were [are] constitutional. was admitted that the government of the United States was of enumerated powers."
eral piiority to (ht

"
"

one
all to

lb.

" From his past designs and administrations

we

He inquired whether the report was true, that a legate was arrived." L. Med. Tho nation being [having] once more ^o( into a course of borrowing."

could never argue at

free that if they submitled and received him, [should or It seems almost incredible that such errors should continue, to this time, as a friend, no evil should befall them." " The apostle knew that the present season was [is] the only time allowed to disfigure the language of the most distinguished writers, and that they should escape animadversion. The practice has evidently been borrowed for this preparation." " What would be the real effect of that overpowering evidence, which from the French or Italian but surely no lover of correctness can excuse our adversaries required, [should require,] in a revelation, it is ditficult to such violation of the best established principles in our language. This fault occurs in a few instances, in the writings of the best American foretell." " It could not otherwise have been known that the word had It is however very rare, [has] this authors, as in the writings of Ames and Hamilton. either in books or in colloquial usage. Even our common people are remeaning." I told him if he went [should go] to-morrow, I would go with him. markably accurate in using the auxiliary have with the participles of intransitive verbs. This fault occurs in our hearing every hour in the day. They always, I believe, say, a ship has arrived, a plant has like fault prevails in other languages; indeed the English may have perished, the enemy had fled, the piice hod fallen, the corn has or had been led into it by reading foreign authors. *' Mais onaremarque avec rai- grown, the time hets expired, the man has returned, the vessel had departSuch also is the language ol' our most eminent writers. It has been remarked ed. son, que I'espace conchoidal etait infini." Lunier. " The Generals Gates and Sullivan have both arrived." with reason that the conchoidal space ivas [is] infinite. But whatever may be the practice of other nations, there would be no difWashington's Letters. " The Indians of the B. Trumbull. village had fled." ficulty in correcting such improprieties in our own language, if as much at"Our Tom has grown a sturdy boy." tention were given to the study of its true principles, as is given to other Progress of Dullness. "Our patriots have fallen." Discourse of D. IVcbster, Aug. 182G. But if in this particular, there is a Brit subjects of literature and science. EUicott. "Our commissary had not arrived." ish or American author who writes his vernacular language correctly, his The exceptions to this correct practice are chiefly in the use of the partiwritings have not fallen under inspection. There is another fault very common among English writers, though it is ciples of co/ne and go. It is very common to hear the expressions he is less frequent in the United States ; this is the conversion of an intransitive come or is gone, in which case, the participle seems to take the character of verb into a passive one. It is surprising that an error of this kind should an adjective although in mo.st instances, the regular form of expression, he have gained such an established use, in some foreign languages, as to be incu has come or has gone, is to be preferred. So dead, originally a participle, rable. Barbarous nations may indeed form languages ; but it should be the is used only as an adjective and deceased and departed are often used in the like manner. business of civilized men to purify their language from barbarisms. say, a deceased, or departed friend ; but it should be In the transitive verb, there is an that some action on an remarked that the original expression was, our friend has deceased, or has
cities

those which were future." [This is an odd combination of words.] "Jesus knowing tbatthe father had given all things into his hands, and he was come from God and went to God." John xiii. 3. " Alexander dispatched Eumenes with three hundred horse to two

"
tliat

with assurance

" He was lb. [had] not yet arrived."* The intransitive verb grow is constantly used by the Engli.sh as a transiThis is never used in the northern states, untive verb, as to grow wheat. less by persons who have adopted it recently from the English.

When

he ivas [had] retired

to his tent."

Price on Liberty. Coxe's Muss.

would submit and receive,]

my

We

object, or in
is

some way affects it. agent and the object change places
the case
is

When

agent

this

performs verb becomes passive, the departed

in the sentence.

Thus, John loves Peter,

In the intransitive verb, transitive, but Peter is loved by John, is passive. is different ; for the action is limited to the agent ; and when it is stated that a thing is done, there is no agent by which it is done. I perish

intransitive ; lam perished is the passive form ; but tlie latter neither ex presses nor implies an agent by which I perish. This fault occurs frequently in the common version of the Scriptures. " Yea, whereto might the strength of their hands profit me, in whom old age was [had] perished." Job xxx. 2. " Their memorial is Ps. ix. 6. [has] perished witl> them." ' The heathen are [liave] perished out of this land." Ps. x. 16. ' Israel is [has] fled before the Philistines." 1 Sam. iv. 17.

and this phraseology, by an easy but heedless transition, became is deceased or is departed, in general, however, the conversion of an intransitive verb or form of expression into the passive form, is very rare of New England. among the people There Is a grammatical erroi' running through the writings of so respectaas it seems ble a writer as Mitford, which ought not to be passed unnoticed to be borrowed from the French language, whose idioms are different from the English, but which the English are too apt to follow. This fault is, in using the preterit or perfect tense, instead of the past tense indefinite, usuthis life
; ;

' David
'

is

[has] fled."

2 Sam. xix.

9.

The days

icere [had] not expired."

Sam.

xviii. 26.

* On this use of intransitive verbs, as the ship was departed, it may be asked, The tree t who departed it The mail is arrived, who has arrived it perished, who has perished it ? The enemy was fled, who fled them ? The time was expired, who expired it
.'

.'

.'

INTRODUCTION.
most improperly, the imperfect. Take the followins: sentences for] '* The conduct of Pelopidds towards .\rcudia and its minister at examples. the Persian court has scaicely been the result of mere caprice or resent ment." The verb here ought to be ivas. "The oration [of Isocrates] has been [was] a favorite of Dionysius of Halicarnassus." This form of expressing the time would be good in French, but is very bad in English. And it may be here remarked, that the tense he was, he arThese verbs, and all rived, he wrote, is not properly named imperfect. verbs of this form denote actions finished or perfect, as " in six days God created the heaven and the earth." Imperfect or unfinished action is exin English in this manner, he was reading, they tvcre writing. The pressed error of calling the former tense imperfect has probably proceeded from a aervile adoption of the Latin names of the tenses, without considering the
iJly called

every other number in the laosuaire. Take the followiD<r examples. Bring me an orange from the basket that is, any one of the number. me two oranges from the ba.sket; that is, any two of the number. Bring Bring me three oranges fiom the basket ; that is, any three of the number ; and so on to any number ad infinitum.
;

three, four, and

VVhen thus used, oh, two, three, are all indefinite that is, ; they are used With nouns which are indefinite, or expressing things not particularly designated. But this is not owing to the essential character of the adjectives, an, one, two, three; for any of them may be used with definite nouns and an ; IS continually thus used. " I will be an adversary to thine adversaries." " The angel stood for an adversary against Balaam." "Make this fellow return, lest in the battle he be an to us."
" " " " " "

difference of application. There are some errors in all the English Grammars, that have been derived to us from antiquity. Such is the arrangement of that among the conKai /caxapia rj rtiftuffasa junctions, like the Greek ^ti, and the Latin ut.
OT't

ffat tfXfiwfftj rotj ^-fXa^-jjuffOij avTi] rtapa Kuptov.

And

blessed

is

she

Rezon was on adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon." -\nd he spake a parable to them to this end." And there was a widov in that city." .\nd seeing the multitude, he went up into a mountain." I will be a God to thee and thy seed after thee."
Thou
art

adversary

who
told

believed that there shall be a performance of the things which were her from the Lord. Luke i. 45. In our version, on is rendered /or, but most erroneously. The true meaning and character of ltti will best appear, ' There shall be a perforby a transposition of the clauses of the verse. mance of the tilings told her from the Lord blessed or happy is she who be;

corresponding words in other languages, refer to the clause of a sentence, should escape observation, age after age, it is not easy to explain. How could it be suppos ed that a word is a conjunction which does 710/ join words or sentences That is used, in the passages cited, not to unite two sentences, but to con iinuethe same sent ci\cv, by an additional clause. The relative, when referring to a .sentence or the clause of a sentence, if not varied, for a variation of case is not wanted. So nottvithstanding and provided iaEnglish, am] pourmt que inFrench, are called conjunctions but most improperly ; as they are participles, and when called conjunclions, they always form, with a word, clause or sentence, the rase absolute or independent. Thu, " it rains, but notwithstanding that, That fact, (it rains,) not opposing or pre[it rains,] 1 must go to town." Tenting me, that is, in opposition to that, I must go to town hoc non ob:

lieved that." Here otj, that, appears to be what it really is, a relative or substitute for the whole clause in Greek succeeding it. So in Luke xxii. 18. Asyu yap vfuv on ov ^rj jtiu, &c. I say to you that I will not drink. \ will ry, indctcrniinate. " And he not drink, I say to you thai. spake a parable to them ;" that is, anii parable, indeterminate. It is the same in Latin, " Uico enim vobis " Thou art a God, ready to pardon;" that is, any God, one of the kind, in a quod non bibam." Quod is here a relative governed by dicu, and referring to the following clause of the sentence. vague sense, indeterminate If it should be said, the noun is rendered So also Matthew ix. 28. nifttitrf oi't iwafxa.v tovto ttoiijaat ; Do determinate, by other words in be ye the sentence, and not by an or a, this lieve that I am able to do this ? [1 am able to do this, do may be and generally is tnle but ye believe that?] this .shows that an iloes not This error runs through all Grammars, Greek, Latin, French, give to the noun its character of definiteness or English, kc. indefiniteness it retains its proper signification, which is one, and But how such an obvious always that the word that and its
I

any of these phrases be tested by the common definition of an or one single tiling of the kind Lowth. " I will be adversaries;" that is, any adversary, one of the kind, but vague or indeterminate." "Rezon was au adversary to Israel;" that is, in a vague sense any adversathat It 13 used in a vague sense, to a, point out in other respects indeterminate." " I will be an adversary to thine

Now let
"

a God ready

to

pardon."
:

fact,

nothing more ; and

nite.

it is

used indifferently before nouns definite or indefiis

This mistake of the character of an

stante.

"

will
is

ride,

will accompany me, being provided. \ie structure of 'these sentences. See my Philosophical and It is the same in French, pourvu que, that being provided, que leferring to the following clause. There are other points in grammar equally Not only in English faulty. From the period of the first Sason writings, our grammar, but in the grammars of other languages, men stumble at the threshlanguage has been sufferThe first writers, having no guide but the ear, old, and teach their children to stumble. In no language whatever can ing changes in orthography. lollowed each his own judgment or fancy; and hence a there be a part of speech properly called an article. There is no word or great portion of Saxon words are written with different letters, class of words that falls within the by different authors ; most of signification of ar/ic/e, a joint, or that can otherwise than arbitrarily be brought under that denomination. The defin- them are written two or three different ways, and some of them, fifteen or itive words called articles, are all When they are twenty. To this day, the orthogiaphy of some cla.sses of words is not enadjectives or pronouns. used with nouns, they are the signification of the tirely settled ; and in others, it is settled in a manner to confound the learner adjectives, modifying and mislead him into a false pronunciation. Nothing can be more nouns, like other adjectives ; tor this is their proper olfice. When disreputhey stand alone, they are pronouns, or substitutes for nouns. Thus hie, ille, table to the literary characterof a naUon, than the history of English orthogunless it is that of orthoepy. ipse in Latin, when used with nouns expressed, are adieetivcs; hie homo] raphy, 1. The Saxon this man; die homo, that man. When they stand alone, hie, ille, thev dipthong , which probably had a specific and uniform sound or combination of sounds, has been discarded and ea stand in the place of nouns. The fact is the same in other langua<^es. generally substituted in its place, as brceth, breath. The English the is an adjective, which, for ea thus united have rot a unidistinction, I caH n'definitive form sound, and of course they are no certain guide to adjective, and for brevity, a definitive, as it defines the In pronunciation. person or thing to some which It refers, or rather designates a instances, where the Saxon spelling was not uniform, the modem orBut why parficular person or thin"-. follows the most anomalous and difficult, instead of that which is this should be selected as the only definitive in our languac^e, is very thography strange when obviously this and that are more exactly deYiuiSve desi<r- regular. Thus the Saxons wrote father and fether, more generally the latnating more precisely a particular person or thing than the. These words ter, and the moderns write /cofAer. 2. The letter g in Saxon words, has, in answer to the Latin hie and ille, which were many English words, been sunk always used by the Ro- in pronunciation, and either wholly lost, or it is now represented by mans, when they had occasion to specify definite persons or y or w. things. Thus da!g, or dag, has become As to the English an or a, which is called in ^eor is year, bugan is bow, and grammars, the indefinite ar-\ faeger is fair. '"Cle, there arc two great mistakes. Jl considered as the ori-rinal being 3. The Saxons who adopted the Roman alphabet, with a few alterations word. It IS said to become an before a vowel. The fact is the re- used c with its hard sound directly Uke that of k. Thus lie, like locian, to look.' verse. An IS the original word, and this is contracted to a by droppino- the c But after the Norman conquest, c before e, i, and n before a consonant. y, took the sound cfTBut an is merely me Saxon ortho-ranhv ot one ,, ,>, ,r. r , 1'*'^"'"' '"'""' "''' """"'"''y ^ changing this letter in words and syllables' ncreiy the saxon oithogiapby of one, un,wws, an adjective,; where it was ' "^ '' to retain the sound of A before these vowels tne ot ft r' "J"'^">>--,|h nere u necessary " ei=. Thu. found innearlv iirrt,,:. lir,n., V p'^" "1 Thus inu. rope, .and expressing a single person the Saxon cea,

the fact,

provided you will accompany me."

That

is, 1

you

orange," with precision and certainty. In this respect the Latin language has the advantage over the English. But the use of such a short word is not very inconvenient, and the usage cannot be changed. Other languages are subject to the same inconvenience; even the definite articles, orlletiiiitives, in Greek and in French, are very often useless, and were it not lor will ride, would be improper. usage,

French Grammar in Paris, recommended by the Institute, the author of which had discarded the indefinite article. In English, an or a is, for the most Used with a part, entirely useless. noun in the singular number, it senes no purpose, that which the except form of the word, in the singular number, is intended to answer. It expresses unity only, and this is the province of the Were it singular number. not for habit, " give me orange," would express the sense of " give me an
gratified to find a

was

found in other languages

but

Such

Practical

Grammar.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

Now

<%;

.-

'."'

...

jj

INTRODUCTION.
In this country, many of our best writers have rejected the u from all words of this class, and reduced the whole to uniformity.* This is a desirable event; every rejection of an anomaly being a valuable improvement, monosyllables ded to the word, as in the past time and particijjles of verbs, we use k in which .sound judgment approves, and the love of regularity will vindicate and maintain. I have therefore followed the orthography of Gcncial Washthe place of the Saxon c, as in licked, licking. Our early writers attempted to extend this addition to words introduced ington, and the Congress of the United States, of Ash in his Dictionary, of from (he Latin and Greek, in which no such reason exists for the use of k Mitford in his History of Greece, &c. 8. There is another class of woids the orthography of which is not uniThus they wrote publick, iiiusick, rhetorick. In these and similar words the Latins used c for the Greek , as musicus, for \ioou\mi, and the early En- form, nor fully settled, such as take the termination able to form an adjec. This was absurd tive. Thus Johnson writes proveable with p, but approvable and reprovaglish writers took both letters, the Roman c and Greek and removable ; tameable, enough but they never proceeded so far as to carry the absurdity through ble, without it. So moveable, but immovable After a but blamable, censjirable, desirable, excusable ; saleable, but ratable. the derivatives never writing publickation, musickal, rhetorickal. With like inconsistency Walker and Todd write daub with u and bedawb long struggle with the force of authority, good sense has nearly banished Todd writes abridgethis pedantic orthography from use ; and all words of tliis kind now appear, with !(', deviating in this instance, from Johnson. Walker in most of oar pubUc acts and elegant writings, in their proper sunplicity; ment and judgement with e, but acknowledgment without it. writes these words without e. hut adds it to lodgement. I have reduced all public, publication, music, musical. in ie, these letters have been discarded words of this kind to uniformity. In many words, formerly ending Todd octoedral ; Sheridan, Walker and 9. Johnson writes octoedrical ; from the singular number, and y substituted. Thus remedie, memorie, are, now written remedy, memory. But what is very singular, the plural of Jones follow Johnson ; but Jones has octahedron, which is not in the other these words retains the ie, with the addition of s, as in remedies. This anom- Dictionaries. The Greek, in words of this kind, is inconsistent, for omuj is I have followed the Greek comoy.ia. aly however creates no great inconvenience, except that it has been ex- changed, in compound words, to tended by negligent writers to words ending in ey, as in attornies. But pounds, and have inserted h wliich I consider as almost indispensable in the words ending in ey properly make the plural by simply taking s, as in surveys, English orthography, as octahedron. 10. Johnson introduced instructer, in the place of instructor, in opposiThe same rule applies to verbs when an s is added, as in conveys. attorneys. tion to every authority which he has himself adduced to exemplify his defi5. In a vast number of words, the vowel e has been discarded as useless as in eggs for egges ; certain for certaine ; empress for empresse ; goodnessi nitions; Denham, Milton, Roscommon, Locke, Addison, Rogers, and the lor goodnesse. This is an improvement, as the e has no sound in modern common version of the Scriptures. But what is more singular, this orthogBut here again we meet with a surprising inconsistency; raphy, instructer, is contrary to his own practice ; at least, in four editions pronunciation. lor the same reason which justiiies this omission, would justify and require of his Rambler which I have examined, the word is uniformly written inthe omission of c linal in motive, pensive, juvenile, genuine, sanguine, doc-\ structor. The fact is the same with visitor. This is a point of little importance in itself; but when instructor had The introduction of e, trine, examine, determine, and a multitude of others. in most words of these classes, was at first wrong, as it could not plead any been from time immemorial, the established orthography, why unsettle the the let- practice ? I have in this word and in visitor adhered to the old orthography. authority in the originals but the retaining of it is unjustitiable, as of words, it leads There is not a particle of reason for altering instructor and visitor, which ter is not merely useless, but, in very numerous classes to[ would not apply to collector, cultivator, objector, projector, and a hundred a false pronunciation. Many of the most respectable English autliors, a^ century ago or more, omitted e in such words as examin, determin, famin,\ other words of similar termination. 11. Most of these and some other inconsistencies have been of long conductil, fertil, definit, &c. but these improvements were afterwards rejected! But there are others of more recent date, which admit of no In like manner, a linal e is inserted in tinuance. to the great injury of orthography. words of modern coinage, as in alumine, chlorine, chloride, oxyde,&LC. with-! apology, as they are changes from right to wrong. Such is the change of the old and correct orthography of defense, expense, offense, pretense, and out the least necessity or propriety. 6. A similar fate has attended the attempt to anglicize the orthography of, recompense, by substituting c for s as in defence. This change was probably another class of words, which we have received from the French. At a made or encouraged by printers, for the sake of avoiding the use of the old very early period, the words chambre, desastre, desordre, chartre, inonstre, long s ; but since this has been discarded, that reason no longer exists. The tendre, tigre, eyitre, fievre, diametre, arbitre, nombre, and others were redu- old orthography, defense, &i.c. is justified, not only by the Lafin originals, ced to the English form of spelling ; chamber, disaster, disorder, charter, but by the rule of uniformity ; for the derivatives are always written with monster, tender, tiger, enter, fever, diameter, arbiter, number. At a later s, defensive, extensive, offensive, pretension, recompensing. In favor 12. No less improper was the change of sceptic into skeptic. period. Sir Isaac Newton, Camden, Selden, Milton, Whitaker, Prideaux, Hook, Whiston, Bryant, and other authors of the first character, attempted of this innovation, it is alledged that the word is from the Greek crxtirrixoi. But True ; but is not scene derived from the Greek atmn, and scepter from to carry through this reformation, writing scepter, center, sepulcher. from aamttnoi, and ocean from wxsavos ? Are not all this improvement was arrested, and a few words of this class retain their (THnTTTpov, and ascetic French orthography; such are metre, mitre, nitre, spectre, sceptre, theatre, these words in exact analogy with each other, in their original orthography It is remarkable that a nation distinguish- Were they not formerly analogous in the English orthography ? W'hy viosepulchre, and sometimes centre. ed for erudition, should thus reject improvements, and retain anomalies, in late this analogy Why introduce an anomaly ? Such innovations, by dividin practice, in classes of words of I am opposition to all the convenience of uniformity. glad that so respecta- ing opinions and introducing discrepancies ble a writer as Mitford has discarded this innovation, and uniformly written like formation, have a mischievous effect, by keeping the language in perIn the present instance, want of uni petual fluctuation. center, scepter, theater, sepulcher. 13. In like manner, dispatch, which had, from time immemorial, been formity is not the only evil. The present orthography has introduced an awkward mode of writing the derivatives, for example, centred, sceptred, written with ;, was changed into despatch, on the wonderful discovery, that one vowel sepulchred ; whereas Milton and Pope wrote these words as regular deriva- the word is derived from the French depecher. But why change " So Coxe, in and not the other ? If we must follow the French, why not write despech, tions of ceH^e/*, scepter, sepulcher: thus, .Vce^/er^*/ King." his travels, " The principal wealth of the church is centered in the monas- or depech ? And why was this innovation limited to a single word Why This is correct. not carry the change through this whole class of words, and give us the teries." Is not Is not disaster from the French desastre? 7. Soon after the revival of letters in Europe, English writers began to benefit of uniformity ? borrow words from the French and Italian and usually with some little al [discharge from decharger ? Is not disarm from desarmer? Is not disobey leration of the orthography. Thus they wrote authour, embassadour, pre- ifrom desobeir? Is not disoblige (rom desutdiger ? Is not disorder from desdecessour, ancestour, successour ; using oi/r for the Latin termination or, 'ordre? The prefix dis is more properly English than de, though both are and the French eur, and writing similar words, in like manner, though not jused with propriety. But dispatch was the established orthography ; why ? of Latin or French What motive could induce them to write then disturb the Why select a single word from the whole class,
evil, our aace^lo!s iuUoiiuoeul A' from Uie Greek, writing it generally after f, as in lick, stick, ihungh in some instances, omitting c, as in like and look. in which a syllable beginning with e or i is adHence in all
; ;
\

.'

.'

.'

original.

these words, and errour, honour, favour, inferiour, &c. in this manner, But this following neither the Latin nor tlie French, I cannot conceive. orthography continued down to the seventeenth century, when the u began to be rejected from certain words of this class, and at the beginning of the last century, many of these words were written, ancestor, author, error, &c. as they are now written. But favor, honor, labor, candor, ardor, terror, vigor, inferior, superior, and a few others, were written with u, and .fohnson introduced this orthography into his dictionary. Nothing in language is more mischievous than the mistakes of a great man. It is not easy to understand why a man, whose professed object was to reduce the language to some regularity, should write author without ic and errour and honour with it! That he should write labour with u and laborious without it! Vigour, with u, and vigorous, invigorate, without it! Inferiour, superiour, with u, but inferiority, and superiority, without it Strange as it is, this inconsistency runs through his work, and his authority has been the means of continuing it, among his admirers, to this day.
!

and introduce a change which creates uncertainty where none had existed for ages, without the smallest benefit to indemnify us for the perplexity and discordance occasioned by the innovation ? It is gratifying to observe the stern good sense of the English nation, preBlackstone, Paley, Coxe, senting a firm resistance to such innovations. Milner, Scott and Mitford, uniformly use the old and genuine orthography of instructor, visitor, sceptic and dispatch. 14. The omission of one / in befall, install, installment, recall, enthrall, &c., is by no means to be vindicated; as by custom, the two letters //, serve as a guide to the true pronunciation, that of broad a or aw. Accordthe letter a in instaling to the established rules of English pronunciation,

practice

* The reformation commenced or received its most decided support and See WashingtotVs Letters, in two volumes, authority at the revolution. 8vo, 1795.

INTRODUCTION.
tnent would have the sound it hus in balance ; it is therefoi-e expedient to retain both letters in all words of this chiss. 15. It is an established rule, in the English language, that monosyllabic verbs, ending in a single consonant, not preceded by a long vowel, and other verbs ending in a single accented consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double the final consonant, in all the derivatives, which are formed by a termination beginning with a vowel. Thxi-i, fit, hint, bar, when they take the terminations, ed, eili, ing, are written fitted, fitJlbet, teth, fitting; blotted, bliitteth, blotting ; barred, barreth, barring. compel, form the like derivatives ; abetted, abetteth, abetting ; compelled, this rule is, that without this duplieompelleth, compelling. The reason of cation of the l,i.st consonant, the vowel of the primitive word would, in the derivative, be naturally pronounced wrong, that is, with it.s long .sound ; fitHence we see the reason why verbs, havcd, bloting, lured, comjieled. ing the long sound of a vowel, do not double the last consonant, as feared, re]Kaled, repeated. The converse of this rule is, that verbs, ending in a single consonant, hut ha\ing the accent on the tir:;t syllable, or on a syllable preceding the last ought not to double the final consonant in the derivatives. Thus limit, la-

The word (ale is also ill-formed. The original word on the continent of is talk or talg ; and the change of k into e is not merely needless, but worse, for it precludes the use of the regular adjective, talcy. Hence see the adjective used is talcosc, an awkward compound of a Teutonic word with a Latin termination. This word should be written talk or talck, which would admit regular derivatives, talcky, talckiyiess. In like manner, zinc, if written zink, would admit the regular adjective zinky, as written
Europe

we

by Kirwan.
In botany, as the sexual system of the celebrated Swedish naturalist generally received, it seems proper to make the new terms, by which the classes and orders of plants are designated, a part of our language. Hitherto these names have not been anglicized but from the technical terms, English and .Xmerican writers have begun to form adjectives which are at variance with the analogies of our language. see in books such words as hexandrous, monogamous, polygamous, anil syngeiiesious. The writers who use these words, seem not to be aware of the importance of pursuing settled rules in the coining of words, as uniformity aids both in learning and in recollecting new names. The regular mode of forming adjectives from nouns ending in a or ia, is to add n to the noun, not ous. So we form Italian (torn Italia ; American from America. In some cases, the termination ic is usetl, but rarely or never ous ; or if it is, it is an anomaly. To arrest, if possible, the progress of these irregularities, and at the same time, to make the more important botanical terms really English, by giving them appropriate English terminations, and further to abridge the language of description, I have ventured to anglicize the names of all the classes and
i.-

now

We

bor, charter, clatter, pardon, deliver, hinder, ha\'e Ibr their derivatives, But limited, laboreth, chartered, pardoning, elelivering, hinderest. strange as it may seem, the rule is wholly neglected and violated, in most of the words of this class in the language. Thus we observe, in all authors,

ballotting, benelling, levelled, travelled, cancelled, rebelling, rivalling, n'or:^hipped, ivorshipper, apparelled, embon'eUed, libelling, and many others, in which the last consonant is doubled, in opposition to one of the oldest and orders, and insert them in this work. Thus from monandria, the name of the class containing plants with flowbest established rules in the language. Perry, in his Dictionary, lays down the rule for guidance, but has not been careful, in all cases, to observe it. ers having one stamen, I form monander, the name of an individual plant of 1 have endeavored to reduce these classes of words to a From monogqnia, the name of the order containing plants regular and uniform that character.

orthography. In like manner, nouns formed from such verbs are written with a single consonant, as jeweler, traveler, worshiper, for the purpose of What establishing a general rule, to which there may be no exception. should we say to a man who should write nudittor, alterrer, barterrer, banYet no good reason can be assigned why the ter7'er, gardenner, laborrer ? final consonant .should not be doubled in these words as well as jeweller, Tlie truth is, tlie syllable to be added is the usual tertraveller, enameller. mination er or ot% and nothing more. Not less remarkable is the practice of doubling the last consonant in equalAnd to add to the inconsistenled, equalling, but not in the xerb equalize. cy, the last consonant is sometimes doubled in tranquillize, a word in exact analogy with equalize. With regard to words which recent discoveries have introduced into the sciences, there may be some apology for ditferences of ni-thography, as writers have not established usage for a guide. Hence we find o.ryd is writ ten also orirfe and nxi/de ; oxygen ami hydrogen, are written z[fo oxige7ie, oxygene and hydrogetie. Sulphate, nitrate, &.C., are written also sulphat,

with flowers which have one pistil, I form monogyn, [pronounced monojyn] to express an individual plant of that order. The adjecti\'es are formed from the nouns with regular English terminations monandrian, monogynian, syngenesian, diecian, monecian,&ic. In describing a plant technically, according to this nomenclature, instead of saying, it is of the class monondria and order monogynia, the botanist nill call it a monogynian monander, a digynian pentander, a trigynian octaiiThese terms designate the class and order, der, a pentandrian diadelph. as perfectly as the use of the Latin technical names and in this manner we unite, in our botanical language, technical precision, witli brevity, correctness and elegance. It is with no small regret, that I see new terms formed, without a due regard to regular English analogies. New terms are often necessary, or at least very useful but they ought to be coined according to the settled prin;
:

ciples of the language.

neglect of these principles

is

obser\'able in the

word systematize, which, not being borrowed from the Greek, ought to follow the general rule of English formation, in agreement with legalize, modernize, civilize, animalize, and others, and be written systanize.

nitrat.

This

is

In
adopt

this case,
tlie

cite authorities in favor of

each mode of spelling many names appear on one side, and so many on may be asked, will undertake to graduate the scale authorities is to be determined ? Numbers will not
.'

what course is the Lexicographer to pursue Shall he the more important, as the derivatives .systemizing, systemization, are of method by which Walker attempts to settle pronunciation, and more easy utterance, than those of systematize, and particularly the noun
.'

so systemalizatio7i. the other. l!ut who, it I observe in modern works on Natural History, the words crustaceology, by which the weight of and testaceology ; terms that are intended to designate the science of difleralways decide questions ent kinds of shells, from Crustacea, testacea. But who can countenance the of this sort to the satisfaction of the public. use of such words ? Where do we find another instance of similar terms In this case, I have determined to conform the orthography to established formed from should we violate an established principle adjectives English analogies the only authority from which there can he no legitimate in coining words of this family Besides, who can endure the derivatives, Now, no rule in orthography is better established, than that which crustaceological, testaceological, and much less the adverbs, if they should appeal. we have adopted from the Latin language, of representing the Hreek upsi- ever be wanted ? I have not admitted these anomalous words into this volon by the letter y. In the orthography of oxygen and hydrogen, from c|t! cabulary ; but have inserted the proper words, ctustalogy, testalogy, which and u5wp, this rule has been observed ; and why should oxyd be an excep- are regularly formed, like mineralogy. tion ? On this head I would subjoin a remark or two on the mode of writing InWith regard to sulphate, nitrate, and other names of that class of com- dian names of rivers, mountains and places in America, which we have pounds, I consider the final e as essential to the words, to prevent a false adopted. The French were the first pronunciation ; the vowel o having Its first sound as in/ate, though slightly who explored the country between
is,
.'

Then

the result

Why

.'

Europeans

pronounced.

The word chimistry has undergone two or three changes, according to Men have blundeied about the plainest fancy or to conjectural etymology. for to determine its true thing imaginable orthography, nothing was necessary but to open an Arabic Lexicon. The inhabitants of the South of Euwho introduced the word, doubtless knew its origin, and wrote it corrope, rectly with (, not with y or e ; and had the English been contented to take it as they found it, the orthography would have been correct and uniform. In introducing words from other languages, it is de.siiable that the orthography should be conformed, as nearly as may be, to established English analFor this reason I must approve of the practice of Darwin who drops ogies. the Latin termination o( pyrites, writing with the accent on the first pyrite,
;

the great lakes and the gulf of Mexico, and of course, the first to commit to In dowriting the Indian names which occurred to them in their travels. ing this, they attempted to express the .sounds in letters, according to the French manner of pronunciation. Hence it happened that they wrote ch, where we should have written sh, had we first reduced those names to

Thus we have Chenango, .Michigan and Alichillimackinac,* writing. And as the French have no w in their lanin the French orthography. guage, they could not express the proper sound of the first .syllable of Wabash, IVisconsin, fVachita, otherwise than by writing them Ouabache, All this is Ouisconsin, Ouachita, and Missoori in French is Missouri. very proper for Frenchmen, for the letters used express the true sounds of the words. But in English, the letters used lead to a false pronunciation, Botanic Garden, Canto 2. 3.50. and for this reason, should not be used in English compositions. It is to be syllable. Stalactite has in like manner, been anglicized; and barytcs. it is hoped, deeply regretted tliat our language is thus doomed to be a heterogeneous may sutler the like change. In this manner, the words, in the English! metlley of English and foreign languages ; as the same letters representing form, become susceptible of a regular ])lural ; barytes and pyrites in twol and further they admit of regularly formsyllables, and stalactites in three ed ad}ectives, pyritic, barytic, stulactilic, which cannot be * regularly formThis word is, I believe, customarily pronounced .Mackinaw, and the ed from the Greek terminations. I original may well be suflered to fall into disuse.
:

INTRODUCTION.
tlie reader who Isyllable of e final, and of the termination ed. But no efibrt was probably In lever made to settle the pronunciation of words, till the last century. have always been a sulyect England, which was settled by various nations, there are numerous dialects of deep regret, and several attempts have been made to banish them Irom or diversities of language, still retained by the great mass of the population. The first settlers of New England, were almost all of English origin, and the language. The tirst attemjit oithis kind was made by Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary ol' State, to Queen Elizabeth another was made by Dr. Gill, a coming from different parts of England, they brought with them some diBut in the infancy of the settlements, the people celebrated master of St. Paul's School in London; another by Charles But- versities of language. an attempt was lived in towns adjacent or near to each other, for mutual aid and protection ler several attempts were made in the reign of Charles I. made by Elphinstone, in the last century; and lastly, another effort was from the natives and the male inhabitants of the first generation frequently made by Dr. Franklin. The latter gentleman compiled a dictionary on his assembled for the purpose of worship or for government. By the influence scheme of reform, and procured types to be cast, which he offered to me, |of these ami other causes, particularly by that of common schools, the differwith a view to engage me to prosecute his design. This offer I declined to ences of language among our citizens have been gradually lost so that in this part of tile United States, there can hardly be said to exist adiflerence accept; fori was then, and am still convinced, that the scheme of

different sounds, in dilll-ront languages, sei\e lo understands only his own.

eiubanass

The

irregularities in the English orthography

dialect. neither practicable nor expedient. |0f It is to be remarked further, that the first ministers of the gospel, who of success. Any But that some scheme for expressing the distinct sounds of our letters by 'migrated to this country, had been educated at the English universities, and is a there ought to be,i brought with them all the learning usually acquired in those institutions, visible marks, ought to be adopted, point about which and I trust there can be, but one opinion. That such a scheme is practica-j and the English language as it was then spoken. The influence of these Such is, men. who were greatly venerated, probably had no small effect in extinble as well as expedient, I should presume to lie equally evident. tlie state of our written language, that our own citizens never become mas-j guishing differences of speech. Hence it has happened that the traditional pronunciation of the language ters of orthography, without great difficulty and labor; and a great part of them never learn to spell words with correctness. In addition to this, the of well-educated people has been nearly the same in both countries, to this Among the common people, whose pi-onunciation in all countries is day. present orthography of some classes of words leads to a false pronunciation. In regard to the acquisition of our language by foreigners, the evil of our more or less corrupt, the diversities iu this country are far less numerous irregular orthography is extensive, beyond ',vhat is generally known or con- than in England. About fifty or sixty years ago, Thomas Sheridan, an Irish gentleman, who ceived. While the French and Italians have had the wisdom and the policy to refine and improve their respective languages, and render them almost had been the pupil of an intimate friend of Dean Swift, attempted to reduce the English lan- the pronunciation of English words to some system, and to introduce it into the common languages of all well-bred people in Europe guage, clothed in a barbarous orthography, is never learned by a foreigner popular use. His analysis of the English vowels is very critical, and in this but from necessity and the most copious language in Europe, embodying respect, there has been little improvement by later writers, though I an uncommon mass of science and erudition, is thus very limited in its use think none of them are perfectly correct. But in the application of his prinfulness. And to complete the mischief, the progress of arts, science and ciples, he failed of his object. Either he was not well acquainted with the or he had a disposition to introduce into use some Christianity among the heathen, and other rude or unevangelized nations, best English pronunciation, the English did not relish. The principal objection is most sensibly retarded by the difficulties of mastering an irregular or- peculiarities, which made to his scheme is that he gives to s the sound of s/i, in sudorific, superb, thography. The mode of ascertaining the proper pronunciation of words by marks, and other words where is followed by u long. These he pronounces &c. This pronunciation of s correspoints and trifling alterations of the present characters, seems to be the only shooderijic, shonperb, shooperfluiti/, one which can be reduced to practice. This mode resembling the use of ponding to the Sliemitic H/, he probably learnt in Ireland, for in the Irish Thus sean, old, is propoints in the Hebrew, has been adopted by some of the nations on the con branch of the Celtic, s has often the sound of sh. This pronunciation was no sooner published, than continent ; and I have pursued it, to a certain extent, in designating distinctions nounced shean. The scheme I have invented is not demned and rejected by the English. in the sounds of letters, in this work. considered as perfect; but it will accomplish some important purposes, by Another most extraordinary innovation of Sheridan was, his rejection of removing the most numerous classes of anomalies. With this scheme, the the Italian sound of a. as in father, calm, ask, from every word in the lanvisible characters of the language will present to the eye of a reader the true guage. Thus his notation gives to a in bar, the same sound as in barren, sounds of words ; and the scheme itself is so simple, that it may be learned barrel, bat ; to a father, pass, mass, pant, the same sound as in fat, panTo complete a scheme of this kind, a few other altera- ion, massacre, pan, fancy. Such a gross deviation from established Engin a few moments. tions would be necessary, but such as would not materially change the or- lish usage was of course condemned and rejected. or occasion the least difficulty to the learner or reader. n his pronunciation of ti and ci. before a vowel, as in partiality, otnnithography, After these alterations, there would remain a few^ words whose anomalies science, Sheridan is more correct than Walker, as he is in some other words; may he considered as incorrigible, such as knaw, gnaw, rotigh, &c., which such for example as bench, tench, book, took, and others of the same classes. Sheridan also contributed very much to propagate the change of tu into maybe collected into tables and easily learned, and all the other irregulariThis innovation was vinties may be so classed under general rules, as to be learned with very little ehu, or tshu; as in natshur, cultshur, virtshue. dicated on the supposed fact, that the letter u has the sound of yu; and labor. The adoption of this or any other scheme for removing the obstacles natyur, cultyur, virtyue, in a rapid enunciation, become natshur, &c. And which the English orthography presents to learners of the language, must to this day, this error respecting the sound of is received in England as depend on public opinion. The plan I have adopted for representing the truth. But the fact is otherwise, and if not. it does not justify the practice ; sounds of letters by marks and points, in this work, is intended to answer two for in usage, u is short in nature, culture, as in tun; .so that on the princiFirst, to supersede the necessity of writing and printing the ples of Sheridan himself, this letter can have no effect on the preceding purposes. words a second time in an orthography adapted to express their pronuncia- articulation. This innovation however has prevailed to a considerable extent, although The latter method pursued by the English orthoepists, as applicable to tion. most words, is 1 think not only unnecessary but very inexpedient. The se- Sheridan subjected the change of tu to no rules. He is consistent in applycond purpose is, to exhibit to my fellow citizens the outline of a scheme for ing this change equally to tu, whether the accent follows the t or not. If the difficulties of our irregular orthography, without the use of tu is to be changed to (s/i, in future, and perpetual, it ought to undergo removing new characters a scheme simple, easy of acquisition, and sufficient to an the same change in /(ituri'ti/, and perpetuity; and Sheridan, in pronounswer all tire more important puiposes of a regular orthography. cing tutor, tutelage, tumuli, as if written Ishuotiir, txhootelage, tshoomult, In other words, however, is certainly consistent, though wrong in fact. Sheridan is inconsistent with himself; tor he pronounces muUitshood, rectitshood, scrvitshood, while habitude, beatitude, certitude, decrepitude, gratitude, Slc. retain the proper sound of t. Walker's rule for changing tu to chu, only when the accent precedes, is As our langviage has been derived from various sources, and little or no and evidently made by him to suit his own practice. It systematic ellbrt has been made to reduce the orthography to any regularity, entirely arbitrary, Each has however the good effect of reducing the chus, and removing the outrathe pronunciation of the language is subject to numerous anomalies. of tshootor, tshoomult, &c. of our vowels has several different sounds; and some of the consonants re- geous anomalies That part of the lanThere are many other words which Sheridan has marked for a pronunciapresent very different articulations of the organs. which the later orthoepists guage whicit we have received from the Latin, is easily subjected to a few tion, which is not according to good usa2:e, and In general, however, it may be asserted that his notation is the fact with most of the de- have corrected. general rules of pronunciation. The same words of French origin retain their French does not warrant a tenth part as many deviations, from the present respectable rivatives from the Greek. Many

cing

new

introdu-j

characters into the language, attempt of this kind must certainly

is

fail

.'i

PROXUNCIATION.

orthography, which leads to a very erroneous pronunciation in English; and a large portion of our monosyllabic words of Saxon origin are extremely ir and pronunciation. regular both in orthography If we can judge, with tolerable certainty, from tlie versification of Chau cer, the pronunciation of words must have been, in many respects, different in his age, from that of the present day particularly in making a distinct
:

this usage in England, as Walker's yet as his Dictionary was republished in classcountry, it had no small effect in corrupting the pronunciation of some What the es of words, and the effects of its influence are not yet extinct. was in England, I am precise effect of Sheridan's scheme of pronunciation not able to determine. But I have had information from the late venerable Haven, Dr. Johnson of Stratford, and fioin the late Dr. Hubbard of
;

New

INTRODUCTION.
England between the yeai- 17G5 anil the revolution, tliat about It that period, the change of ( into chu had not taken place, to any extent. barristers and membegan to prevail on the stage and aniorig the younger bers of parliament, before Dr. Johnson left England, just before the war with conAme'rica, and Sheridan's IJictionary, published soon after, undoubtedly This change presents a new obstacle to tributed to extend the innovation. the acquisition of a language, whose anomalies were before frightfully formi" dable and perplexing. The favorers of innovation, seem not to reflect on the immense inconvenience of a correct notation of sounds in a language, by it.s in that notation proper characters the utilily of uniformity and permanence and the extensive evil of destroying or impairing the use of alphabetical The man who perverts or changes the established sound of a sinwriting.

wliowere

in

he cntiiely rejects. He condemns, as a slovenly enunciathe sound given to d, which, before i and , Walker directs, in certain words, to be pronounced like j. He rejects also his notation of ch, or ish, He rejects in congratulation, flatulent, natural, and all similar words. also the alTected pronunciation of Sheridan and Walker, in such words as gnide and kind. Most of the other errors of Walker, he copies, as he does
classes of words,
tion,

his antiquated orthography.

does an injury to that language, and to gle letter, especially of a consonant, the community using it, which tifty men of the same talents, can never repair.

In a few years after the publication of Sheridan's Dictionary, appeared Walker's, the author of which introduces the work to the public, with the following remarks, on the labors of his predecessors. " Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this subject, is Mr. reduced Elphinstone who, in his principles of the English language, has the cliaos to a system, and laid the foundation ot a just and regular pronunciBut this gentleman, by treating his subject with an allected obscuriation. to alter the whole orthography of the lanty, and by absurdly endeavoring guage, has unfortunately lost his credit with the public, for the part of his labors which entitles him to the highest praise." ' After him Ur. Kenriek contributed a portion of improvement, by his Rhetorical Dictionary, but he has rendered his Dictionary extremely im of doubtful and difii perfect, by entirely omitting a great number of words those very words for which a Dictionary of this kind cult pronuiKdation would naturally be consulted." [Let it be noted, that the same objection lies in full force against Sheridan, Walker, and .lones.J "To him succeeded Mr. Sheridan, who not only divided the words into ;ls Dr. Kenriek had done, but syllables, and placed figures over the vowels, by spelling these syllables as they are pronounced, seemed to conjplete the idea of a Pronouncing Dictionary, and to leave but little expectation of improvement. It must be confessed that his Dictionary is generally superior to every thing that preceded it, and his method of conveying the sound of of words by spelling them as they are pronounced, is highly rational and useBut here sincerity obliges me to .stop. The numerous instances I have ful. given of impropriety, inconsistency, and want of acquaintance with the anal ogies of the language, sufficiently show how imperfect I think his Dictiona' ry is, upon the whole, and what ample room was left for attempting another that might better answer the purpose of a guide to pronunciation." " The last writer on this subject is Mr. Nares, who, in his elements of orthoepy, has shown a clearness of method, and an extent of observation, which * deserve the highest encomiums. But he seems, on many occasions to have mistaken the best usage, and to have paid too little attention to the first
; ;

The English orthoepists have analyzed, and in general, have well defined or described, the sounds and appropriate uses of the letters of the alphabet. Sheridan's analysis, which appeared a few years before Walker's, is for the most part, correct ; but in describing the sounds of what may be called the broad diphthongal vowel i, I think he h:is erred, in making it to consist of the a or aw and e. He admits indeed that the voice docs not rest on the sound aw, but he contends that the mouth is opened to the same degree of aperture, and is in the same position, as if it were going to sound atr ; but before the voice can get a pa.ssagc to the lips, the under jaw is drawn up to the position, On this it is justly remarked by Walker, that uir and e are for sounding e. If the aw is precisely the component elements of the diphthong oi and oy. must be pronounced exactly alike ; 1 would add, then i and

oy pronounced, and if aw is ttot pronounced, then it is not a conjponent part of the diphthongal vowal i. Walker contends that this diphthong t, is composed of the sound of the If so, he must liave given to a, a Italian a, as in fatlur, and the sound of e. very dilt'erent sound from that which we are accustomed to give it. But* that sound of a is no more heard in i, than the sound of this is a mistake aw. The sound of in fifiht, mind, time, idle, is not /aicc^/i*, mawend, tawem, awedle ; nor is it f/ieght, m/'iend, tocm, iiedle. Let any man utter the aw or the Italian a before the e, and he will instantly perceive the The error, and reject both definitions, as leading to a false pronunciation. truth is, the mouth, in uttering i, is not opened so wide as in uttering aw or chara.; the initial sound is not that of aw or ii ; nor is it possible, by any The initial sound is acters we possess, to express the true sound on paper. not formed so deep in the throat as aio or a ; the position of the organs is The true sound can be learned only by nearly, yet not exactly the same.
;
i'

the ear.
is the definition of the diphthongal u, or long u; It to consist of the sounds of e and oo or ^ii. sound indeed in certain words, as in vnite, union, and others; but departure from the proper sound of this character, as heard in cube, abuse, durable, human, jury. These words arc not pronounced, keoob, abeoose, deoorable, heooman,jeoory. The effort to introduce this atfected pronunciation is of most nuschievous tendency. The sound of e is not heard in the proper enunciation of the English , and for that reason, it should not be so stated on paper, nor named yu ; as the error naturally leads Dr. Kenriek remarks that we might as wcU to a corrupt pronunciation. prefix y to the other towels, as to (/, and pronounce them ya, ye, yi, yo. But this is not the whole evil ; this analysis of u has led orthoepists to give to our first or long u, two distinct sounds, or rather to make a diphthong and a vowel of this single letter. Thus they make it a diphthong in almost all situations, except after r, where they make it a vowel equivalent to oo or the French on. They represent ;( as being equivalent to ew, that is, e and 00, in cube, tube, duty, confusion, endure, pronounced, kewbe, tewbe, deutty, confewsion, endewre, but in brute, fruit, rude, intrude, ruby, they make u equivalent to oo ; thus. broote,froot, roode, infroode, rooby. I know not where this alTectation originated ; it first appeared in Sheridan's Dictionary, but it is a most unfounded distinction, and a mo.^t mischievous error. No such distinction was known to Dr. Johnson ; he gives the is observed long u but one sound, as in confusion ; and no such distinction among good speakers generally, either in this country or in England. I was in regard to this particularly attentive to the jiublic speakers in England, the distinction point, and was happy to find, that very few of them made here mentioned. In that country as in this, the long u has a uniform sound

Equally inaccurate
tliis

which these writers alledge

has

this is a

principles of pronunciation." Soon after the publication of Walker's Dictionary, appeared the Dictionary of Stephen Jones, who undertakes to correct the errors of Sheridan and Walker. This author objects to Sheridan, that he has not introduced the Italian sound of a, [as in fathrr,] in a single instance, and that Walker has been too sparing in the use of it. He objects that Sheridan has not, by any peculiar marks, pointed out the sound of oi or oi/, as in noise and cloy ; and that Walker has given distinctive marks of pronunciation to the diphthong mif which are terrilie to the learner, and not well calculated to express the exact sormd. He considers it as no trivial error in Walker's system, that he uses the long e in place of the short y. which gives to asperity, for example, He notices also :s a fault in Walker's the ludicrous sound of aspereetee. scheme, that he makes no dift'erence in the sound of oo in tool, tooth, and in look, took. In all these particulars, except that of oi and oy, I think every man who From careful obserunderstands genuine English, will accord with Jones. vation, while in England, I know that Jones's notation is far more correct than that of Sheridan or Walker, and except in two or three classes of words, his pronunciation is exactly that which I uniformly heard in England, and nearly the .same as that of well-educated gentlemen in England. A few years after the appearance of Jones's Dictionary, William Perry published a pronouncing dictionary, in which an attempt is made to indicate the sounds of the letteis by certain arbitrary marks. In this work, the author has rejected most of the peculiarities of Sheridan, Walker and Jones, and given the language nearly as it was spoken, belbre those authors undertook to regulate the pronunciation. This author's manner of designating the sovinds of the letters is too complex for convenience, but his pronunciation is nearer to the actual usage in England, than that of either of his preHis orthography also is more correct, accorddecessors before mentioned. ing to present usage, than that of his predecessoi-s. During the year past, appeared the dictionary of R. S. Jameson, of Lincoln's Inn, intended to combine the merits of the most popular dictionaries, and to correct the false pronunciation of Walker, whose notation in some

after all the consonants.

New

The source of the error in this as in another case to be mentioned herearticulations affect after, may be an inattention to the manner in which the To understand this, it will be necessary or the vowels which follow them. useful to examine the anatomical formation of articulate so\mds. "An articulate sound," says Lowth, "is the sotmd of the human voice, formed by the organs of speech. A vowel is a simple articulate sound." These definitions seem not to be sufficiently accurate. Articulation, in human speech, is the jointing, juncture or closing of the organs, which precedes and follows the vowels or open sounds, and which partially or totally A vowel or vocal sound is formed simply by opemng intercepts the voice. Thus in sounding a or o, the mouth is opened in a particular the mouth. manner, but without any articulation or closing of the organs. In strictness
therefore, a simple vowel is not an articulate sound, as Lowth supposes; and it is certain that many irrational animals, without the power of articulation, do utter vowel sounds with great distinctness. An articulate sound then is properly a sound preceded or followed or both,

by an
lips,

ticulate sounds
'

Jn

many

instances, I suppose the writer means.

Thus ba, ab, and bad, are ararticulation or junction of the organs. the vowel being begun or closed, with a junction of the ; interrupting the voice, in ba and ab ; and in bad the vocal sound being preceded by one articulation and followed by another. The power of arti-

INTRODUCTION.
ronsUUitcs llic oieat difference between men anil hriitef ; the latter being unable to articulate, can utter only vocal sounds. Tlie imperfect articulations of the parrot and some other animals form no exception that deserves notice. I give the name articulation, to the act of joining the organs, and to the In the latter sense, the character or letter which represents the junction. word is equivalent to cotifunant ; and articulation may be considered the preferable term, as it expresses the fact of closing the organs.
filiation

book

speech then consists of vocal sounds separated and modified by articulations of the organs. open the moulli, in a particular manner, to we then close the organs, interrupt that sound, and open the utter a vowel to utter a second vowel, and continue this opening and closing, to tlie end of the word. This process is carried on with surprising rapidity.

Human

We

organs

in passing ii'om an articulation or close position, to an open position for uttering a vowel, it happens often that a very slight sound of e is uttered ; so as to be perceptible to tVie ear, either before or after the utterance of the proper vowel. This is remarkably the case with tlie long vowels preceding r, for such is the nature of that letter, that bare, mire, more, parent, apparent, Sac, cannot well be pronounced without a slight sound of e, between Thus the woiils above named are pro- as to lead the learner to a just pronunciation. the long vowel and the consonant. As in our language the long and short vowels are not distinguished by nounced nearly haer,mier,mocr.iiatrent,appaerent, and bare, mire, reaWy differences of character, when we see a single consonant bet^veen vowels, form two syllables, though they are considered to be monosyllables. we cannot determine, from the preceding vowel character, whether the like case, though less obvious, occurs in uttering u, particularly after sound is long or short. A stranger to the language knows not whether to In passing from the articulations, eb, the labial and palatal articulations. ha-bit or hab-it. till he is instructed in the customary prowe are apt insen- pronounce habit, eg, em, ep, or ]>e, to the sound of i(, as in nwie and jmre, nunciation. It was probably to avoid this inconvenience that our ancestors which proceeds from wrote two consonants sibly to utter a slight sound of c; and this utterance, instead of one in a great number of w ords, as in banthe particular situation of the organs, has been mistaken for the first compoIn this respect however there is no uniformity in English ; as ner, dinner. nent sound of the diphthongal u. The same cause has given rise to the we have generally retained the orthography of the languages from which as guide, guard, kind, pronunciation of e before the vowel in such words we have received the words, as in tutor, rigor, silent, and the like. This is precisely similar to the vulgar pronunciation of cow, gown, it should be observed that guise. although we often see the consonant ieown ; a pronunciation bounty, toivn, &c., that is, keow. geown, keounty, doubled, as in banner, yet no more than one articulation in these cases is This viformerly common in England, and not yet wholly extinct. ever used in speaking. close the organs but once between the first and cious pronunciation, in all words of this kind, whether countenanced by men second nor is it possible to use both the letters Ji, without pronounsyllable, of low life or of fashionable life, ought to be carefully avoided ; as the slencing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening tlie organs and closder sound of e, in such cases, gives a feebleness to the words utterly inconHence in all cases, when the same consonant is ing them a second time. sistent with that full, open and manly enunciation which is essential to elo- written twice between vowels, as in banner, dinner, better, one of them only is quence. represented by an articulation of the organs, the other is useless, except The genuine sound of u long, detached from the influence of consonants, that it prevents any mistake, as to the sound of the preceding vowel. is the same in all the words above specified ; and the reason why it has been In tjie notation of all the orthoepists, there is inconsistency, at least, if not made a distinct vowel after r, as in rnde [rood,] is, that the organs are open, error. If they intend to express the true pronunciation by using the precise before the sound commences ; whereas when it follows most of our conson- letters necessary for the purpose, they all err. For instance, they write ants, the sound is commenced immediately after an articulation, or close posi- bar'run for bar'on, when one articulation only is, or possibly can be, used ; For this reason, u has more so also ballance, tion of the organs, as in mutable and infusion. This is biggot, biggamy, mellon, mettaphor, mellody. than after r ; but not distinctly its diphthongal sound after labials and palatals, only useless, for the use of the accent after the consonant, as bar'on, this accidental circumstance should not be the ground of radical distinctions, mel'on. &c. of answers the

Now

is In uutb, fliis notation is generally condemned iii strictly followed. England, and universally rejected in practice." In the notation of sounds, there is a mistake and inconsistency in all the orthoepists, which deserves notice, not on account of its practical importance. so much, as to expose an error in syllabication or the division of words into syllables, which has been maintained by all writers in Great Britain, from time immemorial. The rule is that " a single consonant between two vowels, must be joined to the latter sylbble." According to this rule, habit, baron, tenet, are to be divided thus, ha-bit, ba-ron, te-net. This rule is wholly arbitrary, and has for ages, retarded and rendered difHow is it possible that ficult, the acquisition of the language by children. men of discernment should support a rule that, in thousands of words, makes it necessary, to break a syllable, detaching one of the letters essential to it, and In the words above mentioned^ giving it a place in the next hab, bar, ten, are distinct syllables, which cannot be divided without violence. In many words, as in these, this syllable is the radix of the word the other syllable being formative or adventitious. But where this is not the case, convenience requires that syllables should, if possible, be kept entire ; and in all cases, the ilivision of syllables should, as far as possible, be such
?

Now

New

We

baVance, big'ot,

completely

purpose

equivalent to the sounds of different letters. There is, in Walker's analysis of the alphabet, an error peculiar to Iiimself. This is, in making a distinction between the short i when it is Ibllowed by a In this case, he calls the first consonant, and when it is not ; as in ability. but the second he calls open, and equivalent to c in equal. i, in abil, short See principles 107, 544. He also makes the unaccented y at the end of a syllable precisely like the first sound of f, inwif, meter. Ability then written Never was a grosser misaccording to his principles would be abileetee. The sound of i and y in unaccented syllables, whether followed by take. an articulation or not, is always the short sound of e long, that is, e shortened ; the same sound in quality or kind, but not in quantity. To prove this fact, nothing is necessary but an attention to the manner in Avhich the words little and tiny, are pronounced, when they arc made emphatical by utterance. They are then pronounced leetle, teeny and this we hear every day, not only among children, but often among adults. In this change of pronunciation, there is nothing more than a prolongation of the sound of i, which, in the syllables, lit, tin, is short, in leetle, teeny, is long.
;

the pronunciation but it is contradictory to their own practice in a vast number of cases. Thus they write one consonant only in ciinl, civic, rivet ; and Walker wiiics kullonade, doubling/, but kulony, kolanise, with a single /. This want of system is observable in all the books which are ofiered to to the public as standards of orthoepy. A still greater fault, because it may lead to innumerable practical errors, consists in the notation of unaccented syllables. In this particular, there is error and discrepancy in the schemes of the orthoepists, which shows the utter impossibility of carrying them into eflfect. The final y unaccented, Walker makes to be e long, as I have before observed ; while Sheridan, Jones, and Perry, make it equivalent to short i, or at least, give it a short to universal practice. Walker pronounces tlie last vowel sound, according in natural and national, as a short ; Sheridan, as e short, naturel ; Jones, as u short, nalurul. Sheridan's notation may be a mistake, for he gives to al in national, the sound of ul. In the adjective deliberate. Walker and Jones give a in the last syllable its proper long sound ; and Sheridan, the sound of e short, deliberet. Dignitary is pronounced by Sheridan digniteWalker has uniformly made a different ry, and Walker and Jones give to a its short sound, as in at. The terminaIn consequence of this mistake. notation of i when accented, and followed by a consonant in the same sylla- ting syllable ness is pronounced by Walker and Jones nes, by Sheridan iris, Thus to the as blessed7ies, blessednis. The same dilference exists in their notation oi" ble, and when it stands alone in the syllable and unaccented. less ; Sheridan, pronouncing it lis, as in blamelis, and Walker and Jones, first i in ability he assigns a different sound from that of the second ; and in article, he gives to i the sound of e long, arteecle ; but in articular, articuIt is in consequence of this mistake, tate, he gives it the short sound, tik. that he has throughout his Dictionary assigned to i and y unaccented and to unaccented terminating words, the sound of elong; an error, which it is From the fact, which Walker relates of himself, Prin. 246, that he made 2/ ascertained by actual enumeration, extends to more than eleven thousand a distinction between the sound of ee in Jlee and in meet, until he had convowels or syllables ; an error, which, if carried to the full extent of his prin- sulted good speakers and particularly Mr. Garrick, who could find no dilferJones and Perry ence in the sound, it might be inferred that his ear was not very accurate. ciples, would subvert all the rules of English versification. have corrected this error in their notations, throughout the language. But his mistake evidently arose from not attending to the effect of the articIf it should be said, that Walker did not intend to direct y in this case, to ulation in the latter word, which stops the sound suddenly, but does not vary be pronounced as c long, but that his notation is intended only to mark the it. It is the same mistake which he made in the sound of i in the second of the sound it may be replied, he either intended the sound to be syllable of ability, which he calls short, while the sound of the second i and quality If he did of y is that of long e. The celebrity of Walker as a teacher of elocution, that of c long, according to his express direction, or he did not. his notation is not according to any good practice, either in England or the ami his key to the pronunciation of ancient names, which, with a few excepU. States, and by changing a short vowel into a long one, his notation would tions, is a good standard work, have led many persons to put more confidence subvert the rules of metrical composition. If he did not, his notation is in his than a close exaoiinatjon of its principles' will
;

determining

adapted

to

mislead

tlie

learner, aud

it

English Orthoepy does mislead learners, wherever his support.

INTRODUCTIOIN.
These differences, and many others, run througli giving e its proper sound. their worlcs, and appear in a large portion of all the words in the language. that all these gentlemen pronounced these words alike, it is

The or so nearly alike that no difference would be noticed by a bystander. mischief of these notations is, that attempts are made to express minute distinctions or shades of sounds, so to speak, which cannot be represented A great part of the notations must, necessarily, to the eye by characters. be inaccurate, and for this reason, the notation of the vowels in unaccented From a careful attention to this subject, syllables should not be attempted. 1 am that all such notations are useless, and many of them persuaded mischievous, as they lead to a wrong pronunciation. In no case can the true pronunciation of words in a language be accurately and completely exNo pressed on paper; it can be caught only by the ear, and by practice. in attempt has ever been made to mark the pronunciation of all the vowels,
any other language and in our language it is worse than useless. As Walker's pronunciation has been represented to the people of this country as the standard, I shall confine my remarks chiefly to his work with a view to ascertain its merits, and correct any erroneous impressions which have been received from such representations. 1. The first class of words which I shall mention, is that in which a has what is called, its Italian sound, as we pronounce it in father, psalm, calm. From a hasty enumeration of words of this class, 1 find there are two or three hundred in number, in which Walker gives to a its short sound, as in fat, bat, fancy, when, in fact, the most respectable usage in England,
;

Now

probahle

This error well as in the United States, gives that letter its Italian sound. and Perry have corrected. To he correct in this class of words, we have only to retain the customary pronunciation of the northern States. 2. The notation of the sound of oo by Walker is wrong in most or all the words in which oo are followed by k, and in some others. Notwithstanding the distinction between the long and short sound of oo is clear and well established in a great number of words, yet he assigns the short sound to eight words only, viz. wool, tvood, good, hood, foot, stood, understood, and withstood. Principles 307. It seems inconceivable that a man bred or resident in London, should assign to oo in book, cook, took, and other like words, the same sound as in cool, boom, boot, food. Jones and Perry have corrected this notation, and given the pronunciation according to good usage, and just according to our customary pronunciation. While in England, I did not hear a single woi'd of this class pronounced according to Walker's notation. 3. To the letters ch in bench, bunch, clinch, drench, inch, tench, wrench and many other words, M'alker gives the French sound, that is, the sound It would seem by this and other of sh, instead of ch, as bensh, insft, &c. examples of wrong notation, that the author had been accustomed to some local peculiarities, either inLondon where all kinds of dialects are heard, or in some other place. In this instance, he gives to these words a pronunciation different from that of other orthoepists, and one which I have never heard His notation is palpably wrong, as either in England or in this country. our customary pronunciation is universally correct. 4. It has been already remarked, that Walker's notation of the sound of i and y short, in unaccented syllables, which he directs to he pronounced like e long, in nie, mete, is contrary to all good usage, and is rejected by every other orthocpist, except Jameson. Walker admits i to be short when followed by a consonant in the same syllable. Thus the first i in ability is Now observe the short, but the second i and the y are long e, abileetee. consequence. In the plural, abilities, according to his rule, must be pronounced afciVfe^ee^ ; but the word is never thus pronounced; universally it is pronounced abilitiz ; the last vowel sound is in practice immediately followed by a consonant, and by his own rule must be short. Then the re.lones
sult
is,

in ability

is

long

e,

but
is

ie in

the pluralis short

i.

And

for this

change of sound no provision that 1 have ever seen.

3.
0?/,

made

in

Walker's scheme, nor in any other

In the analysis of the sounds of our letters. Walker alledges the diphthong ow, to consist of the broad a, or aw, and the Italian sound of u. Ac-

sound of

cording to his scheme, about, abound, round, now, iww, are to be pronounced, abawut, abuwund, rawund, naicit, vawu. But whoever heard this pronunciation ? The fact is not so ; the broad sound of a is not the initial this diphthong ; it is not commenced as deep in the throat, or with the same aperture as ou' it is a sound that can be learned only by the ear; The pronunciation of this diphthong is uniform in both countries. 6. In noting the sound of the unaccented vowels, and those which have the secondary accent, there are mistakes without ninnber, in all the schemes which I have seen, and one continued series of differences between the The following is a specimen. ortlioepists.
;

Sheridan.

INTRODUCTION.
A great part of English words have 13. In the first edition of Walker's Dictionary, the author, under the word requiring iiUerprefalion. " -.in orthography sulficiently regular, and so well adapted to express the true tripod, observes, that all words of two syllables, with the accent on the pronunciation, that a few general rules only are wanted as a guide to the first, and having one consonant between two vowels, ought to have the vowlearner. el in the first syllable long." But this was too rash, for such words as cem'7. Another error of notation, in most of the English books, is that of the eiit, des'ert, preface, prcs'ent. prof it, ('fc'd,*ro/)'ic, and a multitude of others, vowel in the tirst syllable of eircle, circumstance, and many other words, stand, in the author's book, in direct opposition to his own lule. In a subthe tirst syllable of which Sheridan tirst and afterwards Walker and Jones sequent edition, the author, or some other person, has qualified the rule by This pronunciation I have never heaid ei- an exception in favor of settled usage. This exception destroys the value ilirected to be pronounced ser. ther in England or in this country. Perry's notation makes the syllable sur, of the rule ; and indeed there is, and there can be no rule applicable to words of this class. The pronunciation of the first vowel can be known according to all the usage with which I am acquainted. 8. Another objection to the books offered as standards of pronunciation, only by the usage. 14. The derivatives of nation and ratio. Walker and Jones particularly to the dictionaries of Sheridan and Walker, is that the rules are pronounce inconsistent, or t!ie execution of the woik is inconsistent with the rules. nash'onal, rash'onal. If this should be defended on the ground of the shorThus Walker l.iys it down as a rule. No. 357, that c after the accent and fol- tening power of the antepenultimate accent, then let me ask why we have lowed by eUy ia, ie, io, or eons, takes the sound of sh, as in ocean, social,' not nosh' onal from notion, devvsh'onal from devotion, probash' oner from Phocion, saponaceous, which are pronounced as if written oshea7i, sosheal, probation, stashJonary iVom station ? Why make rules and not apply Phosheon, saponasheous. But in the Dictionary, the author departs from them ? Why indulge such palpable inconsistences and multiply anomalies the rule, and directs these words to be pronounced as if written oshun, so15. Possess is, by the English orthoepists, pronounced pozzess ; but why So also in gracious, ancient, especial, provincial, tena- not then pronounce assess, assist, assassin, consession, obsession, with the shnl, saponashus. Can any good reason be assigned for mnVmg possess an excepcious, rapacious, and I know not how many others, the author depaits from sound of z ? his own rule ; so that either his rule or his pi actice must be wrong. tion to the pronunciation of this class of words ? This utterance of sounds And here it may be proper to notice a mistake of the author which has led through the nose is always disagreeable to the ear, and should be restricted to an erroneous notation in a great number of words. The mistake is, that to words in which usage is established. Good taste should rather induce a he assigns to c and t before the vowels ea, ia, ie, eo, and io, the sound of sh. limitation, than an extension of this practice. This remark applies also to Thus in ocean, he considers c as pronounced like sh ^ and in partial he con- some words beginning with dis, in which Walker goes beyond other orthoesiders the sound of sh as proceeding from t only. Now the truth is, that the pists in giving to s this nasal sound. ' sound of sh in these and in all similar cases, results from the combination of 16. Walker lays it down as a fact, that u has the sound of e and oo or yu. that is, from the rapid enunciation and This is true in many words, as in union, unite, c, t, or s with the following vowel unanimity, &.c. Hence blending of the two letters. Then the sound of the first vowel being blend- according to his principle, u in these words is to be pronounced yunion, ed with c or t, it ought not to he repeated anil form a distinct syllable. To yunite, without the letter y prefixed. Yet he writes these and similar make three syllables of ocea??, is to use the vowel e twice. In most cases, words with y, yunion, which upon his principles, would prefix yu to the all the orthoepists agree in pronouncing these combinations correctly in dis- sound of yu, and the pronuncialioii would be yuyuniie, or eooyunite. But syllables, and primitive words; as oshun, grashus, tenashus,parshal, sub- his notation of this sound of u is not uniform ; for he writes disunion and disBut in a number of unite without y, though it must be as proper in the compound as in the stanshal, nashun, relashun, preshus, and the Uke. words that are primitive in our language. Walker and Jones depart from this simple word. The same inconsistency occurs between use, written yuse., rule for although they pronounce conscience in t^vo syllables, conshense, yuze, and disuse, disuze. 17. There is a fault in Walker's notation of a, when it has the sound of oo, yet they pronounce nescience and prescience, in three, neshyense, preshySo also when they make tial one syllable in the primitive word, they tlie French ou. In the Key, he marks o when it has this sound with the ense. make two syllables of these letters in the derivatives partial is parshal, figure 2, and gives move as an example. Then according to his Key, o error has led to another, and a large alone when thus marked, sounds as oo. But in the vocabulary, he thus but partiality is parsheality. Thus one Sheridan and Perry, in marks both vowels in book, look, boot, and all similar words. Then accoipart of all words of this kind are mispronounced. this respect, are consistent and correct ; making one syllable only of eia, cie, ding to his notation, each of the vowels has the sound of oo, and book, look, He certainly did not intend this ; cio, tia, tio, both in primitives and derivatives, throughout the language. A are to be pronounced boo-ook, loo-ook. but such is precisely his direction, or the result of his notation ; and a forsingle line of poetry ought to settle this point forever. Expatiate free o'er all this scene of man. Pope. eigner, without counter-direction, must be led into this pronunciation. The same fault occurs in his notation of ee, as in meet and seek. 9. A remarkable instance of inconsistency occurs in the following words. 18. VoliLnte, Walker and Jones pronounce volyume ; why not then change Armature, aperture, breviature, feature, &c.. Walker pronoimces armatshure, npertshure, breviatshure, overtshure ; hutforfeeture is forfeetyure column into colyum ? Will it be said that in volume the is long ? This is zni judicature, ligature, literature, miniature, nunciature, portraiture, not the fact at least I never heard it thus pronounced either in England or Can America ; it is always short in common usage, and so marked by Perry. prefecture, quadrature, signature, are pronounced as here written. 19. Inh, uncle, concord, concourse, concubine, are pronounced by Walany reason be possibly assigned for such inconsistency ? 10. Obedience and its family of words. Walker pronounces obejeence, obe- ker, ingh, ungkl, kongkord, kongkorse, kongkubine ; and these odious Expedi- vulgarisms are otfi^red for our adoption. There can be no apology for such jeent, obejeently, but disobedience, disobedient, as here written. ent is either as here written, or expejeent ; but expedience without the alter- attempts to corrupt our language. 20. The words brewery, finery, knavery, nicety, scenery, slavery, are, native. Why this inconsistency ? 11. Obdurate, obduracy, are marked to be pronounced obdurate or obju- by Walker and the other orthoepists, pronounced in three syllables, and imrate, obduracy or objuracy ; but objurately, objurateness, vvithout an alter- agery, in four ; the final e of the primitive word being detached from it, and In these last words occurs another error, the a in the third syllable uttered with / as a distinct syllable. native. Why savagery has escaped the same It is obvious that in negligent practice, these words is made short, as if pronounced rat ; a deviation from all good usage. fate, I do not know. This notation of obdurate is inconsistent also with that of indurate, and have often been thus pronounced. But the most correct pronunciation rewith that of obdure ; an inconsistency which appears to have no plausible tains the original word entire in the derivative, the slight sound of <; before r no more constituting a syllable, than it does in mora and miVf. Take the pretext. The conversion of d intoj before i, is rejected, I believe, in all words, by following examples. Of marble stone was cut Jones, Perry and Jameson, and before u is rejected by Perry and Jameson, An altar carv'd with cunning imagery. and in many words by Jones. It is a departure from orthography wholly inSpenser. When in those oratories might you see excusable.
liieroglypliii-s,
.'

polite pronunciation, softened

12. Walker, Principles No, 92, lays it down as a rule, that when a is preceded by the gutturals hard g or c, [he should have said palatals,] it is, in by the intervention of a sound like e, so that card, cart, guard, regard, are pronounced like heard, heart, gheard, re gheard. Now it is remarkable that in the vocabulary or dictionary, the au thor has departed from his rule, for in not one of the foregoing words, except guard, nor in a multitude of other words which fall within the rule, has h directed this sound of e before the following vowel. Had he conformed to his own rule, he must have perverted the pronunciation oi car, carbuncle, care, carcass, cardinal, cargo, garden, garter, discard, and a long list of other words, too long to be here enumerated. The English orthoepists now confine this prepositive sound of e to guard, guaranty, guardian, guile, hind, and a few others. The probable origin ol this fault, has been already It is an affected pronunciation, which assigned, in treaUng of the letter u. Nares calls " a monster, peculiar to the stage." Indeed this slender sound n( e before another vowel, is wholly incompatible with that manly enuncialion which is peculiarly suited to the genius of the language. Pel ry and .Umeson have rejected it.

Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery. Dryden. Your gift shall two large goblets be silver, wrought with curious imagery. Dryden. Prior. What can thy imagery of sorrow mean Pronounced in four syllables, imagery, in these lines, makes a syllable too and injures the measure, and in the last example, utterly destroys it. much, and Prior is the same as it alThe true pronunciation of Spenser, Dryden ways has been in my elementary books. 21. Formerly, the vioris puissance puissant had the accent on the second syllable although the poets seem, in some instances, to have blended But the modern change of the acthe four first letters'into one syllable. cent to the first syllable is not in accordance with English analogies, and it impairs the measure of many lines of poetry in which these words occur. In the adverb ^ufssanW^ it has a very bad effect. The foregoing obseiTations extend to whole classes of words, in which the genuine pronunciation has been changed, unsettled and perverted. It would be inconsistent with the limited nature of this Introduction, to enter It into an examination of every particular word of disputable pronunciation.

Of

INTRODUCTION.
seems to be inexpedient and useless to bestow, page or a page, on a single word, in attempting
or, in

as

to settle

many

cases,

to settle a point that,

in this

Walker has done, half a The following lists are not complete, hut they comprehend the greatest some trilling point, number of words in their respective classes. The dates at the head of the country, has never been columns designate the year when the dictionaries in my possession were

published, indicating nearly, but not exactly, the origin of each scheme. In disputed To give a brief statement of the errors, diversities and contradictions of Ithe orthography, I have given the letters used by each author, in the syllathe principal schemes of orthoepy, which have been ollered to the public, ible which contains the ditlerence of pronunciation ; in the others, I have within the last half century, two classes of words only will be sufficient, as||followed the common orthography,

specimens.

Sheridan,
1784.

Walker,
1794.

Jones,
179S.

Perry,
1805.

Jamesttti,

1827.

Abbrevyature, Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate, &e. Admikstshur, Adventual, Adventshur, Agriculture, Aperture,
Arkitektshur,

Abbrfeveatshurc,

Accentshuate, Accentshuatiou, Actshual, Actshuate, Admikstshure, Adventshual, Adventshurc, Agricultshure, Apertshure, Architectshure,

Abbreviature, Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate,

Abbrev'iature,

Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate,

Abbreveaturc. Accentuate. Accentuation.

Actual. Actuate.

Admixture, Adventual, Adventure,

Agriculture, Aperture,
jVi'chitectshurc,

Admixture,
Adventual, Adventure,
Agriculture, Aperture, Architecture,

Admixture.
Adventual. Adventure.
Agriculture. Aperture. Architecture.

Armature,
Artuate, Attaintshur,

Armatshure,
Artshuate, Attaintshure,

Armature,
Artuate, Attainture,

Armature,
Attainture.

Aventshur,
Befortune.

Bountyus,
Calenture,
Capitulate,

Aventshure, Befortshune, Bountcheous, Calentshure,

Capitulate,

Aventure,
Befortune,

Aventure.
Befortune,
Bo\inteous,

Bounteous, Calenture,
Capitulate,

Calenture,
Capitulate,

Befortune. Bounteous. Calenture.

Capitulate.

Capsular, Captshur, Cartulary, Celature, Cinctshur, Claushur,

Capshular, Captshure, Cartshulary, Celatshure, Cinctshure, Clauzhure,

Capshular, Captshur, Cartulary, Celatshure, Cincture, Clauzhure,

Capsular, Capture, Cartulary, Celature, Cincture, Clauzhure,

Capsular. Capture. Cartulary. Celature.

Cingkture. Clauzhur.

Commensurate, Commutual, Compactshur,

Compostshur, Concretshur,
Congratulate, Conjectshur, Conjunctshur, Connatural, Constituent, Constructshur, Contextshur,

Commenshurate, Commutshual, Compactshure,

Corapostshure, Concretshure, CongraLshulate, Conjectshuie, Conjunctshure, Connatshural, Constitshuent, Constructshure, Contextshure, Conventshual, Counternatshural, Courtsheous, Cretshure, Cultshure,

Commenshurate, Commutshual, Compacture,

Compostshure, Concretshure,
Congratulate, Conjectur, Conjunctur, Connatshural, Constituent, Constructure, Contextshure, Conventual, Counternatural, Courteous, Creatshure, Culture,

Commensurate, Commutual, Compacture, Composture,

Concreture, Congratulate, Conjecture, Conjuncture, Connatural,
Constituent, Constructure,

Commensurate. Commutual. Compacture.

Concreture.
Congratulate.

Conjecture. Conjunkture. Connatural.

Constituent. Constructure.

Conventual, Counternatural, Courtshus, Creatshur,

Cultr,hur,

Debcntshur, Decoctshur,
Dcfeatshur, Dcjectshur, Dcpartshur, Dictatshur, Discomtitshur, Discourt^hus,
Disnaturalize,

Debentshure, Decoctshure,
Defeatshure, Dejectshure, Departshure, Dictatshure, Discomtityure, Discourtshus,
Disnatshuralize,

Debenture, Decocture,
Defeature, Dejecture, Departshure, Dictature, Discomtityure, Discourteous,
Disnaturalize,

Contexture, Conventual, Counternatural, Curtcheous, Creature, Culture, Debenture, Decocture, Defeature, Dejecture, Departure,
Discomfiture, Discurcheous, Disnaturalize, Disnatured.

Contexture. Conventual.
Courteous. Creture. Culture.

Debenture. Decocture.
Dejecture. Departure.
Dictature. Discomfiture. Discourteous. Disnaturalize.

Disnatshured, Divestshur,

Dutyus,
Effectual,

Disnatshurcd, Divestshure, Duteous or Dutsheous,

Ettbctshual,

Disnatshured, Divestshure,

Divesture,

Duteous,
Effectual,

Duteous,
Effectual,

Divesture. Duteous.
Effectual.

Enraptshur, Estuary,
Estuate,

Enraptshure, Eslshuary,
Estshuate, Eventshual, Expostshulate, Factshure, Fastshuous, Featshure,
Fistshula,

Enraptshure, Estuary,
Estuate,

Enrapture, Estuary,
Estuate,

Enrapture. Estuary.
Estuate.

Eventual, Expostulate, Factshur, Fastuous, Eeatshur,

Fistula,

Eventual,
Expostulate, Facture,
F'astshuous,

Eventual,
Expostulate, Facture, Fastuous, Feature,
Fistula,

Eventual.
Expostulate. Facture,

Featshure,
Fistshula,

Feteyer.
Fistula.

Flatulence, Flatuous, Fluctuate, Fortune, Fractslmr, Fructuous, Futshur,

Ciarnitshur,

Flatshulence, Flatshuous, Fluctshuatc,

Fortshunc, Fractshure, FrucLshuous, Futshure.

Gamitshure,

Flatulence, Flatuous, Fluctuate, Fortshune, Fractshure, Fructuous, Futshur, Garniture,

Flatulence, Flatuous. Fluctuate,

Flatulence.
Fluctuate. Fortune. Fracture.

Fortune, Fracture, Fractuous, Future,

Garniture,

Fructuous.

Futyure.
Garniture,

INTRODUCTION.
Sheridan,
1784.

JFalker,
1794.

Joneh
1798.

Perry,

Gestshur,
Gratulate, Guttural, Habitual, Horticultshur,

Gestshure,
Gratshulate, Guttshural, Habitshual, Horticultshure, Hortshulan,
Illnatshure,

Gestshure,
Gratulate, Guttural, Habitual, Horticulture,

Hortulan,
Illnatshur,

Hortulan,
Illnatshure,

Immenshurable. Impetuous,
Importunate, Impostshur,
Incestuous, Indentshur,
Inetfectual, Infatuate,

Immenshurable.
Impetshuous, Importshunate, Impostshure,
Incestshuous, Indentshure,
lueffectshual, Infatshuate,

Immenshurable, Impetshuous,
Importshunate, Impostshure, Incestshuous, Indentshure,
Ineffectshual, Infatuate,

Insculptshur,
Insular, Insulated,
Intellectiial.

Insculptshure, Inshular, Inshulated,

Intellectshual,

Insculptshure,
Insular, Insulated, Intellectshual, Jointure,

Jointshur,

Jointshure,

Junctshur, Lectshur,
Legislatshur,

Junktshure, Lectshure,
Legislatshure,

Junctshure, Lectshure,
Legislature,

Mantua,
Manufactshur, Maturate, Menshurable, Meteor,
Misfortshun,

Mantshua, Manufactshure,
Alatshurate,

Mantua,
Manufactshure, Matshurate,

Menshurable,

Meteor or Metsheor,
Misfortshune,

Menshurable, Meteor,
Misfortshune,

Mixtshur,
Moistshui-,

Morshur, Mutshual, Natshur,

Natshural,

Noctshuary, Nurtshur,
Overtshur, Paintshur, Pastshur, Peninshula, Periostshum, Perpetshual, Perpetshuity,
Pictshur, Piteous,

Mixtshure, Moistshure, Morshure, Mutshual, Natshure, Natshural, Noctshuary,

IVurtshure,

Mixtshure, Moistshure,

Morshure, Mutshual, Natshur,

Nattshural,

Noctuary, Nurtshure,
Overture, Paintshure, Pastshure, Peninshula, Periosteum, Perpetshual, Perpetuity, Pictshur, Piteous, Plenteous, Postshure, Postshulate,

Plentshus, Postshur,
Postshulate,

Overtshure, Paintshure, Pastshure, Peninshula, Periostshum, Perpetshual, Perpetuity, Pictshure, Pitcheous, Plentshus, Postshure,
Postshulate,

Presumptuous,
Projectshur,

Prezumtshuous,
Projectshure,

Prezumtshuous,
Projectshure,

Promptshur, Punctshual, Punctshur,

Pustshul, Raptshur, Recapittshulate,
Ritshual,

Promptshure, Punctshual, Punctshure,

Pustshule, Raptshure, Recapittshulate,
Ritshual,

Promptshure,
Punctual, Punctshure, Pustshule, Raptshur,
Recapittshulate, Ritshual,

Ruptshur, Sanclshuary,
Satsliurate,

Ruptshure, Sanctshuary,
Satsliurate,

Ruptshure, Sanctuary,
Satshurate, Scriptshure, Sculptshure, Septuagint,
Situate,
Spirittshual,

Scriptshur, Sculptshur, Sept<:huagint,

Sittshuate,
Spirittshual,

Scriptshure, Sculptshure, Septshuagint,

Sittshuate,
Spirittshual,

Sportshul, Stattshuary, Stattshu, Stattshur,

Stattshut, Strictshur,

Sportshule, Stattshuary,
Stattshu, Stattshure, Stattshute, Strictshure,

Structshur,

Structshure,

Sportshule. Stattshuary, Stattshu, Stattshure, Stattshute, Strictshure, Structshure,

Sumptshuous,
Shootshur, Tarantihula,

Sumptshuous,
Sutshure, Tarantshula,

Sumtshuous,
Sutshure, Tarantshula,

Tempestuous, Tenshur, Textshuary, Textshur,

Tinctshur,

Tempestshuous, Tenshure, Textshuary, Textshure,

Tinctshure,

Tempestshuous, Tenshure, Textshuary, Textshure,

Tinctshure,

INTRODUCTION.
Sheridan,
n.s4.

Walker,
1794.
Tittshular, Tortsliure, Tortsliuous,
Tritshuratioii,

Junes,
179S.
Titshular,

Perry,
1805.
Titular,

Jameson,
1827. Titular.

Titshular,

Tortshur.
Tortiihuou'*,

Tortshure, Tortshuous,
Tiitshuration,

Torture, Tortuous,
Triturate,

Tortyur. Tortuous.
Trituration.

Tritshuratioii,

Tshooinultsliuous, Unctshuoiis,

Tumultsluious,

Ungktshuous,
Unstattshutable,

Tumultsimous, Unctuous,
Unstattshutable, Vestshure,

Tumultuous, Unctuous,
Unstatutable.

Tumultuous. Ungktuous.
Vestyur. Ventyur.
Veolontsello. Virtu.

Unstatuhutable,
Vestsliur,

Vestshure,
Ventsiiure, Veolentshelo,

Ventshur, Veolentrhelo, Vertshu,

Vilshuline,

Vertshu,
Vitshuline,

Voluptshuous, Vultshur,

WalUhur,

Voluptshuous, Vultshure, Waftshure,

Ventshure, Veolonchelo, Vertshu, Vitshuhne, Voluptshuous, Vultshure, Waftshure,

Vesture, Venture,
Violoncello, Virtue, Vituline.

Voluptuous, Vulture, Wafture.

Voluptuous. Vultvur.

This table of words may perhaps be thought a burlesque on English orIt certainly presents a phenomenon altogether novel in the history thoepy. of language. Of these live authorities, the notation of Perry, with the exception of a few words ending in ure, is most nearly accordant to the present usage in England, as far as my obser\'ations, while in that country, extended. That From an actual enuof Walker is by far the most remote from that usage. meration of the syllables in certain classes of words in which the vowel is erroneously pronounced, in Walker's scheme, 1 have ascertained that the number amounts to more than twelve thousand, without including several classes of unaccented syllables, which would swell the number by some thousands. Of this whole number, 1 did not, while in England, hear one vowel pronounced according to Walker's notation. The zeal manifested in this country, to make his pronunciation a standard, is absolute infatuation, as if adopted in its full extent, it would introduce many differences in the pronunciation of words in the two countries, where sameness now exists and even the attempt, should it not be successful, must multiply discordancies and distract opinions, and thus place the desired uniformity at a greater distance than ever. Fortunately, VValker's pronunciation has never been generally received in England, and where it has been received, we see, by
;

Nodjule, Noctidyal or noctidjeal, Obejeence, Obejeent, Obduracy or objuracy. Obdurate or objurate,

Occidjuus,

Prelujeus,
Presidjeal,

Procejure, Quotijean, Radiate or rajeate.

Odium

Radiant or rajeant, Radius or rajeus,

Rezidjual, Sardius or sarjeus, Sedulous or sedjulons, Studious or stujeus.

or ojeum, Ojus or ojeus, Ordeal or oijeal,

Penjulous, Penjuluni,

Tedious or tejeus.

have no rule by which their pronunciation of uniformity iu words of like orthography.

ence should be changed into obejeence, and disobedience remain unchanged, I am not able to conjecture. These classes of words exhibit a specimen of the modem orthoepy, so the want called, of our language ; it is indeed a brief and imperfect specimen, for I regulated. See bounteous, courteous, du- have ascertained by actual enumeration, that a catalogue of all the differenteous and plenteous. Why should plenteous be reduced to two syllables, ces of notation in these authors, would comprehend about one tt?'rdof all the when bounteous is pronounced in three ? And what reason can be assigned words in their vocabularies. Amidst this mass of errors and contradictions, our consolation is that the good sense of the English nation, a learned and refor the different notation of capitulate and recapitulate ? A remarkable instance of inconsistency in Walker's notation occurs in spectable people, is triumphing over the follies and caprices of fashion, and words of more syllables than two, ending in ture. Thus we find ture con- frowning on this most mischievous spirit of innovation. In proportion as the importance of settled usages and of preserving invioverted into churc [tshure] in Contextshure Abbreviatshure. Celatshure. late the proper sounds of letters, as the true and only safe landmarks of proDebentshure. Calentshure. Admixtshure. nunciation, shall be appreciated by an enUghtened people, just in that proDecoctshure. Adventshure. Compactshure. portion will all attempts of affected speakers to innovate upon such estabDefeatshure. lished usages be reprobated and resisted. Compostshure. Agricultshure. Concretshure. The intentions of the men who have undertaken to give a standard of pro.\pertshure. Dejectshure. Attaintshure. nunciation, have unquestionably been upright and sincere but facts have Conjectshure. Departshure. Dictatshure. Aventshure. Conjunctshure. proved that instead of good they have, on the whole, done harm ; for instead Overtshure. Divestshure. of reducing the pronunciation of words to uniformity, they have, to a considImpostshure. Indentshure. erable extent, unsettled it, and multiplied differences. The whole process Projectshure. of these attempts, from Sheridan's first publication, is within my memory, But in the following words the terminating syllabic remains unaltered. and I am confident, that whatever has been the effect of these attempts in lUiterature. Literature. Prelature. Great Britain, the result of them in the United States, has been to multiply Miniature. And such is the present state of the Quadriture. Intemperature. greatly the diversities of pronunciation. Investiture. Nunciature. Serrature. authorities, offered as standards, that it is impossible from books to gain a Judicature. Nutriture. correct knowledge of what is the general usage. If I had no other means of Signature. Prefecture. this general usage, than the English books, I should be utterly uuTemperature. Ligature. knowing Limature. ible to ascertain it and should give up the attempt as hopeless.' In this class of words, Sheridan and Jones are also inconsistent with themin the several books, may be rather apSome of the differences of notation, selves, though not to the same extent as Walker. Perry and Jameson re- parent than rea/; but with all due allowance for this imperfection of the In these schemes, I am persuaded that there are ten differences among these orthoetain, in all these words, the true orthrography and pronunciation. words also. Walker gives to m, in the last syllable, its first or long sound ; but pists, where there is one in the actual pronunciation of respectable people in this is an inaccurate notation and in most of them, the notation, if strictly the sound, in actual usage, is that of short u, England and the United States at least so far as my observation extends, either in England or the United States. followed, will lead to ten differences of pronunciation, where one only now In the following classes of words, as pronounced by Walker, there is either exists in the actual practice of the two countries. error or inconsistency, or both. This effect of multiplying doubts and diversities, has resulted fi-om very obvious causes. Individual or individjual, Assidjuous, Commodious or commojcus, 1 The limited acquaintance of orthoepists with the general usage, and Ingrejent [for ingredient,]

Predial or prejeal. It would seem that, in a large part of these words, we may take our choice, either to retain the proper sound of d, or to convert it into that o( This j. choice certainly makes an odd kind of standard. But why mediate should retain the sound of d, while immediacy and medium suffer a change ; or why radiate should be given in the alternative, radiate or rajeate, while irradiate and irradianee are not subjected to any change ; or why obedi-

Jameson's Dictionary, that it is becoming unpopular and obsolete. We observe in the following list, that the three first of these orthoepists
is

Hence

Credjulous, Dividual or dividjual. Fastidious or fastidjeOHs,

InsJidious or insidjeus.

Gradient or grajeent. Gradual or gradjual, Guardian or guarjean,

Intermedial or intermejeal. Invidious or invidjeus. Mediocrity or mejeocrity.

Medium

or

mejeum.

Hideus or liidjeus. Immediacy or immejeasy.

Incendiary or incenjeary,

Melodious or melojeus. Meridian or meridjean, Modulate or modjulate,

Nidjulation,

The multiplicity of books for instructing us in our vernacular language an evil of no small magnitude. Every man has some peculiar notions which he wishes to propagate, and there is scarcely any peculiarity or abThe facility of booksurdity for which some authority may not be found. making favors this disposition, and while a chief qualification for authorship is a dextrous use of an inverted pen, and a pair of scissors, we are not to exis

"

pect relief from the evil.

INTRODUCTION.
taking the pronunciation of London, or some dialect or local practice in The propagation of such a dialectical or pecuthat city, for the best usage. liar practice would of course distiirl) the uniformity of any other practice, in other parts of England or in tliis country. 2. The dilficulty or rather impracticahihty of representing sounds, and nice distinctions oi" sound, on paper; especially in unaccented syllables. S. The partiality o( authors for the practice of particular speakers, either stage players or others, which would lead them to denominate that the best
tlieir

the most raisehievons project for corrupting the language, that human ingeBy removing the landmarks of language, all the fencetnuity ever devLsed. which can secure the purity and regularity of the language from unlicensed depredations without end are demolished, the chief use and value of alphabetical Wilting are destroyed, and every thing is given to chance and to
caprice.

4. A spirit of fiistidious hypcrcriticism, which has led writers to make midistinctions, that are liable to be disputed, and which tend only to perplex the inquirer, and generate uncertainty or diversity, where no essential This spirit is continually prodifference had previously existed in practice. ducing new hooks and new schemes of orthoepy, and every additional book serves only to increase the difficulty of uniting opinions and establishing

practice,

which had been adopted by

their favorites.

nute

uniformity.
sented.

This view of the subject is probably the most favorable (hat can be preThe real fact seems to be this; these men have taken for the standard, what they were pleased to call the best usage, which, in many cases, is a local usage or some favorite peculiarity of particular speakers, at least If they ever, in accentuation, some regard to euphony, or the prosaic melody which have had any authority at all ; or they have given the pronunciation which proceeds from a due succession of accented and unaccented syllables.

In determining the pronunciation of words in this work, I have availed myself of the most respectable English authorities, as well as of my owu personal observations in both countries, and of the observations of American gentlemen of erudition who have visited England. In selecting from a mass of contradictory authorities, I may not, iia all cases, have adopted the best pronunciation but I have spared no pains to execute tliis part of the work with fidelity. In general, the rules I have prescribed to myself are these. 1. The usage of respectable people in England and the United States, when identical in the two countries, settled and umlispuled. This rule comprehends most of the words in the language. 2. When usage is unsettled or uncertain, 1 have adjusted the pronunciation to the regular, established analogies of the language, as far as these can be definitely ascertained; having how;

There are some words, differently pronounced by respectable people, in happened to please their fancy, though not authorised by usage. In this manner, they have attempted to bend the common usage to their particular which no decisive reasons appear for preferring one mode of pronouncing them to another either might be adopted, without any injury to melody or fancies. It has been in this manner, by presenting to the public local or particular analogy. I see no particular reason, why pat'ent should have its first vowel and ina'tron, pa'tron, and pa'triot, the first vowel long. Much less practice, or mere innovation, for a standard, instead of general or national short, for making the a short in mat'ronal, and usage, that the authors above mentioned have unsettled the pronunciation of dc I approve the reasons assigned many words and multiplied diversities of practice. These attempts to ob- not in ma'tronly, or short in pat'ronnl, and not in pa'troness. The reasons trude local usage on the public, and bend to it the general or national usage, assigned by Walker appear to me to be absolute trifling. The rule of uniare the boldest assumptions of authority in language that the history of lite- formity is paramount to every other, excepting that oi" general undisputed and when the practice is unsettled, it seems to be tile duty of the rature has ever exhibited. In England however these pretensions to direct custom the pronunciation of the nation have less effect than they have in the United lexicographer to be guided by that rule, for his authority may lead to the States, for this obvious reason, that in England pronunciation is regulated uniformity desired. In a few instances, the cotnmon usage of a great and respectable portion almost exclusively by the practice of the higher classes of society, and not by books; hence if books do not exhibit the customary pronunciation, the of the people of this country accords with the analogies of the language, but work which offers it is neglected. not with the modern notation of English orthoepists. In such cases, it falsity of notation is easily detected, and the But in this country, where the people resort chiefly to books for rules of pro- seems expedient and proper, to retain our own usage. To renounce a prac; ;

nunciation, a false notation of sounds operates as a deception and misleads the How long the citizens of this country will submit to these impositions, time only can determine. The English language, when pronounced according to the genuine composition of its words, isa nervous, masculine language, well adapted to popular eloquence and it is not improbable that there may be some connection between this manly character of the language and the freedom of the British and American constitutions. They may perhaps act and react upon each other mutually, as cause and effect, and each contribute to the preservation At the same time, the language is, by no means, incapable of of the other. The attempts to refine upon the pronunciapoetical sweetness and melody. tion, within the last half century, have, in my opinion, added nothing to its smoothness and sweetness, but have very much impaired its strength of exThe attempts to banish the Italian sound pression as well as its regularity. of a and to introduce the sound of e before i and , as in kind, guard, duty, &c. ought to be resisted, as iujurious to the manly character of the genuine
inquirer.
;

regular for one confessedly anomalous, out of respect to foreign usage, would hardly be consistent with the dignity of lexicography. When we have principle on our side, let us adhere to it. The time cannot
tice confessedly

English pronunciation.* In order to produce and preserve a tolerable degree of uniformity, and the genuine purity of our language, two things appear to be indispensable, viz. 1. To reject the practice of noting the sounds of the vowels in the unaccented syllables. Let any man, in genteel society or in public, pronounce the distinct sound of a in the last syllable of important, or the distinct sound of in the terminations less and ness, as in hopeless, happiness, anti he would Indeed so different is the slight sound of a pass for a most inelegant speaker. great part of the unaccented vowels, in elegant pronunciation, from that which is directed in books of orthoepy, that no man can possibly acquire the nicer distinction of sounds, by means of books distinctions which no characters yet invented can express. Elegant pronunciation can be learned only by the ear. The French and Italians, whose languages are so popular in Europe, have never attempted to teach the sounds of their letters by asystem of notation, embracing the liner sounds of the vowels. 2. To preserve purity and uniformity in pronunciation, it is necessary to banish from use all books which change the orthography of words to adapt
;

distant, when the population of this vast country will throw off their leading strings, and walk in their own strength ; and the more we can raise the credit and authority of principle over the caprices of fashion and innovaItion, the nearer we approach to uniformity and stability in practice. It is difficult, if not impracticable, to reconcile the opinions of a nation, in Iregard to every point, either of orthography or pronunciation. Every atitempt that has yet been made, in regard to the English language, has served tonly to increase the difficulty ; and as a gentleman remarked to me in Lona convention of learned men could not efi'ect the object, for no two men don, would think alike on the s\ibject. The language of a nation is the common property of the people, and no individual has a right to make inroads upon its principles. As it is the medium of communication between men, it is important that the same written ivords and the same oral sounds to express the same ideas, should be used by the whole nation. When any man therefore attempts to change the established orthography or pronunciation, except to correct palpable errors and produce uniformity, by recalling wanderers into the pale of regular No local practice, however analogies, he offers an indignity to the nation. There is great dignity, as well as prorespectable, will justify the attempt. priety, in respecting the universal and long established usages of a nation. With these views of the subject, I feel myself bound to reject all modern innovations, which violate the established principles and analogies of the language, and destroy or impair the value of alphabetical writing. I have therefore endeavored to present to my fellow citizens the English language^ in its genuine purity, as we have received the inheritance from our ancesIf the language is fatally destined to tors, without removing a landmark. be corrupted, I will not be an instrument of the mischief.

be

ETYSrOLOGY.
Irregular as is the orthography of the English Language, and unsettled or corrupt as is the pronunciation, there is nothing either in English or in any other language of which I have any knov/ledge, which exhibits so strikingly the low state of philology as the etymological deductions of words, or the history of their origin, affinities and primary signification. To enable the young inquirer to estimate the erudition, correctness, or negligence of writers on this subject, and to awaken more attention to this branch of learning, I will state briefly the results of my researches and the opinions which I have been compelled to form on the merits of the principal treatises on this And if these opinions or this statement should be charged to egosubject. tism, or my over-weening confidence in the success of my own investiga-

the pronunciation to the fashion of the day.

The scheme now pursued

is

The French language, by the loss or imperfect use of articulations, though in utterance, has become so feeble in sound as to be unfit for From the specimens which 1 witnessed in the bold, impressive eloquence. Chamber of Deputies in Paris, I should suppose the orator mu^l depend alon his own animation and action for success in popular speakmost entirely The laning, with little or no aid from the strength and beauty of language. guage of popular eloquence should be neither the mouthing cantof the stage, nor the mincing aflfectation of dandies, nor the baby talk of the nursery. Such was not the language of Demosthenes nor of Cicero; and such may tions, my apology is, that I have suffered so nmch myself by a misplaced never be the language of the British Chatham, and of the Amei lean .\mes. confidence in the erudition of writers ; I have so often embraced errors
rendered easy

INTRODUCTION.
that if I can pre- guage from which they are immediately derived, especially when the or; vent my fellow -citizens, who have a taste for this study, from being subject- thography is too plain to be mistaken. They inform us that father is from ed to the same evils, 1 shall think the advantage obtained more than a bal- the Saxon feeder, that drop is ti-oni Sax. droppan, that picket is from the French piquet, and the like. So Johnson informs us that accent is from the ance for any unmerited imputation. The lirst example of etymology which I- shall mention, is that of Josephus, Latin accentus, and accept from the French accepter, Latin accipio. All " was this is well, but it can hardly be called etymology, or the deduction of words the historian of the Jews, who iiilbrms his readers, that the first man called Adam, which in the Hebrew tongue signifies one that is red, because from their originals. Whiter, in his Etymologicon Magndm, the first volume only of he was formed out of red earth compounded together ; for of that kind is and true earth." Here is a mistake proceeding from a mere resem- which I have perused, began his work on a good plan, that of bringing tovirgin blance of words ; it being certain that Adam no more signifies red earth, gether words of the same or of cognate radical letters, and in pursuance of than it does red cedar. This mistake is connecteil with another, that Adam his plan, he has collected many real affinities. But he has destroyed the was the proper name of the lirst man, an individual ; whereas the word is value of his work by mistaking the radical sense of many words, and by the generic name of the human species, and like man in English, siguilies confounding words of dilTcreut elements. Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, has Conn, shape, image, expressing distinctively the characteristic eminence or Tliis fact explains the use of the collected the allinities of words in that language, particularly words of distinction of form of the human race. " And God Gothic and Teutonic origin, with industry and probably with judgment and a plural pronoun, in the account of the creation of the species. Let us make man in our image, after o>ir likeness; and let them have good degree of accuracy. In some instances, I think he has departed from said, dominion over the fish of the sea, S;c." Gen. i. 26. It is evident also that jcorrect principles of etymology, and mi.>laken facts, and he, a.s well as Whifalls very short of truth in a most the words used in relation to the species, the ima<re, the likeness of God,!|ter, important particular, a clear underhave reference, not only to their intellectual and moral iaculties, but also to,]Slanding of the primary sense of words. Jamieson's Dictionary however their external form; and so the Apostle interprets the words, 1 Cor. xi. 7 contains a valuable addition to our stock of etymological materials.* To Home Tooke are we indebted for the first explanation of certain indeNot that God has any bodily shape of which man can be the image, but that, man has a superior or super-excellent foiin, corresponding to his intellectual! clinable words, called conjunctions and prepositions; and for this let him have all merited praise. But his researches were very limited, and he has powers, and distinguishing him from all other animals. Now the mistake ofj has infected the christian world for eighteen hundred years, and; fallen into most material errors, particularly in his second volume. 1 have Josephus tlie nnstake, with erroneous inferences from it, enters into the most recently made no use of his writings, in this work.

which

it

has cost ine more labor

to

unlearn than

to learn

published systems of theology. Among the most celebrated authors of antiquity, who have written on the subject of language, is Varro, who has left a treatise De Lingua Latina. On this author's learning, Cicero, Quinctilian and Augustine have bestowed the most unbounded praises. He is pronoimccd to have been vir egregius ; eruditissimus Rumanorum ; peritissimus lingua; Latinai et omnis antiquiHe was doubtless a man of untatis, sine ulla dubitatione, doctissimus.^ common erudition for the age in which he lived and his etymological treatise may be consulted with advantage by persons who have knowledge enough of this subject to separate the certain or probable from the improbBut it is certain from what remains of his treatise, able and conjectural. that his knowledge of the origin of words did not extend beyond the most obvious facts and piinciples. Thus he deduces i;n7aa from irteo; exitits from exeo ; victoria Irom vinco. All this is well ; and we have reason to think him correct, in deducing tie/Zus, fleece, from vellere, to pluck, as doubtAnd we less fleeces were plucked from sheep, before the use of shears. have reason to believe him when he informs us that imber was originally written himber ; that hircus was written by the Sabines Jirciis, and hadus,
;

icus.

identity

Thus far had I written, before I had seen this author's Hermes Sc vthBy this work I find the author agrees with me in regard to the and common origin of many of the Gothic and Greek prepositions.

fedus.

Very difTerent must be our opinion of the following etymologies. Pater, says Varro, is from patefacio ; ager ciiltus is so called because in seeds coalesce or unite with the earth; referring o^er perhaps to the root o{ a gge>', or the Greek a7{ip'o. Campus, he says, was so named beit

cause fruits were first gathered from the open field, deducing the word fiom suNext to this, were the bills, colles, so named colendo, from colo, capio. because these were cultivated next to the open plain. That land or field nymphsof the sea, are named from the oriental ^nj, ^ * a river, from which appeared to be i\\t foundation of cattle and money was CdWeA fundus, the verb, to flow. No person doubts that Flora, the goddess of corresponding or it was so called because it pours forth [fundaf] annual crops. He de-! flowers, is merely a flowerdeified. duces cogitare from cogendo ; concilium from cogitatione ; cura Hence I infer that the true method of discovering the origin of the pagan froinj burning cor, the heart; volo from voluntas, and a volatu, a flying, becausei deities, is to find the meaning of their names. the mind flies instantly whither it will. How low must have been the slate of Now Diana is the goddess of hunting. What quality then is most necesphilology, when such improbable conjectures as these could attract the enWhat quality would rude men, destitute of the weapons sary for a hunter ? comiums before mentioned from Cicero and Quinctilian! which we possess, most value as useful in obtaining subsistence ? Doubtless The reader will find m;uiy things in Isidore and Priscian, worthj' of his! courage and swiftness. Thus we have substantial reasons for believing that attention, though much of what their woi'ks contain is now so famihar to Diana is the Celtic dan or dian, which signifies bold, strong, vehement, scholars of moderate attaiiunents, as scarcely to repay the labor of perusal. the root of Danube, Don, and other names of large rivers. But he who learns that Isidore makes oratio, a compound of oris ratio; no-i impetuous, If we examine the name oi Minerva, we shall find that the first syllable men, a contraction of nntamen ; and that he derives verbvm, from verberato contains the elements of mnHs, the hand, and o( mind ; and the last constitaere. will hardly think it worth his labor to pursue his researches into that' uent part of the word corresponds well with the German arbeit, D. arbeid, author's works. Nor will he be disposed to relish Priscian's deduction ol^ Well, what are the characteristics labor, work, the last consonant being lost. lilera from legilitera, because a letter aflbrds the means of reading, or from of Minerva Why, she is the goddess of wisdom and of the arts. The sense lituro, to obliterate, because the ancients used to write on wax tables, and of-Moc!, would give one of her characteristics, and that of ;nan and arbeit, afterwards to obhtei ate what they had written. the other; but which is the true word, I do not know. Vossius \vrote a folio on the etymology of Latin words but from repeatThe two circumstances which chiefly distinguish Hercules are his labors ed exanunations of his book, I am persuaded that most of his deductions are and his club. We never hear of Hercules but with these accompaniments. far-fetched, conjectural and lanciful many of them are certainly erroneous. Now the first syllable of his name is precisely the root of the Greek ip7ov, and Minshew I have not consulted chiefly because from such Menage ipydi', that is, if'/ or ip, which would give the sense of work, labor. Whether extracts as 1 have seen, from their writings, I am certain that little reliance the last constituent of the name isnXeici or from that root, I shall not pretend to can be placed on their opinions, except in cases too plain to be mistaken. aflirm. Indeed, I offer these explanations rather as ^jroftaft/t', than as clearly Junius and Skinner, the authorities for most of the etymologies of Bailey proved but they do appear to be probably well founded. Hercules tlien and Johnson, are sufficiently correct in referring English words to the lan- was a name given to any bold, heroic leader of a tribe of rude men, who was disfinguished for his achievements as a warrior and this name must have originated in very early ages, when clubs were the principal weapons of war, * Of the full value of these encomiums we can hardly judge, as most of and instruments of detense. And hence probably the origin of the scepter, Varro's writings h.ave perished, and some of those which survive appear in as a badge of royalty. Now it is worthy of remark that the war club of rude a mutilated form. But the greater his erudition, the more striking will ap- nations, at this day, especially of the savage nations of the south sea isles, is pf pear his ignorance of this subject. !the same shape as the ancient scepter.

I had supposed that proof of such an obvious fact could hardly be neSome of these precessary, in the present state of philological knowledge. positions he has illustrated with a good degree of accuracy^ ; although should this work ever fall into his hands, 1 think he will be convinced that in one or two important points, his explanations are defective. In regard to other prepositions, I am satisfied the author has ventured upon unsafe ground, at least his opinions appear to me not to be well supported. In respect to his explanations of the names of the mythological deities, it appears to me the author, like all other authors whose works I have seen, wanders in darkness. From all my researches into the origin of words, I have drawn this conclusion, that the pagan deities are mostly the powers or supposed powers of nature, or imaginary beings supposed to preside over the various parts of creation, or the qualities of men, deified, that is, exalted and celebrated as supernatural agents. There are few of the names of these deities which I pretend to understand but there are a few of them that seem No person, I think, can doubt that the to be too obvious to be mistaken. Dryads are named from i{m, an oak or tree. Hence I infer that this name was applied to certain imaginary beings inhabiting the forests. No person can doubt, that J\rereus, the deity of the sea, and the nereids,

Indeed

.-

INTRODUCTION.
of Harris, according to Dr. Lowth, "is the most beautiful and perfect example of analysis, that has been exhibited since the days of Aristotle." This, in my opinion, is not the character of the work, which, for tlie most part, consists ol passages from the works of Aristotle, Ammonius, It is little more than a colApollonius, Priscian, and other grammarians. lection of the opinions of the ancient writers on philology, whose metaTo show how illustrate the subject. physical subtilties rather obscure than when applied to the plainest subeasily men may be misled by metaphysics, from the Hermes. ject imaginable, take the following example as unrespects our primary perception, and denotes individuals known ; the respects our secondary perception, and denotes individuals as known." [This is nearly a hteral translation of a passage in Priscian, Lib. 17.] To illustrate the truth of this observation, the author gives the following example. "There goes a beggar with a long beard" indicating that the man had not been seen before and therefore a denotes the primary perception. A week after the man returns and I say, " There goes the beggar with belong beard;" the article the here indicating the secondary percepAll this is very well. tion, that is, that the man had been seen before. But let us try the rule by other examples, and see whether it is universal, or whether it is the peculiar and proper office of an or a to denote primary

The Hermes

throw. Hue, a darting or flashing, the root of luceo a simple root, that can have no connection with Kl-uc. Excepting Faber's work on the Cabiri, I have seen scarcely a book in any language, which exhibits so little etymological knowledge, with such
;

a series of erroneous or fanciful deductions, as Bryant's Analysis. Drummond's Origines abounds with etymological deductions of a similar character.

Gebelin, a French writer, in his Monde Primitif, has bestowed much labor in developing the origin and signification of words ; but a large part of his labor has produced no valuable efi'ect. His whole system is founded on a mistake, that the noun is the root of all other words. Of all the writers on etymology, whose works I have read or consulted. Spelman and Lluyd are almost the only ones, in whose deductions much confidence can be placed. I do not name Camden. Hicks, Selden and Gibson, as their etymological inquiries, though generally judiciously conducted, were very limited. This is true also in some degree of Spelman and Lluyd ; but the researches of Spelman into the origin of law terms, and words of the middle ages, have generally produced very satisfactory results. From the limited nature of the designs of Spelman and Lluyd, errors may have occasionally escaped them ; but they are few, and very pardonable. I know of no work in any language in which words have been generally perception. "The article a, says Harris, leaves the individual unascertained." Let traced to their original signification, with even tolerable correctness. In a few instances, this signification is too obvious to be mistaken, but inmost inus examine this position. " But Peter took him, I myself also am a man." Now, stances, the ablest etymologist is liable to be misled by first appearances, saying, stand up I have been often misled myself, according to Harris, a here denotes the primary perception, and the individ- and the want of extensive investigation. That is, this man is one, I have never seen before. ual is unascertained. by these means, and have been obliged to change my opinions, as I have " He that cometh to God nnist believe that he is, and that he isa reward- advanced in my inquiries. Hence the tendency of my researches has been Whether a, in this sentence, denotes very much to increase my caution in referring words to their originals ; and er of them that diligently seek him." but sure I am the individual is not left such, I am persuaded, will be the result of all critical and judicious investifirst perception, I cannot determine unascertained. gations into the history and affinities of language. A B says to me, " I have lately dismissed an old servant, who has lived A principal source of mistakes on this subject, is a disregard of the identiwith me for thirty years." Here an may present a primary perception to ty of the radical consonants, and a licentious blending and confounding of To both, the individual must be well words, whose elementary letters are 7iot commutable. Another source of the hearer, but not so to the speaker. error is an unwarrantable license in prefixing oi- inserting letters, for the ascertained. It appears then that this definition of an or a is incorrect, and the pains of purpose of producing an identity or resemblance of orthography ; a fault these metaphysical writers who form such perfect analyses of language, is very justly opposed by Sir William Jones. On testing the real character of an or a better than learned trifling. little The learned Dr. Good, in his Book of JVature, Lecture IX, of the seby usage and facts, we find it is merely the adjective one, in its Saxon or- cond series, suggests it to be probable tliat both papa and father, issued the individual is from the Hebrew source thography, and that its sole use is to denote one, whether 3N, N3N, HON. He then fearlessly ventures to known or unknown, definite or indefinite. affirm, that there is .scarcely a language or dialect in the world, polished or Again Harris translates, " and adopts the definition which Aristotle has barbarous, in which the same idea is not expressed by the radical of one or An articulate sound or part of speech devoid of the other of these terms. True ; the letter X is found in most words of this given of a conjunction. as to help signification, by making two signification by itself, but so formed signification ; although our knowledge of languages is too limited to waror more significant sentences to be one significant sentence." But the attempt to deduce all words signifying rant such a broad assertion. This is so far from being true, that some of the conjunctions are verbs father from the Hebrew must certainly fail for we know from history that In like manner, a equivalent to join, unite or add, in the imperative mode. great part of Asia and of Europe was inhabited before the existence of the the prepositions called inseparable, and used as prefixes, are all significant Hebrew nation. Besides, a large portion of the European population have per se, although by custom, they sometimes lose their appropriate use. For no word for father which can be rationally deduced from 3X. The Welsh example, re, which denotes repetition, has lost its use in reco?n7nend, which tdd, whence our daddy, the Gothic atta, Irish aithair, Basque aita, and But still it has is equivalent to commend, without the sense of repetition. Laponnic atki, cannot be formed from the Hebrew word, the letter D and even when T not ordinarily an appropriate sense, which is perfectly understood, being commutable with B. One would suppose that a learned physiLet any person prefix tliis word to pronounce for first prefixed to a word. the true cause of the similarity of words, bearologist could not fail to assign the first time, and direct a boy of fourteen years old to repronounce his ora The ing the sense of father and mother, among the nations of the earth. tion, and he would perfectly well understand the direction. truth is, the sound of a is very easy and probably the easiest for children, " Bryant, the author of An Analysis of Ancient Mythology," whose works being formed by simply opening the mouth, without any exertion of the orSo also the articulations b, m, and d or t, beI should love to read, if I could have confidence in his opinions, has given gans to modulate the sound. to the public a history of the Cuthites or descendants of Ham, a race of bold ing natural and easy, will generally enter into the first words formed by adventurers, who, as he supposes, made expeditions by sea and land, intro- children. The labials are formed by simply closing the lips, and the denthe piopagation of tals, ducing arts, founding cities, and corrupting religion by by placing the tongue against the root of the upper teeth ; the position For proof of his opinions, he relies very much on etymology which it naturally occupies in a healthy child. From these circumstances, Sabianism. and the signification of names. Two or three examples of his deductions we may fairly infer, a priori, that such words as ab, aba, papa, tad, mamHam or Cham, signifying ma, must be the first words uttered by children. Indeed, were the whole will be sufficient to show his manner of proof. heat and the sun, he deduces from DDD to be hot, to heat. So far he may human race to lose their present names for /a(Acr, mother, and nurse, simbe correct. But he goes on to deduce from this root, also, as Castle had ilar names would be formed by a great portion of mankind, without any done before him, the Greek auna, heat, not consideiing that this is fiom communication between different nations. is not radical, but probably s is the radical consoaiu, to burn, in which The author further observes, that the generic terms for the Deity are " Beor Allah, Theus or De%is, and God. nant, as this occurs in the derivatives. Kcw^a has no connection with Ham chiefly the three following, From Cam or Cham he then deduces the Latin Camera, Or. napiapa, an sides these, there is scarcely a term of any kind, by which the Deity is dearched roof or vault, whence our chamber, though it is not easy to discover signated, in any part of the world, whether among civilized or savage man. the connection between this word and heat, and from the same root, he de- Yet these proceed from the same common quarter of the globe." True ; duces Camillus, Camilla, and many other words, without any support for men, and of course words, all came from a common quarter of the globe. In But it so happens, that these three terms must have originated among difhis opinions, but a mere similarity of orthography in the first syllable. all this, he is certainly wrong. ferent families, or from different sources, for they are all formed with differThe Greek los, God, he supposes most unwarrantably to be formed from ent radicals, and can have had no connection with a common radix. But it the Egyptian Theuth or Thoth, Mercury. happens also, that not one of these terms, as far as I can learn, exists among The sun he supposes to have been styled El-iic ; El [nXips] and uc or the Slavonic nations, who compose a large portion of all the population of This word, says Bryant, the Europe, and whose name of God is Bog, a word radically distinct from all oc/i, a title of honor among the Babylonians. Greeks changed into '.uao;, [a wolf,] and hence the Latin lux. luceo. A which the author has mentioned. Now if Bryant The author proceeds to say, " that the more common etymon (or death, strange conjecture this, not to call it by a harsher name. had examined the Teutonic dialects, and the Welsh, he would have seen bis among aH nations, is mor, mart or mut." But if either of these terms for mistake for the Saxon leoht, liht, Dutch and German lirlif, are from \death, is a native word among the great Gofliic, Teutonic, and Slavonic famthe common root of the Welsh llwg, a shooting or gleaming, lluciaw, to; jilies. which constitute the half or two thirds of all the inhabitants of Europe,

"A

INTRODUCTION.
1

have not been able "

to find

it.

Besides,

mor and mut

are words radically

He finds the word in Arabia, Turkey, in Greek, among the Peruitself." vians in South America, in Germany, Holland, and the contiguous counIn some of the languages of these countries, I have foun<l no such tries. but if it exists, the author's inference, that the name of Ihi: head word; gave rise to this term of respect, (for this is what I understand him lo mean,)
unfounded ; and equally fanciful and unfounded is his supposition, by the loss of A from sher, tlie pronoun her, and the German herr, lord, In all this, it is demonstrably certain there is are to be deduced from sir. no truth or even semblance of reality. Man, the author deduces from the Hebrew PUD to discern or discriminate, [a sense I do not find in the Lexicons,] and hence he infers that the radWith this word ical idea ofman is that of a thinking or reasonable being. he connects JVIenu, .Menes, Minos, and M'^-^t, mens, mijid ; a sweeping inference made at random from a similarity of orthography, without a distant conception of the true primary meaning of either of these words. But what is worse, he appears, if I do not mistake his meaning, to connect with these words, the tane, tanato, or tangi, of the Sandwich isles ; words, which are formed with a radical initial consonant not convertible with m, and most See the words father, man, and sir, in certainly unconnected with man. the Dictionary. The author offers some other etymologies and affinities equally remote
is totally

and thus originated in different tamiiies. " is, in our language, the common title of respect Sir," says the author, and the same term is employed in the name sense throughout every quarter of the globe. In the Sanscrit and Pci-sian, it means the organ of the head
distinct,

Change of Unguals. Eng. escort, Sp. Port, escolfa. Fr. blanc, white, Port, hranco.
Letters formed by different organs are not commutable hence we are not admit a radical word beginning or ending with 4, /or v, to be the same as word beginning or ending with g. d, t, r or s ; nor a word whose radical If n, to be the same as one whose elements are r, d, or s, t. m, such words are in any case the same, they must have suffered some anomalous changes changes which are very unusual and which are never to
;

to

letters are

be admitted without the clearest evidence.

that,

But he formed a theory which he attempted to support, in my opinlittle success at least, on his principles, all the usual rules of etymology are transgressed, and all distinction between words of different radical letters is abandoned. According to his theory, nine words are the foundations of language, viz. ag, wag, hwag,bag or hwag, [of wbich/ag^ and pag are softer varieties,] dwag, thwag or twag, gwag or ctvag, lag and Mag, mag, nag, and hnag, rug and hrag, swag. " By the help of these nine words and their compounds all the European languages have been from truth, and even from probability. formed." These are the author's words. To make out his scheme, he joins ag, having, to wag, move, and forms a The governing principles of etymology arc, Jir.'if, the identity of radical no attinity be- diminutive, wagag, to move a little or often. With ba, bear or bring, and letters, or a coincidence of cognates, in diltcrent languages ing admissible, except among words whose primary consonants are articu- la, hold, wagaba signifies literally move-bearing, and wagla is move-having. Then jcagafcn contracted into wubba, to wave, lo weave, and !co;?/<7 into or as D, T, Th and S as B, F, M, P, V and lations of the same organs, or as G, C hard, K and Q R, L and D. Some exceptions to this rule must wala, to turn. From dag, to wet, bedew, comes damp ; from ceag, to be admitted, but not without collateral evidence of the change, or some evi- chew, comes cAnm;); /a/, joined, wrought together, from ybo-, lo work, lo dence that is too clear to be reasonably rejected. join; hwal and hal, to hold, and turrt, from hwag ; bat from bngd or bagt ; Secmid. Words in diflijrent languages are not to he considered as proceed- *'', a bite, from bigt ; bladder from blag; modera, mother, the producer, have the same signification, or one from magd, pioduced bottom from bogd, a stump, root or foundation field ing from the same radix, unless they And on this point, much Irom fagd -dearth from airtha,acertha, from acer, aker, ager ; field, an unallied to it, or naturally deducible from it. closely knowledge of the primary sense of words, and of the manner in which col- cultivated plain, from fag, to make to fall. It seems that in order to maintain his lateral senses have sprung from one radical idea, is necessary to secure the theory, it was necessary to make it A competent knowledge of this branch of etymolo- appear that g formed a part of all original words, and that this letter has, in inquirer from mistakes. gy cannot be obtained from any one, or from two or three languages. It is modern words, been dropped. The author then introduces this letter into almost literally true, that in examining more than twenty languages, I have words where it never had anyplace, such as field, earth, bat, &c. The aufthor's work presents one of the most found eaeh language to throw some light on every other. singular me<lleysof truth and error, of That the reader may have more clear and distinct ideas of what is intend sound observation and visionary opinions, that has ever fallen under my ed by commutable letters, and the principles by which etymological deduc notice. On the same principles, he must have inserted the letter g in bear, fera. are to be regulated, it may be remarked that commutable or intei' tions changeable letters are letters of the same organs ; that is, letters or articu pario, X13 in bend, fomid, tame, Saixau, domo; in dream, wander, turn. Thus 6, m and/), are form &c. and supposed them to have been originally beager,fegro, pugrio, t(^J3. lations formed by the same parts of the mouth. ed immediately by the lips, the position of which is shghtly varied to make begnd, fougnd, tagme, ii^7iJ.au,dogmo, dreagm,wagnder, tugrn, &c. the distinction between these letters. F and u are formed by the lips, but Now on such a principle as this we might deduce any word in the lanwith the aid of the upper teeth. Now the difference of the jointings of the guage fiom any other word, or from any root that could be imagined. In to utter these letters is so small, that it is easy for men in utterance organs short, all such theories are the produce of wild conjecture, and they serve no
facts.

When this work was in the press, I first obtained a sight of a "History of the European Languages," by the late Dr. .\lexander Murray, Profcs.sor of Oriental languages in the University of Edinburgh. From a hasty i)erusal of the first volume, I find this learned professor studied the European languages with much attention and profit. He has gone lurther into the origin and formation of languages, than any author whose works I have read; and his writings unfold many valuable principles and
ion with
:

to

sUde from one form into another.

The

following examples will illustrate this subject.

purpose but contempt.

to

confound the student and bring the study of etymology into

Labial letters commuted for other labials. English bear, hat.fero,pario, G. ippu>, (popso), D. voeren, G.ftihren. Here is the same word written in different languages, with five different
initial letters.

ACCENTUATIOX.
the more forcible utterance of a particular syllable of a word, by which it is distinguished fiom the others. The accented syllable of a word serves therefore as a kind of resting place or support of the voice, which passes over the unaccented syllables with more rapidity and a less
distinct utterance.

Accent is

German wahr,

true, L. verus. Celtic lamh, lav, the hand, Goth. lofa. L. guberno, Fr. goiwerner, Eng. govern.

Dental letters

commuted

for other dentals.

Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng.

dew, G. thau.
good, G. gut.
(iarc,

Gr.

fiuppsw.

day, G. tag. thank, D.danken.

brother,

Accent is of two kinds, or rather of two degrees of force, primary and Words of one syllable can have no accent. Words of two sylWords of three and four syllables may lables have the primary accent only. have the primary and secondary accent; but many of them have no secondary accent that deserves notice; suchare dignity, enemy, annuity. fidelity. In words of four, five or more syllables, a secondary accent is often essential
secondary.

D. broeder.

Palatal letters comnuited for other palatalB.

galw, Gr. kcHiu. Eng. call, Eng. get, It. catlare. Greek xfiMt", ^- hiems, winter.
.

Dentals converted into sibilants. Eng. water, G. wasser. Lat. dens, a tooth, (!. zahn.

Eng. let, Fr. lai.^ser. Ch. no, Heb. WDSax. tid, time, G.
zeit.

Thus heterogeneous to a clear distinct articulation of the several syllables. cannot be well uttered without two accented syllables; the fourth syllable receiving the principal stress of the voice, and the first clearly distinguished by more forcible utterance, than the second, third, fifth, and sixth. The accent of most English words has been long established ; and evidently, it has been determined by the natural ease of speaking, without the If any man should ask, why we lay the accent aid of rules or instruction. of such words as elocution, meditation, relation, congratulation, on the last syllable, except one ; the answer is, tliat such accentuation renders the pronunciation more easy to the organs of speech and more agreeable to the ear, than the accentuation of any other syllable. The ease of speaking, and a kind of prosaic melody, resulting from a due proportion of accented and unaccented syllable-, which enables the speaker to bound with ease from one accented syllable to another, without omitting those which are unaccented, are the two great principles by which the accentuation of words has been

Vol.

I.

G.

INTRODUCTION.
-porous, as carniv'orous, graniiniv'orous. -tomy, as anat'omy, lithot'omy. any instances, be neglected, or forced to yield to arbitrary reasons of deriWhen we know vation, or to a pedantic atTectation of foreign pronunciation. -raphy, as gcog'raphy, orihog'raphy. that the great mass of a nation naturally fall into a particular manner of proCompound words, as book-case, ink-stand, pen-knife, note-book, usually a word, without any rule or instruction, we may rely upon this have a sUght accent, that is, one syllable is distinguished by some stress of nouncing but as the other syllable is significant by itself, it is uttered with as a pretty certain indication that their accentuation is according to voice tendency the analogies of the language, by which their habits of speal<ing have been more distinctness than the syllables of other words which are wholly unacformed and this tendency cannot be opposed without doing violence to those cented. And in .some words, there are two accents, one on each component Thus in legislative, lepart of the word, which are barely distinguishable. analogies and to national habits. Thus formerly, the word horizon was universally accented on the first gislator, legislature, the accent on the first syllable can hardly be distinfrom that on the third; and if a.speaker were to lay the primary syllable, and this accentuation was according to the settled analogy of the guished language. But the early poets had a fancy for conforniing the English to accent on the third syllabic, his pronunciation would hardly be noticed as a Indeed there are some compound words, in which there is so the Greek pronunciation, and accented the second syllable the orthoepists singularity. and now we have this forced, unnatural pronunciation of the little distinction of accent, that it is deemed unnecessary to mark either sylfollowed them learned in collision with the I'egular, analogous popular pronunciation. Cy lable or part of the word as accented. As to a great part of English words, their accent must he learned from this affectation of the Greek accent, the flowing smoothness of the word is There is no method of classifidictionaries, elementary books, or piactice. entirely lost. In like manner, an imitation of the French pronunciation of confesseur, cation, by which they can be brought under a few simple general rules, to and sticcesseur, led the early poets to accent the Knglish words on the first be easily retained by the memory ; and attempts to effect this object must syllable, in violation of analogy and euphony; and some orthoepists affect to only burden the memory, and perplex the learner. The differences in the accentuation of words, either in books or in usage, follow them; but public usage frowns on this affectation, and rejects their are not very numerous. In this respect, the language is tolerably well setauthority. There are many words in the English language, indeed a large part of the tled, except in a few words. Among these are acceptable, commendable, whole number, which cannot be reduced under any general rule of accentu- confessor, successor, receptacle, recepiory. deceptory, refragable, dyspepsy, But with reation, as the exceptions to any rule formed will be nearly as numerous as the which the orthoepists incline to accent on the first syllable. words which the rule embraces. And in most instances, we shall find, in the gard to most of these words, their accentuation is contrary to common usage, structure of the words, satisfactory reasons for the dili'erence of pronunciation. and with regard to all of them, it ought to be rejected. The case of pronunciation requires the accent to be on the second syllable, and no effort to reregulated.
in
it is

And

to

be extremely regretted that these principles should,

DISSYLLABLES.
general rule can be given for the accentuation of words of two syll It is however, worth observing that when the same word is both a adjective and a verb, it happens, in many instances, tliat the noun or adjective has the accent on the first syllable, and the verb on the last Instances of which we have in ab'sent, to absent' ; con'cert, to concert' to expdrt. The reason is, the preterit and participles of the verbs cx'port, require to have the same syllable accented, as the verb; but if the first syl lable of the preterit and participles were to be accented, it would be difficult to pronounce the words, as may be perceived by attempting to pronounce ub'senting, con'certed, con'ducted, with the accent on the first syllable. In a few instances, the word has a different accent when a noun, from that which it has when an adjective ; as Au'gust, august' ; gallant', gaVlant.
bles.

move it can ever succeed. The words accessory, desultory, exemplary and peremptory would all have the accent on the second syllable, were it not very ditficult, with this

No

noun or an

TRISSYLLABLES.
Words of three syllables, derived from dissyllables, usually retain the accent of their primitives. Thus Ptiet, pdetess; pleas'ant, plea^'antly ; gra'cious, graciously; relate, rented;
poli'te,poli'test.

In like manner, words of four syllables, formed from dissyllables, generally retain the accent of the primitives ; as in collect'ible from collect', ser'I'iceable from ser'vice. In
all

cases, the preterit and participles of verbs retain the accent of the
in tion, sion, iian, cious, tious, cial, cian, tial. Hate, tient,
;

verbs.

Words ending

cient, have the accent on the syllable preceding that termination as motion, christian, precious, erudition, patient, &c. Words of more than two syllables, ending in ly, have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult; as gratuity, propriety, prospaity, insensibility. Trissyllables ending in mcnt, for the most part have the accent on the first syllable, as compliment, detriment; but to this rule there are many exceptions, and particularly nouns formed from verbs, as amendment, conunandment. Words with the following terminations have the accent on the last syllable except two, or antepenult.
-fluous, as super'fluous, mellifluous. -ferous, as bacciferous, argentifei-ous. -fluent, as circum'fluent.
'

accent, to articulate the three last syllables of the <lerivatives, accessorily, It is for this reason, that the desultorily, exemplarily, peremptorily. primary accent is laid on the first syllable, and then a secondary accent on the third enables the speaker to articulate distinctly and with tolerable ease the If the primary accent is laid on the second last syllables. syllable, there can be no secondary accent. Yet the natural accent of the primitives being on the second syllable of the three first, and the derivatives little used, we find good speakers often lay the accent on the second syllable; nor is it easy to change the practice. This circumstance of regarding the pronunciation of derivative words, in setthng the accent, has been either wholly overlooked, or not sufficiently observed in practice. Hence the orthoepists accent the second syllable of \the verbs alternate, demonstrate, contemplate, compensate, extirpate, con\fiscate, expurgate. Notwithstanding all authorities however, such is the to consult ease and in utterance, that many respectable jtendency melody speakers lay the accent of these and similar woids on the first syllable. The reason of this is obvious, although perhaps it never occurs to the speakers themselves. It is, that when the accent is laid on the second syllable, the two last syllables of the participles, alter n'ating, demon'strating, compen'sated, &c. are either pronunced with difficulty, being wholly unaccented, or they are disgustingly feeble. How very difficult it is to utter distinctly the words alternating, demonstrating, &c. with the accent on the second syllable ; the organs being compelled to change their position and form three, four, five, or six articulations in an instant, to utter the two last syllables But place the primary accent on the fir.st syllable, and a secondary one on the third, and the voice resting on these, the speaker is enabled to bound with ease from syllable to syllable and utter the whole word distinctly without
!

effort, al'ternating, dem'onstrating. In extirpate, compensate and confiscate, the accent on the second syllable leaves the last syllables of the participle most miserably weak. What a feeble line is this of Pope
:

Each seeming ill compen'sated of course. This evil is remedied by placing the primary accent on the first syllable, and a secondary one on the thiid com'pensate'd ; com'pensating ; ex'tirpating ; ex'tirpated; con'fiscating; con'fiscated; the full sound of a giving
;

due strength
It is

-cracy, as democ'racy, theoc'racy. -gonal, as diag'onal, sexag'onal.

-gony, as costnog'ony, theog'ony. -machy, as logom'achy, theom'achy.

-loquy, as ob'loquy, ventril'oquy. -mathy, as polym'athy. -meter, as barom'eter, hygrorn'eter. -nomy, as econ'omy, astron'omy. -pathy, as ap'athy, antip'athy. phony, as eu'phony. sym'phuny.

parous, as ovip'tirous, vivip'arous. scopy, as

deuteros'copy, aeros'copy. strophe, as apos'trophe, catas'trophe.

vomous,

as igniv'o/naus.

to the last syllables. further to be observed that there are some words which, in poetry and prose, must be differently accented, as the accent has been transferred from one syllable to another within the two last centuries. Nares by usage enumerates more than a hundred words, whose accent has been thus changed since the age of Shakspeare. Of this class of words are aspect, jnocess, sojourn, conve.v, contest, retinue, converse, the noun horizon, which Milton accents on the second syllable, and acceptable, which he accents on the first, as he does attribute and contribute. But the accent of all these words has been changed the seven first have the accent indisputably on the first syllable the two last, on the second syllable and although some difference of opinion may exist, as to the accentuation o[ horizon and acceptable, yet the common popular practice of accenting horizon on the first and acceptable on the second, is according to regular analogies and cannot well be altered. Nor ought it to be the poetic accent, in both, is harsh and unnatural. This difference of accent is a slighl inconvenience but custom is the arbiter in language ; and when well settled and general, there is no appeal from its decisions, the inconvenience admits of no remedy^
; ; ; ; ;

INTRODUCTION.
Of Tohmon's Dictionary, and of the manner in which the following work
is

executed.

Dr. Johnson was one of the greatest men that the En2;lish nation has ever produced and when the exhibition of truth depended on liis own gigantic powers of intellect, he seldom erred. But in the compilation of his dictionary, he manifested a great defect of research, by means of which he often fell into mistakes and no errors are so dangerous as those of great men. The authority created by the general excellence of their works gives a sanction to their very mistakes, and represses that spirit of inquiry which would investigate the truth, and subvert the errors of inferior men. It seems to be owing to this cause chiefly that the most obvious mistakes of Johnson's Dictionary have remained to this day uncorrected, and still con tinue to disfigure the improved editions of the work recently published. In like manner, the opinions of this author, when wrong, have a weight of Tlic sentiment conauthority that renders them extremely mischievous.
; ;

tained in this single line

Quid

te

esccmptajuvat spinis de pluribus

una ?

is of this kind; tliat we are to make no corrections, because we cannot complete the reformation; a sentiment that sets itself in direct opposition to all improvement in science, literature and morals; asentiment, which, if it had been always an efficacious principle of human conduct, would have condem-

7. The mistakes in etymology are numerous; and (he whole scheme of deducing words from their original is extremely imperfect. 8. The manner of defining words in Johnson, as in all other dictionaries, is In a great part of the more important words, susceptible of improvement. and particularly verbs, lexicographers, either from negligence or want of knowledge, have inverted the true order, or have disregarded all order in the definitions. There is a primary sense of every word, from which all the other have proceeded; and whenever this can be discovered, this sense should stand first in order. Thus the primary sense of make is to force or compel; but this in Johnson's Dictionary is the fifteenth definition; and (bis sense o{ facia in Ainsworth, the nineteenth. 9. One of the most objectionable parts of Johnson's Dictionary, in my opinion, is the great number of passages cited from authors, to exemplify his definitions. Most English words are so familiarly and perfectly understood, and the sense of them so litlle liable to be called in question, that they may be safely left to rest on the authority of the lexicographer, wKhout examples. Who needs extracts from three authors, Knolles, Milton and Berkeley, to prove or illustrate the literal of hand ! Who needs extracts from meaning Shakspearc, Bacon, South and Dryden, to prove hammer to he a legitimate EngUsh word, and to signify an instrument for driving nails? So under household, we finil seven passages and nearly thirty lines employed to exemplify the plain interpretation, a family living together.

number of authorities. considered as a material fault, that in some classes of words, JohnIn the admission of words of recent origin, into a Dictionary, a lexicois either not correct upon principle or not uniform in the writes heedlessly, with .ss, but grapher has to encounter many dilficulties; as it is not easy, in all cases, to carelesly, with one s , dedetermine whether a word is so far authorized as to be considered legitimate. fence, with c, but defensible, defensive, with s; rigour, iiiferiour, with u, Some writers a licentiousness in coining words, which good sense but rigorous, inferiority, without it; publick, authentick with k, hut pub- would wish to indulge At the same time, it would not be judicious to rerepress. lication, authenticate, without it; and so of many other words of the same classes. ject all new terms; as these are often necessary to express new ideas; and the progress of improvement in arts and science would be retarded, by de4. The omission of the participles or most of them, is no small defect, as a place in dictionaries, to terms given to things newly discovered. of them by use have become proper adjectives, and many require distinct nying definitions. The additions of this kind in this work are very numerous. It But the lexicographer is not answerable for the bad use of the privilege of new words. It seems to be his duty to insert and explain all words is also useful both to natives and foreigners, to be able, by opening a ilictioa- coining which are used by respectable writers or speakers, whether the words are ary, to know when the final consonant of a verb is doubled in the participle. The future destined to be received into general and permanent use or not. 5. The want of due discrimination in the definitions of words that arp use must depend on public taste or the utility of the words; circumstances nearly synonymous, or sometimes really synonymous, at other Umes not, is which are not within the lexicographer's control. a fault in all the dictionaries of our language, which I have seen. Permeate, are sometimes censured for inserting in their vocabularies, Johnson, signifies, to pass through, and permeable, such as may be says Lexicographers passed through. But we pass through a door or gate; although we do not vulgar words, and terms of art known only to particular artisans. That this permeate it, or say that it is permeable. Obedience, says Johnson, is obse- practice may be carried too far, is admitted ; but it is to be remarked that, in quiousness, but this is rarely the present sense of the word ; so far from it general, vulgar words are the oldest and best authorized words in language; and their use i| as necessary to the classes of people who use them, as elethat obedience is always honorable, and obsequiousness usually impliesj meanness. {Peculation, says Johnson, is robbery of the public, theft ot gant words are to the statesman and the poet. It may be added that such pubUe money. But as robbery and theft are now understood, it is neither. words are often particularly useful to the lexicographer, in furnishing him with the primary sense, which is no where to be found, but in popular use. Inaccuracies of this kind are very numerous. so far as John.Jon and Todd have done, in 6. There are in Johnson's Dictionary, some palpable mistakes in orthog- In this work, I have not gone quite raphy, such a.s comptroller, bridegroom, redoubt, and some others, there admitting vulgar words. Some of them are too low to deserve notice. The catalogue of obsolete words in Johnson has been considerably augbeing no such legitimate words iu the language. In other instances, the author mistook the true origin of words, and has erred in the orthography, as mented by Mason and Todd. I have, though somewhat reluctantly, insertin chymistry and diocess. ed nearly the whole catalogue, which, I presume, amounts to seven or eight.
3.
It is

In most cases, one example is sufficient to illustrate the meaning of a word and this is not absolutely necessary, except in cases where the signed not only our language, but our manners and our knowledge to everlast- nification is a deviation from the plain literal sense, a pardcular application a pioposition is made to conect the of the term And hence whenever or in a case, where the sense of the word may be doubtful, ing rudeness. orthography of our language, it is instantly repelled with the opinion and and of questionable authority. Numerous citations serve to swell the size Thus while the nations on the Euj'opcan continent of a Dictionary, without any adequate advantage. Bu( this is not the onlv ipse dixit of Johnson. have purified their languages and reduced the orthography to a good de- objection (o Johnson's exemplifications. Many of the pa-ssages are taken whose style is now antiquateil, gree of regularity, our enemies of reform conteml most strenuously for re- from authors now little read, or not at all taining the anomalies of the language, even to the very rags and tatters of and by no means furnishing proper models for students of the present age. barbarism. But what is more extraordinary, the very persons who thus In the execution of this work. I have pursued a course somewhat dillerstruggle against the smallest improvement of the orthography are the most ent; not however without fortifying my own opinion with that of other genready to innovate in the jironunciaiinn, and will, at any time, adopt a tlemen, in whose judgment I have confidence. In many cases, where tho change that fashion may introduce, though it may infi'ingc the regularity of sense of a word is plain and indisputable, I have omitted to cite any authorithe language, multiply anomalies, and increase the difficulty of learning it. I have done the same in ty. many instances, where the sense of a word is Nay, they will not only innovate themselves, but will use their influence to wholly obi^lete, and the definition useful only to the antiquary. In some propagate the change, by deriding those who resist i(, and who strive to re- instances, definitions are given without authority, merely because I hail tain the resemblance between the written and spoken language. to note the author, or had lost the reference. In such cases, I A considerable part of Johnson's Dictionary is however well executed neglected must stand responsible for the correctness of the definition. In all such and when his definitions are correct and his arrangement judicious, it seems cases, however, I have endeavored to be faithful to (he duty of a lexicoIt would be mere aflectationor to be expedient to follow him. folly to alter grapher and if in any instance, a mistake has escaped me, I shall be happy what cannot be improved. to have it suggested, that it may be corrected. In general, I have illustrated the significations of words, and proved theni The principal faults in Johnson's Dictionary are to be legitimate, by a short passage from some respectable author, often 1. The want of a great number of well authorized words to the belonging from the whole passage cited by Johnson. In many cases, I have This detect has been in part supplied by Mason and T"odd but abridged language. brief sentences of my own; using the phrases or sentences in which their supplemental list is still imperfect even in common words, and still given the word most frequently occurs, and often presenting some important more defective from the omission of terms of science. maxim or sentiment in religion, morality, law or civil policy. Under words 2. Another great fault, that remains uncorrected, is the manner of noting which occur in the scriptures, I have often cited passages from our common the accented syllable the accent being laid uniformly on the vowel, whethnot only to illustrate the scriptural or theological sense, but even er it closes the syllable or not. Thus the accent is laid on e in te'iiaiit as version, the ordinary significations of the words. These passages are short, plain, well as in te'acher, and the inquirer cannot know from the accent whether and familiar to most readers. In a few cases, where the sense the vowel is long or short. It is surprising that such a notation should still appropriate, of a word is disputed, I have departed from the general plan, and cited a be retained in that work.
; ;

son's orthography
class.

Thus he

INTRODUCTION.
Most of these may be useful to the ten thousand words. antiquary but to the great mass of readers, they are useless.* I have also inserted many wonis which are local in England; being retained from the diHercnt languages that have been spoken in that country, but which are no more a part of our present language in the United States, than so many Lapland words. These however occur in books which treat of books which are occasionally road in this country. agriculture and the arts ; Law-terms, which are no part of the proper language of the U. States, and never can be, as the things they express do not exist in this country, are however retained, as it is necessary that the gentlemen of the bar should understand them ; and it will be time to dismiss them from books, when
and perhaps,
;

to

they are obsolete in practice. As to Americanisms, so called, I have not been able to find many words, These I have admitted in respectable use, which can be so denominated. and noted as peculiar to this country. 1 have fully ascertained that most of the new words charged to the coinage of this country, were lirst used in England. In exhibiting the origin and afiinilies of English words, I have usually placed first in order the corresponding word, in the language from or through which we have received it then the corresponding words in the languages of the same family or race ; then the corresponding word in the languages of other families. Thus, for example, the word break we have from our Saxon ancestors ; I therefore give the Saxon word first then the same word in the other Teutonic and Gothic languages then the Celtic words; then the Latin ; and lastly the Hebrew, Chaldaic and Arabic. This order is not followed in e\ery instance, even of vernacular words, but it is When there can be no rational the more general course I have pursued. doubt respecting the radical identity of words, 1 have inserted them without any expression of uncertainty. When there appears to be any reason to the probability only of an affinity question that identity, I have mentioned
; ; ;

Vet I am aware that or inserted a query, to invite further investigation. many things, which, in my view, arc not doubtful, will appear so io persons not versed in this subject, and who do not at once see the chain of evidence which has led me to my inferences. For tliis there is no remedy but further investigation. In regard to words, which have been introduced into the language in modern days, I have generally referred them to the language, from which A great part of these are from the the English immediately received them. Latin through the French; sometimes probably through the Italian or Span In some instances however the order is reversed ; indeed it cannot al ish. ways be known from which language the words have been received, nor is it a matter of any consequence. One circumstance however deserves to be particularly noticed; that when 1 refer a vernacular word to the corresponding word in one of the Shemitic Enterprise, devise, comprise, revise, compromise, and surprise, belong to languages, I would not have it understood that the English word was deriv ed or borrowed from that oriental word. For example, I have given the a different class and retain the orthography of their originals. There is a fact respecting the pi'onunciation of gn, in cognizance, and reShemitic pl3 as the verb corresponding with the English break, that is, the which seems to have escaped observation ; this is, that g was same word in those languages; not intending by this that our ancestors bor- cognizance, introduced to express a nasal sound, as in the French gn, or Spanish)!, but rowed or received that word from the Chaldean';, Hebrews or other Shemi This is not the fact. It would be just as correct for the com not for the purpose of being pronounced as g. It is probable that the Latins tic nation. con before nosco into cog for this reason; and it may be inferred changed piler of a Chaldee or Hebrew lexicon to derive pl3 from the English break from the modern pronunciation of these words, that the Greeks omitted or So when I deduce coin, through the French, Spanish or German brechen. softened the sound of 7 in yiYvwcrxco and 7i7vc|iai. However this may be, the old pronunciation of the words was undoubtedly conusance, or conizance, or Italian, from the Arabic ^^Lj , I do not consider the word as borrowed reconizance, and hence in the old writers on law, the letter g was omitted. from the Arabic but as proceeding from a couimon radix. With regai'd to Indeed there is a harshness in the pronunciation of g in these words, that vernacular words, in any European language, such deduction is always in- offends the organs both of the speaker and hearer, and which well justifies Yet errors of this kind abound in every book I have seen, which the pronunciation of the old lawyers; a pronunciation which we frequently correct. treats of this subject. The truth is, all vernacular words in the languages hear, at this day, among gentlemen of the bar. of Europe, are as old as the same words in Asia; and when the same words Whether the Latins pronounced the letter g in such words as benignus, are found in the Shemitic and Japhetic languages, it is almost demonstr;ibly condignus, malignus, it is of no moment for us to determine. In our mode certain that these words were in use before the dispersion ; the nations of of writing benign, condign, maUgn,iho sound of g must be dropped; but it both families have them from the conmion stock, and the words, like the fami- is resumed in the derivatives benignity, condignity, malignity : so in delies of men, which use them, ai-e to be considcied as of the same antiquity. sign, designate ; resign, resignation.* When therefore I state the words of another language as corresponding In noting the obsolete words which amount to some thousands, I may have with vernacular words in the English, they are offered as affinities, or the committed mistakes for words obsolete in one part of the British dominions, same word, varied dialectically perhaps, in orthography or signification, but or in some part of the United States, may be words in common use, in some from the same root as the English. Thus under the word bright, 1 other part of such dominions, not within my knowledge. The rule I have words state the Saxon word, and then the corresponding word in the Ethiopic, the generally observed has been to note as obsolete such words as I have not participle of a \e\\) ; not that our ancestors borrowed the word from the heard in colloquial practice, and which I have not found in any writer of the The notation of such words as are disused may be of use to Ethiopians, but that the verb, from which iri'g/if was derived, though lost last century. in the Saxon, is still retained in the Ethiopic. This fact proves that the an- our own youth, and still more to foreigners, who learn our language. cestors of the Saxons once used the verb, but sufi'ored it to Under the head of etymology, in hooks, the reader will observe referengo into disuse, ces to another vvoik, for a more full explanation or view of the affinities of substituting shine, scinan, in its place. It is much to be regretted that British authors and travelers admit into the woids under which these references occur. These are references to a

regular form of orthography in English, that wc are perplexed with such words as burlesque, soup, group, tour, corps, depot, suite, pacha, ennui, and many others. In this respect, modern writers manifest less taste than the writers of former centuries, who, when they borrowed foreign words, wrote them in conformity to English analogies. This practice of blending with the English many words of an orthography, which in our language is anomalous, is very embarrassing to readers who know only their vernacular tongue, and often introduces an odious difference between the pronunciation of different classes of people ; an evil more sensibly felt in this country, than in Great in short, it multiplies the irreguBritain, where differences of rank exist larities of a language, already so deformed by them as to I'ender it nearly impracticable for our own citizens ever to overcome the difficulties of its which foreigners deem a reproach to the taste ; orthography irregularities of a literary nation. Where is the good sense which should dictate a manly firmness in preserving the regular analogies and purity of the language ? Where is there a due attachment to uniformity which constitutes the principal beauty and excellence of a language, and beyond all other means facilitates its acquisition ? I would not refuse to admit foreign words into the language, if necessary or useful ; but I would treat them as our laws treat aliens ; I would compel them to submit to the formalities of naturalization, before they should be admitted to the rights of citizensliip I would convert them into English Nor would I permit the same word to be written words, or reject them. and pronounced in two different ways, one English, the other French. The French suite in English is suit, whether it signifies a set of clothes, or of apartments, or of armor, or of attendants. In the orthography of certain classes of words, I have aimed at uniformity; but I have not proceeded so far in this desirable reformation of the common spelling, as my own wishes, and strict propriety might dictate. Thus if vicious, from the Latin vitium, is written with c, the verb vitiate should regularly be written with the same letter, and we have precedents in the words appreciate and depreciate, from the Latin pretimn. In like manner, expatiate shouXA be conformed to the orthography of .t/jaciotts ; exceed, proceed, and succeed, should follow the analogy of concede, intercede, and reThese are points of minor importance, but far from being unimportant. cede. In writing the termination of such verbs as civilize, legalize, modernize, there is a diversity which may be corrected without inconvenience. indeed have some of the verbs of this class from the French in which language iser is the termination ; but most of them we have borrowed directly from the Latin or Greek, or perhaps from the Spanish or Italian, or they are As the termination ize is conformable to the Greek of our own coinage. original, and as it expresses the true pronunciation in English, it seems expedient to reduce the whole class to a uniformity of orthography.
:

We

their writings foreign words without conforming them, in orthography, to Synopsis of the principal uncompounded words in twenty languages ; a work regular English analogies. It is owing to this disregard of the purity and that is not published, and it is uncertain whether it will ever be published. But if it should be, these references will be useful to the philologist, and 1 * There is, among some poets of the present day, an affectation of reviv tliought it e.vpedient to insert them. Some of these may perhaps be revived to ing the use of obsolete words. but when this practice proceeds so far as to make a glossary ne*The Spanish 7)(oio is the Latin;)i(g)Js,-and our word ;)a',theD.7)a)irf, advantage; So we pronounce mi;)Hf, (or impugn, French imcessary to the understanding of a poem, it seems to be a violation of good is the Latin ;j(>;is. taste. How different is the simple elegance of Oryden. Pope, Gr.iy, Gold- pugner, from the Latin pugno, pugna. How far these facts tend to show smith and Cowper the Latin pronunciation, let the reader judge.
!

PHILOSOPHICAL AND PRACTICAL

OF THE

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

ADVERTISEMENT.
In the year 1 803, of the Letter. " I take the
to accept a
I

received a Letter from Lindley Murray, with a copy of his

'

Grammar.

The following is a copy

author of Dissertations on the English Language,' will do me the favor liberty of requesting that the character. copy of the new edition of my grammar, as a small testimony of my respect for his talents and At the same time, I hope he will permit me to thank him for the pleasure and improvement, which I have derived

from perusing his ingenious and sensible writings. " should occur to him, by which he thinks the work may be further imIf, on looking over the Grammar, any thing favor and will give it an attentive and respectful conproved, I will take "the communication of it, as a particular
;

sideration.

Should he prepare any remarks, he will be so good as to send his letter to my brother John Murray, I am very respectfully, &c. Pearl Street, New York, who will carefully forward them to me.
Holdgate, near York, 1803."

jun.,

LINDLEY MURRAY."
with Twenty years before the date of this letter, 1 had prepared and published a Grammar, on the model of Lowth's, some variations, and on the same principles, as Murray has constructed his. This work passed through many ediBut before this period, my researches into the structure of tions, before Murray's book appeared in this country. Grammar wanted malanguage had convinced me that some of Lowth's principles are erroneous, and that my own
it to be immoral to publish what appeared to be false the public continued to actually did so although As I had the same objections to the publication of it. call for it, and my bookseller urged for permission to continue which was executed in 1807 ; Murray's Grammar, as I had to my own, I determined on the publication of a new work, and with a view to answer Lindley Murray's request, but in a different manner, I sent him a polite letter? with a copy of Grammar. I have understood from his friends in New York, that these never reached him ; but he received a

terial corrections.

In consequence of this conviction, believing

rules

and

principles,' I

determined to suppress

my Grammar, and

my

new edition of his own Gramcopy of my Grammar from his friends, and soon afterward prepared for publication a " mar, in the octavo form. In the preface to this edition, dated in 1808, he informs his readers, that, in preparing for the octavo edition, the author examined the most respectable publications on the subject of grammar, that had reextend and improve his work." On carecently appeared ; and he has, in consequence, been the better enabled to were selected from my book. fully comparing this work with my own Grammar, I found most of his improvements

ADVERTISEMENT.
In the
first

edition of this work, the compiler

gave

me

credit for

one passage only, (being nearly three pages of

my

Grammar,) which he acknowledged to be chiejly taken from my work. In the later editions, he says, this is in part taken from my book, and he further acknowledges that a.few positions and illustrations, among the syntactical notes and observations, were selected from my Grammar. Now the fact is, the passages borrowed amount to thirti/ or more, and they are so incorporated into his work, that no person except myself would detect the plagiarisms, without a
particular view to this object.
illustrating principles
It

may be

further observed that these passages are original remarks,

some of them

overlooked by all British writers on the subject. This octavo edition of Murray's Grammar, has been repeatedly published in this country, and constantly used in our higher seminaries of learning ; while the student probably has no suspicion that he is learning my principles in

Murray's Grammar.

For the injustice done to me, by this publication, in violation of the spirit, if not of the letter of the law, for securing to authors the copy-right of their works, I have sought no redress but while I submit to the injury, it seems to be my duty to bear testimony against this species of immorality. A man's reputation, and character, and writings, are
;

his property, as his land, and it is to be hoped that correct morality will, in due time, place the protection of the former on as high ground as that of the latter. Being perfectly satisfied that some principles of Lowth's Grammar, which constitutes tlie body of Murray's, are

as

much

entirely erroneous, I

have prefixed a brief

all

Grammar
It
is

the mature result of

subject.
It

my

investigations.

to this Dictionary ; which is committed to my fellow citizens, as the last effort I shall make to arrest the progress of error, on this

The

club and the arm,

needs the club of Hercules, wielded by the arm of a giant, to destroy the hydra of educational prejudice. I pretend not to possess, and my efforts may be fruitless ; but it will ever be a satisfaction to

reflect that I

have discharged a duty demanded by a deep sense of the importance of

truth.

It

is

me

true.

to think with indifterence, that half a million of youth in our schools are daily toiling to learn that It has been justly observed that ignorance is preferable to error.

not possible for which is not

Some of the more prominent errors of the English Grammars, are, 1. The admission of the ar/fZe, as a distinct part of speech, and an entire The word article signifies, if any thing, joint ; but there indefinite article.
a.

is

mistake respecting what is called the no class of words, unless it may be

that denomination.

the conjunctions, which can, with a

articles, are, in all

shadow of propriety, be brought under

The words

called

languages, adjectives ; words limiting or in some way qualifying the sense of names or nouns. most languages, they are varied like the nouns which they qualify, and attached to them like other adjectives.

In

2. The arrangement of words in a class to which they do not belong. Thus, that is called sometimes a pronoun, and sometimes a conjunction, when in fact it is always a pronoun or substitute, and never a conjunction. So also if, though, unless, notwithstanding, are called conjunctions which is a most palpable mistake. Notwithstanding,
;

placed by Murray among the conjunctions. But after he procured my Grammar, he inserted, under his twenty-first " It is rule of Syntax, the following remark. very frequent, when the word notwithstanding agrees with a number of words, or with an entire clause, to omit the whole, except this word and in this use of notwithstanding, we have a striking proof of the value of abbreviations in language," &c. The whole passage, taken from my Grammar, and
is
;

The remark to be made here is, that the author, by the two subsequent passages, are too long to be here recited. attempting to patch a defective system, falls into the absurdity of making notwithstanding a conjunction, in one part of his book, and in another, he makes it a word agreeing tvith a number of words, or with an entire clause !
3.

There

is

The
is

definite tenses,

imperfect.

no correct and complete exhibition of the English verb in any British Grammar which I have seen. which are as important as the indefinite, are wholly wanting and the second future in Murray It seems that he had in his first editions inserted this form, thou shalt, or yc shall hare loved, but in his
;

To prove this, he in the second and third persons is incorrectly applied. " Thou " He shalt have served thy apprenticeship, before the end of the year." gives the following examples. true ; but the author forgot that by placing shall have completed his business, when the messenger arrives." Very
octavo edition, he informs us that shall

when

When thou
paradigm.

or after, as an introduction to the sentence, the use o{ shall is not only correct, but in many cases, necessary. shalt or you shall have served an apprenticeship, after he shall have completed his business, are perfectly

correct expressions.

But

in

consequence of this oversight, Murray's second future

is

defective throughout the whole

ADVERTISEMENT.
that I have seen, is extremely imperfect. There are many English which are not brought witliin the rules; and of course they phrases which are perfectly well established and correct,
4.

The Syntax

of every British

Grammar

cannot be parsed or resolved by the student.

5.

There are several

false rules

of construction which mislead the learner

rules

which are

in direct

opposition to

the practice of the best writers.

6. There are some phrases or modes of expression, frequently used by authors, which are not good English, and which it is the business of the Grammarian to correct, but which are not noticed in any British Grammar. Some of these have been considered in tlie preceding Introduction. There is a great difficulty in devising a correct classification of the several sorts of words and probably no classiThere are some words fication that shall be simple and at the same time philosophically correct, can be invented.
;

that

do not
to

strictly fail

making

remedy

this

under the description of any class yet devised. but such schemes as I have seen, do not, evil
;

old schemes, nor simplify the subject. the subject, by substituting

ligible.

On

the other hand,

all

that

Many attempts have been made and are still in my apprehension, correct the defects of the have seen, serve only to obscure and embarrass

new arrangements and new

terms, vrhich are as incorrect as the old ones, and less intel-

the subject of the tenses of the verbs, for example, we may attempt philosophical accuracy, and say that there and there can be three tenses only, to express the natural division of time mto past, present, and future. But a language which should have words to express these three divisions only, would be miserably imperfect. We want to with respect to ourselves or the time of speaking and writing, express not only the past, the present, and the future,

On

are,

but the past with respect to other times or events. When we say, the mail will have arrived before sun-set, we extime of speaking, but an event to be 2)ast before another event, the setting of the press not only a. future event, at the Hence I have given to that form of words, the denomination o( the priorfuture. So of the past time. He sun. had delivered the letter, before I arrived, denotes an event not only pas?, as to the time of speaking, but past before another event,
istry,

my

arrival.

This tense
old

I call

the prior-past.

These denominations, These small

like the

terms of the new chimfinished or past,

I

define themselves.

The

names of the
I

latter tense, pluperfect or preterpluperfect,

more than

or beyond more than well received.

finished or past,

have discarded.

alterations of the old system will,

hope, be

If it should be said, that our verbs have not tenses, because they have not variations of termination to express them would reply, that this may be considered as a mistake, proceeding from an early bias, impressed upon us by the Greek and Latin forms of the tenses. A tense is a term intended to denote a form of verbs used for expressing time or some division of it, and it is just as properly applied to a combination of words for that purpose, as to a modification of the simple verb. The use of it is entirely arbitrary. Locutus sum are not the less a tense, because two words It is ihe /me and not the form of words used to express it, which stamps propriety on the denomare employed.

ination.

some of the English tenses, by analyzing them, and resolving them into their primaparsing the words composing them, each distinctly, we shall meet with insuperable difficulties. Let a man attempt to make out the sense of this phrase, he had been writing, by analysing it. Had alone denotes " he had an estate in New York." Then in the held, possessed, as in the phrase, phrase above, it will signify, he held or 2yossesscd been writing.
If to dispense with
is,

we attempt

ry elements, that

The point It is alledged that the auxiliary verbs are not secondary, but the most important verbs in the language. of importance must be determined by this fact, that by themselves they do not make complete sense they leave the sense or affirmation imperfect. He may, he can, he will, he shall, are incomplete sentences, without another verb expressed or understood. They express nothing definite which is intended to be affirmed. When I ask, whether you can lend me a sum of money, and you reply, I can, the verb lend is understood. Not so with the verbs consid;

When I say, / write, I walk, the sense or affirmation is complete without the use of another verb. with perfect propriety, that such verbs as can be used only in connection with others, should be considered as of a secondary character, and being used to aid in forming the tenses, they may very justly be denominated auxered as principal.

Hence

it is

iliars or auxiliaries.

Some

ular form

of our verbs are used either as principal or as auxiliary, as have and ivill ; and will takes a different and regwhen principal I will, thou wiliest, he willcth or wills an estate or a legacy ; but when auxiliary, thou wilt,
;

he will bequeath

his estate.

ADVERTISEMENT" I loill walk or ride ; but as an auxiliary, it Will, indeed, in its primary use, expresses volition, as when we say, When it is said, " it will rain to-morrow," what relation has will to volition ? often loses this signification. To show the utter futility of attempting to explain phrases by the primary signification of the auxiliaries, take the May and might express power, liberty or possibility have and had express holding or possession. following example. On this plan of explanation, resolve the following sentence. " He might have had more prudence than to engage in speculation ;" that is, he was able, or had power, to hold or possess, held or possessed more prudence than to engage
;

in speculation.

So

the following.

" It

may have

rained on the land." That

is, it

has power or

is

possible, to hold or possess, rained

on the land.
All attempts to simplify our forms of the tenses by such resolution, must not only fail, but prove to be perfectly ridicIt is the combination of words only that admits of definition ; and these must be exhibited as tenses ; forms ulous.

of expression presenting to the hearer or reader the precise time of action. This is necessary for our own citizens ; but for foreigners, indispensable, as they want to know the tenses in Enghsh which correspond with the tenses in
their

own

languages.

Nor

shall

we succeed much better in attempting

fo detect the

primary elements of the terminations which form the

;
;

variations of the simple verb. may conjecture any thing ; we may suppose loved to be a contraction oHove-did but in opposition to this, we find in our mother tongue, this termination ed, was od, or ode. Ic liifode, I loved

We

we

same as that in the early Roman laws, Besides, lufodon, in which esto was written estod ; and I believe we have no evidence that do and did ever belonged to the Latin language. But what settles this question, is, that did itself is formed of do and this same termination, do-ed. Here

we

loved.

if I

mistake not,

this

termination

is

the

the question

may

rest.

conjecture that the personal terminations of the verbs were originally pronouns, and this conjecture is certainly better founded than many others ; but we find in our mother tongue, the verb lore, in the plural number, is written, we lufiath, ge hifiath, thi lufiath, all the persons having the same termination ; but certainly the same word

We

may

to express we, you or ye, and they. have attentively viewed these subjects, in all the lights which my opportunities have afforded, and I am convinced that the distribution of words, most generally received, is the best that can be formed, with some slight alterations

was never used

1

adapted to the particular construction of the English language. Our language is rich in tenses, beyond any language and I have endeavored to exhibit all the combinations of words forming them, in such a manner that in Europe students, natives or foreigners, may readily understand them.
;

tionaries

incorrect

all the observations I have been able to make, I am convinced the dicand grammars which have been used in our seminaries of learning, for the last forty or fifty years, are so and imperfect, that they have introduced or sanctioned more errors than they have amended in other words, had the people of England and of these States been left to learn the pronunciation and construction of their vernacular language solely by tradition, and the reading of good authors, the language would have been spoken and written with more purity than it has been and now is, by those who have learned to adjust their language by the rules which dictionaries and grammars prescribe.

close with this single remark, that from

PHILOSOPHICAL. AND PRACTICAL GRAMMAR,

A<

The Granimni- of a language is a colleelion of principles and rules, taken At the beginning of words, y may be considered a consonant, as in year. Wis properly a vowel, having the same sound as 00, in wool, the French from the established usages of the nation using that language in other words, an exhibition of the genuine structure of the language. These principles o, the Italian, German, and Spanish u. It is the same in English as iu and rules are derived fiom the natural distinctions of words, or they are ar- the Welsh. Thus dwell is pronounced dooell. When initial, it has been considered to be a consonant, as in u<ell, will, ooelt, ovill; but although the and depend for their authority wholly on custom. bitrary, A rute is an established form of construction in a particular class of words. position of the organs in uttering this letter at the beginning of words may Thus it is a rule in English that the plural number of nouns is formed by be a little closer, it can hardly be called an articulation. In this combination, the two vowels are rather diphthongal. adding s or cs to the singular, as hand, ha)iih, cage, cages, fish, fishes. An exception to a rule is, the deviation of a word from the common con- Consonants or articulations are characters that represent the junctions, Thus the regular plural of man would be mans ; but the actual jointings, or closings of the organs, which precede or follow the vocal sounds. struction. This word then is an exception to the general rule of form- Some of them are close articulations, which wholly intercept the voice. plural is men. Such are h, p, and t, as in the syllables ek, ep, et. These are u.sually called ing plural nouns. Granunar is usually divided into four parts orthography, etymology, syn- mutes, ov jnire mutes. Others admit a short prolongation of sound, as b. These are called impure mutes. d, and g, in the syllables eb, ed, eg. tax, and prosody. Others are imperfect articulations, not entirely interrupting the voice, but Orthography treats of the letters of a language, their sounds and use, whether simple or in combination; and teaches the true mode of writing admitting a kind of hum, a hiss, or a breathing; and for this reason, they are sometimes called semi-vowels. Such are/, /, m,n, r, s, v, and z, as in words, according to established usage. Etymology treats of the derivation of words from their radicals or primi the syllables eXt el, em, en, er, es, ei\ ez. J and the soft g represent a compound sound, or rather a union of sounds, tives, and of their various inflections and modifications to express person which may be expressed by edge, or dje, as inborn, general. number, case, sex, tune and mode. represents the sounds of ks, or gz. Syntax is a system of rules for constructing sentences. Th have an aspirated sound, as in thing, wreath ; or a vocal sound, as in Prosody treats of the quantity or rather of the accent ofsyllables, of poetic thus, thou, breathe. feet, and the laws of versification. Sh may be considered as representing a simple sound, as in esh, she, shall. The elements of language are articulate sounds. These are represented on paper by letters or characters, which are the elements of written language This sound, rendered vocal, becomes ezh, for which we have no character. A syllable is a simple sound, or a combination or succession of sounds ut- It is heard in fiision, pronounced fuzhmi. The letters ng in combination have two sounds; one as in sing, singer ; tered at one breath or impulse of the voice. the other as in finger, longer. A word consists of one syllable or of a combination ofsyllables. The latter requires a closer articulation of A sentence consists of a number of words, at the pleasure of the speaker the palatal organs, than the former but the distinction can be communicated only by the ear. or writer but forming complete sense. The orthoepists attempt to express it by writing g after the ng, as fing-ger. But the peculiar .sound of ng' is expressed, if exENGLISH ALPHABET. pressed at all, solely by the first syllable, as will be obvious to any person, who will write si7ig-ger for singer ; for let sing in this word be pronounThe English Alphabet consists of twenty six letters or characters, viz. ced as it is by itself, sing, and the additional letter makes no ditfcrence, A aB b C cD d E e F f G g H h I iJ jK k L 1 unless the speaker pauses at si^ig, and pronounces ger by itself.
;

The articulations in English may all be thus expressed eb, ed, ef, eg, ek, Of these, three, a, e, and o, are always vowels ; i and it are either vowels el, em, en, ep, er, es, et, ev, ez, eth, aspirate and vocal, esh, ezh, ing. or diphthongs ; and 1/ is a vowel, diphthong, or consonant. To these may be These articulations may be named from the organs whose junctions they added U', wliich is actually a vowel. His an aspirate or mark of breathing represent Thus and the rest are consonants, or articulations. Labials, or letters of the lips, cb, ef, ev, ep, em. A vowel is a simple sound formed by opening the mouth, in a particular Dentals, ed, et, eth, es, esh, ez, ezh, en. manner. This may be known by the power we have of prolonging the Palatals, eg, ek, el, er. sound, without changing the position of the organs, as in uttering a, e.and 0. Nasals, em, en, ing. When the position of the organs is necessarily varied, during the utterance, The letters and z, are also called sibilants, or hissing letters to which the sound is not simple, but diphthongal; as in uttering i and u. may be added, esh, and ezh. The vowel characters in English have each several different sounds, Qis precisely equivalent to Ar,but it differs from it in being always follow.f has four .sounds ; First or long, as in/a(e, ale. ed by u. It is a useless letter; for qitest might as well be written kuest or 2. Short, as in at. bat. bati. This is nearly the fourth sound shortened. kwest, in the Dutch manner. 3. Broad, as in all, fall, and shortened, as in what. A diphthong is a union of two vowels or simple sounds uttered so rapidly 4. Italian, as in father, calm, ask. and closely, as to forui one syllable only, or what is considered as one syllahas two sounds; First or long, as in mete,me, meter. as oi and oy in voice and joy, ou in sound, and ow in vow. ble 2. Short, as in met, bet, pen. This is nearly the first sound of a shortened. A triphthong is a union of three vowels in one syllable ; as in adieu. has also the sound of a long, as in There are many combinations of vowels in English words, in which one prey, vein ; but this is an anomaly. rhas two sounds; First or long, and diphthongal, as in fine, wine, mind. vowel only is sounded as ai, ea, ie, ci, oa, ui, ay, ey, &c. These may be 2. i^horl, ns inpit, This is the short sound of e long. called digraphs. ability. They can be reduced to no rule of pronunciation. O has three sounds ; First or long, as in note, roll. The combinations au and aw have generally tlie sound of the broad a, as in 2. Short, as in not, nominal. This is the short sound of broad aw, as in: fraud, and law. The combination ew has the sound of u long, as in pew, what, ivarrant. new, crew; and sometimes at the beginning of words the sound oiyu, as in 3. The sound of 00, or French on, as in move, tomb, lose. eucharist, euphony. 17 has three sounds; First or long, as in cuJe, rwrfc, enumerate; a diph The letters cl, kl, at the beginning of a word, are pronounced as tl, as in clear. Gl at the beginning of words arc pronounced as dl, as in glory. thongal sound. 2. Short, as in cub, but, number. 3. The Italian u, as in bush, bullet; the short sound of 00. has two sounds the first and long is the same as tliat of long, as in
z.
:

N n o P p Q q R r S sT t U u V v W w X x Y y Z

M m
:

E E

DmsiON or SYLLABLES.

)'

dffy, rely, try, chyle. 2. Short, as in symptom, pitu

The
;

first

and principal rule

to the

the same as the short sound of

i.

Ithat

belong

same

in dividing syllables, is not to separate letters syllable, cscejjt iu cases of anomalous pronunciation.

Vol.

I.

H.

GRA3IMAR OF THE
best division of syllables is that which leads the learner most easily to a| individuals have a common character, or predominant qualities which create Thus, hab-it, ham-let, bat-ter, ho-Ii/, lu-cal, en-gage,\ a simihtude between them, this common character becomes in the mind o just pronunciation. and the proper name of an individual possessing this character, adaii-i-?>ial, al-i-ment, pol-i-cy, eb-o-ny, des-ig-nate, lam-ent-a-bk. jn'ef-, species, mits of the definitives and of plural number, like a common name. Thus a ei-a-ble. An exception to this rule occurs in such words as vicious, ambition, in conspirator is called a Calaline ; and numbers of them Catalines or the Catawhich the ci and ti are pronounced like sh. In this case, it seems jirel'era- lines of their country. A distinguished general is called a Cesar an eminent orator the Cicero of his age. hle todinde the words thus, vi-cious, am-bi-tion. But names, which are common to a whole kind or species, require often In dividing the syllables of derivative words it seems advisable to keep the to be limited to an individual or a certain number of individuals of the kind original entire, unless when this division may lead to a wrong pronunciation. Thus aet-or, kelp-er, op-jii-css-or, may he considered as a better division than or species. For this purpose the English language is fuinished with a numBut it may be eligible in many cases, to devi- ber of words, as an, or a, the, this, that, these, those, and a few others, ac-ior, Itel-per, op-pres-sor. Thus op-pres-sion seems to be more convenient both which define the extent of the signification of common names, or point to ate from this rule. the particular things mentioned. These are all adjectives or attributes, for children in learning and for printers, than op-jiress-ion. having a dependence on some noun expressed or implied.

The

Rule L A noun or name, without a preceding definitive, is used either in an unlimited sense, extending to the whole species, or in an indefinite 1. Vcrbsof one syllable, ending with a single consonant preceded by a a number or quantity, but not the whole. short vowel, and verbs of more syllables than one, ending with an accented sense, denoting *' The proper study of mankind is man.^^ Pope. a short vowel, double the final consonant in the parconsonant preceded by Here man comprehends the whole species. a vowel. Thus, ticiple, and when any syllable is added beginning with " In the first jilace, woman has, in general, much stronger propensity than Permit, Sin, Abet, man to the perfect discharge of parental duties." Life of Cowper. Permitted, Sinned, Abetted, Here woman and 7nan comprehend each the whole species of its sex. Permitting, Sinning, Abetting, Permitter. Sinner. Abettor. Note. The rule laid down by Lowth, and transcribed implicitly by his 2. When the final consonant is preceded by a long vowel, the consonant " A substantive without followers, is general. any article to limit it, is taken is usually not doubled. Thus, The examples alin its widest sense; thus man means all mankind.^'' Defeat, Seal, Repeal, ready given prove the inaccuracy of the rule. But let it be tried by other Defeated, Sealed, Repealed, examples. Defeating, RepeaUng, Sealing, "There are fishes that have wings, and are not strangers to the airy reDefeater. Sealer. Repealert Locke, h. 3. ch.6. 12. If the rule is just, tliat ^sAes is to be gions." 3. AVhen the accent falls on any syllable except the last, the final conso- " taken in its widest sense," then all fishes have wings nant of the verb is not to be doubled in the derivatives. Thus,

RULES FOR SPELLING.

'.

Equal, Worship, Rule lI.^The definitive an or a, being merely one, in its English orEqualed, Worshiped, Biased, thography, and precisely synonynjous with it, limits a common name to an Equaling, Its sole use is to express unity, and with respect Worshiping, individual of the species. Biasing, Biaser. Equaler. Worshiper. to number, it is the most definite word imaginable; as an ounce, a church, The same rule is generally to be obsci-ved in nouns, as in jeweler, from ship, that is, oHeship, o?if church. It is used before a name which is indefias jewel. nite, or applicable to any one of a species ' He bore him in the thickest These are general rules though possibly special reasons may, in some troop. instances, justify exceptions. As doth a lion in a herd of neat." Shakspeare. a limits the sense of the word lion, and that of herd to o7te but Here " As CLASSIFICATION does not specify the particular one a?iy lion does or would do in any herd." Words are classified according to their uses. Writers on grannnar ai-e not This definitive is used also before names which are definite and as specific But I shall, with as "The Lord God planted a garperfectlv agreed in the distribution of words into classes. as, "Solomon built a temple." possible one exceptTon, follow the common distribution. Words then may be distrib- den eastward in Eden." London is a great commercial city. M decisive 2. The 1. 'V\ic nume ornoun. uted into eight classes or parts of speech. The English obtained a signal naval vicbattle was fought at Marengo.
Bias,

Quarrel, Quarreled, Quarreling, Quarreler.

OF WORDS.

pronoun or substitute. 5. The adverb. verb.

junction.
8.

3.
6.

The The

or attributive. adjectii^c, attribute

4.

The

Note. When the sense of words is sufficiently certain, by the construc" a de- Uon, the definitive may be omitted ; as, The participle is sometimes Duty to your majesty, and regard rivative from the verb, and partalces of its nature, expressing motion or ac for the preservation of ourselves and our posterity, require us to entreat lion. But it sometimes loses its verbal character, and becomes a mere ad your royal attention." It is also omitted before names whose signification is general, and requires jective, expressing quality or habit, rather than action. no linutation as "wisdom is justified of her children" "anger resteth in
The exclamation
or interjection. treated as a distinct part of speech;
it Is

preposition.

7.

The

connective or con-

tory

at

the

mouth

of the Nile.

the bosom of fools." A'ames or JVouns. The definitive a is used before plural names preceded by few or many or noun is that by which a thing is calle<l; and it expresses the as a few days, a great many persons. It is also used before any collective idea of that which exists, material or immaterial. Of material substances word, as o dozen, a hundred, even when such words are attached to plural of immaterial things, as faith, hope, love. These nouns ; as a hundred years. as man, horse, tree, table and similar words are, by customary use, made the jiomes of things whichl It is remarkable that u never precedes many without the intervenUon of but tbllows many, standing between this word and a exist, or the symbols of ideas, which they express without the help of any great between them other word. name and what is equally singular, many, the very essence of which is JYames. Division to mark plurality, will, with a intervening, agree w ith a name in the singu-

A name

als.

N.\MF.s are of two kinds; represent the ideaofj whole kind or species and proper or appropriate, which denote individuThus animal is a name common to all beings, having organized bodies with life, digestion, and spontaneous motion. Plant and vegand endowed etable are names of all beings which have organized bodies and life, ivithont the power of spontaneous motion. J<'owl is the common name of all fethereil animals which f\y fish, of animals which live wholly in water. On the other hand, Thomas, John, William, arc proper or appropiiate names, each denoting an individual of which there is no species oi* kind. London, Paris, Amsterdam, Rhine, Po, Danube, Massachusetts, Hud.son, Potomac, are also proper names, being appropriate to individual things. Proper names however become common when they comprehend two or more individuals as, the Capets, the Smiths, the Fletchers. " Tu-o Hoole's Tosso, b. 20. Hoberts there the pagan force defy'd."
a
; ;

of common, or those which

lar

number
" Full

as

many
III.

gem

Where many a

of purest ray serene." rose bud rears its blushing head."

is

Gray.
Seattle.
to limit their

Rule.

The definitive the

employed before names,

of signification to one or more specific things Hence the person others of the same kind. eader or hearer, as the twelve Apostles, the good breeding. This definitive is also used with names of which we consider as single, as the Jews, the

the kind, discriminated from or thing is understood by the laws of morality, the rules of

and

also

before words

when used by way

things which exist alone, or Sun, the Globe, the Ocean; of distinction, as the Church,

the Temple.

Rule IV. The is used rhetorically before a ber, to denote the whole species, or an indefinite

name in the singular numnumber; as, '-the fig-tree

Sol.

Limitalion of JVames.
are sufficiently definite wiihout the aid of another word Yet when certain to limit their meaning, as Boston, Baltimore, Savannah.

Proper names

Song. pulteth forth her green figs." " The almond tree shall Houri4i, and the grasshopper shall be a burden." " Or ever the sihe>- cord shall be loosed, or the golden bou-t be broken," &c.
Kcclenifistes.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
of the the words radius, focus, index, &.C. which now begin to be used with reguTlie Christian, who, with pious honor, avoided the abominations infernal snares," &c. lar English plural terminations. This tendency to regularity is, by all means, circus or the theater, found himself encompassed w ith Gib. Bom. Einp. ch. 15. to be encouraged ; for a prime excellence in language is the uniformity of The facts here stated will be evinced by a few authorities. its inflections. " The heart likes naturally to be moved and affected." " Vesiculated corallines are found adhering to rocks, shells andyucMses." Campbell's Rhet. ch. 2. Encyc. art. Corallines. " Note 1.This definitive is also used before names employed figuratively Many /etuses are deficient at the extremities." Dar. Zoon. Sect. 1, 3, 9. in a general sense; as, i -, " His mates their Lusiad, 2. Baker's Livy, 4. 491. "Five hundred Jenariiiscs.'' .safety to the waves consign." " The radiations of that tree and its Here waves cannot be understood of any particular wanes; but the word fruit, the principal focuses of which is a metaphor for a particular thing, the oceait. are in the Maldivia islands." Hunter's St. Pierre, vol. 3. "Tlie reduction of metallic calxes into metals." before an attribute, which is selected Note 2. The definitive the is used " The Ency. art. Metallurgy. very frame of spirit from others belonging to the same object; as, See also J/eJiunw, Campbell's Rhetoric, 1, 1.50 Co/^ies, Darwin's Zoon. in objects, is so difierent from proper for being diverted with the laughable Caudexes, Phytologia, 2, 3 Irises, Zoon. 1. 444. Reguluses and 2. 1,74 that which is necessary for philosophizing ou them." Campbell's Rhet. 1. residuums. Ency. art. .Metal. In authorities equally respectable, we find stamens, stratums, funguses ; Kiimher. and in pursuance of the principle, we may expect to see lamens for lamina ; have occasion to speak of a single object, or of two or more indi- lamels for lamellae; barytc for barytes; pyrite for pyrites; strontite for As men iov the plural stalactites. These reforms are necessaviduals of the same kind, it has been found necessary to vary the noun or strontites; stalactite to enable us to distinguish the singular from the plural number. name, and usually the termination, to distinguish plurality from unity. The ry difierent forms of words to express one or more are called in (Grammar, numClass 3. The third class of irregulars consists of such as have no plural bers ; of which there are in English, two, the singulnr and the plural. termination; some of which represent ideas of tilings which do not admit of The singular denotes an individual, or a collection of individuals united in a plurality ; as rye, barley, flax, hemp, flour, sloth, pride, pitch, and the names a dozen. The plubody as, a man, a ship, an office, a company, a society, of metals, gold, silver, tin,zink,anUniony, lead, bismuth, quicksilver. When, ral denotes two or more individuals, not considered as a collective body; as, in the progress of improvement, any thing, considered as not susceptible of men, ships, offices, companies, societies. The plural number is formed by plurality, is found to have varieties, which are distinguishable, this distincthe addition of s or es to the singular. Thus in early ages our ancestors tion gives rise to a plural of the term. Rule 1. When the terminating letter of a noun will admit the sound of took no notice of different varieties of wheat, and the term had no plural. in agriculture have recognized varieties of this s to coalesce with the name or the Last syllable of it, .f only is added to foim But modern improvements which have given the name a plural form. The same remark is apthe plural; as sea, seas; hand, hands; pen, pens; grape, grapes; vale, grain, plicable to fern, clay, marl, sugar, cotton, &c. which have plurals, formerly vales ; vow, vows. unknown. Other words may hereafter undergo a similar change. 2. When the letter .s does not combine in sound with the word or last sylOther words of this class denote plurality, withouta plural termination as lable of it, the addition of s increases the number of syllables; ius, house, mazes. cattle, sheep, swine, kine, deer, hose ; trout, salmon, carp, perch, and many houses; grace, graces; page, pages; rose, roses; voice, voices; maze, other names of fish. Pish has a plural, but it is used in the plural sense the pluit-s 3. When the name ends in.r, s., sh, or ch with English sound, without the termination ; as, ral is formed by adding es to the singular; for a single s after those letters " are to blame for eating these fish." Anacharsis 6. 272. cannot be pronounced; as, fox, foxes; glass, glas.ses; brush, brushes; " The^sA reposed in seas and crystal floods, church, churches. But after ch with its Greek sound, like k, the plural is " The beasts retired in covert of the woods." Hoole T. 2. 726. formed by s only ; as monarch, monarchs. Cannon, shot and sail, are used in a plural sense ; as, 4. When a name ends with y after a consonant, the plural is formed by " One hundred cannon were landed Itom the fleet." Alkali has a regular pluas vanity, vanities. dropping t/ and adding tcs; JVaval Hist. 732.
<

We

ral, alkalies.

But

after ay,

ey,

and oy,

only

is

added

as,

delay, delays; valley, val-

" Several shot being " SCTera^saiV of

Burchett,

fired."
''

Ibm.
is

45.'i.

leys; joy, joys;

money, moneys.
;

ships."

TZim. 426.

English nouns deviate from the foregoing formation of the plural number

Note. A few

In the sense in which sail

rules in the ending.

here used,
a

it

does not admit of a plural

Under

this class

may be noticed

number

of words, expressing time, dis-

some names, utterance, changed into v ; as.

tance, measure, weight, and number, which, though admitting a plural termination, are often, not to say generally, used without that termination, even ivhen used with attributes of plurality; such are the names in these expresselves, lives, sheaves. self, sheaf, Ufc, sions, two year, five mile, ten foot, seven pound, three tun, hundred, thouknives, half, halves, shelf, shelves. Yet the most unlettered knife, sand, or million, five bushel, twenty weight, &c. wives, beef, beeves, wolf, wolves. wife, people never say, two minute, three hour, five day, or week, or month ; nor leaves. staff, staves. wharves. leaf, wharf, two inch, yard or league nor three ounce, grain, dram, or peck. calves. loaf. loaves. thief. thieves. A like singularity is observable in the Latin language. " Tritici quadracalf. medium." Liv. lib. 26. 47. Forty thousand medium of wheat. Class 2. The second class consists of w^ords which are used in both ginta millia Quatuor millia pondo auri," four thousand pound of gold. Ibm. 27. 10. with plurals irregularly formed; as. numbers, Here we see the origin of our pound. Originally it was merely weight children. child, hypothesis, hypotheses, From denoting weight generally, pondo four thousand of gold by weight. feet. brothers or brethren, brother, foot, became the term for a certain division or quantity; retaining however its teeth. tooth, pennies or pence, penny, in Lat'm. Twenty signification of unity, and becoming an indeclinable men. dies or dice, die, man, pound then, in strictness, is twenty divisions by weight ; or as we say, with women. woman, pea, peas or pease, a like abbreviation, twenty weight. oxen. criterions or criteria, ox, criterion, The w Olds horse, foot and iifantry, comprehending bodies of soldiers, are lice. focuses or foci, louse, focus, used as plural nouns and followed by verbs in the plural. Cavalry is someradiuses or radii, radius, geese. goose, times used in like manner. beaux. indexes or indices, beau, index, Class 4. The fourth class of irregular nouns consists of words which theses. calxes or calces. thesis, calx, have the plural termination only. Some of these denoting plurality, are alemphases. mpba.sis, phenomenon. phenomena. as the following antitheses. joined with verbs in the plural ;

Class

1.

In

in the singular,

for the

convenience of

antithesis.

ways

Pennies is used for real coins ; pence for their value in computation. Dies denotes stamps for coining; dice, pieces used in games. Peas denotes Brothers is the the seeds as distinct objects ; pease the seeds in a mass.

Annals,
archives, ashes,
assets, betters,

drawers,

lees.

downs,
dregs,

plural used in common discourse; brethreti,iD the scripture style, but is not restricted to it. Cherubim and Sernphim are real Hebrew plurals; but such is the propensity in men to form regular inflections in language, that these words are used as in the singular, with regular plurals, cherubims, seraphims. In like

embers,
entrails,
fetters,
filings,

bowels, compasses,
clothes,

manner, the Hebrew singulars, cherub and seraph, have obtained regular
plurals.

calends,

goods, hatches,
ides.

breeches.

The influence of this principle is very obvious in other foreign words, ivhich the sciences have enlisted into our service; as may be observed ia'

GRAMMAR OF THE
Other words of
the singular
this class, thougli ending in s, are used either wholly in number, or in the one or tlie other, atthe pleasure of the writer.

Amends,
alms, bellows,
gallows, odds,

wages,
billiards,

conies,
catoprics,
dioptrics, acoustics,

fives,

economics, mathematics, mechanics,

hydraulics,
hydrostatics, analytics,
politics.

sessions,

means,
pains,

measles, hysterics, physics,

ethics,
optics,

pneumatics,
statics,
statistics,

news,
riches,

spherics,
tactics.

Of
ral
ral

these, usually considered news pains, riches, and ivages,* are more are either singular as plu or plualways singular odds and means the others are moie measles the name of a singular
is

strictly

for

is

dis-

pocks,
lar.

no more plural than gout or fever. Small ^jw, for is sometimes considered as a plural, but it ought to be used as singuBilliards has the sense of game, containing unity of idea; and ethics, physics and other similar names, comprehending each the whole system of a particular science, do not convey the ideas of parts or particular branches^ but of a whole collectively, a unity, and hence seem to be treated as words belonging to the singular number.
ease, and in strictness,

AUTHORITIES.
Pre-eminent by so rnuch odds. With every odds thy prowess I defy. Where the odds is considerable.
of sin
is

Milt. P. L. Hoole Tas. 6.

1.

474.

19.

40

Camp. Rhet, ch. 5 death. Bible Much pains has been taken. Enfield Hist. Phil. ch. 2, Let a gallows be made of fifty cubits high. Bible Here he erected a fort and gallows. Lusiad 1. 134 The riches we had in England was the slow result of long industry and wisdom, and is to be regained, &c. Davenant, 2. 12.

The wages

Mathematics informs
Politics
is

us.

Encyc.

art. strength

of Materials.

the art of producing individual good by general measures.

Politics contains two parts. Locke however uses a plural verb with ethics. are conversant about." B. 4. 12. 8.

Beddoes' Hygeia. 2. 79. Locke, vol. 2. 408.

"The

ideas that ethics

Pains, when preceded by much, should always have a singular verb. Means is so generally used in either number, every means, all means, this means, and these means, that authorities in support of the usage are

deemed

superfluous.

Gender.

Gender,
tion of sex.

in

grammar,

is a

difference of termination, to express distinc-

There being two sexes,

said to be of the

Miine gender.

gender. neuter is classed with the genders ; and we say there are three, the masculine, feminine and neuter. The English modes of distinguishing sex are these 1. The regular termination of the feminine gender, is ess; which is added to the najne of the masculine as lion, lioness. But when the word ends in or, the feminine is formed by retrenching a vowel, and blending two syllables into one ; as actor, actress. In a few woi'ds, the feminine gender is represented by ix, as testatrix, from testator and a few others are irThe following are most of the words which have a distinct termiregular. nation for the feminine gender
: ; ; :

tnale cinA female, words which denote males are masculine gender those which denote females, of the/e;HWords expressing things without sex, are said to be of neuter There are therefore but ftco genders; yet for convenience the
;

Actor,

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
a relative or personal pronovin, used to introduce a new clause or affirmation into a sentence, whieli clause lias an immediate dependence on; IVho is also used to ask questions, and hence it is called the preceding one.

WTio

\s

an interrogative. ll^ich is also a relative, but is of neuter gender. It is also interrogative. These pronouns have two cases the nominative which precedes a verb, and the objective which follows it. Tlicy arc inflected in the following manner.
;

^ing.

Nominative
Objective

Nom.
Obj.
-

Noni.
Olij.

Nom.
Obj.

jjoTE. Mine, thine, his, hers, yours and theirs, arc usually considered But the three first are cither attributes, and used as the possessive case. with nouns, or they are substitutes. The three last are always substitutes, of names which are understood, as may be seen in the note used in the
place

below.* Its and whose have a better claim to he considered as a possessive case; but .as they equally well fall under the denomination of attributes, I have, for the sake of uniformity, assigned them a place with that part of speech.

GRAMMAR OF THE
Such is the true construction of sentences the definitive that, fnstead of preceding clause of the sentence, and it hecomes redundant. The use then of the inceptive it appears to be to enable us to being a conjunction, is the representative of a senlence or distinct clause, begin a senlence, without placing a verb as the introductory word and by preceding that clause, and pointing the mind to it, as the subject which folthe use of it and that as substitutes for subsequent members of tlie sentence, lows. And it is^as definite or demonstrative in this application to sentences, the order is inverted without occasioning obscurity. as when it is applied to a name or noun. It is to be noticed also that this neuter substitute, it, is The following sentence will exhibit tlie true use of that as a substitute equally proper to " It " He recited his former calamities to which begin sentences, when the name of a jyersoti is afterwards used ; as, itas now to be added that he ; was John who exhibited such powers of eloquence." But if we transpose was the destroyer of the man who liad expiated him. the words, and place wAo or that, the substitute which bes;ins anew clause, Beloe's Herodotus, Clio, 45. next after the inceptive word, we must u.se he for the inceptive " He, who According to our present grammars, that is a conjunction if so, the preor that exhibited such powers of eloquence, was .John." " to which ceding verb teas, has no nominative word. But the sense is, In interrogative sentences, the order of words is changed, and it follows was to be added that" which is related in the Iblloning words. the verb. Who is it that has been tlius eloquent The use and importance of this substitute are more clearly manifest, when There is a sentence in Locke, in which the inceptive it is omitted. it denotes purpose or elTect as in this passage, "And he came and dwelt in " Whereby cornes to pass, that, as long as any uneasiness remains in the a city called Nazareth; that it might be fulfilled a-hich was spoken by the mind. B. ch. 21. In strictness, this is not a' defective sentence, for that prophets, ' He shall be called a Nazarine.' " Matt. ii. 23. Here that is may be considered as the nominative to comes. W^hereby that conies to equivalent to that purpose or effect. He came and dwelt in Nazareth, /o)Or the whole subsequent sentence may be considered the jmrpose expressed in u^hat follows. It and ivhich pass which follows. represent the last as the nominative for all that comes to pass. But the use of the inceptive clause in the sentence " He shall be called a Nazarene." The excellence it is so fully established as the true idiom of the language, that its omission and utility of substitutes and abbreviations are strikingly illustrated by this is not to be vindicated. use of that. This substitute has a similar use in this introductory sentence. That ue This and that, these and those. may proceed that here refers to the following words. The true construcThis and that are either definite attributes or substitutes. As attributes, tion is. But that ire tnay proceed bat, as will hereafter be shown, denoting they are used to specify individuals, and distingufsh them from others ; as. siipjdy or something more oi- further So that the literal intepretation of the *' '* is .More that or further that, we ma;/ proceed. It is the simTttis my son was dead and is alive again." Certainly this was a right- expression eous man." " The end of that man is peace." " Wo to that man by whom ple mode our ancestors used to express addition to what has preceded, equivthe son of man is betrayed." This and thai have plurals, these and those. alent io the modern phrase, let us add, or we may add wlrat follows, by of illustrating or modifying the sense of what has been related. The general distinction between this and that, is. this denotes an object way to be presenter near in time or place That, like icho and which, has a connecting power, which has given (o But this distincthat, to bo absent. tion is not always observed. In correspondence however with this distinc- these words the name of relative ; in which character, it involves one member of a sentence within another, by introducing a new verb; as, *' He. tion, when, in discourse, two things are mentioned, this and the.^e refer to In this passage, that the last named, or nearest in the order of construction; that and those to that keepcth his mouth, keepeth his \i(e."Prov. xiii. the most distant keepeth his mouth, is a new atSrmalion, interposed between the first nomas, " inative and its verb, but dependant on the antecedent nominative. Self love and reason to one end aspire, "The poor of the flock, titat waited upon me, knew that, it was the word Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire ; of the Lord." Zech. xi. 11. In this passage we have that in both its charBut greedy that [self love] its object would devour, acters the first that is a substitute for poor of the flock the second, for the TTiis [reason] taste the honey and not wound the flower." Pope. '' last clause of the sentence, it was the word of the Lord. Some place the bliss in action, some in ease. This exposition of the uses of that enables us to understand the propriety Those call it pleasure, and contentment these." Ibm. that M(j( joined in construction. The poets sometimes contrast these substitutes in a similar manner, to de- o( " Let me also tell you that, that faith, which proceeds from insufficient or note individuals acting or existing in detached parties, or to denote the bad piinciples, is but little better than infidelity." In this passage, the first whole acting in various capacities ; as, " 'Twas war no that is a substitute for the whole subsequent part of the sentence ; the semore, but carnage through the field. cond that is an attribute agreeing with faith " That faith which proceeds Those lift their sword, and these their bosoms yield." Hoole's Tasso. b. 20. from bad principles is little better than infidelity let me tell you that." ' Hence it might be well always to separate the two words by a comma. We Nor less the rest, the intrepid chief retain'd ; These urged by threats, and those by force constrain'd." /J;n. now distinguish these words by a stronger emphasis on the l.xst. " He, wliom thou now hast, is not thy husband ; in that saidst thou truly." There is a peculiarity in the use oi that , for when it is an attribute, it is
;

also a sulislitute for the

.'

That is, in that whole declaration. in the singular number but as a substitute for persons or things, John iv. 18. From these passages and the explanation, we learn that that is a substiplural as well as singular, and is used for persons as well as things tute, either for a single word or a sentence ; nor has it any other character, in the language ; as, when an attribute. I knew a man that had it for a by-word, when he saw men"hasten to except This is much less frequently a substitute for sentences than that, but is a conclusion, Stay a little that we may make an end the sooner.' " Bacon on Dispatch. used in this character, as well as in that of an attribute as, Let no prince Here that is the representative of man, and it stands for the last clause measure the danger of discontents by this, ivhtther they be just or unjust ; for that were to imagine people to be reasonable, who do often spurn at their of the sentence or by-word. " Let states that aim at take heed how their nobility and gen- own good; nor yet by this, whether the griefs whereupon they rise be in greatness Bacon on Kingdoms. tlemen multiply too fast." Bacon. fact great or small." Here this, in each part of the sentence, is the representative of the clause Here that is a substitute for a plural name. So also in the following. " They that are whole need not a physician, but they that are sick." in Italics succeeding. ' " " Can we suppose that all the united powers of hell are able to work such They that had eaten were about four thousand" they that are in the '* " bless them that curse flesh" astonishing miracles, as were wrought for the confirmation of the christian they that weep" yon." Can we suppose that they can control the laws of nature at pleasAnother very common use of this and that, is to represent a sentence or eligion ure, and that with an air of sovereignty, and professing themselves the lords of a sentence as, part ** If we can believe this, then we It is seldom known ttiat, authority thus acquired is possessed without of the universe, as we know Christ did? &c. observe here, this represents a series of sentences. insolence, or that, the master is not forced to confess that, he has enslaved deny," In some cases, this represents a few words only in a preceding sentence, himself by some foolish confidence." Rambler, J^o. 63. In this sentence, the first that represents the next member " Authority as in the following" The rule laid down is in general certain, that the thus acquired is possessed without insolence, tliat is seldom known." It rep- king only can convoke a parliament. And this, by the ancient statutes of resents the same clause. The second that represents all which follows, in- the realm, he is bound to do, every year or oftenor, if need be." Blacks. Comment. B. 1. ch. 2. cluding two clauses or members. The third that is the substitute for the last If we ask, what is the king bound to do ? The answer must be, convoke a clause. In strictness the comma ought always to be placed after that ;' which punctuation would elucidate the use of the s\ibstitute and the true parliament ; for which words alone this is the substitute, and governed do. construction; but the practice is otherwise, for Mrt^ in this and like sen- by The plurals, these and those, are rarely or never used as substitutes for The first that in the foretences, is either a nominative or an objective. going sentence is the nominative, coinciding with ((, or in apposition to it ; sentences. and when the clauses are transposed, the inceptive it, being redundant, is Which. dropped, and that becomes the nominative. The same remark is applicable to the second that ; the verb and first clause, it is seldom known, llliich is also a substitute for a sentence, or part of a sentence, as well as being " if there can be understood. The third that is the objective after confess. " The master for a single word ; as, any other way shown, how men may has enslaved himself by some foolish confidence he is forced to confess that come to that universal agreement, in the things they do consent in,
always
is
;

it

more frequently than any word "

'

.'

We

all

that is

seldom known."

which

presume may be done"

Locke on Und. B.

1. 2.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
In prose we would say, " such contest and rage as." TVhich, in this passage, represents all which precedes ivhicli or nil that .is sometimes refers to a sentence or member of a sentence, and someis above related, may be (lone. " Anoih.r reason that makes me doubt of any innate practical principles, limes its place may be supplied by which. "On his return to Egypt, os I rule be proposed, whereof a man learned from the same authority, he levied a mighty army." Beloe, Herod. is, that 1 think there cannot any one moral Jfhich I learned. "On his return to Egypt, he levied a mighty army, may not justly demand a reason; ivlikli would be perfectly ridiculous and absurd, if they were innate, or so much as self-evident, wliicli every innate ivhich [fact] I learned from the same authority. " Jls to Ibm. Clinp. :!. Jls often begins a sentence. the three orders of pronouns already principle nuist needs be." In this passage, the first which represents the next preceding part of the mentioned, they may be called prepositive, as may indeed all sub.stantives." which juxvir of deinatidin^ Harris. That is, concerning, resjiecting the three orders, or to explain that .sentence, anum may justhj demand a reason a reason would be ridiculous The second which is a substitute for self- which respects the three orders, &c. evident ; which, that \^, self-evident, every piinciple must be. " Judas declared him innocent, which he could not be, had he, in any reBoth. Led. 2. Here which represents spect, deceived the disciples." Portcus, Both is an adjective of number, but it is a substitute also for names, senthe attribute innocent. with a connective. tences, parts of sentence-, and tor attributes. That would eipially well represent the same word, "Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech, and "Judas declared him innocent, and that he could not be," &c. io<feof them made a covenant."' " We shall find the reason of it to be the end iiflan^aase, irhich Genesis xxi. 27. being to Here both is the representative o( Abraham and Abimelech. communicate thoughts" that is, end of language, and Ibi- those words. Is " He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bcm- the loss of which tlie substitute. his estate ; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both."

What.

This substitute has several uses. Firs*, it has the sense of that which ; as, have heard what has been alledgcd." Secondly VIHial stands for any indefinite idea; as, "He cares not what he says or does." " We shall the better know what to undertake." Locke on Und. 1. 6. IVhat U an attribute, cither in the singular or plural number, Thirdly " In what and denotes something uncertain or indeterminate as, character, Butler was admitted into that lady's service, is unknown." Juh}is^n''s Life of Butler. " It is not material tehat names are to them." assigned Camp. Rhet. 1.1. ' I know not what impressions time may have made upon your person." Life of Cowp. Let. 27. " To see what are the causes of Locke 2. 21. wrong judgment." Fourthly What is used by the poets preceding a name, for the or that which, but its place cannot be suppHed by these words, without a name be**

In the

last

When it represents two atliibutes, it may " He endeavored to render commerce as,
nious."

Bating, on Ex-ile. example, both represents the parts of the sentences in italics. and usually does precede theiri ; both disadvantageous and iid'ajMickle.p.
1.59.

As an attribute, it has a like position before names ; as, " Tousa confessed he had saved both his life and his honor." Ibm. 160. " It is bulk more and no inconsiderable aid to the
difibrcnt."

accurate, proves tight understanding of things, to discriminate by different signs such as are truly

tween them

as,

" IVhat time the sun withdrew his cheerful light. Hoole's Tasso. b. 7. And sought the sable caverns of the night." That is, at the time when or in which. " Jiliat will be Fifthly \ principal use o( what is to ask questions as, the consequence of the revolution in France ?" This word has the singular property of containing tiro cases ; that is, it the office of a word in the nominative, and of another in the objecperforms '* 1 have, in what tive case as, goes betbre, been engaged in physical inLocke 2. 8. Here what contains the obquiries farther than I intended." ject after in and the nominative to ^oes. What is used with a name as an attribute and a substitute as, " It was agreed that whet goods were aboard his vessels, should be landed." .Mick-

Campbell's Rhet. 1. 33. In this pa.ssage, both represents more accurate, and the following member of the sentence ; but the construction is harsh. ' The necessity which a speaker is untler, of suiting himself to his audience, both that he may be understocl by them, and that his words may have an influence upon them." Camp. Rhet. ch. 10. Here both represents the two following clauses of the sentence. The definitive the is placed between both and its noun ; as, " To both the prethe term burlesque is ap|)lied." ceding kintjs, Camp. Rhet. 1. 2.

Same.

Discovery of India. 89. \\e\'i^ what goods, are equivalent to the goods ivhich ; for what goods include the nonjiuative to two verbs, were and should be landed. This use of the word is not deemed elegant.
le's

The attribute same is often used as a substitute for persons and sentences or parts of a sentence ; as, " Nothing appears so clearly an object of the mind or intellect only, as theyii/t/re does, since we can find no place for its existence any where else. Not but the same, if we consider, is equally true of the ;)a.s(." Hermes, p. 112. In this ill constructed sentence, same has reference to all which is predicated of the future tense that is, that it is an object of intellect only, since we can find no place for its existence any where else The same, all this, is true of the past also. " For iraeeaud Lusiad, 1. generous ever are the same."

As.

.?s, primarily signifies like, similar; the primary sense of which is even, equal. It is used adverbially in the phrases, as good, as great, as probable ; Hence it frethe sense of which is like or equally good, great or probable. " Neither is there quently follows si/('?(. "Send him such books as will please him." I5ut in any, that can deliver out of my hand." l>eut. xxxii. 3?. this and similar phrases, as must be considered as the nominative to .(7/' " Senil him .sucli ; or we must supjjose an ellipsis of several words. please First, last, former, latter, less, least, more, most, books as the books which will please him, or as those which will please him." So in the following sentences. are often used as substitutes. " The victor's " have been accustomed to repose on its veracity with such humble laurel, as the martyr's crown, Hoole's Tasso. 6. S. confidence as suppresses cuiiosity." The first 1 hope, nor less the last I prize." Johnsoji'*s Life of Cowley. " All the " The last shall last." Matt. xx. IB. punishment which (iod is concerned to see inthcted on sin is onbe,/irs(, and lUe first ' " It will not be amiss to inquiic into Ihe cause of this strange phenomely such as answers ihc ends of government. " Many wise men contented themselves with such probable conclusioivs non ; that, even a man of discerinnent should write without meaning, and as were sutlicient for the practical purposes of life." not be sensible that he hath no meaning ; and that judicious people should Enfield, Hist. Phil. 2. 11. read what hath been written in this way, and not discover ihe defect. Both " The malcontents made such demands as none but a than the last." Camp. Rhet. 2. 7. tyrant could refuse." are surprising, but Ibe first much more Here both represents the two clauses of Ihe sentence, preceded by that Bolingbroke on Hist. Let. 7. In the last example, if ns is to be considered as a pronoun, or substitute, both of those propositions arc surprising. First and last stand in the place it is in the objective case. of the same clauses. " These and similar phrases are anomalous ; and we can resolve them only Sublimity and vehemence are often confounded, the latter being conCamp. Rhet. 1. 1. liy supplying the ellipsis, or by considering as in the nature of a juonoun, sidered as a species of the/urmcr. " Leonis refused to and the nominative to the verb. go thither with less than the appointed equipment." In the following form of expression, we may supply it for the nominative. .1/(cA/e, 1. 181. Here/es.s- supplies the place of egl^i/lmi^ and prevents ' Do every thing as was said about mercury and sulphur." Encyc. llie necessity of its repetition. 'As it was said." "To the relief of these, Noronha sent some supplies, but while he was In poetry, as supplies the place o( such. Mickle, 1. 180. preparing to send more, an order from Portugal arrived." "From whence might contest spring and mutual rage, Here more is sufficiently intelligible without a repetition of the name " .is would the camp in civil broils engage." Hook's Tasso. supplies.

Many., few, all, any. These words we often find used as substitutes for names. " For many shall .Matt. come in my name, saying, I am Christ, and shall deceive many." " .ill that come " xxiv. 5. .Many are called, but file chosen." xx. lli. into the tent, and all that is in the tent shall be unclean seven days." A'um. " If a soul shall sin xix. 14. against any of th? commandments." Lev. iv. 2.

We

GRAMMAR OF THE

And

the cliilJicn

ol'

Israel did so, and gathered

tlie

some more, some less." Exod. xvi. 17.

to

I cannot go beyond

word of

tlie

Lord,

my

God,

do less or more.'
his

One, when contrasted with other, sometimes represents plural names, and joined with a plural verb, as in this passage, "The rea,son why the one are ordinarily taken for real qualities, zuiitie other, only lor bare powers,
is

"Then began he were done."

"

to

upbraid the
not
tliis

cities

wherein most of
?

Was

love indeed

Wc men say ?nore,

Our shews
are

A'mnb. xxii. 18. seems to be," &c. Locke, b. 2. ch. 8. 25. One and another, have a peculiar distributive use in the following and the mighty works Malt. xi. 20 like expressions; "Brethren, let us love one another." The effect of these words seems to be, to separate an .ict allirmed of a number collectively, and
distribute it the other."

swear more, but indeed more than will."

Shaks. Twelfth A'ight

among "
If

the several individuals

to

ye have love one

another"

Such.
' Jabal was the father of

s)-ft as dwell in tents." Gen. iv. other. Thou shalt provide able men such as fear God." E.c. xviii. Several. "Objects of importance must be portrayed by objects of importance; such as have grace, by things graceful." Several is an attribute, denoting originally one thing severed from others. Rhet. 1. 2 Camp. Such here supplies the place of a name or noun, but it retains its attribu- But this sense seems to be now confined to technical law language as a tive sense and the name may be added. In common use, it is always plural, expressive "joint and several estate." of an indefinite number, not very large. It is frequently a substitute as,
;

One another, in this phraseology, have the comprehensive sense of " By love serve" every one serve the other. Each is used in every one. a like sense They loved each other that is they loved each loved the
er."

"Let us love each one love " by love serve one anothlet

Self and own.

Self
tensive
is

" Several of

my unknown

correspondents."

Spectator, 281.

said to
to

word

have been originally an attribute, but is now used as an inSometimes it is give emphasis to substitutes and attributes.
;

Some.

In the plural, it Ibrms selves. It is added to the attributes The attribute some is often used as a substitute ; as, " Some talk of subas myself, yourself,' ourselves; and to him, her, thcjn, as others praise virtue who do not practice it." jects they do not understand And though annexed to suljstitutes in the obhimself, herself, themselves. Johnson. jective case, these words arc inditfereutly in the nominative or objective. Each, every, either, neither. Self is never added to his, their, mine, or thine. Each is a distributive attribute, used to denote every individual of a numThe compounds himself, herself, thyself, ourselves, themselves, may be " The placed immediately after the personal'substitute, as he himself wrote a let- ber, separately considered ; as, king of Israel and the king of Judah sat " Thou also and each on his throne." ter to the minister, or immediately after the Aaron, take each of you his censer." following verb or its object, as "He wrote a letter himself." "he went himself to the admiralty." In " The /or beasts had cocftof them six wings." In these passages, each is a substitute for the name of the such phrases himself not only gives emphasis to the affirmation; biit gives persons or ob" He went one separate from the other.* to an impUed negative, the Ibrce of one himself to jects, expressed. the minister," carries with it a direct negation that another person went. In Every denotes all the individuals of a number considered separately. It is " He did not write the letter therefore a distributive attribute, but sometimes a substitute, chiefly in the negative sentences, it has a different eli'ect. " every of the clauses and conditions." It is generally followhimself," implies strongly that he wrote it by an agent, or had an agency in law style ; as, ed by the name to which it belongs, or by the cardinal number one. procuring it to be written. sometimes see every separated from its name These compound substitutes are used after verbs when reciprocal action by the definitive the and " an attribute of the superlative degree ; as, " is expressed ; as, themselves." They injure every the least variation." " this is the book itself." Locke. Itself is added to names for emphasis as, Either and neither are usually classed with the is an attribute denoting property, used with names to render the conjunctions; but in sense emphatical; as, "this book is my own." strictness, they are always attributes or substitutes. Their correlatives or Own is sometimes a substitute; as, came unto his own and his own and nor, though considered as conjunctions, belong to the latter class of words ; or being merely an abbreviation of other, and nor received him not." Johni. 11. being the same word " This is an invention of his with the Saxon negative prefixed, as will be hereafter shown. own." Either and or denote an alternative ; as, " I will take either road at your pleasure." That is, I will take one road or the other. In this use, either is none. One, other,

used as a noun.

my, your, own,

We
.

Oum

"He

another,

an attribute.

" Either of the roads is The attribute one is very often a substitute other is used in the same Either is also a substitute for a name as, good." manner, and often opposed to o/ie. "All rational or deductive evidence is It also represents a sentence or a clause of a sentence as, " No man can derived from one oi- the other of these two sources." Camp. Rhet. ch. 5. serve two masters, for either, he will hate the one and love the other, or To render these words more definile, and the specification of the alternative else," &c. Matt. vi. 24. To understand the true import of either, let or be more explicit, the definitive fAe is placed before them; as, "either he will also reduced back to its original orthography, " for either, he will hate the hate the one and love the other." one and love the other; other else he will hold to the one and despise the jinother has sometimes a possessive case as, "the horse is another's " other." Here we are presented with the sentence as it would have stood but this form of speech is but little used. in the Saxon and we see two distinct athrmations, to the first of which is Another is the Saxon an, one, and other one other. It is an attribute prefixed either, and to the last other. These words then are substitutes for but often used as a substitute. " Let another praise thee and not thine own the following sentences when they are intended to be alternative. Either mouth." p,.OT,, xxvii. 2. and or are therefore signs of an alternative, and may be called alternatives. J\'one [no one] is often a substitute as, " Ve shall lie down and Either is used also for each ; as, " Two thieves were crucified^on either none shall make you afraid." Lev. xxvi. 6. It is used in the This use of the word is constantly condemned by critics, and as plural as well as the|! side one." singular number. constantly repeated by good writers but it was the true original sense of The cardinal numbers are all used as substitutes, when the things to the word, as appears by every Saxon author. " the emowhich they refer are understood by the train of discourse, and no is used also to Either represent an alternative of attributes as, ambiguity " The rest of is created by the omission of the name as, the people also cast tion must be either not violent or not durable." Camp. Rhet. 1. 2. JYcither is not either, from the Saxon ne-either ; and nor is ne-othcr, not lots, to bring ojieof (en todwell in Jerusalem." J\'eh. xi. 1. One has sometimes the possessive form as, ' One's person is to be other. As cither and or present an alternative or a choice of two protected things, so bylaw;" and frequently the plural number; as, "I have commanded my neither and nor deny both or the whole of any number of particulars as, sanctified ones, and I have called my mighty ones." ha xiii ^ " Fight neither viHh small nor great." 1 Kings, xxii. 31. Which sentence "
;

'

a strong confirmation of what I in the singular number, when used of Note. Or, either, nor and neither are here explained in their true origiSelf invariably in the singular s<;7e in the plural ityoii is to be classed with plurals in all cases, we must, to be consist- nal character ; but when they stand for sentences, it is more natural to conent, apply yourselves to a single person. Yet we make the proper distinc- sider them as connectives, under which head I have arranged them. tioni/ourse// is applied to one person In general, any attribute [adjective] which describes persons or But upon the j/ou<se/i)es to more. things principle of our grammars, that you must always be joined to a verb in the with sufficient clearness, without the name to which it strictly belongs, may " You plural, we are under the necessity of

In this compound,

we have
is

ed respecting the arrangement oS you

resolved stands thus Fight not either with small, not other with Such is tlie curious machinery of language great." Meilher is also used as an attribute and as a substitute for a name; as, " JVeither otiicc is have alled"-filled, but neither of the offices will suit the candidate."
;
!

when

Now

a single person.

we

saying yourself were," when address a single person which is false construction. Whatever verb therefore is used with you when applied to an individual, must be consideredj! s a verb in the singular number.
I

* Each is as applicable to a hundred or thousand as to two. " The prince had a body guard of a thousand men, each of whom was six feet high."

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
The rich liavc many fi iends" As.sociulc be used as a substitute as, with the wise and good"" The future will resemble (he past"" Such is the opinion of the learned."
;

"

"

2(1. To command, exhort or invite; as go, attend, let us observe. 3d. To |iray, request, entreat as, may the spirit of grace dwell iu us. 4tb. Toinquirc, or question as, docs it rain ? Will he come
;
.'

JIttributes or Adjectives.
Attributes or Adjectives, in grammar, are words wliich denote the quali a splendid equip as, a bright sun lies inherent in, or ascribed to things house an honest man; an amiable age; a mi,ierab! ehnt; a magnijicent woman liberal charity false honor a quiet conscience. be compared with As qualiUes may exist in difl'ercnt degrees, which may each other, suitable modes of speech are devised to express ihcue comparaIn English, most attributes admit of three degrees of compartive degrees. There are therefore four degrees of comand a few admit of
; ; ; ;
; ;

ison,

/win-.

and is expressed by tlie The/)-6Y denotes a slight degree of the quality, termination ish ; as reddish, brownish, yellowish. This may be denominated the imperfect degree of the attribute. The second denotes such a degree of the attribute as to constitute an absoThis is as red, brown, great, small, brate, wise. lute or distinct quality called the positive degree. The third denotes a greater or less degree of a quaUty than exists in another object, with which it is compared ; as greater, smaller, braver,
;

parison.

This is called the comparative degree. tviier. The fourth denotes the utmost or least degree of a quality ; as bravest, unsest, poorest, smallest. This is called the superlative degree. The inqieil'ect degree is formed by adding ish to an attribule ; as yellow, vowel is omitted ; as white, whitish. yellowish. If the attribute ends in e.'tbis The comparative degree is formed by adding r to adjectives ending with e, as wise, wiser ; and by adding er to words ending with an articulation, as cold, colder ; or by prefixing more or less, as more just, less noble. The superlative degree is'lbrmed by adding st to attributes ending with f, as wise, ivisest ; and est to those which end with an articulation, as cold, coldest ; or by prefixing most and least, as most brave, least charitable. Every attribute, susceptible of comparison, may be compared by more and most,

the various uses and significations of verbs, have originated several The only one in English which seems to be correct and sufficiently compiehensivc, is, into transitive and intransitive. To these may be added a combination of the verb be, w ith certain auxiliaries and participles, which is called a passive verb." 1. A transitive verb denotes action or energy, which is exerted upon some object, or in producing some effect. In natural construction, the w'ord expressing the object, follows the verb, ithout the intervention of any other " word, though the order may be sometimes varied. Thus, ridicule provokes anger," is a complete proposilion ridicule is the agent or nominative word, which causes the action ; provoke is the verb, or alfirmation of an act anger is the object or effect produced, following the transitive verb provoke. " The wind propels a ship," is the affirmation of an act of the wind exerted and ship, the object. on a ship, li^ind is the agent ; propels, the verb 2. An intransitive verb denotes simple being or existence in a certain state, as to be, to rest ; or it denotes action, which is limited to the subject. " .Tohn to Thus, sleeps," is an affirmation, in which John, the nominative sleeps, is the subject of the affirmation ; .ileeps is a verb intransitive, affirming a particular thing o( Johrt, which extends to no other object. 3. The passive verb in English is formed by adding certain auxiliaries and It denotes pa.ssion orsnflering; that is, thattlic participles to the verb be. subject of the affirmation or nominative is affected by the action affirmed; as,
divisions or classes.
; ; ;

From

" Moses is convinced agent follows the veib preceded by a preposition ; as, by John." To correspond with their nominatives, verbs are used in both numbers, and W'ith the three persons in each. .\s action and being may be mentioned as present, past and future, verbs

" Laura is loved and admired." is convinced ;" In the tranIn this form of the verb, the agent and object change places. agent precedes the verb, and the object follows; as, "John In the passive form the order is changed, and the has convinced Moses."

John

sitive fbrni the

have modifications to express time, which arc called tenses. .\nd as action and being maj^be represented in various ways, verbs have various modificaless and least. Hence to verbs beAll monysyllables admit of er and est, and dissyllables when the addition tions to answer these purposes, called modes or moods. loftiest. long person, number, tense and mode. easily pronounced as happy, happier, happiest ; lofty, loftier, The persons, which have been already explained, are I, thou or you, he. But few words of more syllables tlian one will admit of er and est. Hence most attributes of more syllables than one are compared by more and most, she, it, in the singular number; in the plural, wc, ye or you, they. The less and least ; as more fallible, most upright, less generous, least splendid. numbers have been before explained. When attributes end in y after a consoriant, this letter is dropped, and i substituted before er and est ; as lofty, loftier, loftiest. Tenses, A few attributes have different words or irregular terminations for-expresbad or evil, worse, There are six tenses or modifications of the verb to express time. Each sing the degrees of comparison as good, better, best ; worst ; fore, former, jirst ; less or lesser, least; much, more, most; near, of these is divided into two forms, for the purpose of distinguishing the definearer, nearest or next ; old, older, oldest or eldest ; late, later, latest or last. nite or precise time from the indefinite. These may be thus explained and When qualities are incapable of increase or diminution, the words which exemplified. them do not admit of comparison. Such are the numerals, first,

may be

express second, third. Sac, and attributes of mathematical figures, as square, spheror square, ical, rectangular; for it will readily appear, that if a thing is^rs( it cannot be more or less so. The sense of attributes however is not restricted to the modification, exby the common signs of comparison, but may be varied in an indefipressed Thus the attribute very, which is nite number of ways, by other words. the French vrai, true, formerly written veray, is much used intensively to express a great degree of a quality, but not the greatest; as very wise or In like manner are used ?>nich, far, extremely, exceedingly, and learned. most of the modifiers in ly. Some attributes, from particular appropriate uses, have received names, by which they are distinguished. But the usual classification is by no means correct. The following distribution seems to result from the uses of the

Present Tense., indefinite.

This form of the present tense afBrms or denies action or being, in present It expresses also time, without limiting it with exactness to a given point. facts which exist generally, at all limes, general truths, attributes which are without reference to a permanent, habits, customary actions, and the like, God is infinitely great and just; man is imperfect and deas, specific time fishes sii'im. plants sprmo- from the earth ; birds/y;
;

pendent;

Present Tense,
tion or

rJefinite.
;

words named.

or a, the, this, that, these, those, other, another, one, none, some, may he called definitives, from their office, which is to limit or define the extent Past Tense, indefinite. of the name to which they are prefixed, or to specify particulars. This form of the past tense represents action which took place at a given My, thy, her, our, your, their, and mine, thine, his, when used as attri" In six days, God creabutes, with names, are possessive attributes, as they denote possession or time past, however distant and completely past ; as, past .\lexander conquered the Persians." ownership. Its and it'hose, if ranked with attributes, belong to the same class. I(nhc heavens and the earth.' ' The Earl of Chatham v;as an eloEach and every are distributives, but they may be classed with the de- " Scipio was as virtuous as brave."
finitives.

An

This form expresses the present time with precision usually denoting aclam wribeing which corresponds in time with another action; as, ting, while yoic are waiting.

Either

is

an alternative, as

is

or,

which

is

now

quent statesman."
considered merely as a

connective.

Own is an intetisive adjective. The words to which self is affixed, himmyself, themselves, yourself yourselves, ourselves, thyself, itself, may be denominated intensive substitutes, or for brevity, intensives. Or they
self,

Past Tense, definite, [imperfect.]

cified period of past

This form represents an action as taking place and unfinished in some spetime as, " I was standing at the door when the proces;

may

be called compound substitutes.

sion passed."

Verb.

*The common distribution into active, neuter and passive, is very objecof The verb is a primary part of speech, and next to the name or noun tionable. Many of our neuter verbs imply action in a pre-eminent degree, the most importance. The uses of the verb are, and the young learner cannot easily cbnceive why 1st. To affirm, assert, or declare; as, the sun shines ; John loves study ; as to run, to irdlk, tofiy ; such verbs are not called active. God is just and negativelv, avarice is not commendable. "
;

Vol.

I.

I.

GRAMMAR OF THE
Perfect Tense, huhfiniie. This form of the perfect tense represents an action completely past, and often at no great distance, but the time not specified as, "I have accomplished my desif;n." But if a particular time is named, the tense must be "I have seen the past; as, "1 accomplished my design last week." In this respect, the French friend last week," is not correct English. my idiom is different from the English, for "J'ai vu mon ami hier" is good French, but "I have seen my friend yesterday" is not good English. The words must be translated, "1 saw my friend yesterday." No fault is more
;

3. It gives great life and effect to description, in prose or verse, to represent past events as present ; to introduce them to the view of the reader or Hence the frequent use of the preshearer, as having a present existence. ent tense for the future, by the historian, the poet and the orator: " She spoke ; Minerva burns to meet the war And now heaven's enipi ess calls the blazing car ; At her command rush forth the steeds divine. Hiad, 5. Rich with immortal gold, the trappings shine." The definite tenses, it will be observed, are formed by the participle of the This participle always expresent tense, and the substanfive verb, be. a past or future tense common than a mistranslation of this tense. for, / presses present time, even when annexed to It is to be noted however that this perfect indefinite tense is th.at in which was tvrillns, denotes (hat, at the past time mentioned, the action was preslather has lived about ent; I shall be writing, denotes future time, but an action then to be present. we express continued or repeated -Mlion ; as, " " He has " The The past tense of every regular verb ends in eil ; d being added to a verb eighty years." king has reigned more than forty years. as hate, hated ; look, use it also when a been frequently heard to lament." Life of Couper. ending in f, and eii to a verb with other terminations; the looked. specified past time is represented, if that time is expressed as apart of " have been together The future tense is formed by the present tense of shall and will; for, I present period. Thus, although we cannot say, " have been together this morning, or this shall go, he will go, are merely an appropriate use of / shall to go, I will to yesterday," we usually say, evening." AVe even use this tense in mentioning events which happened go. See an explanation of these words under the head of auxiliaries. " I am at a greater distance of time, if we connect that time with the present ; as, There are other modes of expressing future time ; as, going to " He has not seen " His brother has vifited him once within two write" " I am about to write." These have been called the inceptive fuyears." his sister, since the year 1800." ture, as they note the commencement of an action, or an intention to com; ;

My

We

We

We

Perfect Tense, definite.

a history of the revolution in

This form represents an action as just finished; France."

as,

"

have been reading

action without delay. have another mode of expression, which does not strictly and posia necessity of performing an act, and tively foretell an action, yet it implies For example, "I have to pay & clearly indicates that it will take place. sum of money to morrow." That is, I am under a present necessity or obli-

mence an

We

2i act. gation to do future The substantive verb followed by a radical verb, forms another idiomatic Prior-past Tense, indefinite, [pluperfect.] " Eneas " John is to command a regiment." expression of future lime as, This form of the prior past tense expresses an action which was past at or went in search of the seat of an empire which was, one day, to command before some other past time specified; as, " he had received the news before the world." The latter expression is a future past that if, past to the narthe messenger arrived." rator, but future as to the event, at the time specified.
;

Prior-past, definite.
cified

Modes.

This form denotes an action to be just past, at or before another time speMode, in grammar, is the manner of representing action and being, or the " I had been as, reading your letter when the messenger arrived." wishes and determinations of the mind. This is performed by inflections of the verb, or by combinations of verbs with auxiliaries and participles, and
;

Future
as,

As there are scarcely two authors who are agreed in the number and deThis form of the future tense gives notice of an event to happen hereafter nominations of the modes in English, I shall offer a distribution of the verbs, " Your son will obtain a commission in the navy." " We shall have a and a display of their inflections and combinations, somewhat different from fine season." any which I have seen. 1. The first and most simple form of the verb, is the verb without inflecFuture Tense, definite. This form usually has the prefix to; tions, and uncomiected with persons. This form expresses an action which is to take place and be unfinished at as to love. " He loill be a specified future time as, This form of the verb, not being restricted to person or number, is usually preparing for a visit, at the time
; ;
I

Te7ise, indefinite.

by

their various positions.

you arrive."

jcalled

Prior-Future, indefinite.
This form of the future tense denotes an action which will be past at a fu ture time specified as, " They will have performed their task, by the ap pointed hour."
;

'health.
1

fied time

past at a future speci" shall have been making preparafions, a week before our as, friends arrive."* In the use of the present tense, the following things are to be noticed. 1. The present tense is customarily used to express future time, when by any mode of expression, the mind is transported forward to the time, so as to conceive it present ; as, " I cannot determine, till the mail arrives." " As
;

Prior-Future, definite. This form represents an action which will be just

We

soon as it is light, we shall depart." " When he has an opportunity, he will write." The words till, when, as soon as, carry the mind to the time of an event to happen, and we speak of it as present. 2. By an easy transition, the imagination passes from an author to his writings; these being in existence and present, though long after his decease, we substitute the writer's name for his works, and speak of him as living or in the present tense thus, Milton rese>nbles Homer in sublimity and invention, as Pope resembles Virgil, in smoothness of versification. Plato is
;

the Infinitire .Mode. 2. Another use of the verb is to affirm, assert or declare some action or existence, either positively, as he runs, or negatively, as you are not in 'This form is called the Indicative Mode. 3. Another othce of the verb is to command, direct, ask, or exhort; as This is called the Imperative Mode. arise, make haste, let us be content. 4. Another form of the verb is used to declare the power, liberty, possiof certain words called auxbility or necessity of acting or being, by means This form is called the Potential Mode ; as, iliaries, as may, can, must, &c. / may or can ivrite ; he must wait.' 5. Another use of verbs is to represent actions or events which are uncertain, conditional or contingent; as, if he shall go; if they would attend. This is called the Subjunctive Mode, but would better be denominated the The Indicative and Potential become cmiditional, by means Conditional. of words used to express condition; as if, though, unless, whether. The Modes then are five the Infinitive, the Indicative, the Imperathe Potential, and the Subjunctive. jtive, It may also be observed that the combinations and arrangements of our verbs and auxiliaries to express negative and interrogative propositions, are the verb for each really modes of the verb, and a place might be assigned to For purpose, were it not for the inconvenience of having modes of modes. the sake of distinction, 1 denominate these verbs interrogative and negative, and have exhibited the conjugation of each.
;

fanciful

Aristotle is profound.

Participles.
Participles are derivatives from verbs, formed by particular terminations, distribution of the tenses, are so and having the sense of verbs, attributes or names. utterly incor reet and incompetent to give a just idea of their uses, that I have ventured There are two species of participles; one denoting present time, and to offer a new division, retaining the old names, as far as truth will warrant. formed to the verb, as turn, turning, or when the verb ends The terms prior-past iiud prior-future, are so perfectly desciiptive of the with by adding ing But e is as that letter and

*The common names and

place, placing. e, by dropping adding ing, tenses arranged under them, that I cannot but think they will be well reThe distinction of indefinite and definite is not wholly new ; but I ceived. * have never seen the definite forms displayed, though they are as necessary This mode is inserted in compliance with the opinions of many Gramas the indefinite forms. Indeed, I see not how a foreigner can learn our lan- marians, but in opposition to my own. It is in fact tlie indicative mode, afguage, as the tenses are commonly distributed and defined. firming the power, &c. of acting, instead of the act itself.
,

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
When a man expres^^cs his own determination of mind, I will, we are acretained in dyeing from dye, to color, to distinguish it from dying, the partiused to prevent the diiplicalion of /. In customed to consider the event, or act willed ascertain; for we naturally ciple of (<ie,-" in which word, j/is and to distinguish the word connect the power to act, with the intention; hence we make the declarasm^eijtg from singe, e is retained to soften g, tion of will a ground of confidence, and by an easy association of ideas, we from singing; so also in twingeing. This participle of the present tense is used, as before observed, to form connect the declaration, with an obligation to carry the determination into But it often loses the sense of the verb, and becomes effect. Hence will expressed by a person himself, came to denote a promise. the definite tenses. But when a person declares the will of another, he is not supposed to posan attribute as a loving friend, lasting friendship. In this use, it admits of more lasting, less saving. sess the power to decide for him, and tocarry his will into effect. He merely comparison by more or less, most and least ; as ofTers an opinion, grouncied on information or probable circumstances, whicfi most promising. This participle also becomes an adverb or modifier by receiving the ter- give him more or less confidence of an event depending on another's will. mination ly, as lovingly, laughingly ; and this species of modifiers admits of Hence will in the second and third person simply foretells, or expresses an opinion of what will take place. comparison, .as more lovingly, most charmingly. to be Shall, in some of its inflections, retains its prijuitive sense This participle also becomes a name and admits of the definitive; as, "the obliged it takes the plural form ; as, or bound in duly ; but in many of its uses, its sense is much varied. In the burning of London ni 1666." In this capacity, " "the (Mw^owi/igs of the Nile ;" "heseethall his goings." .\nd some- first person, it merely foretells ; as, I shall go to New-York to-morrow." times the plural is used when a modifier is attached to the participle ; as, In this phrase, the word .seems to have no reference to obligation; nor is it " the Hut this use of the par- considered by a second person as imiwsing an obligation on the person utterout, the comings in." Ezek. xliii. 11. goings But when shall is used in the second and third persons, it resumes nor is it common. ing it. ticiple is not esteemed elegant, becomes a name by receiving the its primitive .sense, or one nearly allied to it, implying obligation; as when in In a few instances, the
1

termination ness; as willingness, from willing. The other species of participle is formed from the verb, by adding dor erf, a,s loved, in regular verbs, it corresponds exactly with the past time of the petfect tense. preceded. This may be called the participle This participle, when its verb is transitive, may be joined with the verb in all its inflections, to form a passive verb, and the participle, in such he,

a superior couunands with authority, you shall go ; oi' implying a right in the second and third person to expect, and hence denoting a promise in the " speaker ; as, you shall receive your w.ages." This is radically sayin"', ' you ought to receive your wages ;" but this right in the second person to receive, implies an obligation in the person speaking to pay. Hence shall in the second, /);o;nisf.'i, commands, or in the first person foretells eipressff determination. When shall in the second and third persons, is uttered with combination, is called passive. formed from a.nintransitive verb, cannot, except emphasis, it expresses determination in the speaker, and implies an authority But this participle, when " Vou shall to enforce the act. go." in a few instances, be joined to the substantive verb, or used in a passive Must expresses necessity, and has no variation for person, number or sense; but it unites with the other auxiliaries. This participle often loses its verbal character, and becomes an attribute ; tense. Do is a principal and a transitive verb, si/fnifying to act or make; but is In this character it admits of comparias a concealed plot, a painted house. " a most " resjiected magistrate ;" and a few of used in the present or past tenses as an auxiliary to give emphasis to a decson, as a more admired artist," these verbal attributes receive the termination ly, and become modifiers, as laration, to denote contrast, or to supply the place of the principal verh. " It would have been impossible for Cicero to inflame the minds of the pointedly, more conceitedly, most dejectedly. tense anil participle end in ed, are deemed regu people to so high a pitch against oppression, considered in the abstract, as he Those verbs, whose past All which deviate from this rule, are deemed irregular, anil their par actually did inflame them against Verres the oppressor." lar. Camp. Rhet. 1. A list of them will be 10. Here did expresses emphasis, tense end mostly in t, n and g. ticiples of the perfect " It was hardly possible that he should not distinguish you as he has done." found in the sequel. Coup. Let. 40. Here done stands in the place oi distinguished you. For Auxiliaries. it must be observed that when do is the substitute for another verb, it supIn English, a few monosyllabic verbs are chiefly employed to form the plies the place not only of the verb, but of the object of the verb. "He loves not plays modes and tenses of other verbs, and from this use, are denominated auxiliaThese are followed by other verbs, without the prefix As thou dost, Anthony." ries or helping verbs. " he That is, as thou lovest plays. to, as may go ;" though they were originally principal verbs, and some Do is also used in negative and interrogative sentences; the present and of them still retain that character, as well as that of auxiliaries. The verbs which are always auxiliary to others, are may, can, shall, must past tenses of the Indicative Mode being chiefly formed by this auxiliary; " I do not reside in Boston." "Does John bold a commission ?" those which are sometimes auxiliaries, and sometimes principal verbs, arc as, To these may be added need and dare. Have is also a principal and transitive verb, denoting to possess ; but much will, have, do and be. " used as an auxiliary, as " He has lately been to ATay conveys the idea of liberty or permission as, he may go, if he will Hamburg." It is often useil " to supply the place of a principal verb, or Or it denotes possibility ; as, he may have written or not."" participle, preventing a repetition " I have not seen of it, and the object after it Can has the sense of to be able. as, Paris, but my brother has," denotes to be obliged, coinciding nearly with that is, has seen Paris. Shall, in its primitive sense, But this signification, though in the German. Equally common and extensive is the use of be, denoting existence, and otight ; which sense it retains of this word, is much obscured. The hence called the substantive verb. Either in the character of a evidently the root of the present uses principal verb, or an auxiliary, it is found in almost every sentence of the following remarks will illustrate the several usesof H'iW and shall. language. Hence the German wolThe inflection of a verb, in all the modes, tenses, numbers and persons, is IVill h.is a common origin with the Latin volo. The English verbs have few inflections, or len, the old English woU,^ni\ the present contraction won't, that is, woll-not.i termed Conjugation. changes This was originally a principal verb, and is still used as such in our Ian of termination ; most of the tenses and modes being formed by means of the guage. It denotes the act of the mind in determining, or a determination ; auxiliaries. ifbr he tcills to go, and he will go, are radically of the same import. Note. In the following conjugations, a small n in an Italic character, is inserted in the place where not should stand in negative sentences. The * The primitive idea expressed by tnay was power ; Sax. magan, to same place is generally occupied by never, but not in every case. It is believed this letter will be very useful, he able. The learner especially to foreigners. that the Roman c was pronounced as our tc, wolo. 1 1 is the verb with or without not, at pleasure. supposed may conjugate

participle

ing

and

CONJircATION OF TtlE AUXILIARIES.

May. Present Tense.
Singular. I may n Person, Thou mayest 2d Person < M. 1 erson,
1st.

Plural.

Singular. C mas.
3d. Person, </eni.

Plural.

Past Tense

He may n
She may n
It

They may n
Singular.
i
I might n Thou mightest n You might ;i

We may
C
(

Plural.

^
*

^^^ ^^^

^^^

Ye niay n Vou may n

glish

( neut.

may n
(

We might
J (

n
)i

Ye

miglit

he meets with you in the pluIt may be remarked once for all, that thou and ral number only, though he finds it the represenye are the second person used in the sacred stylo, tative of an individual. Now if you is always pluand sometimes in other grave discourses. In all ral, then you yourself is not grammatical, but abother cases, you is the second person of the singu- surd the true expression then must be, yon yourThen I must say lar number, as well as of the plural. It is not one of selves, applied to an individual. the most trivial absurdities which Uie student mustl to a friend, who visits me, please to seat yourselves. now encounter at every step, in the stttdy of En-j Sir. This is equal to the royal style, we Ourself'

grammar,

that

He

might n

You might ti They might n

Can. Present
5 I I can n Thou canst n You can Ji He can n

Tense.

We
^

can n

Ye can ti You can n They can

GRAMMAR OF THE
Past Tense

Perfect Tense.

C I

Plural. could n Ye could n Thou couklst n You could 11 You could u He could II They could n SQUALL.- -Piesent Tense.
.Singular.
1

could

;i

We

I shall

((

We

shall

y
y

Thou shalt a You shall He shall n

Past Tense.
I

Ye shall ?i You shall u They shall

should

?i

We should n
J

Thou shouldst n You should He should

Ye should You should n

should re

V/e have re had (Ye have re had ( Thou hast re had had have re had ( You have re ( You He has or hath n had They have re had Prior-past Tense. We had re hail I had re had Thou hadst re had (Ye had re had had You had had ( You had n He had re had They had re had Note. In these tenses, the perfect and priortransitive. past, this verb is always principal and
I

Singular.
re

Plural.

have

had

Thou mightest n have Thou shouldst re have Thou couldst re have Thou wouldst re have

Ye
Ye

might re have! should '>i have

Ye could re have Yc would n have

\o\i might re have You should re have You could re have

You might re have You should n have You could re have You would n have

You would re have

They might n have They should n have They could n hav'e They would n have

He might have He shonld have He could have He would n have

re
re

re

Will.
I

They Present Tense.

will

II

We
n
C
re

i
(

Thou

wilt
re

Y'ou will

He
I

will

will n Ye will n You will They will re

Future Tense. In this tense the verb is principal or au.-ciliary with the same form of conjugation. The following form foretells. We shall re have I shall re have ( Yc willre have C Thou wiltn have
(

Perfect Tense. In this tense, have is a principal verb only.

I

may re have had

C
(

We may

re

have had

(
I

Thoumayestrehavehad

You may re have had He may re have had

Prior-past
I

You

He
I

will re have will re have

Past Tense.

would

re re

We
<
(

wonld re

Thou wouldst

^ Y'ou

He

Note.
larly
Pa-st

would )* would re
IVill,

Ye would re You would /( They would re

is

The following termines.

will
C I

You will re have They will n have form promises, commands or de

(

might

re

Tense the principal verb only. We have had

Ye may re have had You may n have had They may re have had

C <

Thou mightest re have

Ye
You
|

n have
( (

We

Thou shalt re have You shall re have

when

a principal verh,

reRii-

conjugated; I will, thou wiliest, he wills. tense, / willed.

He

shall

re

have

have They [ In the same manner with should, could and Ye shall re have You shall n have tvould. There is no future tense, distinct from that of They shall re have
will
re

had ^ You might re have had He might re have had

might n have had

Must. verb is principal. Must has no change of termination, and is joinWe shall n have had I shall re have had ed with verbs only in the following tenses. fThou shalt or wilt re Y'e shall or will re have Present Tense. had have had We must n love I must n love You shall or will re have 1 You shall or will re ( Yc must re love Thou must n love had have had ^ [ re love re love He shall or will n They shall or willre \ You must ( Y'ou must He must re love They must re love have had have had Perfect Tense. first person of Note. We must re have loved this tense TVill is not used in thewith the nature I must n have loved it being incompatible ("Thou must n have We cannot say, " I will have had Ye must n have loved of a promise. loved J a year, on the first of October next;" possession You must n have You must re have loved but I shall have ) had, is a common expression.
J

Prior-Future. This tense foretells, and is used only

the indicative mode.

when

the

same

is the with some preceding word expressing condition, supposition or contingency. These words are, )/, though or although, unless, except, whether, lest, albeit. If is n corruption of gif, the imperative of gifaii, the Saxon orthography of give. Though, the Saxon theah, signifies permit, allow. Although is a compound of all and though, give or allow all. The old word thof, still used in some parts of Eng-

The

Conditional or Subjunctive Mode, Conditional or Subjunctive Mode

as the Indicative,

loved

He must )i have loved They must re have loved Do. Indicative Mode Present Tense.
C (

n love Thou dost re love You do re love

I

do

We do
^
(
re

re

love
'"^'^

^'"^ '^

"

Have re or have thou re Have you n or do re you

have Let me n have Let him re have

Imperative Mode. Plural. Singidar. Have ye n, have you

is the imperative of the Saxon thafinn, to alUnless is the imperative of the Saxon oreExcept is the imperalysan, to loose or dissolve. Lest is from lesan, to lease or tive of that verb. Albeit is a compound of all, be and it, dissolve.

land,

low.

let

it

be

so.
if,

Do re you have

These words,
and use,

though, answer in signification

:

He does
I did

or doth

love

You do re love They do re love

Past Tense.

love
( (

We

did

n love

Thou didst re love You did n love He did n love

Ye did re love You did re love They did re love

done.

Infinitive Mode. To do.

Participles.

Note.

In the thirdDoing, done, having preperson singular of the

is

sent tense, doth guage; does in

used in sacred and solemn lanfamiliar language.

all 1 I

common and

This verb,

when

principal and transitive, has

Note. A command, request or exhortation, must, in the nature of things, be addressed to the second per.son nor can these phrases, let me have, let MS have, be considered, in strictness, as the first person of this mode, nor/e( Aim Aaue, as the third but they answer to the first and third persons of this mode in other languages, and the mere nam ing of them is wholly immaterial. The true force and effect of the verb, in this mode, depend on its application to characters, and
;

Let us re have Let them n have

to the following admit, grant, allow, " If \suppose, as signs of a condition or hypothesis.

shall go," is simply, "give, that is, give that condition or fact

you

you

shall

go;"

pose
It

allow or sup; to be so. has been, and is still customary for authors of the second to omit the personal terminations and third persons of the verb in the present tense, to form the subjunctive mode ; if thou go, if he
it

write.

the tenses and modes, I have done,

will do, &c. Have. -Infinitive

had done,

the manner of utterance. C'uine, go, let him if uttered with a respectful address, or in a civil

construction of the subjunctive precisely the same as that of the indicawhich has it is used in popular practice, the true idiom of the language; if thou preserved go, hast, if he has or hath ; to denote present uncercorrect

The
;

mode

is

tive

as

Having. Participle of the Present Tense. Of the Perfect Tense. Had.

Indicative
I ^
(

Mode, Present Tense.- To Aare. manner, may express entreaty, request or exhort- pressed by the omission of the personal terminaTo have had. ation. On the other hand, such words uttered tions if he go, that is, if he shall go. Perfect Tense.

tainty.
;

But

future contingency may be

ex-

Compound. Having had. Mode. Present Tense.

re

have

We
( {

have

re

Thou hast re You have re

Ye have re
You have re They have n

He
I

has or hath re* Past Tense.

re

had

We
C

5 (

Thou hadstn You had re

Ye

had re had re

He

Note. In the foregoing tenses, this verb used either as a principal verb or an auxiliary.

had

re

You had re They had re

with a tone of authority, and addressed to inferiors, Be. express comitiand. Be is a verb denoting existence, and therefore It is very irregular, Present Tense. Potential Mode. called the substantive verb. In the following tense, this verb is either auxil- being derived fi'om dilterent radicals, and having undergone many ilialectical changes. iary or principal. To be. We may or can re have Infinitive Mode, Present Tense. I may or can re have To have been. Ye may or can re have Perfect Tense. C Thou may est or canst re < have Being. Participle of the Present Tense. You may or can re have Of the Perfect. f(;re. ( You may or cann have He may or can re have They may or can n Having been. ConipoiMid. Present Tense. have Indicative Mode. We are re Must is used in the foregoing tense, and in the I am n

perfect also.

Past Tense. In this tense, the verb is principal or auxiliary.

I

Thou art ra You arc n

(Y'e are
l

re
re

You

are

might

re

have

Hath

is

used

in the

solemn style

has

in the

I
1

should n have could re have

familiar.

would

re.

have

We might 7i have We should have We could have Wu would have

re

^
(

He

is re

? She isn
It is re

They aren

re

re

The foregoing form of the present tense is now But the followgenerally used by good writers.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
ing form is (lie most ancient, and ual in popular practice.
1

if still

very gen-

Past Tense.

Definite.

If\ was
V
\

We
( (

were

lie

n
isn

Wc
Ve

lie

n
you be n
is

Vou be n

or

Thou wast You was or were

He
Thou
I

They hen
second person, Past Tense.
not in use.

He was
fact

Ye were You were They were

;

had n been loving

We had
e

71

been

lov-

had

n been lov-

i (

beest, in tl-e

The
the fact.

foregoing

whether a
:

was n
( (

5 5

Thou wast n You was or were He was n

have n been
C

were n Ye were n You were n They were n

We

The

tenses express uncertainty or they admit exists or existed following form is used for the like

Thou hadst n been loving You had n been loving

ing ou had K been lov-

He

1" ing
Theyhad7ibecnloving

had

7i

been loving

purposes If I be
i
I

We
C

be
I

Perfect Tense.
I

Thou be You be

"W^e

have been
But

He

Ye be You be
They be

shall

n love

Future Tense, indefinite. The form of predicting.

C (

be
;

<
l

Thou hast been You have ;i been

Ye have been You have n been

this is

more properly the form of the condi-

Thou wilt n love You will 71 love

tional future

He

I ha<l

hath or has n been They have n been Prior-past Tense. ^Vc had n been )! been
<

the future

if

The

following

tion or hypothesis,

Thou hadstn been You haiUi been He had n been

I

Ye had n been You hadn been They had n been

shall or will

He will 71 love that is, the verb without the sign of, The form of promising, commanding and deterhe be, for if he shall be. is the form of expressing supposi- mining. I will 71 love and may be called the ^Ve will 71 love C Thou shall II love C Ye shall 77 love Hypothetical Tense.

shall n love Ye will ;i love You will 71 love They will ;i love

We

If
i

were
(
(

We

were

You

shall

71

Future Tense.
shall or will
/?

Thou wert You was or were

Ye were
You were They were
7iot
;

He
I

shall

love love
?i

You shall 71 love They shall n love

Thou shall or wiltn be You shall or will n be

He

" If I were," supposes I C Ye shall or will ! be not," supposes I am. sh.nll or will n be ( You The other tenses are the shall or will ii be They shall or will n be tive mode. Prior-future Tense.

be

We

n be

He were

shall or will

Definite. be lov-

We shall or will
loving

/i

be
be
71

am

"if

were

ing
shalt

or wilt

n be

r
I

Ye

shall or will
shall or

7i

same

as in the indica-

loving

You

shall or will

loving

be
I

You
[

will

I sliall II

have been
i

We shall n have been

f

or wilt ("Thou shall

J
1

Ye

shall or will shall shall

have
will will
7!

Love.

have been
shall

been

You

or

will

You
They

or or

The Conj\igation of a Regular Verb. Infinitive Mode, Present Tense. To love. To have loved. Perfect Tense.

loving iThou He shall or

he loving

will

71

be lov-

They

shall or will

)l

ing
I shall
7J

have been

have been
[

He

shall or willn

have

Participle of the Present Tense. Loving. Of the Perfect. Loved.

been

have been
Imperative .Mode. Be n ; be thou 7i ; do 7i thou be, or' do n be be ye n do n you be, or do you be, or do ;i be. Let me n be, let him n be, let us n
;
,

Indicative I love n

Compound. Having loved. Mode. Present Tense, indefinite.

be lovins Prior-future, indefinite

have loved
71

We shall
Ye
You
loved

71

have loved
or
will

shalt or wilt

have have

shall

n
Ji

loved

You

shall or will

71

shall or will shall or will

Wc

love

ii

loved {Thou

have loved

Command
Exhortation

(Th Thou
ou

lovest love n

f \

Entreaty
I

be, let

them n be. Potential Mode.

may or can ?i be Thou mayst or canst n

^
1 .,
(_ ,

We may or
,
I
"^

V ou may or can n be He may or can n be They may Must is used in this tense, and in

can n be ye may or can n be You may or can n be '

or can n be the perfect

also.

Past Tense.
I ^

might n be
^
I

We might n be

lovcth or loves n With the auxiliary do. do n love I do )! love ( Thou dost n love ( Ye do n love ( You do n love ( You do )! love He dotli or docs n love They do n love Definite. I am n arera loving loving Thou art 7i loving C Ye are n loving You are loving \ You are n loving He is n loving They are n loving

He

Ye love rf* You love ti They love n

He
I

shall or will

n have
Definite. lov-

They

loved
shall
77

have loved have been

We shall n have been

Ye
loving
shall or will shall or will

We

ing
shalt or wilt7i

have

n
n

been loving

You

shall or will

n have
71

You

have been loving have been loving

We

been iThou loving He shall or will been loving

Let

have

They shall or will 7t

have been loving

me
77 77

7i

love

Imperative Modt. Let us

love

Thou mightest n be You might n be He might n be

Perfect or can have n
or canst
ii

Ye nnght n be You might n be They might n be

In the same manner witli could, should and

would.

Past Tense, indefinite. I loved )i We loved 7i ( Tliou lovedst n ( Ye loved n \ You loved J^ ( You loved n He loved M They loved n With the auxiliary did.
I

Love

Love

77

Tense

did

may
been
71

We may or
been

can n have
havej
|

( 'i'hou didst

You

TThou mayest
)

Ye may
been
been

or can n

He
I

have been

n love n love C did n love I did love Definite.

71

We

did

love

Ye did n love You did j love They did n love

thou 71 love 77 love Do you 71 love Let them 71 love Let him 71 love In the place of let, the poets employ the verb without the auxiliary " Perish the lore that deadens young desire." Beat. Minst.

Do Do

love

Do 77 love Do ye or you

That
"

is, let

the lore perish.

You may or can

been

have
|_

You may or can n have

They may

was

loving
(

We
\

or can n' have been Prior-past Tense. I might n have been We might n have been i Thou mightest n have C Ye might nhave been J You might >l have been < You might n have been (_ been ^ He might (i have been They might n have been In the same manner with could, would and There is no future tense in this mode. <hould.

He may
been

or can

n have

Thou wast 7) loving You was ri loving

loving They were 7i loving Perfect Tense, indefinite. I have n loved have n loved C Ye have n loved ^ Thou hast 7^ loved ' \ You have 7i loved \ You have n loved He has or hath n loved They have ii loved

He was n

Ye were n loving You were n loving

were n loving

'

'

We

Be ignorance thy choice, where knowledge leads to woe." Ibm. Potential Mode. Present Tense, indefinite. I may or can 7t love We may or can 71 love Thou mayst or canst 71 C Ye may or can 77 love love < You may or can 7i You may or can n love ( love He may or can 71 love They may or can 71

love

Must
I

is

used in
77

this tense

and

in the perfect.

Definite.
I

Definite.

have

71

been

lovin.

We have
Ye have
ing ing

77

been
been

lovlov-

may

or can

be loving

We may
loving

or can

77

be

71

TTbou mayst
J

or canst
77

n be
J

Thou

hast

Subjunctive Mode.
I

n been loving
71

Ye may
loving
I

or can

77

be

This Mode is formed by prelixing any sign of condition, hypothesis or contingency, to the indie ative mode in its various tenses.
Present Tense.
If I
(

You have

been loving
71

You have n been

loving

loving

You may
ing

or can

be lovl_

You may or can n be

loving

He
I

has or hath

been

They have
loving

71

been

He may or

can n be lov-

They may

or can

71

loving

am
is

Thou art You are

He

are I Ye ate \ You are They aie

We

Prior-past, indefinite.

loved Thou hadst 77 loved Sv ou had 71 loved He had n loved

7!

had

We

C
(

had 7i loved Ye had n loved You had it loved They had 77 loved

be loving Past Tense indefinite. I might 77 love We might 77 love C Thou mightest 71 love Ye might 77 love
\

You might

77

He

might

71

love love

You might 77 love They might 7t love

GRAMMAR OF THE
ner.
I say, If it rained, we should be obliged] to seek shelter," it is not understood that I am uncertain of the fact; on the contrary, it is underI might ! he loving might >! he loving stood that I am certain, it does not rain at the time Ye might nhe loving of speaking. Or if I say, " if it did not rain, I C Thou mightest n be lov You might n be lev would take a walk," I convey the idea that it does \ ing This form of our You might 71 he loving ( ing [ing rain at the moment of speaking. He might n be loving They might n be lov tenses in the subjunctive mode has never been thej With could, would and should in the same man- subject of much notice, nor ever received its due

With couUI, would and shovld

Definite

in

tliesame man-

when

"

We

ner.

Perfect Tense, indefinite

I may or can C Thou mayest or

canst n ( You may can n He may or can n

<

Definite
I

may

or can

n have

We may

or can

n have

been loving been loving C Thou mayest or canst C Ye may or can n have n have been loving j been loving 1 You may or can n J You may or can n have J ' have been loving been loving f He may or can n have They may or ran n been loving have been loving
I We might n have loved might n have loved f Thou mightest i have C Ye iiiight n have

Prior-past Tense, indefinite.

J
J

loved

loved
I
I

You might n have

loved

You might n have

loved
[loved

He

might nhave loved

They might n have

Definite,

might n have been

loving C

We might nliave
loving
I

been

explanation and arrangement. For this hypothetical verb is actually a present tense, or at least init definite certainly does not belong to past time. It is further to be remarked, that a negative sentence always implies an affirmative " if it did not On the contrary, rain," implies that it does rain. an affirmative sentence implies a negative " if it did rain," implies that it does not. In the past time, a similar distinction exists ; for "if it rained yesterday," denotes uncertainty in the speaker's mind but "if it had not rained yesterday," implies a certainty, that it did rain. Passive form of the Verb. Indicative Jilode. Present Tense. I am n loved We are 71 loved C Thou art ;i loved C Ye are 71 loved \ You are n loved \ Vou are n loved He is n loved They are n loved Past Tense. I was i loved We were j loved C Ye were n loved Thou wast 71 loved J n loved ( Y'ou were n loved ( \'ou was or were He was 71 loved They wei'e u loved Perfect Tense. I have n been loved We liave 71

Ye might Jihave been loving J been loving You might n have You might n have J ' been loving been loving He might n have been They might n have been loving been loving With could, would and should in the same man ner, in the two last forms.
I

Thou mightest n have

Tliou hast

J!

been loved
loved

You have been

He
I

has or hath loved

n been

Prior-past Tense.

had n been loved

(
I

We had
Vou

The potential mode becomes conditional by means

though, unless, &c. prefixed to its tenses, without any variation from the foregoing inflections. This may, for distinction, be called the Conditional Potential.
if,

Ve had n been
loved

of the modifiers,

71 been loved loved had?? been loved

He had n
I

been loved

They had n been

Future Tense.
shall or will
i

Subjunctive Mode. Present Tense. If, though, unless, whethn; suppose, admit, fyc. I love n Wc love 7i Thou lovest ( Ye love n You love n ( You love n He lovethorlovesfi They love Some authors omit the personal terminations in
'1

be loved

We
Ye

shall or will )!be

loved
shall or will
shall or

n be
?i

loved

You

will

be loved

They
have

shall or will

?!

the second and third persons

love.

(/ thou

love,
I

if he

With

this

single variation,

which

deem

be loved Prior-future Tense,

contrary to the principles of our language, the subjunctive mode differs not in the least from the indicative, and to form it the learner has only to
prefix a sign of condition, as if, though, unless, &c. 10 the indicative, in its several tenses. With this exception, however, that in the future tense, the Thus auxiliary may he and often is suppressed. instead of shall or will love If I shall or will love Thou shaltor will love 5 Ye shall or will love 5 You shall or will love I You shall or will love I He shall or will love They shall or will love

been

We shall
loved

?i

have been
or will
will
?i

Ye
You

shall

have been loved

shall or
.shall

n
?i

have been loved

They

have

or will been loved

We

Authors write.
If, Sfc. I
^

love
<
\

We
Ye

You love They love This form is properly used, when shall or will may precede the verb, and when the verb is preceded by a command or admonition as, " See that
\

Thou love You love

love love

He

love

none render

e\ii for evil to

any man."

1 Thess. V. 1.5. In the subjunctive mode, there is a peculiarity in the tenses which .should be noticed. When I it rains, it is understood that I am uncersay, if tain of the fact, at the time of But speaking.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
If, S(C. I (

be

11

loveil
{ (

We

Thou be n loved You be 71 loved

He

be n loved

be n loved Ye be n loved You be n loved They be n loved

Have
<

Perfect Tense, indefinite. Have we n loved?

<
(
?

An exhibition of the verb in the interrogative form, with the sign of the negative. Present Tense, indefinite. Indicative Mode.

Hast thou n loved ? Have you n loved ? I Has or hath he n loved

n loved ? Have ye Ji loved ? Have you n loved ? Have they n loved ?

lov-

Shall
1

n be

loving

Definite. ? Shall

wen be
will

loving

C Shalt or wilt thou

n be f Shall or

ye n be

Definiti!'.

Love In?
t Lovest thou \

n
?

Love you n
Loveth

or loves he n ? used. The foregoing form is but little lowing is the usual mode of asking questions. Do we n love ? Do I n love ? ( Do ye n love ? n love ? < Dost thou Do you n love ? n love ? < I Do you Does or doth he n love ? Do they 7i love ?

Love we n 7 Love ye n ? Love you n ? Love they n ?

Have
'

n been
Ji

loving? [ing ?
lov-

Have we n been
ing C
<
?

1 loving ? loving ? Shall or will you Shall or will you n be J j f loving ? f loving ? Shall or will they Shall or will he n be

n be n be

loving

loving

Hast thou Have you

been been

lov-

Have yen been loving? Have you n been lov'Dg

lov7 \ '
"

Prior-future, indefinite.
'

The

fol-

Has

'ig or hath he
loving
?

n been Have they n been

ing
?

Shall I nhave loved ? Shalt or wilt thou n

Prior-past, indefinite.

Had
I
I

Definite.

Am
J ^

loving ? Art thou n loving Are you n loving Is he n loving

.'

I 7J

?
.'

Are Are Are Are

loving ? ye n loving ? you n loving ? n loving they

7i

we

I n loved Hadst thou n loved Had you n loved ? Had he n loved ?

?

<

Had Had Had Had

we n

loved

ye n loved ? you n loved ? they n loved

?

have loved ? Shall or will you have loved ? Shall or will he have loved ?

n
I

Shall we n have loved? Shall or will ye n have loved ? Shall or will you n have loved ? Shall or will they n

have loved
is little

The

definite form of this tense

used.

Definite.
?

Pa.st

Tense, indefinite.

Did we n love ? love ? < Did ye n love ? i love ? Did you 7 love \ Did you \ Did they Ji love Did he n love ? The oilier tbrni of this tense, loved he ? is selDefinite. dom used.

Did

n love

<

Didst thou

.'

Had we n been loving 'Hadst thou n been < Had ye Ji been loving? ' Had you n been loving? J loving? Had you n been loving? Had they n been lovJ Had he n been loving ing?
Had
I

n been loving

JVill, in this tense, is not

first

elegantly used in the

person.

ative

The interrogative form is not used in the impermode a command and a question being in;

compatible.
not necessary to exhibit this form of the Let the learner be verb in the potential mode. only instructed that in interrogative sentences, the nominative follows the verb when alone, or the first auxiliary when one or more are used; and the sign of negation not, (and generally never,) immediately follows the nominative.
It is

.'

Future Tense,
Shall I n love ? r Shalt or wilt thou love ? ) (Shall or will you love ? Shall or will he love ?
;(

indefinite.

Was
?

n loving
71

?
.'

C Wast thou

loving

Was

or

were you
loving.'

^
;

Were we n loving Were ye n loving Were Were

yoti

? ;

Shall we n love ? ( Shall or will ye i love 'Shall or will you love ? [ Shall or love ?

?i

loving

loving

they

Was he n

they n loving?

IRllEGULAR VERBS.
All verbs

whose

past tense

deemed
seven.

iri-egular.

The number

aie of three kinds. 1. Those whose past tense, and participle the present; as, beat, burst, cast, cnxt, cut, rid. set, shed, shred, shut, slit, sjtlil, spread, sometimes tvetted ; heat sometimes het ; but

They

Li^ht and quit have lit Creep are also regular. 2. Verbs whose past time and participle are alike, but different from the Cut
present;
as,

and perfect participle do not end in ed are Infin. of tliese is about one hundred and seventy Cleave, I Cleave, I of the perfect are the .same as Cling hit, hurt, let, put, read, rent, Clothe Wet has Come thrust, sweat, wet. the practice is not respectable. Cost and quit in the past time and participle, but they Crow

'

Past

tense.

Participle.

Past tense
clave clove

obs.

Part. obs.

stick

cleaved

cleaved
cleft

split cleft

cloven
clad

clung
clothed

clung
clothed

came, come
cost

come
cost

crowed
crept cut
durst, dared'
dealt, dealed

crowed
crept cut

crew

meet, met ;

sell, sold.

3. Verbs whose present and past tense and participle are all different ; as, hnoiv, kneiv, knotcn. A few ending w ith ch, ck, x,p. It, ess, though regular, suffer a contraction Do of ed into t ; as, snatcht for snatched, checkt for checked, snapt for snapped, Draw mixt for mised, dwelt for dwelled, past for passed. Others have a digraph Drive

Dare Deal Dig

dared
dealt, dealed

dug, digged
did

dug, digged done

drew
drove drank dwelt, dwelled
eat, ate

drawn
driven, drove

drave

shortened ; as, dream, dreamt ; feel, felt ; mean, meant ; sleep, slept ; deal, Drink Dwell In a few, v is changed into/,- as bereave, bereft ; leave, Itjt. dealt. As some of the past tenses and participles are obsolete or obsolescent, it is Eat

drank
dwelt, d-elled [ved engraven, eugraeat, eaten

[drunk drunken,

deemed proper
student.
Infin.

to set

these in separate columns for the information of the Engrave Fall

engraved
fell felt

fallen
felt

IRREGULAR VERBS
Past
tense.

Feel

Participle.

Past tense obs. Part.

obs.

Abide

abode

abode

Am
Arise, rise
.4

was
arose, rose

been
arisen, risen

Fight Find Flee

Fling

fought found
fled

fought found
fled

wake

awoke, awaked awaked

bore beat

Bear Beat Begin

borne
boat, beaten

bare

Bend Bereave Beseech

Bid

begun, began bended, bent

begun

bended, bent bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft besought besought

bid

Fly Forget Forsake Freeze Get

Gild

flung flew
forgot forsook froze got gilded, gilt girded, girt

flung

flown
forgot, forgotten forgat forsaken, forsook frozen, froze

got, gotten

gat

Gird

gilded, gilt girded, girt

bid

bade

bidden

Give

gave

Bind
Bite

bound
bit

bound
bit, bitten

bounden

Go
Grave
Grind

went
graved ground

given gone graved, graven

Bleed

bled

bled

ground

Blow
Break Breed Bring
Build Burst

blew
broke bred

blown
broke, broken

brake

bred

Grow Have Hang

Hear

grew
had
hanged, hung heard

grown
had
hanged, hung heard

brought
builded, built
bin-st

brought
built

Hew
Hide
Hit

hewed
hid
hit

hewed, hewn
hid,
hit

burst

hidden

Buy
Cast

bought
cast

bought
cast

Hold
chidden

held

held

bolden " he dared him.'

Catch Chide Chuse,choose

catched, caught catched, caught chid chid chose chose, chosen

When

transitive, this

verb

is

always regular

as,

GIRAMMAR OF THE
Jnjin.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
the fact with our participles in fil ; the e being suppressed in pronunciation, we have tlie words spiikn, writtn, holdn, in actual practice. than this nasal Notliinjr can be more weak, inefficient and disagreeable sound of the half vowel n ; it is disagreeable in prose, feeble inverse, and Were it possible to banish every sound of this kind in music, intolerable. from the language, the change would be desirable. At any rate, when of these sounds, writers, who value people in general have laid a.side any the beauties of language, should be the last to revive them.

Such

is

as connectives. Their use is to express an altarnative, and I shall call thcnj " alternatives. Thus, Either John or Henry will b;; at the Exchange," is an alternative sentence ; the verb or predicate belonging to one or the other, but not to both ; and whatever may be the number of names or proposition*

[thus joined

Defective Verbs. Verbs which want the past time or participle, are deemed defective. Of we have very few. The auxiliaries moi/, can, will, shall, immt, class. Ought is used in the present and having no participle, belong to this
these

with the regular inflection of the second person only / past tenses only, he onght, Wc, you, they ought, quoth is wholly obought, thou oughtcst, It has no infleclion, and is used solete, except in poetry and burlesque. the nominative following it, qnoth he. chiefly in the third person, with Wit, to know, is obsolete, except in the intinitive, to introduce an explanation or enumeration of particulars; as, "There are seven persons, fo iei(, H'ot and unst are entirely obsolete. four men and three women."

Adverbs or Modifiers.
Adverbs are a secondary part of speech. Their uses are to enlarge, re strain, limit, define, and in short, to modify the sense of other words. Adverbs may be classed according to tiicir several uses. 1. Those which qualify the actions expressed by verbs and participles; Here furnished." as, "a good man lives ^ioit-sd/ ;" "a room is fZcifanWy
piously denotes the

by or, the verb and predicate belong to one only. One very common use of or, is to join to a word or sentence, something added by way of explanation or definition. Thus, " No disease of the mind can more fatally disable it from benevolence, than ill-humor or peevishness." Rambler, J\'o. 74. Here peevishness is not intended as a distinct In this case, thing from ill-humor, but as another term for the same idea. or expresses only an alternative of words, and not of signification. As either and or are aflirmative of one or other of the particulars named, " For I am so neither and Jior are negative of all Ihc pariiculars. Thus, persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalilies, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor highth, nor depth, nor any other creature shall be able to separate us from the love of God." Rota. Here neither is in fact a substitute for each of the following viii. 38, .39. not particulars, all of which it denies to be able to ctfect a certain purpose either of these which follow shall separate us from the love of God. It is laid down as a rule in our gi'ammars, that nor must always answer to neither; but this is a great mistake, for the negation o{ neither, not either, extends to every one of the following alternatives. But nor is more generally used, and in many cases, as in the passage just recited, is far the most

eiiiphatical.

iut is used for two Saxon words, originally by mistake, hut now by esbet or bote, the radical of our modern words better, boot, and denoting st(/^cie;!cj/, compensation, mure, further, or something addiand baton or butan, equivalent to without tional, by way of amendment
tablished custom
; ;

manner of

living

elegantly denotes the

manner of be-

or except.

In this class may be ranked a number of other words, as when, soon, then where, whence, hence, and many others, whose use is to modify verbs. 2. Another class of adverbs are words usually called prepositions, used with verbs to vaiy their signification; for which purpose they generally follow them in construction, as to fall on, give out, bear with, cast up; or as overcome, underlay. (hey are prefixed and become a part of the word, In these uses, these words modify or change the sense of the verb, and when prefixed, are united with the verb in orthography A few modifiers admit the terminations of comparison; as soon, sooner, Most of those which end in ly, may be soonest ; often, oftcncr, oftcnest. compared by more and most, less and least ; as more justly, more excellent
ly
;

ingfurnished.

In the former sense, we have the word in this sentence *' John resides York, but Thomas resides at Bristol." The primitive sense here is, John resides at York It does moi'e, add or supply, Thomas resides at Bristol. not signify opposition, as is usually sujiposed, but some addition to the sense
;

at

of

less honestly, least

criminally.

Prepositions.
serve Prepositions, so called from their being /)f before other words, connect words and show the relation between them, or to show the Thus a man of benevolence, denotes a man who pos condition of things. Christ was crucified between two thieves. Receive sesses benevolence.
to

the book/ro? John and give it to Thomas. The prepositions most common, are to, for, by, of, in, into, on, upon <wiong, between, betwixt, up, over, under, beneath, against, from, out with, through, at, tmvards, before, behind, after, without, across. have a number of particles, which serve to vary or modify the words to which they are prefixed, and which are sometimes called insejiarable of other words. prepositions, because they are never used, but as paits are a, be, con, mis, pre, re, sub, in abide, become, conjoin, mistake, Such These may be called prefixes. prefix, return, subjoin, Ifc.

We

Connectives or Conjunctions.

Connectives are words which unite words and sentences in construction, joining t^vo or more simple sentences into one compound one, and eontinu ing the sentence at the pleasure of the writer or speaker. They also begin sentences after a full period, manifesting some relation between sentences in the general tenor of discourse The connectives of most general use, are and, or, either, nor, neither, To which may be added because. hut, than. And is supposed to denote an addition ; as, " The book is worth four shil That is, it is worth four shillings, add sixpence, or lings and sixpence." with sixpence added. " John resides at York, and Thomas, at BosThis however is not all ; for the innovation being directed neither by ton." That is, John resides at York, add, [add this which follows,] Thomas resides at Boston. From the great use of this connective in join- knowledge nor judgment, is not extended to all cases, and in a large prowords of which the same thing is atiirmed or predicated, it may be just- iporlion of phrases to which but belongs, it is used in its original sense with ing " There is none !a preceding negation, especially with nothing and none. of eminence ly called the copulative by w^ay but one, that is God." Matt. xix. 17. This is correct there is none Thedistingmshing use of the co'nne'cTive is to save the repetition ofllgood, ' He saw a fig-tree in the way, and found words ; for this sentence, " John. Thomas and Peter reside at York," con-! good, except one, that is God. *' Thomas resides nothing tliereon but leaves only." .Matt. xxi. 19. This is also correct tains three simple sentences ; ''John resides at York," " It amounts " he found * nothing, except leaves ;" the otily is redundant. at York," Peter resides at York ;" which are all combined into one, to no more but this." Locke, Und. b. 1. 2. This is a correct EngUsh with a single verb and predicate, by means of the copulative. " it amounts to no more, excci^t this;" but it is nearly obwlete. or have been already explained under the head of substitutes,', Phrase; Either Hence the propriety of these phrases. "They could not, but be known for in strictness they are the representatives of sentences or words; but as or has totally lost that character, both these words will be here considered |before." Locke, 1. 2. " The reader may be, nay cannot choose but be
;
:

New

In the latter sense, or that of butan, it is used in this passage, " He hatli not grieved me, but in part." 2 Cor. ii. 5. That is, " He haSi not grieved me, except in part." The first assertion is a complete negation the word " but, (butan,) introduces an exception. Nothing, but true religion, can Here also is a complete negation, with a saving give us peace in death." introduced by but. Nothing, except true religion. These were the only primitive uses of Jut, until by means of a mistake, a third sense was added, which is that of oii/^y. Not knowing the origin and true meaning of but, authors omitted the negation in certain phrases where it was essential to a true construction ; as in the following passages, " Our 2 Cor. iv. ' If they light aflliction, which is but for a moment." kill us, we shall 6uf die." 2 Kings, vii. The but, in these passages, is baton, be out, except ; and according to the true original sense, not should precede, to give the sentence a negative " Our " turn. shall light affliction is not, but (except) for a moment." As they now stand, they would in strictness signify. Our not, bid die." can except die, which would not light affliction is except for a moment be sense. To correct the sense, and repair the breach made in the true English idiom, by this mistake, we must give but a new sense, equivalent to only. Thus we are obliged to patch and mend, to prevent the mischiefs of innovation. The liistory of this word but should be, as Johnson expresses the idea, " a guide to reformers, and a terror to innovators." The first blunder or innovation blended two words of distinct meanings into one, in orthography and pronunciation. Then the sense and etymology being obscured, authors proceeded to a further change, and suppressed the negation, which was essential to the buton. have now therefore one word w itli three diflTerent and unallied meanings and to these may be reduced the whole of Johnson's eighteen detinitions of 6i. Let us however trace the mischief of this change a little further. As the word but is now used, a sentence may have the same meaning with or with" he hath not out the negation. For example grieved me, but in part," and " he hath grieved me, but in part," have, according to our present use Or compare different passages of of but, precisely the same meaning. scripture, as they now stand in our bibles. He hath not grieved me, but in part. Our light affliction is but lor a moment.
;

what goes

before.

We

We

We

New

mA

Vol.

I.

J.

GRAMMAR OF THE
4. Verbs formed from nouns and adjectives by the termination ize ; a= understanding of it." Lncke, 3. 9. Here but is used inl its true ronse. They could not, except this, be known before. That is, thei method, methodize ; system, systemize moral, moralize. When the primcontraiy was not po.ssible. The other phrase is frequently found in Shaks-I iiive ends with a vowel, the consonant t is prefixed to the termination ; as peare and other old writers, but is now obsolete. They cannot choose but,] stigma, stigmatize. that is, they have no choice, power or alteruative, cixcpt to be very fal-I 5. Verbs formed from nouns and adjectives by the addition of en or n ; lible. ;is lengthen, widen, from length, wide. But is called in our grammars, a disjunctive conjunctton, connecfingi 6. Verbs formed byfy; as brutify, stratify, from brute, stratum. To illustrate the use ofj 7. Nouns foi-med from adjectives by 7icss : as goodness, from sentences, but expressing opposition in the sense. good ; grathis ex-l ciousness, from gracious. this word which Joms and difjoins at the same time, Lowlh ^ivcs " You and I rode to Here the! 8. Nouns formed by dom and ric, denoting jurisdiction; as kingdom, London, but Peter staid at home. ample; Bishop supposed the but (o express an opposition in the sense. But let but\ bishopiic, from king and bishop, i'o/n and ric, are nouns denoting jurisdicbe omitted, and wdiat diflerence will the omission make in the sense ? "You! tion or territory. and I rode to London, Peter staid at home." Is the opposition in the sense 9. Nouns formed by houd and ship, denoting state or condition ; as manles-:; clearly marked than when the conjunc'ion is used ? By no means. hood, lordship, from man, lord. And the truth is, that (he opposition in the sense, when there is any, is never 10. Nouns ending in ment and age, from the French, denoting state or expressed by the connective at all, but always by the following sentence or act ; as commandment, parentage, from command, parent. " 11. Nouns in er,oraud ec, used bj' way ofopposiiion, the former They have mouths, but Ihey speak not; eyes have they,6ut see phrase. denoting not." Psalm cxv. 5. I.ct but be ondttcd. " They have mouths, they speak the agent, the latter the receiver or person to whom an act is performed ; as not ; eyes have they, they see not." The omission of the connectives makes assignor, assignee; indorser, indorsee. not the smallest alteialion in the sense, so far as opposition or difference of 12. Adjectives formed from nouns by the addition of y ; as healthy, from idea in the members of the sentence is concerned. Indeed the Bishop is [health ; pithy, fiom pith or ly added to the noun; as stately, from statemost unfortunate in the example selected to illustrate his rule ; for the cop- \Ly is a contraction o( like. ulative and may be used for but, without the least alteiation in the sense 13. Adjectives formed from nouns by the addition oSful; as hopeful, from " You and I rode to London, and Peter staid at liome." In this sentence hope. which proves the opposition is as completely expressed as if bat was used 14. Adjectives formed from nouns or verbs by ible or able; as payable, that the opposition in the sense has no dependence on the coimective. from creditable, from credit ; compressible, from compress. Able de" Man notes pay Nor is it true that an in the sense always follows but. or

very

fallible in the

'

oppo-ition capacity. power 15. Adjectives formed from nouns or adjectives by i^A; as whitish, from by bread alone, but by every word which pioceedeth out ofj Here the last clause expresses no oppo- white blackish, from black waggish, f -om wag. the mouth of God." Matt. iv. 4. The true sense o{ but when used for as fatherbvit merely an additional fact. 16. Adjectives formed from nouns by less, noting destitution sition, less, from lather. bote, is supply, more, furtlier, something additional, to complete the sense In 17. Afljectives formed from nouns by ous; as famous, from fame it may be in opposilion to what has preceded or in continuation only. grais appropriately used before a clause of a cious, fiom grace. general, however, the word but 18. Adjectives formed by adding some to nouns; as delightsome, froi:; sentence, intended to introduce a new anil somewhat difte'rent idea, by way
shall not live
;

This use is very naturally <lelight, of modifying the sense of (be preceding clause. 19. Adverbs formed fiom adjectives by ly ; as sweetly, from sweet. deduced fiom the original sense of the word, something further which is tol 20. Nouns to express females formed by adding ess to the masculine genmake complete or qualify what has preceded. der as heiress, from heir. Than is a connective of comparison ; " John is taller tlia7i Peter." " It is 21. Nouns ending in (;/, some directly from the Latin, others formed from Because is a mere compound of by and cause by cause. (he} case of some to contrive some false periods of business, because they may adjectives ; as responsibility, from responsible ; contractilily, from contracseem men of dispatch." Bacon on Dispatch. See aXso Jlpoth. 1.6. This lile ; jirobity, from probitas. as national, from nation. 22. Adjectives formed by adding al to nouns is a correct English idiom, Ur. Lowth's criticism to the contrary notwith23. Adjectives ending in ic, mostly from the Latin or French, but some standing ; but it is now obsolete. of them by the addition of (C to a noun ; as balsaunc, from balsam; suli

Exclamations.
Exclamations are soimds uttered to express passions and emotions usutho-e which arc violent or sudden. They are called interjections, words throivn in between the parts of a sentence. But this is not always the fact, and the name is insignificant. The more appropriate name is, exclamations ; as they are mere irregular sounds, uttered as passion dictates
;

ally

and not subject lo rules. A few of these sounds however become the customary modes of expressing particular passions and feelings in every nation. Thus in English, joy,' surpiise and grief are expressed by oh, uttered with a diiferent tone and, countenance. Jllas expresses grief or great sorrow pi.*ih, ]ishau\ express contempt. Sometimes verbs, names, and attributes are uttered by way of exclamation in a detached manner as, Hail! Welcome.' Bless me! Gra-; cious heavens of two words; as bed-room, ink-stand, pen-knife. In (wo or three instances, exclamations are followed by names and substitutes in the nominative and objective; as, O Mok, in the nominative; Syntax. ah 7ne. in the objective. Sometimes that follows O, expressing a wish But in such eases, we may consider that the Lord would guide my ways." of sentences. Syntax teaches the rules to be observed in the construction wish or some other verb to be understood. A sentence is a number of words arranged in due order, and forming a a sentence complete affirmation or pioposition. In philowphical language,

phuric, from sulphur. 24. Nouns formed by ate, to denote the union of substances in salts ; as carbonate, in the chimical nomenclature, denotes carbonic acid combined with another body. 25. Nouns ending in ite, from other nouns, and denoting salts formed by the union of acids with other bodies; as sidphite, fiom sulphur. 26. Nouns ending in ret, formed from other nouns, and denoting a substance combined with an alkaline, earthy or metallic liase ; as sulphuret, carburet, from sulphur and carbon. 27. Nouns formed from other nouns by adding cy ; as ensigncy, captaincy, from ensign, captain. Words are also formed by prefixing certain syllables and words, some of them significant by tliomselves, others never used but in composition; as re, pre, con, mis, sub, super; and great immbers are ibrmed by the uiuon

"O

Derivation. Thus, consists of a subject and a predicate, connected by an aifirmation. " God is of God, omnipotent," a complete propo lition or sentence, composed the wonis in a language, the number of radithe predicate or thing affirmed, cormected by the words is small. Most words are formed from others by addition of cer-' the subject, omnipotent, verb is, which forms the affirmation. tain words or syllables, which were originally distinct words, but which " The predicate is often included in the verb as, the sun shines." have lost their distinct character, and are now used only in combination! A simple sentence then contains one subject and one personal verb, that with other words. Thus cr in lover, is a contraction oiircr, a Saxon word' the noun and the I'crb ; and without these, no proposition can be formed. denoting man, [the Latin I'ir ;] ness denotes state or condition ly is an ab- lis, consists of two or more simple sentences, joined by A compound sentence breviation of like or liche ; fy is homfacio, to make, &c. The divisions of a compound sentence may be called inemMost of the English derivatives fall under the following heads (connectives. 1. Nouns formed from noun=, or more generally from verbs, by the addi-| jbers or clauses. Sentences are declaratory, as, I am wriUng, the wind b}oni imperative, tion of r, er or or, denoting an agent; as lover, hater, assignor, flatterer, ? who art thou ? or from love, hate, assign. Hatter. In a few instances, words thus formed are as, go, retire, be quiet !H(f/)-o^a(tDe, as, where am I as glazier, from glass; courtier, from court; parishioner, from; iconditional, as, if he should arrive. less regular The rules for the due construction of sentences fall under three heads parish. to ; as from water, cloud, to, \First, concord or agreement Second, government TAiri/, arrangement 2. Nouns converted into verbs by tlie prefix and punctuation. water, to cloud. In agreement, the name or noun is tlie controlling word, as it carries with 3. Adjectives converted into verbs in the same manner; as to lame, to In government, the verb is lit the verb, the substitute and the attribute. ool, to warm, from lame, cool, warm.

However numerous may be

cal

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Note 8. We sometimes see a nominative introduciog a sentence, the sense suddenly intonuptcd, and the nominalive left without its intended verb; as, "The name of a procession; what a great mixture of independent ideas of persons, habit.*', tapers, orders, motions, sounds, does it conA'rrecmcnt or Concord. This form of expression is often very striking in tain," Si.c. Locke, 3. 5. 13. Rule I.- -A verb must agree with its nominative in number and person [animated discourse. The first words being the subject of the discourse and invite attention; and the Examples. llirnpoiiant, are made to usher in the sentence, to " Thou hast loved Heb. i. 9-: niiivd of the speaker, in the fervor of animation, quitting the trammels of a In solemn style. righteousness. " Thou shall not steal." Commn/!(/men<. fo,.,ai arrangement, rushes forward to a description of the thing mentioned. 1 Co". vii. "Jlrt thou called, being a servant ?" 21.j|jnj presents the more striking ideas in the form of exclamation. 1 Cor. vi. .\ Rule II. \ name, a nominative case, or a sentence, joined with a par But ye are washed, but ye are sanctified." llji IJ] I ivrite; John reads; JVcwton was the 0rst "'' ticiple of the present tense, may sl.mri in construction without a verb, form In familiar language " Jesus had or clause independent ; as, conveyed astronomers. ing the case absolute, i found by young learners, by askmg himself away, a multitude beinx in that place." John v. 13. Here mulNote 1. The noniin.itive to a verb is " Eumcucs, a young man of great titude, the noun, joined with being, stands without a verb. who or what does what is affirmed. from his father. His father harassed with heat or liglit, yellow or sweet, the object be abilities, inherited a large estate By memory we conceive with a multiplicity of business, recoinmendcd ing removed." Locke, 2. 10. competitions, and perplexed " I the quiet of a private station." Let the question be asked, who inherited have, notwithstanding this discouragement, attempted a dictionary the of the Johnson's Preface. a large estate ? The answer is Eumeiies, which i.s the nominative to English language." " Whatever substance His neverb inhtriliil. Who recommended the quiet of a private station begins to exist, it must, during its existence, to the verb recommended. Locke, 2. 27. 28. cessarily be the same." father, which is therefore the nominative Note 2. Let the following rules be observed respecting the position of " The penalty shall be fine and imprisonment, any law or custom to the the nomin.ative. contrary notwithstanding." as The latter phraseology is peculiar to the technical law style. In no other I. The nominative tisually precedes the verb in declaratory i)lirases; " God created the world ;" " the law is a rule of right." But the nomina. case, does notwithstanding follow the sentence. But this position makes " as, Liberty no difl'erence in the true construction, which is, "any law or custom to the tive may be separated from its verb, by a member of a pei iod can only be found inademocra-, contrary not opposing" the real clause independent. say the fanatic favorers of popular power, Jltiarcharsis, ch. 62. It is very common, when this participle agrees with a number of words, cy_" II. The nominative often follows an intransitive verb, for such a verb ora wbole'elause, to omit the whole except the participle; and in this use can have no object after it, and that position of the nominative creates no of notwithstanding, we have a striking proof of the v.alue of abbreviations " Gradual sinks " .\ hove it stood the /s. vi. For example " Moses said, let no man leave of it till the in language. Seraphim." ambiguity; thus, not unto Moses." Jix. xvi. the breeze." Thomson. morning. JVotwithstanding, they hearkened Here notwithstanding stands without the clause to which it beIII. When the verb is preceded by here, there, hence, thence, then, thus, 19. 20. the same, herein, therein, vhtrein, and perhaps longs; to complete the sense in words, it would be necessary to repeat the yet, so, nor, neither, such, " Moses the verb, especially ie said, let no man whole preceding clause or the substance of it by some other words, Ibe nominative may follow sent from God ;" leave of it until the morning. jYotioithstanding this command of Moses , as, "here are five men;" "there was a man " then came the"hcncCj " thence heararise wars ;" scribes] or notwitkslanding Moses said that which has been recited, they proceed our vicious "habits ;" Yet required not I bread of the kened not unto Moses." and Pharisees ;" " thus saitb the Lord." " So O Lord." Psalm " Folly meets \^ ith success in this world ; but it is ti'ue, notwithstanding. panteth my soul after thee, governor." J\'eh. v. 18. John is. "Such that it labors under disadvantages." Porteus, Lecture 13. This passage at "Neither hath this man sinned nor his parents." xlii. " Herein consists the excel-l " were the facts;" " the same was the fact." Folly meets with success in the world ; but it is length would read thus BlacUstone's Comm. b. 1. true, notwithstanding folly meets with success in the world, that it labors IcDcy of the English government." IV. When anemphatical attribute introduces a sentence, the nominative under disadvantages." By supplying what is really omitted, yet perfectly " Great is the Lord, and well understood, we learn the true construction; so that notwithstanding follow the verb ; as, glorious are his works, may is a participle always agreeing with a word or clause, expressed or underhappy is the man who has an interest in his favor." V. In certain phrases, which are conditional or hypothetical, the sign of^ stood, and forming the independent clause, and by a customary elhp^is, it the condition may be omitted, and the nominative placed after the auxilia-||gtands alone in the place of that clause. " Did he but know know " Had I Such is its general use in the translation of the Scriptures. In the folmy anxiety," for if he did but ry ; as, " known the fact," for if I had known " Would they consent," for if they lowing p<issage, the sentence is expressed Notwithstanding I have spoken unto you." Jer. xxxv. That is, "This fact, / hare .tpokea unto would. &c. " In VI. When the words whose, his, their, her, mine, your, he. precede the you, not opposing or preventing." Or in other words, opposition to " verb with a governing word, the nominative may follow the verb; as, Out this fact." It is also very common to use a substitute, this, that, which or what, for of whose modifications have been made most complex modes." Locke, 2. 22. 10. the whole sentence; as, " Bodies which have no taste, and no power of afVII. In interrogative sentences, the nominative follows tlie verb wbrn fecting the skin, may, notwithstanding this, [notwithstanding tliey have no ? Has he taste, and no power to aflect the skin,] act upon organs which are more alone, or the first auxiliary ; as. Believes! thou ? Will he consent been promoted ? The nominative also follows the verb in the imperative delicate." Fourcroy, Translation. I have included in hooks, the words for which this is a substitute. mode ; as, go thou ; " be ye wiirmed and filled." But after a single verb, "To account for the misery that men bring on themselves, notwithstandthe nominative is commonly omitted as, arise, flee. Note 3. In poetry, the nominative is often omitted in interrogative sen- ing that, they do all in earnest pursue happiness, we must consider how " Lives things come to be represented to our desires under deceitful appearances." tences, in cases where in prose the omis,=ion would be improper; as, " iocAe, 2. 21.61. there who loves his pain." Milton. That is, lives there a man or person. Here that, a substitute, is used, and the sentence also for which if is a Note 4. In the answer to a question, the whole sentence is usually it is usual to omit the substitute, omitted, except the name, which is the principal subject of the interroga- substitute. This is coirect English, but " who made the chief discoveries Black." when the sentence is jYotwithstatuling they do all in earnest
the controlling word

but names and jirepojitions hove their share of ioflu

ence

also.

tion; as,

e-HfiessKi" concerning vapor.' In poetry, the verb in certain phrases is omitted, chiefly such pursue happiness." It is not uncommon to omit the participle of the present tense, when a verbs as express an address or answer; as, "To whom the monarch" that " The son of God, while clothof the perfect tense is employed. said or replied. is, participle Note 6. When a verb is placed between two nominatives in different ed in flesh, was subject to all the frailties and inconveniences of human nanumbers, it may agree with either, but generally is made to agree with tliejture, sin excepted." Locke, 3. 9. That is, sin being excepted the clause " His tneat was locusts first, and this may be considered as preferable ; as, jindependent. This omission is more frequent when the participle provided is used, than and wild honey." " It [piracy] is the remains of the manners of ancieni " In the one case, Anarch, ch. 3B. in any other case. provided the facts on which it is Greece." Note 7. Veibs follow the connective than, without a nominative ex- founded be suftlciently numerous, the conclusion is said to be morally cer" Not that in. Here being is omitted, and the whole ; as, any thing occurs in consequence of our late los-. tain." Campbell on lihet. 1. pressed " The Let. 62, lelause in it.dics is independent facts on which it is founded are more afflictive than ivas to be expected." Life of C'owper, " He felt himself addicted to with more ardor \sufficiently numerous, that being prosiiled, the conclusion is morally cer-

Note

5.

than consisted with the duties of a

philosophical speculations, Roman and a senator."

to

jtain."
4. 57,
\

Provided,

in

such cases,

is

equivalent

to

given, admitted or sup-

"All words

that lead the

mind

any other
to

to exist in that thing."

These forms of

expres.sion

seem

be

that ifhich was to be expected." ally supply the ellipsis.

That

" In mathematical rea-soning, provided you are ascertained of the reguideas, than are supposed really Locke, 2. 25. lar procedure of the mind, to affirm that the conclusion is false, implies a " more afflictive than contradiction." Jbm. 134. elliptical ; In this phrase, that may I'ollow provided provided that, you are ascerti-hich or those ivhich will
i

Murphy's Tacitus,

posed.

gener-

'tained, &c., as intiie case o( nolwithstaruling, before

mentioned; that be-

GRAMMAR OF THE
the following sentence that which ing a definitive substitute, pointing to follows being pforrdrd* It is not t:n'07nmcn for authors to carry the practice of Abridging discourse An instance freso far as to obscure the common regular construction. the nominative and the participle in quently occurs in the onii-^sion both of " Conscious of his own weight and\ For example the case independent. be directed by nothins; but the importance, hir. conduct in pai liauient would Here is no noun expressedi constitutional duty of a peer." .hmius. Let. 19. " \Ve are therefore to supply the necesto which conscious can be referred. " He being conscious" forming! sary words, to complete the construction the clause independent. Rule Hi. A sentence, a number of woids, or a clause of a sentence may be the nominative to a verb, in which case the verb is always in the third person of the singular number; as, "Jill thai is in a man's power in this case, is, oidy to observe what the ideas are which take their turns in Here the whole clause in italics is the the understanding." Locke 2. 14. nominative to is. " To attack vices in the abstract, imthout totiching persons, may be safe Pope, Let. 48. fighting indeed, but it is fighting with shadows." ' I deny that men's coming to the use of reaso>i, is the time of their dis:
'

Is not the distributive effect of either and every, such a* to demand a singu' The lar verb? So in the following: judicial and every other power is accountable to the legislative." Palet), Phil. 6. 8. NoTK 2. Wiien names and substitutes belonging to different persons, are thus joined, the plural substitute must be of the first person in preference to the second and third, and of the second in preference to the third. /, you and he are represented by ive ; you and he, by you. Pope in one of " Either hi, letters makes you or / to be represented by ice or you. you or j ^j.^ ijQj jij JQ^jg ^^.j([j jj^j, Qtij(.r." The sentence is an awkward one, and not to be imitated. Rule VU. When an affirmation or predicate refers to one subject only among a number, which are separately named in the singular number, the subjects are joined by the alternative or, or nor, with a verb, substitute and name in the singular number; as, " Either John or Peter was at the Exchange yesterday; but neither John nor Peter is there to day." Errors. " A circle or square are the same in idea." Locke, 2. 8. ' But whiteness or redness are not in the porphyry." Ibm. " Neither of them [Tillotson and Temple,] arc remarkable for precision." lair. Substitutes for sentences, whether they represent a single clause, or the Locke, 1. 2. parts of a compound sentence, are always in the singular number; as, "It is covery." That any thing can exist unthout existing in space, is to my mind in true indeed that fnany have neglected opportunities of raising themselves honor and to wealth, and rejected the kindest offers of fortune." Ramcomprehensible." Darwin, Zoon. sect. li. Here the definitive suhstitutePto " It is " Any thing can exist bier, jVo. 58. Here it and that refer to the clauses which follow may be transferred to a place next before the verb true that, many have rejected the kindest offers," &c. without existing in space," that [whole proposition] is incomprehensible. Rule IV. The infinitive mode may be the nominative to a personal Rule VUl. Collective or aggiegate names, comprehending two or verb ; as, *' to see is desiraldo ;" " to 'lie is the inevitable lot of men." Sonie- more individuals under a term in liio singular number, have a verb or sub" to be blind is calamitimes an attribute is joined with the infinitive ; as, stitute to agree with them in the ..iingular or plural ; as, the council is or In this case the attribute has no name expressed to which it refers are unanimous ; the company was or ivere collected ; this people, or these tous." The proposition is abstract, and applicable to any human being, but not ap- people. No precise rule can be given to direct, in every case, which number is to plied to any. Rule V. In some cases the imperative verb is used without a definite be used. Much regard is to be had to usage, and to the unity or plurality nominative ; as, " I will not take any thing that is thine sauc only that of idea. In general, modern practice inchnes to the use of the plural verb Gen. xiv. 23. 24. and substitute; as may he seen in the daily use of clergy, nobility, court, which the young men have eaten." " Israel burned none, save Hazor Josh. xi. 13. council, commonalty, audience, enemy and the like. only." " I would that all were such as I am, "The clergy began to withdraw themselves from the temporal courts." except these bonds, .ficts xxvi. 29. " Our ideas are movements of the nerves of sense, as of the Blackstone's Comni. Introduction. optio nerve in " Let us take a view of the recollecting visible ideas, suppose of a triangular piece of ivory. principal incidents, attending the nobility, exDarwin. Zoon. sect. 39. clusive of their capacity as hereditary counselors of the crown." This use of certain verbs in the imperative is very frequent, and there is a Blackstone's Comm. 1. 12. " The Ibm. peculiar felicity in being thus able to use a verb in its true sense and with commonalty are divided into several degrees." for the verb is thus left its proper object, without specifying a nominative "The enemy were driven from their works." I may sa\'e or except, or you to the first, second or third person. applicable Portuguese Msia. .Mickle. ](>3. If we examine these sentences, we shall or we may suppose. "The chorus /)re/)a>e resistance at his first approach the chorus smgs may except, be convinced of the propriety of the idiom; for the ideas require no appli- of the battle the chorus entertains the stage." Johnson's Life of JUilton. " The carion to any person whatever. nobility are the pillars to support the throne." Rule VI. When the .same thing is affirmed or predicated of two or Blackstone's Comm. 1. 2. more subjects, in the singular number, the nominatives are joined by the Party and army, in customary language, are joined with a verb in the Constitution cannot be plural. Church may be singucopulative and, with a verb agreeing with them in the plural number; as,] singular number. " John and Thomas and Peter reside at Oxford." In this sentence, rm-| lar or plural. JUankind is almost always plural. dence at Oxford is a predicate common to three persons ; and instead of The most common and palpable mistakes in the application of this rule, octhree affirmations John resides at Oxford, Thomas resides at Oxibrd, Peter cur in the use of sort and kind, with a plural attribute these sort, those resides at Oxfoid, the three names are joined by and, and one verb in the kind. This fault infects the works of our best writers; but these words are plural applied to the whole number. strictly singular, and ought so to be used. " Reason and truth constitute intellectual When a collective name is preceded by a definitive which clearly limits gold, which defies destrucJohnson. " Why aie whiteness unA coldness snow?" Locke. the sense of the word to an aggregate with an idea of unity, it requires a verb tion." "Your /o( and minf, in this respect, have been very different." Cowp. and substitute to agree witii it in the singular number; as, a company of Lei. 38. t rt fA/s people i.< become troop of cavalry i/'os raised troops teas detache(l Note 1. The rule for the use of a plural verb with two or more names a great nation ; that assembly was numerous ; " a government established in the singular number, connected by and, is laid down by critics with tool by that people." Blackstone's Comm. 1. 2. and universality. On original principles, all the names, much positiveness Yet our language seems to be averse to the use of if, as the substitute for " How except the first, are in the objecMve case for it is probable that and contains names, even thus limited by a, this or that. long will this people " John and Thomas and Peter reside at in it the verb add. York," on prim- provoke me, and how long will it be ere they will believe me for all the itive principles must be thus resolved "John, add Thomas, add Petei- re-i signs that I have shewed among them ?" ,\'um. xiv. 11. " Liberty should But without resorting to first principles, which arc now lost each every individual of a people ; as they all share one common nature." side at York." or obscured, the use of the singular verb may be justified by considering the; Spectator, JVo. 287. In these passages, it in the place of they, would not be verb to be understood after each name, and that which is expressed, agree- i-elished by an English ear nor is it ever used in similar cases.* " Nor were the ing only with the last as, young fellows so wholly lost to a] Rule IX. When the nominative consists of several words, and tlie last sense of right, as pride and conceit has since made them affect to be." Ram-i of the names is in the plural number, the verb is commonly in the plural That is, as pride has and as conceit has. " Their safety and bier, JVo. 97. "The number of also; as, "Apart of the exports consist of raw silk." w^elfare is most concerned." Spectator, JVo. 121. In our best authors the "Of which seeming oysters increase." Golds. Anim. JVat. vol. 4, ch. 3. singular verb is fiequent in such sentences.} we have no other measure, but such as the train of our ideas equality " Tlie What will the hypercritic say to this sentence, " Either sex and every age have in our memories." Locke, '2. 14.21. greater part of lodged j/'os engaged in the pursuits of industry." Cribbon, Rom. Emp. ch. 10. philosophers have acknowledged the excellence of this government." Anarch, vol. 5. 2T2. Rule X. Pronouns or substitutes must agree with the names they rep^ Provided that, says Johnson, is an adverbial expression, and we some resent, in number, gender and person ; as, times fee provided numbered among the conjunctions, as its correspondent word is in French. What strange work has been made with (irunmar!

'

'

writers.

* example an evidence that mine is in the possessive case The Romans used a greater laUtude in joining plurals with collective " also a very common practice with the best Greek and Roman names, than we can. Magna j^ars in villis repleti cibo vinoque." Liv. 2. J\Iens enim, et ratio, et consilium, in senibps esf. Cicero, de 26. Here is an attribute plural of the masculine gender, agreeing with a, " Scd etiam ipsius terra vis ac natura delected. Senec. ca. V). Ibm. 15 noun in the singular, of the feminine gender.
t

Is this last

This was

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
1 Cor. ix. 13. iheiu that do examine me is this." ' Soul. ix. 8. These arc not the children of God." ' Speak to the children of Israel and say to them, when ye come into the A'unih. xv. 18. land whither 1 bring i/ou." "This is the heirVcome, let u5 kill him, and let us seize on his inherit.Matt. xxi. 38. ance." " Ksther put on her royal apparel she obtained favor in his sight then
'

Mine

ttiitiwcr to

tile

"A

king said unto her." river went out of Eden

verb, and the other is governed by the verb or a preposition in the " objective case, or by a noun in the possessive as, Locke, whom there is no reason to suspect of favoring idleness, has advanced." Ramb. 89. Here reason is the nominative to is, and whom is governed by suspect. " Take Geti. xxii. Here are thy only son Isaac, uJhoiu thou lovcst." two substitutes, one the nominative to the verb, and the other governed by it in the objective. " God is the Esth, v. sovereign of the universe, whose majesty ought to fill us
to the
;
'

to

water the garden, and

it

sec in periods, a third clause introduced within a setirst, each with a distinct substitute for a " Paley, Evid. sect. 3. nominative; as, Those modilications of any simple idea, which, as has been said, I call simple modes, are distinct ideas." A letter, which is just received, gives us the news." Locke, 2. 13. Involution to this extent may be used with caution, without thou who rtilest in the heavens." embarrassing H'lio and whom arc exclusively the substitutes for persons; whose is of a period ; but beyond this, if ever used, it can hardly fail to occasion obscuIndeed the third member included in a second, must be very short, 11 Renders, and as correctly applied to things as to persons. rity. ' The question whose solution I require." Dryden. or it will perplex the reader. " When " That (brtjidden .Milton. .Substitutes are sometimes made to precede their )irincipals thus, fruit ji'/iose mortal taste." (Joldsmith. a rnan declares in autunni, when he is eating them, or in spring when there whose imagined suns." system " These are the arc none, that he loves grapes ." Locke, 2. 20. But this arrangement is charming agonies of love, Thomson. usually awkward and seldom allowable. Whose miseries deligh." Rule XIII. When there are antecedents in difTcrent persons, to which It, though neutei-, is used as the substitute for infant or child ; the disa nominative substitute I'efers, the substitute and verb following tinction of sex in the lirst period of life being disregarded. may "agree Formerly which was used as a substitute ia: pensons ; as appears "from old with either, though usage may sometimes oH'er a preference as, I am authors, and especially in the vulgar version of the scriptures mighty! the Lord that make "" things; that stretch forth the heavens alone; that men which were of old." But this use of the word is entirely discarded, jspread abroad the earth," &c. Isa. xliv. Here /and Lord are of di(li;rcnt W?i.<:A however represents persons, when a question is asked or discrimina-Hpersons, and (A( may agree with either. If it agrees with /, the verbs " I am the Lord that make." If that 1 know not which tioi: ;niended ; as, which of the men was it person it was, must be in the first person: agrees IVho is sometimes used as the substitute for thinp;s, but most unwarrant- with Lord in the third person, the verb must be in the third person " I " The countries wno ." JJavenant on Rev. 2. 13. ' Tlie towns am the Lord that makrth." But in all cases, the Ibllowing verbs should all ably. who." Hume Cnntin. 11. ch. 10. "The faction or party who ." Equally be of the same person. " the birds who ." Rule XIV. The definitive adjectives, thi.': and WiaY, the only attributes faulty is the use of u-ho and tvhom for brutes ; The use of it for a sentence, seems to have given rise to a very vague ap- which are vaiied to express number, must agree in number with the names si, all 1 contrive it to attend to which they refer ; as, this city, that church these cities, those plication of the word in phrases like this: How
12.
to

The woman ii-kom thou gavest to be with me." 'Ignatius, who was bishop of Antioch, conversed with

was parted Gen. ii. Gen. in.

"

10.

with awe, to whom bound to obey."

It is not unusual cond, as a second

we owe

all

possible reverence,

and

whom we

are

the apostles."

is

within the

"A

fares iV with you? But such phrases, whatever may have churches. This and tha^ are often used as substitutes for a name in the .singular them, are used chiefly in familiar colloquial language, and are iieeiued inelegant in any other style. number, which is omitted, but the same name in the plural immediately A more justifiable use of it is seen in this sentence: "But it is not this follows after a connective; as in this example, "The mortality produced rtis and other diseases." real e.ssence that distinguishes them into species; iMs men who That is, by this Life of Washington, Z. S. rangejlby them into sorts," &c. Locke, 3. 6. 3().l|disease and other diseases. The sentence may be varied thus, by this disHere it is in the singular, though referring to men in the plural. The eoise and others; but the first form is the most common, and it occasions no cause or origin of this, in otu' language as in others, may perhaps be found obscurity. in the disposition of the mind to combine the particular agents etiiployeil in Other adjectives and participles, used as adjectives, are joined to the performing an act, into a single agent. The unity of the act or effect 'names which they qualify without inflection as, a wise man, wise men an seems to predominate in idea, and control the grammatical construction of amiable child, or amialile children a received truth, or received truths a

conn?

How

given

rise to

the substitute.

substitute or relative, who, which or that, employed to introduce anew clause, is the nominative to the verb or verbs belonging to that clause, and to others connected with it; as, " The thirst after curiosities, which often draws contempt." Rambler, J\"o. ivho suffers not his faculties to lie torpid, has a chance of doing 83. good." Ibtn. "They that are after the flesh, do mind the things of the Rom. viii. .5. " Among those who are the most richly eyidowed flesh." by nature, and [are] accomplished by their own industry, how few are there whose virtues are not obscured by the ignorance, piejudice or envy of their beholders." Sped. A'o. 2.53. In a few instances, the substitute for a sentence or a clause, is introduced as the nominative to a verb, before the sentence or clause, which it repre"There was therefore, tr/iicA is all that we assert, a course of sents; as, life pursued by them, different fioin that which they before led." Paley's Evid. ch. I. Here which is the representative of the w hole of the last part of the sentence, and its natural position is after that clause. The substitute what combines in itself the otiices of two substitutes,

Rule XL In

compound sentences, asingle

'

"He

Ishining character, or shining characters. Adjectives are often used as substitutes for the names of men and things which they describe by their qualities ^s,few were present the wise are the bravest are not always victorious. respected In this character, adjectives take the plural form, and are qualified by other adjectives as (Ite goods of fortune, two Jinites or infinites, univer" The sals, generals, the chief good, a happy feio. extraordinary great." Burke on the Sublime, 304. " The blue profound." Akenside. W'hen nouns are joined by a copulative, an adjective preceding the first is " From applied to the others without being repeated ; as, great luxury and Enlicentiousness, converted to strict sobriety and frugality of manners." Here great belongs to licentiousness as well as to luxury. Held. Rule XV. Adjectives are usually placed before the nouns to whicli a icie jirince ; An obedient subject; a pious clergjTnan they belong as,
; ; ; ;

brave soldier.

Exception
it

1.

When some

follows the

convenient

which, if expressed, would be the nominatives to two verbs, each in distinct Exception 2. When an adjective becomes a title, or is emphatically ap" Add to as Charles the Great this, ivhat, from its antiquity is but little plied to a noun, it follows it subsequent clauses; as, Henry the First ; Lewis known, has the recommendation of novelty." Hermes, pref. 19. Here the Gross Wisdom incomprehensible. stands for that, which ; and the two Ibllowing verbs have no other what Exception 3. Several adjectives belonging to the same noun, may prenominative. cede or follow the noun to which they belong as a learned, wise and marThis use of what is not very common. But tchat is very frequently used tial prince, or a prince learned, wise and martial. as the representative of two cases one, the objective after a verb or prepoException 4. The verb be often separates the noun from its adjective : sition, and the other, the nominative to a subsequent verb. as, w-ar is expensive gaming is ruinous. Examples " I heard what was said." " He related ichat was seen." Exception 5. An etnphatical adjective is often useil to introduce a sen" We do not so love what has done us good." tence, in which case it precedes the notin which it qualifies, and sometimes constantly Locke. 2. 20. 14. jat a considerable distance as, '-Great is the Lord ;" auspicious will be that " .Agreeable to what was afterwards directed." Black. Com. b. 2. ch. 3. 'event fortunate is that young man who escapes the snares of vice. " Pridcaux, p. 2, 6. 3. Exception 6. The adjective all may be separated from its noun by the. Agreeable to what hath been mentioned." " There is something so overruling in whatever inspires us w iih awe." which never precedes it in constrticiion as, "all the nations of Europe." Burke on the Sublime, 304. In these sentences what incluiles an object ^f>iich and many are separated from nouns by a; as, "such a character is " I have ' after a verb or preposition, and a nominative to the following verb. irare;" many a time." heard thai, which was said." All adjectives are separated from nouns by a. when preceded by so and Rule Xll. When a new clause is introduced into a sentence, with two \as, as "so rich a dress," " as splendid a retinue ;" and they are separated or willi one pronoun and a noun, one of them is the nominative 'by o or the, when preceded by how and however, as " how distinguished on pronouns,
; ; ;
; ;
1

noun ; as, for a family.

word or words are dependent on an adjective, knowledge requisite for a statesman furniture
;

GRAMMAR OF THE
Hcl of bravery,"
plaint."

"

how

brilliiint

the

prize,"

" however just

tlie

com;

Tlu;

In the second exajuple, independently is used as if it had been intendecl as, may infinity ;" Locke. to modify the verb ei'alt the perceptions are independently exalted. But seem." the manner of e-calting is not the thing described. If is not that the perDouble is separated from its noun by the ; as " double the distance" But a precedes double, as well ceptions are exalted in an independent manner, nor in a manner independent the in such cases, never preceding double.

"

how

word soever may be interposed between t)ie adjective and the noun " liow remote soever it clear soever this idea of

In the first of these examples, relatively is used very awkwardly for ag relative, or as relating, or as it relates, or in relation ; (or the word has a direct reference to government.

but the fact, tliat the perceptions are exalted into a source of exquisite pleasure, is independent of every relation of interest. Equally faulty is the following sentence ^^ to this law, children are bound to support their parents." Agreeably Paley, Phil. Rule XVIII. Adjectives arc used to modify the action of verbs, and to express the qualities of things in connection with the action by which they are produced. Examples " Deut. xv. 8. Open thine hand wide." We observe in this passage, that wide, the attribute of hand, has a connection with the vei'b open ; for it is not " open thy wide hand," but the atclause, tv be blind, Sfc. Pule XVII. Adjectives belong to sentences, or whole propositions. tribute is supposed to be the effect of the act of opening. Nor can the modfor it is not simply the manner of the act which is ifier, tvidely, be used Examples: " Agreeable to this,M-e read of nanus being blotted out of God's Hook." intended, but the effect. ' Let us write slow and e.vact." Guthrie's Quintilian, 2. 375. liurder'.i Oriental Customs, 375. We might perhajts sub-.litute slowly for slow, as describing only the manWhat is agreeable to this ? The answer is found in the whole of tlie last ner of writing but exactly cannot be substituted for exact, for this word is clause of the sentence. " Antiochus to the character prophetically given of him by Dan- intended to denote the effect of wi iling, in the correctness of what is writverify The adjective expresses the idea with a happy jtrecision and brevity. iel, acted the part of a vile and most detestable person, agreeable to what ten. As this is one of the most common, as well as most beautiful idioms of hath been aforementioned of him." Prideaur,part 2. b. 3. " Her our language, which has hitherto escaped due oi)Scrvation, the following aumajesty signified her pleasure to the admiral, that as soon as he had he should thorities are subjoined to illustrate and justify the rule. left a squadron for Dunkirk, agreeable to what he had proposed, " We could hear which sounded sweetly soft and Burchet's .A'tro. Hist. 439. distinctly the bells proceed with the fleet." " Chandler's Travels, ch. 2. Independent of his person, his nobility, his dignity, his relations and pensive." " A Ibm. vol. 2. 3. Guthrie's Quintilian. southernly wind succeeded blowing/cesA." friends may be urged," &c. " His " No Burchet's .Vac. Hist. 3.57. can doubt but that these ideas of mixed modes are made by a provisions were grown very shoit." body *' When the caloric exists ready combined with the w'ater of solution." collection of ideas put together in the mind, independent fioiii voluntary 3. 5. Lavoisier, Trans, ch. 5. Locke, any original patterns iu nature." " The " purest clay is thai which burns white." Encyc. art. Chimistry. Whereupon God was provoked to anger, and put them in mind how, " Johnson's Diet. Bray, to pound or grind small." contrary to his directions, they had spared the C'anaanites." " When death Beattie's JUinsf. Winston's Joseplnts, b. 5. eh. 2. lays waste thy house." " All which looks " Greece, which had submitted to the arms, in her turn, subdued the uniicry little like the steady hand of nature." Paley, Phil. ch. 5. derstandings of the Romans, and contrary to that which in these cases com"Magnesia feels smooth; calcarious earths feel dry; lithomarga feels monly happens, the conquerors adopted the opinions and manners of the Enfield, Hist. Phil. 6. 3. 1. very greasy or at least smooth, yet some feels dry and dusty." conquered." " This letter of Kirwan.vol. 1.12. 189. Pope Innocent enjoined the payment of tithes to the par** sons of the respective parishes, where any man inhabited, agreeable to By this substance, crystals and glasses are colored blue." what was afterwards directed by the same Pope in other count lies." Chaptal, Trans. 299. " There is an Bluckstone's Comm. b. 2. ch. 3. apple described in Bradley's work, which is said to have one side of it a sweet fruit, which boils soft, and the other side a sour fruit, "Agreeable io ih\a, we find some of the Angto-Saxoyi ladies were adwhich boils hard." Darwin, Phytol. 105. mitted into their most august assemblies." " Drink Pope. deep or taste not the Pierian spring." Henry, Hist. Brit. b. 2. ch. 7. and b. 4. ch. 1. sect. 4. " Heaven '* Milton, P. L. 7. As all language is composed of significant words variously combined, a opened wide her ever during gates." ** The victory of the ministry cost them dear." Hume, Contin. 11. 9. knowledge of them is necessary, previous to our acquiiing an adequate " And idea of language." Pope. just as short of reason he must fall." Kncyc. art. (Grammar. *' " His Thick and more thick the steely circle grows." Hoole's Tasso. b. S. empire could not be established, previotis to the institution of pret" Ancus marched strait to Fidenae." Hooke, Mom. Hist. 1. 6. Smellie, Phil. J\'al. Hist. 3.39. ty numerous .societies." " The cakes eat short and " Suitable to I'icar of TVaktfield. crisp." this, we find that men, speaking of mixed modes, seldom " A steep ascent of steps which were cut close and deepinto the lock." Locke, 3. .5. 11. imagine. &c. " At? such Hampton's Polybius, 2. 2<;5. original convention of the people tvas ever actually held, an" It makes the tecedent to rtie existence of civil government in that country." Encyc. art. Agriculture. plow go deep or shallow." " The Lusiad, 1. 91. king's ships were getting ready." Paley, PhU. b.6.ch. 3. " After Sped. JVo. 282. Note. Writers and critics, misapprehending the ti-ue construction ofj growing old in attendance." " The sun shineth Bacon. Apoph. these and similar sentences, have supposed the attribute to belong to the watery." " Thomson, Spring. But a little attention to the sense of Soft sighed the flute." verb, denoting the manner of action. " I made him Milton, 3. i)8. such passages will be sufficient to detect the mistake. For instance, in the Jsi and right." " He drew not /Jni. 645. nigh unheard." example from Enfield, the attribute contrary cannot qualify the verb adopt" When the vowel of the ed ; for the conquerors did not adopt the opinions of the conquered in a manpreceding syllable is pronounced short." the manner of the act is not the ner contrary to what usually happens Murray's Grammar. " Here Is not that trim .'" is cut close and rolled smooth. gravel grass thing affirmed, nor does it come into consideration. The sense is this, the Boswell, Johnson, 3. fact, that the conquerors adopted the opinions and manners of the con" Slow tolls the deep mourns the turtle." village clock quered, was contrary to what commonly happens in like cases. The atBeattie's Minstrel. The same explanatribute belongs to the whole sentence or
as other adjectives.

of a relation to interest

Jill and singular or every precede the before the noun in these phrases " All and Ail and sintjular the articles, clauses and conditions" every of articles" phrases of the law style. Rule XVI. Adjectives belong to verbs in the infinitive mode ; as, " to " to calumniate " to ride is more see is pleasant ;" agreeable than to walk ;" is detestaide." Sometimes the adjective belongs to the infinitive in union with another " to be a coward is *' to be blind is unfortunate ;" adjective or a noun as, Here the attribute unfortunate is the attributive of the first disgraceful."
''

tlie

'

tion

proposition. " If is applicable to every similar sentence. Pope, Let. you would try to live independent." " He In consequence of not attending to this construction, our hypercritics, obliged the Nile to run bloody for your sakes."" Whiston's Josephus, 3. 5. are very apt to distrust popular practice, and substitute their own rules " Correct the heart and all will Porteus, Leet. 3. for customary idioms founded on common sense, have condemned this use go right." The poets sometimes use adjectives in this manner, when modifiers of the attribute and authors, sutfeiing themselves to be led astray by these would express the idea. Sometimes they are induced to it by the measure, rules, often use an adverb in the place of an adjective. " The and not unfrequently by the obvious superiority of the adjective in expresgreater part of philosophers have acknowledged the excellence of this government, which they have considered, some relatively to society, sing the idea with force and precision. and others as it has relation to the general system of nature."

who

Anarch,
" The perceptions are exalted into
a source

eh. 62. *

of exquisite

pleasure inde-

pendently of every particular relation of interest."

Studies ofJVature, 12. Liv.

" Cruentam etiam fluxisse aquam Albanam, quidam auctores erant." lib. 27. 11. Some authors related that the Alban river ran bloody.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
When
" Tlie two qualifying words are wanted,
;

tlie latter

tJiough applied to a verb

air will

as,

"He

may be an
Jin.
to

beat time tolerably exact."

do not a little encourage me." adjective, sons of the best sense is a great deal better ;" a trifle stronger ; the last of
ch. 12. colloquial.

" Spectator, 124.

It
is

which expressions

GoUhmith,
be found diminished
in

J\/'at.

weight exactly equal

iron has gained." " Horses are sold extremely dear." " And Thmmon. Spring. greatly independent lived." "This was applying a just principle very ill." I'alltl, Trans. 2. 7. It will be reniaiked that we have no adverbial form of the adjective in (he comparative and superlative degrees, except ibat of mure and most, less

adjectives each, every, either and neither, have verbs Laiwi.iier. ch. 3. and substitutes agreeing with them in the sirjgular number as, ' (intdsmith. Each one leus a head of the house of /lis fathers." Josh. xxii. 1-1.
;

what the

RuLC XXI. The

' ' *
'

Gen. iv. 14. Every one t]td,t fimlcth me, shall slay me." And take every mnnhis censer." JVum. xvi. 17. Nadab and Abihu took either of them his censer." Z,ev. x. 1. J\'eithcr of the ways of separation, real or mental, is compatible to pure

^md least, preli.wd. But we use the adjectives with llie regular terminations, in thc<c ilegrees, to qualify verbs. Examples : " To hands that Hook's Tasso. 7. longer shall the weapon wield."
the ple.ising fujce Of nature and her kind parental care. Worthier I'd sing." jlkenside. Pleas, oflmag. 1. 323. " So while 'e taste the fragrance of the rose. lim. 2. 77. Glows not her blush the fairer ?" " When we know our what to understrengtii, we shall the better know Locke, 1. (>. take with hopes of success." And he that can invst inform or best understand bim. will certainly be welcomed." J!amt)ler,JVo. 99.
'

Then

Locke, 2. 13. space." Errors. " Let each esteem others better than thentselves." It ought to be hinisetf. " There arc bodies, each of which are so small." iMcke, 2. 8. It ought
to

he

is.

lars, is often

.\ plural verb, which affirms something of a nundier of particufollowed by a distributive which assigns th(^ affirmation to the " Thus, If metals have, each a peculiar particular objects or individuals. earth." Hence we may consider each as the nominative to has understood " If metals have, if each metal has a peculiar earth." There is no other

Note.

way of resolving the phrase. This manner of expression is common, though " if each metal It has has," is sufficient. quite useless; as the la.st clause, This phrase, " Let us love one another," !not the merit of an abbreviation. ranch nearer be approaches to his end." " I have dwelt the lis of a similar construction, but it is not easy to find a substitute of equal longer on the discussion of this point." Junius, Let. 17.i;brevit5-. "The next contains a spirited command and should be pronounced much!! Rule XXII. Nouns of measure or dimension stand without a govcrn" a wall seven feet high and two higher." ,Murrai/s Grammar." ing word, followed by an adjective ; as. :feet thick ;" "acarpet six yards wide ;" "a line sixty fathoms long;" "a "Leviathan, which God of all his works " water ten feet Created htigest that swim th' ocean's stream." .Wilton, 1. 201. kingdom five hundred miles square ;" deep." *' " But Ibm. 3. 134. An army forty thousand strong," is a similar phrase. first and last shall brightest shine." mercy Such Note. Double comparatives and superlatives, most straitest, most higJiopinions aa seemed to approach nearest [loj the trulh." Enfield, Hist. Phil. 2. 59. ''est, being improper and useless, are not to be vised. The few which were " Her JVorser, a mistake in spelling wyrsa, is obsosmiles, amid the blushes, lovelier show ; formerly used arc obsolete. Amid her smiles, her blushes lovelier glow." Hoole's Tasso. b. 1.5. lete ; but lesser, a mistake for lessa, is still used, as well as its abbreviation. Authors, ndsguided by Latin rules, and conceiving that every word! /fs.?. which is used to qualify a verb, must be an adrerb. have pronovinced manyj The superlative form of certain attributes, which in the positive degree, of the passasres here reeled and similar ones to be incorrect; and in such' contain the utmost degree of the quality, as earfremcsf, chirfest, is improper But authors indulge in a most unwarrantable license of anas arc too well cs'ablishcd to bear censure, they call the adjective an drf-'.and obsolete. Were it not for this influence in early education, which impresses al'nexing comparison to attributes whose negative sense precludes increase or vcrb. notion that all languages must be formed with the like idioms, we shouldj|diminution ; as in these sentences, "These arc more formidable and mor^ never have received an idea that thcsanxe word may not modify a noun, an impassable than the mountains." Goldsmith, Jin. A''at. ch. 2. "This difwas rendered still more insurmountable by the licentious spirit of adjeclivc and a verb. pficulty So far arc the words here used from being adverbs, that they cannot be our young men." .Murphy, Tacit. Oral. 3.i. "The contradictions of imJtTassiUon. Serm. to the Great. changed into adverbs, without impairing the beauty, weakening the force, piety are still niore incomprehensible." Let the sentences be put to then Similar to these are numerous expressions found in good authors more or destroying the meaning of the passages. test Magnesia feels smoothly the calces eat shortly and crisply the ap-i!impossible, more indispensable, less universal, more uncontrollable; and or hardly not her blush the more fairly. in which the sign of comparison is not only improper, but rather englows pies boil softly Everyj others, English ear rejects Ibis alteration at once ; the sentences become nonsense. feebles the epithet; for the word itself expresMug tlie full extent of the Korean the adjective he separated fioui the verb " Amid her smiles, her idea, ought to bear some emphasis, which, if a qualifying word is prefixed, blushes, being lovelier. glow"^tbis is not the sense ; nor will it answer to, will naturally be transferred to that word.* " Her lovelier blushes In a few instances, this usage seems to be too well established to be alglow" this is not the idea. The sense is, tliat 6ay, the attribute expressed by lovelier, is not only a quality of blushes, but a! tered, and particularly in the use of more and most, less and least perfect. In general, it would indicate more precision of thought to apply a term of quality derived, in a degree, from the aclion of the verb, glow. burns white objects may be seen double may rise high diminution to the aflirmative attribute less pos.sifr/f. less surmountable, less Thus, clay fall low grow strait, or thick, or thin, or fat, or lean one may .speak loud, 'Controllable, rather than a term of increase to a negative attribute, to ^row wiser,' the sun shines c/ert/" the ^^ner a substance is pulverized Note 2. In English, two nouns are frequently united to form a new and similar expressions without number, noun; as earth-worm, drill-plow, itik-stand, book-case. In some cases, to plunge deeper, spread under constitute a well established idiom, as common as it is elegant. these compounds are by custom eflectually blended into one term ; in other Rule XIX Some adjectives are vised to modify the sense of others and cases, they are separated into their component parts by a hyphen. In other of participles ; a.s, a very clear day ; red hot iron a more or mj)st excellent cases, words are united, and the first term forms a sort of occasional adjeccharacter ; moj-e pressing necessity ; i7iost grating sound. " Without com- tive to the second; n^ family-use, or famdy-consumption. " .V closer Note 3. From a disposition to abridge the number of words in discourse, Lavoisier, TVans. ing atiy nearer." Locke grained wood." ** Eull many a gem of purest ray serene." Gray. we find many expressions which are not reducible to any precise rule, " Some deem'd bim wondrous wise." Such are, at first, at last, at best, at Bcaltic's .Minstrel. formed at first by accident or ellipsis. In these expressions the last attribute belongs more immediately to the wor.':t, at most, at least, at farthest, at the utmost. In these expressions noun expressing its quality and the first attribute qualifies the second. there may have been an ellipsis of some noun; but they are well establishthe ^Hmoas ofJUerNot unfrequently two attributes are used to modify a third, or the princi 1, brief and significant, and may be numbered among " The manner in which external force acts upon the body is:icury. pal one; as, N(OTE 4. We have certain adjectives which follow a verb and a noun to Rambler, .Vo. 7S. very little subject to the will." Rule XX. .Adjective; are used to qualify the sense of adverbs ; as, allwhich they belongr, but never precede the noun. Such arc, adry, afeared. city was very bravely defended ; the soldiers were most am nply rewarded a'afraid, alone, alike, aware,akin,aliKe,a.sIeep, awake, alhirst, aloft, aghast, worth ; to which may be added, donation moce beneficially bestowed; a house lc.is elegantly furnished afloat, askew, ashamed, pursuant, plenty, man the least peaceably disponed. amiss, aground, a.ihorc, aside, and a few others which may be used as atWe have a few other words which are often used to modify adjectives as tributes or modifiers. We saj', one in adry. ashamed, alive or awake; but We say, "A proclamation well as verbs as, a little; a great deal ; a trifle. " Many letters fiom per- ne\'er an atlry person, an ashamed child, ^c. But wc can in no case place w;is issued pursuant to advice of council." ^pursuant before a noun.
"

How

11

In remarking upon such phrases as "The vices which enter deeper orl deepest into the soul," Murray says, deeper and deepest, should be more^ "This effect may proceed also from another consideration. If the adjecdeeply, most deeply. Change the atlriinite in the two p;issages I have ci" fhe' five alone is ted " The vowel of the preceding syllable is pi-onounced shortly" used, its sense precludes the idea of increase or diminution it next should be pronounced much more highly.'" This alteration will put' expresses all that can be expressed. But admit comparison, and it ceases bis lule to the test. to exivress the utmost extent of the quality.
**
^

_^

GRAMMAR OF THE
not only follows the noun wUicli it qualifies, but is followed by ai noun denoting price or value as, a book worth n dollar or a guinea ; it is well ivorth the money. " It is worth obscrvatlaa." Peioe's HerodotusJ Erato. 98. If a substitute is used after woi'th, it must be in the objective case. It is worth them or it. But worthy, the derivative of ivorth, follows the usual construction of adl-J'orth
;

guage by grammar, and neglect usages which are much better authority, and the basis of correct grammar. " Pieces of iron arranged in such a way as seemed most favorable for the combustion being communicated to every
Lavoisier, Trans. There is no reason for hydrogen being an exception." Ibm. These expressions are not English. Rule Vf. Transitive verbs and their participles require the objective case or the object of action to follow them : as, " In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth." " If ye love >nf , keep iny commandments." "0 righteous father, the world hath not known thee." Sometimes the object and often the objective case of substitutes precedes " The the goveining verb as, spirit of truth, whoin the world cannot rf" fVhoni ceive." ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you." Whom and u-hieh, when in the objective case, always precede the verb. In verse, a greater license of transposition is used, than in prose, and nouns are often placed before the governing verb. " But through the heart
part."
'

jectives,

and may precede the noun

it

qualifies

as, a

worthy man.

XX

Rule XXIII. One

Regimen or Government.
noun
signifying the

same thing with another, or de-

scriptive of it, may be in apposition to it ; that is, may stand in a like character or case, without an intervening verb; as, Paul, the apostle; John, the baptist; Newton, the philosopher; Chathauj, the orator and statesman.
1. In the Ibllowing sentence, a noun in the plural stands in appotwo nouns in the singular, joined by an alternative. "The terms of our law will hardly find words that answer them in the Spanish or Ital-

Note

sition to

Should jealousy its venom once diffuse." Thomson. " She with extended arms his aid TbTU. implores." infinites together ; nay, make one infinite infinitely bigA noun with whatever, ichatsoever or whichei^er, preceding, is placed beger than another: absurdities too gross to be confuted." Locke, 2. 17. 20. fore the governing verb as, "whatsoever positive ideas we have." Here the absurdities are the whole preceding propositions. Locke, 2. 17. " You are too humane and considerate; things few people can be charged Note 1. We have some verbs which govern two words in the objective with." Pope Let. Here things is in opposition to /iHmnnf and considaate. case ; as, " Did I Such a construction may be justified, when the ideas are correct, but it is request thee, maker, from my clay not very common. To mould me man?" Milton, 10. 744. " The Dutch were "God seems to have made him what he was." formerly in possession of the coasting trade and freight Life of Cowper. of almost all other trading nations; they were also the bankers for all Eu"Ask him his opinion." " Vou have asked me the neits." Will it be said that the latter phrases are elliptical, for "ask oj him his rope advantages by which they have gained immense sums." Zimmerman's Survey, 170. Here advantages is put in apposition to the two first opinion ?" I appiehend this to be a mistake. According to the true idea ol members of the sentence. the government of a transitive verb, him must be the object in the phrase Rule XXJV. When two nouns are used, one denoting the possessor, under consideration, as much as in this, " Ask him for a guinea ;" or in this. the other the thing possessed, the name of the possessor precedes the otberl " ask him to go." " In in the possessive case This idiom is very ancient, as we often see it in the Latin. " Intcrrogaas, my Father's house are many mansions." Men's bravery ; England's fleet ; a Christian's hope ; Washington's pru- tus sententiam." Liv. 26. 33. " Se id Scipionem orare." Ibm. 27. 17. "Auxilia regem orabant." Ibm. lib. 2S. 5. The idiom in both languages dence. Note 1. When the Oiing possessed is obvious, it is usual to omit the had a common origin. '' He is at the PresiNote 2. Some verbs were formerly used as transitive, which are no noun ; as, " Let us go to St. Paul's," that is, church ; " he him" " flee thee away" longer considered as such ; as, dent's," that is, house. " he was swerved" " the sum was repented " Nor think a lover's are but fancied woes." amounted," &c. which are held imC'owper. " Whose book is this ? William's." That is, a lover's woes. proper. " Cease Note 2. When the possessor is described by two or more nouns, the Cease, however, is used as a transitive verb by our best writers. Edward, the this impious rage." Miltmi. " Her lips their music cease." Hoole's Tasso. sio'n of the possessive is generally annexed to the last; as, Bacon on Empire. Rule XXVII. Intransitive verbs are followed by the name of the act se'cond of England's Queen." " In Edward the third's time." Blackstone's Comm. b. 1, ch. 2. or effect, which the verb expresses in action ; as, " to live a life of virtue ;" " John the Baptist's head." Matt. xiv. " to die the death of the righteous ;" " to dream dreams ," " to run a race ;" " jj member Burke. " to sleep the sleep of death." of parliament's paying court to his constituents." We observe, in these examples, life is the name of living supposed to be is represented as belonging to a number severBut if the thing possessed " He of the possessive is repeated with each ; as, complete, as race is the name of the act of running when accomplished. ally specified, the sign " It was Note. Nearly allied to this idiom is that of using, after verbs transitive has the surgeon's and the physician's advice." my father's, mothor intransitive, certain nouns which are not the objects of the verb, nor of er's, and uncle's opinion."* Note 3. When of is used before the possessive case of nouns, there is precisely the same sense, but which are either the names of the result of " Vital air the verb's "A action, or closely connected with it. a double possessive, the thing possessed not being repeated; as, Examples guinea *' " a crown Combustion, as now understood, was a weighs five penny weight, six grains;" was a discovery o/i-*)"ics?/ey's." weighs nineteen penny " a piece of cloth measures ten yards." discovery of Lavoisier's." The sense of which is, that vital air was one of weight;"* "And on their hinges grate harsh thunder." "And rivers run potable This idiom prevents the repetition of the the discoveries of Priestley. " The "Groves whose rich trees wept same word. crispid brook ran nectar." gold." Milton. Note 4. The possessive may be supplied by of, belbre the name of the odorous gums and balm." "Grin a ghastly smile." " Her But (/ does not always denote of a christian." Thomson. lips blusli deeper sweets." possessor; as, "the hope "To ascend or descend a flight of stairs, a ladder, or a mountain." or in, concerning, &c. and in these possession it denotes also consisting of, " To cost a Thus cloth of guinea." cases, its place cannot be supplied by the possessive case. Under this rule or the following may be arranged these expressions. wool, cannot be converted into wool's cloth ; nor a cup of water, into water's "When matters have been brought this cup ; nor an idea of an angel, into an angel's idea; nor the house of Lards, "Let them go their way." " We turn our into the Lord's house. length." Lavoisier, Translation. eyes this way or that Rule XXV. Participles are often used for nouns, and have the like way." " Reckoning any tvay from ourselves, a yard, a mile, &c." Locke, 2. 17. effect in governing them in the possessive case; as, "A courier arrived Similar to this idiom are tlie phrases, to go west or east pointing north from Madrid, with an account of his Catholic majesty's having agreed to " In case of his Catholic the neutrality." majesty's dying without issue." or south, north-west or south-east, and the hke, which I find to be Saxori " Averse to the nation's itself in another war." Hume, Contin. phrases and very ancient. involving " Who can have no notion of the same In some instances verbs of this sort are followed by two objects; as, "a vol. 7, 6.2, ch. I. person's possessSpectator, JV'u. 150. ring cost the purchaser an eagle." ing different accomplishments." Rule XXVIII. Names of certain portions of time and space, and espeThis is the true idiom of the language ; yet the omission of the sign of the possessive is a common fault among modern writers, who learn the Ian cially words denoting continuance of time or progression, are used without a " governing word ; as, Jacob said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel.'" " And dust shalt thou eat all the " And he abode with * days of thy life." The contrary rule in Murray is egregiously wrong as exemplified in " This was this phrase, my father, mother and uncle's advice." This is not * The radical idea of weight is carry, bear or sustain, fiom the Saxon When we s<iy, " the king of England's throne," the three words, English. king of England, are one noun in eflect, and can have but one sign of the wi^g, a balance. The idiom in question has its originial in that idea a

ian, no scanty languages." Locke, 3. 5. 8. Note 2. Nouns are not untrequently set in apposition to sentences ; as, " Whereby if a man had a positive idea of infinite, either duration or space,

he could add two

possessive.

sessed

But when two or three distinct nouns are used, the article pos- guinea weighs five penny weights, six grains that is, carries or sustaijis " It was is described as my father's advice, my that weight in the scales. How much of the propriety, and even of the belonging to each. mother's advice, and my uncle's advice." We can omit advice after the beauty of language is lost, by neglecting to study its primitive state and two first, but hy no means, the sign of the possessive. principles
!

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
him the upace of a month." " The tree of life yielded her fruit everi/]^ Rule XXXI. Tlie inriniiivc mode follows, first, another verb or partimonth." "In those days I DyiiicI was mourning three full weeks." ciple as, "he loves ^l (//ms/i tli" social affections ;" "he -- persuaded /n persua " Whosoever shall " To walk afconi/on a vicious " h,; is lit.';" to encounter urge thee to go a mile, go with hiin twain." "he was
;

a mile, or a league." " Effects occurring ri-ert/ moment to ourselves." " Vou have asked me news a hunttrett times." Pope. Words expressing particular or preci.se points of time, are usually preceded hy a pieposition as, " at that hour ;"" ou that day." But to both these rules there are exceptions.
;

willing

proceeding
2dly.

to relate]\\?.

adventures."

danger;"

verb he has (he same case after it as before it; or " an " a 4thly. It follows as ; thus, " Jt object so high as to be invisible ;"' in construction are in the same case. .so obscure as to perplex the understanding." be not afraid." " Thuji art she." " // is Ac." " IVho was he?" question " llHio do men " fVhom do 5thly. It follows Mon after a comparison: as, "Nothing makes a man sussay that / am .-"" they represent me to be." pect much, more than to know little." Bacon on Suspicion. But " fVhom do men say that I am," is incorrect. " What 6thly. It follows the preposition /or, noting cause or motive as, Rule XXX. Transitive verbs and their participles admit of a sentence, went ye out for to see?" Matt. xi. " This is the true original idiom, but it is usual now to omit a clause or number of words as their object as, " He is not alarmed so far, /or; as, he went to see a reed shaken with the wind." In as to consider how much nearer he approaches to his end." of this soH,for every phrase

Rule XXIX. The

noun ; as, The next thing natural for the Locke. " He has a task fopofbrm." 3dly. It follows an ailjeclivc or vcrb.il attribute; as, " a question difficult " it is ' to be solved." delightful to contemplate the goodness of Providence. " God is worthy to be loved and trusted." " Be prepared to receive your
infinitive follows a

The

"

mini

to

do."

friend."

two substitutes connected with be

is /,

Rambler, JVo.
Consider what
verb.

The whole

following clause,
others,
I

which

is

78. the object of the

is

implied in the sense

but the
is

u.se of

the

word

is

The
phrase

infinitive
;

as,

"

mode
;

viilg.ir.

It is

not once in

himself" seek, in any law book to Pope, Let. to Swift., concerning which the law professes not to prescribe." J'tdei/. Phil. ch. 1. Rule XXXII. The verbs, bid, make, see, hear, feel, lit, with the auxilHere being banished stands in the place of a noun, as the object after! aries, may, can, 7nusl, shall and will, and dare and need, when used as auxescapes. " Add to this, what, from itg antiipiity is but little known, has from Ihntl iliaries, are followed by the infinitive without the prefix to; a-s, "he bids " we cannot make them uiuierstniul ;" " let me see you write ;" very circumstance, the recommemlation of novelty." Hermes, Preface. me come ;" In this sentence the whole of the clauses in italics, is what is to be "we heard him relate the story ;" " we felt the earth tiemble." " Which added, " He and is the actual object governed by the verb add. they let pass." Locke. may go, can gw. must g, shall go, will go." " I dare " He need not be "Suppose then the world we live in to have had a creator" " Suppose anxious." engage; I dare say." the disposition ivhich dictated this council to continue." Note 1. In the uses otdare and need, there are some peculiarities which Paley, Ev. 1. " For that mortal deserve remark. dint. When dare signifies to defy or challenge, it is regular in the tenses and Save he who reigns above, none can resist." .Milton, 2. 815. " I wish I could give you any good reasons for your coming hither, ex- persons, is a transitive verb, and is followed by the infinitive with the usual " he dares me to enter the list." But when it is intransitive, cept that, J earnestly invite you." Pope, Let. prefix as, ' Lord Bathiirst is too great a husbandman to like barren hills, except denoting to/iarccourao^e,it more generally drops the personal terminations, they are his own to improve." Pope, Let. Sept. 3, 172t>. has an anomalpus past tense, and is followed by the infinitive without to; in short it has the form of an In these and similar piissages, the object of the verb is a whole auxiliary, and in the German, it is classed with proposi-! " 1 dare tion or statement, in a sentence or clause of a sentence. In this passage,! the auxiliaries. Examples; engage." Pope's Works, Letter to " I dare not confess." " I dare "Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish," the fact excepted is af- Gay. Swift to Gay. say." Locke. "But firmed in a single verb. Take away this fact " that you shall repent," and my Lord, you dare not do either." Junius, Let. 28. "Durst I venture to the consequence must be, you will perish.' This is oiie of the modes of ab-' deliver my own sentiments." Hume. Es. 7 breviation in language which I have .so frequently mentioned, and which The past tense, when regular, is followed by the infinitive with the usual " You have (/aicd to constitutes a principal excellence of the throw more than a suspicion iprefix. mine." English. We observe, in some of the passages here cited, the pronoun that, after !-^"""*' i*''- 20- The same remark may be extended to the upon tense. future the verb. This is probably the true He will not dare to attack his adversarj-." original construction ; the substitute, In like manner, need, when a transitive verb, is that, poinfing to the whole following clause. " He could do no regular in its inflections mighty works " A man needs more " The there, save that, [except that single fact which follows,] he laid his hand as, prudence" army needed provisions." But on a few sick and healed them." when intransiUve, it drops the personal terminations in the present tense, is formed like an auxiliary, and is followed by a verb, without the Note. It may be here observed that in some of the prefix ^oy passages cited the as. " need be afraid he shall not have scope enoiiub." Locke, 2. 22. 9. verb has no definitive nominative; the rerhs save, Nobody except, suppose, add, ^c. "I need not y^o any farther." ]bm. " Nor need we uonrffr." Ibm. "The are in the imperative mode, but the address is not made to any particular " There need be no dilfiperson or persons. .And this probably has led authors to cla.ss save and ex-\ lender need be under no fear." Anarch, ch. 69. " She need Bcddoes, Hygeia,l. 21. cept among conjunctions, preposifions or adverbs, or to consider them .is culty." dig no more." Spectator, " A man need not be used adverbially for it has been already observed that the class of adverbs .Xo. 121. uneasy on these grounds." Boswell, 3. 41. " He need not has been a sort of common sink to receive all words which authors have urge to this honorable court." Judge Chase. not! In the use of this verb, there is another been able to comprehend. irregularity, which is pecuhar. ^eib being without a nominative, expressed or implied. "Whereof here Is it not strange that suppose, add, admit, allow, and other verbs which 's"'* ieerfsno account." are constantly used in the same manner, should have hitherto "There is no evidence of the JUilton, P. L. 4. 235. escaped the This is an established use oi need. same doom? In the passages above cited from fact, and there needs none." Paley, suppose is used pre Note 2, The infinitive mode has. in its sense and use, a near affinity to ci.sely in the same manner, as except and save in others. Indeed nothin; a noun and often has the construction of one. but the most inexcusable It is much employed to intronegligence could have led critics to this classifica' duce sentences which are the nominatives to verbs, as well as the objects lion oisave and except for in many passagesof scripture, these very words them as, " To tmll is present with me, but to perform that which in the sense in which they are called conjunctions or adverbs, have an ob following ^"^ '^'^ ''.''** |n'J"''J^'^ is the nondnative to is, and the ject following them, like other transitive verbs as, " Israel burned none ofl'* ^"^ ' ''"'' '" them, .sfltie Hazor only." Josh. xi. 13. Ye shall not come into the land, second begins the sentence which is the object after^'nd. Note 3. A common mistake in the use of the infinitive is, to use the ,save Caleb and Joshua." JVum. xiv. 30. I would that all were as I am perfect tense after another verb in the past time, when in fast one of the except these bonds." Jlcts, xxvi. verbs in the past time would correctly express the sense thus, " It would This use of verbs without a definite nominative occasions no inconvenhave been no difficult matter to have compiled a volume of such amusing preience; for the address is not made to any particular person, but is equally Cowper to Hill, Let. 29. Here the first verb states the time apphcable to any one who will apply it. See the subject further expl.iined cedents." under rule 38. The following passage in Locke, 2. 27. 2. contains another past when it was not difTicult to compile a volume at that time the compilation could not be past; the verb therefore should have been to verb used in the same manner " Could two bodies be in the same compile, place at which is the same time, then those two parcels of matter must be one and the present and always indefinite. same, In the following passage, we have a like use of verbs which is correct. take them great or little." The error of con.sidering .wre as an adverb or conjunction, has however j" A free pardon was granted to the son, who was known to have offered inproduced a multitude of mistakes in construction, "as in these passages; jdignities to the body of Varus." Murphy's Tacitus, ti. I. Here the offer" Save he who " Which no man was a fact precedent to the time stated in the verb was reigns above." Milton. knowcth, saving ing of indignities he that receiveth it." Hev. ii. 17. The nominative he cannot be reconciled to known ; a!id therefore the verb, to have offered, is well employed. any principle of true construction. He ought to he him, the obitc' after the Rule XXXIII. The infinitive signifying motive or purpose, oflen inVerb. Except might have been used, anri'this word beine called a prcposi troduces a clause or sentence which is not the no.ninative or objective to any tion, would have required after it the " To see how far this But both words are objective case, reaches, and what are the causes of w'roiij, Jyerb; as, verbs, and ought to have the same construction. I'judgment, we must remember that things are judged good or bad in a double
fear lie will banish

"If he escapes being banished by

independent, standing as a substitute for a whole ten attempts that you can find the case you say nothing of those numerous points of conduct

[|

Vol.

I.

K.

GRA3IMAR OF THE
To pretenl property from being too unequally Locke, 2. 21. 61. distributed, no pei-son should be allowed to dispose of his possessions to the
sense."

"

" Thus

shalt thou do unto the Levitcs, touchiiig their charge."

prejudice of his la^vful lieirs." Anarch, eh. 62. Note. This ionn of sentence seems to be derived from the use oi for before the verb,y'()r to set. The modern practice is to prefix some noun, as " With a view to ill order to see, or prevent." Rule XXXIV. In the use of the passive form, there is often an inversion of the order of the .--uhject and object ; thus, "The bishops and abbots were allowed their seats in the house of Lords."

Rule XXXVIII. Participles often

substitute, on

the persons indefinitely ; as, " It the weakness of our nature."

which they immediately depend, being

is

A'arn. viii. 26. stand without a noun, sentence or referable to either of not possible to act otherwise, considering
Spectator.
calls
this

Note.

2.

" It had been more granmiatically written considered ; vu, French; but considering isahvays used." This criticism indicates an incorrect view of the subject. Blackstone, Comm. b. 1, ch. 2. Considered, " Seats in the house of Lords were cannot be used without a Here the true construction would be, change in the structure of the sentence "The weakness of our nature being considered." But to make this form of exallowed to the bishops and abbots." "Theresa was forbid the presence of the emperor." Murphy's Tacitus, pression correspondent to the other clause, that ought also to be varied, and "

and adds

Johnson,

in his Dictionary,

kijid of conjunction,

510.

NoTK.

This

is

common

phiaso.

It

presence of the emperor was forbid to Theresa or, Theresa was forbid to approach the presence of the emperor. KuLE XXXV. The participle of the present tense without a definitive a or the, or with any jjossessive attribute, usually retains the sense of its " The clerk is verb, and has the objective case after it; as, engrossing the "The love we bear our friends is generally caused by our finding bill."
the

may

be resolved thus

Th

same

dispositions inthcui,

which we

feel in ourselves."

Pope's Letters.
to your inviting me to your forest." fbm. But when the participle is preceded by a or the, it takes the character and government of a noun, and in most cases, must be tbllowed by of; as, "The middle station of life seems to be most advantageously situated for the gaining o/* wisdom. Poverty turns our thoughts too much upon the supplying of our wants, and riches, upon enjoying our superfluities."

"In retuin

In many cases this participle becomes a noun, without n or the ; as, " It more properly talking upon paper, than writing." Pope, Let. Note. Tlio foregoing rule is often violated by our best writers, and to make it universalis to assume an authority much too dictatorial. "Some were employed in blowing of glass others in weaving of linen."
is

Spectator, JVo. 464.

XXXV'I. Particij)les of the present tense, either single or in union with the participle of the perfect tense, often perform, at once, the office Here is no noun expressed or implied, to which suppiosing and taking of a verb and a noun ; as, " The faking from another what is his, without his Locke, 2. 28. 16. can he referred ; we would be most naturally understood. knowledge or allowance, is called stealing." " " By the tnind's changing the object to which it compares any thing." Supposing the first stratum of particles to remain in their place, after Locke, 2. 25. their union with caloric, we can conceive an affinity, &c." Ibm. Here " To save them from other people's damning them." Wycherley to Pojie. supposing may be referred to tec, but is this the real construction ? " For " Such a supposing parliament had a right to meet spontaneously, witboiii plan is not capable of being carried into execution." Anarch, ch. 62. being called together, it would be impossible to conceive that all the mem" bers would agree," &c. Blackstone, Comm. B. 1. 2. They could not avoid submitting to this influence." " The articles of this on Hist. Let. 8. charge, considering by whom it was brought, were Baling, Note 1. The participle inm^, though strictly active in its signification, not of so high a nature as might have been expected." modern authors in a passive sense ; as, " More is not unfrequently u.^ed by Henry, Brit. B. 4. ch. 1. " It is most reasonable to conclude than are necessary for nutrition or for the that, excepting the assistance he may living particles are produced restoration o( decomposing organs," that is, organs suffering decomposition. be supposed to have derived from his countrymen, his plan of civilization " From which caloric is Darwin, Zoon. sect. 39. 9. Enfield, HiM. Phil. 1. ch. 9. disengaging," that is. was the product of his own abilities." " None of us put ofl'our clothes, saving that every one put them ofl" for undergoing the process of separation. Lavoisier, Translation. "The number is augmenting daily." Ibm. "They seemed to think Cesar was slay- washing." J\"eh. iv. 23. " And he said unto before their eyes rather than that he was slain." Gnth. Quin. 2. 18. them, hinder me not, seeing the Lord hath prospered ing " The nation had cried out Geyi. xxiv. 56. loudly against the crime while it was commit- my way." " Lie not one to on Hist. Let. 8. " lives are re-printing." Johnson another, seeing that ye liave put off the old man with his Baling, titig." deeds." Col. iii. 9. to Bosu'cll, 1782. " Many of this kin<l of participles have become mere attributes ; as writing Comparing two men, in reference to a common parent, it is easy to Locke, 2. 25. JVanting and frame the' ideas of brothers." paper ; looking glass ; spelling or pronouncing dictionary. " Granting this to be true, it would help us in the species of things no owing have long had the character of passive participles, with the sense of farther than the tribes of animals and vegetables." Locke, 3. 6. 23. wanted, owed. Adverbs or Modifiers are usually placed near the Rule Note 2. The use of two ]>articiples in the place of a noun is one of the most fi'oqucnt practices of our best writers as, " This did not prevent John's words whose signification they are intended to affect. First. They are placed before adjectives as, truly wise ; sincerely upbeing acknoicledgcd and solemnly inavgvrated Duke of Normandy." HenThe participle being with an attribute, supplies the right ; unaffectedly polite. ry, Hist. Brit. b. .3. " As to the difference of Secondly. They usually follow a verb when single ; as, he spoke elobeing mure general, that place of a noun also.

Rule

Gihbmi,

Rom. Emp.

ch. 10.

It docs not uppear (to us) possible to act thus, person introduced otherwise, the weakness of our nature tieing considered." But this amendment would be of no advantage. To comprehend the use of such expressions, we should consider that men find it useful to deal in abstract propositions and lay down truths without reference to persons. This manner of di.scoursing is often less invidious than to apply propositions or opinions to persons. To accomplish this purpose, men have devised words and modes of speech which enable them thus to communicate their ideas. In the passage cited, the first clause contains a *' It is not general abstract proposition, equally applicable to any person That is, it is not possible for me, for you, for possible to act otheiwise." btit it might be invidious to specify persons. It is not poshim, or for her sible for John or Thomas to act otherwise, he considering the weakness of his nature. Hence the proposition is left without application; audit follows naturally that the persons who are to consider the cause, the weakness of our nature, should be lef~t indefinite, or unascertained. Hence considering is left without a direct application to any person. Whatever foundation there may be for this explanation, the idiom is common and well authorized. " Generally speaking, the heir at law is not bound by the intention of the testator." Paley, Phil. 23. " Supposing that electricity is actually a substance, anil taking it for granted that it is dilfeient from caloric, does it not in all probabililv contain caloric, as well as all other boilies ?" Thomson, Chim. art. Caloric. a definite
;

My

XXXIX.

object following, the adverb a follows the object; a-s, "John received the present gratefully." " To this rule, the exceptions are very numerous, and not to be classed part of a sentence, or a substitute for a sentence; as, Concerning relation " So it " Men in general, these things may be cunsidei-ed." Locke, 2. 25. under general heads. often deceive frequently happens." Here concerning relates to the whole of the last clause of the sentence themselves." Indeed, in many cases the position of the modifier makes no " These all which is concerning relation in difference in the sense, and may be regulated entirely by the preference of things may be considered" sound, in the general structure of the period, provided it is not such as to general. ^' This criterion will be different, according to the nature of the object mislead the reader, in the application of the word. When one auxiliary and a participle are used, the modifier is which the mind contemplates." Thirdly. Enfield, Hist. Phil. 2. 15. That is, the ditTerence of criterion will accord with the nature of the ob- usually placed between them or it follows the participle ; as, " he was gra" he was received ciously received," or graciously." The first is the most ject.
this

makes

maxim more remote from being innate.'' Locke, 1. 2. 20. Rule X.XXVll. Participles, like attributes, agree with a sentence,

quently

and

if

verb

is

transitive with an

"

According

to

Hierodes, Ammonius was induced

to

a distinct eclectic school," Sic.

execute the plan of elegant. Ihm.p. 63. Fourthly.

to

Here

the whole statement of facts in the last clause

was according

rodes ; that is, it accorded with his testimony. " I have accepted thee, concerning this thing also." " I Christ and the church."
speak concAning

When two auxiliaries are u.sed, the adverb is usually placed " have been kindly treated." But it may follow as, the participle, as " have been treated kindly ;" and in some cases it Oen. 19. may precede the auxiliaries, as " .\.nd certainly you must have known." .funius. Letter S. Kph. v. 32
Hie- after the second
;

We

We

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
The preposition is someliiuLS separated from the word which governs ; as, adverbs are emphatical, they may introduce a sentence, Fifthly. " How With a longing for that state which he is charmed with," instead of with and be separated from tlie word to whiih they belong ; as, compltle-^ of human virtues had taken possession of his soul!" which he is chainied. ly this most amiable In many cases, the relative pronoun may bo suppressed, as " I did not Port. Lect. 8. This poiitiou of the modilier is most frequent in interrogasee the person he came with," that is, unth whom he came ; and in other tive an<l exclamatory phrases. " I know not what cases, what is employed lor the word governed, as The adverb always is usually placed before a verb. perto." JiTever commonly precedes a single verb, except 4c, which it follows ; as, son he gave the present " We are never absent from Church on Sunday." It is sometimes placed This separation of the preposition from the word governed by it, and the " He never has been at court;" but it is more cor- suppression of the substitute, are most common and most allowable in colloas before an auxiliary, " He has never been in the gra\ e and elevated style, they are first auxiliary, as quial and epistolary language, rectly and elegantly placed after the seldom elegant, and never to be admitted to the prejudice of perspicuity ; as at court," "he has never been intoxicated." " Ask me never so much in the This word has a peculiar use in the phrase ; following passage, "Of a space or number, which, in a constant and Gen. .xxxiv. " The voice of charmers, charming never io wise- endless enlarging progression, it can in thought never attain to." flowry." " Ask me so much Locke, 2. 17. 8. dowry as never teas asked ly." Ps. Iviii. The sense is, A separation of the preposition to such a distance from the word witli to any before ;" an abbreviation singularly expressive of the idea of asking amount or extent. Authors not luiderstanding it. have substituted ever for which it is connected in construction, is perplexing and inelegant. Note. In the use of who as an interrogative, there is an apparent devithe force, if it does not destroy the sense, of the never, which impairs " Some ation from a regular construction it being used without distinction of case ; phrase: The use of both is now common, but never is preferable. " Who is she marrieil to .'" " Who is this re" Who do of so im- as, you speak to .'" agreements indeed, though never so expressly made, are deemed .served for ?" " Who w.is it made by ?" This idiom is not merely colloquial ; portant a nature, that they ought not to rest in verbal promise only." It is the Latin cui and quo. Blackstone, Comm. B. 3. eh. 9. it is found in the writings of our best authors. Rule XLIi. Prepositions govern sentences and clauses or members of The use of here and there, in the introduction of sentences before verbs, " Without seeking any morejustifiable reasons of hostility." forms an authorized idiom of the language ; though the words may be con- sentences; as, Hume, 1. 5. The practice may have originated in the use of the sidered as redundant. " Besides Hume, 1. 36. hand in pointing, in the early stage of society. making an expedition into Kent." "From what has been said." Blair, Serm. Here, there, and ichere, originally denoting plaec, are now used in re" To the ference to words, subjects and various ideas of which place is not predicageneral history of these periods will be added, &c." " It is not so with Enfield, Prelim. blc. respect to vohtions and actions ; here the coalesence " About the " We feel Jbni. is intimate." beginning of the eleventh century." Hermes, eh. 8. pain, in the sensations, where we " Ibm. Locke, 2. 7. 4. By observing these rules and precautions." expected pleasure." " Jn Ibm. comparing the proofs of questionable facts." Hence, whence, and thence, denoting the place from which adepartm-e is " For want of In strictness, are used either with or leithoui the preposition//-om. carefully attending to the preceding distinction." stated, Hist. Phil. b. 2. is included in the words, and it ought not to be used. Enfield, the idea oifrom " After men became christians." These words also are used not only in reference to place, but to any argu Paley, Evid. eh. 1. Junius, Let. 8. "Before you were placed at the head of affairs." ment, subject, or idea, in a discourse. " Personal bravery is not enough to constitute the general, without he Hither, thither, and whither, denoting to a place, are obsolete in popular ob.soleseent in writing; being superseded by here, there animates the whole army with courage." Fielding's Socrates, p. 18S. practice, and " Pray, get these verses by heart against I see you." Chesterfield, Let. where. This change is evidently the effect of the all-controlling disposi"After having made me believe that I possessed a share in your affection of men to abridge speech, by dismissing useless syllables, or by substi-

When

Pope, Let. tuting short words of easy pronunciation for those which are more difficult. tion." " and Ambition, envy, will take up our minds, without we can possess ourAgainst this disposition and its efiects, the critic remonstrates in vain ; Spectator, wVu. 143. we may rest assured that common convenience and utiUty are better guides selves with sobriety." Note. obsei-ve, in the foregoing passages, the preposition has two in whatever respects the use of words, than the opinions of men in their No word or syllable in a language, which is essential, or very use- uses. One is to precede a word"to which other words are annexed as neclosets. about the beginning." Here the .sense is ful, is ever lost. cessary to complete the sense Undle is a noun denoting time, and not a modifier. In this phrase, " I not complete ; the time is not designated. To define the time wliich is the " of the will go lehile you stay," the word is used in its primitive manner, without object of the prepor^ition about, it is necessary to add the words eleventh century" about that time. So that the whole clause is really a month, a leeek. like many other names of portions of time government, W^e are accustomed to use, as modifiers, a little and a great deal. '* The the object after the preposition. The other use of the preposition is to precede nouns, verbs or other words many letters I receive, do not a little encourage me." Spectator, JVo. 121. not the object of the preposition, but which have a construction IVIany names are used in like manner, as modifiers of the sense of verbs. which are " You don't care Johnson. independent of it as, " after men became christians." Here men is the six-pence whether he was wet or dry." Rule XL. In polite and classical language, two negatives destroy the nominative to became ; yet the whole proposition is ;is really the object gov" and express an affirmative; as, " A''or did he not perceive them," erned by after, as the word hour, in the phrase, after that hour. Against negation This phraseology is not common nor agreea- 1 see you," is a phrase of like construction. No single word is an object or that is, he did perceive them. in the objective case after against ; but the whole affirmation is the object. ble to the genius of our tongue. " His " Without we can has a like construction, and though The following is a common and well authorized use of negatives. possess ourselves," manners are not inelegant," that is, are elegant. This manner of expres- superseded, in a degree, by unless, a word of similar import, is a true EnAfter [this fact] men became christians Against [that time sion, however, when not accompanied with particular emphasis, denotes a glish phra-se. moderate degree of the quality. when] I see you Without [this fact] we can possess ourselves. Rule XLIII. The modifiers of sentences, if, though, unless, and lest, Note. In popular language, two negatives are used for a negation, acthe usual auxiliaries, cording to the practice of the ancient Greeks and the modern French. This may be followed by verbs in the future tense, without idiom was primitive, and was retained in the Saxon; as, *' Oc se kining shall, will or should; as, "If his son ask bread, will he give him a " Peada ne rixade none while." Saj:. Chron. p. 33. And the king Peada did stone ?" " If he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent ?" Though he slay not eat of the holy things, unless not reign none while, that is, not a long time. The learned, with a viewl me, yet will I trust in him." "He shall " Lest thou to philosophical correctness, have rejected the use o( two negatives for one, he wash his flesh with water." say I have made .-Vbram rich." " I will not let thee The consequence is, we have two modes of speaking directly opExcept has a like eflect upon the following verb as, negation. " He did not owe Whether has been numbered also among the posite to each other, but expressing the same thing. go, except thou bless me." " and be owed the conditional mode, but by an egregious misnothing," in vulgar language, nothing," in the style of the conjunctions, which require It is not a connective, nor does it imply a condition or hypothesis, but take. learned, mean precisely the same thing. Rule XLI. Prepositions are followed by the names of objects and the an alternative. Rule XLIV. ConnecHves join two or more clauses or members in a as,/)o(H New \ ork to Philadelphia; across the Delaware objective case or#?rland; 6i/ water; (/iroi/gA the air ; with us ; for me ; to them; myou; compound sentence; as, "Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from among the people ; toward us. speaking guile." Here are two clauses united by and, which continues the sense and preThe preposition to is supposed to be omitted after verbs of giving, yield" give tliem bread," instead of give bread vents the repetition of the verb keep. ing, affording, and the like as, "I sought the Lord, an(/ he heard me, and delivered me from all my fo them. "Aflbrd him protection;" "furnish her with books." But this Here are three clauses combined into a sentence or period by the fears." idiom seems to be primitive, and not elliptical. From is sometimes suppressed ; i>s in this phrase, " He was banished the help of ami ; but a new verb is introduced in each, and the second connective prevents the repetition of the substitute he only. Icingdom." wise son hcareth bis father's instruction ; but a scorner heareth not Home, after a verb denoting motion to, is always used without to ; as, " are going home." rebuke." Here but joins the two clause-', but anew character i.^ the nomiAfter the attribute near, to isof^en omitted; as, "To bring them nearer tlic native to a distinct verb, in the second clause, which exhibits a contrast to truth." Massilloti. Aho akei adjoining ; as, " a garden adjoining a river." the first, and no word is omitted.

We

"A

We

GRAMMAR OF THE
single words, which are the nominatives simple .sentence or clause contains an affirmation, a command or a to the same verb, expressed or understood, or words which tbl!ow a transi- question, that is, one personal verb, with its nominaiive and adjuncts. By tive verb or a preposition in tlie same case. Connectives also join verbs, adjunct^h meant any phrase or number of words added by way of modifyKxample: adjectives, and adverbs. ing or qualifying the primary words. Thus when it is said, "" Cicero was " Peter and John went into the Temple." an orator of a diffuse </,(/'<'.'" "le latter words, of a up diffuse style, are the adConnectives join attiibutes and modifiers; as, is wise art(/ virtuous." junct of orator, and the whole lorms a complete simple sentence, with one *' An orator pleads eloquently and plausibly." verb or athrmation. The connectives perform a very important office in abridging language, phrase contains no assertion, or does not amount to a proposition. by enabling us to omit words which must otherwise be repeated. Thus " I esteem when 1 say, religion and virtue," two affirmations," I esteem reCoinma. ligion, 1 esteem virtue," are actually included in the sentence. I. In general the parts of a simple sentence or clause are not to When several words or clauses succeed each other, it is not uncommon to

Rule XLV. Connectives join

"He

Rule

omit the connective ; as, " We hear nothing of causing the blind to see, the be supaiated by any point whatevei- ; as, " Hope is necessary in every condition of life." But when a simple sentence is long, or contains a distinct lame to walk, the deaf to hear, the lepers to be cleansed." Paley, Evid. After the connective than, there may be and usually is an ellipsis of a phrase or phra.ses, modifying the alfirmation, it may be divided by a comma " There is none "To be very active in laudable puisuits, is the'distinguishing' characterverb, a noun, or other words as, greater in this house than as, " istic of a man of merit." I." Gen. xxxix. 9. That is, than 1 am. By revenging an injury, a man is but even with "Only in the throne will I be greater than thou." Gf(t. xli. That is, his enemy." In mo-it cases, where a short pause will give distinctness to than thou shalt be. ideas, a comma is well placed after an important word; as, " To mourn with" He loves his money more than his honor," that is, more than he loves out measure, is folly not to mourn at all, insensibility." The pause after measure, in this sentence, is essential to the sti his honor. ength of the expression. "The king of the north shall return and set forth a multitude greater "The idea of beauty is vague and undefined, dilferent in dilTerent minds, and diversified by lime or place." than the former." Dan. xi. 13. That is, than the former nniltitude. Rambler. " I will Rule II. When a connective is omitted between two or more words, That is, pull down my barns and build greater." Luke xii. whether names, adjectives, pronouns, verbs or modifiers, the place is .supgreater barns Sometimes other words may be suppressed without obscuring the sense ;;|Pl'6'^ by a comma ; as, " Love, joy, peace and blessedness are reserved for ' _.. " It is better for me to die than to live." Jonri/i iv. That is, better than [the good." "The miseries of poverty, of sickness, of captivity, would. as, without hope, be insupportable." Rambler. " We hear for me to live. nothing of causPrecise rules for the ellipsis of words, in all cases, cannot be given. In ing the blind to see, the lame to walk, the deaf to hear, the lepers to be "' " " " Ho who a writer will be governed loves, serves and obeys his maker, is a piPaley. general, by a regard to perspicuity, and omit nol;'^'^''"^*^'^ " and vigorously pursued, leads Industry steadily, prudently word, when the want of it leaves the .sense obscure or ambiguous, nori|"^ "i, when it weakens the sti'ength of expression. But the following remarks to wealth." "David was a biave, martial, enterpii^in" prince." "The most innocent pleasures are the most rational, the most and examples may be of use to the student. deUghtful and the 1. When a number of words are joined in construction, the definitive most durable." Rule 111. Two or nM)re simple sentences closely connected in sense, ilitiy be omitted, except before the tirst ; as the sun, moon and stars ; a house and' garden. So also when two or more attributes agree with the sanieii"'' dependent on each other, are .separated by a connna only ; as, " When name ; as a great, wise and good prince. But when attributes or names are our vices leave us, we flatter ourselves we leave them." "The temperate " That all man's pleasures are durable, because they are the particularly emphatical, the definitive should be expressed before each; as regular." duties of morality ought to be practised, is without the sun, the moon and the stars. difficulty discoverable, " because ignorance or uncertainty would immediately involve the world in 2. The repetition of names adds emphasis to ideas as, Christ, the power of God and the wisdom of God," is more emphatical than " Christ, the confusion and distress." Rambler. Rule (V. The sentence independent or case absolute, detached affirpower and the wisdom of God." mations or phrases involved in sentences, and other important clauses, must 3. An to two or moi'e nouns joined by a connective adjective belonging may be omitted except before the first; as ii/ house and garden; ;^o()rf,jbe separated from the other parts of a sentence, by a comma; as, " The and actions. " Their interest and solicitation " Rambler, 56. Nor envoy has returned, his business being accomplished." The envoy, havqualities does it make any difference that the nouns are in different immbers, as our ing accomplished his business, has returned." " Providence has, I think, " The decision of adjectives have no distinction of number, the same word may be applied to displayed a tendeiness for mankind." Rambler. patronthe singular number and the plural as a age, who was but half a goddess, has been sometimes erroneous." Ibm. magnijicent house and gardens; " The sciences, after a thousand indignities, retired from the palace of pathis house and lands. But when a precedes the hrst adjective, this construe " It tion is not elegant. is, in many cases, apparent." Jbm. ronage." Ibm. Rule V. A comma is often required to mark contrast, antithesis, or re4. In compound sentences, a nominative pronoun or noun may be omitted markable points in a sentence, and sometimes very properly separates words before all the verbs except the first as, I love, fear and respect the magistrate instead of, 1 love, 1 fear and I The substitute may some- closely dependent in construction as, " a good man will love himself too respect. well to lose, and his neighbor too well to ivin, an estate by times be suppressed ; as the man I saw, fdi- the man whom 1 saw. gaming." " " It is 5. An adverb need not be harder to Prospciity gains friends, and adversity tries them." repeated with every word which it qualifies, avoid censure, than to gain applause." the connective and rendering it uimecessary ; as, he spoke and acted graceHere gracefully belongs to speaking as well as to acting. "Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull." fully. Rule VI. A single name in apposition is not separated by a comma ; A preposition may be omitted after a connective ; as, he walked over the " the hill' and the valleys, that is, oner the as, Apostle Peter :" but when such name is accompanied with an advalleys. " it should be separated ; as, After like and near, to is usually omitted as, " Like three distinct Parmenio, a friend of Alexander's, hearpowers junct, in mechanics." Blackstone's Comm. 1. 2. That is, like to three. " Such ing the great offers that Darius had made, said, " Were I Alexander, I as seemed to approach nearest the truth." would accept them." " So would I," replied Alexander, " were I Paropinions That is, Enfield, 2. 59. to the truth. menio." nearest Rule VII. Terms of address, and words of others repeated, but not inLikewise- after join and adjoin, to is sometimes omitted; as, " a garden " troiluced as a quotation, are separated by a comma as, adjoining the river." Wherefore, Sirs, " be of good cheer." For is onutted by the poets after mourn. My son, hear the counsel of thy father." "Thus " He mourn'd no recreant hath sent me unto you." friend, no mistress coy." Beattie. shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I
; ; ; '
.

AM

Exodus.

PUNCTUATION.

Rule
"
It is,

sides, in short, finally, forjuerly

Punctuation is the marking of the several pauses which are to be observed, in reading or speaking a sentence or continued discouise. By Semicolon. means of pauses, a discourse is divided into periods or complete sentences, and periods into clauses or simple sentences, and these, into The semicolon is placed between the clauses of a period, which are less phrases. A period is a sentence complete, making perfect sense, and not connectclosely connected than such as are separated by a comma. ed in constniction with what follo-3. The pause after the First. When the first division of a sentence completes a proposition, so period is marked by a point [.] and in speaking, is distinguished by a cadence or fall of the as to have no dependence on what follows ; but the following clause has a voice. dependence on the preceding, the two parts are separated generally by a The members of a period, or clauses and phrases, are all more or less con- semicolon " It as, may be laid down as a maxim, that it is more easy to nected in sense, and according to the nearness of the connection, are mark- take away superfluities than to supply defects ; and therefore he that is culed by a comma [,] a semicolon [;] or a colon [:] because he has passed the nuddle point of virtue, is always accounted The comma is the shortest pause, and is often used to mark the construc- pable, a fairer object of hope, than he who fails by falhng short." Rambler. In tion, where very little interruption of voice is allowable this sentence the part of the sentence preceding the semicolon is a perfect
;

Mollifying words and phrases, as however, nay, hence, be&c. are usually separated by a comma as, however, the task of criticism to establish principles." Rambler.
.

Vlll.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
period in itself,

and miglit have beeu closed with a

thor has added another division, by

perfec-^ for Style ; and after abbreviations, as Croc. Anglic, for Crocus An; the other, tion requires, and more, but the excess may wants the qualities requisite to excellence." Here the first division makes glicanus. To these may be added. a complete proposition but the antithesis begun by the numeral one, is not The dash [ ] which marks a break in the sentence or an abrupt turn; as, complete, without the last division. ** but O how fallen !" If thou art he ' to outEconomy is no disgrace ; for it is better to Uve on a little, than The interrogation point [.'] that closes a sentence which asks a question; live a great deal." " " Be in long, ye simple ones, will ye love sinipUcity ?" with many; nevertheless, have but one counselor of a as, peace The exclamation point [I] which is used after sudden expressions of surthousand." ad- prise, or other emotions; as, "O happiness Our being's end and aim !" " A friend cannot be known in prosperity ; an enemy cannot be hid The parenthesis ( ) and hooks [ ] include a remark or clause not essential versity." In general then, the semicolon separates the divisions of a sentence, to the sentence in construction, but useful in explaining it or introducing an when the latter division has a dependence on the former, whether the for- important idea. They mark a moderate pause, and the clause included is read with a depressed tone of voice ; as, on the latter or not. has a

on

tlie first division.

The

autlior

proceeds "The

way

It closes a discourse full point ; but the au- voice, and the longest pause used between sentences. of inference, and this is dependent also, or marks a completion of a subject, chapter or section. full point is used also after initials used alone, as after N. S. one has all that
1

The

when

be easily retrenched

New

li

How

'

I
(

"Know then this truth (enough for man to know) several members of a sentence have a dependence on for the same principal word, and the Virtue alone is happiness below." Pope. constitute distinct propositions, the semicolon It will be readily seen that the sentence is not at all dependent on the " Wisdom hath builded her house; she hath hewn out; but the converse is not true, for that clause ha.s a demay be used; as, parenthetical clause her seven pillars; she hath killed her beasts; she hath mingled her wine;; pendence more or less remote on the sentence. Thus, enough for man to she hath also furnished her table." Prov. ix. know, is not intelligible without connecting it with the parts of the sentence " If preceding and following. So in this passage any one pretends to be so Colon. sceptical, as to deny his own existence (for really to doubt of it, is manifestLocke, 4. 10, 2. The ly impossible) let him enjoy his beloved The Colon is used when the sense of the division of a period is complete, included clause here is connected with happiness." the preceding part of the sentence, so as to admit of a full point, but something is added by way of illustration and it is a substitute for existence. " A brute arrives at a in a point of perfection that he can never pass as, With regard to the duration of the pauses, it may be observed that the is capable of, and were he to five few years he has all the endowments he comma, semicolon, colon and full point, may bear to each other the proporten thousand more, would be the same tiling he is at present." tion of one, two, four and six; and the interrogation point and exclamation Spectator, A''o. Ul. But point may be considered each as equal in time to the colon or period. no precise rule can be given, which shall extend to every case the length Period. of the pauses must depend much on the nature of the discourse, and their reThe Period or full point marks a completion of ths sense, a cadence of the spective proportions may be often varied to advantage by a judicious speaker^
Secondly.

mer

dependence

When

each other, by means of a substitute

clauses, in other respects,

DIRECTIOiVS
FOR THE

PRONUNCIATION OF WOMD8.
The principal sounds of the vowels are the first or long, and the second or short.
X.

E final

In a lew words of foreign origin, e final forms a syllable ; urin syncope, simile. These are noted in their place. is silent after / in the following ternnuations, ble, cle, die, fle,
;

Examples of the first or long

sound. e
i

Examples of the second

sound.
a in mat, ban, grand. e in bet, men, send,
i

or short

gle, kle, pie, tie, zle

as in

able, manacle, cradle, ruffle,

wrinkle, supple,

rattle,

puzzle,

which are pronounced

mangle,
man'acl.

a'bl,

a in make, fate, grace. in me, mete, meter.

in pine, bind, strife. in note, hold, port. in true, duty, rude.
in dry, defy,

XIII. y in pity, cycle, synonym, imply. The principal things to be regardet in learning the pronunciation of Eng lish words, are the accent and the sound of the vowel of the accented syllable.

u y

o u

in bit, pin, miss, in not, boss, bond, in dun, must, refund,

XI. In the termination en, nounced tokn, brokn.

cra'dl, ruPfl, nian'gl, wrin'kl, sup'pl, puz'zl. e is usually silent ; as in token,

broken, pro-

XH. The
ns
;

termination

The combinations

otis in adjectives and their derivativesis pronounced as in gracious, pious, pompously. ce, ci. ti, before a vowel, have the sound of sA; as

Rule
II.

This mark called an accent, designates the accented syllable. The accent placed immediately aiter a vowel indicates the vowel to have its first or long sound, either at the end or in tlie middle of a
I.
'

in cetaceous, gracious, motion, partial, ingratiate, pronounced cetashus, grashus, moshon, parshal, ingrashate. But ti after a consonant have the sound of ch ; as in christian, bastion, mixtion, pronounced chrischan, baschan, raixchun. So in

combustion, digestion.
Si after an accented vowel are pronounced like zh sian, confusion, pronounced Ephezhan, confuzhon. ci or ti precede similar combinations, as in
;

as in

Ephe-

III.

desyllable ; as in sa'cred, pre'cept, ri'ot. po'et, mu'sic, cy'press gra'de, reple'te, divi'de, explo'de, intru'de. horizontal mark or point over a vowel shows it to be long, and when no accent is found in the word, this mark designates the ac;

When

pronunciation,

negotiation, they may be pronounced ce, instead of she, to prevent a repetition of the latter syllable ; as pronunciashon, instead of pro-

cented syllable; as in discourse, encroach, bestow, enroll, courser,

suitable.

nunshashon.

XIV. Gh,
ni,

IV.

An

accent placed immediately after a consonant, or combination of consonants in the same syllable, indicates that the vowel of that sylif

caught, bought, fright, nigh, sigh

si.

both in the middle and at the end of words, are silent ; as in pronounced caut, baut, frite,
;

lable,

unpointed,

is

short; as in hab'it, ten'et, con'duct,

ul'cer,

sym'bol; adapt', intend', predict', despond', abrupt'. Exceptions. 1. A pointed vowel has the sound designated by the point or
as in full'ness, al'terable, book'ish, convey'. a before //, Id and Ik. in monosyllables or accented syllables, has its broad sound like aw; as in befall', bald'ness, walk'ing. 3. before // is long ; as in enroll'. V. An accent immediately after a diphthong, or after a syllable containing one. designates the accented syllable, but the diphthong has its proper sound as in renew', devour', avow', appoint', annoy'. VI. This mark called in Greek the grave accent, i)laced before a vowel, indicates that vowel to have its Itahan sound, as in ^ask, h*ar, faIn words of two or niore syllables, when no other acther, m^ask. cent is used, this designates the accented syllable ; as in \mswera-

points

2.

Exceptions. In the following words gh are pronounced as/ cough, chough, dough, enough, hough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough. XV. When wh begin a word, the aspirate h precedes in pronunciation, as in what, wliifi', whale, pronounced hwat, hwif, hwale jc having precisely the sound of vo, French (ni. In the following words, i<> is silent who, whom, whose, whoop, whore. whole, XVI. /falter r has no sound nor use as in rheum, rhyme, pronounced reum, ryme. XVII. and g before n are silent ; as in know, gnaw, pronounced no, naw. XVIII. IK before r is silent ; as in wring, wreath, pronounced ring, reath.

XIX. B

after

m is silent
k
is

XX. L

before tank.

silent

as in dumb, numb, pronounced dum, num. as in baulk, walk, talk, pronounced bauk, ;
/",-

wauk,

VII.

Two

ble, b'argain.

VIII.

accents immediately before c, ( or s, indicate that c, t or s, in pronunciation, coalesces with the following vowel, and forui the sound of sh or zh, which closes the syllable, and of course the preceding vowel is short. Thus, vi"cious, ambi"tion, are pronounced vi'sion is pronounced vizh'un. vish'us, anibish'on before a, o and u. and in some other situations, is a close articulation, like k, and in the vocabulary of this work, whenever it is equivalent to k, it is marked thus Before e, i and y, c is precisely equivalent to s, in same, this ; as
;

XXI. Pli have the sound of as in philosophy. XXII. The combination n^ has two sounds; one, as in sing, singer The latter is the more close other, as in finger, linger, longer.
atal

the
paltl ;

sound

XXIII. The

letters c/,

but the distinction can only be learned by the ear. answering to kl, are pronounced as if written
ai'c

clear, clean,

pronounced

tlear, tlean.

Gl are pronounced as dl ; glory is pronounced diory. .XXIV. jVafter m, and closing a syllable, is silent as m hymn, condemn. XXV. P before s and t is mute as in psalm, pseudology, ptarmigan, pronounced sam, sudology, tarmigan.
;
;

IX.

in cedar, civil, cypress, capacity.

unaccented and terminating words of more syllables than one // tinal answers the following purposes. is short, like in pity and ability. This letter, in the plural number of nouns 1. It indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate, mete, and in the third person singular of the present tense of verbs, is dropped, and sire, robe, lyre abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude. ie substituted and followed by s. The termination thus foi-med is pronoun2. It indicates that c preceding has the sound of s, as in lace, iz ; as from vanity, is formed vanities, pronounced vanitiz; from the verb and that g preceding has the sound of j, as in charge, ced lance, to pity is formed pities, pronounced jutiz. page, challenge. 3. In proper English words, e final never forms a But when y hi monosyllabic verbs, and accented y in other verbs ends the syllable, and in most words, in the terminating unaccented syllabic, it is si- word, the termination its in the third person is pronounced izc ; as in flies lent and useless. Thus, motive, genuine, exandne, juvenile, from fly, defies from defy. So cries, both the verb and noun, is pronounced reptile, granite, are pronounced motiv, geuuin, examin, juve- crize. nil, reptil, granit. S has two sounds its proper sound as in sec, and that of z as in his. It
letter
(
; ;

The

PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS.
which English characters, according to our use of them, will not t, k, C, ami '/' as-j guages, Hut in regard to etymology, such exact expression final ; as in express with precision. rliiefs.j For exam|)le, in regard to the affinity of words, It has of sounds is not necessary. caps, streets, franks, hates, hopes, fates, flakes, breaths, wreaths. the sound of z, after 6, c followed by e final, d, g, gh, I, m, n, n, r, s and ss, it is wholly immaterial whether the Hebrew 3 is expressed by 6, v, or bh; th vocal, ch, oe, ie, both in novins and whether T is expressed by d, th, or dh ; whether n is z, r, aw, ay, ew, ey, ow, oy, sh, ng, expressed by h or verbs, and whether these letters end the word or arc followed by e final eh ; and whether is expressed by k, q, or qu. So in .\rabic it is immatep in robs, robes, races, rods, lides, rags, rag"es, toils, dreams, sighs, rains, bars, rial whether j^ is expressed by th or ds, and .^ by ^ or kh. waves, roses, passes, mazes, laws, days, news, preys, vows, joys, brushes, The Arabic vowel/aWia, I am informed, is differently pronounced by Die #ings, breathes, churches, foes, goes. Hies. Sc before e, i and y, have oidy the sound of the single letter s or c. Thus Persians and Arabians; the one nation pronouncing it as the English a in scene is pronounced ,scrte; scialist, siolist, mate; the other, generally, as a in fall. I have expressed it by a or aw. S before m, in the ternjinations, asm, earn, ism, has the sound of ,- as ni It was desirable that the Russ, Saxon, Swedish, and German words should be printed with the appropriate types; but the utility would have hardly .spasra, telesin, bapli-^ni. The pronunciation of the word which is radical or primitive in English is compensated for the expense of suitable fonts, and no essential inconveniThus the letter s is directed to lie pro ence can result from the want of them; the English characters being suffi(0 be observed in the derivatives. nounced as z in bniise, and tiiis direction is to be observed in all its deriva- cient to express the sounds of the letters, with all the exactness which etytives. Earth being directed to be pionounced erth, all its derivatives and mology requires. compounds are to follow the same direction. So freight is pronounced y'ra^e
proper sound after the following; consonants_/", p, pirate, whether they end llie word or are followed by c
iias its

POINTED LETTERS.
A

ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED.
a.

E
I

has the short sound of aw; as

stands

in alter, what.

for adjective. for for

for

[tc] is the same as k ; as in cape, access. wl)etlier by itself or followed by i or y, lias the as in where, there, rein, ,<sr!rvey. long
;

adv. con.

sound of a

exclam.
n. Obs.

,,

for

adverb. connective or conjunction. exclamation, or interjection. name or noun.

has

O has

tlie sound of the sound of has the sound of

long, or ee

as in machine.

,,

for obsolete.

QO

liave the sliort

French ou ; as in move. u; as in come, wonder. sound of oo ; as in hook. look.

oo, or sliort

prep. pp. ppr.

pret.
prffil.

for preposition.
for participle passive. for participle of the present tense. for preterit tense. for pronoun.

,,
,,
,,

has tlie sound of oo ; as above, as in full, pull. have tlie Freiiidi sound, like sh ; as in chaise. has the sound of j. TH have their vocal sound as in thou, this. has the sound ofyu ; as in unite, use. pronounced ymiHe,yuse. In digraphs or combinations of vowels, of which one only is pronounced the mark over one vowel designates the sound, and the other vowel is quiescent as in bear, bijat, cilur.se, soul, blood, bow, low, crow, bestow.

OH

__\J

,,

i.

,,

for
for for for
for

1'.

I.

verb intransitive. verb transitive.

Arabic.

./Ir.

Jlrm.

Ch.

Armoric. Chaldec.
Danish.

Com.
Dan. D. Eng.

,,

for Cornish. for

for

The digraphs ea,

ee, ei, ie

have uniformly the sound of long

is

as in

meat j

a slight sound of e between the vowel and the consonant. Thus bare, parent, apparent, mere, mire, more, pure, pyre, are pronounced nearly baer, paerent, appaerent, me-er, mier, moer, puer, pyer. This pronunciation proceeds from the peculiar articulation r, and it occasions a slight change of the sound of n, which can be learned only by the ear. The vowels in unaccented syllables are either short, or have their

feet, seize, siege. Before the letter r,

for

Dutch or Belgic. England or English.

German.
Greek.

there

they first sound slightly pronounced. Thus in the words produce, domestic, o has its first sound, but pronounced rapidly and without force. In syllables which have a secondary accent, the vowel is often long, and little distin-j guishable from that in syllables liaving the primary accent as in legislature, in which a in the third" syllable has its long sound. In syllables wholly unaccented, the sounds of the vowels are so rapidly uttered, that they cannot be designated by written characters; they are ail sounded nearly alike, and any attempt at a proper notation of such evanescent sounds serves only to perplex or mislead the learner. Words of anomalous pronunciation, not falling under the foregoing rulesare printed in an ortliography which expresses their true
;
|

Eth. Fr. G. or Ger. Gr. Goth. Heb. ,,

Ice.
If.
/'.

for Ethiopic. for French.

for
for for

for Gothic.

Hebrew.
and Qaelip.

,,

for Icelandic.
for Irish, Hiberno-Celtic, for Italian.

Lat. or L. Per. Port.

Russ.

Sam.
Sans.
^<"^.

for Latin.
for Persic or Persian. for Portuguese. for the

Russ language, or Russian.

for Samaritan.
for Sanscrit. for

Saxon, or Anglo-Saxon.

Sp.

pronunciation. z has the sound of the vocal th, in thou. In the expression of the sounds of foreign words in English character's there is often an insurmountable difficulty, as there are sounds, in some lan-

The Welsh

Sw.
Syr.
TV.

for Spanish. for Swedish. for Syriac. for Welsh.

ALPHABETS.
Hebrew

AN

AMERICAN DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

tions, as well as vowels, as, an tid, a timedenm ; and .V the first letter of the Alphabet in most for non liquet, it is not an gear, a year [See An.] of the known languages of tlie earth in evident and the judges voted by ballots the Ethio])ic however it is the thirteenth, This letter serves as a prefix to nmny Engthus marked. In stands for inscrijitions, lish words, as in and in the Runic the tenth. It is naturally asleep ; awake ; afoot for ager, aiunt, aurum, ar; or Augustus the first letter, because it aground ; agoing. In some cases, this is gentum, &c. represents the contraction of the Teutonic ge, as in fii-st vocal soiuiil asleep, i is also used for n?!7io, or ante ; as in Annaturally formed by the human organs being the sound uttered aware, fi-oni the Saxon geslapan, to sleej) no Domini, the year of our Lord anno gewarian, to beware the Dutch getvaar. with a mere opening of the moutli witliout mundi, the year of the world ante meridSometimes it is a corruption of theSaxon iem, before noon and for arts, in artium constraint, and without any effort to alter as again from ongean, awake from on on, the natural position or configuration of the magister. master of arts. Among the Rowacian, to watch or wake. Before parti Hence this letter is iound in many l/C stood for anno ab urbe condilips. mans, words first uttered by infants ciples, it may be a contraction of the Celtic which ta, from the building of the city or Rome. words are the names of the objects with (ig, the sign of the participle of the present In algebra, a and the first letters of the altense as, ag-radh, which infants are first concerned, as the saymg a saying, ago phabet represent known quantities the Or this may be"a contraction of on, ing. last letters are sometimes used to breast, and the parents. Hence in Herepreor what is equally probable, it brew DX am, is mother, and 3N ah, is father. may have sent unknown quanthies. In Chaldee and Syriac abhn is father in proceeded from a mere accidental sound In music, is the nominal of the sixth note jiroduced by neghgcnt utterance. In in the natural diatonic scale Arabic, aba ; in Ethiopic, ab{ ; in Malacalled by some words, a may be a contraction of Guido la. It is also the name of one of yan and Bengalese, bappa ; in Welsh, tad, at, of in, to, or an. In some words of Greek whence we retain daddy ; in Old Greek and the two natural moods and it is the open in Gothic atta ; in original, a is privative, giving to them a note of tlie 2d string of the violin, by which Irisli, atfhm'r ; in Cannegative sense, as in anonymous, from a the other strings are tuned and regulated. taljrian, aita ; in Lapponic, nfki ; in Abysand ovofia name. In a or aa, abbreviations of the sinian, abba ; in Amharic, aba ; in Shilhic pharmacy, and Melindane, African dialects, baba : Among the ancients,^ was a numeral (<eno Greek ana, signify of each separately, or ting .500 and with a dash A 5000. In the that the things mentioiieil slioirid l)e taken andpapa is found in many nations. Hence the Latin mamma, the Hebrew, Syr. Ch. Sam. and Ar. if denotes in quantities of the same breast, which is, in weight or measone or imity. In the Juhan ure. popular use, the name of mother in SweCalendar, is the first of the seven dominical letters. In chimistn/, dish, amma, is a nurse. stand for amalgama, or This list might be Among logicians. A, as an abbreviation, amalga7nation. extended but tlicse examples greatly stands for a universal affirmative prove .4 to be the first natural vocal soimd jiropoSi In commerce, .4 stands for accepted, as in case tion. asserts and entitled to the first place in denies. Thus in bar of a bill of exciiaiige. Mercliants aKso alphabets. The Hebrew name of this letter, bara,a thrice repeated denotes so many of number their books by the letters A, B, C, " alcph, the propositions to be universal. an ox or a leader. instead of figures. Public officers number signifies The Romans used to signify a negative or their exhibits in the same manner; as the Jl has in English, three sounds the long or dissent in giving their votes document A, or B. standing' slender, as in place, fate ; the broad, as in for antiquo, I oppose or object to the pro-| Alpha and Omega, the fii-st and last letters wall, fail, which is shortened in salt, what ; posed law. Opposed to this letter were' of the Greek Alphabet, are used in and the open, as in father, Scripnti rogas, be it as you desire glass, which is li, the! ture for the beginyiing and end shortened in rather, fancy. Its represenprimitive tative of Christ. %yords used to express assent to a proposi-' sound was jirobably aw. is also an tion. These letters were marked on[ In inathemntics, letters are used as represenabbreviation of the Saxon an or wooden ballots, and each voter had anl tatives of ane, one, numbers, fines, angles and quanused before words beginning with an araffirmative and a negative tities. In argtiments, letters are substituput into liis! ticulation as a table, instead of an table, hands, one of which at pleasure he gave ted for ])ersons, in cases or one table. This is a modern supposed, or statas his vote. In criminal change stood for ed for illustration, as trials, contracts with lor in Saxon an was used before articulaC for condemno, I con absolvo, I acquit to deliver property to D.\n the English
*fi- is
I

AAA

ABA
" a landlord has a hundred phraseology a year," " llie sum amounted to ten dollars a man," a is merely the adjective 07ic, and this mode of exprerfsion is idiomatic a
;

ABA
to the

ABA
in the

phnth above the bouhin

Doric orders.

Tus^

can

anil

hundred in a [one] man.

[one]

year

ten dollars to a

ABACUS PYTHAGORICUS, The muhi- serting wholly renoimcing one's self without restraint. plication table, invented by Pvthagoras. ABACUS HARMONICUS, The structure ABAN'DONING, n. A forsaking
;

Encyc.

ABAN'DONER, n. One who abandons. ABAN'DONING, ppr. Forsaking or

; ;

de-

yielding
total de-

AAM,

and disposition of the keys of a

instrument.

tnusical

sertion.

n. [Ch. nnx, or non a cuhit, a measure A measure of containing 5 or palms.] liquids among the Dutch equal to 288

He hoped

his past meritorious actions

English

pints.

ABACUS MAJOR, A trough used in mines, ovitweigh his present abandoning the thought of future actions. Clarendon. to wash ore in. Encyc. AB'ADA, n. A wild animal of Africa, of the ABAN'DONMENT, n. A total desertion a
;

might

A'VRON'l. ti. rert&ining to Aaron, the Jewish High P) icst, or to the priesthood of which he was the head. Doddridge. A2, In Engl;? h nranes, is an abbreviationof Abbey or Abbot as Ahbingdon, Abbey;

size

two horns on

of a steer, or half grown colt, having its forehead and a third on the nape of the neck. Its head and tail resemble those of an ox, but it has cloven feet, like the stag. Cyc.
[keb. Ch. Syr. Sam. n3N, to be lost, or destroyed, to perish.] The destroyer, or angel of the bottomless Rev. ix. pit. The bottomless pit. Milton
n.

state
tree.

of being forsaken.
71.

ABAN'GA,

The ady
n.

a species of
Lai.]

Palm-

[See Adi/.]

ABANNI'TION,

[Low

banishment
slaughter.

for

one or two years

for

man-

town, Abbeyhill, Abbol-town. AB, a prefix to words of Latin origin, and a Latui preposition, as in abscond, is the Greek arto, and the Eng. of, Ger. ab, D. af, Sw. Dan. af, written in ancient Latin af It denotes from, separating or departure. AB, The Hebrew name of Father. SeeAbba. AB, The eleventh month of the Jewish civil year, and tlie firth of the ecclesiastical

ABAD'DON,
1.

ABAPTIS'TON,
panning.
;

Diet. [JVoi used.'] n. The perforating part of the trephine, an instrument used ui tre-

Coxc.

ABA'RE, V. t. [Sax. abarian. See Bare.'] AB" AFT, adv. or prep. [Sax. eft or afl, again. To make bare to imeover. [jVb< in use.] Hence efler or cefter, after, subsequent ABARTICULA'TION, n. [See Articulate.] Sax. (cftan, behind in place to which In anatomy, that species of articulation or word be is prefixed beaflan, behind, and structure of joints, which admits of manithis word is corrupted into ab(ft.] fest or extensive motion called also diaryear, answering to a part of July, and a of August. In the Syriac Calendar, A sea-term signifying in or at the hinder throsis and dearticnlation. part Encyc. Coxe. ab is the name of the last summer month. part of a ship, or the parts which lie to- [ABAS', n. A weight in Persia used in wards the stern oppfised to afore. RelaAB' AGIST, n. [from abacus.] weighing pearls, one eighth less than the
2.
;

One

that

casts
adv. [a

accounts

calculator.

tively

ABACK'

[JVot

much

iised.]

and back. Sax. on bctc ; at, on or tow ards the back. See Back.] Towards the back on the back part backward. In seamen's language it signifies
;

denotes further aft or towards the as abaft the mainmast. Abaft the that arch of the horizon whicl beam, is between a line drawn at right angles with the keel, and the point to which the stern is directed. It is often contracted
it

stern

Eurojieau carat.

ABASE,
basis
;

Encyc.

V.

t.

is in

or the bottom
low.
1,

[Fr. abaisser, W. hais

;

from
;

has, low,

Eng. base ; See Abash.]

It.

Latin and Gr. Abbassare ; Sp. baxo,

The cap of State, formerly To transfer AB'ACOT, another used by Enghsh Kings, wrought into the
n.

pressed back against the mast by the wind. Taken aback, is when the sails are carried liack suddenly by the wind. Tjaid aback, is when the sails are purposely placed in that situation to give the ship Mariner's Diet. sternway.
sails,

the situation of the

when

AB AGUN,
oi)ia,

into aft.

Mar.
n.

Diet.

The name of a
its

fowl in Ethi

remarkable for
signifies statelv
t.

sort of horn,

growing on

beauty and for a The its head.

Crabbe.
2.

The literal sense of abase is to toiver or depress, to throw or cast down, as used by Bacon, "to abase the eye." But the word is seldom lused in reference to material
things. To cast down to reduce \ow ; to de])ress ; to liunible ; to degrade applied to
; ;

word

Abbot.

ABAISANCE, [See AB.VLIENATE v.

Obeisance.] [See Alienate, Aliene

the

of property from one to a term of the civil law rarely or

title

the passions, rank, oflice, and condition in

hfe.

figure of

two crowns.
n. [Latin

never used in
title

common
n.

laiv proceedings.

ABACTOR,

from abigo, ab and

ABALIENA'TION,
to property.
V.
i.

The

transferriug of

Those that alk in pride he Dan. iv. Whosoever exalteth himself

Mat.
xxiii.

is

able to abase.

shall

be abased.

ago, to drive.]

[See Alienation.]
[Fr.

Job,

xl.

2 Cor.

xi.

In law, one that feloniously drives aw-ay or steals a herd or numbers of cattle at once, in distinction from one that steals a sheep or two.

ABANDON,

AB'ACUS

n. [L. abacus,

any thing

flat,

as a
1.

cupboard, a bench, a slate, a table or board for games; Gr. aSol. Usually deduced from the Oriental, abak, dust, be-

p^N cause the ancients used tables covered with dust for nialdng figures and diagrams.]
1.

abandonner ; Sp. and ABASED, pp. Reduced to a low state, Von. abandonar ; It. abbandonare ; said to humbled, degraded. be from ban, and donner, to give over to In heraldry, it is used of the wings of eagles^ the ban or proscription or fi'om a or ab when the tops are turned downwards toand bandiim, a flag or ensign.] wards the point of the shield or when the To forsake entirely as to abandon a wings are shut, the natural way of bearing them being spread, with the top pointhopeless euterprize. Wo to that generation by which the te^itimony ing to the chief of the angle.
;
;

of

2.

Among the Romans, a cupboard orbufi^et. An instrument to facilitate operations in

are drawn lines a counter on the lowest line, is one ; on the next, ten ; on the third, a hundred, &c. On the spaces, counters denote half the number of the line above. Other schemes are called by the same name. The name is also given to a table of numbers cast vip, as an abacus of addition and by analogy, to the art of numbering, as in ICnighton's ^
arithmetic
;

3.

on

this

God shall be abandoned. Dr. .Masnn. To renounce and forsake to leave with a view never to return to desert as lost or desperate as to abandon a country to abandon a cause or party. To give up or resign without control, as when a peison yields himself, without res;
;

ABA'SEMENT,

n.
;

The

Cha7Jibers. Bailey. act of humbling

4.

or bringing low also a state of depression, degradation, or humiliation. ABASH', V. t. [Ileb. and Ch. tyU bosh, to be confounded, ov ashamed.] To make the s]>irits to fail to cast down the countenance to make ashamed to conas to abandon traint, to a propensity fuse or confoiuid, as by exciting suddenly a one's self to intemperance. Abandoned over and abandoned of are obsolete. consciousness of guilt, error, inferiority,&c. To resign to yield, relinquish, or give Afilton.. They h,'ard and were abashed.
;
;

over entirely. Verus abandoned the

wiser colleague.

ABASH'ED,
cares of empire to his
;

pp.
ppr.
n.

confounded put

to silence

Confused with shame followed by at.

;

Gibbon

ABASHING,
confusion.
[Little used.]

Putting to shame or

3.

Chronicon. Encyc. In architecture, a table constituting the upper member or crowning of a colinnn and its capital. It is usually square, but sometimes its sides are arched inwards. The name is also given to a concave molding on the capital of the Tuscan pedestal ; and

7.

71. One who totally forsakes Obs. Karnes. relin(|Mishment. [JVot used.] ABAN'DONED, pp. Wholly forsaken orl deserted. 2. Given up, as to a vice ; hence, extremely wicked, or sinning without restraint ; irre-

ABAN'DON,
or deserts.

ABASII'i^IENT,

Confusion from shame.

Iliuribling, n.

AB.\'S1NG,

ppr. bringing low.

depressing,
silver coin

ABAS'Sl,or ABASSIS,

claimabJy wicked.

of Persia, of the value of twenty cents, about ten pence sterUng. Encyc^

ABA
ABATABLE,
ted
;

ABB
}

A B D
the habit of the order; ant\ commendatory, such as are seculars, but obliged, when of The title is suitable age, to take orders. borne also by some persons, who have not the government of a monastery as bishops, whose sees were formerly abbeys.
;

a.

That may or can be aba-ABATTIS,

n.

[from beating or pulling,

Fr. abattre.]

as an abaiaUe writ or nuisance.

V.
t.

AB'ATIS,
;

down.

ABA'TE,

[Fr. abattre, to beat

;

down Rubbish.
abatir
; ;

baitre, to beat, to strike

S|i. batir,

Port, bater, abater;

It.

battere,

abbattere

Heb. Ch.
Ar.
>**=>

33n, to

beat; Syr.

^a.*^

'

In fortification, piles of trees, or branches of trees sharpened, and laid with the points outward, in front of ramparts, to prevent assailants from mounting the
walls.
n.

i-lI-*A^b Rabata, to beat, and

VB'ATURE,
ABB,

kabatiia, to beat

down,

to prostrate.

The

or trampled

down by

[from abate.] a stag in passing.

Encyc. Grass beaten

Diet.

Encyc.

AB'BOTSHIP,
abreuver, to Gr. Bpf j;u.]

n.

The
7!.
;

state of an abbot.

ABBREUVOIR,
is

[Fr.

abreuvoir,
id.
;

Saxon has

the participle gebatod, abated.

is

water

Sp. abrevar,

from from

The
beat.
1.

prefix

sunk to a in abate, and See Class Bd. No. 2.3, :?3.]

;

lost in

n. [Sax. ab or ob.] yarn for the warp.

Among

weavers,
Encyc.

Hence abb-wool

Among

To beat down
in

To lessen ; to diniinisli to moderate as father, appen. to abate zeal ; to abate pride ; to abate a In the Syriac, Coptic and Ethiopic churches, to abate courage. ; it is a title given to the Bishops, and the 3. To lessen ; to mitigate ; as to abate pain
2.
; ;

any manner; as

to pull down ; to destroy to abate a nuisance.

wool

ABBA,

for the abb. n. In the

and

Chaldee and Syriac, a Sans, figuratively a superior.

masons, the joint between stones in a wall, to be filled \vith mortar. Did. [I know not whelher it is now used.]
Sp. abreviar
abbrevio,
;

ABBREVIATE,

demand

brevio,

v. t. abbreviare ; [It. Port, abbreviar ; from L. fioni breris, short con;

tracted from Gr. Rpa;tvj, from the root of

break,
1.

4.

5.
6.

Bishops bestow the title, by way of distinction, on the Bishop of Alexandria. To overthrow to cause to fail to frus Hence the title Baba, or Papa, Pope or as to abate a trate by judicial sentence great father, which the Bishop of Alexanwrit. To deject to depress as to abate the dria bore, before the Bishop of Rome. 4|AB'BACY, n. [from abba. Low Lat. abbasold. Oba.
or sorrow.
; ; ; ; ;

which
;

see.]

To shorten to make shorter by contracting the parts. [In tliis sense, not mucft used, nor often applied to material substances.]

2.

To

deduct;
to

tia.]

add and nothing to abate. Pope 7. To cause to fail ; to annul. By the English law, a legacy to a charity is abated by

Nothing

The dignity, riglus and privileges of an abbot. It comprehends the government and revenues.
^ \

To shorten to abridge by the omission or defalcation of a part to reduce to a smaller compass as to abbreviate a
; ; ;

ABBAT'ICAL.

AB'BE, n. M'by, [from abba.] In Connecticut, to remit, as to abate a tax. In a monastic sense, the same as an ahbol; ABA'TE, V. i. To decrease, or become less but more generally, a title, in Catholic as pain abates ; a in strength or violence coimtries, without any determinate rank, office or rights. The abbes are numerous storm abates. and generally have soyie literary attain2. To fail to be defeated, or come to naught; as a writ abates. ments they dress as academics or scholBy the civil law a legacy to a charity does not abate by lieficiency ars, and act as instructors, in colleges and of assets. or as tutors to young private families 3. In law, to enter into a freehold after tlie gentlemen on their travels and many of death of the last occupant, and before the them become authors. heir or devisee takes possession. AB;BESS, n. [from abba.] Blackstone. A female superior or governess of a 4. In horsemansliip, to perform well a down nery, or convent of nuns, having the ward motion. A horse is said to abate, or authority over the nuns which the abbots take down his curvets, when, working have over the Monks. [See Abbey.] upon curvets, he puts both his hind legs AB'BEY, n. ptu. abbeys, [from abba.] to the ground at once, and observes the A monastery or society of persons of either same exactness in all the times. sex, secluded from the world and devoted Encyc to refigion. The males are called monks. ABATED, pp. Lessened decreased and governed by an abbot; the females defeated remitdestroyed mitigated are called nuns, and governed by an abbess. ted overthrown.
8.
; ; ; ; ;

a deficiency of assets.

\BBATIAL,

" Bclongmg
.

writing. 3. In matlicnialics, to reduce fractions to the , ,, to an abbey. lowest terms. Wallis.

ABBREVIATED,
in length
2.
;

pp. Shortened reduced abridged. In botany, an abbreviated perianth is shorter than the tube of the corol.
;

ABBRE'VIATING,
pass.

;>;)/.

Martyn. Shortening; con-

tracting in length or into a smaller

com-

mm

n. The act of shorteuing or contracting. 2. A letter or a few letters used for a word as Gen. for Genesis U. S. A. for United States of America. 3. The reduction of fractions to the lowest terms. ABBRE'VIATOR, n. One who abridges or reduces to a smaller compass. ABBRE'VIATORS, a college of .seventy-

ABBREVI.VTION,

two persons whose duty

in tlie
is

to

briefs, and reduce petitions, to a due firm for bulls.

chancery of Rome, draw up the Pope's when granted,

a.

ABATEMENT, n. The act of abating the state of being abated. 2. A reduction, removing, or pulling down,
as of a nuisance.
3. 4.

These instit\itions were snj)pressed in England by Henry VIII.; but they still

ABBREVIATORY,

Shortening, con-

Blackstone

ABBEY-LUBBER,
ABBOT,
71.

Diminution, decrease, or mitigation, as of

grief or pain.

exist in Catholic countries. n. name given to monks, in contempt for their idleness.

ABBRE VIATURE,
ter for

tracting.

n.
;

shortening

letter or characan abridgment, a

compend.

[formerly ahbat, from abba, A. B. C.

The

three

first letters

of the alpha-

Deduction, account.

sum withdrawn,

as from an

3.

G.

Overtlirow, failure, or defeat, as of a writ Blackstone The entry of a stranger into a freehold after the death of the tenant, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone. In heraldni, a

7.

mark of dishonor

in

a coat

of arms,
for

liy

whicli

some

stain
n.

its dignity is debased on the character of the

from Heb. jilnral nUN^ Also a bet, used for the whole alphabet. The superior or governor of an abbey or little book for teaching the elements of Sliak. monastery. Originally monasteries were reading. foiuided in retired places, and tlie religious AB'DALS, n. The name of certain fanatics hail no concern with secular aftairs, bein in Persia, who, in excess of zeal, sometimes run into the streets, and attr'inpt to But the entirely subject to the prelates. kill all they meet who are of a diflerent abbots possessing most of tlie learning, in and if they are slahi for their religion ages of ignorance, were called tioni their seclusion to aid the cluirches in op|>osing madness, they think it meritorious to die, heresies monasteries were lijuudcd and by the vidgar are deemed martyrs.
latinized abbas, or
;

wearer.

the vicinity of cities

ABATER,
abates.

The person

or thing that

abbots became aml)itious and set themselves to acquire wealth and honors; some of them assumed
;

tlie

AB DEIilTE,
a mariliiue
is

n.

An
in

Encyc.
inhabitant of Abdera, Thrace. Democrittis

town

ABATING,

ppr.
n.

Pulhng down, diminishperson

ing, defeating, remitting.

ABATOR,

who

enters into a
Blackstone.

freehold on the death of the before the heir or devisee.

last i)ossessor.

the miter, threw ott" their dependence on the bishops, and obtained seats in parlia ment. For many centuries, ])rinces and noblemen bore the title of abbots. At present, in catholic coiuitries, abbots are regular, or such as talcc the vow, and \\ear

so called, from being a native of the As he was given to laughter, foolplace. ish or incessant laughter, is called abderian.

Wliitaker.

ABOIeANT, a. [See Abdicate.]

renouncing.

Abdicating ;

A B D
AB'DICATE,
V.
t.

ABE
;

ABE
flying fish, Enci/c.

[L. abdico

ab and

dieo,

to dedicate, to bestow, but the literal ])rimary sense ot'dico is to send or thrust.] 1. In a g-enfraZ sense, to relinquish, renounce, or abandon. Forster.
Q.

ABDOMINAL

To abandon an
a formal
red
it,

office or trust, resignation to those

without
conferalso to sur;

who

or INGUINAL RING, an oblong tendinous ring in both groins, through whicii pass the .sjiermstic cord in men, and tlie round ligaments of

argentine, atherine, herring and carp.

mullet,

and in morals, a fault, a deviation fiom rectitude. Brown.

error, mistake
;

RING,

ABER'RANT, a.
the
risrht

VVandermg, strayuig from

[Rarely used.] n. [L. abeirntio.]

way.

ABERRATION,

The
;

act

tlie iiferns in

women.

Med. Diet.
to the abdo-

or without their consent

abandon a throne, without a formal

[L. abduco, to lead away, of at and duco, to lead. See Duke.] 3. To relinquish an oflice before the expira- To draw from ; to withdraw, or draw to a tion of tlie time of service. different part ; used chiefly in anatomy. Case of Diocletian, Gibbon; also Case of ABDU'CENT, a. Drawing from, pulling
('.

render of the crown. Case of Ki7}g James, Blacksione.

ABDU CE,

AEiJOM'INOUS, a. Pertaining men having a large belly.

;

Cowper.

t.

of wandering fiom the right way; deviation from truth or moral rectitude deviation from a strait line. In astronomy, a small apparent motion of the fixed stars, occasioned by the progressive motion of light and the earth's annual motion in its orbit. By this, they sometimes appear twenty seconds distant from
3.

Paul
4.

III.

Core's Russ.
;

To To
cate

reject

to renoiuice

to

abandon as a
Burke.

right.
5.

back used of those muscles which pidl back certain parts of tlie body, for sepaThe rating, opening, or bending tlieni.
;

their true situation. Lunier. In optics, a deviation in the rays of light, when inflected Vjy a lens or speculum,

cast

away;

to

renounce; as to abdi[Unusual.']

abducent

muscles,

called abductors,

are

our mental

faculties.

opposed
tors.

to the adducent
n.

muscles or adduc

by which they are prevented from uniting in the same point. It is occasioned by the figure of the glass, or by the unequal re-

J. P. Smith. In the civil lata, to disclaim a son and expel him from the family, as a father; to disinlierit during the Ufe of the father. Encyc. AB'DIATE, V. i. To renoimce to abandon to cast off; to relinquish, as a right, power, or trust.
6.
; ;

ABDUCTION,

Though a ICing may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate lor the monarchy.
Burke

AB'DICATED, pp. Renounced;

rehnquish-

ed without a formal resignation; abandoned. ABDICATING, ppr. ReUnquishing with out a formal resignation abandoning.
;

ABDICA'TION,

The act of abthcating n': the abandoning of an office or trust, witli out a formal surrender, or before the usual or stated time of expiration.

2.

casting off; rejection.

a.

Med. Diet. frangibility of the rays of light. Encyc. In a general sense, the Crown of abeiration, a luminous circle surrounding the disk of the sun, depending on the aberration of its rays, by wliicli its the broken parts recede from each other ajipareut diameter is enlarged. Cyc. 3. In logic, a kind of argumentation, called ABER'RING, part. a. Wandering going Broum. astrav. by tlie Greeks apagoge, in which the major is evident, but the minor is not so ABERRUNCATE, i>. t. [L. arerrunco.] To As to extirpate utterh . clear, as not to require farther proof. pull up by the roots Diet. in this syllogism, "all whom God absolves [Xot used.] are free from sin God absolves all w ho ABET', c. t. [Sax. hetan, gebetan ; properly to push forward, to advance ; hence to are in Christ ; therefore all who are in Christ are free from sin." amend, to revive, to restore, to make betEncyc. 4. In law, the taking and carrying away of a ter; and applied to lire, to increase the Hence to flame, to excite, to promote. child, a ward, a wife, &c. either by fraud, aid by encouraging or instigating. Hence persuasion, or open violence. in Saxon, " Na bete nan man that fy'r." Blackstone ABDUCTOR, n. In anatomy, a muscle Let no man bet, [better, excite] the fire, LL. Ina. 78.] or pull back a which serves to withdraw, certain jiart of the body as tlie abductor 1. To encourage by aid or countenance, but " To now used in a bad sense. outwards. the
act of drawing apart, or carrying away 2. In surgery, a species of fracture, in which
; ; ; ;

ocuii,

which
V.

AB'DIATIVE,
abdication.

abet an opinion," in the sense of suppoti, abaran.] is used by Bishop Cumberland but this Spenser. use is hardly allowable. hide ; ab and ABEA'RANCE, n. AB'DITIVE, [from abear, now disused do.] Having the power or quality of from bear, to carry.] Behavior, demeanor. 2. In law, to encourage, counsel, incite or assist in a criminal act. Diet. [Little used.] Blackstone. hiding. [Little used.] n. The act of aiding or encouraging AB'DITORY, n. place for secreting or ABECEDA'RIAN, n. [a word formed from ABET', in a crime. [JVot used.] Cowel. preservi)ig goods. the first four letters of the alphabet.] One n. [L. per ABET'MENT, /!. The act of abetting. AB'DOMEiSf, or who teaches the letters of the alphabet, or pp. Incited, aided, encourhaps abdo and omentum.] a learner of the letters. i. The lower belly, or that part of the body aged to a crime. a. Pertaining to, or formed which hcs between the thorax and the TING, ppr. Counselling, aiding or the letters of the aljihabet. by bottom of the pelvis. It is lined with a encouraging to a crime. On or in bed. adv. One who abets, or incites, n. membrane called peritoneum, and eon- ABED', or [See Bed.] ABE'LE, ABEL-TREE, n. An obsolete aids or encourages another to commit a tains the stomach, hver, spleen, pancreas name of the white poplar. [See Poplar. crime. In treason, there are no abettors; kidneys, bladder and guts. It is separated or A LIANS, all persons concerned bemg principals. Irom the breast internally by the diaITES, in Church history, a sect in Africa ABEVAUA'T10N, ?i. [ab and c acvMtion.] phragm, and externally, by the extremi Ill medicine, a ])artial evacuation of morOn its outer surface it is which arose in the reign of Arcadius ties of the ribs. but lived in continence, bid humors of the body, eitlier by nature they married, divided into four regions the epigastric, after the manner, as they pretended, of or art. the umbilical, the hypogastric and lumbar. Cyc. Abel, and attempted to maintain the .sect .\Bl:;Y'ANCE, n. ]iron. abayance. [Norm. Qitincy, by adopting the children of others. abbaiaunce, or abaizance, in expectation ; 2. In insects, the lower part of the animal Enryc. united to the corslet by a thread. In some boyance, expectation. Qu. Fr. buyer, to trivial name of a sjieA'BELMOSK, n. gape, to look a long time with the mouth species, it is covered w ith wings, and s The cies of hibiscus, or Syrian mallow. case. It is divided mto segments and open to stand looking in a silly manner plant rises on a herbaceous stalk, three or It. bndare, to amuse one's self, to stand of which are small rings, on the sides " tenere a four feet, sending out two or three .side bada," to keep at bay ; trifling spiracles by which the insect respires. branches. The seeds have a musky odor, D. .Yat. Hist "Starabada," to stand trifling. If

Causing or implyin

ABEA'R,
bear
;

[LAttte used.] a. [L. abdo, to

Diet.

[Sax. to behave. Obs.

t.

pulls abare,

eye

chiefly

ABDOMEN,

ABETTED,

ABECEDARY,

ABET

ABETTOR,

ABE

ABELONIANS

BEL

Bd

ABDOMINAL, o.
bellv.

Pertaining to the lowei

(whence

its

name,
}

noaxoi,) for

which reaaberro.
;

son the Arabians mix them with coffee.

ABDOM'INAL,

In re. plu. abdominals. ichthyology the abdominals are a class of fish whose ventral tins are j)laced behind to the tlie pectoral, and whicli belong division of bony fish. The class contains nine genera the loche, sahnon, pike

ABER'RANCE, ABER'RANCY,

n.

[L. abcrran.^

from of ab I to wander and erro, to wander.] A wandering or deviating from the right way, hut rarely used in a literal sense. I a figurative sense, a deviation from truth.

are the radical letter.s, it seems to belong See Bay.] to the root of abide. In expectation or contemplation of law. The fee simple or inheritance of lands and tenements is in abeyance, when there is no person in being in whom it can vest ; so that it is in a state of expectancy or waiting until a proper person shall appear.

A B

A B

J
ARJU'RE,
1.
t'.

A B L
t.

the consequences, as to abide by the event, Thus if land is Iisased to a man for life, that is, to be fixed or permanent in a parretiiaiiidoi- to another for years, the reticuhir condition. mainder for years is in abeyance, till the Blackstone. ABI'DER, ?i. One who dwells or continues. death of the lessee, for life.

[L.

abjuro,
;

to

deny upon
;

oath, from a6

ABHOR',
to set
1.

v.t.

[L. abhorreo,

up

bristles,

ah and horreo, to look shiver or shake

dl"
;

ABIDING, ABIDING,
residence
tinue
;

Dwelling; remaining; continuing; endm'ing; awaiting.

ppr.
n.
;

2.

to swear.] oath to abandon as to abjure allegiance to a prince. To renounce or reject with solemnity ;

To renounce upon

and juro,

to reject
3.

terrible.]

Contiiuiance
adi:

fixed state

hate extremely, or with contempt to Sliak. lothe, detest or abominate. Ps. xxii. 24. Amos 2. To desi)ise or neglect.
;

To

an enduring.
In a

.\BI'DINGLY,

manner

to con- 4.

as to abjure reason. To recant or retract. To banish. [.Vo? used.]

;

en-ors

algure

Shah.

permanently.
n.
;

Haioeia.

ABJURED,

vi. 8.

ABIL'ITY,
Ps. Ixxxix.
.T8.

3.

To

cast off or reject.

habilidad
1.

[Vr.habilelf ; ll.abilita; Sp. h. habititas, ableness, fitness,

Renounced pp. solemnly recanted.

upon oath;

ABJU'RER,

ABHOR'RED,
tested.

pp.
)

Hated extremely, dc
n.

ABHORRENCE,
ABHOR'REiNCY,
sion.

Extreme

hatred, de-

from habeo, to have or hold.] Physical power, whether bodily or men tal natural or acquired force of under;

ABJURING,
and

t. One who abjures. ppr. Renouncing upon oath; disclaiminir with solemnity.

ABLAC'TATE,
lac, milk.]

v.

t.

testation, great a

ABHORRENT, a.
with abliorrcuce.
2.

Hating, detesting, struck

Contrary, odious, inconsistent with, ex " Slan pressive of extreme opposition, as, In tier is abhorrent to all ideas of justice." this sense, it should be always followed

skill in arts or science. Ability active power, or power to perform ; as o]iposed to capaciti/, or power to receive. In the plural, abilities is much used in a like sense and also for faculties of the

standing;
is

To wean from
n.

[L. 'ablaelo

from ab
breast.

tlie

[Little u.sed.]

ABLACTATION,
1.

[L. ab

and lac, milk.

mind, and acquired qualifications.

Franklin. Riches, wealth, substance, which are the means, or which furnish the poiver, of certain acts. doing
2.

Lacto, to suckle.] In medical autltors, the child from the breast.

weaning of a

by to abhorrent from the English idiom.

is

not agreeable to

ancient gardeners, a Tnethod of grafting in which the cion was not separated fi-oiu the ]iarent stock, till it wa.s united to that in which it was infirmly

Among

ABHORRENTLY, adv.
ABHOR'RER,
n.

With abhorrence
abhors.

One who

ABHOR'RING,^^;-. Having great As a noun, it is used detesting.

Ixvi. for the object

of hatred

ring to

all flesh."

Tliey gave after their ability to the work. Ez. ii. a aversion, 3. 3Ioral power, depending on the will in Isaiah metaphysical and theological sense. "An abhor- 4. Civil or legal |iower the power or right to do certain things, as an ability to trans

serted. This is now called grafting by approach or inarching. [See Graft.] Lncyc.

ABLAQUEATION, "[L.
ab and

ablnqucatio,

from

A'BIB,

?i.

[Hcb. 3N, sweUing, protuberant

to ])roduce the first or early fruit

Ch. 33X,

fir property or dis])Ose of effects ability It is opposed to disability. to inherit.

laijucar, a roof or covering.] laying bare tlje roots of trees to expose thcin to the air and water a practice among gardeners.

ABI^.V'TIUN,

n.

The

grown car of corn.] first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical It begins at the year, called also Nisan. spring equinox, and answers to the latter
a'^N, a tun

[h.ab and lalio, a carry-

ABINTESTATE,
tus

dying

testor, to
test,

Cyc a. [L* ab and intcstawithout a will, fi-om in am W. tyst ; Arm. bear witness
;

ing-]

part of

March and beginning of

April.

Its name is derived fi'oia the full growtl of wheat in Egypt, which took place an cieiitly, as it does now, at that season.

witness. See Test and Testify.] In the aril law, inheriting the estate of one

carrying away. In medidne, the taking from the body whatever is hurtful evacuations in general. In rhimistry, the removal of whatever is finished or no longer necessary.
;

dying without a

will.

AB'LATIVE,
to cast

o.
;

ABJEC'T',
out.

v.t.

To throw away;

L. ahlativus

[F. ablatif; h. ablativo ; L. ablafus, from avfero, ti>

carry away, of at and /fro.] ABI'DE, V. {. pret. and part, abode. [Ar. ^x j 1 ABJECT, a. [L. abjectus, from abjicio, to A word applied to the sixth case of nouns in ' the Latin language, in which case are used throw away, from 06 nndjacio, to throw abada, to be, or exist, to continue W. W(jrds when the actions of to pci 1. Sunk to a low condition Sax. bidan, abidnn; Sw. bida ; applied carrying away, hod, to be or taking from, are signified. sons or things. Hence, D. beiden ; Dan. bier; Russ. vitayii, to 2. Worthless, mean, despicable, low in esti- Ablative altsolute, is when a word in that dwell, rest, contiiuie, stand firm, or be mation, without hope or regard. case, is independent, in construction, of for anytime indefinitely. Class stationarv the rest of the sentence. AB'JEt'T, n. A person in the lowest con Bd. No
Obs.

Spenser.

7.]

1.

2.

To rest, or dwell. Gen. xxix. 19. To tarry or stay for a short time. xxiv. 55.
To
state to cxix. 90.
;

dition

Gen;

ABJECT EDNESS,
picable condition.

and despicable.
n.

Ps. xxxv.

A very low or desof being cast

;

ABLE,
1.

a. a'bl.

[L. kahilis

Norm,
;

ahlez.]
h.-ivitig

Having physical power sitfficient

3.

continue permanently or in the same be firm and innnovable. Ps

Acts, xxvni. 31
;

ABJECTION,
away
sjiirit
;

n.

[Little used.]

state

hence a low state

baseness.
adv.
;

meanness of

competent power or strength, bodily or mental as a man able to perform miUtary service a child is not able to reason on

I.

remain, to continue. Eccles. viii. 15.

V.
t.

To

ABJECTLY,
nor; nieanlv
abject;

In a contemptible
state

man

abstract subjects.
2.

ABIDE,
for
;

To

wait for

to

be prepared
Acts, xx. 23

ABJECTNESS,
1.

servilelv. n. The
;

of being

Having strong or imusual powers of mind, or intellectual qualificafions ; as an

able minister.

to await.

meamiess
n.

servility.
;!.

Bonds and afflictions abide me. [For is here understood.]

2. 3.

ABJURATION,
;

Provide out of

all

Israel able

men.

Ex.

xriii.
;

To To

cntlure or sustain.
abide
tlic

To

indignation of the Lord.

Joel x.

" I cannot abide his impertinence." This verb when intransitive, is followed bv in or at before the i>lace, and with before the person. "Abide u-ith me f Jcrusa lem or in this land." Sometimes by on

bear or endtn-e;

to bear patiently.

[See Abjure.] The act of jibjuring a renunciation upon oath as " an abjuration of the realm," In which a person swears to leave the coiuiIt is used alst try, and never to return. for the oath of reiuinciation. Formerly in England, felons, takuig refuge in church, and confessing their guilt, couhi not be arrested and tried, but might sav(
;,
;

Having large or competent property simply having property, or means.

Kvcry man
shall give as lie is able.

or

I.

Dcut. xvi. Having competent strength or fortitude. He is not able to sustain such pain or alfliction

5.

Having sufiicient knowledge or He is able to speak French.

.She
is

skill.

that is their lives by abjuring the realm the sv.ord shall abide on his cities ; aiuj by takijig an oath to quit the kingdom forin the sense ol'ivait, by for, abide/or jne. ever. Hosea, iii. 3. Sometunes by by, abide 61/ 2. rejection or denial with solemnity the crib. Job, xxxix. total abandonment; as "an abjuration of In general, abide by signifies to adhere to, heresy." maintain, defend, or stand to, as to aliidc \BJURATORY, a. Containing abjuration. by a promise, or by a fi-iend or to sufier Encyc.

not able to play on the piano.

G.

Having competent moral power or

fications.

quali-

An

illeai'iinato

son

is

not aile to take by mher-

;i

if.inre.

\'BLE-BODIED,(i. Having a sound, strong body, or ;i body of competent strength for

In marine language, service. skill in seamauship.
it

dene tcs

Mar. Did.

ABO
-

ABO
A
small fresh

ABO
A
Dryden.
secret

AB'LEN,
water
force
sight
;

or

AB'LET,
the bleak.
)i.
;

n.

ABO'DE,

v.i.

To be an omen.
n.

fisli,

A'BLENESS,
vigor

Ability of body or

mmd
of

ABO'DEMENT,
ABO'DING,
tion. n.

ABO'RD,

[from bode.]
;

anticipation of soiuething future.

Shak.

capability.

Presentiment

AB'LEPSY,
;

n.

[Gr.

otf^t^-ia.]

Want

prognosticaaboleo
;

bliiulnes.s.

A'BLER, and A'BLEST, Conip. and

of able.

superl.
loco,

ABOL'ISII, V. t. [Fr. abolir; " L. ab and oleo, olesco, to grow

1.

Hall from

ABO'RD, v.t. To accost. [M'otinuse.] ABO'REA, n. A species of duck, called by

Edwards, the black-belhed whistling duck. This fowl is of a reddish brown color, with a sort of crest on its head the belly is spotted with black and white. It belongs to
;

See Border.] Literally, arrival, but used for first ajipcarance, manner of accosting, or address, but not an word. English Chesterfield.
71.

[Fr.

To make

void;

to

AB'LOCATE,
to let out.]

V.

To

[L. abloco, ab let out ; to lease.

t.

and

Calvin.

ABLOCA'TION,
;

n.

A letting

to hire.

ABLU'DE, i'.(.[L. abludo, ab andludo, to play.] To be unlike to differ. [JVot used.] Hall. AB'LUENT, a. [L. abluo, to wash away
ab and
luo, or lavo,

to

wash

Ix. lo

or lua,

water.]

Washing
quids.

clean

cleansing by water or U-

AB'LUENT,

[Litlk used except as a noun.] n. In medicine, that which thins, purifies or sweetens the blood.
Qiiincy.

[See Diluent and Abstergent.] n. [L. abhitio, from ab and luo or lavo to wash.] 1. In a general sense, the act of washing a cleansing or purification by water. 2. Apjjropriately, the washing of the body as a preparation for religious duties, enjoin-

ABLUTION,

See Origin.] death, 2 First original jiriniitive aboriginal people To are the first inliabitants of a country. abolish posterity, in the translation of PauAboriginal tribes of America. President Smith sanias, Lib. 3. Ca. 0. is hardly allowable. ABOL'ISHABLE, a. That luay be annul- ABORIG'INAL, n. An original, or primitive inhabitant. The first settlers in a country led, abrogated, or destroyed, as a law, rite, are called aboriginals ; as the Celts in Eucustom, &c. rope, and Indians in America. ABOL'ISIIED,;);). Annulled; repealed; abPresident Smith. rogated, or destroyed. ABORIGINES, n. plur. Aboriginals but ABOL'ISHER, n. One who abohshes. ABOLISHING, ppr. Makuig void; aimul- not an English word. It may be well to let it pass into disuse. [See ling destroying.
ish
idols.
i.

applied chiefly and apjjropriately to established laws, contracts, rites, customs and institutions as to abolish laws by a repeal, actual or virtual. To destroy, or put an end to; as to abol-

annul; to abrogate;

the genus, anas.

ABORIG'INAL,
; ;

a.

[L. ab and origo, orighi.

;

Isa.

ii.

To

abolish

Tim.

This sense

is

not

common.

ed by Moses
countries.
3.

;uid

still

practiced in

many

In chimistry, the purification of bodies by the affusion of a proper liquor, as water to

dissolve salts.
(^uincy.
;

4.

fernally,
5.

In medicine, the washing of the body fxas by baths or internally, by

diluting fluids.

n. The act of annuldestruction. Hooker. n. abolishun. The act of or the state of being abolish abolishing ed an annulhng abrogation utter des truction; as the abolition of laws, decrees ordinances, rites, customs, debts, &c. The application of this word to persons and To things, is now umisual or obsolete. abolish persons, canals and senses, the Ian guage of good writers formerly, is no lon-

VBOL'ISHMENT,
ling
;

Aborigincd.]

abroeation
;

ABORSEMENT,
Abortion.

n.uborsment. [See Abort.]

orior.]

ABOLI "TION,
;

[JVot in use.]

ABORT', V. t. [L. aborto ; ab and ortus, To miscarry in birth. [JVb< in use.]

ABORT',
i.

Herbert.

All abortion.

ABORTION,
1.

[JVotimise.] Btirton. n. [L. ato?'<io, a miscarriage ;

Pope has used ablution for the water used

in cleansing.

ger legitimate.

ABOM'INABLE,
hateful
2.
; ;

o.

6.

The cup
ability.

cration, in po|)ish churches. A'BLY, adv. In an able mamier

given to the laity without conseJohnson with great

v. I.

detestable

[See Abomitiate.] Very lothesome.

;

2.

This word is apphcable to whatever is odious to the mind or offensive to the

senses.

Milton.
Levit. vii
n.

usually deduced from ab and orior.] The act of miscarrying, or producing tune, or before the fetus is perfectly formed. In a figurative sense, any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or any thing which fails in its progress, before it is matured or perfect, as a design or pro-

young before the natural

AB'NEGATE,
from ab and
;

To
[L.

deny.

\_Mt used.]

3.

Unclean.

ject.

ABNEGATION,
;

abnego, to deny, net;o ; naca, nacau ; Sw neka, to deny W. nac, no Eng. nay; L. Ir. itach, not.] denial a renee, not
n.

W.

JABOM'INABLENESS,
testably
2.
;

The

3. quality or

state of being very odious; hatefulness. ABOMTNABLY, adv. Very odiously de

;

ABOR'TIVE,
;

The fetus brought forth before fectly formed. a. Brought forth in

ture state failing, or before it is comjdete.

it

is

per-

an imma-

sinfidly.

Kings

xxi.
2.

coming

to naught,

niuiciation

self-denial.
);.

Hammond.
denies, re-

In

AB'NEGATOR,
ABNODA'TION,

One who

vulgar language, extremely, exces

sively.

Failing in

its
;

effect;

miscarrying; pro-

nounces, or opposes any thing. Saytdys. n. [L. abnodo ; ab and The act of cutting away nodus, a knot.] the knots of trees. Diet.
n.

ABOM'INATE,
evil.]

V. t. [L. abomino, supposed to be formed by ab and omen ; to depre- 3. cate as ominous ; may the Gods avert the

4.

ABNORMTTY,
fiirmity.

[L. alo;()s, irregular;

rule.]

To

hate e.xtremely

to

abhor

ab and norma, a

Irregularity

de-

to detest. Southern.

ducing nothing as an abortive scheme. Rendering abortive as abortive gulf, in Milton, but not legitimate. Pertaining to abortion as abortive vellum, made of the skin of an abortive calf
;

brought [hittle used.] Diet. ppr. Abhorring ; Iiatin; ABOR'TIVE, forth or l>orn prematiu'ely. [LAttle used.] board. See Board.] extremely. Within a ship, vessel, or boat. ABOMINA'TION, n. Extreme hatred de ABOR'TIVELY, adv. Immaturely ; in an untimely manner. To SCO aboard, to enter a ship, to embark. testation. Su-ift^ n. The state of being To fall aboard, to strike a shi]j's side. 2. The object of detestation, a common signi- ABOR'TIVENESS, abortive a faihng in the progress to perMoard main tack, an order to draw a corner fication in scripture. fection or maturity a failure of producing of the main-sail down to the chess-tree. The way of tlie wicked is an abomination to the intended eflect. the Lord. Prov ,._ . ._ Encyc. Mar. Diet. n. [from bode.] An omen. 3. Henc"e,'defilement, pollution, in a phvsicaJlJABORT'iMENT, n. An untimely birth.
Irregular
;

ABNORM^OUS,
ABOARD,

[hittle used.] a. [L.

Diet.

VBOM'INATED,
tested
;

pp.

Hated

abnormis, supra.]

abhorred.

5. In botany, an abortive flower utterly; defalls without jiroducing fruit.

is

Encyc. one which

Martyn.
is

deformed,

ABOMINATING,

n.

That which

adv. [a

and

ABO'DANCE,
[Ao/
used.]
pret.
?i.
;

Johnson.
c^f

ABO'DE, ABO'DE,
2.
3.

abide.

sense, or evil doctrines and which are moral defilements,

|)ractices,

idols

and

ABOUND',

in a i)lace ter time.

[See Abide.] Stay: continuance residence for a longer or shor;

place of continuance

a dwelling

habitation.

To make abode, to dwell or reside. ABO'DE, v.t. [SeeBorfe.] To foreshow.

Sliak.

The called abominations. idolatry, Jews were an abomirialion to the Egy|.)tians; arid the sacred animals of the Egyptians were an abomination to the Jews. The Roman army is called the abomination of desolation. Mat. xxiv. l.'J.
are

In short, whatever
hatred,
is

called

is an object of extreme an abomination.

Bacon. v.i. [L.abundo ;Fr. abonder; It. abbondare ; Sp. abundar. If this word is from L. unda. a wave, the latter has probably lust its first consonant. Abound may naturally be deduced from the Celtic. Ann. fonn, plenty; fo7ina, to aliound; W. to produce, to generate, to abound, fyniai'c, from fwn, a source, the root of fynon. L. fu7ts, a fountain.]

A B G
1.

ABO
4.

ABO
ABRIDGE',
1.

2.

ABOUND'ING,
;

ABOUND'ING,

Gen. m. serpentis cursed above all cattle. in excess. In stripes above measure. 2 Cor. xi. God will not suffer you to be tempted above peius. in great plenppr. Having what ve arc able, 1. Cor. X. 13. 2. To lessen ; to diminish ; as to abridge ty; being in great plenty; being very pre- 6. Beyond ; in a state to be unattainable as labor ; to al/ridge jiowcr or rights. Smith. valent generally prevaiUng. above comprehension. followed by 3. To deprive ; to cut ort'from things South 7. Too n. Increase. or enjoyproud for. of; as to abridge one of his rights, This man is above his business obsolete ments. To abridge from, is ABOUT', prep. [Sax. abutan, onbutan, emaround ; on or emb, coincid 8. Too elevated in mind or raiili ; having too or

To have or possess in great quantity; to be copiously supplied; followed by icith or in ; as to abound ivith provisions to abound in good things. To be in great plenty to be very prevalent. Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound. Rom. v.
; ;

The weight is above a tun. More in degree in a greater degree. Hannaniah feared God above many. Neh.
;

V.

t.

abridj', [Ft. ahrigtr,

from

vu. 2.

The

5.

Beyond

Gr. ^^axvf, short, or its root, from the root of break or a verb of that fam.ily.] To make shorter to epitomize ; to contract by using fewer words, yet retaining used of writings. the seiise in substance Justin abridged the history of Trogus Pom;

now

butan, about, without, [see ing with Gr. a/if, and butcin,
but,] Uterally,

much
j I

1.

Around on the
;

around, on Iht outside.] exterior part or surface

Isa.

2.

reduced to a smaller compass ; lessened ; it denotes before or deprivefl. a former place, as what has been said one n. One who abridges This mode of sjieakiiig ABRIDG'ER, above; supra. who makes a com])end. manner of writoriginated in the ancient to in time. 3. Near on a strip of parchment, beginnin '^('{ABRIDG'ING, /)p-. Shortening lessening; the tliird hour. Mat.xxi.3 He went out aftwut ing, deprivinif debarring. one end and jnocecding to the other. The 4. Near to, in action, or near to the performABRIDG'MENT, n. An epitome a combeginning was the upper end. ance of some act. or siunmaiT of a book. ABOVE', adv. Overhead in a higher place. 2. pend, about to open his mouth. Paid was reduction as Diminution ; contraction Bacon. Acts, They were about to flee out of the ship. an abridgment of expenses. Before. xwii. 30. Dnjden. xviii. 14 |3. a debarring or restraint as 3. Deprivation to the clothes. :i. Chief in rank or power. Deut. xxviii. 5. Near to tlie person ; appended an abridgment of jileasures. Is 'Ibove cdl is order. elliptical; above all consideraEvery tiling about him is in adv. [Sec Broach.] ? tions chiefly in preti lence to otherthings. ABROACH, ' your snuft'box about you out or yielding liquor, or in Broached ; letting ail sides, the transition Move board ; abc)\ e the board or table From nearness on as a cask i.s in a posture for letting out Hence, is easy to a concern with. open sight without trick, concealment abroach. Figuratively used by Shakes]icare reor deception. This ex])ression is said by C. Concerned in, engaged in, relating to, for setting loose, or in a state of being difJohnson to be borroweel from gamesters, " Set miscliief abroach specting. ;" but this fused, business. Luke, I must be about my father's who, when they change their cards, put sense is unusual. The painter is not tn tal<e so much p^iins ii. 49. their hands under the table Drydcn. ABOVE-CITED, Cited before, in the pre- ABROAD, adv. abrawd'. [See Broad.] about the drapery as about tlie face. not In a general sense, at large widely What is he about 7 ceding part of a book or writing. two yards confined to narrow limits. Hence, 7. In compass or circumference ABOVE-GROUND, Alive, not buried. 1. In the open air. about the trunk. ABOVE-MENTIONED, Mentioned before 2. Beyond or out of the walls of a house, as ABOUT', adv. Near to in number or quantity A. Bp. Abbrev. for Archbishop. to walk abroad. There fell that day aboitt three thousand men. ABRAADAB'RA, The najne of a deity the limits of a camp. Deut. xxiii. a cabalistic 3. Beyond Ex. xxxii. worshipped by the Syrians 10. 2. Near to in quality or degree as about as word. Tlie letters of his name, written on bounds of a country in formverted cone, 4. Beyond the high, or as cold. paper, in the form of an as to go abroad for an edeiffti countries 3. Here and there around in one jjlace and were recommended by Sanionicus as an have broils at home and enucation. diseases. another. antidote against certain Encyc. emies abroad. house to house. 1. Wandering about from ABRA'DE, V. t. [L. abrado, to scrape, from Extensively ; before the public at large. Tim. V. rado.] He began to blaze abroad die matter. Mark 4. Round, or the longest way, opposed to To rub or wear off; to waste by friction mile about, Esther i. i. 45. aaoss, or the shortest way. action of used especially to express the as a tree and half a mile across. with expan.sion in wearing Widely sharp, corrosive medicines, to efTo brins; about, to bring to the end spreads its branches abroad. away or removing the mucus of the memfect or accomplish a i)urpose. VB ROGATE, v. t. [L. abrogo, to repeal. branes. To come about, to change or turn to come from ab and rogo, to ask or propose. See Rubbed or worn ofl'; worn; In a like sense, sea- ABRA'DED,/);). to the desired point. the Engli-sh reach. Class Rg.] scraped. men say g-o about, when a ship changes ABRA'DING, To repeal; to annul by an authoritative act ppr. Rubbing off; wearing or her course and goes on the other tack. ABRAHAM'R", a. Pertaming to Abiaham, to abolish by tiie authority of the maker of his successor applied to the repeal Ready about, aboxd ship, are orders for tackthe patriarch, as Abrahamic Covenant. laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of ing. Mason.

Near

Bind them about thy neck. Prov. iii. 3. 1. Hence, to in place, with the sense of circula

The powers 10 In a book or writing,

in

4. In algebra, to reduce a cortipound quantity dignity for as This man is above mean actions or equation to its more simple expression. often used elUptically, for heaven, or The eipiatiou thus abridged is called a forthe celestial regions. mula. Let not God regard it from above. Job, iii. ABRIDG'ED pp. Made shorter ; epitomized ; above.
;

improper.

It is

rity.
xvi.

Get you up from about the tabernacle. Num.

We

To go
"

about, signifies to enter upon to prepare ; to seek the means. W hy go ye about to kill me. John,

also

ABRA'SION,

n.

abra'zhun.
ofl";

;
i.

wearing or rubbing

The act of also substance!

quincy.i

establi>ibed

customs

&:c.
;

AB'ROGATED;>p. Repealed
an act of uiitboritv.
itv
[liakiiig void.

annulled by

ABOVE',
D.
1.

prep. [Sax. abufan, bufan, bufon

in place.
tlie

worn u'ffbv attrition. ABREAST'," (/!'. abrest',

1.
;

ftorcH.]

Literally, higher The fowls that fly above

earth.

Gen.

Two men
20
2.

2. Figuratively, superior in any respect. tsaw a light above the brightness of the Sun. Acts, xxvi. The price of a virtuous woman is above rubies, Prov. x\xi. 3.

Side by side with rode abreast. Ill marine language, ships are abreast. when their heads are equally advanced and they are ahrcnst of obje.ts when the! witli the bcam.objects "are on a line
;;

breast.] the breasts in a line.

[fi-om

a and

\B'ROGATING, ppr. Repealing

;

by author-

.'iiROGA'TION,

n.

The act of abrogating;

a repeal by authority of the legislative

VBROOD'

power.

of brooding.

Hence,
3.

More in number or quantity. He wa.s seen by above live hundred

at once, 1. Cor. xv. 6.

Opposite
ship

brethren

was

with as against on a abreast of Montauk point. Ai ABRyQIv',

;

ABROOD
in use^,

adv. [See Brood.] In the action Sanrrofl. [.Vot t)i !i.?e.]

n.

l\G,
V.
t.

sitting

abrood.

[Xot
Basset.

line

To brook,

to endure.

seaman's

in use.
phrasi:.

Pec Brook.]

[Xot Shak.

A B

A B

A B
:

ABRO TANUM, n. [Gr. Agpoforo..] A species ol" jilant arranged under the GenusABRUPT',
break
1.

Artemisia; called also soiitliern wood. a. [L. ahriiptus, from abrumpo, to See Ruptwe.] off, of 06 and rumpo. Literally, broken off, or broken short.

Hence,
2. Steep,

craggy

applied to rocks, precipi

;

ces and the hke.

3. Figurative/}/,

sudden

without notice to
;

pre|are the mind for the event rupt entrance and address.
4.
;

as an ab

Unconnected having sudden transitions from one subject to another as an abrupt

;

style.
5.

Ben Jonson.
leaflet,
is one nor tendril at

In botany, an abrupt pinnate leaf

which has neither

the end.
~-

ABRUPT'
sides.

"

n. A chasm or gulf with steep Over the vast abrujit." Milton.

Martyn.

[Tliis vse

of the word
n.

^ABRUP'TION,

is ivfreqvent.]

sudden breaking

off;

ABRUPT'LV,

of bodies. fVoodward. adv. Suddenly; without giving notice, or without the usual forms ; as, the Miifister left France abruptly.
a violent separation

ABRUPT'NESS,
en
;

9. Figuratively,

n. A state of being brok craggedness stee]>ness. suddenness imccremonious

; ;

not in company. It is used to denote an}' tions. The apparent inequality of a distance indefinitely, either in the same planet's motion in its orbit, arising from its unequal distances from the earth at town, or coiuitry, or in a foreign coimtry and primarily supposes a prior presence. different times, is called its optic equation " the eccentric inequahty is caused by the Speak well of one in his absence." Want destitiuion implying no previous uniformity of the planet's motion, ui an " In the absence of conventional presence. elliptical orbit, which, for that reason, law." Ch. Kent. apjiears not to be luiiform. 3. In law, non-appearance a not being in .Absolute numbers, in algebra, are such as court to answer. have no letters annexed, as 2a-|-3(i=48. 4. Heeillessness inattention to things jireThe two latter numbers are absolute or sent. Absence ofmindisthe attention of ])ure. Encyc. the mind to a subject which does not occu- Absolute space, in physics, is space considered witlioiu relation to any other object. py the rest of the company, and which draws the mind from things or objects Bailey. which are present, to others distant or for- Absolute gravity, in philosophy, is that propeign. erty in bodies by which they are said to AB'SENT, a. Not present not in compa- weigh so much, without regard to circumstances of modification, and this is always ny at such a distance as to prevent communication. It is used also for being in a as the quantity of matter they contain. foreign country. Bailey. A gentleman is absent on his travels. AB'SOLUTELY, adv. Completely, wholly, as a thing is absolutely uuinteUigible. Absent from one iinother. Gen. xxxi. 49. in a Heedless inattentive to persons pre- 2. Without de|)eiidence or relation state unconnected. sent, or to subjects of conversation hi comAbsolutely we cannot discommend, we canpany. not alKolutely approve, either willingness to An absent man is uncivil to the company. Hootter. live, or forwardness to die. 3. In familiar language, not at home as, the master of the house is absent. In other 3. Without restriction or limitation as God
: ; ; ; ; ; ;
;

haste or vehemence.

ABSCESS,
Au

n.

[L. abscessus,

from ab and

cedo, to go from.] A collection of morbid impostluuue. matter, or pus in the cellular or adipose membrane matter generated by the suppuration of an intlannnatory tumor. Quinc'i/. Hooper. ABSCIND', vt. [L. abscindo.] 'To cut off.
;

[L/iltle

used.]
;

'

AB'SCISS, n. [L. abscissus, from 06 and Gr. ff;iifw. See Scissors.] seindere, to cut In conies, a part of the diameter, or transverse axis of a conic section, intercepted between the vertex or some other fixed point, and a semiordinate. Encye.

words, he does not wish to be disturbed by company. ABSENT', V. t. To depart to such a distance as to prevent intercourse to retire or withdraw to forbear to appear in ])resence used with the reciprocal pronoun. Let a man absetit himself from the company ABSENTEE', n. One who withdraws from his coimtry, oflice or estate one who removes to a distant place or to another
; ; ; ;

4.

reigns absolutely. Without condition, as God does not forgive absolutely, hut upon condition of faith

and repentance.
Positi\'ely,

peremptorily, as

command
;

absolutdi/ not to go.

nie Milton.

AB'SOLU^ENESS, n.
2.

Independence comis subrestriction, or con-

pleteness in itself Despotic authority, or that

ject to
trol.

which

no extraneous

ABSENt'ER, n. One who absents himself ABSOLU'TION, n. In the civil law, an acquittal or sentence of a judge declaring ABSENT'MENT, n. A state of being ab an accused innocent. In the canon
sent.

country.

Barroiv.

person

ABSINTH'IAN,
wormwood.

a.

the natuie of wormwood.

ABSClS"SION,

[See Absciss.] cutting off, or a being cut off. In surgery, the separation of any corrupted or useless part of tlie body, by a sharp instrument
:

n.

\BSINTH'IATED,

[from absinthium.] Of Randolph. a. Impregnated with Diet

[Gr.
;

law, a remission of sins

])riest

pronounced by a

ABSINTHIUM,
o
.-

n.

o^weio,'

in favor of a penitent. Among protestants, a sentence by which an exconimiinicated person is released fiom his liabihty to piniishment. Ayliffe. South. Per. AB'SOLUTORY, a. Absolving; that ab-

ABSCOND',
place.] 1. To retire

applied to the sotl ]iarts, as amputation is to the bones and flesh of a limb. (^uincy. f.i. [L.abscondo, to hide, of
abs and condo, to hide, i. e. to withdraw, or to thrust aside or uito a corner or secret

^i
daic.

afsinthin
in

the

same

in

Chal

ABSOLV'ATORY,
comiuentaries on

a.

Budwus

his

2.

from luiblic view, or from the ental word.] place in which one resides or is ordinarily Theconnnon wonnwood; a bitter plant, usto be found to withdraw, or absent one's ed as a tonic. A species of Artemisia. self in a private manner to be concealed AB'SIS, In astronomy. [See Apsis.] appropriately, used of persons who secrete AB'SOLUTE,a. [h.a'bsolutus. St-e Absolve.] themselves to avoid a legal process. 1. Literally, in a general sense, free, indepenTo hide, withdraw or be concealed as, dent of any thing extraneous. Hence, "the marmot a6sforf.5 in winter. [Little 3. Complete in itself; positive as an abso; ; ;

Theophrast, supposes the word composed of a priv. and ^ti-Soj, deUght, .so named from its bitterness. But it may be an Ori-

having jiower

taining absolution, pardon, to absolve.

[from absolve.] Conor release ;

Cotgrave.

ABSOLVE',
and
loosen.

V. t. abzolv', [L. absolvo, from ab solvo, to loose or release ; Ch. nSlV, to absolve, to finish ; Heb. '7!^, to loose or

See

Solve.]

To

used.]

ABSeOND'ER,

Ray. n. One who withdraws from pubhc notice, or conceals himself from public view.
;

lute declaration.
3.
4.

Unconditional, as an absolute promise. Existing indeitendent of any other cause,

as

God

is

absolute.

set fi-ee or release from some obligation, debt or responsibility or from that which subjects a person to a burden or penalty ; as to absolve a person from a promise to absolve an oftender, which amoinits to an acquittal and remission of his punishment. Hence, in the civil law, the word was used for forforoC(;t<,- and in the canon law, In ordigive, or a sentence of remission. nary language, its sense is to set free or
;
;

ABSOND'ING,

Withdrawing pri- 'i. UnUmited by extraneous power or control, ppr. as an ab.iolute goverinnent or prince. vately from public view as, an absconding rfeJ/or, who confines himself to his apart- G. Not relative, as absolute sjiace. Stillingfleet. himself to avoid the nii- In grammar, the case absolute, is when ments, or absents In the latter sense, it is word Ol- member of a sentence is not imjnsters of justice.
properly an adjective.
;

release fi-oni

an engagement.

Formerly,

good writers used the word in the sense of fnish, accomplish ; as to absolve work, in "Milton but in this sense, it seems to be
;

obsolete.

mediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government. AB'SENCE, n. [L. ulisens, Absolute equation, in astronomy, is the agab and sum.] abesse, to be away 1. A state of being at a distance in place, or gregate of the optic and eccentric equafront ahsum,

ABSOLVED,;?;). Released;
mitted
:

acquitted; re-

declared innocent.
J!.

ABSOLV'ER,

absolves; also one that pronounces sin to be remitted.

One who

A B
ABSOLV INO,
flebt. oi;

S
a

A B
;

S
<lislinct

A B
Temperately
;

[Seo Absonous.] Wide Croin the purpose contiuiy to reason. AB'SONOUS, a. [L. absomis; ah and sonus,

Setting fne fioiii ppr. cliarge arqiiitting reinittinj;.

a.
;

belonging to abstinence; as an abstemious diet; an abstemious life.

AB'SONANT,

ABSTE'MIOUSLY,

adv.
n.

with a si)aring use of meat or drink.

ABSTE'MIOUSNESS,

The

quality of

else. An abstract idea, in metaphysics, is an idea separated from a conq)lex object, or fioni other ideas which natin-ally accompany it, as the solidity of marble contemplated apart fi-om

from something

sound.] Unimisical, or iintimahlo.

ABSORB',
to drink
f\i(\

V-

I.

being temperate or sparing in the use of food and strong drinks. This word expresses a greater degree of [L. absorbco, ab and sorbeo, abstinence than temperance.
Fotherhy.

its

.Ibstract

color or figure. terms arc those

Encyr.

which express ab-

in;

Ar.

c^^^
;

sliaraba

Eth.

ABSTERciE',

V.

t.

or lU/jn, id. Rab. tjlB^, to draw or wlieuce simp, sherbet, shrub.] drink in a? to imbibe to suck up 1. To drink in a s])unge, or as tlie lacteals of the body. 2. To drink in, swallow up, or overwliehn with water, as a body in a wliirlpool. to 3. To waste wholly or sink in expenses exhaust; us, to absorb an estate in luxury. 4. To engross or engage wholly, as, absorbed in study or the piu-suit of wealth. state or quality NABSORBABIL'ITY, n. of being absorbable.
; ;

ABSORBABLE,
or swallowed.

a.

That may be imbibed

/icn's Lavoisier.

ABSORB' ED,
bibed
in
; ;

or

ABSORPT',
; ;

pp.
;

swallowed wasted engaged lost study wholly engrossed. ABSORB'ENT, a. Imbibing; swallowing. ABSORBENT, n. In anatomy, a vessel which imbibes, as the lacteals, ijniphatics, and iidialing arteries. In medicine, a testaceous powder, or other substance, which imbibes the humors of the body, as chalk or magnesia. Eneyc ABSORB'ING, /)/?(. Imbibing; engrossing;
wasting.

ABSORPTION,

n. The act or process ofl imbibing or swallowing either by water which overwhelms, or by substances,which drink in and retam Uquids as the absorption of a body in a whirlpool, or of water by the earth, or of the humors of the body by dry powders. It is used also to express the swallowing up of substances by the earth in chasms made by earthquakes, and the sinking of large tracts in violent commotions of the earth. 2. In chimistry, the conversion of a gaseous tluid iiUo a liquid or sohd, by union with another substance. Ure. ABSORPTIVE, . Having power to imbibe. Darwin. ABSTA'IN, V. i. [L. eibstineo, to keep from
;
;

10 men, they become concrete. cleanse by resolving obstructions in the Abstract or pure mathematics, is that body. \Vsed chiejiy as a mediced term.] which treats of magnitude or quantity, ABSTER(i'ENT, o." Wiping; clean.sing. without restriction to any species of parn. A medicine which fi-ees ABSTERti'ENT, ticular magnitude, as arithmetic anil the body from obstructions, as soap but geometry opposed to which is mixed the use of the word is nearly supersedeil nuithematics, which treats of simple propby detergent, which see. erties, and the relations of quantity, as n. [t'rm\L.aJ)stergeo,absterABSTER'SION, applied to sensible objects, as hydrostator a cleansus.] The act of wi])ing clean ics, navigation, optics, &'c. Encyc. sing by medicines which resolve obstruc- 2. Separate, as existing in the mind only tions. Bacon. [See Deterge, Delersion.] an abstract sulyect an abstract question a. Cleansing; having the ABSTERSIVE, and hence flifficult, abstruse. quality of removing obstructions. [See AB'STRACT, ?!. A summary, or epitome, Detcr.nve.] containing the substance, a view, ABSTINENCE, n. [L. abslinentia. See or tlu' jnincipal heads of general a treatise or In general, the act or jiractice Abstain.] iyall.<t. writing. of voluntaril}' refraining from, <ir forbear- 2. Formerly, an extract, or a smaller quaning any action. "AbstiiKnre from every tity, containing the essence of a larger. thing which can be deemed labor." In the abstract, in a state of separation, as a Philos. Paley's subject considered in the abstract, i. e. More appropriately, without reference to particular persons or 2. The refraining from an indulgence of things. appetite, or from customary gratifications pp. Separated; refined; of animal propensities. It denotes a total exalted abstruse absent in mind. as in fasting, or a forbearance forbearance, Milton. Donne. of the usual quantity. In the latter sense, ABSTRACT'EDLY, adv. In a separate it may coincide witli temperance, but in state, or in contemplation only. general, it denotes a more .sparing use of
; ; ; ; ; ;

the names of orders, genera, or of abs and tergeo, to wijie. Tergeo may species of have a conuuon origin with the Sw. lorcka, things, in which there is a combination of similar qualities. Stewart. G. trockncn, D. droogen, Sax. drygan, to for these Teutonic verbs signify to Abstract nmubers are numbers used willidry oiu application to things, as, 6, 6, 10 wipe, as well as to dry.] To wipe or make clean by wiping to but wlien applied to any thing, as 6 feet,
;

absterj'.

[L. abstergeo,

stract ideas, as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any subject in which they exist or abstract terms arc
;

ABSTRACTED,
;

abs and teneo, to hold. See Tenant.] In a general sense, to forbear, or refi'ain from, voluntarily but used chiefly to denote a restraint upon the jiassions or
;

To

api)etites ; to refrain from indulgence. Mxtain from meats oft'eied to iilols. Acts, xv. abstain from the use of ardent spirits ; to abstain from luxuries.

ABSTE'MIOUS,

ahstcmius : from uhs and temetum, an ancient name of strouii wine, according to Fabius and Gellius
a.

[L.

But Vossius supposes it to be from absliIt may be neo, by a change of n to m. from the root of fimeo, to fear, that is, to refrainiu withdraw.] Sparing in diet from a free use of food and strong drinks.
;

Instances of longevity are chiefly among the ahftemiovs. .Irbuthnnt.

2.

3.

Sparing in the enjoyment of animal pleasures of any kind. [TViis sense is less common, and perhaps not lescilimate.] Sparingly used, or used with temperance

than temperance. Besides, ABSTRACTEDNESS, n. The state of beimplies previous free indulBarter. ing abstracted. temperance does not. ABSTRACTER, n. One who makes an AB'STINENT, a. Refraining from indul- abstract, or summary. in the use of food and gence, especially ABSTRACT'ING,/)/)r. Separating making drink. a summary. AB'STINENTLY, adv. With abstinence. ABSTRACTION, n. The act of separating, AB'STINENTS, a sect which appeared in or state of being separated. France and Spain in llie third century, 2. The operation of the mind when occupied who opposed marriage, condemned the by abstract itleas as when we contemuse of flesh meat, and placed the Holy plate soiue |)articular part, or property of a Spirit in the cla.ss of created beings. conq)lex object, as separate from the rest. ABSTRACT', v. t. [L. abstraho, to draw Thus, when the mind considers the branch from or separate of a tree by itself, or the color of the tiom abs and traho, which is the Eng. draw. See Draw.] leaves, as separate from their size or So 1. To draw from, or to separate as to abstract figure, the act is called abstraction. an action from its evil eftects to abstract also, when it considers whiteness, softness, virtue, cristence, as separate from any paj-spirit from any substance by distillation ticular objects. but in this sense extract is now more genEncyc. The power wliich the understanding has erally used. of separating the combinations which are 2. To separate ideas by the operation of the to it, is distinguished by logimind to consider one part of a complex presented cians, by the name of abstraction. Stewart. object, or to have a partial idea of it in the Abstraction is the ground-work of clasmind. Home. 3. To select or separate the substance of a sification, by which things are an"anged in book or writing to epitomize or reduce orders, genera, and species. separate in idea the qualities of certain objects to a sunnnary. Watts. which arc of the same kind, from others 4. In chimistry, to separate, as the more which are different in each, and aiTange volatile parts of a substance by repeated the objects having the same properties in a distillation, or at least bv distillation. class, or collected bodv. AB'STRACT, a. [L. absii-actus.] Separate

Dryden.

enjoyments
abstinence

gence

We

ABU
3.

ABU
; ; ;
; ;

A C A
In the sense of deceitful, as reproachful. an abusive treaty. [Littk used.] Bacon. ABU'SIVELY, adv. In an abusive manner; nidely re]iroachfully. ABU'SiVENESS, n. lU-usage the quality of being abusive rudeness of language, or violence to tlie person. Barlow.
; ;

ABSTRACTI'TIOUS,

separation from worUUj' oljjects u re- It denotes also fidlness, overflowing, as the nftioirfajiff of the heart. Mat. xii Luke, vi cluse life as a lierniit's abslracllon. inattenlion to present ABUND'ANT, a. Plentiful; in great quan4. Absence of miiul as an abundant suptity fiilly suflicient objects. In scripture, abounding having in 5. Ill tlie process of distillation, the term is ply. used to denote tlie separation of the volatile great quantity overflowing with. The Lord God is abundant in goodness ant] are conparts, which rise, coine over, and ti-utli. Ex. xxxiv. densed in a receiver, from those which is one, the It is cliiefly used, wlien a Abundant luimbcr, in arithmetic, are fixed. .um of whose aliquot parts exceeds the fluid is repeatedly poured upon any subThus 1, 2, 3, 4, (j, the number itself stance in a retort, and distilled ofi", to aliquot parts of 12, make the sum of 1(>. cliansre its state, or the nature of its comThis is opposed to a defcienf number, as 14, J^icholson. position. ABSTRACT'IVE, a. Having the power or whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the .sun of which is 10 and to a perfect number, " quality of ahstractin?. which is equal to the sum of its aliquot ? a. Abstracted, or ABSTR'AT'IVE, drawn from other parts, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 3
; ; ;
;

ABUT',

To [Fr. aboutir. See Aboxit.] border upon ; to be contiguous to ; to meet : in .-itrictness, to adjoin to at the end ; biU
V.
i.

has not always been obThe word is chiefly used in describing the bounds or situation of land, and in popular language, is contracted into but, as butted and bounded.
this distinction

served.

ABUT'MENT,
;

<,

pubstaiices, particularly

from vegetables,
;

ABUND'ANTLY,
tifully
;

adv. Fully

amply

plen-

n. The head or end; that which unites one end of a thing to an-

AB'STRACTLY, adv.
; ;

without fermentation. Cyc. Separately absolutemanner unconnected witli ly in a state or any thing else as, matter abstractly considered.

in

a suflicient degree.
n.

ABU'SAGE,
ABU'SE,
r.
t.

Abuse.
z.

s as

AB'STRACTNESS,
ABSTRU'DE,
j)ull

a state of being in contemplation only, or

n.

A separate
To

state

1.

not connected with any object.

v.
t.

[Infra.]

thrust or

away.

[J^ot used.]
o.

sar ; It. abusare ; ab and vtor, to use Ir. idh ; W. givcth, use Gr. (Sw, to accustom. See Use.] To use ill to maltreat ; to misuse to use with bad motives or to wrong purposes as, to abuse rights or privileges. They tliat use this worid as not abusing it
;
;

[JVot used.] [Fr. abuser: Sp. abuL. abutor, abusus, of

other chiefly used to denote the solid pier or moimd of earth, stone or timber, which is erected on the bank of a river to siqiportthe end of a liridge and connect it with the land. That which abuts or borders on another.

Bryant.

ABUT'TAL,
ABY',
V.

land at the end

ABSTRU'SE,
do, to thrust

away,

[L. abstnisus,fromahsiru- 2. to conceal; abs and

Cor.

vii.

To violate ; to defile intercourse. To To

deceive
;

abide.] by improper sexual main. Obs.

or boundary of a head-land. Spelman. Coivel. t. or i. contracted from [Probably To endure to pay dearly to ren.
;
; ;

The butting

Spenser.

trudo

Ar.

Avktaiada;

Cli.TiD,to thrust;

3.

to
all

impose on.
these tempting words abused.

ABYSM',
ABYSS',
priv.

n. abyzm'.

Nor be with
4.

See Abyss.]
n.

[Old Fr.,

now

Spenser. abime.

gulf

Shak.

conSyr. Sam. id.; F.nf:. to thrust.] Hid; cealed hence, remote from a}>prehension difficult to be comprehended or understood opposed to what is obvious. [JVot used of material objects.] Metapliyxics is an abstruse science. Encyc. ABSTRU'SELY, adv. In a concealed manner ; obscurely in a manner not to be easily understood. "ABTRiJ'SENESS, n. Obscurity of meaning the state or (juaUty of being ditiiculf to lie understood. Boyle. ABSURD', a. [L. absurdus, from ab and
; ; ;
; ;

Pope.
treat rudely, or guage to revile.
;

with reproachful lan.Mac.

and

ffuoio;,

[Gr. ASvoao;, bottomless, from o bottom. Ion. for 8v6os.

lie
5.

mocked and almsed them shamefully.

also for a

by some

See Bottom.] A bottomless gulf; used deep mass of waters, supposed to have encompassed the earth
oi

ABU'SE,
;

To pervert the meaning of; to misapply ; as to abuse words. )!. Ill use; improjier treatment or employment application to a wrong puras an abuse of our natural powers ])Ose an abuse of civil rights, or of rehgiouspri
;
;

before the flood. Darkness was upon the face of the deep, abyss, as it is in tlie Septuagint. Gen. i. 2.

The word

vUeges

atiise

of advantages, &c.

is also used for an immense cavern in the earth, in which God is suppo.sed to have collected all the waters on the third day of the creation. It is used

.su7-dus,

Liberty may be endanp;ered by tbe abuses of abuses of power. libei-ty, as well as by the deaf, insensible.] Opiiosed to maninconsistent with reason, or the Federalist. .Madison ; common sense. An ab- 2. corrupt practice or custom, as the aiusf plain dictates of of government. surd man acts contrary to the clear dictates of reason or sound judgment. An ab- 3. Rude speech ; reproachful language adifest truth

also for hell, Erelius.

That which is immeasurable that in which any thing is lost. Thy throne is darkness, in the abyss of light.
;

Jildton.
3.

surd proposition contradicts obvious truth. An absurd practice or opinion is repugnant to the reason or common apprehension of men. It is absurd to say six and six make ten, or that plants will take root in stone. VBSURD'ITY, n. The quality of being in consistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. Want of judgment, applied to men want of propriety, applied to
;

4. 5.

dressed to a person contumely reviling Milton. words. Seduction. After the abuse he forsook me. Sidney. Perversion of meaning improjier use or application ; as an abuse of words.
; ;
;

4.

Ttie o6^ss of time. Drydtn. In antiquity, the temple of Proserpine, so called from the inmiense treasures it was supposed to contain. In heraldry, the center of an escutcheon. He bears' azure, a fleur de lis, in abyss.
a.

ABYSSINIAN,
Abyssiniaiis,

Ar.

ABU'SED,

pp. s as
; ;

z.

Ill-used

used to

o~.

habashon.

bad purpose treated with rude language misenqiloyed perverted to bad or wrong

things.
'i.

That which is absurd

in this

Johnson. sense it has

ABSURD'LY,
and

a plural; the absurdities of men. adv. In a manner inconsistent with reason, or obvious propriety.
n.

ABU'SEFUL,
ABU'SER,

ends; deceived; defiled; violated. a. Using or practicing abuse abusive. [JVot xised.] Bp. Barlow.

...... Ethiopians, from ^^^j habasha, to collect, or congregate. A name denoting a mixed multitude or a black

race.

ABSURD'NESS,
less used.

The same
[F.
;

as absurdity,

\BUND'ANCE,
Abound.]
;

n.

abo7idance.

Great plenty

See an overflowing
;

quantity anijile sufliciency applicable to quantity only but customarily used of number, as an abundance of
:

in strictness

Mdison. peasants. In scripture, tlie abundance of the rich is great H-eaUii. Eocl. v. Mark, xii. I^uke, xxi.
The abundance
fish.

of the seas

is

great plenty of

Dcut.

x:?xlii.

Jesus Christ, and reject the council of Chalcedon. They are governed by a who .'\BU'SING, ppr. s as :. Using ill employbisho]), or metiopohtan, called Abuna, to bad purposes; deceiving; violating is appointed by the Coptic patriarch of ing the person perverting. Cairo. Encyc. .\BU'SION, n. abu'zhon. Abuse ; evil or cor- A, in Saxon, oak, the initial syllable of names, as acton, oaktown. rupt usage; reproach. [LAttle used.] ABU'SIVE, a. Practicing abuse; offering AA'ALOT, } n. A Mexican fowl, the Tantalus Mexicanus, or harsh words, or ill treatment as an abu ACALOT, \ Corviis aquaticus, water raven. See Acalot. sive aiUhor an abusive fellow. 9. Containing abuse, or that is the instni- AA'CIA, n. [L. acacia, a thorn, from Gr. ment of abuse, as abusive words rude axr;, a point.]
; ; ; ;
;

n. s as :. One who abuses, in speech or behavior; one that deceives; a ravisher a sodomite. 1 Cor. vi.

ABYSSIN'IANS, n. A sect of christians Abyssinia, who admit but one nature

Litdolf.

Castle.

in in

A C A
EgyiJtian thorn, a species of )ilant ranked by Liuiie under the genus mimosa, and by Of the others, made a disthict genns. flowers of one species, the Chinese make a yellow dye which bears washing in silks,

A C C
A A
mem

A C C
Hence
in

tor teaching a particular art, or particular to terms proposed by another. a negotiation. sciences, as a military academy. 2. To become a hou.se, in which the students or party, by

bers of an academy meet; a place of education.

agreeing to the terms of a treaty, or convention.

; ;

and appears with elegance on paper.

Encyc. ACACIA, ill medicine, is a name given toj the inspissated juice of the imripe fruit of the Mimosa Nilotica, which is brought fi'om Kgypt ill roundish masses, in blailders.

society of men united for the promotion of arts and sciences in general, or of

ACE'DING,
to the

ppr. Agreeing assenting becomuig a party to a treaty by agreeing

some

terms proposed.
to
t. t-. [L. accelero, of ad hasten, from celer, quick
:

particular art.

ACCELERATE,
and
Gr.
celero,
xtt.iri
;

A'ALOT,

n. [Contracted from aca^alotl.] Blexican fowl, called by some the aquatic crow. It is the ibis, or a fowl that very much resembles it. n,

Ileb.
to

rhp
ten.
1.

or

Sp,

be

light,

Ch. Syr. and Eth. SSp, nimble Syr. to has;

Externally,

it is of a deej) brown color internally, of a reddish or yellowish brown of a firm consistence, but not very <lry. It is a mild astringent. But most of the drug which passes under this name, is the inspissated juice of sloes. Enajc.
;
;

AAMAe'U,

A
a.

bird, the Brazilian

fly

In Ch. and Ar. this root signifies

catcher, or Todus.

AANA'CEOUS,
Armed with

Cyc. acana'shus. [Gr. axaroj,

a prickly shrid).] prickles. called acanacew.

n.

class of ])lants are

A-eACIA,
given

among
in the

antiquaries,

is

name ACANTH'A,
jirickly fin

[Gr. axavOa,
;

Mitne. a spine or

also to he small, or minute.] To cause to move faster; to hasten; to quicken motion ; to add to the velocity of a moving Iiody. It unplies previous motion or progression.

3.

to sonietliing like a roll or bag, seen

onmedals, as

consids. Some take it to represent a handkercliief ndled U]), with which sig nals were given at the games others, a
;

hands of emperors and

thorn.] In botany, a prickle

;

in zoology, a spine or
3.

an acute process of the verEncyc.

a.

tebers.

AANTHA'CEOUS,
les,

Armed with

prick-

roll of petitions and some, a pur])le bag of earth, to remind them of their mortal;

as a plant.
n.

To add to natural or ordinary progresas to accelerate the growth of a plant, or the progress of knowledge. To bring nearer in time to shorten the time between the present tune and a future event as to accelerate the ruin of a government to accelerate a battle.
sion
;
; ;

AAN'THARIS,

In entomology, a spe-

Bacon.

cies of Cimex, with a spinous thorax, and Encyc. a ciliated abdomen, with spines found in Church History, wore cerACA'CIANS, tain sects, so denominated from their lead Jamaica. Cyc. ers, Acacius, bishop of Cesarea, and Aca ACANTII'INE, a. Some Pertaining to the [See Acanthus.] cius, patriarch of Constantinople. The plant, acanthus. of these maintained that the Son was only acanthine garments of the ancients were a similar, not the same, substance with the made of the down of thistles, or embroid Father others, that he was not only a ered in imitation of the acanthus.
ity.

in

ACANTHOPTERYG'IOtS, [Gr axa.9o;, of n. An academy a society of| velocity ; as, a falling body moves toa thorn, and rttifvyiov, a Uttle feather, fi-om wards the earth with an acceleration of ve[Not used.] Ttrifov, a feather.] a. Pertaining to an acadeIt is the opposite of retardation. locity. In zoology, having back fins, which are hard, Acceleration of the moon, is the increase of the my. bony and pricky, a term applied to certain moon's mean motion from the sun, comAADE'MIAN, n. A member of an acad Linne. Jishes. a student in a university or col emy; AC.ANTH'US n. [Gr. axavOo^, L. acanthus, pared with the diurnal motion of the earth the moon moving with more velocity now lege. from axai'Sa, a prickle or thorn. See a. than in ancient times a discovery made AADEM'IC, Belonging to an I AADEM'IAL, $ academy, or to a col 1. acantha.] bear's breech or brank ursine by Dr. Halley. The plant or university as academic studies diurnal acceleration of the fixed stars, lege a genus of several species, receiving their |Tlie also noting what belongs to the school or is the time by which they anticipate the name from their prickle.s. mean diurnal revolution of the sun, which philosophy of Plato as tlie academic sect. In an ornament resembling AADEM'i, n. One who belonged to the the architecture, is nearly three minutes, fifty-six seconds. fohage or leaves of the acanthus, used school or adhered to the philosophy of Cyc. in capitals of the Corinthian and CompoSocrates and Plato. The latter is consida. Adding to velocity site orders. Milton. Encyc. ACCEL'ERATIVE, ered as the founder of the academic Reid. phiquickening progression. AAN'TICONE, n. See Pistacite. losophy in Greece. He taught, that matter is eternal and infinite AARN'AR, n. A bright star, of the first ACCEL'ERATdRY,a.Accelerating;quickening motion. magnitude, in Eridanus. Bailey. but without form, refractory, and tending v.t. [L. accendo, to kindle; ad to disorder and that there is an intelli- AATALE'TIe, n. [Gr. axara^-jjxTo;, not ACCEND', and candeo, caneo, to be white, canus, defective at the end, of xara and Xyjyu to gent cause, the author of spiritual beinir, white; W. cu, white, bright also a song. cease Ir. lieghim.] A verse, which has and of the material world. Etijteld. Whence, cn<o, to sing, to chant cantus,a. the comjdete number of syllables without ACADEM'ICALLY, adv. In an academi- defect or superfluity. song; Eug. cant: W. c;!, to bleach or John.son. cal manner. AAT'ALEPSY, n. [Gr. axaraXi-^w a and whiten, and to sing; cynnud, {iie\. Hence,

AADE'ME
persons.

distinct but a dissimilar substance. Encyc.

; ;

a.

pp. Quickened in moprogress. ppr. Hastening; increasing velocity or progression. ACCELERA'TION, n. The act ofincreasor progress the state of being ing velocity quickened in motion or action. Accelerated motion in mechanics and physics, is Encyc. that which continually receives accessions
tion
;

ACCELERATED,
hastened
in

ACCELERATING,

ACADE'MIAL,

AADEMI"CIAN, n. [Fr. A member of an academy,

a

member of the French AAD'EjMISM, 71. The

AAD

acadtmicien.] xara^aufforu to comprehend.] or society for Impossibility of conij)lete thscovery or comparticularly, prehension incomprehensibility. [LAttle Whitaker. used.] doctrine of the ACAT'ECHILI, n. Mexican bird, a speacademic pliilosopliy. Baxter. cies of Fringilla, of the size of tlie siskin. EMIST, ?!. A" member of an Acad- A.\TER, AeATES. See Caterer and Catcs. emy for promoting arts and sciences; also a. and Gr. ) a.

promoting arts and sciences

academies.

The kindle, L. candidiis, candid, >vhite. primary sense is, to throw, ilart, or thrust ; to shoot, as the rays of light. Hence,
to cant, to

throw.
;

To

kindle

to set

on

See Chant and Ca)it.] fire. [The verb is not

Capacity of being
infjre.

used.]

ACCENDIBILITY,
ACCEiXD IBLE,
a.

n.

an academic philosopher.

AAD'EMY, n.
Originally,

ACAU'LINE, ACAU'LOUS,

[L.

priv.

caulis,

kindled, or of becoming inflamed.

miaos, a stalk

W.

haul; D.

Capable of being

1.

ers held their philosophical conferences. school, or seminary of learning, hold ing a rank between a university or col lege, and a common school; also a school

[L. academia, Gr. Axo^jjHia.' See Colcwort.] kool, cabbage. it is said, a garden, grove, or villa In botany, without a stem, having flowers near Athens, where'Plato and his follow on the as the Carline

flamed or kindled.

ACCEN

resting

ground

thistle.

ACCE'DE,

[L. accedo, of ad and cedo, to yield or give place, or rather to move.] I. To agree or assent, as to a proposition, or
V. i.

ACCENT,
Jr.

Chiniistn/. )i. [h. accentus, from ad and facanu ; Corn, kana : no, cantum,to sing ;

act of kindling or setting on fire ; or the state of being kindled ; inflanmiation.

SION,

n.

The

W.

canaim.

Sec Accend.]

A C C
I.

A C C
in reailiiig or

A C C
receive

Tl]i' iiioilulatioii

of tlie voice

speaking, as practiced by the ancient Greeks, wliich rendered tlieir reliearsal musical. More strictly, in English, "i. A ])articular stress or force of voice upon certain syllables of words, wliich distinguishes tlien) from the others. Accent is of two Idntis, ])rimary and secondary as in as'pira'tioii. In uttenng this word, we observe the_^r.s< and third syllables are distinguished the third by a full sound, which constitutes the primary accent the of force in the voice _first, by a degree which is less than that of the jtrimary accent, but evidently greater than that which falls on the second and fourth syllables. When the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel has its long sound, as in vo'cat; but when it falls on an nrticidation or con.sonant, the preceding vowel is short, as in hab'it. Accent alone regulates English
; ; ;

Observe the difference between and accept.

ACCEPT'ED,
garded
as a
;

received an appointment or the offer of a commission, but he did not accept it. To regard with partiality ; to value or

He

hill

repp. Khidly received agreed to understood received of exchange.

; ; ;

ACCEPTER,
])ay
it.

or

ACCEPTOR,
;

n.

esteem.
not good to accept the person of the wicked. Prov. xviii. 2 Cor. viii.
It
is

son who accepts the person who receives a bill of exchange so as to bind himself to
[See Acceptance.] ppr. Receiving favorably; understanduig. )!. The recei^'ed sense of a
;

per-

])lies
liis

In theology, acceptance with God iuiforgiveness of sins and reception into

favor.
;

ACCEPT'ING,
agreeing to

ACCEP'TION,
word.
[JVot

now
a.

3.

To consent or agree to to receive as terms of a contract as, to accept a treaty often followed by oj'.
;

used.]

Hammond.
to accept. [J^Tot B. Jo7ison.

ACCEPT'IVE,
used.]

Ready

ACCESS',
Accede.
1.

n. [L. accessus,

from

accede.

See

Accept
4.

()/'

the terms.
;

To understand

to

have a particular idea

Fr. acch.]

of; to receive in a ])articular sense. How is tills plnase to be accepted ?

conhng
;

tance
2.

admitnear approach admission as to gain access to a

to
; ; ;

verse.
3.

In commerce, to agree or promise to pay, bill of exchange. [See Jlcceptance.] ACCEPT'ABLE, a^. That may be received with pleasure hence j)leasing to a receiv
o.

pruice.

as a

3.

or character used in writing to direct the stress of the voice in proiunicia tion. Our ancestors borrowed from the Greek language three of these characters, the acute (',) the grave (") and the circum In the Greek, the first flex (' or '.) shows when the voice is to be raised the second, when it is to be depressed and the third, when the vowel is to be uttered
; ;

mark

gratifying as an acceptable present. Agreeable or pleasing in jierson as, a man makes himself acceptable by his services or civilities. er
;
; ;

Approach, or the way by which a thing may be approached as, the access is by a Bacon. neck of land. Means of approach liberty to approach:
; ;

implying previous obstacles. By whom also we have access by

4.

faith

Rom. v. Admission

ACCEPT'ABLENESS,
ACCEPTABIL'ITY,
used, or not at
all.]

n.

The

quality of]

I being agreeable to a receiver, or to a person w'nli whom one has uitercourse. [The latter word is little

to sexual intercourse. During coverture, access of the husband shall be presumed, unless tire contrary be shown. Slackstone.

5.

Addition; increase by something added;

as an access of territory ; but in this sense accession is more generally used. The return ol' a fit or paroxysm of disease, or fever. In this sense accession is generallv used.

4.

with an undulating sound. A modulation of the voice expressive of

passions or sentmients.

ACCEPTABLY,
ACCEPT' ANCE,
tion
;

adv.

In

manner
may
serve

to
(5.

please, or give satisfaction. Let us have grace whereby we

acceptably.

God

Heb.

xii.

The
5.

tender accents of a

woman's
Obs.

cry.

Pj-ior.

Manner of speaking. A man of plain cucent.

n. A receiving with ap probation or satisfaction favorable recep;

ACCESSARILY, See ACCESSORILY. ACCESSARINESS, See ACCESSORINESS.

ACCESSIBIL'ITY,)!. The quahty of beuig
approachable
or
'2.
; ;

Shak

as

work done
l.\.

to acceptance.

C.

Poetically, words, language, or expressions in general. Words, on your wings, to heaven her accents
bear,

They
altar.

shall

come up with acceptance on my

bill of exchange or or maimer, as to bind the ac

ACCESSARY, See ACCESSORY.

Isa.

The

receiving of a

or of admitting access.
;

der, in such a

Such words
7.

as

heaven alone

is fit to

hear.

Drifdeyi

In music, a swelling of sounds, for the purpose of variety or expression. The principal accent falls on the first note in
3.

the bar, but the third place in conunon time requires also an accent. 8. A pecuhar tone or inflection of voice. A'CENT, v.t. To express accent to utter a .syllable with a particular stress or mod In poetry, to utter ulation of the voice. or pronounce in general. Also to note accents by marks hi writing. Locke. Wotton pp. Uttered with accent; marked with accent. A'CENTING, ppr. Pronouncing or marl^ ing with accent. ACCENT'UAL, . Pertaining to accent. v. I. To mark or pronounce with an accent or \v\i\\ accents.
;

ceptor to make payment. This must be and to charge the by express words drawer with costs, in case of non payment, the acceptance must be in writing, under, across, or on the back of the bill. Blackstone. An agreeing to terms or proposals in com;

ACCESS'IBLE, a. That may be apiiroached

reached approachable applied to things ; as an accessible town or mountain. Easy of apjiroach afl'able used ofpersons,
;

ACCESS'ION, n.
an acceding
accession to
3.

[L. accessio.]

A coming to
;

merce, by which a bargain and the parties bound.

is

concluded
3.

to and joining as a king's a confederacy. Increase by something added that which is added augmentation as an accession of
;
;

A:i agreeing to the act or contract of an other, by some act which binds the person in law ; as, a bisliop's taking rent reserved on a lease made by his predecessor, is an acceptance of the terms of the lease and binds the party. Larv. In mercantile language, a bill of exchange accepted as a merchant receives anoth;

wealth or territory. Inlaw, a mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance, which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the thing added or
the improvement provided the tiling is not changed into a different species. Thus the owner of a cow becomes the owner of Blackstone. her calf The act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. That which is added. The only accession which the Roman Emof Britain. pire received, was the province Gibbon. The invasion of a fit of a periodical disease, or fever. It tliftijrs liom exacerbation. Accession imphes a total jirevious intermisexacerbation implies sion, as of a fever only a previous remission or abatement of
; ;

ACCENTED,

5.

6.

er's acceptance in jiayment. Formerly, the sense in \vhicli a

4.

word

is
.5.

ACCENTUATE,

understood.

ACCEPTA'TION,

ACENTUA'TION,
in speaking.

n.

The

act of placin^

accents in writing, or of pronouncing

them

ACCEPT',
and

(. t.

cap-ioj

[L. accepto, from accipio, ad to take; Fr. accepter; Sp

It.

[See Acceptation.] Kind reception; a receiving with favor or ajijirobation. This is a saying worthy ol' all acceptation 1 Tim. i. A state of being acceptable favorable ren.
;

Obs.

G.

gard.

aceptar ; Port, aceiter ; Lat. capio. Class G. b.]

I.

accettare.

See

Some things are of great dignity and acceptation with God. Hooker
But
3.

in this

sense acceptableness

is

more

violence.

To

a consenting mind probation or favor.

take or receive what is offered, with to receive with ap

;

Bless. Lord, his substance, and

accept the
4.

work of his hands. Deut. xxxiii. He made an offer which was accepted.

generally used. The meaning or .sense in which a word or expression is understood, or generally re ceiveil as, a term is to be used according to its usual acceptation. Reception in general. Obs.
;

ACCESS'IONAL, a. ACCESSO'RIAL, a.

Additional.

Pertaining to an accessory; as accessorial agencj', acces.iorial guilt. Burr's Trial.

the

ACCESSORILY, adv.

manner of an accessory

[Sec Accessory.] In by subordi;

A C C
Date means, or in a secondary oharai^ter not as principal, but as a subordinate agent
;

A C C
state

A C C
;

AC'CESSORINESS,

n.

The

of being

tous taking place not according to the usual course of things opposed to that which is constant, regular, or intended as
;

Non-essential not necessarily belonging to as songs are accidental to a play. ACCESSORY, See .Accede. This word is Accidental colors, are those A\hich de|)end cessiis, accedo. the affections of the eye, in distincaccented on the first syllable on account of iipoii^ tion from those which the derivatives, which require a secondabelong to the hglit itself: but the natural ry accent on the third Encyc. accent of accessory is on the secontl sylla Iccidental point, in perspective, is that point in the horizontal line, where the thus it is often pronounced by ble, and projec; ;
;

accessoiy, or of being or acting in a secondary character. n. [L. Jlccessorius, from ac

an accidental \\sit.

Gr. Eol. x%invi; Sax. clif, a bank or shore; clifian, cleofian, to cliff, See Cliff.] cleave, or split. slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or a side descending. ascent the talus of a Rising ground rampart. ACCLI'VOUS, a. Rising, as a hill with a
Ir.

did;

slope.

ACCLOY',
satiety.

V.

t.

To

fill

to .stuff;

to

fill

to

good speakers.] 1. Acceding contributing aiding in produc ing some effect, or acting in suborilination
; ;

tions

of two

lines parallel

to

each other, ACCOIL'.

casuof

[.Vol used.]

[See Cloy.]

Spenser.

ACCIDENT' ALLY, arfy. By chance;

allv
;

meet the perspective plane.

fortuitously
;

Usually, in u bad sense, as John was accessory to tiir fi'lony. 0. Aiding in certahi acts or effects in u secondary manner, as accessory sounds in mu-

to the princijjal agent.

not essentially.
n.

ACCIDRNT'AT.NESS,
being casual.
cidence.

The quaUty

AC'COLA, n. A delicate fish eaten at Malta. ACCOLA'DE, 71. [L. ad and collum, neck.] A ceremony formerly used in conferring
but whether an embrace or a blow, .seems not to be settled. Cyc. a. [Fr. accommodablc. See Accommodate.] That may be fitted, made suitable, or made

[See

Coil.]

ACCIDEN'TIARY,

ACCESSORY,
of a
in

Encyc. n. In laiv, one who is guilty felony, not by committing the ofl'ense person or as jnhicipal, but by advising or commanding another to commit the crime, or by conceahug tlie offender. There may be accessories in all felonie: but not in treason. An accessory before the fact, is one who counsels or commands another to commit a felony, and is not present when the act is executed after the fact, when one receives and conceals
;

sic.

Pertaining to the acMorton. [JVot used.]

{Little used.' a.

knighthood

ACCOM'MODABLE,
to agree.

ACCIP'ITER, n. [L.arf and ca;)!"o, to .seize.] 1. A name given to a fisli, the niilvus or hi
9.

cerna, a species of Trigla. Cyi In ornithology, the name of the order ol'| rapacious fowls The accipiters have a hooked bill, the superior mandible, near the base, being extended on each side beyond the inferior. The genera are the vultiu-, the falco, or hawk, and the stri.x, or owl.
l)acious

[Little used.]

ACCOM'MODATE,f./.
apply or
suit,
;

[L. accommodo, from ad and co7iimodo,

to to

of con, with, and modus, profit or helj) measure, proportion, limit, or manner. See
Mode.]
1.

To

fit,

adapt, or

make

suitable

as, to ac-

the offender.
9.

ACCIP'ITRINE,
;

That which accedes or

belong.? to

some-

[Supra.] Seizing as the accipitrine order of fowls.

;

a.

ra-

commodate ourselves to circumstances; to accommodate the choice of subjects to the

occasions.
2.

thing else, as its principal. Accessory nerves, in anatomy, a pair of nerves, which arising from the medulla in the vertebers of the neck, ascend and enter the skull then passing out with the par vaguni, are distributed into the muscles of the neck and shoulders.
;

Ed. Encyc.

icith

ACCI'TE,
call
;

V.

t.
;

to cite
V.

[L. to summon.
t.

ad and

cilb, to cite.]
[J^'ot

To
.3.

used.]

supply with or furnish followed by ; as, to accommodate a man with apartments. To supply with conveniences, as to ac;

To

Paley.

ACCLA'IM,
to cry out

[L. acclamo, ad and clamo, Sp. c/mnr; Port, clamar; It. clamare ; W.ltei^ain; Ir. liumhnm. See Claim, Clamor.] To applaud. [Little used.]
;

commodate a friend.
4.

To
ance

reconcile things which are at varito adjust as to acco7ni/iodatc differ; ;

ences.

Accessory, among pauiters, an epithet given to parts of a history-piece which are merely ornamental, as vases, armor, Stc.

Halt. 5.

To show To

fitness or

agreement

to api)Iv

ACCLA'IM,
tion.

n.

shout of joy
n

acclamaMilton

as, to acf07nniorfa^e prophecy to events. 6. leiul a commercial sense.

ACCIDENCE,
A CIDENT,
cwyzaw, to

n.

[See Accident]

A small ACeLAMA'TION,
A

[L. acclamatio.

See

book containing the rudiments of grammar. 71. [L. accidens, falling, from ad and cado, to fall W. codum, a fa
;

fall;

Arm.
dence.
1.

2.

chance casualty contingency. That which takes place or beguis to exist without an efficient intelligent cause and without design.
; ;
;

Class G d.] or falling; an event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation an event which proceeds liom an unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expect

kuctha,

to

\r.kudaim; Corn, kotha : fall. See Case and Ca

A coming
;

Acclaim.] shout ofapplau.se, uttered by a multitudeAnciently, acclamation was a form of words, uttered with veliemence, somewfiat resembhng a song, sometimes accompanied with ajjplauses which were given b\ the hands. Acclamations were ecclesiasmilitary, nuptial, senatorial, synod theatrical, &c. they were musical, and rythmical and besto^^ed for joy, reand even reproach, and oflen acwith words, repeated, five, companied twenty, and even sixty and eighty times.
tical,

In an intransitive sense, to agree, to be conformable to, as used by Boyle. Obs.

ACCOM'MODATE,n.
ed
;

Suitable;

fit;

as

means accommodate
pp.
;

adapt-

to the end.

Ray.

Tillotson.
;

ACCOJI'MODATED,
;

Fitted

ed also furnished adajjted apj)lied with conveniences. We are well accommodated with lodgings.
;

adjust-

cal,

ACCO.M MODATELY', adv.

Suitably;

fitly.

spect,

ed

ACCOM MOD ATENESS,Ji.

tle

[Little used.]

More.
Fitness. [Lit-

used.]

In the later ages of Rome, acclamations were performed by a chorus of music instructed for the purpose. In modern times, acclamations are expressed by huzzas; by clapping of hands and often by repeating vivat rcT, n'i'a/ respubli ca, long live the king or republic, or other
;

ACCOMMODATING,
making
suitable
;

with conveniences

opinion, owe their beini to fate, accident, or the blind action of stupfd matter.
in his

All of

them,

ppr. Adapting reconciling furnishing ; applying.

;

ACCOM MODATING,
; ;

Dwight

^.

4.

In logic, a property, or quality of a being is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper. Also all qualities are called accidents, in opposition to substance, as sweetness, softness, and tilings not essential to a body, as clothes. Encyc. In graynmar, something belonging to a word, but not essential to it, as gender,

which

Adaptmg one's self to; obliging; yielding to the desires of others disposed to comply, and to oblige another as an accommodating msin.
Fitness; adapta;

a.

words expressive of joy and good

wislies.

ACCOMMODATION, n.
tion

5.

Expressing joy or applause by shouts, or clapping of hands. ACCLIMATED, a. [Ac for ad and cliHabituated to a foreign climate, mate.] or a climate not native so far accustomnumber, inflection. ed to a foreign chmate as not to be pecuEncyc. In heraldry, a point or mark, not essential liarly liable to its endemical diseases. to a coat of arms. Med. Repositoi-y. Encyc.
a.
;

ACCLAai'ATORY,

followed by

to.

The
2.

3.

4.

5.

ACCIDENT'AL,

a.

or rather unexpectedly

Happenmg by
;

chance,
:

ACCLIV TTY,

n.

[L. acclivus, acclii'is, ascliviis,

casual"

fortui-

cending, from ad and

an ascent

Hale. Adjustment of (hfferences; reconciliation; as of parties in dispute. Provision of conveniences. In the plural ; conveniences tilings furnished for use chieffy applied to lodgings. In mercantile language, accommodation is used for a loan of money which is often a great co7ivenience. An accommodation
; ; ;

dation to

organization of the its functions.

body with accommo-

A C C
,'ole, is
ill

A C C
exertions as to accomplish a purpose. Prov.]
;

A C C
AeCORD'ABLE,
a.

the language of

one drawn and the purpose of bornn\

directors, offerer! for discount, for

iiig its

bank

xiii.

Agreeable; consonanf-

amount,

in' 4.

To
in

fulfil

opposition to a note, wliieli tlie owner lias' received in payment for goods. In England, accommodation hill, is one' given instead of a loan of money. Crabb 0. It is also used of a note lent merely to accommodate the borrower. 7. In theology, accommodation is the appUcation of one thing to another by analogy, as of the words of a prophecy to a future event.

or bring to pass

a prophecy.

as, to accomplish

AORD'ANCE,
son
;

n.

Gower Agreement u>itt a per

;

This that is written must yet be accomplished me. Luke, xxii.

ACCORD'ANT,
nant
;

conformity with a thing.

a.

Corre.sponding
;

conso-

").

To fin-nish with riualities which serve to render tlie mind or body complete, as with valuable endowments and elegant manners.
;

agreeable.
adjusted.

AORD'D, pp. Made to agree

Shak.

AORD'ER,
[Little used.]

n.

One

that aids, or favors

;

AeeOM'PLISHED, pp. Fini-shed

ed
2.
;

complet-

fulfilled

executed

effected.

ACCORDING,
zing.

ppr.

Agreeing

harmonistate.

Many
8.

of those quotations were probably in3.

a. Well endowed with good (lualities and manners; complete in acquirements; hav-

Th' according music of a well mist

2.
; ;

tended as notUiig more than accommodations

AOM'MODATOR,
modates; one that

Paley In marine language, an accommodationladder is a hght ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway.
n.

ing a finished education. Fashionable.

n.

Pope.
Suitable agreeable in accordance with. In these senses, the word agrees with or refers to a sentence.

AecOM'PLISHER,
pILshcs.

One who

Swift acconi;

Our

AOM'PLISHING,

One

that

accom-

adjusts.
a.

Warburton.

ppr. Finishing com pleting; fulfilling; executing; effecting; furnishing with valuable iiualities.
;

zeal should be according to knowledge.

Noble is the fame that is built on candor and ingenuity, according to those beautiful lines ot
Sir

Sprat

AOM'PANABLE,
A5M'PANIED,
with
in society.

[See Accompany.]

AOM'PLISHMENT, n. Completion
;
;

ful-

John Denham.

Spectator.

Sociable. [M'ot used.] pp.

n.

Attended; joined [Vv.A'compagne-

ACCOM'PANIMENT,

menf. See Accoinpany.] Something that attends as a circumstance, or which is ad

ded by way of ornament to tlie principal Thus thing, or for the sake of symmetry. instruments of music attending the voice small objects in painting dogs, guns and
; ;

game

in

a hunting piece

warlike instru-

ments with the

AeeOM'PANIST,

portrait of a inilitai-y character, are accompaniments. n. The performer in sic who takes the accompanying part.

filment entire pertbrmance as the accomHere the whole preceding pmls of the sentence are to accord, i. e. agree with, plishment of a prophecy. The act of carrying into effect, or obtaincorrespond with, or be suitable to, what attainment as follows. According, here, has its true ing an object designed partithe accomplishment of our desires or ends. cipial sense, agreeing, and is always fol3. Acquirement that which constitutes exlowed by to. It is never a preposition. cellence of mind, or elegance of manners, VCCORD'INGLY, adv. Agreeably; suitaacquired by education. bly in a manner conformable to. ACOMPT'. Obs. [See Account.] Those who live in faitii and good works, will ACOMPT'ANT. Obs. [See Accountant.] be rewarded accordingly. AORD', n. [Fr. accord, agreement, con- \eORP'ORATE, V. t. To unite [mt ia sent accordei; to adjust, or reconcile Sp. Milton. use.] [See Incorporate.] acordar Arm. accord, accordi ; It. accordo, ACOST' V. t. [! r. accoster ad and
3.
; ; ;
;

mu

accordare.

The

Lat. has concors, concordo.

-side,

border, coast;
;

G.

kiiste

D.

cote, kttst :

Busby.

ACeOM'PANY,
acompanar
pany.]
1.
;

V. t. [Fr. accompagner ; Sp. Port, acompanhar. See Com-

Qu. coi- and cordis, the heart, or from the Dan. kyst.] same root. In some of its applications, it To ajiproach to draw near to come side is naturally deduced from chorda. It. corby side, or face to face. [JVbt in use.]
;

da, the string of a musical instrument.]

1.

2.

To

speak

first to

to address.

Milton.

Agreement
Acts,
i.

harmony of minds

consent

with or attend as a coinpanion or associate on a journey, walk, &c. as a man accompanies his friend to church, or
;

To go

or concurrence of opinions or wills. They all continued with one accord in prayer
3.

ACOST',
iar.

V. i.

To
o.

Dryden.
adjoin.

on a
'i.

toin\
;

To

be with as connected

to attend

as

AOM'PANY,
;

pain accompanies disease. v. i. To attend; to be an associate as to accompany with others.

Milton. In music, to perform the accompanying part in a composition. Busby. Obs. To cohabit.

Concert iiarniony of sounds the union of diflerent sounds, which is agreeable to the ear ; agreement in pitch and tone as but in this sense, it is tjie accord of notes more usual to employ concord or chord.
;
;

ACCOST' ABLE,
AOST'ED,
to.

Easy

in use.] Spenser. of access ; familHoicell.

[J^Tot
;

pp. Addressed
ppr.
n.

first

spoken
first

In heraldry, being side by side.

AOST'ING,
speaking
to.

Addressing by

Bacon

3.

2.

4.

3.

Agreement just correspondence of things as the accord of hght and shade in painting. Will voluntary or spontaneous motion used of the will of persons, or the natural
; ;
;

AOM'PANYING,p;)r. Attending; going

with as a companion.

motion of other bodies, and preceded by

own.
Being more forward of his
Cor.
viii.

man who ACCOUNT',

ACCOUCHEUR,
n.

accooshdre. [Fr.] assists Avomen in childbirth.

[Fr. conte
;

ACOM'PLICE,
;

own

accord.

n.

[Fr. complice

L. com-

its own accord thou Lev. xxv. plega. See Compter and Pledge.] An asso- 5. Adjustment of a difference reconciliation. The mediator of an accord. ciate in a crime ; a partner or partaker in It was formerly used in a good 0. In law, an agreement between parties in guilt. .sense for a co-operator, but this sense is controversy, by which satisfaction for an obsolete. It is followed by with beinjury is stiiiulated, and which, when exwholly was an accomplice fore a person ; as, Blackstone. ecuted, bars a suit. with in the murder of Dryden uses 7. Permission, leave. it with to before a thing. ACCORD', r. t. To make to agree, or corto adjust one thing to another. respond ; AOM'PLISII, !'. /. [Fr. accomplir, to finHer hands accorded the lute's music to th ish, from ad and L. compleo, to complete. voice. Sidney. See Complete.] To to tinish ;

plicatus, folded together, of co)i, with, and plico, to fold plegy, to plait ; Arm.

W.

That which groweth of

shalt not reap.

lu conto ; Sp. cuenta; Arm. count ; an account, reckoning, computation. Formerly writers used tiom the Fr. compte. See Count.] accompt A stun stated on paper; a registry of a debt or credit of debts and credits, or charges ; an entry in a book or on paper of things bought o;' sold, of payments, services &c., including the names of the par;

complete

'2.

To

entirely. That iJe would accomplish seventy years in the deJolation of Jerusalem. Dan. ix.
2.

just or compose troversies.

bring to an agreement to settle, ad as to accord suits or con

; ;

ties to the transaction, date, and price or value of the tiling. Account signifies a single entry or charge, or a statement of a number of jiarticular debts and credits, in a book or on a separate paper and in the plural, is used for the books containing such entries. A computation of delits and credits, or a general statement of particular sums; as, the account stands thus let him exhibit
; ;

Hall.

his account.
3.

To execute
;

as to accomplish a vow, wrath

ACCORD',
pondence.

V.

i.

To

agree

to

be in corres-

3.

or fury. Lev. xiii. and ,\x. To gain to obtain or effect by successful

My heart accnrdeth with my tongue. To agree in jiitcli and tone.

Shak
4.

computation or mode of reckoning ; applied to other things, than money or as the Julian account of time. trade Narrati\ e relation statement of facts
;

A C C
recital

A C C
ACCOTJNT'ABLENESS,
;

A C C
;

5.

transactions antl events, verbal or written as an account of the revolution in France. Ilcnce, An assignment of reasons explanation l)y a recital of |)articular transactions, given by a person in an employment, or to a sn])erior, often implying responsiliility. Give zn account of lliy stewardship. Luke, xvi.| Without responsil)ility or obligation. He giveth not account of his matters. Job,

of particular

ACCOUNT ANT, n.
tile

Liabloncss to answer or to give account tlie .state of beijig answerable, or liable to the payment of njonev or damages.
n.

1.

ad and crcsco ; Eng. accrue ; Fr. accroitre. See Increase, Accrue, Groiv.] A growing to an increase by natural grow til applied to the increase of organic
; ;

One
;

skilled in

mercan-

accounts

more

xxxiii.

6.

7.

Reason or consideration, as a motive as on all accounts, on ci cry account. Value importance estimation that is,
;
;

keeps accjiunts an oflicer in a ]iuboffice who has charge of tlie accounts. 2. In (ireat l?ritain, an oflicer in the courtj of cliancery, who receives money and pays it to the bank, is called accountantlic

who

generally, a person

-general.

ACCOUNT'-BOOK,
accoimts are
;

n.

A
;

book

in

which'
Swifl.

ers

8.

9.

in this sense not used. or adjusting accounts. 2. To encroach to To couple to other. Hence in draw away from anV. t. accvp'pk. old laws to assume the ; join or link together. [See Couple.] exercise of royal prerogatives. public affairs. n. accup'plement. A \CCOUPLEMENT, Put that to mine account. Philem. xviii. Btackstone. To make account, that is, to have a previous coupling a connecting in pairs ; junction. The noun accroachment, an encroachment, or [Tyittle used.] opinion or e.xpectation, is a sense now obattempt to exercise royal power, is rarely ACCOUR'AGE, v. t. accur'age. [See Coiir- or never used. solete. [See JSncroaeh.] To encourage. [Mot used.] age.] writ of account, in law, is a writ which ACCRUE, V. i. accru'. [Fr. accroitre, accru, Spenser) the plaintiffbrings demanding that the decresco ; Sp. V. t. [See Court.] To entertain' to increase L. accresco, accrescere crecer fendant should render his just account, or ACCOURT, and acrec(r; It. crescere, Port. ; with courtesy. [Ao( used.] Spenser.' show good cause to the contrary called crecer : Arm. ACCOUTER, V. t. accoot'cr. [Fr. accoutrer ; Literally, to cris(]i.] hence to arise, Cowel. also an action of account. grow to; procontracted from accoustrer, from Norm.j ceed or come to be added, as increase, AecOUNT', V. <; To deem, judge, considcostc, a coat, coster, a rich cloth or vester, think, or Iiold in opinion. as, a |)rofit accrues to profit or damage ment tor festivals. 1 tliink this to be the' I and son Solomon shall be accounted ofmy government from the coinage of copper; true origin of the word, rather than con-, fenders. 1. Kings, i. a loss accrues from the coinage of gold, dre, couture, coxduAer.] 2. Toaccountof, to hold in esteem to value. and silver. Let a man so account of us as of ministers In a general sense, to dress to cqui]) but Accrue, n. accru'. Something that acof Christ. 1 Cor. iv. api>ropriately, to array in a military ilress; cedes to, or follows the property of anSilver was not any thing accounted of in the to put on, or to furnish with a military other. Obs. dress and arms to equip the body for' days of Solomon. 1 Kings, x. ACCRUTNG, ppr. Growing to; arising; 3. To reckon, or compute; as, the motion of military service. coming being added. the sun whereby years are accounted ACCOUt'ERED, pp. Dressed in arms; ."VCCRU'MENT, n. Addition increase. also to assign as a debt as, a |n-oject acequipped. [Little used.] Montagu. counted to (lis service but these uses are ACCOUTERING, ppr. Equipping with; n. [L. accubatio, a reclinantiquated. military habiliments.
count.

such a state of persons or things*, as rend- ACCOUNT'ED, pp. Esteemed; deemed them worthy of more or less e.stimaconsidered regarded valued. as men of account. tion Accounted for, explained. What is the son of man that thou makest acACCOUr/TTNG, /)r. Deeming esteeming count oihim. Ps. cxliv. reckoning rendering an account. Profit advantage that is, a result or proan account asTo find Accounting for, rendering duction worthy of estimation. signing the reasons unfolding tlie causes.! our account in a pursuit to turn to acACCOUNTING, n. The act of reckoning!
; ;
;

kej)t.

bodies by the accession of parts. Plants have an accretion, but no alimentation. Bacon. In the ciiril law, the adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becomes ])osse.ssed of a right to another as, when a legacy is left to two persons, and one of them dies before the testator, the legacy devolves to the survivor by right of accretion. Encyc.
;

ACCRETIVE,
growing
accretive
;

a.

adding to by growth motion of plants.

Increasing by growth; as the ;

ACCROACH,
;

1.

V. i. [Fr. accrocher, to fix on a hook from croc, crochet, a hook, from the same elements as crook, which see.] To hook, or draw to, as with a hook but
;

Philip.

4.

Regard; behalf; sake; a sense deduced from charges on book as on account of

ACCOUPLE,
;

ACCOUNT',
received.
^.

V. {. To render an account or relation of jiarticidars. An oflicer must account with or to the Treasurerybr money

[[ACCUBA'TION,
ing,

AeCOUt'ERMENTS,i.
age
;

phi.

Dress; equip
;

from ad and cubo, to

lie

down. See

furniture for the

3.

To give reasons to assign tlie causes to explain with for ; as, idleness accounts for poverty. To render reasons to answer for in a
; ; ;
;

ately, miUtary dress for mihtary service.

body appropri and arms equijiage

;

In

common

usage, an old or unusual dress.

to

ACCOY', V. t. [old Fr. accoisir. Todd.] To render quiet or diffident to soothe

;

caress.
ditar;
It.

We

responsible character. must account for all the talents entrusted

to us.

[Obs-]

ACCRED'IT,
;

Spenser. V. t. [Fr. accrediter; Sp. acreaccreditare ; to give authority or

1

Cube.] \ lying or reclining on a couch, as the ancients at their meals. The manner was to rechne on low beds or couches with the head resting on a pillow or on the elbow. Two or three men lay on one bed, the feet of one extended behind the back of another. This practice was not permitted among soldiers, children, and senants ; nor was it known, until luxury had cor-

^ACCOUNTABIL'ITY, n. The state of being

liable to

answer

for one's

conduct

liabif-

ity to give account, and to receive reward or punishment for actions.

To

reputation from L. ad and credo, to behove, or give faith to. See Credit.] give credit, authority, or reputation to' accredit an envoy, is to receive liini in his
;

rupted manners.

Encyc.

.\CeUMB',

V. i. [L. accumbo ; ad and cuio.] to recline as at table. [.Yot used.]

ACCUjM'BENCY,
bent or reclining.

n.

State of being accum-

The

awful idea oi accountability.

])ublic character,

and give him

credit

and

2. Liability to the

ACCOUNT' ABLE,
account
duct.
;

damages

responsibility for a trust.

a.

ACCREDITA'tl'ON, n. That which gives payment of money or of title to credit. [Lnttle used.]

R. Hall.

rank accordingly.
|

.\CCUM'BENT,
from
cubo.

a.

[L. accumbens, accumbo,

See Accubation.] Leaning or

answerable
is

Every man

Liable to be caUed to to a siqierior. accountable to God for his con-

ACCREDITED,
with reputation
character.

pp.
;

.Allowed; received! authorized in a public

Ch7-ist.

ACCU'MULATE,
ler,
1.

Obs

rechning, as the ancients at their meals. v.t. [L. aecumido. ad and cumulo, to heap; cumulus, a heap; Sp. acumular ; It. accumutare ; Fr. accumucomhler.]
:

ACCREDITING, ;>;>r.
rejjutation.

Giving authority or

2. Subject to pay, or make good, in case of loss. A sheriff is accountable, as bailiff and

ACCRES'CENT,
creasing.

a.

[See ^ccrefi'on.]

In- 2.

receiver of good.s. .Accountable for, that

etesant.]

Shuckford.
;!

may

be explained.

[.Vot

ACCRE'TION,

n. [Lat. accretio, increase accres'co, to increase, litcrallv. to srrow to

To heap up to pile ; to amass as, to accumulate earth or stones. To collect or bring together; as to arcumulate causes of misery to accumulate wealth.
; ;

ACCU'MULATE,

r.

i.

To grow

to a great

A C C
; ;

ACE
2.

ACE
charge
Mat.

to increase 2. The size, liimiber or quantity charge of an offense or crime the declaration containing the fireatly as public evils accunmlale.

ACeU'MULATE,
orqnantitv.
liea])

a.

Collected into a mass,

They
xxvii.

set

over his head his accusation.

very small quantity; a particle; an atom; a tritle as a creditor will not abate an ace of his demand.
;

Bacon

AceU'MULATED,

Collected into a pp. or great qnantity. ppr. Heaping up increasing aniassinjT; reatlv. ACUMULA'TION, n.'Tlie Kct of accuinu latins; the state of being accumulated ; an

AU'MULATING,
;

a. A term given to a case of nouns, in Grammars, on which the action of a verb terminates or tiills; called in English Grammar the oi/fcitfe case ACCU'SATIVELY, adv. In an accusative manner.

ACeU'SATIVE,

ACEL'DAMA,
Km,

field said to

'2.

as an amassing; a collecting together acrimndation of earth or of evils. In lau\ the concurrence of several titles to the same thing, or of several circinn;

2.

In relation to the

accusative case
;

in

Grammar.

ACCU'SATORY,
an accusation
;

same proof. Encyc. In Universities,an accumulation of de^ees, is the taking of sevei-al together, or at .smaller intervals than usual, or than is allowed by the rules. Encyc. AeeU'BIULATIVE, a. That accmnulates heaping up accumulating.
stances to the
'A.
;

Accusing containing as an accusatory libel.

a.

ACCU'SE,
;

AU'MULATOR,
lates, gathers,

n.

One

that

accumu-

1.

or amasses.
71.

ACCURACY,
care
1.
;

rare, to take care of;

f!(ra, care.

[L. nccuratio, from accuad and curare, to take See Care.]

;
;

to a rule or
sults

Exactness; exact conformity to truth; or model freedom iiom mistake

2.

ti. <. sasi. [L. occhso, to blame, or accuse ad and causor, to blame, or accuse causa, blame, suit, or process, cause ; Fr. acciiser ; Sp. acusar ; Port. accusar; It. accusare ; Arm. accusi. The sense is, to attack, to drive against, tol charge or to fall upon. See Cause.] To charge with, or declare to have committed a crime, either by plaint, or con ])laint, information, indictnient,or impeacl ment to charge with an offense against the laws, judicially or by a jiublic process as, to accuse one of a high crime or mis
; ; ;

the same as the potters field, jiurchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his master, and therefore called the feld of blood. It was ajipropriated to the interment of strangers. ACEPH'ALOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. andto)i,, a head.] Without a head, headless. In liistory, the term Acejihali, or Acephahtes was given to several sects who refused to follow some noted leader, and tf> such bishops as were exempt from the jurisdiction and discipline

n. [Ch. a field, and Spn, Ch. Syr. and Sam., blood.] have lain south of Jerusalem,

of their patriarch.

It

was

also

given to certain levelers wlio acknowledged no head in the reign of Henry 1st. It was also applied to the Blemmves, a liretended nation of Africa, and toother tribes in the East, whom ancient naturalists represented as having no head their eyes and mouth being placed in other
;

nicety; correctness; precision which refrom care. The accuracy of ideas or opuiions is conformity to truth. The value of testimony depends on its accuracy copies of legal instruments shoidd be taken
^

demeanor. To charge with a

or excusing

parts.
fault
;

Modern

to

blame.

ed these

discoveries have dissipat-

fictions.

'i.

with accuracy. Closeness tightness as a tube sealed with

;

accuracy.

A'URATE,
;

[L. accuratus.] In exact conformity to truth, or to a standard or ride, or to a model free from failure, error,
a.
;

9.

or defect as an accurate account accurate measure an accurate expression. Determinate precisely fixed as, one body may not have a very accurate Influence oil
; ; ; ;

3.

another. Close perfectly tight ing or hitijig.

;

Bacon.
;

as an accurate seal-

A'URATELY,
rate
;

adv. Exactly; in an accuer-

3.

temper in man. to habituate or inure as to practice ACER'IC, a. [L. acer, a maple tree.] accustom one's self to a spare diet. Pertaining to the maple obtained from the vial accttratelt/ stopped. Comstock. ACCUS'TOM, V. i. To be wont, or habituUre. maiile, as aceric acid. A'URATENESS, ?;. Accuracy; exact- ated to do any thing. [Little used.] a. [L. acerosus, 2. To cohabit. chaffy, from ness nicety precision. Milton. AC'EROUS, [JVotused.] In botany, chaffy ; acxts, chaft'or a jioint.] V. t. accurs', ACCUS'TOM, n. Custom. [JVotused.] AURSE, [Ac for ad and resembling chaff. Milton curse.] To devote to destruction to iinpre 2. An acerous or acerose leaf is one which a. Of long custom cate misery or evil upon. [This verb is r\CCUS'TOMABLE, is linear and permanent, in form of a neehabitual used. See customary.
ror or defect as a writing accurately copied. Closely so as to be perfectly tight as a
; ;
;

maimer; with precision; without

held lands of no particular lord, and who were under no bishop. I. Cowel. ACEPH'ALUS, n. An obsolete naine of the t<enia or tape worm, which was illegitimate. formerly ACCUSED,;;;). Charged with a crime, by supposed to have no head an error now a legal process charged with an offense exploded. The term is also used to exblamed. a verse defective in the press begiiming. ACCU'SER, 71. One who accuses or blames ACERB', a. [L. acerbus ; G. hcrbe, harsh, an oflicer who prefers an accusation sour, tart, bitter, rough, whence h^rbst, against another for some offense, in the autumn, herbstzeit, harvest tune D. htrfst, name of the government, before a tribu harvest. See Harvest.] nal that has cognizance of tiie offense. and harsh to the taste sour, ACCU'SING, ppr. Charging with a crime Sour, bitter, with astringeney or roughness ; a quality blaming. of imripe fruits. Qitincy. ACCUS'TOM, 1'. t. [Fr. accoutumer. from ad and coutume, coustume, custom. See Cus ACERB'ITY, n. A sourness, with roughness, or astringeney. torn.] 2. Figuratively, harshness or severity of To-inake familiar by use to form a habit bv
Their thoughts, in the meanwliile, accusing one another. Rom. ii.
It is

who

In English Laws,

men

followed by o/betbre the subject of ac cusation the use of for after this verb is
;

clergymen L. L. Hen.

rarely

Cui-se.]

[Little used.]

AURS'ED,
'I.

pp. or a.
:

Doomed to destruc- ACCUS'TOMABLY,

custom or
;

adv.

According
;

to

dle, as ui pine.

Martyn.
n.

tion or miseiy

habit.

The city shall be accursed. John vi. Separated from the faithful cast out of the church excommunicated.
;

il.

crable.

from acesco. See Acid.] A turning .sour by spontaneous use or practice. a decomposition [JVotiised.] Boyle. ACCUS'TOiMARILY, adv. According to state of becoming sour, tart, or acid and hence a being moderately sour. I could wish custom or common practice. [See Cusaccursed from Christ. myself St. Paul. tomarily.] [Little used.] ACES'CENT, a. Turning sour becoming Worthy of the curse detestable ; exe- ACCUS'tOMARY, a. Usual; customary. tart or acid by spontaneous decompo.sition.

ACCUS'TOMANCE,

[Little iised.] n. Custom

ACES'CENCY,
sour,

[L.

ctcescens,

turning
;

habitual

Keep from the accursed tiling. Josh. vi. Hence, 4. Wicked malignant in the extreme. ACeU'SABLE, a. That may be accused chargeable with a crime blamable Uable to censure followed by of.
; ; ; ;

[See Customary.]

[Little used.]

Hence
by
is

ACCUS'TOMED,
;

pp.
;

Being
;

familiar

2.

use habituated inured. a. Usual often practiced customed manner.

;

but the latter sense usually e.xpressed by acidulous or sub;

slightly sour

acid.

J\/icholson.

as in their acfamiliar

ACES'TE,
papiho
v\

n.

In entomology, a species of
butterfly, in India.

or

with

subdentated
Oyc.
sort

ACCUS'TOMING,
by practice
;

ACCU'SANT,

n.

ACCUSA TION,

One who n. The

;

with a crime or olfense ing of any wrong or injustice.

accuses. Hall. act of charging the act of accus-

ACE,
It.

ppr. Making inuring. n. [L. as, a unit or pound; Fr. as; asso ; D. aas ; G. Sp. as.] unit a single point on a card or die or
;
:

ings, found
n.

ACES'TIS,
urine,

[Gr.]

A
[L.

factitious

of

chrysocolla,

made of Cyprian
n.

verdigris,

and

niter.

Cyc.

the card or die so marked.

ACETAB'ULUM,
egar.

from acetum, vinthe

See Acid.]

Among

Romans

A C H

A C

A C
;

a. Pertaining to Achaia in In the shape of a needle having sharp point* vinegar cnisc or like vessel, anil a meas ATIE'AN, like needles. Kirivan. Martyn. fiireece, and .a celebrated league or conlire of about one eigbtli of a ]iiiit. 1. In anatomy, the cavity of a bone for receivfederacy established there. This State lay An acicular prism is when the crystals are on the gulf of Corinth, within Peloponsh-nder and straight. Phillips. ing the protuberant end of another bone, nesus. and therefore forming the articulation calAClC'ULARLY, adv. In the manner of needles, or prickles. It is used especially for AII1*;RN'ER, 11. A star of the first magniled enarthrosis. tude in the southern extremity of the con- ACID, a. [L. acidus ; Sax. ceced, vinethe cavity of the os innominatuni, which stellation Eridanus. from the root of acies, edge ; Gr. gar receives the head of the thigh bone. 2. In botfiHj/, the trivial name of a species of AH'ERSET, n. An ancient measure of axr; ; VV. awr, an edge or ])oint. See Edge.] its corn, supposed to be about eight bushels. Sour, sharp or biting to the taste, having the peziza, the cup peziza so called from taste of vinegar, as orirf fruits or resemblance to a cup. Encyc. liquors. That AC'ID, n. In chimislry, acids are a class of 3. A glandular substance found in the placen- ACHIE'VABLE, a. [See Achieve.] of substances, so denominated from their Barrotv. ta of some auLinals. may be performed. taste, or the sensation of .sourness which 4. It is sometimes used in the sense of Coty- ACHIE'VANCE, n. Performance. Elyot. ACHIE'VE, v.t. [Fr.ac/ifi'er, to finish; Arm. But the ledon. they i)roduce on the tongue. name is now given to several substances, acchui ; old Fr. chcvcr, to come to the eml, 5. A species of lichen. Ci/c. AC'ETARY, n. [See ./Icid-] An acid pulpy frotu Fr. chef, the head or end old Eiig. which have not this characteristic in an eminent degree. The properties, by which chcve ; Sp. and J'ort. acaiar, from cabo, end, substance in certain fruits, as the pear, inSee Chief.] closed in a congeries of small calculous they are distinguished, are these: cnpe. 1. VViien taken into the mouth, 1. To perform, or execute to accom])lish bodies, towards the base of the fruit. they occasion the taste of sourness. They are corto finish, or carry on to a final close. It Grew. ^ ACETATE, n. [See ,^cid.] In chimistry, a apiiropriatcly used for the effect of efforts rosive, unless diluted with water and some of them arc caustic. made by the hand or bodily e.xertion, as neutral salt formed by the union of the deeds achieved by valor. 2. They change certain acetic acid, or radical vinegar, with any vegetable blue colors To gain or obtain, as the result of exertion. to red, and restore blue colors which have salifiable base, as with earths, metals, and Sliovv all the spoils by valiant Kings achieved been tinned green, or red colors which alkalies; as the acc/afe of alumine, of lii Prior. ha\ e been turned blue by an alkali. or of co|)per. Lavoisier. AC'ETATED, a. [See AciJ.] Combined ACHIE'VEP, /);). Performed; obtained 3. Most of them unite with water in all proacconqilished. with acetic acid, or radical vinegar. ])ortioiis, with a condensation of volume -VCHIE'VEMENT, n. The performance of and evolution of heat; and many of them ACE'TIe, a. [See Acid.] A term used to an action. have so strong an attraction for water, as denote a particular acid, acetic acid, the 2. A acnot to ajipear in the solid state. great or heroic deed something concentrated acid of vinegar, or radical 4. They have a complished by valor, or boldness. stronger affinity for alkaIt may be obtained by exposing vinegar. 3. An obtaining by exertion. fies, than these have for any other subcommon vinegar to fi-ost the water freez 4. An escutcheon or stance and in combining with them, most ensigns armorial, grantiiig leaves the acetic acid, in a state of pii ed for the performance of a great or honof them produce efl^ervescence. rity. orable action. Encyc 5. They unite with earths, alkahes and meACETIFICA'TION, n. The act of making ACHIE'VER, n. One who accomphshes a tallic oxyds, forming interesting comacetous or sour; or the operation of makpurpose, or obtauis an object by his exerpounds, usually called salts. ing vinegar. Cyc. tions. 6. With few exceptions, they are volatilized ACE'TIFY, V. t. To convert into acid or ACHIE'VING, ;);;). Performing; or decomposed by a moderate heat. executing .flikin. vinegar.
; ;
;

'

AC'ETITF^,
able base
;

n.

[See

Jlcid.]

neutral salt

gaining.
distress.

formed by the acetous

acid,

with a

salifi

A'CIIING, ppr.

Being

in

pain

suffering

The old chimists divided acids into animal, vegetable, and mineral a division

as the acctitc of copjjer, alumi nous acetitc. Lavoisier.

now deemed

ACETOM'ETER,
and

A'HING,i. Pain; con tinned pain or distress. A'CHIOTE, n. The anotta, a tree, and a drug
used for dyeing red.
to excite fire

n.

[L. aceimn,

vinegar,

ftffpm; mea.siire.]

instrument for ascertaining the strength of vinegar. Ure. ACETOUS, a. [See Acid.] Sour; hke or having the nature of vinegar. Acetous acid is the term used by chimists for distilled vinegar. This acid, in union wilji dift'erent bases, forms salts called acetites.

An

makes good cordage, and

by
friction.

The bark of the tree the wood is used

[See Anotta.

inaccurate. They are also divided into oxygen acids, hydrogen acid.s, and acids destitute of these acidifiers. Another division is into acids with simple acids with double radicals, acids radicals, with triple radicals, acids with miknown
radicals,

Clavigero.

A'HOR,

ACE'TUM,

n. [L.

See Acid.]

Vinegar; a

sour liquor, obtained from vegetables dissolved in boiling water, and from fermented and spirituous liquors, by exposing lliem to heat and air. This is called the acid or acetous fennentation.

AellE,
to

r. {. ake.

ache or be primary .sense

the oriental
1.
plj?

m
is

[Sax. ace, ece ; Gr. aj;tu, pain axoi, pain. The to be pressed. Perhaps
;

to press.]

2.

To suffer iiain ; to have or be in pain, or in continued pain ; as, the head aches. To suticr griet', or extreme grief; to be
distressed
;

as,

the heart aches.

AGHE,

n. ake. Pain, or continued pain, in opposition to sudden twinges, or spasmod ic iKiin. It denotes a more moderate de of pain than pang, grce angiush, and tor

ture.

Vol.

sordes capitis.] and acids destitute of oxygen. 1. The scald head, a disease Lavoisier. Thomson. JVicholson. Aikin. forming scaly eruptions, sujjposed to be a critical evac- ACIDIF'EROUS, a. [Acid and L, fero.] uation of acrimonious humors a species Containing acids, or an acid. of herpes. Hooper. Qiiiricy. Acidiferous minerals are such as consist of In mythology, the God of flies, said to have an earth combined with an acid as carbobeen worshipped by the Cyreneans, to nate of hme, aliimhiite, &c. Phillips. avoid beinff vexed bv those insects. Encyc. ACID'IFIABLE, a. [From Acidify.] AHROMATl, a. [Gi: a piiv.mid xf^'f^a. Capable of being converted into an acid, by union with an acidifying principle, withcolor.] Destitute of color. Achromatic telescopes out decomposition. are formed of a combination of lenses, ACIDIFleA'TION, n. The act or process which separate the variously colored rays of acidifying or changing uito an acid. of light to equal angles of divergence, "at ACID'IFIED, pp. Alade acid; converted different angles of refraction of the mean into an acid. In this case, the rays behig made to ACID'IFIER, n. That which ray. by combinarefract towards contrary parts, the \v hole tion forms an acid, as oxjgen and liychoiren. ray is caused to deviate from its course,! without being separated into colors, and- ACID'IFY, f, /, [Acid aiKl L.facio.] the o[)tical aberration arising fi-om the va-' To make acid but approi)riately to convert rious colors of light, is jirevented. This' into an aciil, chimically so called, by combination \\ith any substance. telescope is an uivention of Dolland. J\'icholson.i ACIDJFYIXG, ppr. Making acid; conACI'ULAR, a. [L. aticula, Priscian, aj >erting into an acid having power to needle, from Gr. axr;, L. acies, a itoiut. See change into an acid. Oxygen is called the Acid.] acidifying jirinciplc or element.
n. [Gr.
o.x<^p,
; ;

conqiound acids, dubious acids,

A C K
-ACIDIM'ETER,
n.

A C O
ixitftoy,^

A C O
an act
in a le

[Add and Gr.

they are the seed which the Lord hath blessed.

Isa. vi.
I

An

measure.]
iiistrument for ascertaining the strength 8.
lire.

Cor. xvl. to

To own, avow or assent

of acids.

ACID'ITY, The quality of being sour;

n.

[Fr. aciditi,

from aW.]
sourness; tart

ness

sharpnes.s to
?;.

tlie taste.

AC'IDNESS,
acidity.

The quahty of being sour

v.
t.

Mediterranean isles is the swiftest of its kind, and coils itself upon a tree, from ACKNOWL'EDgED, pp. Owned con which it darts upon its prey. fessed noticed with regard or gratitude 2. A comet or meteor resembhng the serpent. received with approbation owned betbre adv. and
;

gal form, to give it validity ; as, to ucknowl edge a deed before competent authority.
; ;

length of a light gray color with black spots, resembling eyes the belly perfectly white. It is a native of Aliica and the:
; ;

ACOP',
At the

authority.
[L.

[a

cope.]

ppr. Owning confessing approving grateful but the latter sense is a gallicism, not to be used. n. The act of moderate degre. A)huthnol. owning ; confession ; as, the acknowledgACID'ULATED, pp. Tinged with an acid ment of a fault. made slightly sour. 2. The owiiuig, ith approbation, or in the ACID'ULATl"NG,;)/>r. Tinging with an acid AC'IDULE, } n. In chimislry, a compound true character as the acknowledgment of ACID'ULUM, I salt, in which the alkahne a God, or of a public minister. base is s(q)ersaturated with acid as, tarta 3. Concession admission of the truth as, of a fact, position, orprincijile. reous adduhtm ; oxalic addulum. 4. The owning of a benefit received, accoma. addulus. See
acidulus, shghtly sour ; Fr. acidukr, to make sour. See Add.' To tuige Willi an acid ; to made acid in a
;

ACIDULATE,

AKNOVVL'EDgING,
; ;

top.

Obs.

Jonson,

A'ORN,
1.

ACKNOWL'EDgMENT,

2.

ACIDULOUS,
Slightly sour cess of acid
;
;

[L.

Add.}

ACINAC'IFORM,
eter.

sub-acid, or having an ex as, addulous sulphate. a. [L. acinaces, a cime

tcr, Gr. axnaxrji, and h./orma, form.] In botany, formed hke, or resembling a cim

AC'INIFORM,
like

a.

Mnrtyn. [L. annus, a grape stone,

;

and forma, sha])e.] Having the form of grapes

men of
tion.

grapes. the

The uvea
iris

being ui clusters
eye,

in the

or posterior lais called the

adniform term to many

tunic.

Anatomists apply the glands of a similar tbrma

(^uincy.

Hooper.

ACINOSE, ACINOUS,

I
I

a.

[From

L.

acinus.

See

Adniform.] Consisting of minute granular concretions used in mineralogy. ICinvan ACINUS, n. [L.]' In botany, one of the small grains, which comj)ose the fruit of

the lilackberry, &c. a. In ichthyology, a genus of fishes, of the order of chondropterygii, having an obtuse head the mouth under a. Having no side the head, retractile and without teeth. (^iiincy. To this genus belong the sturgeon, ster- ACNES'TIS, n. [Gr. a priv. and xioco, to rub lobes. or gnaw.] ACOUSTIC, a. [Gr. axovitixos, fi-om axova, let, huso, &c. Cyc. That part of the spine in quadiiipeds which to hear.] -ACIT'LI, n. A name of the water hare, or extends I'rom the metaplirenon, betwet Pertaining to the ears, to the sense of heargreat crested grebe or diver. the shoukler blades, to the loins which ing, or to the doctrine of sounds. Diet. ofJVat. Hist the animal cannot reach to scratch. Acoustic duct, in anatomy, the meatus auditov. t. Aknol'edge, [ad Coxe. (^uincy. ius, or external jiassage of the ear. and knowledge. See Know.] AC'O, n. A Mediterranean fish, called also Acoustic vessels, in ancient theaters, were bra]. To own, avow or admit to be true, by a saracliiis. zen tubes or vessels, shaped lilie a bell, declaration of assent as to aeknowledge Ae used to projiel the voice of the actors, so OLIN, n. A bird of the partridge kind the being of a God. in Cuba. Its breast and belly are white as to render them audible to a great dis9. To own or notice with particular its back and tail of a dusky yellow brown regard. tance in some theaters at the distance of Ill all Prov. iii. thy ways acknowledge God. Dwt. ofjVat. Hist. 400 feet. Encyc. Isa. xxxiii. Acoustic instrument, or auricular tube, called AOL'OTHIST, ? " , i , a 3. To own or confess, as implying a cont^'"- """^"^f**"-] in popidar language, a speaking trumpet. \ sciousness of guilt. In the ancietit church, one of the subordinate Encyc. 1 acknowledge my transgressions, and my otficers, who hghteil the lamps, prepared Acoustics, or acousmatics, was a name given sin is ever before me. Ps. li. and xxxii. the elements of the sacraments, attended to such of the discijiles of Pythagoras, as 1. To own with assent to admit or receive the bishops, &c. An othcer of the like had not completed their five years probawith approbation. character is still employed in the Romish tion. He timt acknowledgeth the son, hath tlie Church. the father also. 1 John ii. 2 Tim. ii. Encyc. ACOUS'TICS, n. The science of sounds, n. [L. aconitum Gr. axoviToi'.] teaching their cause, nature, and phenom5. To own with gratitude ; to own as a ben- A'ONITE, The herb wolf's bane, or monks-hood, a ena. This science i.s, by some writers, diefit as, to acknowledge a favor, or the revided into diacoustics, which explains the poisonous plant and hi poetry, used for ceipt of a gift. ill poison general. jiroperties of sounds coming directly from MMon. They his gifts acknowledged not. ACON'TIAS, n. [Gr. axovtioi; axoftiov, a the sonorous body to the ear; and catacou0. To own or admit to belong to as, to acdart, from axur.] stics, which treats of reflected sounds. knowledge a son. 1. A species of serpent, called dart-snake, or But the distinction is considered of httl 7. To receive with respect. real utility. jaculum, from its manner of darting on its AU that see them shall acknowledge that prey. Tiiis gerjient is about three feet iji| 2. lu medicine, this term is sometimes usetj

ACTPENSER,

panied with gratitude and hence it com- 3. bines the ideas of an c.rpression uf thanks. ish coast. The shell is multivalvular, uiiHence, it is used also for something given or done in return for a favor. the valves are eipial, and fixed by a stem A declaration or avowal of one's own act, parallel and perpendicular, but they do not to give it legal vahdity as the acknowledgopen, so that the animal iterforms its funcment of a deed before a ])roi)er othcer. tions by an aperture on the top. These shells are always fixed to some solid Acknowledgment-money, in some parts of Engbody. land, is a sum paid by tenants, on tlie death A'0RNED, a. Furnished or loaded with of tlieir landlord, as an acknowletlgment acorns. of their new lords. Kncyc. .\'ORUS, n. [L. from Gr. oxopot.] 1. Aromatic ACME, n. Ac'my. [Gr. ax/^y;.] Calamus, sweet flag, or sweet The top or highest point. It is used to derush. note the maturity or iierfection of an ani- i2. In natural history, lAue coral, which grows in the form of a tree, on a mal. Among physicia7is, the crisis of a rocky bottom, in some parts of the African seas. Old nied disease, or its utmost violence. It is ical writers divided the jirogress of a dis brought from the Camarones and Benin. ease into four periods, the arche, or beginE7icyc. ning, the anabasis, or increase, the acme 3. In medicine, this name is sometimes given or utmost violence, and the paracme. to the great galangal. Encyc. or decline. But acme can hardly be con- ACOTYL EDON, n. [Gr. a priv. and xori-sidered as a legitimate English word. X);6iui' from xoTt*>;, a hollow.} In botany, a plant whose seeds have no side A'NE, n. Ac'ny. [Gr.] A small hard pimple or tubercle on the face. lobes, or cotyledons. Martiin.
; ;
;

71. [Sax. cecem, from ace or ac, oak, and corn, a grain.] The seed or fruit of the oak; an oval nut which grows in a rough permanent cup. The first settleis of lioston were reduced to the mcessity of f'oeiiing on clams, muscles, B. Trumbull. ground nuts, and acorns. In marine language, a small ornamental piece of wood, of a conical shape, fixed on the point of the sjiindle above the vane, on the mast head, to keep the vane from beMar. Diet. ing blown off. Ill natural history, the Lepa.s, a genus of shells of several species tbund on the Brit-

ACOTYLEDONOUS,

AKN0WL'EDGE,

ACOLYTE,

A c a
for

A c a
from opposition or open discontent
;

A C R
as,

remedies for deafness, or imperfect

V.
;

an

ACQUIST',

n.

See Acquest.

[Ml

used.]

hearinj^.

AeQUAiNT,

t.

make known

Quinaj. [Old Fr. accointer, to wlience accointance, ac^ o J

acquiescence in the decisions of a court, or in the allotments of providence.

Miltou.

ACQUIES'CENT,
easy submitthig
;

Resting satisfied; disposed to submit.

Johnson.
;

a.

ACQUIT', v.t. [Fr. acquitter; W. gadu, gadaw L. cedo ; Arm. kitat, or quytaat,
;

Qu. Per. (Jva.Si kimda, qiiaintancc. knowing, intelligent; Ger. Arfe, knowledge kund, known, public D. korid oi' Sw. kund, known kunde, knowledge Dan. kiender, to know, to be acquainted These words seem to have lor their with. primitive root the Goth, and Sax. kimnan, to know, the root of cunning Ger. kennen; D. kunnen, kan Eng. can, and ken which see.]
; ;

AQUIES'CING,
resting content.

ppr. Quietly submitting

to leave, or forsake ; Fr. quitter, to forsake ; Sp. quitar ; Port, quitar It. quilare, to remit, forgive, remove D. kwyten ; Ger. quit; ;

tiren.]

ACQUIRABLE,
ACQUI'RE,

a. That may be acquired. V. t. [L. acquiro, ad and quaro, to seek, that is to follow, to press, to urge acto jiursue to the end or ob quiro signifies
;

To

set free ; to release or discharge from an obligation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or whatever Ues upon a person as

ject

The L. qximsivi, unless contracted, is See class jirobably from a different root. Gr. and Gs.] Isaiah liii. To gain, by any means, sometliing which is in a degree permanent, or vvhicli becomes 2. To inform ; to communicate notice to ; as, a vested or inherent in the possessor ; as, to friend in the country acquaints me with hi snccess. Of before the object, as to ac- acquire a title, estate, learning, habits, skill, dominion, &c. Plants acquire a green quainl a man o/'this design, has been used, mere tempo color from the solar rays. but is obsolete or
t.
;

mately

To make known to make fully or known to make faniiUar. A man of sonows and acquainted with
;

ac^umr; Sp.adquirir; Ar. Sys, Heb. Ipn to seek, to make towartls, to fol;

Fr.

inti-

low.

grief.

a.s, the jury acquitted the acquit a man of e\ il intenfollowed by of before the obIn a reject to acquit from is obsolete. ciprocal sense, as, the soldier acquitted himself well in battle, the word has a like sense, implying the discharge of a duty or Hence its use in expressing obligation. excellence in performance ; as the orator acquitted himself well, that is, in a manner
;

a charge or duty
;

prisoner
tions.
;

we

It is

that his situation and public expectation

demanded.

improper.

A
;

ACQUIT'MENT,

n.

The

act of acquitting,

3.

acquaint one^s self, is to gain an inti mate or j)articular knowledge of. Jlcquaint now thyself with him and be at peace. Job xxii.
n.

To

ACQUAFNTANCE,
;

Familiar

knowl-

rary possession is not exjjressed by acquire, but by gain, obtain, procure as, to obtain [not acquire] a hook on loan. Descent is the title whereby a man, on the the deatli of his ancestor, acquires his estate, by
right of representation, as his heir at law.

or state of being acquitted. South. [This word is superseded by acquittal.] ACQUITTAL, n. A judicial setting tVee, or deliverance from the charge of an ottense as, by verdict of a jury, or sentence of a
:

court.
TTie acquittal of a principal operates as an acquittal of tlie accessories.

3.

edge a state of being acquainted, or of having intimate or more than slight or suas, 1 knoiu the man, perficial knowledge bnt have no acquaintance with him. Sometimes it denotes a more slight knowledge, A person or persons well known usually persons we liave been accustomed to see and converse with; sometimes, persons
; ;

Blackstone

ACQUI'RED,

pp. Gained, obtained, or received from art, labor, or other means, in distinction from thos(4,tliings which are bestowed by nature. Thus we say, abilities, natiual and acquired. It implies title, or some |)ermanence of possession.

ACQUITTANCE,
lease from a debt.
2.

n.

discharge or re-

more

slightly

known.

ACQUI'REMENT,
or that which
is
is

Lover and friend hast thou put far from me and mine acquaintance into darkness. Ps.
Ixxxviii.

n. The act of acquiring acquired; attainment. It

ACQUITTED,

writing, which is evidence of a discharge ; a receipt in full, wliich bars a fm-ther demand. pp. Set fice, or judicially

The

used

in opposition to natural gifts

My
Job

acquaintance are estranged from

me

six.

Acquaintances, in the plm-al, is used, as apbut plied to individual persons known more generally, acquaintance is used for one or more. Jicquaintant, in a like sense, is not used.
;

music and jiainting. eloquence, and skill are acquirements ; genius, the gift of nature. It denotes especially personal attainments, in oi)position to material or external things gained, which are more usually called ac quisitions but this distinction is not always observed.
;

as.

discharged from an accusation released from a debt, duty, obligation, charge, or suspicion of guilt.
;

ACQUIT'TING,
;

cusation tion, or suspicion of guilt.

ppr. Setting free from acreleasing from a chai-ge, obliga)

ACRA'SE, ACRA'ZE,
Crazy.]

v.t.

To make

fatuate.

[.Yot in use.]

crazy; to in[See

n. A person who acquires. 2. Toinqjair; to destroy. [JVotinwse.] 71. [Gr. axpaaia, from a priv. and ppr. Gaining by labor or AC'RASV, other means, something that has a degree xpaoi;, constitution or temperament.] of permanence in the possessor. In medical authors, an excess or predominanledge. cy of one (luality above another, in mixAeUUA'INTING, ppr. Making known to ACQUI'RY, ?i. Acquirement. [.Vb< used.] Barrow. ture, or in the human constitution. Bailey. giving notice, or information to. AC'QUISITE, a. s as z. Gained. [AV used.] ACRE, n. a'ker. [Sax. acer, acera, ar acer ; AQUEST', n. [L. acquisilus, acquiro.] Burton Ger. acker ; D. akker ; Sw. acker ; Dan. 1. Acquisition the tiling gained. Bacon, Lat. ACQUISP'TION, n. [L. acquisitio, fi-om ac2. Conquest a place acquired by force. ager ; W. eg ; Ir. acra ; Gr. aypo; ACQUIESCE, V. i. acquiess'. [L. acquiesce, quisitus, acqutesivi, which are given as the ager. In these languages, the word retains its primitive sense, an open, plowed, of ad and quiesco, to he quiet; quies, rest part, and prct. of acquiro ; but qua'sivi is In Eng. it retained its orior sowed field. Fr. jtrobably from a difterent root \V. ceisiaw

ACQUIRER,

ACQUAINTED,
;

known informed having

;

pp.

Known;

familiarly

ACQUI'RING,

personal know-

or apparently satisfied, or without opposition and discontent; usually implying previous opjiosition, tm easiness, or dislike, but ultimate conqili ance, or submission as, to acquiesce in the dispensations of providence.
to rest
;

To rest satisfied,

acquiescer.]

1.

3.

To

assent

to,

upon conviction
;

as, to

etc

3.

an opinion that is, to rest satisof its correctness, or propriety. .Acquiesced in, in a passive sense, complied with submitted to, without o])position as, a measure has been acquiesced in. ACQUIES'CENCE, n. A quiet assent; a silent submission, or submission with apjiarcnt content distinguished from avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other,
rjuiesce in

fied

Eth. chUUUJ chasas, chas Ar. ^^3 kassa, to seek. Class Gs. ] The act of acquiring as, a man takes pleasure in the acquisition of property, as well as in the possession. The thing acquired, or gained; as, learning is an acquisition. It is used for intellectual attainments, as well as for external and in a things, property, or dominion
; ; ;

by statutes
1.

ginal signification, that of any open field, until it was limited to a definite quantitv .31. Ed. 35. Ed. 1. 84. H. 8.

ACQUISITIVE,
quirei!
:

good sense, denoting something estimable. aca. That is acquired

;

Cowel.] A quantity of land, containing 160 square rods or jierclies, or 4840 square yards. This is the Enghsh statute acre. The acre of Scotland coiuams 61.50 2-5 square yards. The French arjient is nearly equal to the Scottish acre, about a fifth larger than the English. The Roman juger was

[but improper.]

JValton. 2. In the

3200 square yards. Mogul's dominions, acre

is

the

ACQUIS ITIVELY,
ment, with
to

adv.

Noting acquireLilly's

or for following.

Grammar.

^'ame as lack, or 100,000 rupees, equal to CI 2,500 sterUng, or S55,.500. .icre-ftght, a sort of duel in the open field.

A C R
formerly fought by English and Scotch

ACT
ACRON lALLY,
manner
sun.
;

ACT
ACT,
V.
t.

combatants on

tlieir frontiers.

In an acronical at the rising or setting of tlie

adv.
n.

To
your

perform

to represent

character on the stage.

Jict well

Acre-taz, a tax on lanrl in Eiifrlanrl, at a certain sum for each acre, called also acre-shot.

part, there all the

honor

lies.

A'ROSPIRE,

A'RED,
perty.

a.

ACRID,

a.

Possessing acres or landed proPope[Fr. acre ; L. acer.]

;

dTteipa,

[Gr. oxpo;, a spire, or spiral line.] the plume, or shoot, or sproiu of a seed so called from its spiral tbrm. plumule,
;

highest, and

2.

To

VV'itli
I

feign or counterfeit. acted tear the villain thus pursued.

;

Pope. Obs. or improper.

Sharp; pinigent

bitter;

sharp or biting to

Mortimer.

3.

the taste; acrimonious; as otn'rf salts. ACRIDNESS, n. A sharp, bitter, pungent quahty. ARIMO'NIOUS, a. Sharp; bitter; corrosive;

AC'ROSPIRED,
\ROSS',
Cross.]
1.

a.

Having a sprout, or
eiuls.

To put m motion movements.

Most people

to actuate

Dry den. to regulate

having sprouted at both

Mortimer.
cross.

in the

prep, akruus'. [a

and

See

world are acted by levity. South. Loclee.

Figuratively, severe; sarcastic; apphedto language or temper. ARi[M6'NIOUSLY, aih: With sharpness or bitterness.
2.

ACT,;!. The exertion of power; the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; as, In thia the act of giving or receiving. river. sense, it denotes an operation of the mind. passing o^er at any angle Intersecting Thus, to discern isan odofthe understandto judge is an act of the will. ACRIMONY, n. [L. acrimonia, from acer, as a line passing across another. ing n. [Gr. axpa, extremity or beTliat which is done a deed, exploit, or sharp. The latter part of the word seems AROS'Tl, to denote likeness, .state, condition, like ginning, and atixoi, order, or verse.] achievement, Avhether good or UI. .\ composition in verse, in which the first And his miracles and his acts wliich he did head, hood, in knighthood ; in which case it in the midst of Egypt. Deul. xi. may be from the same root as maneo, Gr. letters of the hnes, taken in order, form the name of a person, kingdom, city, &c., 3. Action performance jiroduction of efjUffW.] which is the subject of the composition, But this sense fects as, an act of cliarity. 1. Sliarpnes.s a quality of bodies, which cor-

abounding

witli

acrimony.

side to side, opposed to along, Avhich is in the direction of the length ; atliwart a quite over ; as, a bridge is laid across
;

From

[In this latter sense, obsolete actuate, which see.]

and superseded by

rodes, dissolves, or destroys others ; as, the Bacon. acrimony of the humors.
2. Figuratively, sliarpiiess

or

some

title

or motto.

ACROS'TIC,
an acrostic. an acrostic.

a.

That relates

to,

or contains

is closely allied to the foregoing.

4.

state

of reality or real existence, as

or severity of temper; bitterness of expression proceeding

i'rom anger, ill-nature, or petulance. South.
n.

ACROS'TIeALLY,
,\ROTELEU'Tl,
and
rfJ-ffri^,

adv. .In the

manner of
extreme,
.5.

opjiosed to a possibility.

The

in possibility,

AC'RISY,
ment.]

[Gr. a

priv.

and

xinitf,

judg-

n. [Gr. a^po;,

seeds of plants are not at first in act, but what they afterwards grow to be. Hoolier.
;

end.]

In general, act denotes action completed

A state or condition
;

AC'RITUDE, n. An acrid quahty

A'ROTER, n. [Gr. oxpori^p, a sunmiit.] Bailey. In architecture, a small pedestal, usually with out a base, anciently placed at the two bitterness to the tasle ; ; the middle of pediments or extremes, or heat. biting frontispieces, serving to support the statues, AROAMAT'I, a. [Gr-axpoctuatcxos, from &c. It also signifies the figures placed a to hear.] axpooofiai, ornaments on the tops of churches, and the Abstruse ; jiertaining to deep learning ; an sharp pinnacles that stand in ranges about balusters. epithet applied to the secret doctrines of flat buildings with rails and Aristotle. Enfield. Anciently the word sigjiified the extremiACROAT'IC, a. [Gr. a.xpoaf.^co?.] ties of the body, as the head, hands, and
diciousness.
[Little itsed.]

ecclesiasticed xvrilers, an appellation of which no right .judg Among a given to any thing added to the end of ment can be formed that of wliich no psahn, or hymn as a doxology. matter in disi>ute choice is made inju;
; ;

but preceded by
action.

in,

it

denotes incomplete
viii.

[See

./Icrid.]

She was taken in the very act. John In act is used also to signify incipient action, or a state of preparation to exert " power ; as, In act to strike," a poetical use.
G.
;

A partordivisionof aplay, to be performed without interruption after which tlie action is suspended to give respite to the performers. Acts are divided into smaller
portions, called scenes. The result of pidjlic deliberation, or the

Abstruse

Aristotle's lectiu'es opposed ACROTHYM'ION, n. [Gr. a.^pof, were of two kinds, acroatic, acroainatic, or and dvfiof, thyme.] esoteric, which were delivered to a class of a species of wart, with a who had been previously Among physicians, broad top, having the select disciples, narrow Ijasis and instructed in the elements of learning and It is called Thymus. color of thyme. exoteric, wliicli were delivered in public. Cetsus The former respected being, God, and na- ACT, r. i. [Gr. a"/u, Lat. ago, to urge, the principal subjects of the latter tiu'e drive, lead, Itring, do, pcrfunn, or in genwere logic, rhetoric, and policy. The abCantabrian, eral, to move, to exert force struse lectures were called acroatics. W. cg-nr; Ir. cig-ca)!, force Ir. eg, force Enfield. or carry on eachdam, to do or (lige, to act a. a sumACROCERAU'NIAN, [Gr. axpa, act eacht, acht, deed, actaim, to ordain mit, and xspciviof, thunder.] It. agire, to do or F. agir act, condition An epithet apphed to certain mountains, act.] between Epirus and lUyricum, in the 41st 1. To exert power as, the stomach acta upon of latitude. Tliey project into the degree food the will acts ui)on the body in pro Adriatic, and are so termed from being ducing motion. often struck ^vith lightning. Encyc. 2. To be ui action or motion to move. and n. ACRO'MION, He between in doubt to act or rest. [Gr. axpo;, highest,
; ; ; ; ; ;

j)ertainii!g to to exoteric.

deep learning

and

feet.

Encyc. extreme,

of a prince, legislative body, council, court of justice, or magistrate ; a decree, edict, law, judgment, resolve,
decision

award, determination as an act of parliament, or of congress. The term is also

;

transferred to the book, record, or writing, containing the laws and determinations.
Also, any instrument in writing to verily
facts.

In the sense of agency, or power to j)roduce effects, as in the passage cited by Johnson, from Shakespeare, the use is improper.

To tiy the vigor of them and apply AUajiiients to their act.

Act,
in English Universities, is a thesis maintained in public, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student. At Oxford, the time when masters

In anatomy,

shoulder.] tliat part of the spine of the scapula, which receives the extreme jiarl of the clavicle. Qiw'nci/.
u/io?,
I

3.

ACRON'I, ARON'lCAL,

a.

[Gr. axpo;, extreme, and

night.]

"I'i,

Encyc. States," it is called commencement. Pope. To behave, demean, or conduct, as in Act offaith, auto da fe, in Catholic countries, is a solemn day held by the Incpiisition, morals, private diuies, or ]niblic offices tor the punishment of heretics, and the a minister has acted as, we know not why absolution of accused persons found innoBin in lliis sense, it in tills manner. cent or it is the sentence of the Inquisimost in as,
;

hangs

and doctors complete their degrees is also called the act, which is held with great soUnited lemnity. At Cambridge, as in the

frecjuent

popular language
;

In astronomy, a term apjilied to the rising of a star at sun set, or its setting at sun rise. This rising or setting is called ucronical.

how the man acts or has acted. To act up to, is to equal in action

tion.

The woyj

is

opposed to cosmical. Bailey. Encyc. Johnson.

Acts of the Apostles, the title of a book in the New Testament, containing a history of or perform a correspondent action as, he the transactions of the Apostles. lias acted vp to his engagement or his Acta Diwrna, among the Romans, a sort of advantages.
to
;

fulfil,

ACT
Gazette, containing an authorized account oCtiaiisaotioiis in Rome, nearly similar to

ACT
the body, vital, animal, and natural vital and involuntary, as the action of tht heart and lungs animal, as muscular, and all voluntary motions; natural, as manclu
;
;

ACT
contains the principle of action, independent of any visible external force as, attraction is an active power: or it may be defined, that communicates action or motion, opposed to passive, that receives action as, the active powers of the mind. Having the power of quick motion, or
;

our newspapers. ^cta populi, or itda publica, the Roman registers of asseiiihlies, trials, executions, buildings, birth-i, iiiarri:iges, Eind deaths ot'
illustrious piM'sDiis, &('.

8.

cation, deglutition, In law, literally, an

suit or process,

and digestion.
a

Encyc. urging for right a

;

Acid

.S'e/ia<s,

minutes of what passed

in the

made of a
tribunal.

by which
;

demand

is 3.

right

a claim made before a

or

Roman
ed
ip'i

senate, called

also conmientarii,

conunentaries.

mixed
represent-

ACT'ED, pp. Done; performed;

tiji'

stage.
.

Ae'TIAN,

Relating to Actiiim,

and promontory of Epirus, games, which were instituted by Augustus, to celebrate his

a town as Actian

real, personal real, or feudal, when the demandant claims a title to real estate personal, when a man demands a debt, jiersonal duty, or damages in heu of it, or satisfaction for an injin-y to person or property
\

Actions are

disposition to move with speed ; nimble ; lively ; brisk ; agile ; as an active animal.

Hence,
3.

Busy

constantly engaged

in

action

and

mijred,

when

real estate

is

demanded,
4.

naval victory over Anthony, near that town, Sep. 2, B. C. ;il. They were celebrated every five years. Hence, Actian years, reckoned from that era. Encyi\

ACT'ING,/(/)r. Doing

performing

behav-

Acting,
%i6oi,

ing; rci)re.senting the character of another. n. Action act of performing a Shnk. Churchill. partofaplav.
;

A'TlNOLltE,

n. [Gr.

axtw, a ray, and

a stone.]

mineral, called, by Werner, strahlstein, It ray-stone, nearly allied to hornblend. occurs in prismatic crystals, which are long, and incomplete, and sometimes exIts tremely minute and even fibrous. prevailing color is green of different shades, or shaded with yellow or brown. There are several varieties, as the common, the massive, the acicular, the glassy, and the fibrous. Werner. Kinvan. Cleavdand.
1*.

also transitive, as they imply the passing of the action expressed by the verb to the chose in action, is a right to a thing, object ; as, a ])rofessor instructs his pupils. in o[)position to the possession. bond 6. Active capital, or wealth, is money, or pro|)or note is a chose in action [Fr. chose, a erty that may readily be converted into money, and used in commerce or other thing,] and gives the owner a right to prosecute his claim to the money, as he has an Hamilton, enij)loyment f(>r profit. absolute property i)i a right, as well as in 7. Active commerce, the commerce in which a nation carries its own productions and a lhing,m possession. In .some countries of Europe, action is a foreign commodities in its own ships, or which is prosecuted by its own citizens ; share in the capital stock of a company, as contr.idislinguished from passive comor in the public funds, equivalent to our

with damages for a wrong sustained. Actions are also ciwY or penal ; anV, when instituted solely in behalf of private persons, to recover debts or damages penal, when instituted to recover a penalty, imposed by way of punishment. The word is also used for a right of action as, the law gives an action for every claim.
;
;

pursuing business withvtgor and assiduity ; oi(j)osed to dull, slow, or ijidolent; as an active officer. It is also opposed to sedentary, as an active life. Requiring action or exertion; practical; operative producing real effects oi)posed to speculative ; as, the active duties of life.
; ;

.5.

In grammar, active verbs are those which not only signify action, but have a noun or name following them, denoting the object of the action or impression called
;

Blackstone.

term share

; and consequMitly, in a more The word is general sense, to stocks.

also used for

10.

ActinoUte
glassy.

is

crystalized, asbestifoim,
a.

.ind

movable effects. In painting and sculpture, the attitude or

Phillips:.

ATINOLIT'I,
actinolite.

Like or pertaining

to

A'TION,
1.

n.

[L. actio.
;
;

See

Act.]

hence, the state of L/ilernlli/, a di-iving acting or moving exertion of ])ower or force, as when one body acts on another; or action is the effect of power exerted on
;

one boily by another motion produced. act i veil/. Hence, action is opposed to rest. Action, when produced by one body on another, is Quantity of action, in physics, the product ACT'IVENESS, n. The quality of being of the ma.ss of a body by the sjiace it active; the faculty of acting; nimblene.ss; mechanical ; when produced by the will of runs through and its velocity. a living being, spontaneous or voluntary. quickness of motion; less used than activity. Encyc. In many cases action and act are synony- ACTIVITY, n. The quahty of being ac[See Def. 3.] mous but some distinction between tive; the active faculty niinbleness; agil2. An act or thing done a deed. also the habit of dihgent and vigorous them is observable. Action seems to The Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him ity are actions weighed. have more relation to the power that 1. 8am. ii. ])ursuit of business as, a man of activity. It is applied to persons or things. i. In mechanics, agency acts, and its operation and process of! operation driving eftoil of one hotly upon another and act, moi-e relation to the effect Sphere of activity, is the whole space in which im]iul.se acting or operation com])lete. Action is also more the virtue, power, or influence of any obas, the adjon of wind upon a ship's sails. Also the effect of such action. ject, is exerted. generally used for ordinary transactions 4. In ethics, the external and act, for such as are remarkable, or To put in activity, a French j)hrase, for putsigns or expression of the sentiments of a moral agent conall our actions should be regting in action or employment. as, dignified duct ; behavior demeanor that is, moulated by i)rudence a prince is distinguish- .\CT OR, n. He that acts or performs; an tion or movement, with respect to a rule acti\e agent. ed by acts of heroism or humanity. Encyc. or propriety. Action taking, in Shakespeare, is used for Uti- 2. He that represents a character or acts a 5. In porin/, a series of events, called also part in a play a stage player. gious. the subject or table this is of two kinds A'TIONABLE, a. That will bear a suit, 3. Among civilians, an advocate or proctor the principal action which is more strictly in civil courts or causes. or for which an action at law may be .susthe fable, and the incidental action or epitained as, to call a manathicf isac/i0Ha6/e. ACTRESS, n. A female who acts or persode. forms, and especially, on the stage, or in Encyc. A'TION,\BLY, adv. In a manner that sub6. In oratory, gesture or gesticulation a play. the jects to legal process. external deportment of the speaker, or the A'TIONARY or A'TIONIST, n. In ACT U.IL, a. [Fr. actuel. See Act.] acconnnodation of his attitude, voice, gestEurope, a proprietor of stock in a traduig Real or effective, or that exists truly and one who owns acitons or shares ures, and countenance to the subject, or to as, actual heat, opposed to absolutely company the thoughts and feelings of the mind. of stock. that, which is virtual or potential ; artual
:
;

position of the several parts of the body, by which they seem to be actuated by passions ; as, the arm extended, to represent the act of giving or receiving. 11. Battle ; fight ; engagement between troops in war, whether on land or water, or by a greater or smaller number of combatants. This and the f^th definition exhibit the hteral meaning of adion a driving or urging.

merce, in which the productions of one country are transported by the people of another country. The connnerce of Great Britain and of the United States is active ; that of China
is

passive. It maybe the interest of foreign nations to de))rive us, as far as possible, of tm active commerce in our own bottoms.
Federalist, Hamilton.

ACTIVELY,
by action
;

adv. In an active maimer; nimbly briskly also in an active signification, as a word is used
;

Encyc.
7.

ACTIVE, a.

[L. activus

In physiology, the motions or function.s"of That has the power

Fr. actif] or quaUty of acting

;

that

cautery, or the burning by a red-hot iron, opposed to a cautery or caustic apphcation,

A C U

A D

ADA
;

that may produce the same effect upon AC'irRU, V. The name in India of a fragrant 4d valorem, according to the value, in com nierce and finance, terms used to denote As. Researches. aloe-wood. the body by a different ])rocess. duties or charges laid iqioii goods, at a 2. Existing iu act; real; in opposition to A'CUS, Ji. [L.] The needle-fish, or gar-fish. or sand eel. certain rate per cent, upon their value, a? Cyc. specidative, or existing in theory only; 2. The ammoclyte stated in their invoices in 0])position to a The oblong cimex. 3. as an actual crime. Cyc. a. [L. acutus, sharp-pointed Qu. 3. In theology, adiial sin is that which is specific sum upon a given quantity or nunjlier. from acuo, acus, or from the Oriental -\T\ committed by a person himself, opposed had or chad, sharp, Heb. Ch. Ar.] to original sin, or the corruption of nature AD'AgE, n. [L. adagium, or adagio; It. in a sharp point at the end ending adagio.] supposed to be communicated from Adam. Sharp 4. That includes action. opposed to blunt or obtuse. An acute angle \ proverb an old saying, which has obtained credit by long use a wise observation Besides her walking and other actual perin geometry, is one which is less than a

ACUTE,

formances.

[Hardly legitimate.]
n. Reality. adv. In fact ; leally n. [L. actuarius.]
;

Shnl{.

ACTUALITY,
AT'UALLY, AT'UARY,
and used

right angle, or

which subtends

less

than

handed down from

and agio,
leisure
;
;

antiquity.

Haweis.
;

in truth.

A register or clerk
;

a term of the civil law, originally in courts of civil law but in Europe used for a jurisdiction
clerk or register generally.

2.

To

ACTUATE, a. AT UATE, V.
;

a compound of arf Sp. and Port, omo ; L. Eng. ease.] As an adverb, Figuratively, a]>plied to mental powers: In music, a slow movement. AVheii slo^^ ly, leisurely, and with grace. having nice discernment penetrating repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs tlie perceiving or using minute distinctions movement to be very slow. op])osed to dull or stupid; as an acute rea
ninety degrees. is one whose three angles are all acute or less than ninety degrees each.
;

An

acute angled triangle

ADA'gIO,
otium',;

n. [It. arfff^i'o,

Fi: aise

Put in action.

ILdttle used.]

soiier.

AD'AM,
to the
;

n.

Ill

I. [from act.]] put into action ; to move or incite to action as, men are actuated by motives, or passions. It seems to have been used formerly in the sense of invigorate, noting but the use is not increase of action
;

Applied
sions
;

sensibility

senses ; having nice or quick susce|Hible of slight impres;

primarily, the

Ileb. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar., Jl/a;! ; name of the human species,

mankind

approiiriately,

the

first

Man,

4.

legitimate.

ACT'U.Vl'ED,
action.

pp. Put in action

incited to
5.

having power to feel or perceive small objects as, a man of acute eye sight, hearing, or feeling. An acute disease, is one which is attended with violent symptoms, and comes speedily to a crisis, as a pleurisy opposed to chronic.
;

the progenitor of the

human

race.

The
:

word signifies form, shajie, or suitable form hence, species. As a verb, the word signifies, in

Etliiopic, to please or be agreeable ; in Arabic, to join, unite, or be accordant, to

agree.

It is

evidently connected with Tint

All acute accent,

is

that wliich elevates or

ACTUATING, /i;h-.
citing to action.

Putting in action; in
6.

sharpens the voice.

is
;

damah, Heb. Ch. Syr., to be like or equal, Whence to form an image, to assimilate.

the sense of likeness, image, form, shape ; In music, acute is applied to a tone which Gr. itfia;, a body, like. [See Man.] sharp, or high opposed to grave. In botany, ending in an acute angle, as a Adam's apple, a species of citron, [see Citleaf or jierianth. ron;] also the prominent part of the throat. Martyn of the with Ad'am's needle, the popular name adv. Sharply ; keenly cultivated in yucca, a plant of four species, nice discrimination. the Indians make Of the ACTUATE, t'.<. [L. acuo, to sharpen. See ACUTENESS, n. Sharpness but .seldom "gardens. bread. roots, Yucca.] a kind of [See Acid.] To sharpen to make pungent, or corrosive. used in this literal sense, as apphed to ma- AD'AMANT, n. [Gr. aSa/ia; L. adwnas ; terial things. a word of Celtic origin W. ehedvaen, a Harvey. [Little vsed.] Figuratively, the faculty of nice discernstar of the fourth magniload stone, from elied, to fly or move, and ACUBE'NE, ?i. ment or perception ai)plied to the senses, Chaucer uses adatude in the southern claw of Cancer. raf 71, or maen, a stone. or the understanding. By an acuteness of mant for the load stone. Romaunt of the ACUT'TION, n. [from L. acuo, to shaqien.] feehng, we perceive small objects or slight The sharpening of medicines to increase Rose, L. 1183. Ger. diamant, is adamant impressions by an acuteness of intellect, and diamond Sp. diamante ; Sw. damanl ; their effect. we discern nice distinctions. See Diamond.] Fr. aimant, loadstone. ACU'LEATE, a. [L. aculeus, from acus. 3. Sharpness, or elevation of sound, in rhet- A Gr. axr a point, and the diminutive ul very hard or impenetrable stone a name oric or music. Boyle. See Acid.] given to the diamond and other substan4. Violence of a disease, which brings it ces of extreme hardness. The name has In botany, having jirickles, or sharp points speedily to a crisis. often been given to the load stone but in pointed used chiefly to denote prickles modern mineralogy, it has no technical lixed ill the bark, in distinction from ACUTIATOR, n. In the middle ages, a per-

ACTUATION,

n.

The

state

of being put

in

Gtanvitle. action; effectual operation. ACT'US, n. Among the Romans, a measure In in building equal to 150 Roman feet. agricullure, the length of one furrow.

7.

ACUTELY,

thorns,
2.

which grow from the wood.

Milne.

ACU'LEI,

In zoology, having a sting. In botany and zoology, re. [L.]

n.

son whose office was to sharpen instru ments. Before the invention of fire-arms, such crfticers attended armies, to sliar|jen
tlieir

signification.

AC'ULON,

prickles or spines. or AC'ULOS,

instruments. Encyc AD. A Latin preposition, signifying to. It is proliably from Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. Eth. [Gr. uxvxoj,

probably from ac, an oak.] The fruit or acorn of the ilex, or scarlet oak. ACU'MEN, n. [L. acumen, from news or

acuo.]

sharp point and figuratively, quickness of perception, the faculty of nice discrim
;

illation.

ACU'MINATE,
acumen.]

a.

[L.
;

acumincdus,
pointed.
;

from

Ending

in a

sharp point
?i.

ACU'MINATED, a. Sharpened to a A sharpening ACUMINA'TION,

nation in a sharp point.

point. termi-

as adamant. Milton. adamant having the quahties of adamant that cannot be broken, dissolved, or penetrated as adamantine bonds, or chains. nns, Ar. j^;;^, to come near, to approach; Adamantine Spar, a genus of earths, of three from which root we may also deduce at. The color of the first is gray, varieties. In composition, the last letter is usually with shades of brown or green the form when regular, a hexangular prism, two changed into the first letter of the word to Thus for adclamo. which it is jtrefixed. sides large and four small, without a the Romans wrote acclamo ; for adgrcdior. its surface striated, and with a ])yramid thin co\ ering of white mica, interspersed aggredior ; for adfirmo, affirmo ; for adlego, its fracture, \\ itli particles of red felspar allego ; for adpono, appono ; ti)r adripio ascribo ; for adtineo, foliaceous and sparry. The second variety arripio ; for adscribo, attineo. The reasonof this change is found is whiter, and the texture more fohaceous. in the ease of pronunciation, and agreea The third variety is of a reddish brown bleness of tlie sounds. This stone is very hard, and of cohn-.

ADAMANTE'AN,

a.

Hard

ADAMANTINE,

I\Iade of

ACUPUNCTURE,

n. [L. acus, needle,

and

Ad

punctura, or punctus, a jiricking.] Among the Chinese, a surgical operation performed by priiking the part att'ected with a needle, as in head-aches and letharEncyc. gies.

homineni, to the man, in logic, an argu ment, adapted to touch the prejudices of

ditticult fiision.

Ad

the jierson addressed. inguirendum, in law, a judicial writ manding inquiry to be made.
libitum, [L.] at pleasure.

com

A variety of corundum. AD'AMic, a. Pertaining

earth,
is

Encyc. Ckaveland.
to

Adam. \Adamic

Ad

the term given to common red means of a mistaken clay, so called by earth. opinion that .\dani means red

ADA
AD'AMITES, in visionaries, who
Church history, a sect of pretended to establish a Btate of innocence, and like Adam, went naked. They abhorred marriage, holditi, it to be the effect of sin. Several attempts one have been made to revive this sect as late as the 15tli century. Encyc. ADAMIT'IC, a. LUie the Adamites.
;

ADD
ADA'YS,
phrase,
adv.

ADD
;

On
adays.

now

or in days

as in the

word

ADD, v. 1. To set
;

2.

[L. addo, from ad and do, to give.] or put together, join, or unite, as, one thing or sum to another, in an aggreas, add three to four, the sum is gate seven. To unite in idea or consideration to
t.
;

for assigning debtors in service to their creditors, is found in Ben Jonson, but is not legitimate in English.

ADDICTED," pp.
practice.

Devoted" by customary
n.

ADDICT'EDNESS,
of being addicted.

The quaUty or

state

ADDICT'ING,
;

Taylor.

subjoin.

ADANSO'NIA,

n.

Ethiopian sour gonrd,

3.

To what has been

he added.

alledged, let this argument

ADDICTION,

monkey's bread, or African calabasli-tree. It is a tree of one species, called haobrih, a native of Africa, and the largest of the The stem rises not vegetable kingdom. above twelve or fifteen feet, but is from
sixty-five to seventy-eight feet in circum-

To

increase number.
three cities

ppr. Devoting time and attention practicing custoniarilv. . The act of devoting or hi practice ; the state of being giving up

Thou shalt add

4.

more of refuge.
Deut. xix. 2.

To augment.
Rehoboain
said, I will

add

to

The branches shoot horizontally ference. to the length of sixty feet, the ends bending to the ground. The fruit is oblong, at both ends, ten inches in length, pointed
and covered witli a greenish down, under wliicli is a hard ligneous rind. It hangs to the tree by a pedicle two feet long, and contains a white spungy substance. The leaves and bark, dried and powdered, are used by the negroes, as ])epper, on their
food, to

Ye
mand

your yoke. 1 Kings,

1

xii.

devoted. His addiction was to courses vain. Shak. Among the Romans, a making over goods to another by sale or legal sentence also an assignment of debtors in service to theii;

shall

not

add

to the

word wliich

com-

creditors.

you.

As here
there

Deut. iv. used, the \erb

ADDING, ppr.
increasing.

Joining

Encyc. putting together

is

intransitive, but

To add
vi.

ellipsis. to, is useil in scripture,

may be an

ADDIT'AMENT, n.
An

[L. additam.entum,

from

as equivalent

to give, or bestoiv upon.

Gen. xxx.

Matt.

In Gal. ii. the signify instruction.

promote perspiration. The tree is named from M. Adanson, who has given
it.
;

added nothing to me." In narration, he or he added words, they added, is ellijitical or what follows, or he continued his dis;

word is understood to "In conference they

additus and ment. See Add.] addition, or rather the thuig added, as furniture in a house any material mixed with the principal ingredient in a compound. Ancient anatomists gave the name to an epiphysis, or junction of bones without ai-ticulation. [Little used in either
;

a description of

ADAPT', t>./.
ad.

and

To make

apto, to

[^p.adaptar; It. adattare fit Gr. ortru.]

;

L.

course. In general,

sense.]

suitable

to

fit

an instrument

to its

or suit as, to adapt uses we have pro; ;

ADAPT'ABLE. a. ADAPTA'TION,
fit
;

It vision adapted to our wants. to things material or innnaterial.

ADDEC IMATE,
ADDED,

when used of things, add imphes a principal thing, to which a smaller is to be amiexed, as a part of the whole sum, mass, or number.

ADOPTION,
1.

n. [h. additio, from addo.] The act of adding, ojiposed to subtraction, or diminution as, a sum is increased by
;

addition.

is

appUed

n.

That may be adapted. The "act of maldng

suitable, or the state of being suitable, or

fitness.

v. I. [L. ad and decimus j2. Any thing added, whether material or immaterial. tenth.] To take, or to ascertain tithes. Diet. 3. In arithmetic, the uniting of two or more numbers in one sum ; also the rule or pp. Joined in place, in smn, in branch of arithmetic which treats of addmass or aggregate, in lumiber, in idea or

consideration

united

ADAPT'ED,
fitted.

pp.

Suited

made

ADDEE'M,
suitable
;

I',

t.

put together. To award [See Deem.]

;

ing numbers.

Simple addition

is

the join-

to sentence.

ADAPT'ER.
fitting.

See

AD'DER,
adopter.
;

ADAPT'IiVG,;);>r. Suiting; making fit. ADAPTION, n. Adaptation tlie act of

ADAPT
A DAR,

[Little used, NESS, n.

n.

and hardly

legitimate.]

state of' being fitted.

[A'ot used.]

A Hebrew
;

JWwton month, answering to

part of February and the beginning of March, the 19llioftlie sacred and 6th of the civil year so named from "nx,
tlie latter

ADDER-FLY,

to

become

of vegetation,
Palestine.

glorious, from the exuberance in that mouth, ui Egy])t and

Parkhursl.
n. [Gr. oSapxjjs.] hi Galatia.
It is

ADAR'CE,

A saltish

concretion on reeds and grass in

lax and

marshy grounds

porous, like bastard spunge, and used to clear the skin hi leprosy, tetters, &c.

Quina/. Plot. In Jemsh antiquity, a gold ADAR'CON, coin worth about three dollars and a tliird, or about fifteen shillings sterling.
n.

Richard as, John Doe, Esq. Roe, Gent Robert Dale, Mason ; Thomas Way, of .Vf if- York. fly or libellula ; sometimes called adder-bolt. 5. In music, a dot at the siile of a note, to ADDER'S-GRASS, n. A plant about which lengthen its sound one half 6. In heraldry, something added to a coat ol' serpents lurk. ADDER'S-TONGUE, n. A plant whose arms, as a mark of honor, opposed to abateseeds are produced on a spike resembling ments, as bordure, quarter, canton, gyron, See these terms. a serpent's tongue. pile, &c. Encyc. ADDER'S-WORT, n. Snakeweed, so named 7. In distilling, any thing added to the wash or liquor in a state of fermentation. from its supposed virtue in curing the bite 8. In popular language, an advantage, ornaof serpents. ment, improvement that is, an addition ADDIBIL'ITY, n. The possibility of being bv way of eminence. added. Locke AD'DI "tlONAL, a. That is added. It is a. [See AD'DIBLE, Add.] That may be used by Bacon for addition ; but unpropadded. Locke.
residence
;

n. a serpent D. adder. Qu. Sax. naedre, a serpent Goth, nadr ; G. natter ; W. Corn, naddyr ; Ir. nathair ; L. ; iiatrir, a serpent.] venomous serpent or viper, of several

[Little used.] [Sax. aetter or aettor,

and poison
;

ing of sums of the same denomination, as pounds to pounds, dollars to dollars. Compound addition is the joining of sums of different denominations, as dollars and
cents.
4.

neider

In
to

laiv,

show

title annexed to a man's name, his rank, occupation or place of

;

species.

n.

A name

of the dragon-

ADAR'ME,

n.

Spanish weight, the

;

six-

teenth of an ounce

Spanish ounce is than that of Paris.

Fr. demi-gros. The seven per cent, hghter

AD'DICE, ADDIT', ADDICT',

ohs.
a.
V.

[Xot much used.] [L. addico, to devote, from ad and dico, to dedicate.] To apply one's self habitually; to devote
t.

[See Adz.] Addicted.

erlv.

ADDI' TIONALLY,
tion.

adv.

Byway

of addi-

ADD'ITIVE,
is to

a.

That may be added, or that

be added.
;

AD'ATIS,

n.

Encyc. Span. Diet. muslin or species of cotton

tune and attention by customary or constant practice sometimes in a good sense.

;

ADD'ITORY, a. That adds, or may add. AD'DLE, a. [W. hadyl, corrupt hadlu, to
decay, to putrify ;

cloth from India. It is fine and clear ; the piece is ten French ells long, and tliree

They have addicted themselves

try of the saints.
1

to the minis-

Cor. xv.

Heb. Vin,

to fail

Ar.

More

quarters wide.

AD>AUNT,

v.t.

To

subdue.
;

ADAW,
used.]

See Daunt.]
t'.

[JVot used.

usually, in a bad sense, to follow customarily, or devote, by habitually practising that which is ill as, a man is addicted
;

t declme, and J Jsi' J j,.^to frustrate,

to fail, to cease.]

Skflton

to

t.

To daunt

to subject.

[.Vol

To

intemperance.

Spenser.

addict one''s self to a person, a sense borrowed fiom the Romans, who used the

In a morbid state putiid apphed to eggs. Hence, baiTen, producing nothing. "' " His brains grow addle. Dryden.
; ;
'
'

'

ADD
AD'DLED,
Ijari'cii.

A D E
ADDRESS'ING, ppr. Spealdngor applying
to; directing; courting; consigning.
;

A D H
.\J)'EN0S,
11.

a.

Morbid, coirupt, putrid, or

Brotim.
a.

A
[L.

species of cotton, from

cotton.

Aleppo, called also ma/-ine

adeptus,

AD'DLE-PATED,

ADDOOM',
back.]

Having empty brains. ADDU'CE, V. t. [h. adduco, to lead or bring ADEPT', 11. to ad and duco, to lead. See Duke.] Dryden adipiscor.]

obtained,

fi-om

V.

t.

[See Doom.]
a.

ADDORS'ED,

adjudge. Spenser [L. ad and dorsum, the

To

1.

To brmg

forward, present or ofler

;

as, a

witness
2.

was adduced to prove the fact. To cite, name or introduce as, to adduce
;

In heraldiy, having the backs turned to eaclj

other, as heasls.

ADDU'CED,
gether
tlie
;

an authority or an argument. pp. Brought tbnvard

a.

One tidly skilled or well versed in any art. The term is borrowed from the Alchimists, who ajiplied it to one who pretended to

cited

alledaed hi argument.
[Fr. adresser
;

ADEPT',

ADDREi^S',
rezar
;

v.t.

Bp. ende-

ADDU'CENT,

It.

1.

one part towards An obtaining acquirement. Obs. Bacon. another. dirigo ; it also coincides with Ch. Vin, [See Mductor.] AD'EQUACY, )!. [L. adeequatus, ofarfand ADDU'CIBLE, a. That may be adduced. eequatus, made equal.] Ai-. to direct, to rectify, Syr. id., ADDU'CING, ppr. Bringing forward cituig The state or quality of being equal to, prolyOy'S in argmnent. to fit. portionate, or sufficient a sufficiency for See Dress.] " the a particular purjMjse ?\DDir'TION, n. The act of bringmg as, To j)repare to make .suitaljlc dispositions adequacy forward. of sujjply to the expenditure." for.
straight.
pull
; )
; ;

dirizzare, to direct, to make Tliis is supposed to be from L

a word body which

Bringing forward, or to applied to those muscles of

have found the philosopher's stone, or the Encyc. a. Well skilled completely versed or ac(|uainted with. Boyle.
)>anacea.
;

ADEP'TION,

n. [L. adeptio.]

Tumus

addressed his

men

to single figlit.
IJrt/dcii

ADDUC'TIVE,

a.

ADDUCTOR,

That brings forward.

[L.]
;

n.

AD'EQUATE,
correspondent

a.

Tiic archano;el and the evil spirit addres:<itti^ Jiddison. theuiselves/oc the combat.

Anmscle which draws one

towards another

Equal

fVar in Disguise. pro|)ortionate

;

[This sense
y.

is,

3.

to ap])lyto address a discourse to an to address tliejudges. To direct in writing, as a letter or to direct and transmit as, he addressed a letter Sometimes it is used with to the speaker. the reciprocal pronoun, as, he addressed himself to the speaker, instead of, he adThe phrase is dressed his discomse. faulty ; but less so than the following. To sucli I would address with this most afectiouate petition. Young Tumus to the beauteous maid addrest.
ilirect
;

To

believe, obsolete or little used.]

words or discomsc
as, to

by words assembly

part of the liody as the adductor oculi, which turns the eye towards the nose the adductor poUicis manus, which draws the tlunnb towards the fingers.
;

means
Mequate

to ; fully sufficient adequate to the object ; we

as,

have

no adequate ideas of infinite ])ower.

\DDULCE,
cis,

V.

t.

adduls'.

[L. ctd

and

dul-

AD'EQUATE,
[JVot used.]

ideas, are such as exactly represent their object. v. f. To resemble exactlv.

To

sweet.]

AD'EB,

Bacon. sweeten. [.\'ot tised.] n. An Egyptian weight of 210 okes, each of three rotolos, which is a weight of about two drams less than the EngUsh! But at Rosetta, the adeb is only poiuid. 150 okes. Ency'c.

Shelford.

AD'EaUATELY,
manner
;

ADELANTA
AD'ELING,
princes,

DO,
;

M. [Spanish.]

or of a province

A governa lieutenant governor. Robertson.

nobles.
It is

adv. In an adequate exact proportion with just correspondence, representation, or proportion in a degree equal to the object. !\D'EQUATENESS,n. The state of being adequate justness of proportion orreprein
; ; ;

sentation

sufficiency.
)!.

ADEQUA'TION,
used.]

The
I.

latter is admissible in poetry, as

Dryden an

n. A title of honor, given by our Saxon ancestors to the children oi'

Adequateness. [JVbt Bp. Barlow.

n. [L. adesse, to

ADESSENA'RIANS,
present.]

be

elliptical phrase.

5.

6.

To |)reseut au address, as a letter of thanks or congratidation, a petition, or a testimony of respect as, the legislature addressed the piesident. To court or make suit as a lover. In commerce, to consign or entrust to the care of another, as agent or factor as, the ship was addressed to a merchant in Bal; ;

young In church histon/, a sect who hold the real posed of adel, or rather cttliel, the Teuton presence of Cinist's body in theeucharist, ic term for nohle, illustrious, and ling, but not by transubstantiation. They difyoung, posterity. Spclman. Sw. adelig ; fer however as to this presence some D. edel ; Ger. edel and adelig, noble Hp. Christ to We observe the term in many holding the body ofthe bread. be in the hidalgo. bread others, aiou/ Encyc. Saxon names of ])rinces, as Ethel-wolf,
; ; ;

and

to

com-

bold,
V j;(

nol)le wolf, or noble help, Ethel-bald, noble Ar. Ethel-hert, noble brightness.

timore.

ADDRESS',
plication
;

when

n. A speaking to verbal apa formal manner of speech as, introduced, the president made a
; ;

In a/gftra, compounded consisting of difterent powers of the unknown quantitj'. Bailey. o. Adopted as a son. [See athala, to be well rooted, to be of ADFIL'IATED,
:

ADFET'ED,n.

djfiliale.]

noble stock or birth.

Class Dl.
in

ADFILIA'TION, n.

short address. a meswritten or formal api)lication 2. sage of respect, congratulation, thanks, pean tition, &c.; as, an address of thanks officer is remo\'able u])on the address of

AD'ELITE,

n.

Spain, were conjiu'ers, who predicted the fortunes of individuals by the flight and singing of birds, and other accidental cir

Adehtes or Almogaiiens,

[L.

ad andjilius, a

son.]

Gothic custom, by which the children of a former marriage, are put upon the same footing with those of a .succeeding one ; still retained in some parts oi'Gcrmany.

3. 4.

Ed. Ennjc. cmnstances. yVDHE'RE, V. i. [h. udhcereo, ad and hwreo. both houses of assembly. .ADEMP'TION, n. [L. adimo, to take to stick ; Ir. adharadh.] Manner of speaking to another; as, a man 1. To stick to, as glutinous substances, or by away oiad and emo, to take.] In the civil law, the revocation of a grant natural growth of pleasing address. as, the lungs sometimes adhere to the pleura. donation, or the like. Courtship more generally in the plural, addresses ; as, he makes or pays his addresses ADENOGRAPHY, n. [Gr. aS^jv, a gland^ 2. To be joined, or held in contact to cleave
; ; ; ;

5.

to a lady. Skill
;

dexterity

skillful

management

and ypa(!iu, to describe.] That part of anatomy which

glands.

to.

as, the
G.

envoy conducted the negotiation

treats of the 3. Figuratively, to hold to, be attached, or remain fixed, either by personal union or
fi5o;,

with address. Direction of a

title,

AD'ENOID,

a.

[Gr.

aB)jv,

a glaud, and
;

glandtdous : ajjphed to the prostate glands. Hence these for whom it is intended. to the ]>articidars are denominated, a man's ADEN0L0g'TAL, a. Pertaining doctrine of the glands. (tddress. Encijc. ADDRESS'ED, pp. Spoken or applied to ; ADENOL'OGY, . [Gr. aSr,v, a gland, and directed; courted; consigned. ^oyoj, discourse. .\DDRESS'ER, n. One who adcbesses or In anatomy, the doctrine of the glands, their nature, and their uses. jietitioii!^.
;

letter, includuig the name, form.] and place of residence of the person In the form of a gland

glandiform

4.

conformity of faith, principle, or opinion as, men adhere to a party, a leader, a church, or creed. To be consistent ; to hold together as the parts of a system.
Every thing adheres together.
Shah.

/\DHE'RENCE,
3.

n.

The

quality or state of

sticking or adhering. Figurativebj.a. being fixed in attachment;

A D
fidelity
;

r
;

A D
to the adieu.

J
as an everlasting

A D
ADJOIN',
ad
aiu\

J
L. adjungo,

steady attachment as, an adhe rente to a ))arty or opinions, ADHE'RENCY, n. Tlie same as adherence. In t)ie sense of that ivhich adheres, not legitimate.

care

of

God
v.

v.t. [Fr. adjoindre;

ADIPOC'ERATE,
adipocere.

t.

To

convert into

To

jungo.
;

See
;

Join.']

Decay of Piety.

ADIPOCERA'TION,
AD'IPOCERE,
Fr.
n.
cire,

ADHERENT, a.

Sticking, uniting, as glue or wax ; united with, as an adherent mode in Locke, that is, a mode accidentally joined with an object, as wetness in a cloth.

n. The act or process of being changed into adipocere.

join or unite to to ]>ut to, by placing in contact to unite, by fastenuig together with a joint, mortise, or knot. But in these transitive senses, it is rarely used.

[L. adeps, fat,

and

cera,

soft

wax.] imctuous or

ADJOIN',

ADlIE'RENT,n. The person who adheres; one who follows a leader, party or profes
a believer sion ; a follower, or partisan in a particular faith or church. Obs. In the sense of an appendage. ADHE'RENTLY, adv. In an adherent
;

light brown color, into fibers of dead animal bodies are convert-

waxy

of a which tiie muscular

sidistance,

manner.

ed, when protected from atmospheric air, and under ceitam circumstances of tem perature and humidity. This substance was first discovered by Foiurroy, in the burying ground of the Church des Inno
It i: cons, when it was removed in 17>-7. speedily produced, when the body is immersed in running water.

[See Join.] V. i. To lie or be next to, or in contact to be contiguous as, a farm adjoining to the highway. This is the common use of the word, and to is often omitted as, adjoining the highway.
;

ADJOIN'ANT,
used.]

a.

Contiguous
;

to.

[Xot Carew.

ADJOIN'ED, pp. Joined to ADJOIN'ING, ppr. Joining

contiguous.

united.
to;

adjacent;

ADHERER,
herent.

n.

One

that adlieres

an ad

ADIIE'SION, n. adhe'zhun. [L. adhmsio.] 1. The act or state of .'iticking, or beuig united
and attached
;

commissioners, entrusted with business; as, the court adjourned the consideration of the question. ADJOURN', V. i. To suspend business for a time as, from one day to another, or for a longer period, usually pubUc business, as of legislatures and courts, for repose or refreshment as, congress adjourned at four o'clock. It is also used for the act of Q^uincy. ADHE'SIVELY, adv. In an adhesive man- AD'IT, n. [L. aditus, from adeo, aditum,Xo closing the session of a pubhc body; as, ner. ad and eo, to go.] the court adjourned without day. ap])roach, It was moved that parliament should ADHE'SIVENESS, n. The quality of stick- An entrance or passage a term in mining, adjourn for six weeks. used to denote the opening by which a Select Speeches, Vol. v. 403. ing or adhering stickiness tenacit}'. mine is entered, or liy wliicli water and ADJOURNED, pp. Put off, delayed, or ADIIIB'IT, B. t. [L. adhibeo, ad and habeo, deferred for a hmited time. ores are carried away. It is usually made to have.] in the side of a hill. The word is some '2. As an adjective, existing or held by adTo use, or apply. [Rarely used.] times used for air-shaft, but not with strict journment, as an adjourned session of a ADHIBI'TION, n. AppUcation use. court, ojiposed to stated or regular. j)ropriety. jmiaker. Encyc. AD'HIL, n. A star of the sixth magnitude, ADJA'CENCY, n. [L. adjaceo, to lie con- ADJOURN'ING, ;)pr. Deferriiag; suspending for a time closing a session. upon the garitient of Andromeda, under tiguous, from ad and jaceo, to lie.] the last star in her foot. The act of adEna/c. The state of lying close or contiguous a ADJOURN MENT, n. ADilORTA'TION, n. [L. adhortatio.] journuig as, in legislatures, the adjournborilering uiion, or lying next to as the Advice. [Seldom used.] ment ol'one house is not an adjournment of adjacency of lands or buildings. In the .VDHORT'ATORY, a. [L. adhortor, to ad- sense of that which is adjacent, as used by the other. The putting off till another day or time vise, ad and hortor.] Brown, it is not legitimate. Advisory containing coimsel or warning. specified, or without day ; that is, the ADJA'CENT, a. Lying near, close, or con Potter^s Antiq. closing of a session of a pubhc or official tiguous bordering upon as, a field adjaADIAPII'ORISTS, n. [Gr. oiuj^opo;, mdifbody. cent to the highway. 3. The time or intenal during which a pubferent.] Moderate Lutherans a name given in the ADJA'CENT, n. That which is next to or lic body defers busuiess as, during an adLorke contiguous. [Little used.] sixteenth century, to certain men that But a suspension of business, ADJET', v.t. [L. adjicio, of ad ami jacia jounitnent. followed Melancthon, who was more between the tbrmuig of a house and an i)ato throw.] cific than Luther. adjournment for refreshment, is called a Encyc. The adiaphorists lield some opinioiis To add or put, as one tiling to another. recces. In Great Britain, the close of a MackniM. session of parliament is called a and ceremonies to he indifferent, which ADJE'TION, 71. The act of adding, or tum ; as the close of a parliament prorogaLuther condemnisd as sinful or heretical. is a disadded. [Little used.] Brown. thing solution. But in Great Britain, as well as ADIAPH'OROUS, a. Indifferent neutral ADJETI "TIOUS, a. Added. in the United States, adjournment is now a name given by Boyle to a spu-it distilled Parkhurst, Gram. used for an intermission of business, for from tartar, and some other vegetable subAD'JECTIVE, n. In grammar, a word used any indefinite time as, an adjournment of stances, neither aciil, nor alkaline, or not with a noun, to express a quality of the parliament fijr six weeks. possessing the distinct character of any thing named, or something attributed to Select Speeches, Vol. v. 404. chimical body. it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or I'. /. ADJUDGE', [Fr. adjuger, from juge, ADIEU', Adu'. [Fr. it diev, to God acorn describe a thing, as distinct from somejudge. See Judge.] pound word, and an elliptical form of thing else. It is c:dled also an attributive To decide, or determine, in the case of a conspeech, for / commend you to God. It is or attribute. Thus, in the phrase, a imsc troverted question to decree by a judicial called an adverb, but it has none of the ruler, wise is the adjective or attribute, ex used appropriately of courts of o])inion projierties of a modifying \\ord.] ])ressing a particular jiroperty of ruier. law and ecjuity. Farewell an expression of kind wishes at Tlie case was adjudged in AD'JETIVELY, adv. In the manner o{\ the parting of friends. Hilary term. nn adjective as, a ord is used Tlie prize was adjudged to the victor adject a n. A
; ; : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
;

to as the adhesion of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, and the hke. Mhesion is generally used in a literal adherence, in a metaphorical sense. 2. Sometimes figuratively, adherence, unJ^i.js , fat, bulky.] ion or steady attachment linmiess in Fat. The adipose membrane is the cellular opinion as, an adhesion to vice but in membrane, containing tlie fat in its cells, this sense nearly obsolete. The union of and consisting of ductile membranes, con bodies by attraction is usually denominanected by a sort of net-work. The adipose ted cohesion. vein spreads itself on the coat and fat that ADHE'SIVE, a. Sticky tenacious, as glucovers the kidneys. The adipose ducts are tinous substances apt or tending to adthe bags and ducts which contain the fat. here. Thus gums are adhesive. Coxe.
; ;

V. t. Adjum'. [Fr. ajoumer, from journee, a day, or day's work, or journey; It. giomo. Bee Jom-nal, Journey.] Lxinier. Med. Repos. Ed. Encyc, to ]iut oti; or defer to another day AD'IPOSE, } a. [L. adiposus, from adeps, Literally, used to denote a formal intermisbut now AD'IPOUS, S fat. Qu. Ch. B'SD, to grow tiit sion of business, a putting off to any fuHeh. and Ch., fat, gross, stupid Ar ture meeting of the same body, and approe o, jiriately used of public bodies or private
; ;

ADJOURN',

ADIEU',

farewell, or

commendation

ively.

criiiiiual ivas

Vol.

I,

adjudged tosufler death.

A D
It

A D J
ADJUNCTIVELY,
manner.
adv. In an adjunctive

ADM
connection will
guards, receives and distributes ammunition, assigns jilaces of rendezvous, &c. Adjutant- General, in an army, is tlie chief
adjutant.

has been used in the sense of to judge ; as, he adjudged lihn unwortliy of his friendBut this sense is unusual. sliip. ADJUDGED, pp. Detenuincd by judicia opinion decreed sentenced. ADJUDG'ING, ppi: Determining by judicial
; ;

ADJUNCT

LY,

adv.
n.

In

consequently.

ADJURA'TION,
2.

ADJUDGMENT,
sentence.

opinion

sentencing.
n.

The

act of judging
Ttiiifjle.

act of adjuring. Adjutants General, among the Jesuits, were a select number of fathers, who resided a solenm charging on oath, or under the with the general of the order, each of penalty of a curse. whom had a province or country assignThe form of oath. Addison.
V.
t.

The

ADJURE,
ly,
1.

[L. adjuro, to

ADJU'DIATE,
sentence.
;

v.

t.

[L. adjudko,

to give

or compel one to swear

swear .solemnfrom ad and

;

See Judge.] To adjudge to try and determine, as a It has the sense of adjvdge. court. ADJU'DICATE, II. 1. To try and determine
judicially the case.
;

juro, to swear.]

ed to his care. Their bu.suiess was to correspond with that ])rovince, by their delegates, emissaries or visitors, and give
information of occmrences to the
general.
t.

charge, bind or command on oath, or inider the penalty of a curse. Joshua adjured them at that time, saying,

To

thtlier

as, the

court adjudicated upoi

tried

cursed be the

man

up and
3.

biiildeth this city of Jeticho.

before the Lord, that rlseth Josh, vi

ADJU'TE, V. To help. [JVoJ used.] ADJU'TOR, n. A helj)er. [Little used;

compound coadjutor
is in
;

Encyc.
its

ADJU'DICATED,;;;?. Adjudged;
decided.

and
try

ADJU'DICATING,

ppr. ing an<l determining.

;

Adjudging;

The act of ad n. judging the act or process of trying an<l determining jutlicially as, a ship was taken and sent into port for adjudication. 2. A judicial sentence judgment or deci sion of a court. Whose families were parties to some of the

ADJUDICATION,

3.

charge earnestly and solenndy, on ADJU' VANT, 0. Helping assisting. Howell. pain of God's wrath. ADLEGA'TION, . [L. ad and legatio, an I adjure thee by the Uving God. Mat. xxvi embassy, from lego, to send. See Legate.] Acts, xix. In the public laio of the German Empire, a To conjure to charge, urge or summon right claimed by the states, of joining their with solemnity. own ministers with those of the Emperor, The magistrates adjured by all the bonds of in pidjlic treaties and negotiations, relating civil duty. .MiUon to the common interest of the Empire. Ye sacred be all of
;

To

common

use.]

stars,

you adjured.

3.

AD'JUMENT,

Encyc. it. [See Allocution.] t. admezh'ur. [ad and measure. See Measure.] former adjudications. Blackstone on oath, or with 1. To measure or ascertain dimensions, size In Scots law, an action by wliicli a cred- ADJURED, pp. Charged a denunciation of God's wrath solemnly or cai>aeity used for measure. itor attaches the heritable estate of 1 to assign to eacii claimant 2. To apjiortion urged. debtor, or his debtor's heir, in payment or his right .\DJU'RER, n. One that adjures one that a.s, to admeasure dower or comsecurity of his debt or an action by which mon of pa.ture. exacts an oath. Blackstone. the holder of an heritable right, laboring on oath, or ou pp. Measmed apporunder a defect in point of form, may su])- .ADJURING, ppr. Charging tirmed. the penalty of a curse beseeching witli ply tliat defect. Encyc. The measursolenuiitv. n.
;
.

Dry den

The Commissioners adjured them not to lei pass so favorable an oi>poriunity of securing their liberties. .Marshall's Life of JVashinglon.
;

ADLOCU'TION, ADMEAS'URE, v.
;

'

ADMEASURED,

[L. adjumentum.] \DJUST',"i'. /. [Sp. ajuslar; Port, id; It ing of dimensions by a rule, as of a ship, Help ; support, [.^otnsed.] Fr. ajusler, to tit or frame ; of ; cask, and the like. AD'JUNT, n. [L. adjvnclus, jouied, from aggiuslare L. ad, a.\u\ Justus, just, exact. See Just. 2. Tlie measure of a thing, or dimensions asadjungo. See Join.] 1. To make exact; to lit; to make corres certained. 1. Something added to another, but not esor cont'ormable as, to adjust a In these uses the word is equivalent to pondent, sentially a part of it ; as, water aljsorbed measurement, mensuration and measure. garment to the bod)-, an event (o the prea cloth or spnnge is its adjujxcl. Also by i3. The diction, or things to a standard. adjustment of proportion, or ascera person joined to another. taiimient of shares, as of dower or pasture Swift. Locke. Addison In metaphysics, a qtiality of the body or 'J. held in common. This is done by writ of 3. To put in order ; to regulate or reduce to the mind, whether natural or acquired; as admeasurement, directed to the sheriff. system ; as to adjust a scheme ; to adjust color, in the body thinking, in the mind. Blackstone. aflairs. 3. In grammar, words added to illustrate or n. One that admeasures. 3. To make accurate ; to settle or bring to amphfy- the force of other words ; as, the a satisfactory state, so that parties are ADMEAS'URING,p/jr. Measuring ; apporof the American revolution. The History tioning. agreed in the result ; as to adjust accounts ; words in Italics are the adjuncts of His the differences are adju.<ited. is equivalent to adiory. .\DJUST'ED, pp. Made exact or eonforma measurement, but not much used. [See 4. In music, the word is employed to denomble ; reduced to a right foisn or standard Mensuralion.] inate the relation between the principal settled. \Di\lIN'K'LE, n. [L. adminicxdum.]
; ;

n.

ADMEASUREMENT,

ADMEAS'URER,

ADMENeURA'TION

mode and
were

the

modes of its two

fifths.

ADJUST'ER,

n.

person

who

adjusts

lielji

sup)iort.

[Ao< used.^

The

adjunct

deities,

among

the

inferior deities which were added a~ assistants to the iivincipal gods ; as Be/loto Vulcan, the Cabin ; to 710, to JMars
;

Encyc. that which regulates. ADMINICULAR, a. Supplying help; helpRomans. ADJUST'ING, ful. ]>pr. Reducing to due form fitting; making exact or correspondent: ADMIN'ISTER, r. i. [L. administro, of ad See anil ministro, to serve or manage. settling.

the Good Genius, the Lares; to the Evil, the Lemures. In the royal academy of sciences at Paris, the adjuncts are certaiii members at tached to the study of particular sciences. They are twelve in number, created
in 1716.

ADJUST'MENT,
;

)!. The act of adjusting regulation; a reducing to just ibrm or or der a making lit or conformable settle ment. Watts. Woodward.
;

jyiinister.]
1.

Adjunct
rarely.

lias

The [See Adjutant.] skillfid airangement. Burke. Encyc. AD'Jl'TANT, n. [L. adjulans, aiding from been used for a colleague, but of ad and jiero, jutum, U adjuto, to assist

AD'JUTANCY,

n.

oHice of an adjutant

To act as minister or chief agent, in manpublic affairs, under laws or a constitution of government, as a king, It is president, or other sujireme officer. used also of absolute moiiarchs, who rule not in subordination ; but is more strictly applicable to limited monarchs and other
aging
nors, viee-roys, judges and the like, who are under the authority of laws. lung or a president administers the government or laws, when he executes them, or carries them Uito effect. judge administers the laws, when he applies them to particular cases or persons. In short, to adyninister is to direct the e.xecutic>ii or application of laws.

supreme executive

officers,

and

to

gover-

H'otton.
17.

help.]
affairs, an officer whose busines.is to assist the Mcjor by receiving am conmiunicatjng orders. Each battalion of foot, and r::ch regiment of hoi-se has
<i

AD'JUNCT,

Added
n. a.

to or

as an adjunct professor.

united with, In militanj

;

AD.tUN'TION,
thing joined.

The

act of joining

tlie

ADJUNCTIVE, ADJUNCTIVE,

Joining;

having the
is

quality of joiniuff.
n.

That whicli

joitied

receives orders ti-om tl Major, to comnuiincate to tl He places Colonel, and to subalterns.

adjutant,

wlo

Brigade

ADM
dispense, as to administer justice or| tlic saerainent. 3. To afford, give or furnish as, to adminisTo ter relief, that is, to act as tlie agent. admin^ater medicine is to direct and cause it to lie taken. to cause to swear 4. To give, as an oath according to law. ADMINISTER, v. i. To contribute to bring aid or supplies to add something as, a shade administers to our conifon. 2. To perform the office of adniuiistrator admiyiisters upon the estate of B. as,
2.
;

ADM
ADMINISTRATORSHIP,
of an administrator.
n.

A D M
The
otiice

To

ADMINISTRATRIX,

n. A female who administers upon the estate of an intestatt also a female who administers government.
a.

AD MIRABLE,
To

[L. admirahilis.]
;

be admired; worthy of admiration

hav-

ing quahties to excite wonder, with approbation, esteem or reverence; used of persons or things as, the admirable structm-c of the body, or of the universe. ^D'MIRABLENESS, n. The quality of beADMINISTERED, ;)j3. Executed; mana- ing admirable the power of exciting admiration. afforded given disgoverned ged AD'MIRABLY, adv. In a manner to excite pensed. ADMINISTE'RIAL, a. Pertaining to ad- wonder, mingled with approbation, esteem or veneration. ministration, or to the executive pait ol^ AD'MIRAL, n. [In the Latin of the middle government.
; ; ; ;
;

the supreme court for the trial of maritime causes, held before the Lord High Admiral, or Lords of the admiralty. Ill general, a court of admiralty is a court for the trial of causes arising on the high seas, as prize causes and the like. In the Unitetl States, there is no admiralty court, distinct from others but the district courts, established in the several states by Congress, are mvcsted with admu-alty
;

powers.

ADMIRATION,

n.

Wonder mingled
;

with

ADMINISTERING,
ADMIN'ISTRATE,
ister,

rying into effect; giving

ppr. Excculing cardispensing.

;

ages, Jlmira, Amiras, Admiralis, an Emir Sp. almiranle; Port, id.; It. ammiraglio ;
;

pleasing emotions, as approbation, esteem, love or veneration a compoimd emotion excited by something novel, rare, great, or excellent applied to persons and their works. It often includes a shght degree of sur|)rise. Thus, we view the solar system with admiration. Very near to admiration is tlie wish to ad;

"liie.

JJnon.

in the place
is

of admin-

.-

- ?
to

It

has been used, but

not well author-

Fr. aimVaijfrom Ar. j.^1 amara,

ized.

si

com

has been sometimes used in an ill sense, denoting wonder with disapprobation. Your boldness I with adiniralion see.

ADMINISTRATION, n. The act of administering

;

direction;

management; gov;

mand, j,;^^J, a commander; Sans, amara

Ileb.

ernment of pubhc affairs tlie conducting of any office or employirient.

2.

The

sisting in tlie exercise

executive part of government, conof the constitutional

affairs,

and

legal powers, the general superinten-

ence of national ment of laws.

2.

and the enforce-

persons collectively, who are entrusted with the execution of laws, and the superintendence of public affairs the chief magistrate and his council or the council
;
; :

The

A
1.

alone, as in Great Britain. Dispensation ; distribution ; exiiihition as the administration of justice, of the sacrament, or of grace. ICor. xii. 2 Cor. ix. 2. 5. The management of the estate of an intestate person, under a conunissi<in from
4.

the proper authority.

con.sists in collecting

Tliis

management
3.

When I saw her I wondered with great admiration. Luke xvii. Ch. Syr. Sam. lax, to .speak. The ADMIRATIVE, n. A note of admiration, terminating syllable of admiral may be thus \J\'ot used.] Cotgrave. from aXj, the sea. This word is said to t. [L. admiror, ad and miror, have been introduced into Europe by the ADMLRl'I, to wonder ; Sp. and Port, admirar ; Fr. Turks, Genoese or Venetians, in the I2th mlmirer ; It. ammirare Fr. mirer, to look, or VSth century.] to take aim Corn, miras, to look, see or marine commander in chief; the comface Arm. miret, to stop, hold, keep \V. mander of a fleet or navy. also fair, comely and maer, mir, visage The Lord High Admiral'm Great Britain, one that looks af^cr, keeps or guards, a is an officer who superintends all mari mayor, or bailift': Russ. zamirayu, to be astime affairs, and has the government of tonished or stninfied :a, a prefix, and mir, the navy. He has also jurisdiction over miryu, to pacify peace zamiriayu, to all maritime causes, and conuiiissions the make peace. The primaiy sense is to naval officers. Ch. and Syr. hold, to stop, or strain. The Admiral of the fleet, the highest officer L. demiror. See Moor and Mar.] "im under the admiralty. When he embarks on an expetlition, the union flag is display- 1. To regard with wonder or surprise, mingled with approbation, esteem, reverence ed at the main top gallant mast bead.
!

Dry den

I',

and
(J.

legacies,

debts, paying debts and distributing the property

among the heirs. The power, office

administrator.
tration.
It is

or commission of an

Surrogates are authorized to grant adminis Laws of JVew- York.

more usual

to say, letters

of administraBlackstone. 4.

tion.

7.

This name is given by the Spaniards, to the sta|)le magazine or warehouse, at Callao, in
'"a<l-

Peru, where foreign ships nuist unEnei/c.

a.
.5.

ADMIN ISTRATIVE,
ADMINISTRATOR,

Admiral, an officer next in to the Admiral, has of the second squadron. carries his flag at the fore top gallant mast head. This name is given also to certain officers who have power to hold courts of various parts of the vice-admiralty, British dominions. The Rear Admiral, next in rank to the Vice Admiral, has command of the third squadron, and carries his flag at the niizen toi) gallant mast head. The commander of any single fleet, or in
Vice

The

rank and

command

command

or affection. When he shall come saints and be admired in

2 Thes.
i.

to
all

be

them

glorified in his that love him.

This word has been used

in

an

ill

2.

hut seems now correctly restricted to the sense here given, and implying something great, rare or excellent, in the object admired. To regard with affection a familiar term
;

sense,

for to love greatly.

V. i. To wonder; to be affected with slight surprise sometimes with at ; as, to admire at his own contrivance. Ray. To admire at sometimes implies (fisapproba-

ADMl'RE,

That administers,
G.

or by vvliich one admmisters.

n.

A man

from the Ordinary, Surrogate, Court of Probate, or other proper authority, has the charge of the goods and estate of one dying without a
will.
2.

virtue of a connnission

who, by
7.

general any flag officer. The ship which carries the admiral ; also the most considerable ship of a fleet of merchantmen, or of fishing vessels.
Ill

tion.

ADIMI'RED,

pp. Regarded with wonder, mingled with jdeasiirahle sensations, as

estei'in, love

One who

administers, or

who

directs,

manages, distributes, or dispenses laws and rites, either in civil, juiUcial, poUtical,
3.

or ecclesiastical affairs. In Scots law, a tutor, curator or guardian, having the care of one who is incapable of acting for himself. Tlie term is usually applied to a father who has jiower over his children and their estate, during their
jninority.

Encyc:

n. One who admires; one esteems or loves greatly. 2. Also a butterfly, which lays her eggs on ADiAH'RING, ppr. Regarding with wonder the great stinging nettle, and delights in united with love or esteem. brambles. Encye. ADMI RlN(iLY, adv. With admiration hi AD'MIRALSIIIP, )!. The office or power the manner of an admirer. of an admiral. [Little used.] ADM1SSH5IL ITV, n. The quality of being n. In Great Britain, the admissible. Chase. ADMIRALTY, This office ADMISS IBLE, a. [See admit.] That may office of Lord High Admiral. is discharged by one person, or by Combe admitted, allowed or conceded; as, the testimonv is admissible. missioners, called Lords of the Admiralty ; ADJUSS ION, ?(. [L. admissio.] usually seven in number. The admiralty court, or court of admiralty, is I. The act or practice of admitting, as the

zoology, a species of

shell-fish.

Enryi [See

or reverence.

ADMIRER,
who

Valuta.]

ADM
admission
2.

ADO
our
country 2.
;
I

ADO
;

of aliens
;

into

3.

oi" being admitted. power or permission to enentrance ; access power to approach our laws give to foreigners as, easy admis sion to the rights of citizens the admission of a clerk to a benefice. Allowance grant of an argument

also the state

Admittance
;

ter

counsel against wrong practices to caution or advise. .idmonisli one another in psalms and hymns
Col.
iii.

To

ADOLES'CENT,
from childhood
i

a.

Growing; advancing
to

to

nuuihood.
Adonis.
Faber.
anciently

ADONE'AN,
Fair

a.

Pertaimng

3.

To

uistruct or direct.
in

Adonean Venus.
n. Festivals celebrated

ADMIT',
to,
1.

2.
3.

To give right of entrance as, a ticket admits one into a play house.
;

position not fully proveil. V. t. [L. adinHh, from ad and 7nitto send, Fr. meitre.] To suffer to enter; to grant entrance wliether into a jdace, or an office, or into the mind, or consideration; as to admil a student into college ; to admit a serious thought into the mind.

Moses was admonished of God, when he w.is about to make the tabernacle. Heb. viii. In ecclesiastical affairs, to reprove a member of the church for a fault, either pidjlicly or privately the first step ol'church disciphne. It is followed by of, or against ; as, to admonish (if a fault committed, or against It has a like use ii connnitting a fault.
;

ADO'NIA,

honor of Adonis, by females, who spent two days m lamentations and infamous
l)leasmes.

ADO'NIC,
in
j

It
.

Encyc a. Motiic Verse, a short verse, which the death of Adonis was bewailed. consists of a dactyl and spondee or tro-

colleges.

ADM(JN'ISIIED,
warned
;

pp. instructed.
n.

Reproved

advised
or

ADO'NIC, ADO'NIS,

i;l'Pe.

ADMON'ISHER,
counsels.

One who reproves

;

To

allow; to receive as true

fact
is

as,

the ar-

ADMON'ISHING,
ing
;

gument or
4.

admitted.

ppr. Reproving coun.selmg; directing.

warn
Shak
coun-

instruction in duagainst a fault caution direction. Tit. iii. 1 Cor. X. In church discipline, public or private to reclaim an offender or allowed. a step reproof preliminnrv to excommunication. ADMIT'TANCE, n. The act of admittin allowance. More tisually, ADMONI"TIONER, n. A cUspenser of admonitions. 2. Permission to enter ; the Hooker. power or right of entrance and hence, actual eiurance ADMON'ITIVE, a. Containing admonition. Barroiv as, he gained admittance into the chinch. 3. Concession admission allowance as ADMON'ITOR, n. An admonisher, a monitor. the admittance of an argument.
seling
ties
; ;
; ;

permit, grant or allow, or to be capable of; as, the words do not admit of such a construction. In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or omitted. ADMIT'TABLE, a. That may be admitted

To

ADMON'ISHMENT, n. Admonition. ADMONI"TION, n. Gentle reproof;

and changed mony.

of Cyprus. He was fond of juuuing, and received a mortal woiuul from the tusk of a wild boar. Venus lamented his death, linn into the flower, auein

Cue. Bailey. n. An Adonic verse. 71. In mythology, the favorite of said to be the soii of Venus, Cinyras, king

ADO'NIS,
ant's eye.

botany, bird')
n.

eye or pheas-

ADO'NISTS,

[Heb. Ch. and Syr. jnx adon, Lord, a scriptural title of the Su-

preme Being.]

Among
to the

cntics, a sect or party

who

maintain

that the

Hebrew

points ordinarily

annexed

[JVot

^tsed.]

AD.MON'ITORY,
tion
;

a.

Containing admoni-

4.

Skakespeare uses the word for the custom or prerogative of being admitted " Sir John, you are a gentleman of excellent breeding, of great admittance" but
:

that admonishes.

consonants of the word Jehovah, are not the natural jKiints belonging to that word, and that they do not express the true pronunciation of it but that they are vowel points belunging to the words, Mo7iai and Elohim, ajjplied to the ineffable
;

(iDMORTIZA'TION,

n. The reducing of lands or tenements to mortmain. [See Encnc Mortmain.]

V.
;

the license
ap|)roach

is

iniwarrantable.
pp.

ADMIT'TED,
;

ADMIT'TER, n. He tliat admits. ADMIT'TING, ppr. Permitting to

approach
;

Permitted to enter or allowed conceded. gianted

; ;

To move

ADMOVE',
to

t.

[L. admoveo.]

name Jehovah, which the Jews were Ibrbid to utter, and the true ]M-oiuuiciation of which was lost they were therefore always to pronounce the word Monai,
;

to bring
a.

[Little used.]

ADNAS'CENT,

one thing to another. Brown. [L. ad and nascens,

instead of Jehovah.

ADOPT',
1.

Encyc.

V.

t.

[L. adopto, of

ad and

ADMIX',
else.

growing.] enter or Growing on something else. Evelyn. conceding. ADNA'TA, n. [L. ad and nalus, grown, with sometliing from nascor, to grow.] mingle 1. In [See Mix.] anatomi/, one of the coats of the eye,

allowing

II.

t.

To

desire or choose. See Option.] To take a stranger into one's family, as son and heir ; to take one who is not a child, and treat him as one, giving him a title to the privileges and rights of a child.

opto, to

2.

ADIMIX'TION,
or admlstio
;

n.

of ad and misceo,

admix'chun, [L. admixlio, to mix.

which is also

called alhuginea,

and

is

some-

See Mix.]
different

times confoiuided with tlie conjunctiva. It lies between the sclerotica, and conjunctiva.
2.

In a spiritual sense, to receive the sinfid children of men into the invisible church, and into God's favor and protection, by which they become heirs of salvation by

from composition or chimical combination for admixtion does not alter the nature of the substances mixed, but merely blends them together whereas in composition, the particles unite by affinity, lose their former pro))erties, and form new com poimds, witli different properties.
; ;

mingluig of bodies ; a union by mixing substances together. It differs

Christ. Brown. Such pans of animal or vegetable bodies 3. To take or receive as one's own, that as are usual ami natural, as the hair, which is not naturally so ; as, to adopt the wool, horns ; or accidental, as fungus, misletoe, of another or to receive that ojiinions and excrescences. which is new as, to adopt a particular Offsets of plants, mode of husbandry. germinating under ground, as from the lilv, narcissus, and 4. To select and take as, which mode will
; ; " ;

substance mingled with another sonieof mixture. We say, an admixture of sulphm- with alum, or the admixture of different bodies. ADMON'ISH, V. t. [L. admoneo, ad andino;

The

ADMIX'TURE,
tuiies the act

n.

[From admix.]

neo, to teach, warn, admonish iter; Norm, amonester ; Sp.

Fr. admon-

amonestar ;

you adopt ? pp. Taken as one's own ; received as son and heir selected tor use. growing to it. Martmi. ADOPT'EDLY, adv. In the maimer of n. [ad and AD'NOUN, something adopted. noun.] In grammar, an adjective, or attribute. n. One who adopts. [Lit- ADOPT'EH, tle 2. In used.] chimistry, a large round receiver, with two necks, diametrically opposite to each ADO', n. [Qu. a and do.] Bustle trouble one of which admits the neck of a labor to other, difficulty ; as, make a great ado about trifles; to perretort, and the other is joined to another
hyacinth.

AD'NATE,
In botany,

Quincy. Encyc. a. [L. ad and natus, grown.]' pressing close to the" stem, or

ADOPT'ED,

Port. amoestar, or admoestar ; It. ammonire : G.mahnen, crmulinen; D. maaner!, to dun,

suade one with

of ad and
nS;f,

much
n.

ado.
[L. adolescens, growto grow, from oleo.
;

receiver.

It is

used

in distillations, to

give

ADOLES'CENCE,
ing,

vermaanen,

to

admonish

mana
].

Sw. mana,
;

for-

olesco,

Dan.

maner, formaner
;

Sax.

mwnan, to mean.] To warn or notify of a

Heb.

to

ascend

Ar.

to elastic vajiors, or to increase the length oftlie nei-k of a retort. ADOPT'ING, ppr. Taking a stranger as a s<jn ii^, to be taking as one's own.
;

more space

high.to reprove fault with mildness. The_ state of growing, applied to the young Count him not as an enemy, but admonish of the human race youth, or the period bim as a brother. 2 Tliess. iii. of life bet ecn childiwvd and manhood.
;

ADOP'TION,
1.

The

n. [L. adoptio.] act of adopting, or the state of being

;

the taking and treating of a stranger as one's own child.

adopted

ADO
receiving as one's own, wiiat is new or not natural. 3. Gofl's taking the sinful children of men into his luvor and protection. Eph. iv. Adoption b;i arms, an ancient ceremony of presenting arms to one for his merit or valor, which laid the person under an obligation to defend the giver. Adoption by baptism Ls the spiritual affinitj' wliicli is contracted by god-fathers and god-childreTi, in the ceremony of baiitisni. It was introduced into the Greek church, and afterwards among tlie ancient Pranks.
2.

ADO
tion, tliat
is,

A D U
heraldry, denoting two figures or bearings placed back to back. Encyr.
;

The

by sudden acclamation with In

[L. adoro.
to

ADO'RE,
-nx^, to

ADOWN', prep, [a and doicn.'\ From a higher to a lower situation downwards ; implying descent. be magnificent or on the ground ; at Tin ADOVVN', adv. Down; to magnify, to glorify. glorious, the bottom. word is usually referred to the Latin ad ADREAD', a. Adred'. [See Dread.] Afad and orare, to carry to one's mouth fected bv dread. Obs. the
V.
t.

out scrutiny.

honor,

Encyc. In Ch. and Ileb, reverence or glorify, to

adorn

Heb. nnx,

hand, ; as, in order to a. IL. Adria, or Hadria, the hand is carried to one's mouth. See Cal- ADRIAT'I, gulf of Venice.] met, ad verbum, who cites, in confirmation to
OS, oris

kiss one's

Tliis affinity

was supposed

to entitle tlie

god-child to a share of the god-father's estate. Encyc. Adoption by hair was performed liy cutting on the hair of a ])ersMn and giving it to tlie TIlus Po|ie John VIII adoptive father. adopted Boson, king of Aries. Adoption by matrimony is the taking the children of a wife or husband, by a former marriage, into the condition of natural children. This is a |)ractice peculiar to the (iermans liut is not so properly
;

the Gulf, called, from Venice, of this opinion, the ancient practice of kiss- Pertaining the Venetian Gulf See Job. xxxi. 1 Kings, ing the hand. n. The Venetian Gulf; a Ainsworth sup- ADRIATIC, Ps. ii. Gen. xli. xix. Gulf that washes the eastern side of Italy. poses the word to be a compound of ad

I.

and if the word is comore, to pray pound, as I suspect, this opinion is most probably correct.] To worship with profound reverence; to address with exalted thoughts, by prayer to pay divine honors and thanksgiving
and
; ;

ADRIFT',

a. or adv. [Sax. adrifan, gedrifan,aui\drifan, to drive. See Dnve. Adrijl is the participle of the verb.] floating at ranfloating Literally, driven dom impelled or moving without direc;
;

tion.

As nn
;

adjective, it

always follows

its

to

to

honor as a god or as divuje.

norm

as,

the boat
n.

was

adrift.

2.

adoption as adjitiation. Kncyc, Adoption by testament is the appointing of a person to be heir, by will, on condition of his taking the name, arms, &c. of the

Dryden. To love in the highest degree ; to regard with the utmost esteem, affection and the people adore their jirince. respect as,
;

ADROGA'TION,

[L. arf

and

rogo, to ask.

Tatter.

ADO'RED, pp. Worshipped as divine

ly

high

See Interrogate and Rogation.] species of ado|)tion in ancient Rome, by wliicli a person, capable of choosing for himself, was admitted into the relation of a son. So called from the questions put
to the parties.

reverenced
n.
;

adopter.

In Europe, adoption is of admission to a more intimate relation,

Encyr. used for many kinds

greatly beloved.

Encyc.

ADORER,
ADO'RlNG,

One who
or
;

ors as divine

worships, or hon in popular language, an ad

a.

ADROIT',
direct
;

whence

a. [Fr. from droit, right, straight, droite, the right hand ; It.

diritto, right, straight,

contracted from the

dret.

and is nearly ei|uivalent to reception ; as, the admission of persons into ho.spitals, or monasteries, or of one society into ano
ther.

miring lover.
ppr.

Honoring or ad- Dextrous

L. directus, dirigo
; ;

Arm.

See Right.]

Encyc.

AnOPT'IVE,
That adopts,

a. [L. adoptivvs.] as an adoptive father; or that is a(lii])fed, as an adoptive son. ADOPT'IVE, n. jjcrson or thing adopted. ADO'RABLE, a. Tliat ought to be adored; worthy of divine honors. In popular use, worthy of the utmost love or respect.

dressuig as divine regaijling with great love or reverence. ADORN', II. t. [L. adorno, ad and orno, to deck, or beautify, to dress, set oft", extol, furnish; Fr. orner ; Sp. Port, ornar ; It Orno is probably ornare ; Ann. aonrna. the Saxon hrinan, gerenian, gerinan, gehrinan, to touch, to strike, to adorn, that
is,

active in the use of the skilful hands, and figuratively, in the exercise of the mental faculties ingenious ready in invention or execution.
; ;

ADROIT' LY,
readv
skilfiil

adv.
n.

With

dexterity
;

in

manner.

Chesterfield.

ADROIT'NESS,
ulties.

Dexterity rcadhies.s in the use of the limbs, or of the mental fac-

Home.
a.

to

(lilt

on.]

)i. The quality of being atlorable, or worthy of adoration. ADO'RABLY, adv. In a manner woilliy of adoration.

ADO'RABLENESS,

1.

To deck
to

or decorate

to

make
;

beauty by dress external ornaments.

to

add

to

beautiful; in want of drink. deck with Thirsty, the

ADRY',

[Sax. adrigan, to diy.]

[This

adjective

(dways follows

noun.]
a.

Spectator.

ADORA'TION,

A bride adnrnetti herself with jewels. Isa. vi act of paying 2. To set off to advantage ; to add ornaments to to embelhsh by any tiling exhonors to a divine being ; the worship paid ternal or adventitious ; as, to adorn a speech to God ; the act of addressing as a God. by appropriate action, sentiirients with Adoration consists in external homage, ac elegance of language, or a gallery with companied with the highest reverence. It pictures. is used for the act of praying, or prefer .3. To make as, ]ileasing, or more pleasing ring requests or thanksgiving, to the Sugreat abilities adorned by virtue or affabiln.

ADSCITI'TIOUS,
Added
;

The

adscisco, ascisco, to

[L. ascititius, fiom add or join.] taken as supplemental additional

;

not requisite.

Warton.
n. [L. adstrictio, astrictio, fast.

ADSTRIC'TION,

of ad and slringo, to strain or bind See Strict.]

preme Being.

binding fast. Among physicians, the rigidity of a part of the body, occasioning a
costive-retention of usual evacuations ness a closeness of the emunctories ; also the styptic effects of medicines.
; ;

2.

Homage paid to one

found reverence.

in high

esteem

pro-

ity.

4.

To display the beauty or excellence

to adorn the doctrine of
n.
a.

of; as,
ii.

Adoration, among the Jews, was performetl by bowing, kneeling and prostration. Among the Romans, the devotee,

God. Titus

ADORN', ADORN',

Ornament. Obs. Adorned decorated.

;

Spenser. 04*.

Encyc.
Astringent.]

ADSTRIC TORY, ADSTRING'ENT.

ADULA'RI.\,
n.

Quincy. [See

with his head uncovered, appHed his

hand
self

to his lips, bowing and turning him-! from left to right. The Persians fell on the face, striking the forehead against: tlie earth, and kissing the ground. Tlie' adoration paid to the Grecian and Roman' emjierors, consisted in bowing and kneel-: ing at the feet of the prince, laying hold of his robe, then withdrawing the band audi

rightj

ADORN'ED,
bellished.

pp.

Decked

Milton decorated ; em-

[From Adula,
tlie

the

summit

of a Swiss mountain.]

ADORN'ING,
;

ppr. Ornamenting ; decorating displaying beauty. ADORN'ING, n. Ornament ; decoration. 1 Pet. iii.

mitieral

deemed

most perfect variety

of felspar; its color white, or with a tinge of green, yellow, or red. Cleaveland.

ADULA'TlbN,
Servile flattery
;

n.

[L. adulatio.]

ADOSCULA'TION,

)i.

[L.

ad and

osculatio,

a kissing, from oscuhim, a kiss, or mouth.] clapping it to the lips. In modern times The impregnation of plants by the falling of adoration is paid to the pope by kissingj the farina on the pistils. Encyc. his feet, and to princes, by kneeUng and Adosctilation is also defined to be the insertkissing the hand. This word was used by hig of one part of a plant into another. Crabhc. the Romans for acclamation or great applause, given to public performers mid the! election of a pope is sometimes by adora-i
;

what

is

praise in excess, or beyond merited high comi)liment. Shak.

;

AD'ULATOR,

n.

A
a.

flatterer

one

who

of-

fers praise servilely.

AD'ULATORY,
;

Flattering; containing

ADOS'SED,
to set

a. [Fr. adossie, part,

of adosser,

AD'ULATRESS,
with
servility.

excessive praise or compliments; servilely praising as, an adulatory address. n. A female that flatters

back

to

back

dos, the back.]

A D U
-VDULT', [L. adultus, grown to maturity, from oho, to grow Heb. nSj?, to ascend. Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strength as an adult person or
;
;

A D V
ment grant absolute
thoro.
'2.

A D V
notice
(i.
;

n.

<Uvorces, for infidelity to the marriage bed in either party and the spiritual courts divorce a mensa et
;

as, to

advance an opinion or an
;

argument,
In commerce, to supjily betbrehand to furnish on credit, or befiire goods are delivered, or work done; or to finnish as a part of a stock or fund as, to advance money on loan or contract, or towards a |)urchase or estabhshment. To finnish for others; to supply or pay for others, in expectation of reimburse;

plant.

ADULT',
is

n.

mandment. It strength, or to the years of manhood. also applied to full grown plants. 3. In scripture, idolatrj', or apostasy from the 7. Among civilians, a person between four- true God. Jer. iii. teen and twenty-five years of age. Enci/c. 4. In old laws, the fine and penalty imposed ment. ADl'LTERANT, n. The person or thing for the offense of adultery. 5. In ecclesiastical affairs, the intrusion of a that adulterates. They advanced the money out of their own ADUL'TERATE, v. t. [L. adultero, from person into a bishopric, during the life of funds, and took the sheriff's deeds in their own name. Kent, Johnson's Rep. the bishop. adulter, mixed, or an adulterer ; ad and Encyc 6. Among ancieitl naturalists, the grafting of 8. To raise to enhance alter, other.] as, to advance the To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an trees was called adidtery, bemg eonsitler- price of goods. ed as an imnatural imion. admixture of baser materials; as, to adul To move or Pliny. V. i. forward
; ;

A person grown to

full size

and

In a scriptural sense, all manner of lewdness or unchastity, as in the seventh com-

terate liquors,

or the coin of a country.

Boyle.
v. i.

ADULT'NESS,

n.
a.

The

ADUM'BRANT,

state of being adult. [See Adumhrate.] Giv-

ADVANCE,
to

2.

ing a faint shadow, or slight resemblance. ADUL'TERATE, Obs. ADUM'BRATE, v. t. [L. adumhro, to shade, ADUL'TERATE, o. Tainted with adulte- from umbra, a shade Fr. ombre ; Sj). sombra ; It. ombra.} ry debased by foreign mixtin-e. ADUL'TERATED, pp. Corrupted debased To give a faint shadow, or slight hkeness to exhibit a faint resemblance, hke a of less value. by a mixture with

To' commit adulteiT,

go proceed as, the troojis advanced. improve, or make progress to grow better, greater, wiser or older as, to ad;

To

something
n.

ADUL'TERATENESS,
state

The

fpiahty or

of behig debased or couiUerfeit.

;

ADUL'TERATING,

ADULTER A'TJON,
ating, or the state

rupting

ppr. counterfeiting.
n.

Debasing; cor

Theact of aduher-

of being adulterated, corrupted or debased by foreign mixture. field. The adulteration of liquors, of ih-ugs, and even of bread and beer, is common, but a ADUNA'TION, n. [L. ad and unus, The state of being imited union. scandalous crime.
;

vance in knowledge, in stature, in wisdom, or in years. To rise in rank, office, or consequence : to be preferred, or promoted as, to advance in pohtical standing. shadow. n. A or toADUMBRA'TION, n. The act of maldnj ADV'ANCE,fi-ont. moving forward, wards the Clarendon. a shadow or faint resemblajice. 2. Gradual progression improvement as, 2. A faint sketch an imperfect repiesentaan advance in religion or knowledge. tion of a thing. Bacon Atterhury. 3. In heraldry, the shadow only of a figure, 3. Advancement promotion preferment outUned, and painted of a color darker as, an advance in rank or office. than the
;

3.

Diet.

4.

tinio.

[.Vo?

used.] ADUL'TERER, n. [L. adulter.] 1. A man guilty of aduhery a man who has ADUN'CITY,
;

Cranmer
hookedness

9.
-3.

of ad and sexual commerce with any married woHookedness man, except his wife. [See Adultery.] In scripture, an idolater. Ezek. xxiii.
;
;

n. [L. aduncitas, uncus, a bm :ik.]

;

First hiiU by way of invitation fir.st step towards an agreement as, A made an advance towards a j-econciliation with B. In this sense, it is very frequently used in
;
;

the plural.

a bendhig
a.

in

form of a hook.
Arbuthnot
hook. Bacon.
[J^Tot

The
5.

amoiiis of an empress require the plainest

advances.
; ;

Gibbon.
as, aji

An apostate from the true faith, or one ADUN'eOUS, [L. aduncus.] who violates his covenant engagements Hooked bent or made in the form of a

In trade, additional price profit advance on the prime cost of goods.

13.

a very wicked ])erson. Jer. ix. and xxiii. 4. One devoted to earthly things. James, iv. ADULTERESS, n. A married woman guilty of incontinence. ADUL'TERINE, a. Proceeduig fiom adulterous

A giving beforehand

ADUNQUE,
used.]

a.

Adunk'.
[L.

Hooked.

Bacon.
II.

ADU'RE,
burn.]

t.

aduro, ad and uro,

used.]

to

a furnishing of something, on contract, before an equivalent is received, as money or goods, towards a capital or stock, or on loan or the money or goods thus furnished as, A made large
; ; ;

ADUL'TERINE,

spurious. n. In the cmV faic, a child issuing from an adulterous connection.

;

commerce

Hall.

To burn up. ADUST', a.

Burnt
;

{J^Tot

Bacon.

advances to B.
7.

[L. adustus, burnt, the participle of aduro, to burn.]

ADUL'TEROUS,
2.

a.

Guilty of adultery;

scorched
a.

become dry by heat

;

hot

A furnisliing of money or goods for others, in expectation of reinibiusement or the property so furnished.
;

pertaining to adulter}'.

and

fiery.

In
xii.

C)i}rfHrp, idolatrous,

very wicked. Mat.

ADUST'ED,
scorched.

Become

hot and dry burnt

with great pleasure, make the necessaiy advances. Jay. The account was made up with intent to show
I shall,

and

xvi.

Mark,
.

viii.

what advances had been made.

;

Kent.

ADUL'TERY,

before ; also beforeact of burning, scorch In advance, in front hand ; before an equivalent is received, or ing, or heating to di-yness ; a state of being terate.] when one partner in trade has furnished 1. Violation of the thus heated or dried. bed ; a crime, marriage more than his [n'oportion is in or a civil injury, which introduces, or as, may ADV'ANCE, V. t. adv'ans. [Fr. avancer; Sj). a thousand dollars or pounds. advance to introduce, into a family, a spurious otiIt. avanzare, avanzar, to move forward to get or increase ; Ai'in. avans, to advance. spring. pp. Moved forward ; pro[L.adultcrium.

SeeMul- ADUS'TION, n. The

ADV ANCED,
moted
;

By the laws of Connecticut, the sexual intercourse of any man, with a married v\oman, is the crime of adultery in both such intercourse of a married man, with an unmarried woman, is Ibrnication ui both, and adultery of the man, within the meaning of the law respecting divorce but not a felonious adultery in either, or the Clime of adultery at common law, or
:

This word is formed on van, the front, which seems to be the Ch. and Heb. nji3, D'J3, surface, face ; whence, Fr. avant, It.
avanti, before.]
1.

improved; finuished beforehand

situated in front, or before the rest; also old, having reached the decline of life ; as,

To

bring forward

to

move

further in

ADV ANCEMENT,
2.

front.
2.

To

Hence, promote;

as, to

to iaiFn~to a higher rank; advance one from the bar to the

bench.
3.

This latter ofi'ense is, in Engby land, proceeded vi ith only in the ecclesistatute.
astical courts.

ward ; as, to advance one's true interests. In common u.tage, adultery means the 4. To forward to accelerate ; growth ; as, to unfuithfiilness of any married ])erson to advance the growth of plants. tlie marriage bed. "in England, Parlia- 5. To offer or propose to bring to \ lew or
;

To improve or make better, which is considered as a progression or moving Ibr-

3.
4.

in years an advanced age. n. The act of niovmg forward or ]iroceeding. The state otbeing advanced preferment promotion, in rank or excellence the act of promoting. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. Provision made by a parent for a child, by gift of pro|<erty, during his, the parent's
;
;

advanced

to which the child would be entitled as heir, after his parent's death.
life,
-

R. M. Sherman.

A D V
ADV'ANCER,
promoter.
n.

A D V
;

A D V
;

adv. Boldly daroutward causes. ingly in a manner to incur hazard. sportsmen, a start or branch of a AD' VENT, n. [L. adventus, from advenio, of ADVEiXT UROUSNESS, n. The act or ad and venio, to come. See Find.] buck's attire, between the back antler and ([uality of being adventurous. the pahn. Encyc. \ coming; appropriately the coming of our AD'VERB, n. [L. adverbium, of ad and verADV'AN'CING, jipr. Moving forward pro- Savior, and in the calendar, it includes bum, to a verb.] four sabbaths before Christmas, begimnng In grammar, a word used to modify the to higher ceeding promoting raising sense of a verb, |)articiple, adjective or on St. Andrew's Day, or on the sabbath rank or excellence improving supplynext before or after it. It is intended as attribute, and usually placed near it ing beforehand, as on loan, or as stock in a., he writes well; paper ertremely white. a season of devotion, with reference to the trade. ADV'ANCIVE, a. Tending to advance, or coming of Christ in the flesh, and his sec- This part of speech might be more signiond coming to judge the world. named a modifier, as its use is to ficantly promote. Encyc. ADV'ANTAgE, n. [Fr. avantage, from iVDVENT'INE, a. Adventitious. [.Vo< used.] modify, that is, to vary or qualify the It. sense of another word, by enlarging or Bacon. avant, bel<)re vantaggio ; Sp. ventaja.] 1. Any state, condition, or circumstance, "TIOUS, a. [L. adventitius, from restraining it, or by exi)ressing form, (pudadvenio. See Advent.] favorable to success, prosperity, interest, ity or manner, which the word itself does not express. The term adverb, denoting Added extrinsically accidental not essenor reputation. TTie enemy had tlie advantage of elevated casual foreign. position merely, is often improper. tially inherent Diseases of continuance get an adventitious' ADVERBIAL, a. Pertainins to an adverb. ground. 2. Benefit Jiacon. /VDVERB'IALLY, adv. In the manner of an strength from custom. gain profit. \\ hat advantage will it be to thee Job xxxv. ADVENTl'TIOUSLY, arf. Accidentally. adverb. There exists, in the economy and course of a. Accidental adventitious.; ADVERSA'RIA, n. [L. from arfcersu*. See nature, an indissolul'le union between virtue and Bacon: [Little used.] Mverse.] happiness; between duty and advantage. ADVENT'IVE, n. The thing or person that Among the ancients, a book of accounts, so Washington. comes from without. [Little used.] named from the placing of debt and credit 3. Means to an end opportunity convenBacon.', in opposition to each other. A commonience for obtaining benefit as, students a. Relating to the season of place book. Encyc. for improvement. ADVENT'UAL, enjoy great advantages advent. Saunderson.l AD'VERSARY, n. TTie General took advantage of his enemy's [See Adverse.] n. from 1. An enemy or foe one who has [Fr. aventure, enmity at negligence. advenio. See Mvent.] heart. 4. Favorable state or circumstances as, L Hazard risk chance that of which one TTie Lord shall take jewels set to advantage. vengeance on his adverhas no direction as, at all adventures, that saries. \ah. i. 5. Sii])eriority, or ])revaleuce over with of is, at all hazards. [See Venture.] or over. In cri/)(ui-e,Satan is called adver2. An enterprize of hazard a bold imder-: Lest Satan should get an advantage of us, (or sary, by way of eminence. 1 Pet. v. over us.) 2 t'or. ii. taking, in which hazards a^e to be encoim-! 2. An opponent or antagonist, as in a suit at tered, and the issue is staked upon unforeG. Superiority, or that which gives it as, the an opposing law, or in single combat seen events. Drydeni advantage ot'a good coMstitiition.
:
[

One who advances

VDVE'NIENT, a. Advening

coming from!

ADVENT'UROUSLY,
;

Among

ADVENTI

.'

ADVENTTVE,

ADVENTURE,
;

THE

7. Interest;

increase; overplus.
to

3.

That which

And with advantage means

Obs.
8.

pronounced venture. Something which aj seaman is permitted to carry abroad, with' a view to sell for profit. ADV^ANTAGE, v. t. To benefit to jield A hill of adventure, is a writing signed by a profit or gain. person, who takes goods on board of his What is a man advantaged, if he gain the ship, wholly at the risk of the owner. whole woildj and lose liimself, or be cast away Encyc: Luke ix. ADVENT'URE, v. t. To risk, or hazard to] 2. To promote to advance the interest of put in the power of iniforeseen events as,
Additional circumstance to give prepou
;

pay thy love. Shak.

popular

is put to hazard a sense in use witii seamen, and usually'

;

litigant.

AD'VERSARY,

a. Opposed; opposite to; adverse. In law, liavmg an o))posing parin distinction ty, as an adversai-y suit
;

deration.

from an ai)])lication, which no O])position

in
is

ADVERS'ATIVE,

a.

law or equity, to made. Noting .some differ;

ence, contrariety, or opposition is an honest man, but a fanatic.

as, John Here but

ADV>ANTAGEABLE,
venient
;

a.

Profitable

con-

gainful.

[Little used.]

ADV'ANTAGED,/);}.

Benefitted promoted
;
;

ADV ANTAgE-GROUND,

n. Ground that a state gives advantage or superiority that gives superior advantages for annoy ance or resistance. Clarendon. a.

ADVANTAGEOUS,
tage
;
;

Being of advan;

is called an adversative conjunction. This ilenomiuation how'ever is not always correct for but does not always denote to adventure one's hie. Venture.] [See opposition, but something additional. ADVENT'URE, v. i. To dare" to try the ADVERS'ATIVE, 7i. A word denoting conchance as, to adventure on the tempestrariety or opiiositiou. tuous .sea of liberty." AD'VERSE, a. [L. adversus, opposite of arf ADVENTURED,;)/). Put to hazard ven- and versus, tinned from verto, to turn. tured risked. See Advert. Tliis word was formerly acii. One who hazards, cented, by some authors, on the last syllaor |)iits something at risk, as merchantble but "the accent is now settled on tlie
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
; ;

ADVENTURER,
adveiiturers.

fm-nishing convenience, or opportu

;

nity to gain benefit gainful ])rofitable ; u.seful beneficial ; as, an advantageous position of the troo])s ; trade is advantageous to a nation.

One who seeks occasions of chance, or attempts bold, novel, or extraordinary enterprizes.

first.]

ADVENTURESOME,
incin-ring hazard.
ity

ADVANTAGEOUSLY,
tageous maimer
conveniently.
;

adv.

In an advan;

a. Bold daring [See Ventziresome.]

;

profitably
n.

usefully

ADVENT'URESOMENESS,
ADVENT' UROUS,
1.

n.

The

Opposite ; opposing ; acting in a contrarj' direction ; conflicting ; counteracting ; as, adverse winds ; an adverse ])arty. 2. Figuratively, opposing desire ; contraiy to the wishes, or to supposed good ; hence,
1.

qual;i

unfortunate
nicious
1

Arhuthnot

ADVANTA'GEOUSNESS,
; ;

The

qualitj-

or state of being advantageous; profita bleness usefulness convenience.

Boyle.

of being bold and venturesome. ADVENTURING, ppr. Putting to risk hazarding.

a.

calamitous afflictive perunprosperous as, adverse fate or

; ; ; ;

circumstances.

ADVERSE,
used.]

I',

t.

advers'.

To

oppose.

[Fr. aventureux.]
;

[.Yot Goicer.

ADV'ANTAGING,
fiting.

ppr.

Profiting; bene
'2.

to

Inchned or wilhng to incur hazard bold encounter <langer: daring: courageous;

:

ADVERSELY,
ner
;

adv.
;

In an adverse
;

man-

ADVE'NE.
and

enterprizing applied to persons. Full of hazard attended with risk

; ;

oppositely

unfortunately

unprosto desire

ex-

II.

i.

[L. advenio, to
to
;

come

to,

ad
or

])erously ; in a or success.

manner contrary
n.

venio.]

To

accede, or

come

to be

added

to,

become a

jiart

of,

though not essential

requiring coin-age posing to danger applied to things ; as, an adventurous undertaking. Ajid followed freedom on the adventurous tide

.AD'VERSENESS,
])eroiisness.

Opposition
event, or

unpros.series

ADVERSITY, n. An
events,

[Little used.]

Trumbull

of which oppose success or desu'e :

A D V
iiiislortmie
;

A D V
;

A D V

grants of land, with power to lead the vascalamity sals of the church to war. state oriinhappiness. Fisced advocates, in ancient Rome, defended advisable or expedient. Ill llie (lay of oi/rcrsify, consider. Eccl. vii. causes in which the pubUc revenue was Yc have rejected God, who saved you out of ADVI'SE, V. t. s. as z. [Fr. aviser; Arm. concerned. 1 Sam. x. ;ill avisa ; Sp. avisar ; It. avvisare. See Advice.] your advcrsitief:. ADVERT', V. i. [L. adverto, otad and verto, 1. To give counsel to to offer an opinion, as Juridical advocates became judges, in conseI to be followed to tinn.] as, quence of their attending cau.ses ih the worthy or exjicfbent earl's court. To turn tlie mind or attention to to regard, advise you to be cautious of speculation. observe, or notice with to ; as, he adverted 2. To give information to connnunicate no- Matricular advocates defended the cathedral cliurclies. followed to what was said, or to a circumstance to make ac(|uaijited with tice that occurred. conmiunicated as, Military advocates were employed by the by of, before the thing cliurch to defend it liy arms, when force Attended to regarded the merchants were advised of the risk. pj). witli to. gave law to Europe. 3. To deliberate, consider, or consult. direction of tlie Mvise thyself of what word I shall bring Some advocates were called nomtwah're, from ADVERT'ENCE, ) n. 1 Ch. xxi. their being nominated by the pope or king; to him that sent me. mind to attention \DVERT'ENCY, ^ again is usually intransitive. some regular, fiom their being qualified by But in this sense, it notice regard ; consideration ; heedfulness. ADVISE, v. i. To deliberate, weigh well, a proper course of .study. Some were or consider. supreme ; others, subordinate. ADVERT'ENT, a. Attentive heedful. Advise and see what answer I shall return to Advocate, in the German pohty, is a magisto ADVERTING, ppr. Attending regard him that sent me. 2 Sam. xxiv. trate, appointed in the emperor's name, to ing observing. consult for tlie puq)Ose advise ttrith is to administer justice. ADVERTI'SE, v. t. s as :. [Fr. avertir; Toof taking the opmions of others. Arm. avertisza, to inform ; fi-om ad and Faculty of advocates, \n Scotland, is a society ADVISED, ^p. Informed; counseled also of emuient lawyers, who practice in the See Advert.} verto, to turn. cautious prudent ; acting with dehberaor intelto give notice, advice \. To inform highest courts, and who are admitted tion. members only ujion the severest examinaligence to, wlietlier of a past or present Bacon Let him he advised in his answers. It consists tion, at three diflerent times. event, or of something future. With the well advised is wisdom. Prov. xiii. of about two hiuulred members, and from I will advertise thee what tills people will do Done, formed, or taken with advice or Num. xxiv. this body are vacancies on the bench to thy people in the latter day. dehberation ; intended as, an advised act it to advertise thee, saying I buy tliought usually supplied. or scheme. before the inhabitants and elders of my people Lord advocate, in Scotland, the principal Ruth iv. ADVISEDLY, adv. With deliberation or crown lawyer, or prosecutor of crimes. advice heedfully purposely by design In this sense, it has of before the subject Judge advocate, in courts martial, a person of information as, to advertise a man of as, an enterprize advisedly undertaken. who manages the prosecution. his losses. VDVrSEDNESS, n. Dehberate considera- In Enghsli and American courts, advo% To publish a notice of; to publish a writ- tion; prudent procedure. cates are the same as counsel, or counselten or printed account of; as, to advertise ADVrSEMENT, n. Counsel; informaors. In England, they are of two degrees, tion circumspection. goods or a farni. barristers and Serjeants the fonner, being notified 2. Consultation. Informed ADVERTI'SED, ;);;. ajiprentices or learners, cannot, by ancient warned iised of persons : published made Tlie action standing continued nisi for advisecustom, be admitted Serjeants, till of sixMass. Rejyorts. known used of things. ment. teen years standing. Blackstone. Encyc. ad n. Information ADVI'SER, n. One who gives advice or 3. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses monition notice given. More generally, admonition also, in a bad sense, one who a cause, by argument one who is friendly a publication intended to give notice; this to as, an advocate for peace, or for the instigates or persuades. may be, by a sliort account jirinted in a ADVI'SING, ppr. Giving counsel. ojipressed. newspaper, or by a written account posted, ADVI'SING, ?(. Advice comisel. Shak In scripture, Christ is called an advocate for or otherwise made public. liis people. ADVrSORY, a. Having power to advise. ADVERTI'SER, n. One who advertises. We have an advocate with the father. The general association has a general advisO' This title is oflen given to public prints. 1 John, ii. ry superintendence over all the ministers and ADVERTI'SING, ppr. Informing giving Trnmlmirs Hist. Conn AD'VOATE, v. t. To plead in favor of; to chuiches. notice publishing notice. Hist. Car Madison. Hamsay, defend by argument, before a tribmial to 2. a. Furnishing advertisements ; as, adversupport or vindicate. Containing advice ; as, their opinion it Those who advocate a discrimination. tising customers. merely advisoi-y. Hamilton's Report on public debt. 3. In the sense of monitory, or active in giv AD'VOACY, n. The act of pleading for; Tlie Duke of York advocated the amendment. as used by Shakespeare. ing intelligence, Brown. ntercession. Debates on the Regency in the House of now nstd.} [JVot law-suit. Chaucer. 2. Judicial pleading Dec. 27, 18III. ADVrCE, n. [Fr. avis, opinion, notice AD'VOATE, n. [L. advocatus, Crom advoco, Lordi, Earl of The Buckingham advocated the oriArm. avis. This and the verb aviser, to of ad and voco, to call for, to plead for Ibid. ginal resolution. be
;

affliction

distress

2.

South. Open to advice. ADVI'SABLENESS,}i. The quality of bemg

ADVERTED,

ADVERTISEMENT,
;

1.

Advocate, in its primary sense, signifies, who pleads the cause of another in a court of civil law. Hence, 2. One who pleads the cause of another before any tribunal or judicial court, as a barrister in the Eiighsh courts. say, conduct. Franklin a man is a learned lawyer and an able deliberate consideration. '}. Prudence advocate. Shak. notice intelligence ; as, we In Europe, advocates have different titles, 3. Information have late advices from France. accordmg to then- particular duties. Consistorial advocates, in Rome, appear beTo take advice, is to consult with others. fore the Consistory, in opposition to the n. vessel to ADVI'CE

advise, seem to L. visa, to see, to

formed of ad and the

to call.

See

Vocal.]

visit.]

an opbiion recommended, or offered, as worthy to be followed. What advice give ye 2 Ch. x. With good advice make wai-. Prov. xx. We may give advice, but we cannot give

Counsel

1.

one

.'

We

The idea of a legislature, consisting of a single branch, though advocated by some, was generally reprobated. Ramsay, Hist. Carolina. How little claim persons, who advocate this sentiment, really possess to be considered calwill appear from the following quotation. vinists, Mackenzie's Life of Calvin.

The most eminent

orators

were engaged

to

advocate his cause. Mitfurd. A part only of tlie body, whose cause he advocates, coincide with him injudgnient. Scott. Chris. Obs. xi. 434.

AD'VOCATED,;);). Defended by argument

vindicated.

BOAT,

A
;

employed

carry dispatches or information. ADVI'SABLE, a. [See Mvise.] 1. Projier to be advised prudent expedient proper to be done or practiced.
;

disposal of benefices. Elective advocates are chosen

AD'VOCATESS,
by a
bislio]),

n.

female advocate.
Taylor.

It is
CI

(.hoire

not advisable to proceed, at this time, to of officers.

abbot, or chapter, with hcense from the prince. Feudal advocates were of a militaiy kind, and to attach them to the church, had

AD'VOATING,

ppr.

Supporting by rea-

sons; defending; maintaining. ADVOCATION, n. A pleading for: plea; apology.

A E D

A E R

A F F

^9liU of advocation, in Scotland, is a written /E'GII.OPS, n. [Gr. aiyiXu^; ai4, a goat, and A description of the air-; that branch of phi u^-, the eye.] losoj>hy which treats of the air, its conapplication to a superior court, to call an action before them from an inferior court. A tumor in the corner of the eye, and a plant stituent j)arts, properties, and phenomena. so called. The order of the superior court for this (^uincy. Encyc. M'GlS, n. [Gr. aiyi;, a goat skin, and A'EROIWANCY, n. [Gr. arp, and tiavfua, purjjose is called a letter of advocation. ADVOU'TRESS, n. An adulteress. Bacon. shield from at|, a goat.] divination.] A .--^^isild, or defensive armor. Divination by means of the air and winds. n. Adidtery. ADVOU'TRY, [Little used.] Bacon. JEX^al, alh or eal, in Saxon, Eng. all, arc seen [Liftle used.] in many names n. He that has the ri^ht of as, in JElfred, .'Mtred, all AEROftl'ETER, n. [Gr.oirp, air,and ,ufrpoj, Gibson. Cowel. advowson. peace JElwin, all conqueror. measure] An instrument for weighing air, or for ascer2. The advocate of a church or religious JEhF, seems to bo one form of help, but more house. Ci/c. taining the mean bulk of gases. generally written elph or tiljih ; as, in
;

ADVOWEE

ADVOWSON,

n. s as z. [Fr. avo\ierie,from avouer, to avow Norm, avoerie, or avoeson. But the woril ai us latinized, advocatio, from advoco, anil avow is from adimco.] In English law, a right of presentation to a vacant benefice or in other wends, a right of nominating a person to ofliciaie in a va;
;

JElfwin, victorious aid trious help.

.'Ethelnidph, illus-

Gibson
Swift

AEROM'ETRY,)!.

[as above.]

Journ. of Science. The science

AE'OLIST, n. [L. .'Eolus.] A pretender to inspiration.

A'ERATE,

cant church. The name is derived from ndi'ocatio, because the right was first obtained by such as were founders, lienefactors or streinious defenders, advocates, of the church. Those who have this right are styled patrons. Advo\vs()ns are of
three
kinds,
prcsentaiive,
collative,

and

donative; presenlative, when the patron presents lus clerk to the bishop of the diocese to be instituted collative, when the bishop is the patron, and institutes, or collates his clerk, by a single act donative, when a church is founded by the king, and assigned to the patron, without being subject to the ordinary, so that the patron confers the benefice on his clerk, without presentation, institution, or induction. Advowsons are also appendant, that is, annexed to a manor or, in gross, that is, annexed to the person of the patron. Blackstone. ADVOY'ER, or Avoy'er, [Old Fr. advoes.] A chief magistrate of a town or canton in Switzerland. A'DY, n. The abanga, or Thernel's restorative a species of Palm tree, in the West
; ; ; ;

V. t. To cond)ine and condensation. Encyc. [See .'lir.] with carbonic acid, formerly called fi.xed Rather, aeronietry is the art or science of air. ascertaining the mean bulk of the gases. [The word has been discarded from modem chimislry.] Encyc. Vre. A'ERATED, pp. Combined with carbonic A'ERONAUT, n. [Gr. a);p, and .aur.;;, a acid. sailor, from ron^, a shi]).] One who sails or floats in the air; an aerial A'ERATING, ppr. Combining with car bonic acid. navigator applied to persons who ascend in Burke. .\ERA'TION, n. The act or operation of air balloons. AERONAUTIC, a. Sailing or floating in combining with carlmnic acid.
;

of tneasuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, "

AE
\.

2.

the air; RIAL, a. [L. aerius. See ^iiV.] pertaininff to aerial sailing. Belonging to the air, or atmosidiere as, AERONAUT'IS,H. The doctrine, science, or art of sailing in the air, aerial regions. by means of a balloon. the nature (-'onsistingof air;
;

partakingof

of air;
'?.

Produced by

as, aerial particles. air as, aerial

;

A'ERONAUTISM, n. The practice of ascending and floating in the atmosphere, in balloons. Journ. of Science.

honey.

Pope.
;

4.

Inhabiting or frecpienting the air

aerial songster*. Placed in the air ; high ; lofty as, aerial spires ; aerial flight.
;

a:

AEROS'COPY,
elevated
;

n.

[Gr.

o.jp,

and

axirtTof,a,.

5.

The

to see.]

observation of the

AE'RIANS,

n. In church history, a branch of Arians, so called from Aerius, who main tained,that there is no diftereuce between bishops and piiests.
er,

A'EROSTAT,

taining,

the air

from machine or vessel sustaining weights

;

[Little used.] n. [Gr. aj;p, and ataro;, susiarr;fii, to stand.]

in

air.

name given
a.

to air balloons.

A'ERlE, n. [W. cryr. Corn, The nest of a fowl, as of an

a covey ofbirds.

an eagle.]

Encyc.

eagle or

hawk AEROSTAT'IC,
Shak.
air

AERIFICATION,
air

n.

Theact of combining
filled

AEROSTATION,

with

tall, upright, without branches, with a thick branching head, which furnishes a juice, of which the natives make a drink by fermentation. Encyc. Coxe.

Indies,

the state of being

with

ADZ,

An

n. [Sax. adese ; Sp. azuela written in Eng. addice.]

formerly

iron Instrument with an arching edge, across the line of the handle, and ground from a base on its inside to the outer edge used for chipping a horizontal surface of tunber. Encyc. .'E, a diphthoiig in the Latin language used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ai. The Sax. (e has been changed into e or ea. In derivatives from the learned languages, it is mostly superseded by e.
; ;

Fouro'oy 2. The act of becoming air or of changing into an aeriform state, as substances whicl 2. are converted from a liquid or solid form AERY-LIGHT, in Milton, light as air used for airy light. into gas or an elastic vapor the state of .AJF'AR, adv. [a and far. See Far.] being aeriform. Fourcroy. 1. At a distance in place to or from a disair infused, or A'ERIFIED, pp. Having tance used Avith from preceding, or off combined with. he was seen from afar ; I following A'ERIFORM, a. [L. aer, air, and forma, saw him as, afar off. form.] 2. In scripture, figuratively, estranged in afthe form or nature of air, or of an Having
:

Suspending pertaining to the art of aerial navigation. n. Aerial navigation the science of raising, suspending, and guiding machines in the air, or of ascendAdams. ing in air balloons. The science of weighing air.
;
:

in air

form

elastic, invisible fluid. fluids.

v. t.

The gases are aeri3.

;

fection

alienated.

My

kinsmen stand

a/at' off.

Ps. xxxviii.

AERIFY,
with
air,

infuse air into or to combine air with.

To

to

fill

and convenience seems to require it to be wholly rejected in anglicized words. For such words as may be found with this
initial

AEROG RAPHY, n. [Gr. or,,, air, ypoifu, to describe.] A description of the air or atmosphere
aerology
is

assisting. Why standest thou afar off, 4. Not of the visible church.

Absent; not

Lord

.'

Ps. x.

Eph.

ii.

JED,

Eadric, happy happy kingdom Eadrig, hap|)y victory Edward, prosperous watch Edgar, successful weapon. Gibson. Lye. .-E'DILE, n. [Lat.] In ancient Rome, an
; ;

combination, the reader will therefore search luuler the letter E. ed, ead, syllables found in names from the Saxon, signity ; as,

chiefly used. '

A'EROL'lTE,

AEROLOgTAL,
logy.

n. [Gr. ar^f, air, and a stone.] stone falling from the air, or atmospheric a meteoric stone. regions Guidotte. Med. Rep. a. Pertaining to aero;

a. [Sax. aferan, to make afraid. See ulfeard is the participle passive. but ; Fear.] Afraid ; aflected with fear or apprehension, in a tiiore moderate degree than is XiSoj,

and

AFE'ARD,

ed by

terrified.

It is

no longer used
ular use,
is

in

deemed

expressIbllowed by of, but books, and even in popvulgar.

u.sed

AF'FA,

n.

weight

on the Guuiea

officer or magistrate, wlio

litid

the care of

AEROL'OgIST,
aerology.

n.

One who
ar,p,

is

versed in

AFFABIL
ity

coast, equal to an ounce. is called eggeba.

The

half of it Enaic.

ITY,

n.

[See
;

.Iffable.]

the public builiUngs, [aides,] streets, high ways, public spectacles, &c.

of being
;

atfable

qualreadiness to conin re:

The

AEROL'OgY,
description.]

n.

[Gr.

air,

and

!^o/o5,

verse

Vol.

and coiu-teousness, ceiving others, and in conversation

civility

con-

I.

A F F
descen^ion in nianiicrs. .iffuhilili/ ot coiintenance is that inikluesa of aspect, which
invites to free social iiitercomse.

A F F
touched, either in person or
force, loss,, danger, and are more or less affected
In

A F F
interest; 4.
;

Inchned
used.]

to

having suffered some change by external

the like as, we by the failin-c of

wannlv
'

attached.
adv.

[LittU

Bacon

AF'FABLE,
ulor.
1.

[L. affuhilis,

o( ad and fub2.

AFFECTIONATELY,
tion
;

With
1.

aftec
ii.

fi)ndly

See Fahk.^

tenderly

the bank.
;

kindly.
n.

Thes.

3.

others to reserve; courof easy manners teons coniplait^ant to supericondescending usually applied ors as, an affable prince. A])i)lied to external appearance, affable

Easyof ronvcisation; admitting

;
;

free conversation witliout

denotes

which

that combination of invites to conversation,

; ; ;

features,

and ren-

ders a person accessible, 0|)posed to a forbidding aspect mild benign as, an affable

countenance.
n. Affability.

AF'FABLENESS, AF'FABLY, adv.

courteously
;

In an atfaWe manner;
to It

invitingly.

Touched in the feelings; having the feelgoodwill affection. ings excited as. affected with cold or heat APFE'TIONED, a. Disposed; having an 'i. affection of heart. Having the passions moved; as, affected witli sorrow or joy. Be ye kindly affectioned one to another. 4. a. Inclined, or disposed followed by (o ; Rom. xii 2. Affected; conceited. Obs. Shak. as, well affected to government. 5. a. Given to false show assuming, or AFFECTIVE, a. That affects, or e.xcites emotion suited to affect. [Little used.] what is not natural pretending to possess or real as, an affected lady. AFFECT'IVELY, adv. In an affective or (i. a. Assimied artiiiciall}' not natiu'al as, impressive manner. AFFET'OR, ^ n. One that affects one affected airs. In an affected man AFFECT'ER, S that practices affectation. AFFET'EDLY, adv. ner hypocritically with more show than AFFET'UOUS, a. FuU of passion. [JVot unnaturalLeland. wscrf.] studiously reality formally
; ;

AFFE'TIONATENESS,

Fondness:

AFFA'IR, n. [Fr. affaire, from /aire, make or do; L. face re Sp. hacer ; The jirimary sense of yacto is fare.
;

ly

as, to

walk
;

AFFET'EDNESS,
being affected

affectedly n.

affectedly civil

The quahty
;

of

[Fr. offerer, affturer, or afforer, to assess or value.] urge, drive, impel.] ppr. Iminessing having an effect on ; touching the feehngs In law, to assess or reduce an arbitrary 1. Business of any kind ; that which is done, or amercement to a precise sum ; or is to be done ; ii'ord of very indefinite the passions ; attempting a false penalty moving to reduce a general amercement to a sum show ; greatly desiring ; aspiring to pos and wndefinabh signification. In the plural, sess. it denotes transactions in general ; as liucertain, accorduig to the circumstances man affairs ; political or ecclesiastical af- 2. a. Having power to excite, or move the of the case. Blackstone. : also tlie business or concerns of an to move the aflfections pp. Moderated in sum ; aspassions ; tenduig fairs sessed ; reduced to a certainty. individual ; as, his affairs are embarrassed. pathetic ; as, an affecting address. n. The act of The most affecting music is generally the 2. Matters ; state ; condition of business or afTeering, most simple. or assessing an amercement, concerns. Mi'tford according to adv. In an tiie circumstances of the case. I have sent that ye may know our nffairs. affecting in a manner to excite emotions vi. n. One who affeers ; a permanner; Eph. n. The state of being afson sworn to assess a penalty, or reduce 3. In the singular, it is used for a private dis- AFFE'TION, fected. an uncertain penalty to a certainty. Coicel. [Little iised.] pute, or duel ; as, an affair of honor ; and sometimes a partial engagement of troops. 2. Passion ; but more generally, or conaffetto, [It., from L. bent of mind towards a particular obIn the phrase, at the head of affairs, the 3. affecius.'] word means, the pubUc concerns of ex- ject, holding a middle ])lace between dis In music, Si direction to render notes soft and
to
affectation.
V.
t.

AFFEE'R, To confirm. AFFEE'R,

V.

t.

[Fr.

aff.er,

to set.]

[Xot used.]

AFFEeTTNG,

AFFEE'RED,

AFFEE'RMENT,

AFFECT'INGLY,

AFFEE'ROR,

AFFETTUO'SO,
affecting.

AFFET'

ecuting the laws, and administering the Junius. government.

V.
t.

position,

[L. afficio, affectum, o{adM\A facio, to make ; L. affecto, to desire, from the same root. 'Effect is to make to, or upon, to press upon.]

!.

To act upon change upon

affected

which is natural, and passion, excited by the presence of its exAffection is a permanent bent of the mind, formed by the jn-esence of an object, or by some act of another person, and existing without the presence
which
citing
is

AFFI'ANCE,
dence;

n,

[Norm,

affiaunce, confi-

object.

to
as,

produce an effect or cold affects the body

; ;

Fr._/?iefr, to betroth ; S^. fianza, security in bail, afianzar, to give security or bail, fromfiar, to trust, to bail, to confide in Port, id ; Vv.fier, to trust It. fidare,
; ;

4.

loss affects our interests. 2. To act upon, or move the passions

3.

as,

To aim

with grief
at
;

aspire to
;

desire or entertain
5.

4.

r>.

I}.

V. t. To betroth to pledge as, virtuous or vile affections. Rom. i. AFFI'ANCE, one's faith or fidehty in marriage, or to Gal. 5. 6. In a general sense, an attribute, ([uality promise marriage. or proijcrty, whii-h is inseparable from its To me, sad maid, he was affianced. Spenser as, love, tear and ho|)e are affec 2. To give confidence. object tio7is of the mind; ./iffianeed in my faith. Pope. figure, weight, &c., are Fairfax. AFFI'ANCED, pp. Pledged in marriage affections of bodies. betrothed bound in faith. [This sense is closely allied to the third.] 7. Among physicians, a disease, or any parTo make a show of to attempt to imi- ticidar morbid state of the n. One who makes a conbody; as, a AFFI'ANCER, to study tract of marriage between parties. tate, in a manner not natural gouty affection ; liysteric affection. the appearance of what is not natiu'al, or 8. In painting, a lively representation of AFFI'ANCING, ppr. Pledging in marriage :

pretension to as, to affect imperial sway. [See the etymology oi' Affair.] To tend to by natural attinity or disposition as, the drops of a fluid affect aspheriial form. To tove, or regard with fondness. Think not that wars we love and strife affect.
;

of its object. Encyr. In a more particular sense, a settled good will, love or zealous attachment as, the It was affection of a ])arcnt for his child. formerly followed by to or towards, but now more generally followed by for. Desiie incliuation ; propensity, good or
;

affidare, to tnist,fidanza,

zare, to betroth,
1.

The marriage
The
ance.

conf\dence,fidanfrom h. fido, fides.] contract or promise faith

; ;

2.

pledged. Trust in general

confidence

reliance.
implicit ajji-

Christian looks to

God with
;

Hammond.

evil

real

as,

to

affect

to

be grave

affected

passion.

friendship.
It seems to have been used formerly for convict or attaint, as in Ayhfle's I'arergon; but this sense is not now in use.

Shakes])care uses the word for affectation but tliis use is not legitimate.

AFFIDA'VIT,
perfect tense

promising fidehty. n. "[An old law verb in the

;

he

made

oath

from ad and

AFFECTIONATE,
1.

AFFECTA'TION, n. [L. affectatio.] 1. An attem)it to assume or exhibit what

;
;

Having great
an

a. [Fr. affcctionn^.] love, or affection ; fond ; as,

fides, faith.]

is 2.

not natural or real false pretense artificial appearance, or show as, an affectation of wit, or of virtue.
;

affectionate brother. in affection ; zealous. in his love to God, and desire to please hirii, can never be too affectionate. Sprat.

Warm
Man,

In the United States, more generally, a declaration in writing, signed by the party, and sworn to, before an authorized magistrate. \FFrED, a. or part. Joined by contract ;
declaration

upon

oath.

3.

2.

Fondness

affection.

[JVot used.]

Hooker.

Hall.

tionate

AFFECT'ED,

pp.

Impressed; moved, or

Shak. affianced. [JVot u.^ed.] Proceeding from affection indicating benevolent; tender; as, the affec- AFFI'LE, V. t. [Fr. affiter.] care of a parent an affectionate To polish. [.Vo< used.] Chaucer. countenance. VFFIL'IATE, JJ. t. [Fr. affdier, to adopt,
;

love;

A F F
to initiate into the mysteries of a religious order L. ad &\\Afilius, a son.] 1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son. 2. To receive into a society as a member, and initiate in its mysteries, plans, or intrigues a sense in which the word was muih used hy the Jacobins in France, during the
; ;

A F F
or declared followed by of; as, an attribute (iffirmable of every just man.

A F
AFFLICT',
;

APFIRM'ANCE,
;

n.

Confirmation;

ratifi-

v.t. ['l,.qffi;go,affiicto,i)l'ad and fiigo, to strike ; Eng._^o^ ; Gr. Eol. ^%tyu, to strike Gr. >-'?7>j, L. plaga, a stroke ;
;

2.

cation as, tlie affirmance of a judgment; a statute in affirmance of common law. Declaration affirmation. [Ldttle used.] Selden. Cowper.
;

AFFIRM'ANT,

revolution.

AFFIRMATION,
2.

AFFILIA'TION,
in the

n.

Adoption
society.

association

same family or
n.

AFFIN'ITY,

[L. affmitas,

from

nffinis,

adjacent, related by marriage ; ad and finis, end.] 1. Tiie relation contracted by marriage, between a husband and his wife's kindred, and between a wife and lier Ijusbanc kindred in contradistinction from consanguinity or relation by blood.
;

3.

Solomon made
2.

affinity

with Pharaoh.
1

n. One wlio affirms. n. The act of affirming or asserting as true ; opposed to negation or denial. Shak. is asserted Tliat which position declared as true averment. Hammond. Confirmation ratification an establishing of what had been before done or decreed. Hooker. A .solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who coiidecline taking an oath which sci(!ntiously aflirination is in lav/ equivalent to testimo; ; ; ; ;

iiinh.Jlekan, to strike. Hence, Ger. Jlegel : D. rtegel Eng. fail, g being suppressed ; L. fiigellum. See Flog.] 1. To give to the body or mind pain which
is continued or of some permanence to grieve, or distress as, one is afflicted with the gout, or with melancholy, or with losses and misfortune.H.
; ;

2.

AFFLICTED,
;

or often repeated

trouble; to harass; to chstress. Affected with continued ;;;). ])ain, either of body or mind ; suftering grief or distress, of any kind followed by at, by or with as, affiicted at the loss of a child, by the rheumatism, or with losses.
;

To

'I'lipy afflict tliy

heritage,

Lord.

Ps. xcv.

AFFLICT'EDNESS,
affiicted
;

n.

The

state

of being
or

Kings
;

ili.

ny given imder oath.

but superseded by
n.

Agreement
;

relation

conformity

connection blance as, sounds, of colors, or of languages.

;

resemthe affinity of

AFFIRM'ATIVE,

a. That afiirms, or asserts; declaratory of what exists ojiposed to negative ; as, an affirmative proposition.
;

AFFLICT'ER,

One who

affiiclion.
afflicts,

.3.

In chimistry, attraction elective attraction, or tliat tendency whicli different species of matter have to unite, and combine
;

Confirmative; ratifying;
alive (if
i.

as,

common

causes pain of body or of mind. AFFLICT'ING, ppr. Causing continued or durable pain of body or mind ; grieving an act o/^rmdistressing.

law.

witli certain other bodies, and the power tliat disposes tliem to contimie in conihi

nation.

There are two kinds of

aftinity.

of aggregation, wliich is tlie power that causes two homogeneous bod ies to tend towards each otlier, unite and cohere, as two drops of water, whicli unite
\. AJjinity

algebra, jiositive ; a term applied to munbers wiiich liave the sign -\-plus, de noting addition, and opposed to negative, or such as have the sign nu'M, denoting subtraction. Obs. 4. Positive ; docmatic. Taylor. AFFIRM'ATIVE, n. That side of a ques tion which atfirms or maintains ; op])osed

In

.\FFLICT'Ii\G,
as,

a.

Grievous; distressing:

an

afflicting event.

AFFLICTION,
flictetl
3.

The cause of continued

mind, as sickness,

n. The state of being afa state of pain, distress, or grief. ; .Some virtues are seen only in affliction. pain of body or
losses,

calamity, ad-

of composition, wliicli is the tendency of bodies of different kinds to unite and form new combinations of bodies witli different properties.
2. Affinity

in one.

to negative ; as, there wtre seventy votes in tlie affirmative, and thirty-five in the ne
gative.

versity, persecution. Many are the afflictions of the righteoiu" Ps. xxxiv.

AFFLICTIVE,
adv.
;

AFFIRMATIVELY,
tive
lively.

In an aflirmaaifirina

a. Giving pain ; causing continued or repeated paui or grief; painfiil;

flowing to, LAlerally, an equal attraction, it is called AFFIRM'ER, AFFIRM'ING, ppr. Asserting; declaring this sense it is rarely used. It is sometimes compound affinity. When one substance written affiuency. confirmmg. positively decomposes a combination of otliers, AFFIX', V. t. [L. affigo, affiruia, of ad and fgo, 2. Figuratively, abundance of riches great unites with one of them and precipitates to fix Gr. nrjyu, n^jyiiu, ytr^^u Eng. peg. plenty of worldly goods; wealth. Rogers. the other, tlie power is called the affinity See Fix.] AF'FLUENT, a. Flowing to more generalof decomposition. When bodies will not 1. To unite at the end to subjoin, annex, or abomiding in goods or riches ly, wealthy of a third, which ena unite, but by means Prior. abimdaiit. add at the close as, to affix a syllable to a bles them to combuie, this is affinity by word to affix a seal to an instrument. AFFLUENTLY, adv. In abundance abunmeans of a medium. To attach, unite, or connect with, as dantly. Dorible affinity is when by means of four names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to AF'FLUX, n. [L. affiuxum, frotn affiuo. bodies, two decompositions and two new See Flow.] things. combinations are effected. In this The act of flowing to a flowing to, or that 3. To fix or fasten in any manner. Fourcroy. Hooper. whicli flows to; as, an affiux of blood to senso,fix is more generally used. AFFIRM, V. t. affenn'. [L. affirmo ; ad and AF'FIX, ?i. A the head. syllable or letter added to the See Firm.] firmo, to make firm. end of a word. AFFLUX'ION, 71. The act of flowing to ; 1. To assert positively to tell witli confi that whicli flows to. United at the end annex [See Afflux.] dence ; to aver to declare the existence AFFIX'ED, pp. ed attached. AF'FORAGE, n. [Fr. afforer,\o value. See of somethmg to maintain as true oppoAFFIX' ING, ppr. Uniting at the end; sub- Affeer.] sed to deny. In France, a duty paid to the lord of a disjoining; attaching. Of one Jesus whom Paul affirmed to be alive. for to sell wme or other at the n. The act of
n.

the affinity which unites acids and alkalies, the results of which combination are neutral salts. The operations of tliis principle are vaWhen heterogeneous bodies liave rious.

Such

is

manner ; positivelj' tive side of a question ;

red

on tlie opposed
;

distressing.

Hall.

to

nega
aver-

AFFLICT'IVELY,
give pain or grief.

adv.

In a manner to

AFPIRM'ED,^;). Declared
;

asserted
aflirms.

AF'FLUENCE,
fluo, lo flow.
1.

n.

confirmed

ratified.

See

[L. affiuentia, Floiv.]

Brown. of ad and
In

One who

or concourse.

mtitually

Acts 25.

tXFFIX'ION,
end,
used.]

2.

To make
ratify
;

firm to establish, confirm or as, the Supreme court affirmed the

;

or state of being so
n.

uniting united. [Liltli

is

trict,

ijermission

liquors, within his seigiiorv.

AFFO'RCEJIENT,
That which
affixed.

n.

[arf
;

AFFIX'TURE,
AFFLA'TION,

judgment.

Drake.
n. [L. affio, afflatum,

In old charters, a fortress defense. Obs.

Encyc. and/orce.J a fortification for

AFFIRM'

V, i. To declare solemnly before a court or magistrate, for confirming fact, or to have an affirmation administer ed to, by way of confirmation, or as a substitme for an oath ; as, the witness affirmed to the fact, or he was nffirmed to the
i

of ad

AFFO'RD,

A
1.

and Jlo; Kiig. blow. See Btou:] blowing or breathing on.

n.

AFFLATUS,
A
2.
;

[L.]

breath or blast of wind.

fiict.

AFFIRM'ABLE.

communication of divine In.spiratiou knowledge, or the power of prophesy.

Spence.
1.

Cyc. v.t. [ad and tlie root of forth, further; G.fordern, to further or promote D. voorderen ; Dan. hefordrer, to fiirther. The sense is to send fiirth. But I have not found this (irecise word in the exact sense of the English, in any other lan-

guage.]

a.

That may be asserted

To

yield or produce as fruit, profit, issue.'.

A F F
ur result. 'I'lius, the earth affords itra'in a well affords \vater trade affords profit
; ;

A F
ror
;

I
;

A F R
a frightful

also, the

cause of terror
pp.
;

AFIRE,
Sif'ii'id-

adv.

On fire.
[a

ob|ect.

AFLAT', arfu.
Suddenly alarmed
followed by at or
;
;

S.

distilled licjuors afford spirit. yield, srraiit or eoiifer ; as,

To

JAFFRI'GHTED,
a good
life

and/af.]

Cower. Level with the Bacon.

;

with fear
teith,

terrified

3.

affords consolation in old age. To be able to grant or sell with profit or without loss ; as, can afford wine at a less price than B.

4.

5.

To be able to expend without injury to that mav excite great fear ; dreadful. one's estate as, a man can afford a sum AFFRI'GIITING, ppr. Impressing sudden fear yearly in charity or be able to bear e,x terrifying. penses, or the price of the thing purchased AFFRI'GHTMENT, n. AflTright terror the state of being frightened. [Raretii used.] as, one man can afford to buy a farm, which another cannot. [In common discourse, the use of this word, in To be able without loss or with profit. all its forms, is superseded by fright, frightThe merchant can afford to trade for smaller ed, frightful.] Hamilton. AFFRONT', V. t. [Fr. affronter, to encounter profits.
; ;
;

AFFRI'GHTER, n. One who frightens. AFFRI'GHTFUL, a. Terrifying'; terrible;

more generally by at the cry of fire.

AFLO'AT,
;

as, affrighted at 1.
2.

i.

Borne on the water swimfloating ming as, the ship is afloat. Figuratively, moving passing from place to place a rumor is afloat. as, Unfixed moving without guide or control as, our afi'airs are all afloat. [Jls au
;

adv. or a. [a and float.]

word always follows the noun.] AFOOT', adv. [a or on aiid /oo<.] On foot ; borne by the feet ; opposed to riding. 2. Ill action ; in a .state of being planned for
adjective, this

execution

as,

a design

is afoot,

AFO'RE,
front.

adv. or prep,

[a

and

fore.]

or on foot. In

AFFO'RDED,
duce or
profit.

result

pp. Yielded as fruit, prosold without loss or with

;

1.

AFFORDING,

/);>/.
;

Yielding; producing;

face to face, of a! and L.frons, front, face.] 2. Between one object and another, so as to hiterally, to meet or encounter face to intercept a direct view or intercourse ; as, to stand between a person and the light of face, in a good or bad sense ; as, a candle a popular icse of the word. The seditious affronted the king's forces.

selling without loss

AFFOR'EST, v. To convert ground

by the

t.

bearing expenses. [ad anCl forest.] into forest, as was done

2.

Hayward. Milton. Shak. [The foregoing sense is obsolete.] To ofter abuse to the face to insult, dare
;

3.

Prior in time before anterior prior time being considered as in front of sub; ; ;

first Norman kings in England, for the purpose of afforihng them the pleasures of the chase. AFFORESTA'TION, n. The act of turn1

seqiient time.

or brave openly
in
3.

to ofl'er abu.se or insult

;

The
up.

affront

land. Btackstone.

AFFOR'ESTED, pp. Converted hito forest. AFFOR'ESTING, jipr. Converting into

forest.

AFFRANCHISEMENT,
chise

w.

[See Fran-

The

act of

and Disfranchise.] making free, or hberating from

[Little used.]
V.
t.

dependence or servitude.

abuse, or give cause of offense to, without being present with the person ; to make slightly angry a popular use of the word. AFFRONT', 71. Opposition to the face open defiance encounter. Obs. "2. lU treatment abuse any thmg reproachful or contemptuous, that excites or justifies resentment, as foul language, or personal abuse. It usually expresses a less
; ; ;
;

To

any manner, by words or actions one by giving liim the he.

as, to

grass which withereth afore Ps. cxxix.

it

groweth

In
4.

all

these .senses

it

is

now

inelegant,

and superseded by
;

before.

In seaman's language, toward the head of the sliip further forward, or nearer the stem as, afore the windlas. Jlfore the mast,
;

sailor,

which is applied to a common who does duty on the main deck, or has no office on board the .ship.
is

a jilirase

one

Mar. Diet

AFOREGOING,
Foregoing, which

a.
is

Gomg

before.

[See

chiefly used.]

AFFRAP',
rap,]

[Fr./ra/jper, tostrilie;Eng.
3.

degree of abuse than

insult.

AFO'REHAND,
;

adv. [afore

and hand.]
;

Shame

disgrace.

[JVot usual.]

To strike. Obs. AFFRA'Y, AFFRA' YMENT,

effreyza, effrey.]
(.

SdCHSBT'
)
(,

Arbulhnol.

n. [Fr. eff-rayer,to fright- 4. In

popular language, shght resentment

.

en

rffr'ui.

terror

Arm.

In time previous by previous provision as, he is ready aforehand. She is come aforehand to anoint my body. Mark xiv.
as, previously provided to be aforehand in business. Hence in well popular language, amply pi-ovided with the means of living having supphed means beyond the requirements of necesThis word is sity moderately wealthy.
; ; ;
; ;

displeasure.

AFFRONTED,
dared
2.
;

pp.
;

Opposed

face to face; 2. a. Prepared

In law, the fighting of two or more per.sons, in a pubhc ])lace, to the terror of
others.

legal sense,
;2.

fighting in private is not, in a an aflfray. Blackstone.

;

abused. In popular language, offended; slightly angry at ill treatment, by words or actions
defied
dis])leased.
a.

3.

AFFREIGHT', v. affra'te. [See IVeight.] AFFR0NT'ING,;7/)r. Opposing face to face AFO'REMENTIONED, tion.] To hire a ship for the transportation of goods defying abusing otierhig abuse, or any
t.
;

In popular lan/i-uas^e, fray is vised to express any fighting of two or more persons but the word is now deemed inelegant. Tumult disturbance. Spenser.
;

AFFRONTEE', AFFRONT'ER,
;

front ; an face each other.

In heraldry, front to epithet given to animals that

Jlsh.

n.

One

that affronts.

popularly changed into aforehanded, beforehanded, or rather forehanded ; as, a forehanded farmer.
o.

[afore

and men-

or freight.

Commerce.
pp. Hired ibr transportn.

cause of displeasure.

Mentioned before
discourse.

in

the

AFFREIGHT'ED,
ing goods.

AFFRONTING,
AFFRONT'IVE,
ing to oft'end
gives offense.
;

a. a.

Contumehous; abusive.
Giving
n. ofieiise
;

tendthat

AFO'RENAMED,
Named before. AFO'RESAID,
a.

a.

same writing or Mdison. [afore and name.]

Peacham.

AFFREIOHT'ER,

The person

vvlio hires

abusive.

Said or recited before, or in a preceding [Utile used.] .\FFREIGHT'MENT, n. The act of liirhig AFFU'SE, V. t. s as :. [L. affundo, affusum, part. AFO'RETIME, adv. [afore and time.] ad and fundo, to pour out. See Fuse.] for the transportation of goods. a ship Bible. a former time. .American Review, .1pp. To pour upon to sprinkle, as with a liquid. In time past in adv. or a. [a and foul.] AFFRET', n. [It. affrettare, to hasten.] AFFU'SED, pp. Sprinkled with a liquid; AFOUL', Columhiad Not free entangled. A furious onset, or attack. [J\l'ot used.] sprinkled on having a hfjuid poured upon. AFRA'ID, a. [The participle of o^a)/.] Spenser. AFFU'SlNG,;)^r. Pouring upon, or sprinkImpressed with fear or apprehension fearAFFRIC'TION, n. The act of rubbing ling. This word expresses a less degree of ful. Boyle AFFU'SION, n. affu'zhun. The act of pour[See Friction.] [JVot used.] It is folfear than terrified or frightened. AFFRIENDED, a. nffrend'ed. Made fiienVls ing upon, or sprinkling with a hquid sublowed by of before the object of fear; as, Ohs. as water ujion a diseased body, or reconciled. stance, Spenser to be afraid of death. AFFRI'GHT. v. t. affri'te. [Sax. frihlan upon a child in baptism. sin against God. Joseph was afraid to See Fright] AFFY', f. /. [Fr. affier.] To betroth; to bind or join. To impress with sudden fear to frighten AFRESH', adv. [a and/rc.<r^.] [.Wot used.] to terrify or alarm. It a strong- AFFY', v.l. To trust or confide in. [Xot Anew again recently after intermission.
;

or charters a ship or other vessel to convey goods. Walsh, .in. Rev.

AFFRONT'IVENESS,

The quahty

[n/ore

and at/.]

expresses

er impression than fear or apprehend, and

used.]

They
adv.
[a

perhaps

less

than
n.

terror.

AFIE'LD,
ter-

and

AFFRI'GHT,

Sudden or great fear:

To

field.]

AF'RIA,
Milton
cold.]

crucify the son of n. [Qu. L.

God

Heh. vi. afresh. a neg. and frigus,

the

field.

AFT
One of
the four quarters or largest divisions a continent separated from of the globe Europe by the Mediterranean sea.
;

AFT
AFTER-BIRTH,
"AFTER-LAP,
quent event
;

A G A
n.
n.

n.

The appendages of the "AFTER-STING,

Subsequent

sting.

Wiseman. fetus, called also secundines. n. unexpected, subse-

An

"AFTER-STORM,
ture storm.

A succeeding
The

Herbert. or fu-

AF'RIAN
AF'RIANi
This*nanie
gold.
is

"' i

P6'''3"g

* Africa.

an

aft'air is

n.

A native of Africa. given also to the African maryyafe'a Cowley.

something happening supposed to be at an end. Hubbard.

n.

after

Drtiden.
n.

"AFTER-SUPPER,
suf>per

AFTER-0IVIER,

A successor.
n.

and going

"AFTER-SWARM,
Jonson.

to bed. n.
n.

A swarm

time between Shak. of bees

AFTER-COMFORT,
'AFTER-ONDUCT,
havior.
viction.

Future comfort.

which leaves the hive

AFRONT',
"AFT,
Ill

a.

the main sheet, that is, further towards the stern. Fore and aft is the whole length of a ship. Right aft is in a direct line with Mar. Diet. the stern. 'AFTER, a. [The comparative degree of
aft.

seaman's language, a word used to denote the .stern or what^ pertains to the stern of a ship as, the a/l part of the ship haul aft
;

adv. In front. or adv. [Sax. (eft,

Shak.
ejl, after,

"AFTER-TASTE,

after the first. taste which sucn.

;

behind.]

7i.

Subsequent beSherlock.
.

ceeds eating and drinking.

AFTER-THOUGHT,

Reflections after an act later thought, or expedient occvirring too late. Dryden. AFTER-OST, n. Later cost ; expense after "AFTER-TIMES, >i. Succeeding times, li the execution of the main design. niav be used in the singular. Dniden. Mortimer. "AFTER-TOSSING, n. The sweU or agitation of the sea after a storm. 'AFTER-eOURSE, n. Future couise.
South.
'

AFTER-eONVIC'TION,

Future con-

[See Thought.]

Brown.

Mdison.

But

in

some Teutonic

dialects

it is

"AFTER-ROP,
same
year.

n.

The second crop

written with

1.

D. agter ; Dan. agters. The Eng. corresponds with tlie Sax. after, Sw. efter, Goth, iftaro, Dan. ejler.] In marine language, more aft, or towarils the stern of the ship as, the after sails

in the Mortimer.

AFTERWARD, or AFTERWARDS, adv.

In later or subsequent time. Hooker. "AFTER- WISE, a. Wise afterwards or too late. Addison. n. Subsequent wit wisdom "AFTER-WIT, that comes too late. L'Estrange. AFTER-^\RATH, n. Later wrath anger after the provocation has ceased. Shak. ji. AFTER-WRITER, succeeding wri-

[See Hard.]

AFTER-DAYS, n. Future days. Congrere. AFTER-EATAGE, n. Part of the increase

of the same year.
[Local.]

Burn.

after
2.

hatchway.
;

later in tujie as, an Marshall. after period of life. In this sense, the word is often combined with the following noun as in after-

In

common language,

AFTER-ENDEAVOR, n. An endeavor after the first or former effort. Locke. "AFTER-GAME, n. A subsequent scheme,
or expedient.
If'otton.

\FTER-GUARD,
on the poop or
attend the after
n.

n.

The seaman stationed

Jonson. follow Shak.

noon.

sails.

after part of the sliip, to Mar. Diet.

ter.

Shuekford.
JI.

AFTER,
'2.

prep.

placed in a line Later in time ;

Behind in place one after another.

;

as,

men "AFTER-HOPE,
This
as a

Future hope.
n.

AG A,
lord,

[Per.

o?

and
;

Ijil

ak and
sir,

aka,

AFTER-HOURS,
time following.
norance.

Hours
n.
*

tliat

dominus, herus
;

also

title

of

word

often

supper. precedes a sentence,

as,

after

"AFTER-IGNORANCE,
"AFTER-KING,
"AFTER-LIFE,
after this.
n.

Subsequent

res])e.;t

Tart. aha.

Qu. the och

ig-

governing preposition. ./Ifter 1 have arisen, I will go before you into

:?.

Stafford.

succeeding khig.
Sliuekford.
life

and ak in Balak.] In the Turkish dominions, a commander or

chief oflicer. The title is given to various chief oflicers, whether civil or military. It is also given to great land holders, and to the eunuchs of the Sultan's seragho.

in Beloch,

Math. xxvi. In pursuit of, that following in search

Galilee.
;

is,

moving

behind,
.'

n.

Ftiture

or the

life

of.

2. later period of life ; the king of Israel come out 1 Sam. xxiv AFTER-LIVER, n. One not go after other Gods. Deut. vi ceeding times. 4. In imitation of ; as, to make a thing after "AFTER-LOVE, n. The
jj/iici-

whom is

Dryden. Butler. subsequent life.

who

lives in suc-

Ye

shall

AGAIN,

Encyc.

Sidney.

second or later

5.

a model. According to
its intrinsic

love.
;

as,

value. 6. According to the direction

of.

consider a thing after Bacon. and influence

to live after the flesh

.\FTER-MALICE,

n.

"AFTER-MATH,
A
Moio.]

n.

Shak Succeeding mahce Dryden. [after and math. See

tlie

adv. agen'. [Sax. gean, agen, agean, ongean ; D. with a different prefix, tegen ; G. dagegen,gegen Sw. igen ; Dan!
;
;

igien ; qu. L. eon, whence contra Ir. coinne, opposite, a meeting. Hence Sax. togeanes, togegnes, against ; "but placed after'its ob" hi comen heom togeanes," ject; as,

To walk

after the flesh

Rom.

viii

second crop of grass, in rowen.

a.

same season

Holland.

To judge

after the sight of the eye.

is

Is. xi
;

AFTER-MOST,

To To

inquire afler

to

seek by asking

to

ask concerning.
;

In marine lanSuperl. guage, nearest the stern, opposed to foremost ; also hindmost.
n. The part of tlie day which fiiUows noon, between noon and

follow afler, in scripture, is to pursue or imitate to serve, or worship. "AFTER, adv. Posterior later in time ; as it was about the space of three hoin"s after. In this sense, the word, however, is really a preposition, the object being imderstood about three hoiu's after the time or fact before specified.
;

'AFTER-NOON',
evening.

D. tegens, they come them against. G. entgegen, against; jegens, towards; dagegen, against begegnen, to meet or encounter. The primary sense is to turn, or to meet in front or" the name of the So in Dan. and face, front or forepart.
; ;

Sw. mod, imod,

meet.]
I.

emol, against,
;

is

our word

"AFTER-PAINS,
ceed child birth.

n.
n.

The
The

Dryden.
pains which suclatter
part.

A
It

second time
I will

once more.
Gen.
viii.

not again curse the ground.

"AFTER-PART,
the stern.

In

3.

marine language, the part of a ship toward

to

notes something further, or additional one or more particulars.

Mar. Die.
;

^9fter is j>refixed to

many words, forming "AFTER-PIECE,

its

genuine sig Some of the following word; nification. are of this kind, but in some of them afler seems rather to be a separate word. 'AFTER-ACOUNT, n. A subsequent reckoning.
Killingbeck.

compounds, but retaining

after a play

;. piece performed a farce or other 'entertain-

ment.

"AFTER-PROOF,
evidence
;

n.

Cumberland. Subsequent proof or

For to wliieh of tlie angels said he at .iny lime, thou art my son, this day have I begotten thee ? and again, I will be to him a fathe'r, and he shall be to mc a son ? and again, let all the Heb. i. angels of God worship him.

qualities

known by subsequent
ff'otton.

experience.

"AFTER-AT, n. A subsequent act. repentance. "AFTER-AgES, II. Later ages succeedmg "AFTER-REPORT,
;

AFTER-REPENTANCE,
n.

n.

Subsequent

All the uses of this word carry in them the ideas of return or repetition ; as in these phrases give it hack again ; give him as much again, that isj the same quantity South.
;

Subsequent report,
South.

once more or repeated.

times.

Afler-age, in the singular, "

is

'AFTER all
:

improper.

is not Addison.

or information.

"AFTER-SAILS,
mast and
mizen-masts.

n.

a phrase, signifying, when all has been considered, said or done at last in the tinal result. Pope.
:

stays,

The sails on the mizenbetween the main and Mar. Diet. The future
state.

There is not, in the world again, such merce as in London.

com-

Who art
Bring
tition.
lis

thou that answerest again word again.

'AFTER-B.\ND,

n.

A future band.

"AFTER-STATE,

n.

MUlon.

Igain and again, often; with frequent repe-

Glanvilte.

A G A
AGAINST,
See
1.

A G A
[Sax. togeanes.
articles

AGE
AG'ATY,
cf.

prep, Jlgain.]
;

agenst'.

of food

The name was

noting enmity or disapprobe against every man.

others are poisonous originally given to a fun;

Of the

nature of agate.
tf^oodward.

In opposition
bation.

now

gus growing on the larch.

in the

This

His hand

will

Gen. x\i. I am against your pillows. Ez. xiii. In oppo.sition, noting contrariety, contramy, iTuicilaginous, earthy matter, tenadictioi], or repugnanre as, a decree cious and almost insoluble in water. It is against law, reason or public opinion. used in dyeing, but is little esteemed in 3. In opposition, noting competition, or difmedicine. Theoph. Macqner. (^uincy. ferent sides or parties as, tliere are The Agaric of the oak is calleil totich-ioood, twenty votes in the affirmative against from its readiness to take fire. Boletus ten in the negative. Igniarius, lAnne. 4. In an opposite direction ; as, to ride against the wind. Jigaric mineral, a calcarious earth, or carbonate of lime, resemWing a fungus in 5. Opjio.site in place alireast as, a ship is color and texture ; found in fissures of against the moulli of a river. In this sense it is often preceded by over. It is rocks, and on the roofs of caverns. sometimes used as an astringent in fluxe.s, Aaron lighted the lamps over against the and a styjJtic in hemorrliages. It occurs candlesticks. Num. viii. in a loose semi-indurated form, white 0. In opposition, noting adversity, injury, or or whitish red, or yellow, fight and friable. contrariety to wishes as, this change of Kinvan mentions three varieties. measures is against us. a. [Qu., a contrac7. Bearing upon one leans against s AG>AST or as, tion of wall. agazed, or Goth, agis. Sax. egesa. horror. See Aghast and Gaze.] 8. In provision for in preparation for. Struck with terror, or astonishment amaUrijah made it against king Ahaz eanje fron zed struck silent with horror. Damascus. 2 Kings, xvi. With shuddering horror pale and eyes a^ast In this sense against is a preposition, Milton with the following part of the sentence for an object. See ^Jler, prep, def 3. AGA'TE, adv. [a and gate.] Obs. Gower. In sliort, the sense of this word is oppo- On the way going.
2.
; ; ; ;
:

frequent guished by the name of female agaric. From this fungus is extracted a turpentine, of which three fourths of its weight is a resinous substance the rest, a sli-

shops, ami

.species is distin-

A r' A ALrA irr n. r^ aywuof, V t,, [Gr. admirable.] 1. The Ainerican aloe. The aloe rises

great

2.

twenty feet, and its branches form a son of pyramid at the top. Encyc. A genus of univalvular shells.
V.
t.

AGAZE,

amazement.

[from gaze.]
Obs.

To

strike with

AGAZED,

Spenser.

pj>.

Struck with amazement.

[J\/ot in Mse.] si,f,fi AgE, ?i. [Fr. age; Arm. oage ; deduced bj Limier tinm Lat. (etas, or mmim. But these

aitv

AGHAST,

haug, fidlness, completeness, an age, a space of time; plu. hogion ; the g being sunk in the Latin words in the Sanscrit, yuga.] 1. The whole duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other kind as, the usual age of man is the seventy years of a horse may be twenty or age tliirty years ; the age of a tree may be four hundred years. 3. That part of the duration of a being, which is bet\\een its beginning and any given time as, what is the present age of a man, or of the earth ?
; ; ; ;

W.

are undoubtedly contracted words, Goth. D. eeuw ; Gr. aiu,v from the Celtic, ;
;

Luke
3.

Jesus began to be about thirty years of age.

iii.

The

latter part
;

of

life,

duration
xlviii.

or long continued
for

oldness.
ot

sition,

variously modified according to application to difl'erent objects.

?

its

AG' ATE, n.

The eyes
4.

Israel

were dim

AG'ALLOell,

" \.Oforunlal ongv M, \ Aloes-wood, the product of a tree growing and some of the Indian isles in China,
AGAL'LOHl
,

tnr

achates, gagates [Fr. agate ; Gr. ya/yari;! so called, says Pliny, .37, 10, because (tiund near a river of that name ii So also Solhius and Isidore. But Sicily. Bochart, with more probability, deduces it from the Punic and Hebrew and witi
;

L.

age.

Gen.

ipy,

There are three varieties, the calanubac, the common ligniuu aloes, and the calam boiu\ The first variety is light and porous and so filled with a tragraut resin, that it may be molded by the fingers the second is denser and less resinous and the third is the aloes-wood used by cabinet
;
;

a different

i>refix ipj, spotted.

The word

5.

the age of manhood. The period when a person

certain period of human life, marked by a difference of state ; as, life is divided into four stages or ages, infancy, youth, manhood, and old age ; the age of

youth

is used, Gen. xxx. and x.x.\i., to describe the s])eckled and spotted cattle of Laban and Jacob.]

class of siliceous, semi-])ellucid

gems of

is enabled by do certain acts tor himself, or when he cea.ses to be controlled by parents or in our both males guardians as, country, and females are of age at twenty-one years

law

to

old.

makers and

AGALMAT OLITE,
A name
age, and

iidayers.
n.

Encyc.
[Gr.
ayaJi^a,

im

XiSoj, stone.]

given by Klajn-oth to two varieties of the pierre de lard, lard stone, of China. It contams no magnesia, but otherwise has the characters of talck. It is called in Ger

man,
niart,

hildstein, figm-e-stone, steatite pagodite.

and by Brong
Cyc.
Ure.

AG'APE,
Gape.]

adv. or a.

[a

and gape.

See

Gaping, eager attention

open.

as with
;

wonder, expectation, or having the mouth wide

Milton.

many varieties, consisting of quartz-crjs- 6. JVIature years ; ripeness of strength or discretion. tal, flint, horn-stone, chalcedony, amethyst, He is of oyo-c, ask him. John ix. jasper, cornehan, hehotrope, and jade, in The time of life for conceiving children, various combinations, variegated with or perhaps the usual time of such an event. dots, zones, filaments, ramifications, arSarah was delivered of a son when she was borizations, and various figures. Agates seem to have been formed by successive \ayHeb. .xi. past age. ers of siliceous earth, on the sides of cavi- 8. A particular period of time, as distinties which they now fill entirely or in part guished from others ; as, the golden age, They are esteemed the lea.st valuable of the the age of iron, the age of heroes or of precious stones. Even in Phny's time, they chivalry. were in httle estimation. They are found The people who five at a particular periin rocks, in the form of fragments, in nod od a and a
ules, in small rounded lumps, rarely in stalactites. Their colors are various.

They are used for rings, seals, cu])i- 10. n. ag'ap!/. century the period of one himdred [Gr. aya^fj;, love.] beads, bo.xes and handles of small lUenchristians, a love feast years. sils. Kirwan. Encyc. Cleaveland. or feast of charity, held before or afterthe A'GED, a. Old having lived long having AG'ATE, n. An instrument used by gold lived almost the usual time allotted tr) that comnuuiion, when contributions were wire drawers, so called from the agate in made for the poor. This feast was held species of being applied to animals or the middle of it. at first without scandal, but afterwards plants as, an aged man, or an aged oak. a. Pertauiing to agate. 2. Having a certain age having lived ; as, being abused, it was condemned at the VG'ATINE, a man aged forty years. council of Carthage, A. 1). 397. Enryc. .-\G'ATINE, n. genus of shells, oval or A'GED, n. Old persons. oblong. AG'ARI, ?i. [Gr. o^'optxor. Qu. from AgaAnd the aged arose and stood up. Job xxix. ria, in Sarmatia. AG'ATIZED, a. Having the colored lines Dioscorides.] In botany, mushroom, a gfinus of funguses, and figm-es of agate. Obs. Fourcroy. AGEN', for again. n. See Act] containing numerous species. Mushrooms Agatized wood, a substance apjjarently |)ro[L. agens. duced by the petrilaction of wood a spe- 1. The quality of moving or of exerting grow on trees, or spiing from the earth of the latter species some are valued as cies of hornstone. fVerner. power the state of being in action ; ac-

hence, succession generation of generations; as, ages yet unborn. The mysteiy hid from ages. Col. i.
;

AG'APE,

-Vmong the primitive

AGENCY,
;

A G G
as, the opci-ution ; instrumentality agtncy ot'proviflence in the natural world. U. The office of an agent, or factor ; busi-

A G G
;

A G G
[J\/'ot

ijon

ness of" an agent entrusted with the coneerns of another as, the prim-ipal pays the charges of a^rency. AGENDA, n. [].. things to be done.] A nicmoranduni-book the service or office of a church; a ritual or liturgy. Encyc.
;
;

AGENT,
AGENT,

a.

Acting
action

opposed
as,

sustaining

to patient, or the body agent.

actor; one that exerts powas, a moral er, or has the power to act agent. 3. An active power or cause; that which has the power to produce an effect as,
; ;

[Little used.] .

Bacon.

An

beat
3.

one entrusted with the business of another an

;
;

is a pow erf ill agent. substitute, dei)uty, or factor

attorney
[J\'ot

a minister.
n.

A'GENTSHIP,
used.]
fluid.

We

The now

office

of an agent.
Concretion

use agency.

AGGELA'TION,
of a
tio.]

n. [L. gelu!]

{JVot used.]

Brmcn.

AGGENERA'TION,
The
71.

state
[L.]
v.
t.

rjVbf used.']

)i. [L. ad and genera of growing to another. Brown.

AG'GER,

A
A

fortress,

or

mounek
Hearne
heap.

[JVot used.]

AG'GERATE,
[M)t used.]
tion
;

[L. aggero.]

To
;

Ray. AGGLOM'ERATE, v. i. [L. agglomero, ad and ghmero, to wind into a ball, from glomus, a hall of yarn from the Heb. dSj,
as,
;

AGGERA'TION, "

?!.

heaping

accumula-

aggerations of sand."

a. Formeil by a collection of particulars into a hole mass or sum ; as, the aggregate amount of charges. Spenser. Aggregate Jlowers, in botany, are such as are used.] AGGRANDIZA'TION, n. The act of ag composed of florets united by means of Wuterhouse. the recc])tarle or calyx. Milne. grandizing. [JVot used.] AG'GRANDIZE, v. t. [Fr. agrandir, of] Aggregate corporation, in law, is one which consists of two or more persons united, L. ad and grandis. See Grand.] whose existence is preserved by a suc1. To make great or greater in power, rank cession of new members. Blackstone. or honor to exalt as, to aggrandize a AG'GREGATE, n. A sum, mass or assemfamily. 2. To enlarge, applied to things ; as, to agblage of ])articulars as, a house Ls an aggregate of ston<'s, bricks, timber, &c. grandize our conceptions. It seems to be It (hffers from a compound in this, that never apphed to the bulk or dimensions of the pai-ticulurs of an aggregate are less material bodies. intimately mixed than in a compound. AG'GRANDIZED,;);;. Made great or great AGGREGATED,;);). Collected mto a sum, er exalted enlarged. mass or svstem. AGGRANDIZEMENT, n. The act o adv. Collectively taken aggrandizing the state of being exalted in a sum or mass. exaltation ill rank or honor power, AGGREGATING, ppr. CoUectmg into a enlargement. sum or mass. The Emperor seeks only the aggrandizement AGGREGATION, n. The act of aggreof his own family. gating the state of being coUecteil into a sum or mass a collection of particulars ; AG'GR.\NDIZER, n. One that aggrandizes an aggregate. or exalts in power, rank or honor. 2. Ill ckimistry, the affinity of aggregation, is AGGRANDIZING, ppr. Making great the power which causes homogeneous exalting enlarging. bodies to tend towards each other, and to AGGRA'TE, v. t. [It.] To please. [JVot cohere, when united. The aggregate, iu this case, differs from a heap, whose u^ed.] Spenser. parts AG'GRAVATE, v. t. [L. aggravo,oCad and do not cohere and from a mixture, which consists of parts dissimilar in their nature. See Grave, Gravity.] gravis, heavy. Tho word is used of solid, fluid, or aeri1. To make heavy, but not used in this literal

fVGGRA'CE,

v.

t.

To

favor.

Spenser,
;

used.^ li'iseman.

AG'XJREGATE,

fVGGRA'CE,

n.

Kindness

favor.

[Xot

AGGREGATELY,

Figuratively, to make worse, moi'e severe, or less tolerable ; as, to aggravate 3. the evils of hfe ; to aggravate pain or pun
sense.

form bodies. The union and coherenceof bodies of the

same

nature.
;

ishnient.
2.

AG'GREGATIVE, a. Taken together

lective.

col-

or less excusable as, to aggravate a crune. circle, to be round, to collect, or con- 3. To exaggerate. 4. To give coloring in description to give dense.] To wind, or collect mto a ball to sra'her an exaggerated representation as, to aginto a mass. Young. gravate a charge against an offender to AGGLOM'ERATE, v. i. To gather, grow aggravate circumstances. or collect into a ball or mass. Guthrie, Qtiint. Thomson Paley. Actions and motives maliciously aggravated. AGGLOM'ERATED, /)p. Wound or colto involve;

Qu. Ar.

to

go round

ma

To make more enormous,

;

AGGREGATOR,
a

n.

He

that collects

mto

whole or mass.
v.
i.

Burton.
[L. aggredior, aggressus,

AGGRESS',
To make
act

of ad and gradior, to go.

a
first

See Grade.]

attack

to

commit the
;

first

of hostihty or offense
;

to

quanel or control ersy

invade.
;

to assault first

begin a or
Prior.

lected into a ball.

fVashington's Life

ppr. Winding into a ball; gathering into a lump. n. The act of windinto a ball the state of being gathered ing into a ball or mass. AGGLU'TINANT, n. Any viscous substance which unites other substances, by

AGGLOMERATING,
AGGLOMERA'TION,
;

The

propriety of the

word

in the latter

AGGRESS ION,
of hostihty;
act leading to

AGGRESS'ING,;);)r. Commencing hostility first making the first attack.

n.

The

passage is questionable. Aggravate is generally used in reference to evils, or something improper or unnatural.

tlie first

w ar or
a.

first attack, or act act of injury, or fii-st

controversy.

AG'GRAVATED, /i^.
or enormity
;

made worse

Increased in severity exaggerated.

;

AGGRESSIVE,
making the
;

Tending

L'Estrange. to aggress;
Clarkson.

fu-st

attack.

causing an adhesion ; any application which tends to unite parts which have too
little

AG'GRAVATING,
&c.
;

ppr. Increasnig hi severity, enormity, or degree, as evils, misfortunes, pain, punishment, crimes, guilt,

The person who first AGGRESS'OR, attacks he who first commences hostility
n.

adhesion.

or a quarrel

an assaulter

Coxe.
;

AGGLU'TINANT, a.
ing to

The insolence of the aggressor is usually act of making proportioned to the tameness of tlie sufferer. Ames. AGGLU'TINATE, v. t. [Lat. agglutino, ad worse, used of evils, natural or moral the act of increasing severity or huinousand glutino, from gluten ; Eng. glue ; Fr AGGRIE'VANCE, n. [See Aggrieve.] ness ; addition to that which is evil or glu ; Arm. glud W. glyd. See Glue.] Oppression hardsliip injury. But grievTo unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue improper as, an aggravation of pain or ance is more geneiallv used. or other viscous substance to unite by grief AGGRIE'VE, I', t. [of'ad and grieve, from 2. Exaggerated representation, or heightcausing an adhesion of substances. Perhaps tho word is borrowed grief. ened descrijrtion of any thing wrong, pp. Glued together: directly from the Sp. agraviar, to injure ; united by a viscous substance. impro|)er, or unnatural as, an aggravaFr. grever. See Gnf/"aiid Grave.] tion of features in a caricature. To give pain or sorrow to afflict. In this AGGLU"riNATING,p/)r. Gluing together Paley. Addison. uniting by causing adhesion. sense, it is nearly superseded by grieve.

Uniting as glue caue adhesion.

tend

exaggerating.

an invader. Dryden.

AGGRAVATION,

n.

The

AGGLUTINATED,

AGGLUTI'NA'TION,

n. The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance ; the state of being thus united.

AG'GREGATE,
in

v.

t.

[L. aggrego, to collect 2.

To

bear hard

ujioii
:

troops

of ad and grex, a herd or band.

;

to o])press or injure,
civil

in one's rights

to

AGGLU'TINATIVE, a. That tends to unite, To bring together

or has power to cause adhesion.

See Gregarious.]
to collect particulars into

vex or harass by

or political injustice.

AGGRIEVE,
[J\'ot used.

V. i.

To mourn

to lament.

a sum, mass or bodv.

See Grieve.]

A G
AGGRIEVED, p;).
illy

I
afflicted;

A G N
a
3.
;

AGO
;

Pained;

or politirally oppres?fid.
;)/)(.

AGGRIEVING,
Iiaidsliips

Afllicting

imposing
;

4.

oppressing. AGGROUP', > t'. t. [Sp. agrvpar It. ag.\GGROOP', ^ gnippare, oggropparr, to knot or bring together. See Group.] To bring togetlier to group to collect many persons in a crowd, or many figures into a whole, cither in statuary, painting or description. Encyc,
;
;

on

5.

distm-b, or excite into tumult as, to agitate the mind or passions. To discuss to debate to controvert as, to agitate a question. To consider on all sides to revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects to contrive by mental deliberation as, poh; ; ; ; ;
;

To

AGNI'ZE,
f-]

V.

t.

To acknowledge.
v.
t.

[JVol
;

i,i

Shak.
[L.

AGNOMINATE,

and nomino, nomen, name.] To name. [Utile used.^

agnomina

ad

AGNOMINA'TION,
1.

ticians agitate desperate designs.

C).

To move

King
or actuate.
[JVot

Charles.

n. [L. agnomen, a surname, of ad and nomen. See JVame.] An additional name, or title; a name added to another, as expressive of some act,

vsed.]

Dlackmore.

achievement,
2.

&c.

a surname.

AGGRoUP'ED, \ pp. Collected into a group AGGROOP'ED, ^ or assemblage. AGH'AST, or more correctly agast, a or adv. [Perhaps the participle of agaze ; otherwise from the root of ghastly and ghost.] Stnick with amazement stupilied with sudden tiight or horror. AG'ILE, a. [Fr. agile; L. agilis, fvom ago.
;

iVG'ITATED, pp. Tossed from side to side shaken moved violently and irregularly
;

Camden.
Allusion of soimd.

one word

to

Encyc. another by

disturbed
violence
triving.

discussed

considered.

AGNUS CASTUS. A
;

Agitating, ;>pr.
;

shaking; moving with

;

disturbing
.

disputing

con;

AGITATION,

See Jlct.] Nimble having the faculty of quick motion

;

in the limbs active.

apt or ready to

move

brisk

'2.
;

state of being with irregular action ; commotion ; as, the sea after a storm is in agitation. Bacon. Disturbance of tranquility in the mind ;

The act of shaking the moved with violence, or

species of vitex, so called from the Gr. ayio;, chaste, or from a negative, and yoioj, seed, from its imagined virtue of preserving cliastity. The Athenian ladies reposed on the leaves of this plant at the feast of Ceres. The Latin Castas, chaste, now added to the name, forms a duplication of the sense.

And

bendinf;- fonvaid, struck

liis

agile heels.

3.

perturbation; excitement of passion. Discussion examination of a sidyect

;

AGNUS
In the

Encyc.

it

DEI. [Lamb of God.] Romish Church, a cake of wax stamp-

Shak.

controversy.
4.

A6'ILENESS,
faculty
agilitv.

n. Nimbleness activity the of moving llie limbs quickly

;
;

view

state of being deliberated upon, with a to contrivance, or plan to be adoj)ted as, a scheme is in agitation.
*

L'Estrange.

ed with the figure of a lamb, supporting the banner of the cross. It is supjioseil to possess great virtues in ])reserving those

who
&c.

carry

AGlL'lTY, 71. [L. agilitas.] The power of moving the limbs

nimbleness briskness ness of motion.
;

Agitato,
; ;

quickly activity quickWatts.

in music, denotes a broken style of performance, adapted to awaken sur Did. ofJMusic. prise or perturbation. n.

these

it, in faith and from accidents, Also a part of the mass in which words are repeated by the priest.

A'GIO,
1.

n. [Ital. aggio, surplus, difl'erence.] In commerce, the difference between bank notes and current coin. In Holland, the agio is three or four per cent. in Rome,
; ;

from fifteen to twenty-tive per cent. in Venice, twenty jier cent. but the agio is subject to variation. Encyc. smn given above the nominal 2. Premimn
:
;

value.

L/unier

AGIST',

t'. t. [If the jnimary sense is to he, or to rest, this is from Fr. gesir ; Norm. agiser, to be levant and couchant, from gtser, to lay or throw down whence gist, cast gistance, a casting. Class Gs. No. 18. If the primary signification is to feed, see Nos. 5, G, 10, "13, and 50. Ch. Class Gs.] In law, to take the cattle of others to graze, at a certain stun to feed or pastiu-e the of men arrayed, ago.] cattle of others used originally for the immediately. The latter use is vulgar. Pertaining to an army or troop. [Utile xised.] A'GON, n. [Gr.] feeding of cattle in the king's forest. Coicel. Blackstone. AG'NAIL, n. [ad and nail, or Sax. ange, The contest for the prize. [JVot used.] AGISTMENT, n. The taking and feeding pain, and nail. See JVail.] Sancroft. other men's cattle in the king's forest, or A disease of the nail a whitlow an inflam- AGONE, pp. agawn', [See Ago and Gone.] mation round the nail. on one's own land also, the price ])aid Bailey. Ago past since. [JVearly Obs.] It denotes also a bmfor such feeding. AG'NATE, a. [L. agnatus.] Related or akii rVG'ONISW, n. [Gr. ayuMri/<oj,] Diet. Contention for a prize. den, charge or tax. [In canon laii^, a by the father's side. modus, or composition. Johnson, Qu.] AG'NATE, n. [L. agnatus, adnascor, of ad AGONIST, )!. One who contends for the Cowel. Blackstone. Encyc. Milton has used and nascor, to be born. See J^nture.] ])rize in public games. AGIST OR, or AGIST A'TOR, n. An officer Any male relation by the father's side. Agonistes in this sense, and so called his of the king's forest, who has the care of tragedy, from the similitude of Sampson's Encyc. exertions, in slaying the Phihstines, to cattle agisted, and collects the money for AGNAT'Ie, a. Pertaining to descent by In church history, the disthe male line of ancestors. Blackstone. !he same ; hence called gist-taker, which ])rize fighting. in England is corrupted into guest-taker. AGNA'TION, n. Relation by the lather's ciples of Donatus are called agonistics. to prizeside only, or descent in the male line, dis- AGONIST'I, I "" Pertainhig Encyc. fighting, contests of AG'ITARLE, a. [See Jlgitate.] That may tinct from cognation, which includes des- AGONIST'IeAL, \ cent in the male and female lines. be agitated, shaken or discussed. strength, or athletic combats. Enfield. AG'ITATE, v. t. [L. agito, from ago. See AG'NEL, n. [From ag'ntts, a lamb, the figure AGONIST'ICALLY, arfi). In an agonistic maimer; like prize-fighting. struck on the coin.] ^ct.] to strive. See 11. <. I. To stir to move back and forth An ancient French coin, value twelve sols AGONIZE, [Gr. oyuiifu, violent!}' six deniers. with a quick motion to shake or move It was called also mouton Agony.] writhe with extreme pain to suffer viod''or anil agnel d' or. briskly as, to agitate water in a vessel. Encyc. To lent anguish. y. To move or foice into violent irregular AGNI'TION, n. [h. agnitio, agnosco.] action as, the wind agitates the sea. To Fiiiait and agonize at every pore. Pope. Acknowledgment. [Utile used.] Pearson
;
;

[Scythian Lamb.] applied to the roots of a s])ecies of Aspidium Baromez, covered with brown wooly scales, and, in shape, resembling a lamb found in Russia and Tartaiy. AGO', adv. or a. [Sax. agan, orgeond,the their concerns, were called agitators. contracted from Hume. participle of gan, to go AG'LET, ? n. [Fr. aiguillette, a point, from agone. See Go.] ATGLET, \ aiguille, a needle, from aigu. Past gone as, a year ago. AGOG' adv. [Fr. agogo ; vivre a gogo, to sharp. See Acid.] live in clover.] 1. A tag of a point curved into the represenIn a state of desire highly excited by eagertation of an animal, generally of a man ness after an object. a small plate of metal. The gaudy gossip when she's set agog. 2. In botany, a pendant at the ends of the Dry den. chives of flowers, as in the rose and tuhp. of go, with the AGLET-BABY, n. A small image on the AGO'ING. [The participle prefix a.] of a lace. Shak. top In motion, as to set a mill agoing ; or AG'MINAL, a. [L. agmen, a troop or body about to go ready to go as, he is agoing from
insurgeiu one who excites sedition or reIn antiquity, a chariotteer, that is, a volt. In Cromwell's time, certain offidriver. cers appointed by the army to manage
;

AG'ITATOR,

One who

agitates

also,

an

AGNUS SCYTHICUS.
A name
fern,

Encyc.

A G R
AG'ONIZE,
pain
;

A G R
with extreme
Pope.
;

A G R
;

V.

t.

To

distress

5.

To come

to a compromise of dift'erenccs

to torture.

to be reconciled.

maxim above laid down. agreeably is common, but

i.

This use of grossly erro-

AGONIZING,
guish.

AGONIZINGLY,
AG'ONY,
;

ppr. Suffering severe pain vvritliing witli torture. adv. With extreme an-

n. [Gr. oywi', a contest with boda word used to denote tlie ily exertion atliletic games, in Greece ; whence aywuo, 7.

Mat. v. Jigree witli thy adversaiy quickly. to con0. To come to one opinion or ; cur ; as, to agree on a place of meeting. from the This sense differs not essentially fourth, and it often unplies a resolving to

mmd

neous. Alike in the same manner. Both anned agreeably. Obs.

;

Spenser.

AGREE'D,
mony
2.

do an

act.

.bihn

ix.

To

be consistent; to harmonize; not to

anguish, soUcitude
ir.
r/g-/i,

from w/u, L. ago.

In

is

a battle, conflict; Gr. oyutt^w, to

Jld.}

strive.
1.

See

"3.

In strictness, pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions of the body, sinii lar to those made in the athletic contesti in Greece. Hence, Extreme pahi of body or mind anguisli appropriately, the pangs of death, and the sufferings of our Savior in the garden of
; ;

Gethsemane.
3.

Luke

xxii.

AGOOD'.
tus.]

AGoUTY,

Violent contest or striving. adv. In earnest. [J^/otused.] Sliak. n. [Qu. Sp. agudo, sliarp L. acii;

More.

A quadruped

of the order Rodcntia ; arranged by naturalists in the geims Caivia. It is of the size of a rabbit. The upper part of the body is brownish, with a mixture of red and black the belly yellowish. Three varieties are mentioned, all peculiar to
;

South America and the West Indies. It burrows in the ground, or in hollow trees lives on vegetables is voracious like a pig, and makes a similar grunting noise. It holds its meat in its tore paws, hke a squir;

rel.

When
and

scared or angry,
strikes

its

hair

is

erect,

it

the

hind
ed.

feet.

Its flesh is
a.

ground with it white and well tastEnn/c.

AGRA' RI AN,

[L.

agrarius, from ager.

a field.] Relating to lands.

Appropriately, denoting or pertaining to an equal division of lands as, the agranan laws of Rome, which distributed the conquered and other public lands equally among all the citizens, limiting the quantity which each might enjoy Authors sometimes use tlie word as a
;

3. Settled by consent ; implying bargain or xiv. contract ; as, the terms were agreed to, or This story agrees with what has been related by others. agreed upon. 8. To resemble ; to be similar as, the pic- AGREE'ING, ppr. Living in concord ; contiu'e does not agree with the original. curring ; assenting ; settling by consent. 9. To suit ; to be acconunodated or adapted AGREE'INGLY, adv. In conformity to. to ; as, tlie same food does not agree with [Little used.] n. Concord ; harmony every constitution. AGREE', V. t. To admit, or come to one conformity. What agreetnent hath the temple of God with mind concerning ; as, to agree the fact. idols. ? 2 Cor. vi. Also, to reconcile or make friends ; to ])ut an end to variance ; but these senses arc 2. Union of opinions or sentiments ; as, a good agreement subsists among the memunusual and hardly legitimate. Let the bers of' the council. parties agree the fact, is really elliptical 3. Resemblance ; conformity ; similitude. let them agree on the fact. Expansion and duration have this farther AGREEABIL'ITY, n. Easiness of disposiLocke. agreement. Chaucer tion. [JVot used.] of Union AGREE' ABLE, a. Suitable; conformable 4. interestof minds in regard to a transfer : ; bargain ; compact ; contract consistent with ; as, the ; correspondent stipulation. to the law of ])ractice of virtue is agreeable IVIake an agreement wiUi me by a present. God and our own nature. 2 Kings xviiL 2. In pursuance of; in conformity with as, He made an agreement for the purchase to the order of the day, the house agreeable of a house. took up the report of the committee. It Fr. a; AGRES'TIC, ^ "' [L. agrestis In this is not correctly followed Gy ivith. ES'TICAL, $ greste ; from L. ager, a sense, some writers use agreeably, for agreefiehl, or the same root.] able, but in violation of tiie true principles Rural ; rustic ; pertainmg to fields or the of construction for the word is an adjec country, in opposition to the city ; unpoltive or attribute, in agreement with the ished. Gregory. The house last clause of the sentence. AG'RICULTOR, n. [L. ager, a field, and took up the report of a committee, (which cultor, a cultivator.] to the order of taking tqi was) agreeable One whose occupation is to till the ground ; the day. The use of agreeably in this sena farmer a husbandman ; one skilled in tence would pervert the sense. husbandrv. 3. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses ; as AGRICUL'TUR.VL, a. Pertaining to husmanners ; fruit agreeable to the agreeable or the cidture of the earth.
;

contradict, or be repugnant. Their witness agreed not together.

pp. Being in concord or harof opinion of one mind. Can two walk together except they be agreed Amos. iii. Assented to admitted as, a proposition is
;
:

Mark

agreed

to.

AGREEMENT,

AGR

noun

an agranan,

for agrarian laiv.

Burke. An agrarian distribution of land or property, would make the rich, poor, but would not make
the poor, rich.

AGREE',
accord.

V.

i.

[Fr. agreer,
is

from

gre', will

This

contracted from Sp. agra;

dar, Port, id, to please, to gratify, whence agradable, agreeable fi-om the root of L gratia, W. rhad, grace, favor, that comes
treely.

The primary
j

sense

is

advancing,
;

from the same root as L. gradior

[rhath]; Syr.
1.

W. rhaz,

,;

radah, to go.]

To be of one mind ; to harmonize in opin ion. In the expediency of the law, all the parties agree. 2, To live in concord, or without contention as, parents and children agree well to
gether. S. To yield assent
;

4.

to approve or admit to ; as, to agree to an ofl'er, or an opinion. To settle by stipulation, the minds of parties being agreed, as to the terms as.

ioUowed by
to

Didst thou not agree with

me

for a

penny

day

Mat. xx.
articles

To agree on Vol. I.

of partnership.

bandry, tillage, AG'RICULTURE, n. [L. ager, a field, and con; cultura, cultivation. See Acre and Cxdture.] as, the agreeable- In a consistency general sense, the cultivation of the ness of virtue to the laws of God. gromid, for the i)urpose of producing veg2. The quality of pleasing that quality etables, and fruits, for the use of man and which gives satisfaction or moderate beast or the art of preparing the soil, pleasure to the mind or senses as, an sowing and planting seeds, dressing the there is an agreeableness of manners In tliis plants, and removing the crops. agreeableness in the taste of certain fruits. sense, the word includes gardeningj or This is the usual sense of the word. horticulture, and also the raising and feed3. Resemblance hkeness ; with to or be in a more But ing of cattle, or stock. tween ; as. common and appropriate sense, it is used to The agreeableness between man and' other cultivation which is signify- that species of Obs. Grew. parts of creation. intended to raise grain and other crops for AGREE'ABLY, adv. Pleasingly in an man and beast. It is equivalent to A uta7irfry. agreeable manner; in a manner to give Agriculture is the most general occupation of man. pleasure as, to be agreeably entertained with a discourse. .VGRICUL'TURISM, n. The art or science 2. Suitably of agriculture. [Little used.] consistently conformably The effect of which is, that marriages grow- AGRICULTURIST, n. One skilled in the less frequent, agreeably to tiie inaxim above a skUful art of cidtivating the ground laid down. husbandman. Paley. This is a gross error, proceeding from AG'RllMONY, n. [L. argemonia, from the Gr. Thus it is w ritten by Plinv. But in mistake. Agreeably signifies, in an agreelower Latin it is written agrimonia. Said able manner ; but this is not the sense, nor to be fiom Gr. oi>yt^o, the web or pearl of does the ord modify the verb grow. The the eye, from apyoj, white, which this plant sense is, marriages grow less frequent, was supposed to cure. See Theo))h. 887.] or ^\ hole member of the senwhich [fact, tence, or proposition] is agreeable to the -A. genus of plants, of several species. Of
taste.

AGREE'ABLENESS, n. Suitableness
formity
; ; ;

A G U
eupntoria or common agrimonv, and the odorata or sweet scented, are tlic
these,
tlic

A
plied to sassafras,

A
febrito

A
AICU'RUS,
fiilly

on account of its

n.

most

fuge qualities.

useful.

Enci/c.

AGRIPPIN'IANS,

n. In Chinrh history, the followers of Agripjiinus, hisliop of Carthage, in the third century, wiio first taught and defended the doctrine ofrebaptization.

AGUrSE,
adorn.

V.

t.

[See Guise.]

To

Ency,
dress
;

of parrot, fomid
;

large and beautiful specie" in Brazil ; its head beauti-

AGUI'SE, A'GUISH,

[JVot in use.] n. Dress. [Ao/ in

a.
;

Spenser.
use.]

hilly

somewhat

More. cold or

variegated with yellow, red and violet colors its body green the tips of its wings red, and its tail long and vellow.
;

AGRiSE, To shivei-. AGRISE,

frightful.

Uncyc.
)'.

1.

[Sax. agrisan.]

shivering also, having the quaUties of an ague. Her aguish love now glows and burns.
Granville.
n. CliUliness
;

Diet. ofJVat. Hist. AID, t). t. [Fr. aider, to help It. aiutare, which seems to be contracted from L. ad' - s
;

[JVot in use.]
V. t.

Chaucei:
;

juto.

To terrify [JVot in use.}

In Ar. jv U or jy j

signifies to assist

also, to

make A'GTJISHNESS,
of being aguish.
leto,

the quaUty
or strengthen, and

A'GROM,

n. A disease frequent in Bengal, and other parts of the E. Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves, becomes rough and sometimes covered with white

Spenser.

The remedy is some spots. liquor, or the juice of mint.

AGROSTEM'MA,
AGROS'TIS,
;

n.

chalyheate Encyc.

several species, containing the common corn cockle, wild lychnis or campion, &c. n. [Gr. aypcofrj.] a genus of many species. AGROUND', 'rfr. [Of n," nt or on, and

genus of plants "of

Bent grass
ground.]

On the ground a marine term, signifying that the bottom of a ship rests on the ultation, &c., according to the manner of ground, for want of sutKcient depth of water. When the ground is near the utterance. shore, the ship is said to be ashore or 'AIPA. An exclamation expressing trimnph, but the stranded. contempt, or simple surprise senses are distinguished by very differ Q. Figuratively, stopped; impeded by insuent modes of utterance, and different mod perable obstacles. AGUAPEA'A, 7i. The Jacana, a Brazil- itlcations of features. sunk fence, not visible, without near ian bird, about the size of a pigeon. In 2. Mason. the extremity of each whig, it has asliarj) ipproach. name of the gar-fish. AllAN'IGER, n. prickle \\ liich is used for (lefense. Diet. ofJVat. Hist. AUEAD, adv. Med' [a andhead, oral head.]
J.
; ;

( ^ \ and n. [From a, to, gxd, misj i Uo help. and Van neuf, the new year.] In Welsh, ced is a benefit, and the word form of rejoicing among the ancient was used to denote the aids of feudal tenFranks, on the first day of the year deants.] rived from the druidical custom of cutting To help to assist to support, either bj misleto, which was held sacred by the furnishing strength or means to effect a and on the first day of the year, druids, IJurpose, or to prevent or remove evil. consecrating it by crying, aguillaneuf, the AID, J). Help; succor; support; assistance. Waits. year to the misleto. This cry is said to lie still observed in some parts of France Q. The person who aids or yields support ; and the term came to signify also a beg a helper; an auxiliary; also the thing that aids or yields succor. ging of New Year's gifts. Encyc. 3. In English law, a subsidy or tax A'GUL, n. A species of the hedysarum. granted AH, An exclamation, expressive of surprise by parliament, and making a part of the expity, complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, king's revenue.

AGUILLANEUF',

4.

In France, aids are equivalent to customs, or duties on imports and exports. Encyc. In England, a tax jjaid by a tenant to his lord originallj- a mere gift, which af\er\vards became a right demandable by the
;

lord.

The
1.

aids of this kind

were

three.

A
,

2. prisoner. son a knight.

To ransom the lord when a To make the lord's eldest 3. To marry the lord's eldBlackslone.

cliiefly

est daughter.
.').

An

aiddecamp, so called by abbieviation.

A'GUE,
fear, fear,

(.

a'gn,

[Sax. age,

ogit,

or hoga,
; ;

1.

t?! the aid of him in remainder or reversion ; that is, he may pray or petition that Mar. Diet. position to astern. he may be jfiined in the suit to aid or help Onward; fiirward; towards the point bemaintain the title. This act or jietition is fore the stem or head ; as, move ahead. 1. The cold tit which ])recedes a fever, or a Cowel. Blackstone. called aid-prayer. paroxysm of fever in intermittents. It is 3. Headlong without restraint ; in'ocijiitaiitchildren sufTei-ed to run ahead. Court of aids, in France, is a court which has as, ly acconq)aiiied with shivering. cognizance of causes respecting duties or 3. Chilliness ; a chill, or state of [.Vo< used.] L'Estrange.
'2.
; ;

horror; Arm.hegea, to shake Goth. agyan or ogan, to fear Ir. agh, agha or aghaim, to teai'. The radical idea is a shaking or shivering similar to that occasioned by terror.]
ogis, fear,

Further forward than another thing in front originally a sea term, denoting fur tlier forward than another ship, or on the point to wliich the stem is directed, in op; ;

Ij.

in aid, in law, is to call in a jierson interested in a title, to assist in defending it. Thus a tenant for life may pray

To pray

shaking

3.

with cold, though in health. It is used fur a periodical fever, an

mittent,

AHEI'GHT,
inter- Aloft;

adv. [a
n.

and

height.]

customs.
Sha1(.

Encyc.
71.

on high.

[.\'ot itsed.]

but naturalized, and here anglicized.] In military affairs, an officer whose duty is to AHI'GH, adv. On high. [JVotused.] receive and communicate the orders of a A AIIO'LD, adv. Near the wind; as, to lay a Shak. general officer. [The pronunciation should ship ahold. [N'ot in tise.] be English, according to the orthography, trivial name synonymous AHOVAI, n. not aid de cong.] with Cerhera, a very poisonous sj)ecies of Enryr. mitting fevers. A'IDED, pp. Assisted; supported; furnish[ihim. A'GUEI), a. Chilly having a fit of agu'e ed with succor. Shah. .VHOY', Exclam. A sea term used in hail shivering with cold or tii-ar. A'IDF;R, n. One who helps; an assistant, A'GUE-FIT, n. A jiaroxysin of cold, or ing. or auxiliary. AHRIMAN. [See Ai-iman.] shivering chilliness. A'GUE-PROOF, n. Able to resist agues; AHUIT'LA, n. A worm found in the lake of A'IDING, ppr. Helping; assisting. aid: unMexico, four inches in lengtJi, as thick as A'IDLESS, a. Helpless; without ])roof against agues. Shak. AGUER'RY, v.t^[Fr.nguerrir; from guerre, a goose-quill the tail, which is hard and supjiorted undefended. n. In zoology, a Clavigero. A'IGUET, AIGRETTE, poisonous, contains a sting. war.] name of the small white heron. To inure to the hardships of war to in AHUIT'ZOTE, n. An amphibious quadruDid. o/JVai. Hist. struct in the art of war. ped of the tropical climate of America, [JVot in itse.] whose body is a foot long, its snout long 2. In botany. [See Egret.] Lyttleton and sharp, its skin of a mixed black and A'IGULET, n. [Fr. Usually contracted inA'GUE-SPELL, n. A charm or spell t. to aiglet, which see.] brown color. cm-e or ))revent ague. Clavigero. Gay. A'lA, n. A Brazilian fowl of the spoon-bill A point or tag, as at the ends of fringes. A'GUE- STRUCK, a. Struck with ague. kind, and resembling that bird in form and A'IKRAW, n. A ]iopular name of a species Hewyt Fam. of Plants. of lichen, or nio.'^s. Hist. size. Dici.nfJVat. A'GUE-TREE, n. A name sometimes
serjjcnt.

quotidian, tertian, or quartan. lu this case, the wonl, wliich signifies the preceding cold fit, is used for the disease. A'GUE, V. t. To cause a shivering in; to strike with a cold fit. Haywood. hard tumor on the A'GUE-AKE, n. left side of the belly, lower than the false to be the eflect of interribs; supposed
;

whether

AHK'CYAT'LI,

poisonous serpent of Mexico, somewhat resembling the rattlesnake, Init destitute of rattles. Its poisoi is as fatal as that of any known species of
Encyi

A'IDANCE,
tle

Aid help assistance.

;
;

[Lit-

used.]
a.

Shak.

A'IDANT,
aid.

Helping

helpful

supplying
[Fr.,

A'IDDEeAMP,

[JVbt used.] n. phir.

Aiddecamps.

ap-

AIR
AfL,
[Sax. eglian, to be troubled, to be irksome egle, trouble, grief. In the Saxr.
I.
;
;

AIR
The lattwenty-tl]ird, or something less. ter is |)robahly the true proportion. Oxygen gas is called vital air. The body
of air surrounding the earth
is

A
air
;

R
fire
j

heated or dried by exposure to a

on, it is impersonal.] To trouble to affect with uueasuiess, either of body or mind used to express some uneasiness or affection, whose cause is unI know known as, what ails the man
; ;
.-'

not what aits him.

Wliat aileth thee, Hagar ? Gen. xxi. It is never used to express a specific disease. never say, he ails a pleurisy ;

We

but it is usual to say, he ails something he ails nothing nothing aits him.
;

ventilated. A'IRKI{, n. One who exposes to the air. called the A'IR-(jlUN, n. pneumatic engine, resembling a nuisket, to discharge buUets by atmosphere. The s|iecific gravity of air is Air meiuis of the elastic force of compressed to tluit of water, nearly as 1 to 8'28. air. is necessary to Ufe ; being inhaled into the Encyc. limgs, the oxygenous part is separated V'IR-IIOLDER, n. [Air anA hold.] from the azotic, and it is supposed to fur- .\n instrument fi)r holding air, for the purnish the body with heat and animation. pose of counteracting the pressure of a It is the medium of sounds and necessary decreasing coluiim of mercury. to combustion. Davy. Clayfield. Air in motion ; a light breeze. A'lR-IIOLE, H. An opening to admit or

Indisposition, or morbid affection. A'\L\NG, ppr. Diseased; indisposed; full

AIL,

n.

of complaints.

3.
; ;

AILMENT,
morbid

affection

word

is

Disease indisposition of the body but the not appUed ordinarily to acute
n.
;

diseases.

AIM,

V. i. [Qu. Ir. oigham, to eye. Skin ner refers this word to the old Fr. esmei: If this was the orthography, I know not its
aflinitie.s.]

To

point

at,

with a missive weapon

to d

rect the uitention or purpose ; to attempt to reach, or accomplish ; to tend toward to endeavor ; followed by at before the object ; as, a man aims at distinction ; or

aims

to

be rich.

AIM,

direct or point as a weapon ; to direct to a particular object ; as, to aim 6. Airs, in the plural, is used to denote an afa musket or an arrow, the fist or a blow ; fected manner, show of pride, haughti to aim aWtire or a reflection at some perness when it is said of a he
I'. /.
;

To

osiers play. lischarge air. Pope. .\'IRINESS, n. Exposure to a free current of air openness to the air; as, the airiutterance abroad publication ness of a country seat. publicity as, a story has taken air. '2. Vou gave it air before me. Gayety levity as, the airiness of young Dryden. persons. H'ind is used in like manner. A'IRING, ppr. Exposing to the air warmA tunc a short song or piece of music ing drying. ada])ted to words; also, the peculiar modn. An exposure to the air, or to ulation of the notes, which gives music iti^ AIRING, a fire, for warming or drying also, a walk character as, a soft air. A song or piece or ride in the open air; a short excursion. of poetry for singing also, the leading The exercise of horses in the oj)en aii". part of a tune, or that wliich is intended AIR-JACKET, n. A leather jacket, to to exhibit the greatest variety of melody. which are fastened bags or bladders filled The peculiar look, appearance, manner or with air, to render persons buoyant in mien of a person as, a heavy air ; the air swiuuning. Encyc. of youth a graceful air ; a lofty air. It a. Not open to a free current is applied to maimers or gestures, as well A'IRLESS, of air; wanting fresh air, or conimiuiicaas to features.

Let vernal airs through trembling

; ;

Vent

tion with

open
n.

air.

son or
n.

vice.

The pointing or direction of a misAIM, the direction of any thing to sile weapon
;

a particular point or object, with a view 7. to strike or affect it ; as a spear, a blow, a

discourse or remark. Q. The point intended to be

8.

hit,

or object in-

tended to be affected
his aim.
.'}.

as,

man

thoughtless, gay person. Jonson. The word*is used also to A'IR-PIPE, . A pipe used to draw foul air puts from a ship's hold, by means of a commuexpress the artificial motions or carriage nication with the furnace, and the rareof a horse. faction of the air by fire. This pipe is inIn painting, that which expresses the Ufe ten<led to supply the combustion with the of action; manner; gesture; attitude. Any thing light or uncertain that is hght air of the IkjM, by preventing the access of other air to the fire. as air. Encyc.
as, on airs.

-V'lRLING,

person,

missed
;

Who

builds his

hope

in air of

your

fair

look
Sliak:\

Figuratively, a purpose
;
;

sign .scheme as, men Bacon. pouited of their aim. 10. Different states of air are characterized 4. Conjecture; guess. by different epithets as, good air, foul air, It is impossible, by aim to tell it. [A'oi used.'] morning air, evening air ; and sometimes Spenser on Ireland. airs may have been used for ill-scent or AIMED,/)/). Pointed; directed; intended to strike or affect. vapor, but the use is not legitimate. To take the air, is to go abroad to walk or AIMER, n. One that aims. ride a little distance. A'IMING, ppr. Pointing a M-eapon at an To take air, is to be divulged to be made object directuig any thing to an object
; ; ;
,

Qu. Obs. intention de 0. Advice intelligence are often disap;

AIR-POISE, n. [Air and poise.] An instrmnent to measure the weight of the

air.

information.

Obs.

AIR-PUMP,
A'IR-SACS,

n.

machine

for

the air of a vessel. The machines for this piu'pose are of different constructions.
n.

exhausting

Air bags in birds, which are

A'IMLESS,
\1R,

public. intending; purposinff. V. t. To expose to the air to give aca. AVithout aim. May. AIR, cess to the open air to ventilate as, to n. [Fr air; h.aer; Gr.ar^p; It. aria; air clothes to air a room. S|). ayre ; Port, ar ; Arm. ear, eir ; Ir. aer ;
; ; ; ;

certahi receptacles of air, or vesicles lodged in the fleshy parts, in the hollow hones and in the abdomen, which all communicate with the lungs. These are supposed to render the body specifically lighter, and to supply the place of a nmscular dia-

phragm.

AIR-SHAFT,
direction,

Encyc. n. A passage for air into a mine, usually ojiened in a perpendicular

2.

VV. aicyr; Ch. TIN; Syr.

;
j j

Eth.

^^^,
i.

To expose To

to heat ; to
fire

warm

as, to

air\ as,

liquors.

Ar.
J

Ijl-

This word,
falls

in

the Shemitic

dry by a

to expel

dampness;

and meeting the ailits or hori~ zontal jiassage.s, to cause a free circiJation of fresh air through the mine. Encyc.

to air linen.

A'lR-STIRRIXG,
tion.

a.

Puttmgthe

air

languages,

ing in the air. These filaments are attached to the tops or ends of branches of shrubs or trees, and serve to supjiort the Congreve. spiiler when in quest of prey. Encyc. AIR-BRAVING, a. Braving the wuids. ed, and condensed. Shak. AIR-THREATENING, a. Threatenine the air; lofty. .ttmospheric air is a compound fluid, con- A'IR-BUILT, a. Erected in the air; havTodd. chimerical as, .\ IR-VESSEL, 7!. A spiral duct in plants sisting of oxygen gas, and nitrogen or azo-j ing no solid foundation te the proportion of each is stated an air-built castle oiV-iinVt hopes. containing air, and supposed to be analobyj ehimists differently some experiments! AIR-DRAWN, a. Drawn in air imasinato the lungs in animals. gous Encyc. Shak. .V'lRV, a. Consisting of air : as, an airy making the oxygen a twenty-eighth part' ry. of a hundred others, not more than a' A'IRED, pp. Exposed to air cleansed substance. by
;

1.

n. Hair grass, a genus of plants. radical sense A'IR-BALLOON. [See Balloon.] to 0]>en, expand whence clear or to .VI R-15L ADDER, n. vesicle or cuticle flow, to shoot, to radiate.] filled with air also, the bladder of a fish. The fluid which we breathe. Air is ino-' Arbitthnot.

and Ch.,

under the root llN Heb. A'IRA,

to shine.

The

A'IR-THREAD,

given to tlie spider's webs, which are often seen floatji.

A name

mor May.

dorous, invisible, insipid, colorless, elastic, possessed of gravity, easily moved, rarefi-

A'IR-BORN,

a.

Born of the

air.

A K
2.
3.
4.

ALA
properties; as, envy and jealousy are near akin. [This adjective is used only after the

ALB
ALAMO'DE
fashion.]

Relating or belonging to air; high in air;

as,

Open

an airy flight airy region. to a free current ot" air

;

adv. [Fr. a la mode, after the

as,

an airy
;

noun.]

According
ppr.
n.

to the fashion or
n.

situation.

prevaihng mode
Whitlock.

A'KING,
; ;

Having continued pain

of mind, or grief

suf-

Light as air ; resembhng air thin un substantial without solidity ; as, ain/ ghosts. An airy dress is one which admits air, and is cool.
;

fering distress

ALAMO'DE,
scarfs, &,c.

A thin glossy silk for

At or on
land.

hoods,
Sidney.
bustle,

A'KING,
mind.

Contmued

pain, or distress of

5.

an adjective or inseparable AL, Without reality having no solid founda prefix, answering to the Itahan il, and S|). tion vain trifling as, an airy scheinc el and la. Its use is to render nouns defiin Arabic,
; ; ;

ALAND', AL'ARM,

adv.
.

[Dan. lami, noise, alarm ; larmer, to make a noise or bustle, to alarm; G. Idrm, liirmen, kl ; Sw. larm,
;

airy notions. 6. Gay; sprightly; full of vivacity

ty
;

light

of heart;

lively

as,

and Icvi an ajn/girl.

nite, like the

English

the

A'IRY, or

Among
eagle.

A'ery, n. [See Jlery.] sportsme7i, the nest of the

a.

koran or the book by alchimy, alembic, almanac, &c.

as, alkoran, the eminence ; alcove,

;

hawk

or

AL,

in English, is

sometimes a contraction
noble or illustrious.
\.

Fr. alarme, alarmer ; Sp. alarmo. alarmar ; It. atlarme, allartnare ; W. alarm, a great shout, compounded of al, very, most, and garm, an outciy. The Welsh

larma, id

of the Saxon

eethel,

gives the true origin and primary signification.]

A'IRY-FLYING,
AISLE,
aile,

Flying hke

air.

More
[Fr.

Thomson.
or

The wing of a AIZO'ON, n.

Germ, alt, old. L. ala.] the composition of Latin words, is Al, quire a walk in a church written before I for ad, for the ease of pro [Sax. aizon, from L. aizoon. nunciation as, in allevo, alludo, for ad levo, It seems to be composed of Gr. au, always.
a

AILE,
;

n.

Pronounced

He.

generally al, in composition, is a con traction of aid or alt, old, and it is prefix ed to many names, as Alburg. Sax. eald

Any sound, outcry or information, intended to give notice of approaching danger

as, to

soimd an alarm.
to

wing

2.
'.i.

A summon
fire
;

arms.

the
4.

Sax. aa, Eng. aye, and |uor, living.] genus of plants, called by Miller sempervive. The name has, by some writers, been applied to the house leek and to the aloes Encyc. AJA'VA, n. The seed of a plant brought from Malabar, said to be an excellent carminative, and very useful in the colic.

hension of danger, from whatever cause ; AL'ABASTER, n. [L. from Gr. aXoSafpor] as, we felt an alarm at the cry of fire. A sidj-variety of carbonate of lune, found in 5. In /f!ci!g-, an ajjpeal or challenge. Encyc. large masses, formed by the deposition of AL'ARM, V. t. T<i give notice of danger ; calcarious particles in caverns of limeto rouse to vigilance, and exertions for stone rocks. These concretions have
foliated,

ad

liido.

surprise with fear or terror as, or the enemy excited an alarm. Terror a sensation excited by an appre;

Sudden

Dryden.

fibrous

or granidar

safety.

structure, 9.

and are of a pure white

color, or

more

3.

Qi/tnci/.

AJU'GA,

n.

Bugle, a genus of plants.

\JU'RU-ATINGA,
AJU'RII-URAU,
yellow.
n.

n. A species of American parrot, of a green color, with eyes of a fiery red, encircled with wliite.

Encyr

generally they present shades of yellow red or brown, in undidating or concentric Cleaveland. stripes, or in spots.

To call to arms for defense, To surprise with apprehension

;

to disturb with terror

to
bell

fill

of danger with anxiety

by the prospect of evil.

Among

the

ancients, alabaster
;

was

ALARM-BELL,
tice

Ji.

that gives no;

also the

of danger.

name of

An American

parrot,

of a hvely green color, with a blue crown the throat, and sides of the head, of a fine

a vessel in which odoriferous li quors were kejtt so called from the stone of which it w as made. Also, the name of a measure, containing ten ounces of wine
or nine of oil.

Encyc.
a.

AJU'RU-PARA,
ica,

n. A small parrot of AmerAddison resembling it. of a beautiful green, with the beak Alabaslrum dendroide, a kind of laminated and circlets of the eyes white. alabaster, variegated with figures of shrubs Diet ofj^at. Hist. and trees, foiuid in the province of HohenAJUTAGE, or AD'JUTAgE, n. [Fr. from stein. Encyc

AL'ABASTER,

Made of

Macquer.

Pliny. alabaster, or

legs

ajouter, to join.]

tube fitted to the mouth of a vessel. through which the water of a fountain to be played.
V. i.,

ALACK',
ish.]

exclam. [Per.

dition, destruction,

^5\.^halaka, i)erand alaksadan, to per-

[Sax. All exclamation expressive of sorrow. ALACK'ADAY. An exclamation uttered to 1. To be in p;iiu usually, in pain of some con express regret or sorrow. tinuance. n. Briskness. [JVot 9. To teel distress of mind to be grieved ALAC'RIOUSNESS, used.] as, the heart akes. AKE, n. Continued pain, less severe than ALA'RITY, n. [L. alacritas, from alacer,
ace,

AKE,

less

properly written
ake.

ncfte.

Notified of sudden danger surprised with fear ; roused to vigilance or activity by apprehension of approaching danger soUcitous at the prospect or expectation of evil. Thus, we are alarmed at the a|)proach of danger, or alarmed for the safety of friends at sea. AL' ARMING, ppr. Giving notice of approaching danger rousing to vigilance ; exciting solicitude by a prospect of evil. AL'ARMING, a. Exciting apprehension ; territying awakening a sense of danger; as, an alarming message. AL'ARMINGLY, adv. Whh alarm in a manner to excite apprehension. AL'ARMIST, n. One that excites alarm.
;

AL'ARMED, pp.

pronounced
;

See

Jlche.]

AL'ARM-POST,

place to which troops are to repair in cases of an alarm.

n.

alacris.^ expressed by pang, agony, and torment more the tooth-aie bead-aie. It is com Cheerfulness gayety sprighthness usually, a cheerful reacUness ur j^rompti in composition with the name tude to do some act cheerful willingness of the part afl^ected, as head-ake. as, the soldiers advanced with alacrity to A'KER, n. [Gr. aypoj; L. ager; Sax. acer,
is

as,

An

n. watch that .strikes the hour by regulated movement. Herbert. for alarm, is a corruption, and is not til be used. ALAS' ex. [Dutch helaas ; Fr. helas.]

AL> ARM-WATCH,

ALARUM,

exclamation expressive of sorrow,

grief,
;

monly used

pronounced aker Germ, acker. correct orthography is aker.]

;

meet the enemy. The most ALAD'INISTS. Free thinkers among the

pity, concern, or apprehension of evil sometimes followed by day or while ; alas the day, like alack a day or alas the tchile, {Obs. Spenser.) expressing an unhappy
;

Orighially an open field. But in G. Britain, the quantity of land in the aker is fixed by statute at four thousand eight hundred and
forty square

Mohammedans. AL'ALITE, n. A crystalized

side
;

time.

yards,

making one hundred

and and

sixty square rods, perches or polo this is the quantity of land it contains

Encyc. mineral; diopsemi-transparent pyroxene. A variety with twelve sided prisms, wai Ibund by Bonvoisin, near the village of Ala in Piedmont, and by liim called Alaa
Cleaveland.
n.

ALA'TE, adv. ALA'TED, a.

ed.]

Lately. [JVot used.]

[L. ala, a

wing;

alatus,

wing-

Winged

having dilatations
n.

like

AL'ATERN,
ALB,

trivial

name

wings. Botany. of a species

in the
Jia-e.]

United States of America.

[See

lite.

ALAMIRE',

AKIN',
1.

o. [a or of and kin. See Kin.] Related by blood, used of persons ; as, the two families are near akin. Allied by nature partaking of the same
;

lowest note but one, in Guido Aretine's scale of music. John.'ion.

The

of rhamnus or buckthorn. n. [L. albus, Gr. a/nf^os, white.] surplice or vestment of white linen, reachfeet,

ALAMODAl.'ITY,
[Little used.]

n. Conformity to the pre\ ailing luode, or fashion of the times.

ing to the

Encyc.

Also a gy. asper, value

worn by the Romish clerTurkish coin, called also an one hundred and twelve mills.

ALB
: ;

A L C
a.

A L C
Egyptian privet, used by the Turkish females to give a golden color to the nails and hair. Infused in water, it forms a yellow color with vinegar, it forms a red. From the beiTies is extracted an oil, used in medicine. In Cairo, it forms an article of commerce. Encyc. Theophrast. AL'ATRAZ, n. The Spanish name of the Pelecanus Onocrotakis of Liniie ; a pelican also a fish taken on the coast of India. Span. Did. ALCAV'ALA, n. In Spain, a tax on every
; ;

[h. albugo, the white AL'BATROS, n. An aquatic fowl, belong ALBUgIN'EOUS, spot in the eye, from albus white.] ing to the order of an.sers. The bill is the upper mandible crooked at tlie Pertaining to or resembhng the wliite of the strait the Encyc. eye, or of an egg. point, and the lower one truncated nostrils are oval, open and Uttle promi- Albugineous humor, the aqueous humor oftlie Encyc. (^uincy. eye. nent, and placed on the sides the wings are pennated, and there are three webbed ALBU'GO, n. The white speck in the eye, called the film, haw, dragon, pearl or toes on each foot. The upper part of the Also a disease of the eye, occacicatrice. body is of a spotted brown, and the belly sioned by a white opake spot growing on white. It is of the size of a pelican or the cornea and obstructing vision. It is on fish and lai-ger, very voracious, preying called also leuconia, nebula, pannus ocuU, small water fowls. These fowls are seen, in great numbers, about the capes of the onyx, unguis, &c. Quincy. Encyc. two continents, and on the northern shores ALBU'LA, n. A species of truttaceous fish, The Atbula Indica is destitute of teeth. of Asia. They are sometimes called the called by the Dutch wit-fish, and is of the great gull. Encyc. The Albula nobilis is a size of a herring. ALBE'IT, [This is supposed to be a comfish caught in the lakes of Germany. of all, fceand il, and is equivalent to
;

transfer of property, real or personal.

Encyc.

ALCE'DO,
The king

n.

[L.]
;

pound

Be

admit, or grant it all.] it so admit all that although ; notwithstanding. Whereas ye say, the Lord saith it, albeit I have not spoken. Ez. xiii.
; ;

Diet. ofJVaf. Hist.

AL'BUM, n. [L. albus, white.] 1. Among the Romans, a white

table,

board

a genus of birds, of the species are numerous. They usually live about rivers, feeding on fish, which they take by darting into the water with surprising velocity. [See Halfisher

order of Picse.

The

[This word

is

now
n.

AL'BELEN,
weighing

antiquated.]
fish

or register, on which the names of public officers and pubhc transactions were entered. Lat. Diet.

cyon.

ALHIM'le, AL11IM'1CAL,
alchimv.

\ S

a.

Relatmg to alchimy, or produced by it.

of the truttaceous or

2.

trout kind, found in the

five

German

lakes,
Hist.

or six pounds.

Did. ofJ^at.

book, originally blank, in which foreigners or strangers insert autographs of celebrated persons, or in which friends insert pieces as memorials for each other.
n.

ALH1M'IALLY,
AL'HIMIST,
chimy.
n.

adv. In the

maimer of

One who
) a.

practices al-

ALBES'CENT, n. [L. albesco, to grow white.] ALBU'MEN,

Becoming white, or rather, whitish ; modEncyc. erately white. AL'BIORE, n. [Port, albacor; al and

[L.

from

substance is a egg. chief constituent in all animal sohds. Ure. ALBU'MINOUS, a. Pertaining to, or havhacoro, .1 little pig.] ing tlie properties of albumen. marine fish, like a tumiy, noted for follow- AL'BURN, n. [L. alburnum, from albus, (
like

The white of an

alhis, white.]

ALHIMIST'IC, ALHIMIST'IAL,
it.

Practicing alchirelating to

my, or
;

Burke, Rev.
n.
[It.

AL'HIMY,

alchimia

Ar.

al, the,

and Ia^a^S) kimia,

the occult art, from
hide.
1.

secret,

hidden,

or

ALBIciEN'SES, ALBEtiEOIS,

party of Reformers, who separated from the church of Rome, in the 12th century so a small territory called from the Albegeoie, in France, where they resided. They are sometimes confounded with the Waldensts; but they were prior to them in time, diflfer;

n.

ALBURNUM,
The white and

white.] , i softer part of wood,

between

In Amerthe inner bark and the wood. This is ica, it is popularly called the sap.

kamai, to

See Chimistry.]
difficult parts

annually acquiring hardness, and becomMilne. ing wood.

The more sublime and

chimistry,

of

AL'BURN,

n.

[L.

albumus,

from

albus,

ed from them

in

some of their

tenets,

and

white.] fish called the bleak.

AL'AHEST, or AL'KAHEST, n. 2. Formerly, a mixed metal used for utenA pretended universal dissolvent, or men- sils. struum. [See Alkahest.] ALCMA'NIAN, a. Pertaining to Alcman, a of an opake white color, consist ALCA'IC, a. Pertahiiiig to Alcfeus, a Lyric mineral, lyric poet of the twenty-seventh Olyming of aggregated crj'staline latnins, found poet of Mityleiie, in Lesbos, who ffourished piad, celebrated for his amorous verses. in Bohemia. about the forty-fourth Olympiad or to The Alcmanian verse consisted of two dacThis is regarded as a variety of apophyllite. other poets of the same name, of which Encyc. tyls and two trochees. Werner. Cleaveland. three are mentioned one an Athenian AL'0, n. A quadruped of America, nearly ALBI'NO, i. [L. albits, white.] tragic poet, and anotlier a Messenian. but mute and melanA white descendant of black parents, or a ALCA'ICS, n. plu. Several kinds of verse, resembling a dog,circum-stance seems to and this choly white person belonging to a race of blacks. so called from Alcfeus, their inventor. One have given rise to the fable that dogs, transA person unnaturally white. kind consists of five feet, a spondee or become mute. The ported to America, ALBI'NOS, n. A name signifying white iambic, an iambic, a long syllable and two aiiiiiinl was used for food by the native men, given by the Portuguese to the white dactyls. Encyc. Americans, and the first Spanish settlers ; negroes of Africa. The color of this race ALA'ID, n. It is but it is said to lie now extinct. [8p. alcayde-; Port, alcaide ; Ar. appears hke that of persons affected with ~ , . s known also by the name of Tcchichi. leprosy and the negroes look upon then J I i' kaidon, with the prefix al, fi-om ^ i" Ov Ctavigero. as monsters. Encyc. AL'BION, n. An ancient name of England to lead, rule, govern. Hence the Cadi of ALCOHOL, ?i. [Ar. J.3:v^ kahala; Heb. It is supposed this still used ill jioetry. name was given to it on account of its the Turks.] Syr. and Eth. SriD, to paint with a prepawhite cliffs. Among the Moors, Spaniards and Portu- ration of powder of antimony. The oriALBO'RA, 71. A sort of itch or rather lep- guese, a governor. In Portugal, the chief ental females still practice the painting of also the civil magistrate of a town or city the eye brows with this material. The rosy, terminating without ulceration, but with fetid evacuations in the mouth and jurisdiction of certain judges of appeal. name was applied to this substance, and In Spain, the governor of a castle or fort nostrils. afterwards to other fine powders, and to Quiiifi/. Span, and Port. Diet. ALBO'RO, n. The erythrinus, a small red also a jailer. highly rectified spirits.] fisb of the Mediterranean. ALCAN'NA, n. [Arabic.] A plant and a Pure or highly rectified spirit, obtained from fermented liquors by distillation. It conDiet, of .Vat. Hist. powder, prepared from the leaves of the

resided in a different part of France. Tlie catholics made war u])on them, and they gradu.illy dwindled, till the reformation, wlien tlie remains of them fell in with the followers of ZuingUus and the Genevan Protestants. Encyc.
n. [L. alius, white.]

It belongs to the order of abdominals, and the genus CypriIt is five or six inches in length, and nus.

and chiefly such as relate to the transmutation of metals into gold, the finding a universal remedy for diseases, and an alkahest or universal solvent, and other This things now treated as ridiculous.
but

esteemed delicious food.

are

Artificial pearls

made of

its

scales.

Encyc. [Arabic]

pretended science was much cultivated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, is now held in contempt.

AL'BIN,

I.

V
of

L D
carhoii
tion.

ALE
;

ALE
ALE-WASHED,
ale.
a.

but oritlic usual sense of the word Arabic, it signified a fine impalis still pable powder, in which sense it used. Enajc. ALeOHOL'IC, a. Pertaining to alcohol, or Med. Rep. of its qualities. partaking
is <,'inally, in

and owgcii. ^isjs liyili'Ogcn, It is extroiiioly light and iiiflaiiiiiiable, and a powerful stiinuiaiit and antiseptic. Tliis

In general, aldermen have the powers of a justice of the peace, and, with the mayor, they constitute the court of the In most of our cities, they corporation. are annually elected by the citizens.

ALE-WIFE,
ale house.

)i.

A woman who

Steeped or soaked in Shak. keeps an

A'LEWIFE,

AL'DERMANLY,
an alilerman.

a.

Pertaining to or like
Simft.
;

fying spirit, till it is w holly dephlegniatedt; or of redueuig a substance to an impalpable powder. AL'OHOLIZE, r. t. To convert into alcohol; to rectify spirit till it is wholly dealso, to reduce a substance phlegniated to an impalpable powder. A small star adjoining n. [Ar.] to the large bright one in the middle of the tail of Ursa Major. Encyc.
;

ALCOHOLIZATION,

n.

The

act of recti-

AL'PERN, a. Made of Alder. ALE, 71. [Sax. eeda, eale, or alofh

Sw.
1.

or A'LOOF, n. [This word is properly aloof, the IntUan name of a fish. See Winthrop on the culture of maiz iix America, Phil. Trans. No. 142. p. 1065.

G.

cil ;

and Baddam's Memoirs,

vol. 2. 131.]

ul

Dan.

ol

Ir. ol.

Qu.

Ir. olarn, to

An American

drink.] liquor

AL'OR,

ALeORAN.
\L'OVE

[See Koran and Alkoran.]

made from an infusion of malt by A It differs from beer, in fermentation. having a smaller proportion of hops. It is of different sorts, chiefly pale and broum the first made from malt slightly dried the second, from malt more considerably Ale was the connnon dried or roasted. drink of the ancient inhabitants of Europe. but someIt is usually made with barley times with wheat, rye, millet, oats, &c.
;
:

fish, belonging to the genus It Clupea, and called Clupea Serrata. The estabhshed resembles the herring.

pronunciation

is

alewife, phi. alewives.

or

AL0'VE,

ji.

[Sp. alcoba,

n. [Gr. aXfxrpvur, a cock, and licivrtta, divination.] An ancient practice of foretelling events by means of a cock. The twenty four letters were laid on the ground, and a grain of corn on each a cock was then permitted to pick up the grains, and the letters under the grains selected, being formed into words, were supposed to foretel the event Encyc.
;

ALECTRYOM'ANCY,

A
composed of a/, with the Ar.
to arch, to construct

t^jj

kabba,

derivatives,
1.

with an arch, and its an arch, a round Iteuse Eng.

;

cubhy.] recess, or part of a room, separated by an estrade, or partition of coluuuis, or by other corresponding ornaments ; in which

is

The bed is sometimes seats for company. raised two or three steps, with a rail at the These are frequent in Spain. foot.
il.

placed a bed of state, and sometime

A recess in a library, or small apartment for books.

n.

Encyc.
lateral

ALEE', adv. [a or at and lee. See Lee.'] Jonson. In seaman^s language, on the side opposite to the wind, that is, ojiposite to the side on Medicated Ales are those winch are ])repared which it strikes. Tlie helm of a ship is for medicinal purposes, by an infusion oil alee, when pressed close to the lee side. herbs during fermentation. Encyc. bench in or before an Hard (dec or luff (dee, is an order to put the A'LE-BENCH, n. helm to the lee .side. Homilies. ale house. that is, the helm is alee, a notice ALE-BERRY, n. beverage, made by Helm's alee, of given as an order to the seamen to cause boiling ale with i])ice, sugar and sops the head-sails to shake in the wind, with Johnson. bread. a view to bring the ship about. Mar. Did. A'LE-BREWER, n. One whose occupation A'LEuER, a. [Fr., Sp. alegre ; L. alacer.] is to brew ale. and con, to know Gay cheerful sprightly. [N'ot used.] n.
ces, so called

merry meeting in English coimtry from the liquor drank.

i)la-

desired.

Encyc.

Ben

A'LE-ONNER,
or see.]

[cde

Bacon.

AL'CYON,
fisher.

An

trivio'

name

of the king

AL'CYON ITE,

[See Halcyon.]
n. [Supra.]

of Science. ALCYO'NIUM, n. The name of a submaAlso a kind rine plant, or bastard spunge. found in Engof astroit or coral, a fossil
J.

fossil zoophite, fungus.

somewhat resembling a

London, whose business is to inspect the measures used in public houses, Four to ))revent frauds in selling liquors. of these are chosen annually by the livery men, in common hall, on midsummer
officer in

ALEGGE,
assuage.

11.

t.

To hghten

to lessen

to

ALEMB'DAR,

[jVo< used.] n. In Turkey,

an

bears the green standard of when the Sultan appears in public.

who Mohammed,
officer

day.

Ad of Pari.
ALEM'BIC,
n.

A'LE-OST,
cies of

n.

Costmary, a plant, a spe[Ar.

ul
ale.

Tanacetum.
a.

and

^xjl

Encyc. oi or

land.

Encyc.
)i.

A'LE-FED, A'LE-GAR,
Sour
ale
;

Fed with
[ale,

n.

and Fr.

Stafford. aigre, sour.]

A.

aL'DER,
Sax.

[L. alnus

Fr. auiif, anhie

the acid of ale.

n.

5 of (JjxAj^ a chimical vessel.]

chimical vessel used in distillation usually made of glass or copper. Tlie bottom part containing the liquor to be distilled, is called the cucurbit ; the upper part wliicli receiiesand condenses the steam, is called the head, the beak of which is fitted to the The head is more neck of a receiver. This vessel is not properly the alembic. so generally used now, as the worm still
;

a?)-.]

A'LE-HOOF,

[D. eiloof a plant used in

tree, usually growing in moist land, and irewing.] belonging to the geiuis Alnus. The name Ground-ivy, the glechoma hederacea, of is a])plied also to some sjiecies of other Linne. The leaves of this plant are used to clarify and give flavor to ale. genera. Lee. Encyc. .XLD'ERMAN, n. plu. Aldermen. [Sax. aid or eald, old, comp, alder, older, and man ; A'LE-IIOUSE, Ji. A house where ale is reand hence a tijiling house. G. alt ; D. oud.] tailed n. One who }. Among our Saxon Ancestors, a senior or ALE-HOUSE-KEEPER,
;

The title was applied to princes su])erior. ilukes, earls, senators and presiding magistrates
;

keeps an ale-house.

and

retort.

and bishops, imjdying superior wisdom or authority. Thus, Ethelstan, duke of the East-Aiigli
also to archbishops ans,

A'LE-KNIGHT,

was called alderman of all England and there were aldermen of cities, counwho had jurisdiction ties, and castles,
witliin tlieir respective districts,

ij.

In present usage, a magistrate or officer of a town coi-porate, ne.xt in rank 'below the mayor. The ninnber of aldermen is diflt-r In London the ent in djfierent cities. iiumhcr is twenty-six, one in each ward,

ALENGTll', adv. [a and length.] pot companion. Chaucer. At full length alono stretched at full length. Chaucer. A'LE-SHOT, n. reckoning to be jjaid for VLEP'IDOTE, [Gr. a priv. and Asrtis, ale. a scale.] to the Lord A'LE-SILVER, n. A duty paid Any fish whose skin is not covered with Mayor of London, by the sellers of ale scales. within the city. ALERT', a. [Fr. alerte ; Sp. a/erio, vigilant, be A'LE-STAKE, n. A stake set as a sisrn watchfid, estaralerta, to be on the watch.] Chaucer. tore an ale-house. active in
n.
:

1.

Watchtid

A'LE-TASTER,

n.

An

vigilant

vigilance.
alert,

officer api>ointed in

and the

office is held for life. Coioel.

every court leet, and sworn, to inspect ale, beer and bread, and examine the quality and quantity within the precincts of the
lordship.
Coivel. n.

Hence the military phrase, upon the upon the watch, guarding against
prise or danger.
2.

sur-

Brisk

nimble

moving with

celerity.

men depends on

Encyc. Spelman. In the United Slates, the iiund)er of alderthe charters of incorpora-

\'LE-VAT,
mented.

vat in

which

ale

is

fer

ALERT'NESS,
sprightliiiess
;

ii.

Spectator^ Brisktiess; nimbleness;

levity.

Addison.

A L G
ALEUROM'ANCY,
and
>i.

A L
a^ivjiov,

I
2.

A L
Belonging Estranged
:

1
is

3. of the al|>habet, foreign not allied adverse to numbers and (luaiitities. It takes an unof divination by meal, used by the as, j)rinciples alien from our reUgion, known quantity sought, as if granted A'LIEN, n. dlytn. A foreigner one born in, ancients. Encyc. ALEUTIAN, or ALEU'TI, a. Designating and, by means of one or more quantities or belonging to, another country ; one certain isles intlie Pacific ocean, eastward w ho is not a denizen, or entitled to the given, proceeds till the quantity supposed is discovered, by some other known quanof Kamtscliatka, extending northeastward privileges of a citizen. towards America. The word is formed 2. In tity to which it is equal. scripture, one who is a stranger to the from /ei(/, which, in Russian, is a bald This science was of Oiiental discovery ; but church of Christ, or to the covenant of whether among the Arabians or Indians, rock. Tooke. Pinkcrton. grace. is uncertain. At that time, ye were without Christ, beALEX^ANDERS, n. The name of a i)lant } a. of the genus Smyrniuin. Pertaining to algeing aliens from the commonweahh of Israel. MxMfnherg. ALgEBRATC, bra Eph. ii. containing an ALEXANDER'SFOOT, n. The name of a ALgEBRATAL, operation of Algebra, or deduced from In France, a child born of residents who are plant. not citizen.s, is an alien. In Great Britain, ALEX'ANDRIAN, n. Pertaining to Alexan- such operation. the children of aliens horn in that co\mThere are many cities of this name, Algebraic curve, a figure whose intercepted dria. diameters bear always the same projiorThe term in various parts of the earth. try, are mostly natural born subjects and the children of British subjects, owing altion to their respective ordinates. is often applied as an attribute, or used as Bailey. or taught ALgEBRA'IST, n. One who is versed in a noun, for one who professed legiance to the crown of England, though born in other countries, are natural sidithe science of algebra. the sciences in the school of Alexandria, in Egypt a [ilace highly celebrated for its AL'GENEB, n. A fixed star of the second jects, and entitled to the privileges of resident citizens. Blackslone. macnitude, in the right side of Perseus literature and magnificence, and whose Long. 27 4G' 12" of Taurus Lat. 30 05 Alien-duty, a tax upon goods imported by library, it is said, consisted of 700,000 28" North. ahens, beyond the duty on the like goods volumes. The Persians and Turks write Encyc. a discriminating for Alexander, Scander, or Sconder ; and ALtiERlNE', n. [from Algiers.] A native of imported by citizens for Alexandria, Scanderona ; hence Scanduty on the tonnage of .ships belonging to Algiers, a city and a government on the coast of Africa. aliens, or any extra duties unposed by laws deroon, a sea port in Syria. or edicts on ahens. ALEXANDRINE, or "ALEXANDRIAN, ALliERiNE', a. Belonging to Algiers. n. A kind of verse, consisting of twelve AL'GlD, a. [L. algidus.] Cold. [.Vot used.} A'LIEN, I , n r i ?(. A fixed star of the third mag ALIE'NE, \ "' ' fL. aheno.] syllables, or of twelve and thirteen alter AL'GOL, so called from a poem written in nitude, called Medusa's head, in Perseus; 1. To transfer title or property to another nately to sell. French on the hfe of Alexander. This Long. 21 50' 42" of Taurus Lat. 2.3 23' Nor could he aliene the estate, even witli 47" North. Encyc species of verse is pecnhar to modern the consent of the Lord. Blackstone. n. [Lat.] Among physicians, an poetry, but well adapted to epic poems. AL'GOR, The Alexandrine in English consists of unusual coldness in any p^t of the bod3'. 2. To estrange to make averse or indifferent to turn the affections from. twelve syllables, and is less used than this ALGORITHM, or AL'GORISM, n. An The prince was aliened from all droughts of kind of verse is among the French, ^vhose Arabic term, signifying numerical com tlie marriage. Clarendon. tragedies are generally composed of Alex)mtation, or the six operations of arith- In this sense, it is more connnon to use andrines. Johnson. Encyc. metic. Pope. Dryden.

[Gr.

meal,

sjnnbols, whii-h are

A kind

fiaveiia, divination.]

commonly the letters are made to represent

to
;

one

who
;

not a citizen.
;

<i

tlienate.

n. [Gr. aSttSu, to expel, AL'GOUS, a. [L. alga, sea weed.] Pertaining to sea weed ; aboimding with, or poison.] like sea weed. Expelling poison ; antidotal sudorific that lias the quality of expelling poison or iidec- ALHEN'NA, n. [See Alkenna.] tion bv sweat. A'LIAS, [L.] Otherwise ; as in this exammedicine that ple, Simson alias Smith ; a ^vord used in ALEXI'PII-ARJIIC, )i. ifitended to obviate the effects of ])oison judicial proceedings to connect the different names bj' which a person is called an antidote to poison or infection. By the who attemjits to conceal his true name, Greeks, the word was used for an amulet. and pass under a fictitious one. Qkuici/. Encyc. .second writ, or execution, ALEXITER'I, > a. [Gr. aXf|J, to expel A'LIAS, 7!. issued when the first has failed to enforce! and *)j7i);T>;pioi, poiALEXITE'RL\L, ) the judgment. son.]

ALEXIPH^ARMIC,
and
^jap/iaxoi',

ALIENABILITY, n. The capacity of bemg

alienated or transferred. The alienability of the domain.

Burke.

A'LIENABLE,

a. That may be sold, or transferred to another ; as, land is alienable according to the laws of the State. A'LIENAgE, n. The state of being an alien. Why restore estates, forfeitable on account of Storu. alienage ?

A'LIENATE, v. t. [L. alieno.] 1. To transfer title, property

another
reignty.
2.
;

as, to alienate

lands,

or right to or sove-

Resisting poison;

venom.

obviating the effects of| AL'IBI, (^vincy. Enci/c place

n.
;

ALEXITERTC,
ALEXITER'lCAL,
nearly

)n.
$

medicine to
the
effects

re-

sist

of
;

poison, or the bite of

venomous animals

Used

also

AL'GAROT,

emetic powder, prepared from the regulus of antimony, dissolved A'LIEN, a. eilycn, [L. alienus, from alius, A'LIENATE, a. [L. alienatus.] in acids, and separated by repeated lotions W. Estranged withdraw u from another Ir. aile, eile, oile, another stranger in warm water. It is either an Arab Arm. eel, all, all, other, and ail, second with/rojii. term, or the name of the inventor, a phyHence, L. eguile : Corn, gele ; Gr. ao;. O alienate from God, O spirit accurst. sician of Verona. whence Quincy. Encyc. to another;
; ; ;
; ;

name of an

synonymous with altxiphnniiic. by the Greeks for an amulet. or AL'GAROTH, n. The

love or friendship before subsisted ; with to alienate the heart or affec; as, tions ; to alienate a man from the friends of his youth. a plea or allegation, which avers the party 3. To ap])ly to a wrong use. to have been in another place, is also Tfiey shall not alienate the first fruits of the called an alibi. land. Ezek. xlviii.

a law term. When a person is charged with an oflense, and he prove tluit he could not have committed it, be cause lie was, at the time, in anotlier place, he is said to prove an alibi. The ]).ut of

[L.]

Elsewhere

in

another

estrange: to withdraw, as the affei-tions to make inditferent or averse, where

;

To

from

to

(J

alieno,

AL'GEBRA,

n.

[Ar. al

and

Fr. alterer, to alter

alternate,

^i., the re-

alienate; cUter, L. alterno, to alter, to and alterco, altercor, to altercate.

;

Milton.

The whigs were

alienate from truth.

Swif.

ALIENA'TION,
1.

n.

duction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, from the verb, which signifies to consolidate; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. 13J, to be strong.] The science of quantity in general, or uni versal arithmetic. Algebra is a genera ijiethod of computation, in which signs and

Eth.

1.

the the .second being lost, except in the Cor See nish and Armoric, as it is in all. Cla.ss Gl. No. 36, and Ludolf, 387.] Foreign not belonging to the same coun-' try, land or government.
;

Vl^A kalea, to whence edivs, another,

alter, to

change

or a legal conveyance of property to another.

title
;

A A

[L. a/uDoho.]

transfer of

first letter

2. 3.

The state of being alienated. witlubawing or estrangement, the heart or affections.

Dehrium
ties
; ;

as of
facul-

4.

derangement of mental

insgnitv.

Ifnokir,

A L

A L
ALIMENTA'TION,
2.

K
The
act

A L K
or

Alknatlon -office, in Great-Britain, is an office to wl'iich all writs of covenant and enlevied and recovetry, on wliich fines are ries surtered, are carried, to have fines for
alienation set

n.

power
Bacon.

ALKALES'CENT,
perties of an alkah

a.
;

Tending

to the pro-

of affording nutriment. The state of being nourished.

Johitson.
a.

slightly alkaline.

AL'KALI,
li,

n. phi.

Alkahes. [Ar. tsXi'

ka-

with the common prefix, the plant called glass wort, from its use in the manufacture of glass; or the ashes of the plant, Warlon. AL'IMONY, n. [L. alimonia, ofalo, to feed. transfers property. which seems to be its primitive sense, for ALIENEE', 11. One to whom the title to See Aliment.] An allowance made for the support of a the verb signifies to fry.] property is transferred. If the alienee enters and keeps possession. woman, legally separated from her hus- In chimisti-y, a term applied to all bodies which possess the following properties : band. The sum is fixed by the proper Blackstone 2. volatihzable by 1. a caustic taste ALI'FE, adv. [a or on and life.'] judge, and granted out of the husband's heat 3. capability of combining with Shak. estate. Blackstone. On my life. acids, and of destroying their acidity 4. ALIF'EROU?*, a. [L. ala, wing, and fero. AL'IPED, a. [L. ala, wing, and pes, foot.] to bear.] solubility in water, even when combined Wing-footed having the toes connected by with carbonic acid 5. capability of cona membrane, which serves as a wing. Having wings. verting vegetable blues to green. AL'IFORM, a. [L. cda, wing, and forma. AL'IPED, n. [Supra.] Thomson. An animal whose toes are connected by a shape.] Having the shape of a wing ; a term ajiplied membrane, and which thus sei-ve for The term was formerly confined to three to a certain process and muscles of the substances 1. potash or vegetable fixed wings a cheiropter as, the bat. alkah, generally obtained from the ashes Dumeril. body, as the pterygoid process, and the muscles arising from that process. of wood 2. soda or mineral fixed alkaAL'IQUANT, a. [L. aliquantum, a little.] h, which is found in the earth and procuIn arithmetic, an aliquant number or part is ALlG'EROUS, a. [L. ala wing, and gero, to that which does not measure another red from marine plants and 3. ammonia or volatile alkali, an anunal product. carry.] number without a remainder. Thus 5 is Having wings. an aliquant part of 16, for 3 times 5 is 15, Modern chiiiiistry has discovered many new substances to which the term is now exALIGHT, V. i. [Sax. alihtan, gelihtan, Hh leaving a remainder 1. See LAght] tan. tended. ALIQUOT, a. [L.] or descend, as from on \. To get down An aliquot part of a number or quantity is The alkaUes were formerly considered as horseback or from a carriage. elementary substances; but it is now asone wliich will measure it without a re2. To descend and settle certained that they are all compoimds. as, a flying bird mainder. Thus 5 is the aliquot part of 15 The alkahes are used in the manufacture of altghfs on a tree. A'LISH, a. [From ale.] 3. To fall or descend and lodge ; as, snow glass and soap, in bleaching and in mediLike ale; having the quahties of ale. on a roof. cine.
Encyc.
[See Alimony.]

and paid thereon.

n.

ALIMO'NIOUS,
;

A'LIENATOR,

One

that aUenates or Nourishing

aflbrding food.

[Little used.]

alights

ALI'KE,

See Like.] a. [Sax. gelic. v. t. To form, or to convert ALI'VE, a. [Sax. gelifian, to Uve, from li- AL'KALIFY, into an alkali. Having resemblance or similitude similar. 9ec Life.] _^aH,tolive. The darkness and the light are both alike to 1. AL'KALIFY, v. i. To become an alkah. life, in opposition to dead Having living Ps. xiii. thee. ALKALIG'ENOUS, a. [Alkali, and yimaa, being in a state in which the organs perto generate.] form their functions, and the fluids move, [This adjective never precedes the noun which or generating alkali. it whether in animals or vegetables as, the Producing qualifes.] ALKALIM'ETER, n. [Alkali and Gr. ;;ALI'KE, flf/(i. Ill the same manner, form or man or plant is alive. tpov, measure.] 2. Ill a state of action degree. unextinguished vm
; ;
:

Mortimer.

We
He
mind
used.
;

are all alike concerned in religion. fashioneth their hearts alike. Ps. xxxiii.
a.

destroyed
tioii
;

unexpired
sprightly
;

in force or
alive.
;

opera

An

as,

keep the process

;

ALI'KE-MINDED,
AL'IMENT,
feed
;

but like-minded

Having is more generally

from ah,
to feed
to

the

same

3.

Cheerful
rity
;

lively

full

of alac-

instrument for ascertaining the strength of allvalies, or the quantity of alkali in potash and soda. Ure.
a.

as, the

company were

all alive.

AL'KALINE,
alkali.

Having the properties of

n.

4.

n. [L. alimentum, Ir. alaim, ailim, olaim,

or
.5.

Susceptible ; easily impressed ; having lively feehngs, as when the mind is solicitous about some event ; as, one is alive to

ALKALIN'ITY,
stitutes

The quaUty which conThomson.

Alkaline
;

an alkah.
a.

nurse.] Tliat which nourishes food ; nutriment ; any thmg wliich feeds or adds to a substance, animal or vegetable, in natural
;

whatever

is

interesting to a friend.

AL'KALIZATE,
with alkah.

impregnated

Exhibiting motion or movuig bodies in

great nutnbers.

06^.

ALKALIZA'TION,
alive,

JVeivton. Boyle. n. The act of render-

The
tered.

city

was

all

when

the General en

ing alkaline by impregnating with an alkali.

LTOWth.

ALFMENT'AL,

that 6. In a scriptural sense, regenerated ; born has the quality of nourishing ; that furagain. nishes the materials for natural growth ; For this my son was dead and is alive. Luke is alimental ; alimental sap. as, chyle XV. ALIMENT'ALLY, adv. So as to serve for [This adjective always follows the noun which nourishment or food.
a.
;

Supplying food

AL'KALIZE,
zate.]

r.

t.

[and formerly Alkali-

To make
root
is

alkaline
n. to

to

perties of an alkali

to,

communicate the proby mixture.

plant bugloss.

AL'KANET,
used

The

The
&c.

ALIMENT' ARINESS,
;

n. The quality of sup))lying nutriment. ALIMENT'ARY, a. Pertaining to ahiiient or food having the quality of nourishing as, alimentary particles. Tlie alimentary canal, in animal bodies, is the great duct or intestine, by which ahitients are conveyed through the body, and the useless parts evacuated. .flUmentary law, among the Romans, was a law which obliged children to support
;

it

impart a deep red color to

Encyc.

qualifes.]
n.
;

AL'KAHEST,

[Arab.] universal dissolvent a menstruum capa ble of dissolving every body, which Para and Van Hehnont pretended they celsus possessed. This pretense no longer imposes on the credulity of any man. The word is sometimes used for fixed salts

oily substances, ointments, plasters,

ALKEKEN'GI,

n. The winter cherry, a species of physalis. The plant bears a near resemblance to solanum, or nightshade. The berry is medicinal.

Chambers.

volatilized.

ALKEN'NA,

or

ALHEN'NA,

n.

Egyptian

Encyc.
n.
;

ALKALES'CENCY, A tendency to become

their parents. Encyc. Ohligatinn of aliment, in Scots law, is tlie natural obligation of parents to jirovide their children. for Encyc.

[See Alkali.] alkaUne or a tendency to the properties of an alkaU or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties begin to be developed, or to be Ure. predominant.
;

privet, a species of Lawsonia. The pulverized leaves of this plant are much used by the eastern nations for staining their nails

yellow.

The powder, being

wet, forms a

for a paste, which is bound on the nails " night, and the color thus given will last several weeks. Encyc.

ALL
ALKERM'ES,
n.

ALL
them
too dear

ALL
sixpence

[Arab.

See Kermes.^

by

the

sum of

Jn pharmacy, a compound eordial, in tlio form of a confection, derived from the

kermes berries. Its other ingredients are said to be pippin-cider, rose water, sugar,
ambergris, musk, cinnamon, aloes-wood,
pearls,
It

and

leaf-gold.

In the sense of although, as "all were it as the rest," and in the sense of just, or al the moment, as "all as his straying flock he fed," it is obsolete, or restricted to poetry. is all one is a phrase equivalent to the same thing in effect ; that is, it is wholly the same
is

ALL-BOUN'TEOUS,
\LL-BOUN'TIFUL,
bounty.

>

"'
\

Perfectly bouutiful
;

of

infinite

Perpetually changShak. ALL-CHEE'RING, a. That cheers all ; that gives gavetv or cheerfulness to all. Shak.
ing-

\LL-CHA'N(iING,

a.

ALKER'VA,
Palma

Chambers. Qitj'na/. n. Arabic

An

name

thing. Encyc. of the All the better

({uincy.
ter
;

ALL-0MM"ANDING,
equivalent to wholly the betbetter by the

a.

mand

Having comall.

whole difference. AL'KORAN, n. [Arab, ul, the, and koran, ALL, n. The whole number; as, aW have not the same disposition that is, all men. book. The book by way of eminence, as we say the Bible. See Koran. It is pro- 2 The whole the entire thing the aggregate amount as, our all is at stake. nounced, I believe, by orientalists, alkoAnd ].,aban said, all tliat thou secst is mine.! raion.] Gen. xxxi. Tlie book which contains the Mohammedan doctrines of faith and practice. It was This adjective is much used as a noun, and
Christi.

that

is,

ALL-COMPLY
ery respect.

or sovereigntv over

ing;

a.

Complying

Raleigh. in ev-

More.
a.

ALL-OMPO'SING,
tranquil or peacefiil.

That makes
a.

all

Crashau:

ALL-COMPREHENSIVE,
hending
hig
all. all.

CompreGlanvilte.

all

things.

ALL-CONCEALING, a. Hiding orconcealSpenser.

a.

AL'KORANIST,

fell, nest, eagles and all. L'Estrange} striclly to the letter of the Alkoran, rejecting all comments. The Persians arc At all is a phrase much used bj^ way of en-l forcement or em])hasis, usually in negativcl generally AUioranists the Turks, Arabs, or interrogative sentences. He has no] and Tartars admit a multitude of tradiambition at all ; that is, not in the least detions. ALKUS'SA, 71. A fish of the Silurus kind, gree. Has he any property at all? All and some, in Spenser, Mason interprets, with one beard only under the chin. one and all. But from Lye's Saxon Die-; Did. ofJVaf. Hist. tionary, it appears that the phrase is aj ALL, a. awl. [Sax. eal ; Dan. al G. all Sw. ail,; W. oil or holl Aim. oil ; Ir. corruption of the Sax. elle cet somne, all'
;
\

applied to persons or things. written by Mohammed, hi the dialect of the Koreish, which is the piu-est Arabic All in all is a phrase vhicli signifies, alli things to a person, or every thhig desked. but the Arabian language has suffered Thou shall be alt in all, and 1 in thee. sucli changes, since it was written, that Forever. JlfiUo7i. the language of the Alkoran is not now inWhen the words, and all, close an enumeratelligible to the Arabians themselves, withtion of particulars, the word all is either out being learnt like other dead languages. intensive, or is added as a general term to[ JViebuhr. Encyc. n. One who adheres express what is not enumerated as, a tree'
]

ALL-CONQUERING,
ALL-CON'SCIOUS,
all-knowing.
all.

That

subdues
Milton.
all
j

a.

Conscious of
a.

ALL-CONSTRAINING,
ALL-CONSU'MING,
devours
thing.
all.

Constraining Drayton.
oi-

a.

That consumes

Pope.
a.

ALL-DA'RING,
thing.

Daring
a.

to attempt every

Jonson.

\LL-DESTROY
thing.

ING,

Destroying every Fanshaw.

a.

ALL-DEVASTATING,

Wasting every

ALL-DEVOURTNG,
ing
all.

a.

Eating or consumPope.

ALL-DIMMING,

a.

Obscurmg every thing.

Marston.
a.

ALL-DISCOVERING,
disclosing every thuig.

together, all at once, from somne, togeth-j Sliemitic '7J, from rhs tiHe ; Gr. oXoj See Lye under Somne. er. at once. calah, to be ended or com]deted, to ])er All in the wind, in seamen's language, is ai feet. The Welsli retains the first radical phrase denoting that the sails are parallel letter. This is radically the same word as with the course of the wind, so as to! heal ; for in Sw. hel, and in Dan. hele, signishake. Mar. Dict.i fy all, and these words are from the root of All is well is a watchman's phrase, express-i heal. See Call, Heal and tVholc] ing a state of safety. 1. Every one, or the whole number of parAll, in composition, enlarges the meaning, or ticulars. adds force to a word and it is generally 2. The whole quantity, extent, duration, more einphatical than most. In some inamount, r|uality, or degree as, all the stances, all is incorporated into words, as, wheat all tlie land all the year all the in almighty, already, always but in most strength. This word signifies then, the instances, it is an adjective prefixed to whole or entire thing, or all the parts or other words, but separated by a hyphen. which it. It
;
|

Discovering or More.
Shak.

ALL-DISGRA'CED,
ced.

a.

Completely disgraa.

ALL-DISPENSTNG,
.\LL-DIVI'NE,
o.

Dispensing

aU

things; aflfording dispensation or permission. Milton. Dryden.

Supremely
a.

excellent.

HoweU.

ALL-DIVI'NING,

Foretelling

all

things.

ALL-DREAD ED,

a.

Fanshaw. Dreaded by aU.

Shak.

ALL-EFFI"CIENT,

jiarticulars

compose

always

ALL-ELOQUENT,
highest degree.
things.

a. Of perfect or unlimited efficacy or efficiency. a. Eloquent in the

precedes the definitive adjectives, the, my, thy, his, our, your, their ; as, all the cattle' ; all my labor all thy goods ; all his wealth ; all our families ; all your citizens ; all their
:

ALL-ABAN'DONED,

a.

Abandoned bv

all.!

Pope.
a.

Sk'elton.

ALL-EMBRA'CING,
ALL-END'ING,
things.
all

Embracing

all

ALL-ABHORRED,
;

a.

Detested by
a.

all.

pro|)erty.

ALL-ACOM'PLISHED,

This word, not only in popular language, plished whose education is but in the scriptures, often signifies, indefed or complete. initely, a large portion or number, or a ALL-ADMI'RING, a. Wholly admiring. great part. Thus, all the cattle in Egypt died all Judea and all the region round ALL-ADVISED, a. Advised by all. about Jordan all men held John as a Tf'arhurfon prophet are not to be understood in a tSLL- APPROVED, a. Approved by all. literal sense, but as including a large part More.\ or very gi'eat numbers. a. Atonhig for all ALL-ATO'NING, ma-, This word is prefixed to many other Dryden.^ king complete atonement. to enlarge their signification as words, ALL-BEA'RING, o. Producing every thing
;

Shak. Fully accoin highly finish-

a.

Puttinj.'
a.

Crashaw. an end to all

Shak.

ALL-ENLIGHTENING,
things.

Enlightening
Cotton.

ALL-ENRA'GED, a. Highlv enraged. Hall. ALL-FLA'MING, a. Flaming in all directions.

ALL-FOOL'S-DAY,

n.
a.

The

first

Beaumont. of April.

ALL,

already, alicays, all-prevailing. adv. Wholly; completely; entirely

; ; ;

omniparous.

as all along all bedewed all over my friend is all for amusement I love my father alt. In the ancient phrases, all too dear, all so long, this word retains its ap" propriate sense as, he thought them six pence all too dear," that is^ he thought
; ;

ALL-BEAU TEOUS,

Forgiving or pardoning Dryden. ALL-F6URS, n. [all and/our.] A game at cards, played by two or four persons so called from the possession ot the four honors, by one person, who is then Marston.\ said to have all fours.
|

ALL-FORGIVING,
all.

o.

ALL-BEHOLDING,
ing
all

a.

things.
a.
all.

ALL-BLASTING,
ing or destroying

To go on all fours is to move or walk on foiu- legs, or on the two legs and two arms. Pope.\ Beholding or see- ALL-GI\"'ER, n. The giver of all things. Milton. Drayton: a. Completely good. Dryden. Blasting aU defam- ALL-GQOD', Marston. ALL-GQOD', n. The popular name of the
Perfectly beautiful.!
:

Vol.

I.

ALL
plant Good-Henry, or English

A L L
Mercury ALL-PRA'ISED,
a. a.

ALL
all.

Praised by

Shah

Chdwpodium bonus Henrkus.

ALL-RULING,

Governing
a. n.

all

ALL-GRA'CIOUS, a. Perfeitly ALL-GUI'DING, a. Guiding or

all tilings.

gracious.

things. Milton.

allier, to alloy, Sp, ligar, seems to be directly from the i^.ligo, to bind but tliis may be the same word
>.)jyu.
;

Gr.

The

Fr.

conducting Sandys.

ALL-SAGA'CIOUS,

Having

all

sagacity

of perfect discernment.

dirtirently applied, that to make fast, to unite,

is,

to set,

to fix,
;

ALL-HA'IL,
;

ex.

[all

and Sax.

hal, health.]

ALL-SAINTS-DAY,

The

first
;

day of
a feast
1.

All health a phrase of salutation, expressing a wisli of all health or safety to the

N(jveniber, called also all hallows in honor of all the saints.

and alloy ,'lllery were formerly used indifferently but 1 have recognized an entire distinction between them, ap])lying alloy to metals.]

person addressed.

ALL-SAN'TIFYING,

a.

Sanctifying the
If'est.

ALL-HALLOW,

or

ALL-HALLOWS,
first

n.
;

vhole.

All Saints day, the

of November

ALL-SA'VING,

a.

Saving
a.

all.

Selden.

To make quiet; to pacify, or appease ; as, to allay the tumult of the passions, or to allay civil commotions.
To
as, to

ALL-HALLOW-TIDE,
time.]

feast dedicated to all the saints in general. n. [tid, in Sax., is

ALL-SEARCHING,
ALL-SEE'ING,

Pervading South. seaching every thing. a. Seeing every tiling.

.

and

2.

abate, mitigate, subdue or destroy ; allay grief or pain. Females, who soften and allay the bitterness

of adversity. Rawle. Dryden The time near All Saints, or November first. ALL-SEE'R, n. One that sees every thing. 3. To obtund or repress as acrimony as, to' ALL-HAP'Py, a. Completely happy. Shak. ALL-HE' AL, n. The popular name of sevallay the acrid qualities of a substance. ALL-SHA'KING, a. Shaking all things. 4. Formerly, to reduce the purity of; as, to eral plants. Shak. But, in this sense, alloy is allay metals. ALL-HE'ALING, a. Healbig all things. now exclusively used. [See Alloy.] Selden. ALL-SHUN'NED, a. Shunned by all. Shak. n. The .second day of ALL-HELP'ING, a. Assisting all. Selden. ALL-SOULS-DAY, or ALLA'Y, n. Formerly, a baser metal mixed November a feast solemnity held by with a finer but in this sense it is now ALL-HI'DING, a. Concealing all things. the church of Rome, to supplicate for the
; ;
;

ALL-HON'ORED,
ALL-HURT'ING,

a.

Honored by
Hurting
all

a.

alloy, souls of the faithful deceased. 2. That which allays, or abates the predomn. The berry of the pimento, inant qualities ; as, the allay of colors. Shak. ALL'-SPICE, a tree of the West Indies ; a spice of a J\/'eivton things. mildly pungent taste, and ag'reeably aro Shak. Also, abatement ; diminution by means matic.
all.
.

Shah.

written

which

see.

ALL-I'DOLIZING, a. Worshipmg any thing. ALL-SUFFI"CIENCY, Crashaw.

finite

n.

Complete or in
Hooker.

ALL-IM'ITATING,
thing.

ahilitv.

a.

Liiitatmg

every More.
all

ALL-SUFFI''CIENT,
thing
;

a.

Hall. Sufficient to every

of some mixture as, joy without allay. But alloy is now more generally used.
;
;

ALL-INFORM'ING,
vital

infinitelv ahle.

a.

Actuating
a.

by
ui

ALL-SUFFI"CIENT,
Being
;

n.

The
a.

all-sufficient

powers.

Sandys.
Interesting

ALL-IN'TERESTING,
the hisliest degree.
things.

God.

ALL-SURROUND'ING,
the whole.

Encompassing
Sur-

pp. Layed at rest quieted tranqiulized abated [reduced by mixture. Obs.] n. He, or that, which allays. H'hitlock. ALLA'YING, ppr. Quieting reducing to
: ; ;

ALLA'YED,

.ALLA'YER,
tranquillity ure. Obs.]

ALL-INTERPRETING,
ALL-JUDG'ING,
ALL-JUST', a. ALL-KI'ND, a.
lent.

a.

Explaining ah
Milton.
;

abating
n.

[reducing by mixtact of quieting, or a state of rest after

;

ALL-SURVEY'ING,
veying every thing.
things.

n.

[See Survey.]
a.

a. Judging all possesshig Rowe. the sovereign right of judging. Perfectly just. Perfectly kind or benevo-

ALL-SUSTA'INING,

Sandys Upholding all Beaumont.

ALLA'YMENT,
;

The
;

ALL-TELL'ING,
every thing.
ry

a.

Telling or divulging
a.

a state of tranquillity disturbance abatement allay ment of grief.

n. ally.

ease

as,

the Shak.

Shak. AL'LE,

The
a.

little aidi,

or black

and

ALL-KNO'WING,
edge
;

a.
a.

Havuig

all

knowlevery
Shak.
all

ALL-TRIUMPHING,
where or over
all.

Triumphant eveJonson.
Shak.

white diver.

ALLEe'TIVE,
ALLEe'TIVE,

Alluring.

[J^Tot

used.]

omniscient.

Atlerhury.

ALL-LI'CENSED,
thing.

Licensed

to

ALL-WaTCH'ED, a. Watched throughout.

Possessed of hifinite wisSouth ALL-WIT'TED, a. Having all kinds of wit
a.

Chaucer.
n.

Allurement.

[Xot used.]
Eliot.
lego, to

ALL-L6V'ING,

a.

Of infinite

love.

ALL-WI'SE, More. dom.

;

ALLEDgE'
send
;

v.

f.

[L. allego,
;

ad and

ALL-MA'KING,
onniific.

a.

Mailing or creating
a.

ALL-MATU'RING,
ALL-MER'CIFUL,
compassion.
ing every thins.

Maturing

all

Dri/den things

ALL-WOR'SHIPED,
adored by
all.

a.

Worshiped
worth

Of
a.

Dryden.
perfect

mercy or
Fanshaiv.

ALL-WOR'THY,
AL'LAGITE,
n.

a.

Of

infinite

Jonson. or Milton. of
;

1.

Sp. alegar ; Port, allegar ; It. atlegare. This is only a modified application of the Eng. lay ; L. loco, to set, or throw. See Class L g.] To declare ; to affirm ; to assert to pro;

Fr. allegucr

ALL-MUR'DERING,
ALL-OBE'DIENT,
ALL-OBeY'ING,
obedience from
ion.
a.
all.

KilUng or destroy
Entirely obedient. Crashaw.

the highest worth.

nounce with positiveness

fact.

as, to alledge

a.

nuneral, of a brown or green color, massive, with a flat conchoidal fracture, and nearly opake, foinid in the Hartz near Elbingerode. Phillips.
n.

[See Obey.] Receiving Shak.

a.

AL'LANITE,

mineral

named from

"3. To produce as an argument, plea or excuse to cite or quote as, to alledge the authority of a judge. ALLEDG'ED, pp. Affirmed asserted,
; ; ;

ALL-OBLIV'IOUS,

Causing
a.

total obliv-

Shak
Obscuring every
Kin^.
a.

ALL-OBSCU'RING,
thing.

Mr. Allan, of Edinburgh, who first recognized it as a distinct species. It is massive, of a brownish black color, and conchoidal A sdiceous oxyd of cerium. fracture. Ure. Cleaveland. Jameson.
or

whether as a charge or a

plea.

ALLEDG'ER,
clares.

n.

One who

affirms or de-

ALLEDoi'ING,
declaring.

ppr.
n.

Asserting

averring
;

ALL-P.\'TIENT,

Enduring every thino

Mitford.
a.

without nuirmurs.

ALLANTOIS'
aXXas,

ALLEGA'TION,
2.

Affirmation

positive
;

ALLANTOID',

n.

[Gr.

ALL-PENETRATING,
ery thing.

Penetrating evStafford.

ALL-PER'FECT,
having
all

a.

Completely perfect;
n.

perfection.
;

ALL-PER'FETNESS,
of the whole

The

perfection

a sausage, and aSo;, form.] membrane, situated between the choand anniios in quadrupeds, and forn ing one of the membranes which invest Ed. Encyc. the fetus in those animals.
thin rion
v.
t.

assertion or declaration. That which is affirmed or asserted that which is offered asa plea, e.xcuse or justification.

3.

In ecclesiastical courts, a formal complaint,

or declaration of charges.

entire perfection.
a.

More.

AL'LATRATE,
To bark, as a ALLA'Y, V.

.\LL-PIER'CING,

Piercuig every thhig. Marston.

a.

dog.

[L. allatro.] [J^'ot used.]

Stubbes.

ALLEGE. [See Alledge.] ALLEG'EABLE, a. That maybe

[JVot used.]

alledged.

ALL-POW'ERFUL,
tent.

Almighty

omnipo
Smfl.

t. [Sax. alecgan, alegan, to lay, to set, to depress, lecgayi, to lay, to cast or strike down ; G. legen, D. kggen, to lay
:

Brown.
or

ALLE'GEAS,

A LLE'GlAS,

n.

stuflf

manufactured

in the

East Indies, of twu

ALL
kimU, one of cotton, the other of various Enci/c. plants which are spun lik; flax.

ALL
or
Alle-

A L L
viate
rare.]

ALLE6'EMENT, n. Allegation. [JVbh'nuse." ALLEGHA'NEAN, a. Pertaining to the

mountains ghenny.
calletl

Alleghany,

ALLEGHA'NY,

n.

The

chief ridge of the

yard. The distinction in scrijiture between a parable and an allegory, is said to be that a parable is a supposed history, and an allegory, a figurative description of real facts. An allegory is called a continued metaphor. The following fine in Virgil is an example of an allegory.

an

offense.

[This sense of the word

;

is

ALLEVIATED, p;>. Made lighter

ted
;

mitiga-

eased

extenuated.
;

ALLE'VIATING,
more
tolerable

ppr. Making lighter, or extenuating.

n.

ALLEVIATION,
mitigation.
2.

The

great chains of niountain.s which run from N. East to S. West through the middle and southern states of North America but, more appropriately, the main or unbroken ridge, which casts all the waters on one side to the east, and on the other side to the west. This ridge runs from Pennsylvania to Georgia, and chains extend through the U. States. This name is given also to the river Ohio, above its confluence with the Monongahela but improperly, as the Indian name of the river to its source is Ohio.
:

act of lightening,

jam Stop the currents, young men, the meadows have drank sufficiently that is, let music cease, our ears have been sufyour
;

Claudite

rivos, pueri, sat prata biberunt.

allaying, or extenuating;

a lessening or

That which lessens, mitigates or makes more tolerable; as, the .synq)athy of a
friend is an alleviation of grief I have not wanted s\ich allevintinns of life, a? Dr. Johnson's letter friendship could supply. lo Mr. Hector. Boswell.

ficiently delighted.

Encyc.

ALLEGRET'TO,
in music, a

[from allegro,] denotes, or time quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. Rousseau. Busby. ALLEGRO. [It. merry, cheerful It. leggiere ; S]). ligero ; Fr. leger, light, nimble.

movement

See Light.]
In music, a word denoting a brisk movement a sprightly jiart or strain the quickest except /7)Ts/o. Piu allegro is a still quicker
; ;

This use of alleviation is hardly leghimate without supplying some word expressing evil, as trouble, sorrow, &c. Without such alleviations of ihe cares or
troubles of
life.

ALLE'GIANCE,
of ad and
Itgo,

n.

to

bind.

[Old Fr. from h.alligo, See LAege and

ALLEVIATIVE,
[N'ot in use.]

n.

That which

mitigates.

AL'LEY, n. al'ly. [Fr. o//ee, a passage, from League.] Rousseau. Encyc. alter to go ; Jr. alladh. The tie or obligation of a subject to his movement. Literally, a passuig or going.] Prince or government; the duty of fidelity ALLELU'I.'VII, n. [Heb. H'-Mn, praise to Jah.] to a king, government or state. 1. A walk in a a narrow passage. Every garden a word used to denote 2. A narrow native or citizen owes nllegiance to the Praise to Jehovah passage or way in a city, as j)ious joy and exultation, chiefly in hynuis distinct from a public street. government under wliich he is born. and anthems. The Greeks retained the :l. A ])lace in London where stocks are This is called natural or implied allegiance, word in their E>.f'A.fii Irj, praise to lo which arises from the connection of a per Ash. bought and sold. son with the society in which he is born, probably a corruption of Jah. The Ro- ALLIACEOUS, a. [L. aUium, garlic.] mans retained the latter word in their and his duty to be a faitliful subject, inde Pertaining to album, or garlic having the lo triumphe. of any ex|>ress ])romise. Express of garUc. Barton. pendent properties
; ;
;

allegiance,
fideUty.

is

that obligation

which pro- ALLElMAND',

in

ceeds from an express promise, or oath of Local or temporary allegiance is due from an alien to the goverinneut or state in which

slow air in common time, or grave, solemn music, with a slow movement. Also a brisk c!ance, or a figure
n.

ALLI'ANCE,

ALLEMAN'Nl,a.
aimi, ancient

he

resides.

Blackstone.

ALLE'6IANT, a. Loyal. [JVot used.] Shak. ) a. In the manner of alALLEGOR'l, ALLEGOR'leAL, legory figurative
<,

describing by resemblances.

ALLEGOR'lALLY,
manner
;

adv.
n.

In a figurative

bv way of allegory.

liege, league, alleclass L. g.] ; The relation or union between families, their country. The word is generally supcontracted by marriage. Dryden. posed lo be composed of aH and manni, all 2. The union between nations, contracted by men. Cluver, j). G8. This is iirobably an compact, treaty or league. error. The word is more probably com- 3. The treaty, league, or compact, which is posed of the Celtic all, other, the root of the instrmnent of confederacy someLatin alius and man, place ; one of anotimes the act of

dancing.

Belonging to the M: Germans, and to Alemannia,

Diet, of Music.

[Fr. alliance, from allier, Her, to tie or unite, from L. ligo, Gr. %vyou; Sp.alianza; Vort. alianen ; It. alleanza ;
n.

from the same root as

giance

1.

ALLEGOR'icALNESS,
being allegorical.

The quaUty

of
;

man

AL'LEGORIZE,

v.

t.

To form an
;

to turn into allegory

as, to allegorize

allegory the

ther place, a stranger. The Welsh allis thus rendered, and this seems to be the original word. Owen, M'elsh Diet.

4.

confederating. or connection of interests between persons, famihes, states or corpora-

perhaps

Any union

Campbell. 2. To understand in an allegorical sense as, when a passage in a Avriter may be imderstood literally or figuratively, lie who gives it a e sense is said to allegorize it. figurath AL'LEGORIZE, v.i. To use allegory; as, a man mav allegorize, to i)lease his fancy.
;

history of a people.

The name, Memanni, seems to have been fii'st given to the Germans who invaded Gaul
ui the reign

tions; as,
state.
5.

an

alliance

between church and

;

of Augustus.
Clurer, Germ. Jlntiq.
n. In heraldry,

The persons or parties allied as, men or Slates may secure any alliances in their
"

Addison. power. an eagle with- ALLI'.^NT, n. An ally. [Xol used.] out beak or feet, with expanded wings ff'otton. denoting Imiierialists vanquished and dis- ALLI"CIENCY, n. [Lai. allicio, ad and armed. lacio G. locken ; D. lokken ; Sw. locka ; Encyc. AL'LEGORIZED, pp. Turned into allegory, ALLEVEU'R, n. A small Swedish co'in, Dan. lokker ; L. allecto, elicio. Class or understood allegorically. value about a cent. Encyc. AL'LEGORIZING, /)/ir. Turning into alle- ALLE'VIATE, v. I. [Low L. tdlevio ; ad and The power of attracting any thing; attracFr. lever ; It. tion magnetism. [Little used.] Glanville. gory, or understandhig in an allegorical leva, to raise, levis, light

ALLER'ION,

;!

sense.

AL'LEGORY,

n.

other, and ayopfuu, forum, an oration.]

[Gr. aXKt;yofta, of aM.05, to speak, from ayopa, a

figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal subject is described by anotlier subject

levare, to raise ; Sp. llevar, to carry, levantar, to raise, and levante, a rising, and the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, the east, so called from the rising of the sun, like orieyital, from orior, to rise ; Sa.x See Lift.] hlijian, to be eminent.
1.

ALLI'CIENT,
[.Yot used.]

n.

That which

attracts.

Robinson.

ALLI'ED,
bind.

pp.
v.
f.

Connected by marriage,
[See Ally.]

treatv or similitude.

AL'LIGATE,
See

properties The principal subject is thus kept out of view, and we are left to collect the intentions of the writer or .speaker, by the resenibl.ince of the seconis dary to the primary subject.

resembling

it

in its

and circumstances.

To make light
it

sense, as
jects.

but always in a figurative ; is not applied to material ob;

words what hieroglyphics are iji paintWe have a fine example of an allein the eightieth psalm, in which God';* i-Joosen people are represented by a vineui

Allegory

ing.

gory

To remove in part to lessen, miti- gether; the state of being tied. [Little , gate, or make easier to be endured ; apused.] rule of arithmetic, for finding the plied to evils ; as, to alleviate sorrow, pain, 2. price or value of coinpoimds consisting of ingrecarp, punishment, a burden, &c.; opposed to aggravate. dients of different values. Thus if a quanTo make less by representation ; to lessen tity of sugar, worth eight cents the pound, the magnitude or criminality ; to extenuand another quantity worth ten cents, are ate ; applied to moral conduct ; as, to allemixed, tlie question to be solved by alliga-

To tie together to unite by some tie. ALLIGA'TION, n. The act of tying

:

[L. alligo, .illegiance, Liege,

ad and

ligo, to

League.]
to-

ALL
Hon
is,

ALL
tlie

ALL
ALLOT'TING,
;

wliat

is tlie

value of

mixture by

ive,

the pound. Alligation is of two lands, medial and alternate ; medial, wlien the rate of a mixture is sought from the rates and quantities of the simjjles alternate, when the quantities of the simples are sought from the rates of the simples, and the rate of the mixture.
;

opake mineral, of a grayish, yellowish or reddish color, found in Norway con-

sidered as a variety of garnet. Its name is said to be given to it, as expressive of its changes of color before the blowpipe Gr. Cleaveland. aM.ni, other, and ;tpoia, color.
;

ALLOW,
alluer.
1.

ppr. Distributing by lot ; giving as portions; assigning. V. t. [Fr. alhuer, from louer ; L. to lay, set, place loco, W. llogi ; Norm.
;

ALLOU'TION,
loquor, to speak.
1.

n.

[L. allocutio, of

ad

aiu\
3.

The act or manner of speaking to, or of addressing in words. An address a formal address as, of a arm General to his troo])s a Roman term, and the animal may be named from the rarely used in English. Addison. Encyc. re.semblance of his legs to arms.] ALLO'DIAL, a. Pertaining to allodium The American crocodile. This animal is of freehold free of rent or service held the lizard genus, having a long naked independent of a lord paramount oppo sed to feudal. Blackstone. body, four feet, with five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind, arm-l ALLODIAN is sometimes used, but is not ed with claws, and a serrated tail. The well authorized. Cowel mouth is very large, and furnished with ALLO'DIUM, n. [Fr. alleu, contr. word. the skin is brown, tough, sharp teeth According to O'Brien, in his Focaloir, or and, on the sides, covered with tubercles. Dictionary of the Irish, this word is the The largest of these animals grow to the Celtic allod, ancient. According to Pontlength of seventeen or eighteen feet. They op])idan, it is composed of all and odh, live in and about the rivers in warm cliall-property, or whole estate.] eat fish, and sometimes catch hogs, Freehold estate land which is the absolute mates, on the shore, or dogs which are swimming. property of the owner; real estate held In winter, they burrow in the earth, which, absolute independence, without being subenter under water and work upwards,! to any rent, service, or acknowledgthey ject ment to a superior. It is thus opposed to lying torpid till si)riiig. The female lays a| In England, there is no allodial great number of eggs, which are deposited find. in the sand, aiid left to be hatched by the land, all land being held of the kin heat of the sun. but in the United States, most lands are Encyc. n. West India allodial. ALLIGATOR-PEAR, fruit, resembling a pear in shape, from one ALLONtiE', n. allunj'. [Fr. allonger, to to two pounds in weight, (Laurus Persea lengthen, to thrust, allonge, lengthened, of rf and long.] Linne.) It contains within its rind a which 1. A ])ass with a sword a thrust made by yellow butyraceous substance, when the fruit is perfectly ripe, constitute.' steppnig forward and extending the arm an agreeable food. a term used in fencing, often contracted Encyc. ALLIG'ATURE, n. See Ligature, which is into lunge. the word in use. 2. A long rein, when a horse is trotted ui the Johnson. ALLI'NEMENT, )!. [Fr. alignement, a row, hand. a squaring, from ligne, line L. linea.] ALLOO', V. t. or i. To incite dogs by a call A reducing to a hne or to a square a state Phillips. of being in squares, in a line, or on a level [See the correct word, Halloo.] a line a row. Asiat. Res. Columbiad. AL'LOPHANE, n. [Gr. awoj, other, and A.L'LIOTH, Ji. A star in the tail of the great $atwo, to appear.] bear, much used for fincUng the latitiule at A mineral of a blue, and sometimes of a sea. Encyc. green or brown color, which occurs niasIt gelatiniALLISION, n. allizh'un. [L. allido, to dash .sive, or in imitative shapes. or strilie against, of ad and terfo, to hurt zes in acids. Ure. D. leed, a Allophane is a variety of clay, occurring by striking ; Ir. leas, a sore hurt D. beleedigen ; Ger. beleidigen, to hurt in amorphous, botryoidal or reniform Fr. blesser, to hurt. Lado forms its parmasses. Cleaveland. Class. L d. L s.] ticiple Icesus. ALLOT', t).<. [otadanilot; Sax. Mot. See A striking against as, the allision of the sea Lot.] Woodward. 1. To divide or (Ustribute by lot. against the shore. ALUTERA'TION, n. [L. ad and litera, a 2. To distribute, or jiarcel out in parts or porlettei-. tions or to distribute a share to each inThe repetition of the same letter at the bedividual concerned. ginning of two or more words immediately 3. To grant, as a portion to give, assign or each other, or at short intersucceeding appoint in general. vals as/and g in the following line : Let every man be contented with that Fields ever fresh, and groves forever green. which providence allots to him. ALLIT'ERATIVE, a. Pertaining to, or ALLOT'MENT, n. That which is allotted; consisting in, alliteration. a share, jiart, or portion granted or disALLOeA'TION, n. [L. ad and locatio, a tributed that which is assigned by lot, or

See Eloquence.]

ALLIGA'TOR,
the

n.

[Properly allagarto, from

laf^arto,

Spanish and Portuguese

3.

lizard ; L. lacerta. The Latin word to be connected with lacertus, the

seems
;

"l.

4.

To grant, give or yield as, to allow a servant his liberty to alloiu a pension. To admit as, to allow the truth of a ])roposition to allow a claun. To admit to own or acknowledge ; as, to alloiv the right of the President to displace officers. To approve, justify or sanction. Ye allow the deeds of your fathers.
; ; ; ; ;

See Lay. Class.

g.]

3.

To

afford, or grant as a
;

Luke xi. Rom. vii. compensation :

(J.

7.

To ])crmit to grant license to allow a son to be absent.

;

allow a dollar a day for wages. abate or deduct as, to allow a for tare or leakage.
as, to

To

sum
to

as,

ALLOWABLE,
as lawful,

That may be pennittei or admitted as true and proper

a.
,.

not forbid

not unlawful or unproper as. a certain degree of freedom is allowable

; ;

among

friends.
n.

-VLLOWABLENESS,
being allowable
;

The
;

quality

of

lawfulness

exemptioti

from prohibition, or impropriety. South. ALLOWABLY, adv. In an allowable manner with proprietv. Loioth. ALLOWANCE, n. the act of allowing or
;

idinitting.
2.

Permission
tion
;

license

approbation

sanc-

3.

usually slight approbation. Locke. Skak. Admission assent to a fact or state of Hooker. things a granting.
;
;

4. 5.

6.

7.

ALLOWANCE,
;

restraint indulgence. That which is allowed a portion appointa stated quantit}', as of food or drink : hence, in seamen^s language, a limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. Abatement deduction as, to make an allowance for the inexperience of youth. Established character; reputation; as, a Obs. Shak. pilot of approved allowance. To put upon allowv. t. ance to restrain or limit to a certain of provisions or drink. quantity
; ;

Freedom from
;

ed

Distress compelled allowance his crew.

tlie

captain of the ship to

ALLOW'ED, ^p.
sented to
;

Granted
;

admitted
;

permitted asapjiroved indulged ;

; ; ;

appointed
admitting
ducting.

abated.

ALLOWING, /Jjon
;

Granting; permitting; deapproving mdulging

; ;

ALLOY',

[Fr. allier, to unite or mix ; L. alligo, ad and ligo, to bind Gr. 'Kvyoa ; Sp. ligar, to tie or bind, to alloy or mix
V.
t.
;

1.

The

See Local.] placing, from locus, ])lace. act of putting one thing to another hence its usual sense is the admission of an article of account, or an allowance made upon an account ; a term used in the Eng;

by the act of God.

2.

base metals with gold or silver, to league or confederate Port. id. It. legare. observe that alloy and league, alliance, ally, are from the same root. Class L g.] To reduce the piuily of a metal, by mixing with it a portion of one less valuable as, to alloy gold with silver, or silver with
; ;

We

pain, portion or place appropriated. In a field, there is an allotment for olives.

copper.
"2.

ALLOT'TED, pp.
ed
;

Distributed by

Lavoisier. mixture ; as, to broome. 3. lot ; grantalloy pleasure with misfortunes.

To mix metals. To reduce or abate by

n.

lish

Exchefiuer.

[See Allow.] Chambers.

n.

AL'LOCHROITE,

An amorphous,

Johnson. mass-!

ALLOT'TERY
allotment
;

assigned.

ALLOY',
is

baser metal mixed with a

;

but

used by Shakespeare for is not authorized by usage.

finer.
2.

The uuxture of dilTorent metals

any me-

ALL
fallic

A L M
common
sig

A L M
calendars on pieces of wood, on swords, helves of axes, and various other utensils,

compound

this is

its

ALLU'VIAL,
1.

iiification in cliimistry.
3.
is

Evil mixed witli good witliout alloy.

n.

as,

no happiness
2.

ALLOY'AGE,
1.
;

[Fr. alliage,

from

oilier.]

[See Alluvion.] Pertaining to alluvion added to land by the wash of water. Washed ashore or dow^l a stream formed by a current of water; as, alluvial ores;
;

a.

Tlie act of alloying metals, or the mixture of a baser metal with a finer, to reduce its metals. purity the act of mixing 2. The mixture of different metals. Lavoisier. ALLOY'ED, pp. aiixed reduced in purity debased abated by foreign mixture. ALLOY'ING, ppr. Mixing a baser metal

alluvial soil.

ALLU'VION,

ALLUVIUM,
See Lave.]
1.

and especially on walking sticks. Many of these are preserved in the cabinets of the curious. They are called by different Kirwan. nations, rimstocks, primstaries, runstocks, n. [h. alluvia, of ad and runslaffs, clogs, &c. lava or luo, alluo, to wash. The characters used are generally the Runic
;

insensible increase of earth on a ; shore, or bank of a river, by the force of ; water, as by a current or by waves. The ; owner of the land thus augmented has a with a finer, to reduce its purity ; abating right to the alluvial earth. 2. gradual washing or can-ying of earth by foreign mixture. ALL'SPICE. [See under the compounds or other substances to a shore or bank

The

or Gothic. Junius.

Encyc.
n.

Tooke^s Russia.

ALMANACK-MAKER,
manack.s.

A maker of

al-

AL'MANDINE,

In mineIt.] ralogy, precious garnet, a beautiful mineral of a red color, of various shades, sometimes tinged with yellow or blue. It is
n.

[Fr.

and

mass of substances collected by V. i. [L. alltido, to smile upon or 3. The make sport with, of ad and ludo, to play ; means of the action of water. In this alluvium was found the entire skeleL d.] Sp. Port, aludir ; It. alludere. Class Buckland. To refe'r to something not directly mcntion- ton of a whale. tioned to have reference ; to liint at by ALLU'VIOUS, a. The same as alluvial, and less frequently used. remote suggestions ; as, that story alludes

ofaH.]

the earth thus added.

commonly
l)arent.

ALLUDE,

bic

translucent, sometimes transIt occurs crystahzed in the rhomdodecahedron. Phillips.

is

AL'ME, or AL'MA, n. Gnls in

occupation
to

Egjpt, whose amuse company with

singing and dancing.

.\LME'NA,
Asia.

to

a recent transaction.
reference
;

ALLY',
hint1.

V.

t.

[Fr. allier; reciprocal verb, s'al;

Encyc. Savary. n. A weight of two pounds, used to weigh saffron in several parts of
Sp. Diet.
n.

ALLU'DING, ppr. Having

ing
at.

lier,

to

match or confederate from ad and

L. ligo.]
relation, as

Her, to tie or unite.

n.

ALMI'GIITINESS,
nite

ALLU'MINOR,
One who
letters

[Fr.

allumer, to light.

See LAmner.]
colors or paints
light

parchment, giving

upon paper or and ornament to

Coivel.

between famihes by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, league or confedeunite, or

To

form a

or boundless
only.
a.

God

Omnipotence infipower an attribute of

;

ALMIGHTY,
Might.]

[all

and mighty.
;

See

racy.
'i.

and

is now ALLU'RE,

This

figures. written limner.

Eiicyc,

t. [Fr. leurrer, to decoy, from a lure.] To attempt to draw to to tempt by the offer of some good, real or apparent; to invite by something flattering or acceptable as, rewards allure men to l>rave danSometimes used in a bad sense, to ger. but in this sense entice is allure to evil more common. In Hosea, ii. 14, allure is used in its genuine sense in 2 Peter, ii. 18, in the sense of entice. ALLU'RED, pp. Tempted drawn, or inJ,',

leurre,

vited, ble.

by something that appears desira-

ALLU'REMENT,
any
real

That which allures or apparent good held forth, or

n.
;
;

a relation by similitude, resem- Possessing all power omnipotent being of imlimited might being of boundless sufblance or friendship. J^Tote. This word is more generally used ui the passive form, ficiency appropriately applied to the Suas families are allied by blood or recipBeing. as princes ally theijiselves to pow- reme Ml'GHTY, n. The Omnipotent God. rocally, erful states. AL'MOND, n. [Fr. amande ; It. mandola : ALLY' n. A prince or state united by treaty Sp. almendra ; Germ, mandel.] The fi-uit of the almond tree an ovate, or league a confederate. .Imes. The allies of Rome were slaves. compressed nut, perforated in the pores. It is either sweet or bitter. 2. One related by marriage or other tie but [It is popuseldom apphed to individuals, except to larly pronounced ammond.] their puldic capacity. JVicholson. Encyc. princes The tonsils, two glands near the basis of ALLYING, ppr. Uniting by marriage or the tongue, are called almonds, from their treaty. resemblance to that nut vulgularly, but AL'MAANTAR, n. [See Almucantar.] ALMADIE, n. A hark canoe used by the improperly, called the almotids of the ears, as they belong to the throat. Africans also a long boat used at Cali;
;

To form

operating, as a motive to action temptation ; enticement as, the allurements of pleasure, or of honor. ALLU'RER, n. He, or that, which allures.

cut, in India, eighty feet long, and six or 3. seven broad called also cathuri. Encyc.
;

AL'MAtiEST,

n. [al and f fyT';, greatest.] book or collection of problems in astron

4.

sold, twenty-six

ALHJ'RING,/J/>r. Drawing; tempting; in viting by some real or apparent good. 2. a. Inviting having the quality of attract
;

omy and geometry, dra\ni up by Ptolemy. The same title has been given to other
works of the
like kind.

Johnson. (^uincy. In Portugal, a measure by which wine is of which make a pipe. Encyc. [But in Portuguese it is written almudeT]

Among

lapidaries,

ahnouds
in

signify pieces

Encyc.

of rock crystal, used

blance to this
fin-nace in
fruit.

ing or tempting.

ALMA'GRA,

fine

deep red ocher, with

candlesticks, so called

adorning branch from their resemEncyc.

ALLU'RINGLY,
ner
;

adv.
n.

In au alluring

man-

enticingly.

ALLU'RINGNESS,
ALLU'SION,

The

quality of allur-

manack, a calendar, or diary.] A small book or table, containing a calen dar of days, weeks and months, with the means of some .similitude which is per times of the rising of the sun and moon, Burnet. ccivcd between them. ALLU'SIVE, a. Having reference to some- changes of the moon, ecUpses, hours of
thing not fully expressed.
South.
;

ing or tempting by the prospect of some good. [Rarely used.] ji. allkzhun. [Fr. fromaWwo, Low L. See Allude.\ reference to something not exjilicitly mena suggestion, by which a hint tioned something is applied or understood to be long to that which is not mentioned, by
;
;

an admixtme of purple, very heavy, dense but friable, with a rough dusty .surface It is It is the sil atticum of the ancients. austere to the taste, astringent, melting in It ii the mouth and staining the skin. used as a paint and as a medicine. Encyc.

ALMOND-FURNACE, among
which the
;

refners, is a slags of htharge, left

in refining sUver, are

reduced to lead, by the help of charcoal that is, according to modern chimistry, in wliich the oxyd of lead is deoxydized, and the metal revived.

aL'MANACK, n.

[Ar. al

and

ALMOND-TREE,

^i^

manacli,

n. The tree which produces the almond. The leaves and flowers resemble those of the peach, but the

ALLU'SIVELY,
uation.

adv. By way of allusion by implication, remote suggestion or insin-

Hammond.
n.

ALLU'SIVENESS,
allusive.

The

quality of being

[Rarely used.]

longer and more compressed, the green coat is thinner and drier when ripe, and the shell is not so rugged. Miller. ALMOND-WILLOW, n. A tree with leaves of a hght green on both sides. full tide, stated festivals of churches, stated Mason from Shenstonc. terms of courts, observations on the weathThis calen- AL'SIONER, n. [See .Hms.] er, &c. for the year ensuing. dar is sometimes published on one side of An officer whose duty is to distribute charity or ahns. By the ancient canons, every a single sheet, and called a sheet-almanack The Baltic nations formerly engraved their monastery was to dispose of a tenth of its
fruit is

A L

A L O
teen degrees, used to take observations of the sun, about the time of its rising or setand the variating, to find the amplitude tions of the compass. Encyc. Chambers

A L O
AL'OES-WOOD,
ALOET'IC, ALOET'IeAL, ALOET'le,
of aloes.
n.

income in alms to the poor, and all bishto keep an almoner. ops were obliged This title is sometimes given to a chapa ship or regilain as, the almoner of ment. The Lord Almoner, or Lord High Almoner, in England, is an ecclesiastical officer, who has the forfeiture generally a bishop, of all deodands, and the goods of selfnmrderers, which he is to distribute to the
;

n.

[See Agallochum.]
aloes

I " ^

Pertaming to aloe or partakmg of the

;

qualities of aloes.

ALMU'DE,

71.

wine measure

of which twenty-six
^ n.

make

in Portugal a pipe.

A medicine consisting chiefly

and
loft.

Port. Did.

ALOFT',

adv. [a
;

Quincy See Lofl and

In scripture, a. tree or wood 1. Lvff.] AL'MUG, On high in the air high above the are AL'GUM, ^ al I,S about which the learned ground as, the eagle soars aloft. not agreed. The most probable conjec- 2. In seamen's language, in the top at the ture is that the word denotes gummy or poor. mast head or on the higher yards or rigThe Grand Almoner, in France, is the first resinous wood general. Hence on the upper part, as of a ging. ecclesiastical dignitary, and has the super- The translates it ligna thyina, and Vulgate building. Encyc intendence of hospitals. the Septuagint, ttrrought-ivood ; others, eb ALO'GIANS, 71. [a neg. and 7J>yo;, word.] 71. ren[Corrupted into amhry, aumony, bravil or pine, and the Rabbins In church history, a sect of ancient heretics, It was used for musical der it coral. bry, or aumery.] who denied Jesus Christ to be the Logos, The place where the almoner resides, or instruments, stair cases, &c. and consequently rejected the gospel of where the alms are distril>ute<l. is the citron tree, from 3IanriBuck. Encyc. St. John. The Saxon or- The ihyinum ALMO'ST.arfc. [all am\ most. " tania, much esteemed by the ancients for AL'OGOTROPHY,?!. [Gr.axoyoj, uiyeasonall most wlioi der of writing was thus and beauty. The almug. its fragrance able, and rpoiju;, nutrition.] were present." Sax. Chron. p. 225. or algumim, or simply gummim, A disproportionate nutrition of the parts of now use a du))lication, almost all who ahuigim, is niost probably a gunmiy wood, and the body, as when one part receives more were present.] or less nourishment and growth than anperhaps may be the Shittim, often menNearly well nigh for the greatest part. tioned in Scripture. See 1 Kings, x. IL other. Bailey. Almost Ihou peisuadest me to be a christiali. Calmet. Encyc, AL'OGY, ?!. [Gr. a and >.oyo5.]^ Acts xxvi. Broivn. Ohs. softened Unreasonableness; absurdity. Oi 'ALMS, 11. cimz. [Sax. ahnes ; old Eng. AL'NAGE, )i. [Fr. aulnage, now D. Fr. aumunes : into aunage ; L. idna; Gr. u'Ktrr;, an arm, ALO'NE, a. [alt and 07!e ; Germ, allein almesse ; Norm, almo'ignes a cubit W. elin ; Ir. ^leleii, idle, or uilean, alleen ; Sw. allena ; Dan. a//f7ic.] D. aalmoes ; Sw. almosa ; Dan. almisse ; an elbow, a nook, or corner. See Etl.] without the presence of 1. Single ; solitary G. abnosen ; L. deemosyna : Gr. Atjjjitoswjj. another applied to a person or thing. The first appear to be from rttfu, A measuring by the ell.
;
;

ALMONRY,

We

syllables

to pity.]

Any

jioor, as

the thing given gratintously to reheve money, food, or clothing, otherdaily to ask

AL'NAGER,
urer by the

or
ell

AL'NAGAR,
;

n.

sworn

officer,

meas whose
2.

It is

not good

that

man

should be alone.

Gen.
It
is

ii.

wise called charity. A lame man was laid

an alms

woolen duty was to inspect and measure This ofiice cloth, and fix upon it a seal.
Statute, 11. and 12. Will. No duty or office of this kind exists in the United States. cake of wax with the AL'NIGHT, n.

[This adjective
applied to
tilings,

follotvs its noun.]

two or more persons or

;

was abolished by

Acts iii. Cornelius gave much alms to the people Acts X. Tenure by free alms, or frank-almoign, in is England, is that by which the possessor bound to pray for the soul of the donor, whetlier dead or alive ; a tenure by which

3.

wick

in the midst.

Bacon
.3.

when separate fi-oni others, in a withplace or condition by themselves out company. And when they %vere aUne, he expounded all tilings to his disciples. Mark, iv.
Only.

niou whose name alone is Jehovah. Ps. Ixxxiii. most of the ancient monasteries and relicording to the Latin. [L. aloe Gr. aXorj Tills sense at first appears to be adverhouses in England held their lands Port. It. Fr. aloe ; Ileb. plu. D'^HN aloegious Sp. whose name single, bial, but really is not as do the parochial clergy, and many trees.] ecclesiastical and eleemosynary establishsniitary, wilhout another, is Jehovah. monogynian hexanders ments at this day. Land thus held was Inbotany, agenusof all natives of warm cli- To let alone is to suffer to rest to forbear of many species free from all rent or other service. molesting or meddling with to suffer to mates, and most of them, of the southern Bkickstone. remain in its present state. Alone, in this of Africa. which ALMS-BASKET; ALMS-BOX; ALMS- part the Mohammedans, the aloe is a phrase, is an adjective, the word to symlet let me alone it refers being omitted CHEST vessels appropriated to receive Among in Egypt and every bohc plant, especially them alone let it alone that is, suffer it alms. one who returns from a pilgrimage to to be unmolested, or to remain as it is, or 'ALMS-DEED, n. An act of charity a char Mecca, hangs it over his street door, as a let it remain by itself. itable gift. token that lie has performed the journey. ALO'NE, adv. Separately by itself. 'ALMS-FOLK, n. Persons supporting oth In Africa, the leaves of the Guinea aloe are ALO'NELY, a. or adv. Only merely ers by alms. [JVot ttserf.] Gower. 'ALMS-GIVER, n. One who gives to the made into durable ropes. Of one species singly. [JVot tised.] Bacon. are made fishing Unes, bow strings, stock- ALO'NENESS, 7i. That state which bepoor. of and hammocs. The leaves of another other. [JVot ttsed.] The bestowment J^Iontague. ings ALMS-GIVING, longs to no

AL'OE,

and popularly

n. al'o, plu. aloes, pronounced aloze, al'oez, in three syllables, ac;

charity.

ALMS-HOUSE,
by the
public.

n.

house appropriated

for the use of the poor,

who

ALOES,

are supported

species hold rain water. in mediciyie, is the inspissated juice of the aloe. The juice is collected from the leaves, which are cut and put in a tub

ALONG',
Fr.

ALMS-MEN, ALMS-PEOPLE,
provision.

I S

n. Persons supported by charity or by pubhc

and when a large quantity

is

is

procured,
;

il

adv. [Sax. and-lang or ond-lang au long, le long. See Long. The Saxons always prefixed and or 07irf, and the sense seems to be, by the length, or opposite the length, or in the direction of the
;

AL'MUANTAR,

n.

[Arabic]

series of

circles of the sphere passing

through the

center of the sun, or of a star, parallel to It is synonymous with the horizon. zenith parallel of altitude, whose common
is

the vertical

ALMUCANTAR'S

wav. 1 Sam. vi. in a line, or with a progressive 2. Oiiward motion as, a meteor glides along the sky ; let us walk along. Aloes is a stimulating stomachic purgative point. when taken m small doses, it is useful for AU along signifies the w hole length through Bailey. Encyc. Johnson. the whole distance in the whole way or of a lax habit and sedentary hfe. STAFF. An instrument
; ; ; ; ;

boiled to a suitable consistence or it is till all the fluid part exhaled. There are several kinds sold in the shops as the socotrine aloes from So cotora, an isle in the Indian ocean the and hepatic or conunon Barbadoes aloes the fetid or caballine aloes.

length.]
1.

exposed to the sun,

;

By the length lengthwise in a line with the length as, the troops marched along the bank of the river, or along the high;
;

people

of box or pear-tree, having

aii

arch of

fif-

Encyc.

length.

ALP
Ishmae) went forth, weeping all along as he went. Jer. xli. 1 Sam. xxviii. AloVfT with signifies in company ; joined witii Sometimes as, Go along with us.
:

ALT

A L T
;

of an alphabet ; to form an alphabet in a Heb. n^S>' Ceh, alt, ailt, a high place hook, or designate the leaves by the letters ui)per, b;', high.] of th(! alphabet. In mnsic, a term apiilied to high notes in the ALPHABETA'RIAN, n. A learner while scale. In sculpture, (illo-relitvo, high rewWi is omitted in the A. B. C. lief, is when the figures project half or Come then, my trienci, my genius, come along. ALPHABETIC, In the order of an ) more, without being entirely detached "' Pope- ALP11ABET'IAL, from the ground. alphabet, or in the ^ Encyc. Ch/c. Along side, in seamen's language, that is, by order of the letters as customarily ar ALTAIC, or ALTA'IAN, a. [tart, a'lathe lengtli or in a line with tlie side, signiranged. tau, perhaps a/-<ag-, high mountain. Tooke fies side by side, as by another sliip or by In an alphabet ALPHABET'IeALLY, adv. tlie side of a wharf. ical maimer ; in the customary order of Pertaining to the Altai, a vast ridge of moiuiAlong shore is by the shore or coast, lengththe letters. tains extending, in an easterly direction, wise, and near the shore. ALPHE'NIX, n. [at and phmnix.] through a considerable part of Asia, and Lying along is lying on the side, or pressed White barley sugar, used for colds. It is forming a boundary between the Russian down by the weight of sail. Mar. Did. common sugar boiled till it will easily and Chinese dominions. ALONGST', adv. Along through or by the crack then poured upon an oiled marble Pinkerton. Encyc. Knolles. Otis. length. table, and molded into various figures. ^L'TAR, n. [L. allure, probably from the ALOOF', adv. [Probably from the root of Encyc. same root as alius, higli Celtic, alt, a high have, to depart.] AL'PHEST, n. A small fish, having a purplace.] 1. At a distance, but within view, or at a ple back and belly, with yellow sides, a 1. A mount a table or elevated place, ou small distance, in a literal sense ; as, to smooth mouth, and thick fleshy lips which sacrifices were anciently offered to stand aloof. always caught near the shore or among some deity. Altars were originally made 2. In o figurative sense, not concerned in a rocks. iMhrus Cinadus, Linne. of turf, afterwards of stone, wood or horn ; design ; declining to take any share, imDid. ofJVat. Hist. some were round, others square, others plying circumspection keeping at a dis- ALPHON'SIN, n. A surgical in.strument triangular. They diflered also in highth, tance from the point, or matter in debate. for extracting bullets from wounds, so the The principal AL'OPECY, n. [Gr. a?.7t);|, a fox, whose called from its inventor, Alphonsus Fer- but all facedJews east. the altar of inaltars of the were, urine is saiil to occasion baldness.] rier of It consists of three A disease, called the fox-evil or scurf, which branches, Naples. close by a ring, and open cense, of biuiit-ofterings, and of showwhich bread all of shittim wood, and covered is a falling off of the hau-, from any part wlien it is drawn hack. Encyc. with gold or brass. Encyc. of the body. Encyc. Bailey. ALPHON'SIN TABLES. Astronomical ta 2. Qui'jicy. In modern churches, the communion table ALO'SA,n. Afish ofpassage,called the shad, bles made by Alphonsus king of Arragon. a place of and, figuratively, a church of Clua or motlier of
; ; ; ; ; ;
;

Bailey. worshiji. an abilominal, and some naturAL'PHUS, n. [Gr. oit^oj, white.] 3. In scripture, Christ is called the altar of alists allege it to be a different species That species of leprosy called vitiligo, m Christians, he being the atoning sacrifice from the shad. Encyc. Diet, of N'at. Hist. which the skin is rough, with white spots. for sin. ALOUD', adv. [a and loud ; Sax. gehlyd, We have an altar, whereof they have no Quincy. clamor. See Loud.] AL'PINE, o. [L. alpinus, from Alpes.] Heb. xiii. right to eat, who serve tabernacles. Loudly with a loud voice, or great noise. 1. Pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty AL'TAR-CLOTH, n. A cloth to lay upon Ciy aloud, spare not. Isa. Iviii. elevated. mountain very high an altar in churches. L. 2. n. [Qu. Gr. aX(f>o;, white ALP, ALPS, Growing on liigli mountains as, alpine .\L'TAR-PIECE, n. A painting placed The Celts called all high mounalbus. Milton. Thomson. over the altar in a church. h'arton. plants. Cluver. tains alpes or olbe. Thucydides AL'PINE, n. A kind of strawberry grow- AL'TAR-WISE, adv. Placed in the manmentions a castle, mthe territory of Argos, ner of an altar. Howell. ing on lot\v hills. situated on a hill and called Olpas or Olp. AL PIST, or AL'PIA, n. The seed of the aL'TARAgE, n. The profits arising to Lib. 3. Ca. 105. Pelloutier, Hist, des Celfox-tail a small seed, used for feeding priests from oblations, or on account of The derivation of the tes, Liv. 1. 15. birds. the altar. Also, in law, altars erected in Encyc. word from aJ.^05, white, is therefore doubt- AL'QUIER, )i. A measure in Portugal for virtue of donations, before the reformaIn Ir. or Gaelic, ailp is a huge mass or ful. dry things, as well as liquids, containing tion, within a parochial church, for the half an ainuide or about two gallons. It lump.] purpose of singuig a mass for deceased A high mountain. The name, it is supposed, is called also Cantar. Port. Diet. friends. was originally given to mountains whose AL'QUIFOU, n. A sort of lead ore, which, .\L'TARIST, or ALTAR-THANE, Encyc. n. In were covered with snow, and hence tops when broke, looks like anthnony. It is old laws, an appellation gi^en to the priest of appropriately applied to the mountains foimtl in Cornwall, England used by also a to whom the altarage belonged Swisserland; so tliat by Alps is generally potters to give a green varnish to their Ci/c. chaplain. understood the latter mountains. But gewares, and called ])otters ore. A small AL'TER, v. t. [Fr. alterer ; Sp. alferar ; It. ographers apply the name to any high mixture of manganese gives it a blackish alterare ; from L. alter, another. See mountains. Pinkerton. hue. Alien. Alter is supposed to be a contracEncyc. .\LPAG'NA, n. An animal of Peru, used ALREAD'Y, adv. alred'dy. [all and ready. tion of a'f.xoitpfios, alienus, of 0W.0; and as a beast of burden ; the Camelus Paco See Ready.] irifioi.] of Linne, and the Pacos of Pennant. to make differ1. To make some change in Literally, a state of complete preparation Diet. ofjVat. Hist. ent in some particular to vary in some but, by an easy deflection, the sense is, at AL'PHA, Ji. [Ileb. fji'js an ox, a leader.] this time, or at a specified time. degree, without an entire change. Mat. xvii. The first letter in the Greek alphabet, anElias is come already. Aly covenant will I not break, nor aller the Ex. i. Ps. Ixxxix. Josepli was in Egypt already. thing that has gone out of my hps. swering to A, and used to denote first or or materially as, to It has reference to ])a.st time, but may be 2. To change entirely beginning. In general, to alter is to alter an opinion. 1 am Alpha and Omega. Rev. i. used for a fiiture past as, when you shal As a numeral, it stands lor one. It was forchange partiall)- to change is more genearrive, the business v\ill be aiready com been completed ai rally to substitute one thing for another, merly used also to denote chief ; as, Plato l)leted, or will have was the Alpha of the wits. or to make a material diflerence in a thing. ready. AL'PHABET, n. [Gr. 0.%^ and BijT-a, A aL'SO, adv. [all and so. Sax. eat and swa; AL'TER, v. i. To become, hi some respects, to varj' and JS.] different a*, the weather alters eat, all, the whole, and swa, so.] The letters of a language arranged in the Likewise in like manner. ahiiost daily. The law wliich altereth not. Dan. vi. the series of letters Where your treasure is, there will your heart customary order n. The quaUty of which form the elements of speech. be also. Mat. xvi. AL'TERABILITY, being AL'PIL\BET, V. t. To arrange in the order ALT or AL'TO, a. [It. from L. alius, high susceptible of alteration.

herrings,

species

pea.

It is

A L T
AL'TERABLE,
ferent
;

ALT
dif-

ALT
and an annual stalk rising four or five feet. It abounds with mucilage, and is used as
an emollient.
allho', obs. verb, or used only in the Imperative, [all and though ; from Sax. thah, or theah ; Ir. daighim, to Ger. doch ; D. dog ; Sw. dock, and give endoch ; Dan. dog, though. See Though.] Grant all this be it so allow all suppose that; admit all that; as, "although the fig-tree shall not blossom." Hab. iii. That is, grant, admit or sujipose what follows " the It is a fig-tree shall not blossom." transitive verb, and admits after it the definitive Ma< although that the fig-tree shall not blossom but this use of the verb,
;

a.

Tliat

may become

that

may

vary.

cutting line the one below the first parallel, and the other above the second.
;

n. Tlie quality of Johnson variableness. In heraldry, the first and fourth quarters, ; and the second and third, are usually of .kL'TERABLY, adv- In a manner that may be altered, or varied. the same nature, and are called alternate AL'TERAGE, n. [From alo, to feed.] quarters. The breeding-, nourishing or fostering of a n. That which happens by child. Sir J. Davies. But this is not an turns with something else ; vicissitude. word. Prior. English

AL'TERABLENESS,
ailniitting alteration

ALTHO'UGH,

Encyc.

ALTERN'ATE,

.aL'TER ANT,
ing.

a.

Altering gradually chang

;

AL'TERNATE,

Ai'TERANT,

?!.

medicine which, with

out a sensible operation, gradually corrects the state of tlie body and changes it from a diseased to a healthy condition. An al
terative.

See Alter. With the accent on the second syllable, the participle alternating can hardly be
v.
t.

[L. alterno.

Encyc.
.

pronounced.] To perform by turns, or in succession to cause to succeed by turns to change one Quinai. thing for another reciprocally ; as, God
; ;

has been long obsolete.

The word may

be defined by notwithstanding, non obstanalternates good and evil. [L. altemtio.] The act of making ditlerent, or of varying i-. . To happen or to act te ; as nut opposing may be equivalent to in some particular an admitting or supposing. by turns; as, the flood and ebb tides ofteraltering or partial n. [L. altus, high, and nnte with each other. change ; also the change made", or the loss or acquisition of qualities not essential to 2. To follow reciprocally in place. loquor, loquens, speaking.] the form or nature of a thing. Thus a with each oth-i Lofty speech ; ponqious Diflerent species alternating language. tTirwan.l cold substance suffers an alteration when n. [L. altus, high, and Gr. adv. In reciprocal sucit becomes hot. &ee Measure and Mode.,\ Hitfov, measure. cession by turns, so that each is succeed- An instrument for a. altitudes

ALTERA'TION,

AL'TERNATE,

ALTIL'OQUENCE,
ALTIM'ETER,

ALTERN'ATELY,
;

AL'TERATIVE,
having the

Causmg

alteration;

AL'TERATIVE,

n. A medicuie winch, without sensible operation, gradually in duces a change in the habit or constitution and restores healtliy functions. This word is more generally used than alterant.
v.
i.

power

to alter.

succeeds, as night lows day and day follows night.

it

ed by that which

fol-

by geotaking metrical principles, as a geometrical quadrant.

n.

ALTERN'ATENESS,
sion.

quality of being alternate, or of following in succesn.

The

ALTIM'ETRY,
altitudes by

The

art

of ascertaining

means of a proper instrument,

AL'TERNATING,
lowing by turns.

ppr. Performing or

and by trigonometrical principles without

fol-

AL'TERCATE,
To
;

[L.

altercor,

alterco,

from atte}-, another.] contend in words to dispute with heat or anger to wrangle.
; ;

ALTERNA'TION,
;

zeal,

ALTERA'TlON, n. [h. altercatio.] Warm contention in words dispute carried

on with
wrangle.
heat or anger
a. [h. alternus,
; ;

controversy
2.

AL'TERN,
1.

Acting by turns
alternate,

of alter, another.] one succeeding another

is

which

the

word

generally

used.
2.

In chryxtalography, exhibiting, on two an upper and a lower part, feces which alternate among themselves, but which, when the two parts are compared Cleaveland. correspond with each other. .iltei-n-base, in trigonometry, is a term used in distinction from the true base. Thus in oblique triangles, the true base is the sum of the sides, and then the difference of the sides is the altern-base or the true base is the difference of the sides, and then the sum of the sides is the altern-base.
parts,
;

Enctic.

AL'TERNACY,
by turns.

Performance or actions

[Little tised.]

ALTERN'AL, a. Alternative. [Little uxed.] ALTERN'ALLY, adv. By turns. [Utile

used.]

May.
a.
;

ALTERN'ATE,
1.

[L. alternatiis.]
in
;

Beingby turns one following the other

succession of time or place
rocal.

hence recipand
rise.

And
2.

bid alternate passions

fall

Pope.

In hotany, branches and leaves are alterwhen they rise higher on opposite come out singly, and follow in gradual order. Encyc. Lee. Alternate alligation. [See Alligation.] Alternate angles, in geometry, the internal made by a line cutting two paralangles lels, and lying on opposite sides of the
nate,

sides alternately,

[See Tincal.] Encyc. ALTIS'ONANT, ? a. [L. altus, high, and be rung ALTIS'ONOl'S, ^ sonans, sountliug; sonus, multiidy the numbers 1, 2, 3, sound.] 4, 5, 6, continually into one another, and High sounding, lofty or pompous, as lanthe last product is the number required. guage. Evelyn. This is catied permutation. AL'TITUDE, n. [L. altittido, of alius, high, 3. The answer of the and a common termination, denoting state, congregation speaking condition or manner.] alternately with the minister. 4. Alternate performance, in the choral 1. Space extended the upward higlith sense. Mason. elevation of an object above its foundaALTERN'ATIVE, a. [Fr. alternatif.] tion as, the altitude of a mountain, or column or the elevation of an object or Offering a choice of -two things. ALTERN'ATIVE, n. That wliich may be place above the surface on which we chosen or omitted a choice of two things, stand, or above the earth as, the altitude so that if one is taken, the other must be of a cloud or a meteor or the elevation of left. one object above another as, of a bird Thus, when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alterabove the top of a tree. natives. In strictness, then, the word can 2. The elevation of a jioint, a star, or other not be applied to more than two things, object above the horizon. This is true or and when one thing only is offered for apparent altitude true, when taken from it is said there is no alternative. rational or real horizon choice, the apparent, Between these alternatives there is no midwhen taken from the sensible, or ajiparent dle ground. Cranch, horizon. ALTERN'ATIVELY, adv. In the manner 3. Figuratively, high degree superior e.\of alternatives in a maimer that admits cellence highest point of excellence. the choice of one out of two things. He is proud to the altitude of his virtue. Shak. ALTERN'ATIVENESS, n. The quality or state of being alternative. The altitude of the eye, in perspective, is a ALTERN'ITY, n. Succession by turns: right line let fall from the eye, pei-pendicalternation. ular to the geometrical plane. Encyc. ALTHE'A, n. [Or. axSoia, from a,7,9u, or Meridian altitude is an arch of the meridaXBaivui, to heal.] ian between the horizon and any star or In botany, a genus of monaon the meridian. polyandrian ])oinf called in Eng- ALTIV'OLANT, a. [L. altus, liigh, and vodelphs, of several species lish marsh-mallow. lans, flying.] Tlie conmion species has a perennial root, Flyuig high.
to

n. The reciprocal sue cession of things, in time or place the act of following and being followed in succession as, we observe tlie alternation of day and night, cold and heat, sunnner and winter. The different changes or alterations of orders, in numbers. Thus, if it is required
;

AL'TIN,
length.

actual mensuration. )!. A money of account in Russia, value three kopecks, or about three cents also a lake in Siberia, ninety miles yn
Tooice.

ALTIN'AR,

n. species of factitious salt or powder, used in the fiision and purification of metals, prepared in various ways.

Encyc.

know how many changes can

.six

on

bells,

A L U
AL'TO.
[It.

A
U'liih.

A M A

Pertaining to alum or A. M. stand also for Anno Mundi, in tin year of the world. Alto and Basso, high and low, in old law. alumina, or partaking of the same properties. AM, the first person of the verb to be, in tluteiiiis used to signify a snhinission of all differences of every kind to urhitration ALU'MINUM, n. The name given to the indicative mode, present tense. Sax. com Gr. n/xi Goth, im ; Pers. am. AL'TO-0TA'VO. [It.] supposed metallic base of alumina. I AM that I AM. An ortave higher. Dami. Ex. iii. AI/TO-RELIE'VO. [It.] AL'UMISII, a. Having the nature of aluni; A'MA, or HA'MA, n. [D.aam, a vessel.] somewhat resembling alum. In church affairs, a vessel to contain wine fbiHigh relief, in sculpture, is the |(rojertion of a figure lialf or more, without being en ALUM-SLATE, n. A mineral of two spethe eucharist also, a wine measure, as v cies, connnon and glossy. Cyc. tirely detached. a pipe, &:c. cask, Encyc. AL'TO-RIPIE'NO. [It.] ALUM-STONE, n. The" siliceous subsid- AMABILITY, n. [\.. amaUlis, from amo. Tlie tenor of the great chorus, which sings phate of alumina and potash. Cleaveland. to love.] A species of leather- Loveliness the and plays only in particular places. Encyc. ALU'TA, n. [L.] of pleasing, or rather power AL'TO-VIOLA. [It.] stone, soft, pliable aud not laminated. the combination of agreeable quahties A small tenor viol. Quincy. which win the affections. AL'TO-VIOLINO. [It.] ALUTA'TION, n. [L. aluta, tainted leath- AMAD'AVAI), 7!. A small curious Taylor. bird ol' small tenor violin. er.] the size of the crested wren the upper ALTOGETH'ER, adv. [all and together. The tanning of leather. part of the body is brown, the prime feathJi. See Together.] alveare, a bee AL'VE.\RY, [L. alveanum, ers of the wings black. hive, from alvus, the belly.] Wholly entirely completely ; without exDiet. ofJVat. Hist. The hollow of the external ear, or bottom ception. AMADET'TO, n. A sort of pear, so called, of the concha. Every man at his best estate is altogether (^uincy. it is said, from a person who cultivated it. Ps. xxxix. > a. [L. alveolus, a socket vanity. AL'VEOLAR, Skinner. AL'UDEL, n. [a and lulum, without lute. AL'VEOLARY, ^ fi-om alveus, a hollow vesAMAD'OGADE, n. A .small beautiful bird Lwiier.] sel.] in Peru the upper part of its body and In chimistry, aludels are cartliern pots will Coiuaining sockets, hollow cells or pits pera lively green, its breast red, wings are of out bottoms, tluit the)' may be exactly fittaining to .sockets. Anatomy. and its belly white. Diet. Hist. ted into each other, and used in sublimaVL'VEOLATE, a. [L. alveolatus, from al- AM'ADOT, 71. A sort of pear. ofJVat. Johnson. tions. At till! bottom of the furnace is a veus, a hollow vessel.] AM'ADOU, n. variety ofthe l)oIetus igniapot containing the matter to be sublimed, Deeply pitted, so as to resemble a honey found on old ash and other trees. rius, and at the top a head to receive the volacomb. Martyn. Urr. tile matter. (juincy. Encyc. ALVEOLE, ? ri e , 1 This is written also amadou', and called fcfacA; " ''"" f "'""'s-l AL'L'M, n. [h. alumen.] AL'VEOLUS, \ ^^match, txnd pyrotechnical spunge, on account triple sulphate of alumina and potassa 1. A cell in a bee hive, or in a fossil. of its inflanunabihty. Cyc. Tliis substance is white, transparent and 2. The socket in tlie which a tooth is jaw, AMA'TN, adv. [Sax. a and magn, force, fixed. very astringent but seldom found pure See May, Might.] strengtli. or crystahzed. Tliis salt is usually pi'e- 3. A sea fossil of a conic figure, composed of With force, strength or violence ; violently a number of cells, like bee-hives, joined pared by roasting and lixiviating certain furiously suddenly at once. clays containing pyrites, and to the lye by a pipe of conununication. Encyc. What, when we fled amain. Milton. adding a certain quantity of potassa the AL'VEOLITE, n. [L. alveolus, and Gr. Let go amain, in seamen's language, or strike salt is then obtained by crystalization. XiOof.] amain, is to let fall or lower at once. Alum is of great use in medicine and the In natural history, a kind of stony polypiers, Mar. Did. In medicine, it is used as an astrin arts. of a globular or hemispherical shape AMAL'GAM, n. [Gr. .uaXoy^a, fi-om juaxaauw, internally, in hemoptoe, diarrhea, formed by munerous concentric beds, each gent to soften. Its usual derivation is certainly and dysentery externally, as a styptic composed of a union of httle cells. erroneous.] Diet, of Xat. Hist. 1. applied to bleeding vessels, and as an esmixture of merctn-y or quicksilver witli charotic. In the arts, it is used in dyeing AL'VINE, a. [from alvus, the belly.] another metal any metalUc alloy, of which 10 fix colors in making candles, for hard Belonging to the belly or intestines. mercury forms an essential constituent ening the tallow in tanning, for restoring jDari*t)i. part. Cyc. tlie cohesion of skins. ALWAR'GRIM, n. The spotted plover, 2. A mixture or comjioimd of diflferent Wehster^s Manual. Encyc. Fourcroy. Charadrius Apricanus. Pennant. Burke. things. ALUM-EARTH, n. A massive mineral, of AL'WAY or AL'WAYS, adv. [all and way ; A3IALGAMATE, i-. t. To mix quicksilver a blackish brown color, a dull luster, and Sax. eal, and iceg, way properly, a going with another metal. Gregory uses amalsoft consistence. Ure. at all goings hence, at all times.] gamize. AL'UMIN, ) n. An earth, or earthy sub- 1. all time as, God 2. To mix different tilings, to make a comPerpetually throughout ALU'MINA, \ stance, which has been conis always the same. pound to unite. sidered to be elementary, and called pure 2. Continually without variation. ABIAL'GAMATE, v. i. To mix or unite in (lay but recently, chimical experiments i do nlway those things which please him an amalgam to blend. liave given reason to beheve it to be a John viii. Mat. xxviii. AaiAL'GAMATED, pp. Mixed with quickmetalHc oxyd, to the base of which has 3. Continually or constantly during a certain silver; blended. been given the name aluminum. This period, or regularly at stated intervals. metallic base however has not been obppr. Mixing quicksilMephibosheth shall eat bread alway at my taver with another metal compounding. tained in such a state as to make its proble. 2 Sam. ix. AMALGAMA'TION, n. The act or operaperties susceptible of examination. Alum- 4. At all convenient times regularly. tion of mixing mercury with another ina is destitute of taste aud smell. When Cornelius prayed to God alway. Acts x metal. moistened with water, it forms a cohesive Luke xviii. Eph. vi. Encyc. and ductile mass, susceptible of beuig Alway is now seldom used. The applica- 2. The mixing or blending of diflerent kneaded into regular forms. tion of this compound to time proceeds tilings. AM'ALOZK, n. Webster's Manual. from the primary sense of icay, which large aquatic fowl of Dainj. Cyc. Mexico. Diet, of .\a?. Hist. ALU'MINIFORM, a. Having the form of a going or passing hence, continuationalumina. MAN'D0L.\, n. A green marble, having Chaptal A. M. stand for Artium Magister, master of the ajipearance of honey comb, and conAL'UMINITE, n. Subsulphate of alumina: arts, the second degree given by universia mineral that occurs in small roundish or called in some counties and colleges of 100 parts, 76 are taining white spots reniform masses. Its color is snow white In America mild calcarious earth, 20 shist and 2 iron. tries, doctor of philosophy. nr yellowish white. this degree is conferred without examinaThe cellular appearance jiroceeds from Aikin. Jameson. the shist. Cleavdand. Kirwan. .Yicholson. tion, on bachelors of three years standing.
fioni L. alius.]

ALLT'MINOUS,

a.

AMALGAMATING,

Vol.

I.

M A
at

M
;

A
also embassador
;

AMANUF'.N'SIS, n. [L. ivommamis. band.] A person whose fniiiloynicnt is to write vvliat

and as the orthography of embassy is established, it would he better to w rite embassador. See anotlier dictates. Embassador.] Mark il. Luke v. AMARANTH, ) n. [Gr. a^apoirof, of a Tills word implies astonishment or perplex- AM'BE or AM'BI, n. [Gr. a^S^, a brim; trom amb, about.] AMARANTH'US, ^ neg. and ^opaou, to ity, arising trom something extraordinary, but in surgery, an instruLiterally, a brim decay so called, it is said, because, when unexpected, imaccountable, or frightful ment for reducing dislocated shoulders, so cropped, it does not soon wither.] AMA'ZE, n. Astonishment confusion per- called from the jutting of its Flower-gentle; a genus of plants, of many extremity. plexity, arising from fear, surprise or won Also the mango tree. Oftliesethe tricolored has long species. It is chiefly used in poetry, suid is der. been cultivated in gardens, on account of Quincy. Encyc. Core. nearly synonymous with amazement. the beauty of it.s variegated leaves. AM'BER, n. [Fr. amirc 'Sji. ambar; Port. AMA'ZED, pp. Astonished confotmded id; It. ambra; an oriental word Pers. Encyc. with fear, smprise or wonder. <J s^o; ;

they shall be amazed They shall be afraid one another. Is. xiii. They were all amazed and glorified God.

AM'ARANTH,
ple.

n.

color inclining to purCyc,

AM A'ZEDLY,
manner
to

adv.

With amazement
[lAttle used.]

in a

AMARANTH'INE,
consisting bling amarantli.
;

a.
of,

ranth

Belonging to atnacontauiing, or resem-

confound.

AMA'ZEDNESS,n. The state of being con

founded with fear, surprise or wonder astonishment great wonder. AMA'ZEMENT, i. Astonishment; confusion or perplexity, from a sudden impress ion of fear, surprise or wonder. It is sometimes accompanied with fear or terror sometimes merely extreme wonder or ad miration at some great, sudden or unexjjected event, at an unusual sight, or at the narration of extraordinary events. AMA'ZING, ppr. Confounding with fear, surprise or wonder. 9. a. Very wonderful e.xciting astonish
; ; ;

-AAC anbar

or anabar;

Ar.

j^;^^
.

anba-

[L. anmriludo, from amants, bitter ; from Heb. "TO bitter.] Bitterness. [J^ot much used.] n. [The name of a country AMARYL'LIS,

AMAR'ITUDE, n.

Kings x. 2. 10, the Arabic is rendered spices. The Arabic word is rendered by Castle, amber, a marine fish, a shield made of skins, crocus and finms. In Eth.
1 the
xii.
1 1

ron. In 1

Theocritus and VirgU.] In botany, lily-daffodil, a genus of liliaceous plants of several species, which are cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their flowers. Encyc. AM'ASS, V. t. [Fr. amasser ; It. ammnssare : L. massa, a heap or lump Gr. nai^a. See
girl in
;

40.

4 anbar is rendered a whale, and word is used in Jonah, ii. 1. and Matli. This word is placed by Castle under
to

<_.^A

produce

grapes,

and

i^^^c

Mass.]
1.

2.

In an astonishing dea mountain, the sense of which is'a lump gree in a maimer to excite astonishment, and this may be the or mass collected or to perplex, confound or terrify. sense of amber. In German, Dutch, SweAM'AZON, n. [This is said to he formed of dish and Danish, it has the name of burnthings together a neg. and ^afos, breast. History informs phrases. stone.] us, tliat the Amazons cut off their right AM'ASS, n. An assemblage, heap or accu- breast, that it might not incommode them A hard semi-pellucid substance, tasteless and mulation. without smell, except when pounded or [This is superseded by Mass." This in shooting and hurling thejavehn. or in AlVrASSED, pp. Collected in a heap, heated, when it emits a fragrant odor. It is doubtless a fable.] is found in alluvial soils, or on the sea a great quantity or number accumulated. 1. The Amazons are said to have by historians, AM'ASSING, ppr. Collecting in a heap, or been a race of female warriors, who foun- shore, in many places particularly on the shores of the Baltic, in Europe, and at in a large quantity or number. ded an empire on the river Thermodon, in a collected AM'ASSMENT, n. A heap Cape Sable, in Maryland, in the U. States. Asia Minor, on the coast of the Euxine. The ancient opinion of its vegetable origin large quantity or number brought togethare said to have excluded men from They seems now to be established, and it is beer an accumulation. their society and by their warlike enter V. t. [SeeJt/a/f.] To accompany; lieved or known to be a fossil resin. It \MA'TE, and alarmei prises, to have conquered also to terrify, to perplex. [JVot used.] yields by distillation an em])yreimiatic oil, surroimding nations. Some writers treat and the succinic acid, which subhmes in AMATEU'R, n. [Fr., from L. amator, a these accounts as fables. small wliite needles. Its color usually prelover, from amo, to love.] Herodian. Justin. sents .some tinge of yellow. It is highly person attached to a jjarticular pursuit, 2. By analogy, a warlike or masculine woelectrical, and is the basis of a varnish. study or science, as to music or painting man a virago. Burke. one who has a taste for the arts. Journal of Science. Encyc. Chambers. 3. This name lias been given to some Ameri .A.MATO'RIAL, } a. [L. amatorius, from amo, can females, on the banks of the largest ."VM'BER, a. Consisting of; or resembUiig amber. AM'ATORY, S to love.] river in the world, who joined their hus 1. Relating to love as, aniatorial verses cau bands in attacking the Sjianiards that first AM'BER, V. t. To scent with amber. drink resembling sing love as, amatory potions produced This trivial occur- AMBER-DRINK, i. visited the country. andjer in color. by se.xual intercourse as, amatorial prorence gave the name Amazon to that river, Daricin. AMBER-DROPPING, a. Dropping amber. geny. whose real name is Maranon. a term applied to the oblique 2. In anatomy, Milton. Garcilasso, p. 60C. muscles of the eye, from their use in AM'BER-SEED, n. Musk-seed, resembling AMAZO'NIAN, a. Pertaining to or resem- millet. It is of a bitterish ta.ste, and brought ocling. Applied to females, from Egypt and the W. Indies. .^MATO'RIALLY, adv. In an amatorial bling an Amazon. manners warlike. bold of mascuhne Dann Chambers. manner; l>v way of love. 2. Belonging to the river Maranon in South .'VMAURO'SiS, n. [Gr. a^ai^po;, obscure.] AM'BER-TREE, n. The English name of A loss or decay of sight, without any visible America, or to Amazonia, the country a species of Anthospermum, a shrub, with lying on that river. defect in the eye, e.xcept an innnovable evergreen leaves, which, when bruised, Some- AMB, AM. About; around; used in compopupil ; called also gutta sere^ta. Miller. W. am ; Ir. im, emit a fragrant odor. Sax. emb, ymb sition. times the disease is periodical, coming on um ; G. Mm I>. om ; Dan. om ; Sw. om AM'BERGRIS, n. [amber and Fr. gris, suddenly, continuing for hours or days, Gr. a.ucj>i Lat. am or amb. gray gray amber.] and then disappearing. It has sometimes to drive.] A sohd, opake, ash-colored inflammable subbeen cured by electricity. Encyc. Coxe AMBA'GES, n. [L. amb and ago, a circuit of words to 1. A circumlocution; stance, variegated like marble, remarkably on its surface, and when ideas which may be expressed in light, rugged AMA'ZE, V. t. [Qu. Ar. (j-*.j to perplex express fewer words. heated, it has a fragrant odor. It does not it melts easily into effervesce with acids 2. A winding or turning. or confuse or from maze.] To confound with fear, sudden surprise, or AMBAS'SADOR, n. [This is the more com- a kind of yellow resin, and is highly solumon orthography but good authors write ble in spirit of wine. Various opinions wonder to astonish.

collect into a heap; to gather a great quantity ; to accumulate ; as, to amass a

To
To

inent, or per])lexity.

AMA'ZINGLY,
;

adv.

The signifies grapes, Ch. and Heb. 2ip. Chaldee verb signifies to join or connect, and the sense of this word, a])plied to grapes, is a cluster, like grape in Enghsh. It signifies also in Ch. a tumor, a pustle,
;

treasure.

collect in great
;

numbers to add many as, to amass words or

;

A
liave

B
its ori-

A M B
The
line that

A M B
;

been entertained respecting

but it is well ascertained, that it is indurated fecal matter, discharged by the spermaceti whale, a species of pkyseter. It has been found in that species of whale, but usually is found floating on the surface of the ocean, in regions frequented by whales sometimes in masses of from GO to 225 lbs. weight. In this sub.stance are found the beaks of the cuttle fish, on which
gin
;

It is highly that whale is known to feed. valued as a material in perfumery.

Encyc.

AM'BIDEXTER,
dexter, the right
1.

n.

[L. ambo, both,

and

hand.]
liands with equal

))erson

who uses both

;

facility.

8.

double dealer

one equally ready to

act on either side in party disputes. [This sense is used in ludicrous Imiguage.]
3.

Inlaw, a juror

who

takes

money of both
;

parties, for giving his verdict cer.

an embraCowel.

AMBIDEXTER'ITY, AMBIDEX'TROUSNESS,
a verdict.

? n.

The faculty
;

of using both I hands with equal facility; double dealing the taking of money from both parties for
a.

AMBIDEXTROUS,

Having the

faculty
;

of using both hands with equal ease practicing or siding with both parties. AMBIENT, a. [L. ambietis, from ambio, to go roimd, trom amb, about, and eo, to go.] Surrounding encompassing on all sides
;

investing;

apphed
;

to fluids or diflTusible

ingcom-j AM'BLYOPY, n. [Gr. a^uSj^j, dull, and ^4, or the sur eye.] etry, the perimeter of a figure, The periphery or circum- Incipient amaurosis; dulness or obscurity of face of a body. ference of a circular body. sight, without any apparent defect of tlie Johnson. Encyc. organs si^o-ht so depraved that objects AMBI"TION, n. [L. ambitio, from ambio, to can be seen only in a certain light, distiuice, or position! go about, or to seek by making interest, of Encyc. Coir. and eo, to go. See Ambages. AM' BO, J!. [Gr. a^Sui, a pulpit ; L. umbo, a ami), about, This word had its origin in the practice of boss.] Roman candidates for office, who went A reading desk, or pulpit. UluUr. about the city to solicit votes.] DA, n. [fiom amber.] A kind of A desire of i)referment, or of honor a desire factitious amber, which the Europeans sell to the Africans. of excellence or superiority. It is used in Encyc. a good sense as, emulation may spring AMBRO'SIA, n. ambro'zha, [Gr. a neg. and from a laudable ambition. It denotes also (Spofof, mortal, because it was supposed to confer inmiortality on them that f(;d on it.] an inordinate desire of power, or eminence, often accompanied with illegal 1. In heathen ayiiif/uity, the imaginary food of the gods. Hence, means to obtain the object. It is sometimes followed by of ; as, a man has an 2. Whatever is very pleasing to the taste or smell. The name has also been given to ambition of wit. Rlilton has used the word certain alexipliarmic compositions. in the Latin sense of going about, or attempting but this sense is hardly legiti- A3IBROSIAL, a. ambro'zhal. Partaking of the nature or qualities of ambrosia framate. AMBITION, V. t. [Fr. ambitionner.] grant delighting the taste or smell as, ambrosial dews. Ben Jonson uses ambroAmbitiously to seek after. [Little used.] siac in a like sense, and Bailey has amKing. brosian, but these seem not to be warAMBI"TIOUS,tt. Desirous of power, honor ranted bv usage. ottice, superiority or excellence aspiring eager for fame followed by of before a AMBRO'SIAN, a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. The Ambrosian office, or ritual, is noun; as, ambitious q/" glory. a formida of worship in the church of 2. Showy ada])ted to command notice or Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose, in the praise as, ambitious ornaments. fourth centurv. 3. to swell or rise higher Encyc. Figuratively, eager ' as, the ambitious ocean. Shak. AM'BROSIN, n. In the middle ages, a coin AMBI'TIOUSLY, adv. In an ambition.' struck by the dukes of 3Iilan, on which
;

encompasses a thing

AMBREA

substances
a knee.]

as, the
a.

ambient

air.

Milton.

manner

AMBI(i'ENAL,

[L. ambo, both,

and gemt,

with an eager desire after pren.

St.

ferment, or superiority.

An

AMBI'TIOUSNESS,
ing ambitious
used.
;

The

Ambrose was represented on horseback, with a whip in his right hand.

Encyc.
n.

ambigcnal hyperbola is one of the triple hyperbolas of the second order, having one of its infinite legs falling within an angle formed by the asymptotes, and the
other without.

quality of be-

ambition.
ambition,

Being nearly
it

AM'BRY,
nerie,

[contracted from Fr. aumoalmoigne,

synonymous with

is

not of\en
1.

almonry, from old Fr.

;

AM'BLE,
to

I',
;

Encuc.

walk

i. [Fr. ambler, from L. ambulo, Qu. amb, about, and the root of

AM'BIGU,n. [Fr. See Ambiguity.] An entertainment or feast, consisting

medlev of dishes.

Fr.

alter.]

of a

1.

AMBIGU'ITY,
umbigu.]

n.

[L. ambiguitas,

King. from
2.

Doublfuhiess or uncertainty of signification, from a word's being susceptible of different meanings double meaning. Words should be used which admit of no am;

with a certain peculiar pace, as a horse, first lifting his two legs on one side, and then changing to the other. Edin. Encyc. To move easy, without hard shocks.

To move

2.

An ahnonry a place where alms are deposited fi)r distribution to the poor. In ancient abbeys and priories there was an office of this name, in which the ahnoner Uved. A jjlace in wliich are deposited the utensils for house keeping also a cupboard a place for cold victuals.
; :

alms.]

AAIIJIG UOUS, a. [h. ambiguus.] Having two or more meanings doubtftd

; ; ;

A double ace, as when two dice turn up the In a ludicrous sense, to move with subace. Johnson. mission, or by direction, or to move afa. [L. ambulans, from amJohnson. AM'BULANT, fectedly. bulo.] AM'BLE, n. A peculiar pace of a horse. moving from place to place. horse which ambles a Walking BLER, ?i. being of uncertain signification suscepEncyc. tible of dirterent pacer. Ambulant brokers, in Amsterdam, are e.vinterpretations hence, obscure. It is applied to words and ex- AM'BLIGON, or AM'BLYGON, n. [Gr. change-brokers, or agents, who are not aiLSXvi, obtuse, and yuwo, an angle.] pressions; not to a dubious state of mind, and whose An obtuse angled triangle a triangle with sworn, in courts of testimony is not rethough it may be to a person using words ceived Encvc justice. one angle of more thap ninety degrees. of doubtful signification. AfllBULA'TION, n. [L. ambulatio.] A waUiTJie ancient oracles were Bailey. Encyc. ambiguous, as were ing about the act of walking. their answers. AMBLIG'ONAL, a. Containing an obtuse n. In entomology, a species Ash. angle. AMBIG'UOLISLY, adv. In an
3.
biguitif,
;

Him

time ambles wilha).

Shak.

AMBS'-ACE,

n. [L. ambo, both,

and

ace.]

AM

AMBULATOR,

[Gr. aueT-i^wwos, a Cerambyx of ing an obtuse angle.] Linne. Que. greenish colored mineral, of different pale a. That has the power shades, marked on the surface with red or faculty of walking as, an animal is dish and yellowish bro^vn spots. It occurs n. AMBIL'OGY, [ambo, both, and Xoyoj, ambulatory. massive or crystalized in oblique fourspeech.] 2. Pertainuig to a walk ; as, an ambulatory Talk or language of doubtful meaning. sided prisms, in granite, with topaz and view. AMBIL OQUOUS, a. [ambo, both, and tourmahn, in Saxony. U> 3. Moving from place to place not stationloquor, to speak.] AM'BLING, ppr. or a. Lifting the two legs ary as, an ambulatory court, which exeron the same side at first Using ambiguous expressions. cises its jurisdiction in different going oft', and places. AM'BIT, n. [L. ambitus, a circuit, from then changing. Johnson. ambio, to go about. See Ambient.] AM'BLINGLY, adv. With an ambUng gait. n. species of ichneu;

manner

with doubtful meaning.

;

ambiguous

AM'iSLIGONITE,

?!.

hav

AMBIG'UOUSNESS,
; ;

n. The quality of being ambiguous uncertainty of meaning ambiguity and hence, obscurity.

of Lamia, whose thorax side with two spines

is

armed on each

AMBULATORY,

AMBULATORY,

A M E
nion, with a yellowish scutellum anil spottPtl thorax. Cyc. AM'BURY, or AN'BURY, n. [Qu. L. umho, the navel ; Gr. a^Swj/.] \mong farriers, a tumor, wart or swelling on a horse, full of blood and soft to the
stable.

A M E
In
English,
afier

ME

touch.

Encyc.
;

AM'BUSADE,n.
emboscada
care,
Sji.
;

Sp. Port. It. imboscata from It. imhoscinboscar, to lie in bushes, or

;
;

[Fv. embuscade

concealed

in

and

bosco, bosque,

a wood

Eng.

bush.]

J. Literally,

a lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by hence, a lying in wait, and consiu'prise
:

the oriental 3. In laie, the correction of an error in a writ or |)rocess. manner, it is used at the begininng, but more generally at the end of declaiations Shakespeare uses it for the recovery of and prayers, in the sense of, be it firm, be healtli, but this sense is unusual. it established. AMENDS', n.plu. [Fr. amende.] And let all the people say amen. Ps. cvi. iCompensation for an injury recompense ; The word is used also as a noun. satisfaction equivalent as, the happiness " A]\ the of a future Wt'e will more than make amends promises of God are amen in C'li>isl;'* tliat is, firmness, stability, constancy. fijr the miseries of this. a. [It. menare ; Fr. mtner, AME'NABLE, AME'NITY, n. [L. amosnitas ; Fr. amhiiti ; amener ; Norm, amesner, to lead, to bring L. ameenus ; \V. mwyn, good, kind.] Fr. amener. It. ammainare, in marine lan- Pleasantness agreeableness of situation guage, to strike sail.] that which delights the eye iised of pla1. In old law, easy to be led governable, ces and prospects. Brmvn. as a woman by her husband. IThis sense AM'ENT, n. [L. amentum, a thong, or
; ; ;
;

2.

cealed in any situation, for a like pui-pose. A private station in which troops he concealed with a view to attack their ene-

is obsolete.]

2.

my

by

sui-prise

ambush.
t.

AM'"BUSADE,
to attack

v.

To

lie

in

wait

for,

or

from a concealed
pp.

position.

AMBUSCADED,

Having an ambush

responsible answera- In botany, a species of inflorescence, from a be called to account as, evcommon, chaf^' receptacle or consisting amenable to the laws. of many scales, ranged a stalk or We retain this idiom in the popular slender a.xis, which is thealong common recepphrase, to bring in, to make answerable tacle as in birch, oak, chesnut. Martyn. a man is brought in to pay the debt of as, an ament
; ;

Liable to answer
;

strap.]

ble

liable to
is

ery

man

AM'BUSADING,
AM'BySH,
1.

laid against, or attacked from a private station ; as, his troojjs were ambuscaded. ppr. Lying ui wait for

another.
*.

AMENTA'CEOUS,rt. Growing m
resembling a thong
t.
;

AM'ENAgE, v. Tomanagg. Obs. Spenser. an amentaceous inflorescence. Martyn. AM'ENANCE, n. Conduct, behavior. Obs. AMERCE, v. amers'. [A verb formed fi-om
Spenser.

as,

the chesnut has

attacking from a secret station. n. [Fr. embuche, of in and bush Dan. busk ; D. bosch ; Germ, busch ; Fr.

AMEND',
e
;

See Bush.] bosquet, boscage, hocuge, hois. private or concealed station, where troops lie in wait to attack their enemy by

1.

surj)rise.

9.

The
wait.

state of lying concealed, for the

;

pur
in

9.

pose of attacking by surprise

3.

a lying

L. emendo, of V. t. [Fr. amender neg, and menda, mendum, a fault W. mann, a spot or blemish Sp. Port, tmendar It. ammendare. See Mend.] To correct to rectify by expunging a mistake as, to amend a law. To reform, by riiiitting bad habits to make better in a moral sense; as, to amend
;
; ; ; ; ;

1.

a for on or at, antl Fr. merci, mercy, or from L. merces, reward.] To inflict a penalty at mercy ; to punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion or mercy of the court as, the court amerced the criminal in the sum of one
;

hundred
2.

dollars.

To

inflict

The

troops posted in a concealed place

3.

for attacking Lay thee an

by surprise. ambush for the

city. Josh. viii.

;

AM'BySH,
prise,

AM'BySH,

Hence it is applied to the legislature. correction of authors, by restoring passages which had been omitted, or restoring the true reading. pose of attackuig by Nor saw the snake, that ambush'd for his prey. AMEND', 11. i. To grow or become better, Trumbull by reformation, or rectifying something wrong in manners or morals. It diffen AM'BySIIED, ^/7. Lain in wait for; sudfrom improve, in this, that to amend im attacked from a concealed station.
by assailing unexpectedly from a
V.
i.

V.

t.

To

lie

in wait for

to sur

oin- ways or our conduct. To correct to supply a defect to ini prove or make better, by some addition of what is wanted, as well as by expunging what is wrong, as to amend a bill before a
; ;

a pecuniary penalty

to

punish

concealed place.

To

lie in

wait, for the pursurprise.

Milton uses of after amerce : " Millions of s|iirits amerced of heaven ;" but this use seems to be a poetic hcense. ."VMERCED, pp. Fined at the discretion of a court. n. amers'ment. A pecuniary penalty inflicted on an ofl'ender at the discretion of the court. It differs from a fine, in that the latter is, or was origmally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statute for an offense but an amercement is
in general.

AMERCEMENT,

arbitrary.

Hence

tlie ])ractice

of afifeeiing.

denly

AM'BySIIING,/'p-. Lying

to something previously wrong improve, does not. tacking from a concealed station. AM'BUSIIMENT, n. An ambush tchich A3IEND', )!. [Fr.] A pecuniary punishment, or fiiie. The amende honorable, in France, see. is an infamous punishment inflicted on AMBUS'TION, 11. [L. ambustio, from omtraitors, parricides and sacrilegious perburo, to biu-n or scorch, otamb, about, and
in
;

wait for
;

at-

plies

nro, to burn.]

Among
scald.

physicians, a burning
n.

bum

or

AMEI'VA,
Brazil.

species of lizard, found in Diet, of JVa/. Hist

The offender, being led into court with a rope about his neck, begs pardon of his God, the court, &c. These words denote also a recantation in open court, Amercement royal is a penaltj' imposed on an or in presence of the injured person. officer for a misdemeanor in his office.
sons.

[Sec ./Iffeer.] But in America, the word fine is now used for a pecuniary penalty which is uncertain and it is common in statutes, to enact that an offender shall be In fined, at the discretion of the court. England also, fines are now usually discretionary. Thus the woid fine has, in a measure, superseded the use of amercement. This word, in old books, is written amerciament.
;

AM'EL,

J!.

[Fr. email]

The matter with

;

Encyc.

which metallic bodies are overlaid but its use is superseded by enamel ; which see.

AMEND'ABLE, a.

That may be amended

;

AMER'CER,
cretion,

n.

One who

sets a fine at dis-

AME'LIORATE,
;

Boyle. v. t. [Fr. ameliorer, from L. melior, better.] To make better to improve to meliorate. Christ. Obs. Buchanan. S. S. Smith. AME'LIORATE, v. i. To grow better to meliorate. AMELIORA'TION, n. making or becoming better improvement melioration.
; ;

[from Amerigo Vespucci, writ or error. a Florentiiie, -\\\m pretended to have first AMEND' ATORY, a. That amends sup discovered the western continent.] One of the great continents, first discovered plying amendment corrective. AMEND'ED,;)^. Corrected; rectified; reby Sebastian Cabot, June 11, O. S. 1496, formed and by Columbus, or Christoval Colon, improved, or altered for the better. Aug. 1, the same year. It extends from of North, to the fiftyAMEND'ER, n. The person that amends. tlie'eiglitieth degree AMEND'ING, ;)^r. Correcting; reformuig; foiutli degree of South Latitude and
)!.
;
; ;

capable of correction

as,

an amendable

upon an

offender.

AMER'ICA,

AMEN'.

This word, with slight differences of orthography, is in all the dialects of the Assyrian stock. As a verb, it signifies to
confirm, establish, verify to trust, or give as a noun, truth, firmness, confidence trust, confidence ; as an adjective, firm
; ;

AMEND'MENT, n. An alteration or change

for the better ; correction of a fault or faults ; reformation of life, by quitting vices.
2.

altering for the better.

A word, clause or paragraph, adiled or proposed to be added to a bill before a

legislature.

from the tliirty-fiflh to the one hundred and fifty-sixth degree of Longitude West from Greenwich, being about nine thouIts breadth at sand miles ill length. Darien is narrowed to about forty-five
miles, but at the northern extremity is nearly four the usand miles. From Darieu

AMI
te the JVor/A, the continent is called ^orth America, and to the South, it is called South Jimcnca.
;

A M
elastic, often

A M M
AM'ITY,
;

of silk. It dde; Sp. nmistad, from amistar, to reconcile Port, amizade Norm, amis/ee, ti'iendsometimes been wrought into <loth and Kinvan. Encyc. Cleaveland. ship, amez, friends, ameis, ametz, beloved. pajier. AMER'leAN, a. Pertaining to America. AMER'ICAN, n. A native of America AMIANTH'IFORM, a. [Amianth M\form.] Qu. L. amo, amicitia.] or Having tlie form or hkeness of amianth. Friendship, in a general sense, between inaiiplied to the aboriginals, originally dividuals, societies or nations; harmony; Phillips. Jimianthiform arNeiiiate of copper. copper-colored races, found here by the good understanding as, oiu" nation is in Euro])eans but now applied to the des- AMIANTH'INITE, n. A species of amora treaty of cendants of Euro])eans born in America. amity with all the world phous mineral, a variety of actinolite its The name American must always exalt the eohir ash, greenish or yellowish gray, amiti/ and conmierce. Washington. often mixed with yellow or red its frac- AM'MA, n. [Heb. DK mother.} pride of patriotism. Ji. The love which Amer1. An abbess or spiritual mother. AMER'IANISM, ture confusedly foUated and fibrous. ican citizens have to their own country, or Kirwan. 2. A girdle or ti-uss used in ruptures. [Gr. the preference of its interests. AnalogiCoxe. AMIANTH'OID, n. [Amianth and Gr. anfta.] cally, an Anieri<'au idiom. AM'MAN, 11. [G. amtmann D. amptman ; fiSof, form.] AMERICANIZE, v. I. To render Amer- A mineral which occurs in tufts, composed Dan.nmtmand a comiiound ofampt. Sax. in America. ican to naturalize ambahl or embeht, oflice, duty, charge, and of long capillary filaments, flexible and AMER'ICIM, n. A species of lizard in very elastic more flexible than the fibei's man. See Embassador.] South America, not more than two inches of asbestus, but slifler and more elastic In some European nations, a judge who in length, and the third of an inch in diani h.as cognizance of civil causes. In France, than those of amianth. The color is olive etcr. Its legs are of the size of a a notary or oflicer who draws deeds and hog's green, or greenish white. Haiiy. Cleaveland. Diet. ofJVat. Hist. bristle. Encyc. AMIANTH'OID, a. Resembhng amianth other writings. AM'MITE or HAM'MITE, n. [Gr. of<MO{, AMETH'ODIST, n. A quack. [Mot used.] in form. AMETHYST, n. [L. amclhystus ; Gr. AMTABLE, a. [L. amicabilis, from ami sand.] which the Greeks supposed to A sand-stone or free-stone, of a pale brown afifSiifo;, ciis, a friend, from amo, to love.] be formed from a neg. and n(9vu, to ine- 1. color, \c,ry heavy, of a lax texture, comFriendly peaceable hannonious in social briate, from some supposed quality in the or mutual transactions posed of small round granides, cemented usually apphed stone of resisting intoxication. Phn. xxxvii. to the dispositions of men who have busi by an earthy sparry matter. The grit or mention* an opinion that it takes its 0, ness with each other, or to their intergranules are small stalagmites, composed name from its color ajjproachuig tliat of coiu'sc and transactions as, nations or of crusts or coats inchuling one another. wine, but not reaching it.] men have come to an amicable adjustment It is the roe-stone or oohte of recent auA sub-species of quartz, of a violet blue of their diflerences. thors. Da Costa. Plin. 37. 10. It 2. color, of different ilegrees of uitensity. Disposed to peace and friendship as, an AM'MOCETE, n. An obsolete name of the in hexahedral amicable temper. generally occurs crystalized [But rarely applied to a ammodyte. In Cuvier, the name of a genus prisms or pyramids also in rolled frag of fish, inchidiiig the lampern, Petromysingle person.] ments, composed of imperfect prismatic AM'IeABLENESS, n. The quality of being zon branchiatis, Linne. Its fracture is conehoidal or crystals. peaceable, friendly, or disposed to peace AM'MOCHRYSE, n. am'mokris, [Gr. auartiIt is wrought into various a disposition to preserve friendliness .splintery. fiof, sand, and Zfi'soj, gold.] cles of jewelry. Cleaveland. Encyc. peace and friendship. A yellow sort stone, found in Germany, conAM'ETHYST, in heraldry, signifies a pur AMTeABLY, adv. In a friendly manner When sisting of glossy yellow particles. It is the same, in a nobleman'; pie color. with harmony or good will without con rubbed or ground, it is used to strew over escutclieon, as purpure, in a gentleman's troversy as, the dispute was amicably ad (in. yelwriting, like black sand with us. and in that of a
; ; ; ;

long and resembling threads is incombustible, and has

n. [Fr. amitie

It.

atnista, amisl-

mercury,

prince.

Encyc.

justed.

AMETHYST'INE,

low mica.

Plin. 37. 11.

n.

Pertaining [L. amictus from amicior, to clothe Fr. amid ; Sp. amito ; Port, arnicto.] sembling amethyst anciently applied to a garment of the color of amethyst, as dis- A scjuare hnen cloth that a Catholic priest ties about his neck, hanging down behind tinguished from the Tyriau and hyacinthino purple. under the alb, when he ofliciates at mass.
a.
;

to or re-

AM'ICE,
;

n.

Encyc.

AM'MODYTE,
Svu, to enter.]

[Gr.

a/if.o;,

sand,

and

AM'IA,
al

n. genus offish, of the abdomin order, found in the rivers of Carolina.

AMID',

Pennant.

AMIDST', P""^Amidst
is

A'MIABLE,
1.

a.

[Fr. amiable

L.

amabilis

cates that the latter fish roots up the sand See Middle and Midst.] ; ; deserving of aflike a hog. Encyc. fection ; applied usually to persons. But in 1. In the midst or middle. This name is also given to a serpent of the Ps. Ixxxiv. 1, there is an exception, " 2. Among ; mingled with ; as, a shepherd size of a viper, and of a yellowish color, amiable are thy tabernacles, Lord." amidst his flock. found in Africa also to a large serpent of S. Pretending or showing love. .3. Surrounded, encompassed, or envelop Ceylun, of a whitish ash color, and very Lay amiable siege to the honesty of thi: ed with ; as, amidst the shade ; amid the Did. ofjYat. Hist. venomous. Ford's wife. Shak waves. Amid is used inostly in poetry. But this use is not legitimate. [The real origui of this in marine language, the AMMO'NIA, ) AMID'-SHIPS, word is not ascertained. A'MIABLENESS, /i. The quality of deserv- middle of a ship, with regard to her ^ Some authors su])posc it to be from Aming love ; loveliness. lengtli and breadth. A'MIABLY, adv. In an amiable manner AM'ILOT, ?!. mon, a title of Jupiter, near whose temple white fish in the Mexican in a manner to excite or attract love. Others in upper Egypt, it was generated. lakes, more than a foot in length, and of a neg. AM'IANTH, [Gr. aniavto;, much esteemed at the table. sup))ose it to be fi-om Ammonia, a CyreI Clavigero. naic territory ; and others deduce it from AMIANTH'l'S, (," andjiitauu, to pollute, AMISS', a. [a and miss. See .Wm.] or vitiate ; so called from its incombusti- 1. aunof, sand, as it was found in sandy Wrong faulty ; out of order ; improper Plin. 30. U.] bility. ground. Anghcized, this forms an elegant as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. [This Earth-fiax, or mountain flax ; a mineral subword, nmmony.] adjective always follows its noun.] stance somewhat resembling flax ; usually 2. adv. In a Volatile alkali ; a substance, which, in its faulty manner ; contraiy to grayish, or of a greenish white ; somepurest form, exists in a state of gas. It is propriety, truth, law or morality. times of a yeUowish or silvery wliite, olive Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss composed of hydrogen and nitrogen. or mountain green, of a pale" flesh red or Combined with the muriatic acid, it forma James, iv ocher color. It is composed of delicate Applied to the the nnniatc of ammonia, called also sal body, it signifies indisposed

from amo, to love.] Lovely worthy of love

Sp. and Port. Diet. [of a and Sax. midd, the middle, L. medius. the superlative degree middest, a contraction of Sax. mid-mesta, mid-most.
>

The sand eel, a genus of fish, of the apodal order, about a toot in length, with a compressed head, a long slender body, and There is but scales hardly perceptible. one species, the tobianus or lance. It buries itself in the sand, and is found also in the stomach of the porpess, which indi-

How

AM'MONY,

"

filaments,

very

flexible

and somewhat

as, I

am somewhat

amiss to day.

ammoniac

aiyl hydro-chlorate

of

ammo-

A
nia.

M N

A M O

A M O
on the Jerusalem Tahnud. The Amoreans were followed by the Mishnic doctors, and these by the
Sebureans.
tors or conmientators

Native muriate of ammony is found in Egypt, where it is said to be generated in large inns and caravanseras, from the excrements of camels and other beasts. It occurs also massive and ciystalized in the vicuiity of volcanoes. Ammony, pop-

offenses of subjects against the government, or the proclamation of such pardon AM'NIOS or AM'NION, n. [Gr. a/4v>,., a vessel or membrane.] The innermost membrane surroimding the fetus in the womb. It is thin, transparent, called hartshorn, is extremely punsoft and smooth on the inside, but rougl ularly on the outside. gent and acrid, but when diluted, is an Encyc. agreeable stimulant. It extinguishes flame, AMNIOT'Ie, a. Obtained from the liquor and is fatal to animal life. It combines of the amnios, as the amniotic acid. with acids, and produces a class of salts, Ure. which, with few exceptions, are soluble in AJIOBE'AN, a. Alternately answering. water. JVicholson. Thompson, tyehsfcr's WartoH.

AMORET',

n.

[L.

amor, love

Fr. amour-

ette.]

lover an amorous woman 'also a love knot or a trifling love affair. Good''s Sacred Idyls. Chaucer.
; ;

Manual.

AMOBE'UM,
)

n.

AMMO'N'IA,

AMMONI'AeAL,
properties.

Pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its

n.

[Gr.

aftotSaios,

alternate;

A lover; a gallant an inamorato. Boyh. AMORO'SO, n. [It. from amor, love.] A lover a man enamored. AM'OROUS, . [v. amoreux \\. amoroso
; ;

AM'ORIST,

n.

[L. ainor, love.]

a/MiSri,

A poem

change.]
in

which persons are represented

I
I

1.

AIVIMO'NIA,

or

AMMONIAC GUM,

as speaking alternately, as the third and seventh eclogues of Virgil. Encyc

from L. amor, love.] Inchned to love having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment loving
; ;

A gum
;

[See Jlmmonia.]

12.

or heat the heating plant.] ner fondly lovingly. .\ genus of plants all natives of warm cl AM'OROUSNESS, n. The qualify of being inchned to love, or to sexual pleasure'; mates, and remarkable for their pungeninflammable, soluble in fondness lovingness. water and spirit of wine, and is used ui cy and aromatic properties. It includes Sidney. the connnon ginger or zingiber, the ze- AMORPH'A, n. a neg. and y-op^yi, form.] medicine, as a deobstruent, and resolvent. [Gr. and granum False or bastard indigo. The plant is a narumbet, zedoary, cardamom, Encyc. AMMO'NIAN, a. Relating to Ammonius, paradisi or grains of paradise. The roots tive of Carohna, constituting a genus. It of the three former, and the seeds of the suriiamed Saccas, of Alexandria, who rises, with many irregular stems, to the two latter, are used in medicine as carmiflourished at the end of the second centhe highth of twelve or fourteen feet natives and stimulants, and in cookery as leaves, beautifully pinnated, are of an adtury, and was the founder of the eclectic mired green color, and its purple flowers condunents. They are important articles system of Philosophy or rather, he comof commerce. grow in s])ikes of seven or eight inches Cyc. pleted the establishment of the sect, which Of this plant has been made a long. originated with Potamo. Enfield. True amomum is a round fruit, from the East, AM'MONITE, n. [Coinu ammoms, from of the size of a grape, containing, under a coarse kintl of uidigo. Encyc. membranous cover, a number of angular AMORPH'OUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and Mopf-;, Jupiter Ammon, whose statues were rejiseeds of a dark brown color, in three resented with ram's horns.] form.] Of this fruit, ten or twelve grow in Having no determinate form of irregular cells. Serpent-stone, or cornu amnionis, a fossil a cluster, adhering, without a pedicle, to shell, curved into a spiral, like a ram's shape not of any regular figure. Kirwan. a woody stalk. It is of a pungent taste AMORPH'Y, n. Irregularity of form dehorn of various sizes, from the smallest viation from a determinate shape. and aromatic smell, and was formerly grains to three feet in diameter. This fosStvijl. sil is found in stratums of limestone and much used in medicine, but is now a stran- AMORT', adv. [L. mors, mortuus.] Shak. It is clay, and in argillaceous iron ore. ger to the shops. Plln. 12. 13. Encyc In the state of the dead. smooth or ridged the ridges strait, crook- AMONG', or I Amung', ) [Sax. onP''^P' n. The act or right of ahenaed or undulated. Cyc. Encyc. Plin. .37. 10. AMONGST', Amungst', mang, on ting lands or tenements to a corporation, AMMO'NIUM, n. A name given to the sup- gemang, among gemangan, to mingle which was considered formerly as transD. and Ger. mengen ; Sw. mangia Dan. posed metallic basis of ammonia. If merSee Gr. fttymu. ferring tliein to dead hands, as such alienmanger, to mingle cury, at the negative pole of a galvanic batations were mostly made to rehgious housMingle.^, tery, is placed in contact with a solution es tor superstitious uses. In a general or primitive sense, mixed or Btackstone. of ammonia, and the circuit is completed, with as tares among wheat. AMORT'IZE, V. t. [Norm, amortizer, amoran amalgam is formed, which, at the temmingled tir ; S]). amortizar, to sell in mortmain ItConjoined or associated with, or makin, perature of 70 or 80 of Fahrenheit, is of ammortire, to extinguish, from morte, L. the consistence of part of the luimber. but at the freez;
;

from Africa and the East, resin, brought in large masses, composed of tears, internally white and externally yellow supposed to be an exudation from an umbelhferous plant. It has a fetid smell, and a nauseous sweet taste, followed by a
bitter one.
It is

AMO'MUM,

n.

[Gr. auu>^or; Ar.

L^U^
warm

3.

hamamna, from
;

hamnia, to

Shah. Pertaining or relating to love produced by love indicatuig love as, amorous deamorous airs. Milton. Waller. light AM'OROUSLY, adv. In an amorous man;

fond. In love

enamored.

AM ORTIZ ATI ON
MENT,

AMORTIZE-

<,

(,

butter,

ing point

is

a firm and crystalized mass.

is

Blessed art thou

This amalgam by the metallic

supposed

to

be formed

Of the number

See Mortmain.] 7nors, death. among women. Luke, as, there is not one among In English law, to alienate in mortmain,
i.

that

basis,

ammonium.
Davy.

Thomson. AMMONI'URET, n. The solution of a substance in ammonia. Ed. Encyc. AMMUNP'TION, n. [L. ad and munitio, from munio, to fortify.]
Military stores, or provisions for attack or defense. In modern usage, the signitica lion is confined to the articles which are used in the discharge of fii-e-aiins and ordnance of all kinds; as powder, balls, bombs, various kinds of shot, &c. Ammunition-bread, bread or other provisions
to supply troops.

AMO'NIAN,
title

AM'NESTY,
Hvrinii,

n.

[Gr.

o^r.;(jfia,

ofoneg. and
of mens.

memory,

(ionj

the root

An

mind. See Mind.^ act of oblivion; a general pardon of the

a thousand, possessing the hke qualities. is, to sell to a corporation, sole or aggrear. [from Anion or Hamon, a gate, ecclesiastical or temporal, and their of Jupiter, or rather of the sun Ar. successors. This was considered as sellHeb. and Ch. DH, HOn, Ham or Camah, ing to dead hands. This cannot be done as a verb, signifies to heat or warm, without the king's hcense. which, [See Mortand as a noun, heat or the sun and in Coivel. Btackstone. main.] Arabic, the supreme God.] AMOTION, n. [h.amotio; amoveo.] fVarton. Pertaining to Jupiter Anion, or to his temple Removal. and worship in upper Egypt. to ascend V. i. Bryant. AMOUNT', [Fr. monter, AMORA'DO, n. [L. amor, love, amo, to love. Norm, amont, upwards Sp. Port, montar ; But the word is ill formed.] It. montare ; from L. mons, a mountain, or A lover. See Inamorato, which is chiefly its root W. mynyz.] used. Ch. Rel. Appeal. 1. To rise to or reach, by an accumulation of AMO'RE, n. A name given by Marcgrave, particulars, into an aggregate whole to to a tribe offish, of three species, the pixcompose in the whole as, the interest on the several sums amounts to fifty dollars. uma, guaeu, and tinga. They are found about the shores of South America, and 2. To rise, reach, or extend to, in effect, or are used I'oi- food. Cyc. Diet, ofj^at. Hist. substance to result in, by consequence, AMORE'ANS, n. sect of Gemaric doc- when all things arc considered as, the
; ; ; ;
; ;

AMP
testimony of these witnesses amounts to Bacon. very little. AMOUIST', n. The sum total of two or more particular siinis or quantities as, the anioimt of 7 and 9 is Iti. the sum 2. The effect, substance or result as, tlie amount of the testimony is this. AMOUNT'ING, ppr. Rising to, by accinnulation or adtlition coming or increasing
; ; ; ;

AMP
erals, including the Tremohte, and Actinolite. Its primitive
ol)li<|ue

A M P
Hornblend, form is an

AMPHIHEX.\HE'DRAL,
when the

a.

[Gr. aufi,

aud

rhombic prism.

hexahedraL] Cleaveland. In cryslalography,

AMl'HIBOL'IC,
bole
;

resulting in effect or substance. AMoUR', n. [Fr., from L. amor, love.] An unlawful coimection in love ; a love inSouth. trigue; an affair of gallantry.
to
;

a. Pertaining to amphiresembling ampliibole, or partaking of its nature and characters. Cooper. of AMPHIM'ACER, n. [Gr. a^t'^oxpos, long AMPHIBOLOGICAL, a. Doubtful on both sides.] doubtful meaning. AMPIHBOLOG'ICALLY, adv. Whh a In ancient poetry, a foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long, as doubtful meaning.
;

faces of tlie crystal, counted in two diffTi^rent directions, give two hexahedral outhnes, or are iound to be six in number. Cleaveland.

AMPHIBOL'OGY,

n.

[Gr.

a^cft, liaXTM

and

in castitas.

>.oyO!,

sj)eech, o/i^iffoXayia.]
;

AMoV'AL,
AMOVE',

[L. amoveo.] Total removal. [JVot used.]

I',

n.

phrase or discourse, susceptible of two interpretations aud hence, a phrase of un

certain meaning. Amphibology arises from the order of the phrase, rather than from the ambiguous meaning of a word, have which is called equivocation. an exanq>le in the answer of the oracle to Pyrrhus. "Aio te Romanos vincere posse." Here te and Romanos, may either of them precede or follow vincere posse, and the sense may be either, you may conquer the Romans, or the Rojiians may conquer you. The English language seldom admits of amphibology. Encyc. Johnson.

AMPHIS'BEN, AMPHISBE'NA,

Evelyn.

t.

[L. amoveo, a

and moveo,

to

move.] To remove.

AM'PELITE,
name of an
vines.

Hall. Spenser. \J^otused.'\ 71. [Gr. a^rtfXoj, a vine. The

We

earth used to
it is

kill

worms on

Pliny says

like

bitumen. Lib.

Cannel

an inflammable substance of a black color, compact texture, and resinous luster, and sufficiently hard to be cut and polished. It burn: with a bright flame, of a short duration a. [Gr. a/t4iiSo?.o{, a/.$i and gives but a moderate heat. It is used AMPHIB'OLOUS, and to hke jet for making toys. It is found in Tossed fiawa, one strike.] from to another striking each France and England, where husbandmen with mutual l)lows. [lAUle used.] way, smear vines with it to kill vermin. AMPHIBOLY, n. [Gr. a/i$iSi.?.ta, afi^i, both Encyc. Cleavctand. ways, and f3aw.u, to strike.^ AMPHIB'IAL, AMPHIBIA, n. [Gv.afipi, Ambiguity of meaning. [Rarely used.] both or about, and fitoj, life.] Spclman In loo^og'^, am|)hibials are a class of animals,
;
;

35, 16.] coal, or candle coal

so formed as to

hve on land, and for

;

AMPHIBRACH,

7i.

[Gr.

afi^i,

and

li^ax^i,

hort.] long time under water. Their heart has but one ventricle their blood is red and In poetry, a foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short ; as hacold ; and they have such command of In English verse, it is used bere, in Latin. the lungs, as for a considerable time, to as the last foot, when a syllable is added suspend Respiration. This class of animals to the usual number formmg a double is divided hito two orders, the Reptiles rhyme as, and the Serpents. To the first belong the Lifter, Phil. Trans. jYo. S^. The piece, you think, is incorrect, why take it ? AMPHIS'CII, ) testudo, or tortoise, the draco or dragon o^$t, on both " [Gr. Pupc. Trumbull AMPHIS'CIANS, I the lacerta or lizard, and the rana or frog sides, and ffxH, shadto the second, the crotalus, boa, coluber, AM'PHICOME, n. [Gr.au^i and xofitj, hair.] ow.] Linne A Idnd of figured stone, of a round shape, In geography, the inhabitants of the tropics, anguis, amphisbena, and ceciHa. whose shadows, in one part of the year, The term has also been apphed to such but rugged and beset with eminences are cast to the north, and in the other, to the called Erotylos, on account of its supposed quadrupeds, as frequent tlie water, particularly the marine quadrujieds, such as south, according as the sim is in the southpower of e.xciting- love. Anciently, it was the seal, walrus and lamantin. ern or northern signs. used in divination but it is httle known Encyc. to the moderns. .VMPHIB'IOLITE, n. [Gr. a.utigwj, am Encyc. AM'PHITANE, n. A name given by anphibious, and XiSof, stone.] AMPIIICTYON'Ie, a. Pertaming to the cient naturahsts to a fossil, called by Dr. A fragment of a petrified amphibious ani- august council of Amphictvons. Hill pyricubium. Pliny describes it as of mal. Did. of J\rat. Hist. AMPHIC'TY'ONS, n. In 'Grecian history, a square figure and a gold color. Qu. an assembly or council of deputies from Cubic pyrites. AMPHIBIOLOg'IAL, a. [Infra.] Pliny, 37. 10. Encyc. to aniphibiology. the diffi^rent states of Greece, su])posed to AMPHITHE'ATER, n. [Gr. af^^iiiaTfiov, of Pertaining AMPHIBIOL'OgY, n. [Gr. of<i}.i, on both be so called from Amphictyon, the son of afiifi, about, and Otorpoi', theater, from sides, ^Jios, life, and xoyoj, discourse.] Siaoiiat, to see or look.] Deucahon, but this opinion is probably discourse or treatise on amphibious ania fable. Ten or twelve states were re- 1. An edifice in an oval or circular form, havmals, or the history and description of such presented in this assembly, which sat at ing its area encompassed with rows of animals. seats, rising higher as they recede from Thermopylie, but ordinarily at Delphi. the area, on which people used to sit to Each city sent two deputies, one called AMPHIBIOUS, a. [See AmphiUal] 1. Having the power of view the combats of gladiators and of wild Hieromnemon and the other Pylagoras. hving in two eleThe former inspected the sacrifices and The ancient ments, air and water, as frogs, crocodiles, beasts, and other sports. and the like. the latter, had the theater was a semicircle, but exceeding it ceremonies of religion beavers, 2. Of a mixed nature partaking of two na by a Iburth part of its diameter the amcharge of deciding causes and differences tures; as, an amphibious breed. between private persons. The former phitheater was a double theater, and its AMPHIB'IOUSNESS, n. The quahty of] was elected by lot ; the latter by a plural- longest diameter was to its shortest as It was at first of 1 1-2 to 1. being able to live in two elements, or of They had an equal right to ity of voices. wood, but in dehberate and vote in all matters relating the reign of Augustus one was erected of partaking of two natures. stone. The area or cavea being covered AMPHIB'IUM, n. That which lives in two to tlie coimnon interests of Greece. elements, as in air and water. with sand was called arena. Pans. Plin. Sti-abo. Encyc. Kennel. 2. In gardening, a disposition of shrubs and AM'PHIBOLE, n. [Gr. a/i^iSoXos, equivocal AM'PHIGENE, n. [Gr. au^i and yeroj.] In mincralog:y, another name of the leucite trees in the form of an amphitheater, on a au$t and iia).%a.] name given by Haily to a species of minor Vesuviau. slope, or fonuing a slope, by placing the
; ; ; ; ;

? i. [Gr.a^$i5e(mu,ofo^4><5 \ and Caow, to go ; indithat the animal moves with either cating end foremost.] genus of serpents, with the head small, smooth and blunt the nostrils small, the eyes minute and blackish, and the mouth furnished with small teeth. The body is cylindrical, destitute of scales, and divided into numerous annular segments the tail obtuse, and scarcely to be distinguished from the head, whence the beUef that it moved equally well with either end foremost. There are two species the fuliginosa, black with white spots, found in Africa and America and the alba, or white species, Ibuiid in both the Indies, and generally in ant-hillocks. They feed on ants and earth-worms, and were formerly deemed poisonous but this opinion is exploded. Plin. 8. %i. Encyc. Cyc. The aquatic amphisben, Oordius aquaticus, Linne, is an animal resembling a horse hair, found in water, and moving with either end foremost. The vulgar opinion that this is an animated horse-hair is found to be an error. This hair worm is generated in the common black beetle, in which the parent worm lays its eggs and is sometimes found in the earth and on the leaves of trees.
; ;

AMP
lowest in front. An ampliitheater may also be formed of turf only. Encyc.

AMU
AMU'SE,
keep
idle
loiter,
;

AMY
s as z. [Fr. amiiser,to stop or from muser, to bay, to detain or trifle It. musare, to gaze or stand Ger. miissig, idle. Qu. Gr. fiv^u ; Lat. musso.] 1. To entertain the mind agreeably to occuor detain attention with agreeable obpy jects, whether by singing, conversation, or a show of curiosities. Dr. Johnson ret).

extend, in o general sense ; applied to material or immaterial things. AMPHITHE'ATRAL, a. Resembling an 2. In rhetoric, to enlarge in discussion or by Tooke. amphitheater. representation ; to treat copiously, so as AMPHITHEATRICAL, a. Pertaining to to present the subject in every view and in the strongest Ughts. or exhibited in an amphitheater. H'arton AM'PHITRITE, n. [Gr. aft^trpi,^,,, a god- 3. To enlarge by addition to improve or dess of the .sea.] extend as, to amplify the sense of an an A genus of marine animals, of the Linnean thor by a paraphrase. order, MoUusca. AM'PLIFY, V. i. To speak largely or co n. [L. amphoto be (Uffuse in argument or de AM'PHOR, or piously ra ; Gr. a/t^opivi, or aju<jii$opfvs ; afntpi, and scription to dilate upon often followed by on ; as, to amplify on the several topics ^OpfLO.] Watts Among the Greeks and Romans, a liquid of discourse. measure. The amphora of the Romans 2. To exaggerate ; to enlarge by representacontained about forty-eight sextaries, equal tion or description as. Homer amplifies not invents. 10 seven gallons and a pint, Englisli wine Pope. measure. The Grecian or Attic amphor AM'PLIFYING, ppr. Enlarging ; exagcontained about a third more. This was gerating diffusively treating. the Romans, a dry measure AM'PLITL'DE, m. [L. amplitudo, from amalso, among of about three bushels. Among the Ve plus, large.] netians, it is a liquid nieasin-e of sixteen 1. Largeness; extent, apjilied to bodies as, the amplitude of the earth. quarts. Tliis name was formerly used in England 2. Largeness; extent of capacity or intellecbut tlie ca|)acity of the Sax. ambra is not tual powers; as, amplitude of mind. 3. Extent of means or power abundance certamlj' known. Watts. LL. Inw. Cap. 70. Wilkins, Pre/. LL. sufficiency. JEthelstan. Amplitude, in astronomy, is an arch of the Spelman. Eneyc. a. [Fr. ample ; L. amplus.'] horizon intercejited between the east and AM'PLE, west point, and the center of the sun or J. Large; wide; spacious; extended; as star at its rising or .setting. At the rising ample room. This word carries witli it of a star, the ainplitude is eastern or ortive the sense of room or space fully sufficient at the setting, it is western, occitliious, or for the use intended. occasive. It is also northern or southern, as an ample tear. 2. Great in bidk, or size when north or south of the equator. Shale. Johnson. Encyc. unrestrained without parsimo3. Liberal
; ;

t.

at

AMPHORA,

lively than divert, and less important Hence it is often said, are please.

marks, that amuse implies something less than

we

amu-

2.

sed with trifles. To detain to engage the attention by hope or expectation as, to amtise one by
; ;

AMU'SED, pp.
ed
;

flattering promises. s as i.

Agreeably entertainhaving the mind engaged by some}i.

thing pleasing.

AMU'SEMENT,

s as z.

That which
; ;

amuses, detains or engages the mind entertainment of the mind pastime a pleasurable occupation of the senses, or that
;

which furnishes
music.

it,

as dancing, sports or

AMU'SER,
mind.

n. s as z. One who amuses, or affords an agreeable entertainment to the

orcf. s as :. Entertaining; giving moderate pleasure to the mind, so as to engage it; pleasing. AMU'SINGLY, adv. s as :. In an amusing

.\MU'SING, ^/?r.

manner.

AMU'SIVE,
amuse or

a. That has the entertain the mind. a.

power

to

AMYG'DALATE,
almonds
;

ny
4.

; fidly for the table

sufficient
;

as, ample ample justice.

;

])rovision Amplitude of the range, in projectiles, is tlie horizontal line subtending the path of a

almond.] Made of almonds. AMYG'DALATE, n. An emulsion made of

milk of almonds.
Core. Bailey. Pertaining to or resem-

[L. amygdalus,

an

5. Diffiisive

Liberal; magnificent; as frnip/c promises. not brief or contracted as an

; ;

boily thrown, or the line

which measures
Chambers.

the distance

it

has moved.
Johiison.

AM'PLENESS,
;

spacious- Magnetical amplitude is the arch oi'the horizon between the sun or a star, at rising or ness sufficiency AMPLEX'leAUL, a. [L. ampleror, to em- setting, and the east or west point of the of amb about, and plico, plexus, to horizon, by the compass. The difference brace, between this and the true amplitude is the told, and caulis, xav\o{, a stem.] variation of the compass. In botany, surrounding or embracing the Eniyc. AM'PLY, adv. Largely; Uberally fidly; stem, as the base of a leaf.
n.
;

ample narrative.

AMYG'DALINE, a.
bling the almond.

Largeness; abundance.

AMYG'DALITE,

n. plant ; a species of spurge, with leaves resembling those of the almond. Ash. w. [Gr. a/ivySa-Kia,

AMYG'DALOID,
mond, and
;

n6o5,

form

an alG. mandel-stein,

AM'PLIATE, [L. amplio. To enlarge to make greater;

V.
t.
;

See Ample.]
to

sufficiently

extend.
;

manner.

[Little used.]

AM'PUTATE,
n.

almond-stone.] a diffusive Toad-stone a conijiound rock, consisting of copiously a basis of basalt, greenstone or some other V. t. [L. amputo, of amb, variety of trap, imbedding nodules of
;

in

AMPLIA'TION,
fication
2.
;

Enlargement

ampli1
.

diffuseness.
antiquity,

[Little used.]

In

Roman
;

sentence

a deferring to pass a postponement of a decision,

Encye.
n.

2.

to obtain further evidence.

about, and puto, to prune.] To prune branches of trees or vines ; to cut off. To cut off a limb or other part of an ani mal body term of surgery.
;

various minerals, particularly

spar, quartz, agate, zeolite,

calcarious

chlorite,

&c.

When
ed,
it

the imbedded minerals are detachis porous, like lava. Cleaveland.

AMPLIFlA'TION,
1.
;

[L. amplijicatio.]

AM'PUTATED,;*^.
the bndv.
]iart

Cutoff;

sejiaratcil

from

AMYG'DALOIDAL, a.
daloid.

Pertaining to amyg-

Enlargement extension.
In
rhetoric, iliftYisive
;

2.

description or dis;

AM'PUTATING, ppr.
of the bod v.

Cutting off a limb or

,

AMYLA'CEOUS,
a
priv.

a.

[L.

amylum, starch, of
being formerly

cussion

exaggerated representation copious argument, intended to present tlic subject ill every view or in the strongest
light
;

and

(iVKri,

a mill,

AMPUTA'TION", n. The act or operation

diffuse
all

upon

narrative, or a dilating the particulars of a subject a

;

descrijjtion given in more words than are necessary, or an illustration by various ex-

amples and proofs.

Something
Enlarged; extended;

grinding. Plin. 18. vii.] [L. amputatio.] to starch, or the farinaceous part of cutting off a limb or Pertaining of grain resembling starch. some part of the body. AM'ULET, n. [L. amidetum.; Fr. nmulette ; AM'YLINE, n. [\j. amylum; Gr. anv^ov ai.n'Ko;, ungrouiid, a and /uf^-ij, mill.] Sp. amuleto ; from Lat. amolior, amolitus, farinaceous substance between gum and to remove.] Webster^s Manual. starch. worn as a or
;

made without

remedy

preserva-

AM'PLIFIED,

pp.
11.

tive against evils or mischief,

such as

dis-

AM'YRALDISM,

diffusively treated.

AM'PLIFIER, larges one who

;

One who amplifies or entreats a subject diffusive

ly, to exiiibit it in

AM'PLIFY,
co
1.
;

V.

t.

the strongest light. Sidney. [Fr. amplifier ; L. amplijito

<)i'

ampins and facio,

make

large.]

To

eases and witchcraft. Amulets, in days of ignorance, were common. They con sisted of certain stones, metals or jilants sometinios of words, characters or sentences, arranged in a particvilar order. They were appended to the neck or body. Among some nations, they are still in use.

enlarge; to augment; to increase or

Encyc.

n. In church history, the doctrine of universal grace, as explained by Amyraldus, or Amyrault, of France, in the seventeenth century. He taught that God desires the happiness of all men, and that none are excluded by a divine decree, but that none can obtain salvation without that God refuses to none faith in Christ the power of believing, though he does net
;

ANA
\MVZ'TLI,
lion,

ANA
improve
tliis

ANA
sect of

n. A Mexican name of the seaan amphibious quadnipeil, inhabiting the shores and rivers of America, on the

grant to poucr.

all

his assistance to

ANABAP'TISTRY,
baptists.

n.

The

Ana-

Enri/c.

ANABAPTI'ZE,
used.]

v.

t.

To

rebaptize. [ATuf Whitlock.

imitation of nature. His verse consists oT three icet and a half, usually spondees and iambuses, sometimes anapests ; as in
this line of "

ANACA,

Pacific ocean.

Its

length, and Its snout, short legs and crooked nails. skin is valued for tlie length and softness of its hair. Clavigero. a. [Sax. an, ane, one ; D. een ; Ger. fin ; AN, Sw. and Dan. n ; Fr. on, un, une ; Sp. un, uno ; It. uno, una ; L. unus, una, ununi ;
its tail,

three feet in body two feet. It has a long

is

speciesofparokeet, about tlie size of a lark; the crown of the head is a dark red, the upper part of the neck, sides,
n.

Lydia, die

Horace. |)er omnes."

n.

ANACREON'TIC,
the

manner of Anacreon.
n.

A poem

Encyc.

composed
fV.

ui

back and wings are green. Did. of ANAAMP'Tl, a. [Gr. oro and
;

AN'ADEME,
J^at. Hist.

crown

[Gr. woiijiwa.] of flowers.

Achaplctor
Browne.

Gr.

t^

Ir. fin,
;

ean, aon
yunan.'\

W. un, yn

Corn.

One

noting an "individual, either definitely, certain, specified, or luiderstood or indefinitely, not certaui, known, or specified. Definitely, as "Noah built an ark ol " Paid was an eminent Gopher wood."
;

uynyn

Arm.

known,

Indefinitely, as Bring me an apostle." orange." Before a consonant the letter n but our ancestors is dropped, as a man
;

"

xajjutta, to ANADIPLO'SIS, n. [Gr. o.a, again, and bend.] bufKoof, double.] I. Reflecting or reflected a word formerly Duplication, a figure in rhetoric and poetry, applied to that part of optics, which treats consisting in the repetition of the last word of reflection the same as what is now or words in a line or clause of a sentence, " he recalled catoptric. [See Catoptrics.] in the beginning of the next as, tained his virtues amidst all his niisforAnacamptic sounds, among the Greeks, were sounds produced by reflection, as in times, misfortunes which no inudence echoes or such as proceeded downwards coidd foresee or prevent. Encyc. from acute to grave. Rousseau. Bushy. ANAD'ROaiOUS, a. [Gr. a.a, upward, and ANACAMP'TICS, n. The doctrine of re Spo/ioi, course.] fleeted light. a word applied to such fish as [See Catoptrics.] Ascending ANAAR'DIUM, n. The cashew-nut, or pass from the sea into fresh waters, at stated seasons. marking nut, which produces a thickish, Encyc.
;
;

" one is at a loss to Warton. containing an anachronism. assign a reason for such conduct." ANALAS'TI, a. [Gr. ma and xTxiaii, AN, in old English authors, signifies if; as, breaking, fiom xXau, to break.] " an it the rectilinear course honor." in Gr. av Refracting So breaking please your o ofhght. or lav, Ar. \, Sam. and L. an, if or Anaclastic glasses, sonorous glasses or phials, wliich are flexible, and emit a vehement whether Ir. an, Ch. ]x or ]'N, if, whether noise by means of the human breath called also vexing glasses, from the fright It is probably an imperative, like if, gif, which their resilience occasions. They Qu. Sax. annan, or anan, to give. give. are low phials with flat bellies, like inver A'NA, da, or a. [Gr. aio.] ted tunnels, and witii very thin convex In medical prescriptions, it signifies an equal bottoms. By drawing out a little air, the quantity of the several ingredients; as bottom springs into a concave form with wine and lioney, ana, da or a ^ ii. that is, of a smart crack ; and by breathing or blow wine and honey each two oimces. inginto them, the bottom, with a like noise, A'NA, as a termination, is annexed to the names of authors to denote a collection of springs into its former convex form. Eneyc their memorable sayings. Thus, Scaligen. That of
;

wrote an man, on king. This letter reprered, caustic, inflammable hquor, which AN'AGLYPH, n. [Gr. aim, and y?.vfu, to when used in marking, turns black, and is sents an definitely, or indefinitely. Definite engrave.] " I will take Ure, An ornament made by scidpture. very durable. you to me for a peo])le, ly, as and I will be to you a God." Ex. vi. In- ANACATHAR'TI, a. [Gr. mu, upward, ANAGLYP'TIC, a. Relating to the art of and xaOapfitf, a purging. See Cathartic] as" the province of <i judge is to definitely, carving, engraving, enchasing or embossdecide controversies." An being the same Throwing upwards cleansing by exciting Evelyn. ing plate. word as one, should not be used with it vomiting, expectoration, &c. Quincy. AN'AGOCiE, ? ' [Gr. ai(v/i.y>'i;, of 0)o, up" such an one" is the true ANACATHAR'TIe, n. A medicine which AN'AGOgY, ^ ward, and ayuyrj, a. tautology excites discharges by the mouth, or nose, a and is such one. from oyu.] Although an, leading, phrase as expectorants, emetics, sternutatoric An elevation of mind to one, are the same word, and always have things celestial the and masticatories. the same sense, yet by custom, an and a Quincy. spiritual meaning or application of words also the apjilication of the types and alleare used exclusively as a definitive adjec- ANAHORET. [See Anchoret.] of the old testament to subjects of and one is used in numbering. Where ANAH'RONISM, n. [Gr. ava, and xfovo^, tive, gories the new. our ancestors wrote an, twa, tliry, we now time.] Encyc. use one, two, three. So an and a are never An error in computing time any error m ANAGOg'ICAL, a. Mysterious elevated but one like used except with a noun chronology, by which events are misspiritual as, the rest of the sabbath, in an the repose of other adjectives, is sometimes used withplaced. anagogical sense, signifies the saints in heaven. out its noun, and as a substitute for it ANAHRONIS'Tl, a. Erroneous in date
; ;

ANAGOG'ICALLY,
sense
tions.
;

adv. In a mysterious with religious elevation.

n.

ANAGOg'ICS,

Mysterious

considera-

Addison.
n.

AN'AGRAM,

[Gr. aio,

and

yijo/zfia,

letter.]

transposition of the letters of a name, by which a new word is formed. Thus Ga-

lenus

becomes angelus

William

N'oy,

(attorney general to Charles I., a laborious man,) may be turned into I moyl in law.

ANAGRAMMAT'IC, ANAGRAMMAT'ICAL,

) Rlaking an anagram. l"Camden's Remains.

ANAGRAMMAT'ICALLY,
manner of an anagram.

adv.

In the

ANAGRAM'MATISM,
tice

n.

The

act or prac-

rana,

is

Scaliger.

a book containing the sayings of It was used by the Romans, as

n.

ANALAS'TIS,
which

in CoUectaneus, collected, gathered.

commonly
and

optics part treats of the refraction of hght called dioptrics, which see.

of making anagrams.
n.

Camden.

ANAGRAM'MATIST,
grams.

A maker of anai.

ANABAP'TISM,
The
doctrine of

Encyc
Ash.

tlie

[See Anabaptist.] Anabaptists.

[Gr. cuu,

ANAOENO'SIS,
xoii'Of,

n.

[Gr. oroxowuffi;

am

ANAGRAM'MATIZE,
grams.

I',

To make

ana-

Herbert.
n.

ANABAP'TIST,
(iorttis'jjs,

n.

again, and

common.]
in debate. n.

One who

ba])tist.]

figure of rhetoric, by which a speaker applies to his opponents for their opinion

AN'AGROS,
bushels.

measure of graiti in Spain, containing something less than two

[L. anus.'] Pertaining to the
fin.
}

holds the doctrine of tlie baptism of adults, or of the invalidity of infant baptism, and the necessity of rcbaptization in an adult age. One who maintains that baptism ought always to be performed by immersion. Ena/c. ) ANABAPTIST'IC, Relatins to the

on the point

Walker.

ANAeOND'A,

A name

to a large snake, a species of is said to devour travelers.

given in Ceylon, Boa, which

Its flesh
is

A'NAL, a.
as,

the anal

ANAL'CIM,

ANACREON'TIC,
I

ANABAPTIST'IAL,
to their doctrines.

""

Anabaptists, or Milton. BulL

Encyc. ANAL'CIME, I Ure. tals. Pertaining to Anacreon, a Greek poet, whose odes and epi- This mineral is generally crj'stalized, but is also found amorphous, and in reniform, grams are celebrated for their dehcate, niaramillary, laminated or radiated masseasy and graceful air, and for their exact
excellent food.
a.

"

Encyc. anus ; Pennant. Cubic zeohte, found in aggregated or cubic crysEncyc.

Vol.

I.

ANA
acquires a weak electricity ; hence its name, Gr. avoxxif, weak. Cleaveland. n. [Gr. ara andxtyu, to collect.] AN' ALECTS, A collection of short essays, or remarks.
es.

ANA
Thus a
its

ANA
life,

By

friction,

it

plant

is

said to

have

because

fossil

substance
its

Encyc.

AN'ALEMMA,
1.
Ill

ly made ses, the

n. [Gr. avaXt;fifia, altitude.] geometry, a projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, orthographical

growth resembles in some degree, that of an animal. In life and growth, then, there is an analogy between a plant and an animal. Learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind, what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden.

to analyze

an action to

ascertain

morality.

AN'ALYZED,
tion.

pp. Resolved into its constituent parts or principles, for examina71.

AN'ALYZER,
lyze.

One who

analyzes

that

When the things which have

which analyzes or has the power

to ana-

by straight lines, circles and ellip eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west points of
the horizon.
Also,
bi-ass

2.

An

instrument of wood or

this kind of projection is horizon and cursor fitted to

solstitial colure,
it,

it,

on which drawn, with a in which the

parallel to
;

and

all circles
;

'2.

will be concentric circles all circles oWiiiue to the eye will be enii)ses and all circles whose planes pass through the eye will be right hues. Encyc. Ash. ANALEP'SIS, n. [Gr. araX);4.i5, from ara>/i 6aiu, to receive again.] The augmentation or nutrition of an emacia ted body; recovery of .strength after a

an analogy follow a preposition, that prep- AN'ALYZING, ppr. Resolving into eleosition must be betweeti or betwixt ; as there ments, constituent parts, or first princiis an analogy between plants and animals, ples. or between customs. When one of the ANAMORPH'OSIS, n. [Gr. am, and /m;.$ufn;, formation.] things precedes a verb, and the other follows, the pre])ositioii used must be to or In perspective drawings, a deformed or disurilh ; as, a plant has some torted portrait or figure, which, in one analogy to or with an animal. point of view, is confused or unintelligible, With grammarians, analogy is a conforand in another, is an exact and regulaimity of words to the genius, structure or representation or confused to the naked general rules of a language. Thus the eye, but reflected from a plain or curved
;

general rule in Enghsh is that the plural of a noim ends in es ; therefore all nouns which have that plural termination have an analogy, or are fcjrined in analogy with other words of a like kuul.
Johnson.

mirror, appearing regular, and in right Johnson. Encyc. proportion. ANA'NAS, n. The name of a species of Bromelia, the pine-apple. Encyc. AN'APEST, 71. [Gr. am, and jtoiw, to strike.
foot, consisting of three syllathe bles, the two first short, the last long reverse of the dactyl; as. Can a bosom so gentle remain Uiunoved when her Corydon sighs ? Shenstonc
;

disease.

ANALEP'TI,
ting
;

a.

Qujncy. Corroborating; invigora

ANAL'YSIS,
XUCH5,
1.

J!.

[Gr.

aiuXufftj,

Bailey.] Encyc. of ava and In poetry, a

/.vw,

a loosing, or resolving, from

to

giving strength after disease.

n.

loosen.

ANALEP'TI,
strength,

See Loose.]
; ;

and

medicine which gives

;

health after sickness

aids in restoring a body to a restorative.

The separation of a compound body into its constituent parts a resolving as, an analysis of water, air or oil, to discover its
elements. A consideration of any thing in its .separate parts an examination of the different parts of a subject, each separately as the words which compose a sentence, the notes of a tune, or the simple propositions which enter into an argument. It is op; ;

ANAL'OGAL,

a.

Analogous.
a.

[A'oi used.]
2.
;

ANAPEST'I, ANAPEST'Ie,

7!.

The

anapestic measure.
Bentley.
;

ANALOG'ICAL,
tion.

Hah. Having analogy used by way of analogy bearing some rela;

Pertaining to an anapest consisting of anapestic feet.

a.

n. [Gr. from ava^cpa.] analogical reasoning is reas1. A figure in rhetoric, when the same word oning from some similitude which things known bear to things unknown. An anaor words are repeated at the beguming of two or moi'e succeeding verses or clauses logical word is one which carries with it posed to sytithesis. some relation to the original idea. Thus In mathematics, analysis is the resolving of a sentence as, " Where is the wise ? the word ^rm primarily denotes solidity or Jl'here is the scrilje ? Where is the disof problems by algebraic equations. The Johnson. and by compactness in a material body puter of this world ?" analysis of finite quantities is otherwise called algebra, or specious arithmetic. 2. Amoi^g physicians, the discharge of blood analogy, when used of the mind, it conThe analysis of infinites is the method of or purulent matter by the mouth. veys the idea of (pialities having a similitude to thesolidity of bodies, that is, fixedor the differential calculus. fluxions, Encyc. Coie. ness or inmiovability. Watts. Encyc. ANAPLEROT'Ie, a. [Gr. avan.rr,f,ou, to fill.] ANALOU'ICALLY, 'adv. In an analogical In logic, analysis is the tracing of things to Filling up supplving or renovating flesh. their soiu-ce, and the resolving of knowl- ANAPLEROT'I,7i. A medicine which remaimer; by way of similitude, relation or news flesh or wasted parts. Encyc. Coxe. agreement. Thus to reason analogically edge into its original principles. is to deduce inferences from some syllabus, or table of the principal heads AN'ARCH, n. [See Anarchy.] The authw agree- 3. ment or relation which things bear to each of confusion one who excites revolt. of a continued discourse, disposed in their other. Milton. natural order. } Without rule or gov\NALOG'ICALNESS, n. The quality of 4. A brief, mcthodi<'al illustration of the in a state ernmeiit fitness to be applie<^l for of a science. In this sense, it is ANAKII'IAL, being analogical principles the illustration of some analogy. Johnson. of confusion apjdied to a state or society. nearly .synonymous with syyiopsis. ANAL'OGISM, Jl. [Gr. aroXoyw'^os.] AN'ALYST, n. One who analyzes, or is Fielding uses anarchial, a word of less difficult pronunciation. An argument from the cause to the effect. versed in analysis. Kirwan. " one who Johnson. ANALYT'I, to analv- AN'ARHIST, n. An anarch Pertaining \ excites revolt, or promotes disorder in a sis that resolves uito Investigation of things by the analogy they ANALYT'ICAL, \ state. bear to each other. first principles that separates into parts Crahbe. Stephens. ANAL'OgIST, 7^. One who adheres to or original principles that resolves a com- AN'ARHY, n. [Gr. avapz^, of o priv. and apxVi rule.] analogy. pound body or subject as, an analytical of government a state of society, ANAL'OGIZE, v. t. To explain by analogy experiment in chimistry, or an analytical Want to form some resemblance between differ when there is no law or supreme power, It is opposed to investigation. synthetic. or when the laws are not efiicient, and ent things to consider a thing with regard ANALYT'IALLY, adv. In the liianncr of to its analogv to soiuething else. individuals do what they please with imof seiiarating a body analysis by way Cheyne. ANAL'OGOU'S, a. Ha\ing analogy bear- into its constituent parts, or a subject, hito ])unitv ])olitical confusion. its principles. fol ANAR'HICHAS, 7i. The sea wolf; a genus ing some resemblance or proportion lowed by to; as, there is something in tlj< ANALYT'IS, n. The science of analysis. of ravenous fisli, of the order of Apodals, exercise of the mind analogous to that of found in the northern seas. [See Jlnalysis.] the body. genus of water fowl of AN'ALVZE, V. t. [Gr. amj^vu. See Jlnal- ANAS, ?!. [L.] the order Anseres ; including the swans, ANAL'OgY, n. [Gr. aia?.oyia, of aiw, and ysis.] To resolve a body into its elements to sep- geese, and ducks. The species are very Jioyo;, ratio, proportion.] 1. An agreement or likeness between numerous. arate a compound things subject into its parts or in some circumstances or effects, when the pro|)ositi(ins, for the purjiose of an exami- VN.ASARCA, 71. [Gr. oia, in or between, nation of each tlungs are otherwise entirely different. and au(i, flesh.] separately as, to analyze
;
; ;

Thus

ANAPHORA,

ANARHT,

i,

"

ANA
A species
of dropsy, from a serous

A N C
humor
;

A N C
of nature or blood a predecessor, in the order of oftice. ANCES'TRAL, a. Relating or belonging to ancestors claimed or descending from
; ;

spread between the skin and llcsh an accumulation of lymph in the cellularj membrane, occasioning a soft, pale, ine-| lastic swelling of tlie skin, ^uincy. Coxe. ANAS' AReOlTS, a. Belonging to anasarca, or dropsy dropsical.
;

or

ANATH'EMATIZED,
an anathema.

cate with a deniuiciation of curses; to pronounce an anathema against. Hammond. pp. Excommunicated with curses.

ANATHEMATIZING,
AN.VriF'EROUS,
/era, to
a.

ppr.

Pronoimcing

ancestors

as,

an ancestral

estate.

ANAS'TOMOSE,
To
;

s as z. [Gr. am, and r. i. ANAT'OCISM, n. [L. anatocismus, i'roniGr. sfo^a, mouth.] to unite the mouth of one| aiu, again, and roxof, usury.] inosculate AN'HILOPS, n. [Gr. oi7i?lu+, from o.?, a vessel with another, as the arteries with Interest upon interest the taking of comQu.] goat, and u^, an eye. Darwin. Encyc. the veins. pound interest or the contract by which The goat's eye ; an abscess in the inner ANASTOM'OSY, ) "' The inosculation of such interest is secured. ^Rarely used.] angle of the eye an incipient fi.stula lachCicero. Johnson. ANASTOMO'SIS, S vessels, or the openrymalis. Encyc. Coxe. as an artery ANATOM'lAL, a. Belonghig to anatomy VN'CllOR, 71. It. [L. a7ichora ; Gr. oyxi-po ing of one vessel into another, or dissection produced by or according uito a vein a relaxation or dilatation of and Port, ancora ; Sp. ancla ; D. G. Dan. to the principles of anatomy, or natural the mouths of vessels also the communianker ; Sw. anchare ; Ir. ankaire, ancair structure of the body relating to the parts or ingir; Corn, ankar ; Ar. ankar ; Pers. ancation of two vessels, as a vein with a vein. of the body when dissected or separated. Quinci/. Encyc. Coxe. ghar ; Russ. iacor ; F'r. ancre ; Arm. ancor.] adv. In an anatomical 1. An iron instrument for ANASTOMOT'IC, a. Opening the mouths holding a ship of vessels, or removing obstructions. manner; by means of dissection accord or other vessel at rest in water. It is a medicine suping to the doctrine of anatomy. ANASTOMOT'Ie, n. strong shank, with a ring at one end, to n. One who dissects bodies to have the power of opening the which a cable may be fastened and w itli posed more generally, one who is skilled in the mouths of vessels, and promoting circula two arms and flukes at the other end, the doctruie art of dissection, or versed tion, such as cathartics, deobstruents and forming a suitable angle with the shank and principles of anatomy. sudoritics. to enter the ground. Encyc. ANAS'TROPIIE, ) [Gr. avasfo^r,, a con- ANAT'OMIZE, v. t. To dissect an animal In seamen's language, the anchor comes home, to divide into the constituent parts, for the version or inversion.] when it is dislodged from its bed, so as to ANAS'TROPHY, I each by itself; to In rhetoric and grammar, an inversion of the purpose of examining drag by the violence of the wind, sea or as saxa per et natural order of words cinrent. lay open the interior structure of the parts of a body or subject as, to anatomize an Fold anchor is when the anchor hooks or is Encyc. scapulas, for per saxa et scapulas. AN'ATASE, )!. [Gr. aiu-taaif, extension, so animal or plant to anatomize an arguentangled with another anchor, or with a ment. named from the length of its crystals.] wreck or cable, or when the slack cable Octahedrite octahedral oxyd of titanium is entangled. pp. Dissected, as an ani mal body. a mineral that shows a variety of colors The anchor a cock bill, is when it is susreflected light, from indigo blue to red- ANAT'OMIZING, ppr. Dissecting. by pended perpendicularly from the cat n. [Gr. aiaroftjy, of ara, through It is usually erystahzed in dish brown. Y, iiead, ready to be let go.
; ; ; :
;

and produce.] Producing ducks. Brown.

[L. anas, a duck,

AN'CESTRY,
;

n. \ series of ancestors, or progenitors lineage, or those who compose the line cif natural descent. Hence, birth or honorable descent. Addison,

ANATOMICALLY,
ANATOMIST,

ANATOMIZED,
ANAT'OM
1.

acute, elongated, pyramidical octahedrons. Ure. Cleavetand.

and tinvu,

to cut.]

The anchor a

.\NATII'EMA,
t.

n.

[Gr. muSi/ta, from

amat a
2.

dicular direction, either by the cable or the The doctrine of the structure of the body, buoy-rope. learned by dissection ; as, a physician To back an andtor is to lay down a small understands anatomy. anchor ahead of that by which the ship 3. The act of dividing any thing, corporeal rides, with the cable fastened to the crown or intellectual, for the purpose of examinwas practiced in the ancient churches, of the latter to prevent its coming home. ing its parts as, the anatomy of a plant, At anchor is when a ship rides by her anagainst notorious offenders all churches or of a discourse. were warned not to receive them all chor. Hence, to lie or ride at anchor. a To cast The body stripped of its integuments magistrates and private persons wen anchor, or to anchor, is to let go admonished not to harbor or maintain skeleton, or the cor]>oreal frame of bones an anchor, to keep a ship at rest. them, and priests were enjoined not to entire, without the skin, flesh and vessels To weigh anchor is to heave or raise the converse with them, or attend their fu an improper use of the word, and vulgar. anchor out of the ground. neral. 5. Ironically, a meager person. .\nchors are of difterent sizes. The princiThere are two kinds of anathemas, Jurfi ANATREP'Tle, a. [Gr. a.-arpfjtcj, to overpal, and that on which most dependence and abjuratary. The former is Then come is jilaced, is the sheet anchor. turn.] ciary a pronounced by a council, pope or bishop Overthrowing the best bower, the small boicer, the spare prostrating defeating the latter is the act of a convert who to the dialogues of Plato, which word applied anchor, the stream anchor, aiid the kedge anathematizes the heresy which he abMar. Diet. represent a complete defeat in the gymnastic anchor, which is the smallest. exercises. jures. Enfield. 2. In a figurative sense, that which gives sta^. In heathen that on w Inch we place mythology, an offering, or pres- AN'ATRON, n. [from Gr. vttfov, niter.] bility or security ent made to some deity and hung up in a 1. Soda or mineral fixed, alkali. dependence for safety. Wliicli hope we have as an anchor of the temple. Whenever a person quitted his 2. Spume or glass gall, a scum which rises Heb. vi. soul, both sure and stedfast. employment, he set apart, or dedicated his upon melted glass, hi the furnace, and tools to his patron-deity. Persons who when taken otf, dissolves in the air, and 3. In architecture, anchors are carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor. It is had escaped danger remarkably, or been then coagulates into common salt. of a part of the ornaments of the otherwise very fortunate, testified their :}. The salt which collects on the walls commonly boultuis of capitals in the Tuscan, Doric Johnson. Coxe vaults. gratitude by some oflering to their deity. disease in turueps, or an and Ionic orders, and on the moldings of ncMC. AN'BURY, n. cornices. ANATHEMAT'ICAL, a. Pertaining to injiu'v occasioned by a fly. anathema. n. [Fr. ancestres, ancetres ; L. In heraldry, anchors are emblems of hope. AN'C'ESTOR, ANATHEMAT'IALLY, adv. In the man- antecessor, of ante, before, anil cedo, to go." Encyc. ner of anathema. One from whom a person descends, either AN'CHOR, v.t. To place at anchor; to ANATHEMATIZATION, n. The act of by the father or mother, at any distance moor as to anchor a ship. of time, in the tenth or hundredth gene- 2. To fix or fasten on ; to fix in a stable conanathematizing. Encyc. ANATH'EMATIZE, v. t. To e.\coinmum- ration. An ancestor precedes in the order dition.

tiBrjiai, to place behind, distance, to separate.]

backward or

The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of an animal body, to discover their situation, structure
and economy.

peek,

is

when

it

is

drawn

in
it.

so tight as to bring the ship directly over

The anchor is a trip, or o weigh, when it is just drawn out of the groimd, in a perpen-

Excommunication with curses. Hence, a curse or denunciation by ecclesiastical authority, accompanying exconnnuiiica This species of e.xconununication tion.
;

A N C
AN'CHOR,
to
2.
r. i.
;

A N C
;

AND
rude and unwrought at the ends. A piece of cast iron is melted ofl' and Iiammered at a forge, into a mass of two feet long

To

cast anchor

to

come

anchor
stop
;

as,

our ship anchored

oft' the isle

of Wight.

To

to fix or rest on.

a.

or paintings, or ancient authors, books. But in seems the most

ized.

old statues or paintings;] or old authors, meaning

these examples ancient]

correct, or best author;

AN'HORABLE,
[.Voi used.]

Fit

for

anchorage.
Herbert.
;

AN'HORAgE,

AND, conj. [Sax. and ; Ger. und ; D. ende or en ; and.] The hold of a shi|) at anchor, or rather an ancient forest; an ancient city. the anchor and all the necessary tackle 3. Known from ancient times; as the ancient And is a conjunction, connective or conjomIt signifies that a word or part for anchoring. continent, opposed to the new continent. ing woid. Robertson. of a sentence is to be added to what pre3. A duty imposed on sliips for anchoring in a harbor. AN'CIENT, n. [Supra.] Generally used in cedes. Thus, give me an apple ayid an the plural, ancients. Those who lived in A>f'lIORED, pp. Lying or riding at anorange that is, give me an apple, add or former ages, opposed to modems. chor held by an anchor moored fixed give in adtUtion to that, an orange. John In scripture, very old men. Also, governors, and Peter and James rode to New-York, in safety. that is, John rode to New-Y'ork add or female anchoret. rulers, political and ecclesiastical. AN'HORESS, n. The Lord will enter into judgment with the further, Peter rode to New- York add Fairfax. ancients of his people. Isa. iii. jer. xix. n. [Gr James rode to New-York. AN'HORET, or God is called the Ancient of days from liis AN'DALUSITE, n. ara, massive mineral, of tn'a;iupi;r;75, from a!'o,vwp:io, to retire, of Dan. vU. eternal existence. a flesh or lose red color and ;tupfu, to go. Written by some ausometimes Hooker uses the word for seniors, "They found crystalized in imperfect four-sithors, anachoref.] ded prisms, nearly or quite rectangular. A hermit; a recluse; one who retires from were his ancients," but the use is not au thorized. Its hardness is nearly equal to that of society into a desart or solitary place, ti avoid the temptations of the world and I. .indent is also used for a flag or streamer, Corundum, and it is infusible by the blow and for an ensign or the in a shi]) of war It has its name from Andalusia, in devote himself to religious duties. Also a pipe. bearer of a flag, as in Shakespeare. Cowel with the leave of the abbot, Spain, where it was first discovered. monk, who, Werner. Brongniart. retires to a cave or cell, with an allowance sup])oses the word, when used for a flag to be a corruption of end-sheet, a flag at ANDAN'TE, [It. from andare, to go ; Eng. from the monastery, to live in solitude. to ivend, to wander.] the stern. It is probably the Fr. enseigne Encyc. Johnson. Cowel. Encyc. In music, a word used to direct to a moveAN'CHOR-GROUND, n. Ground suitable ment moderately slow, between largo and Indent demain, in Enghsh Law, is a tenure for anchoring. AN'CHOR-MOLD, n. The hold or fastness by which all numors belonging to tin (diegro. Encyc. Coxe. of an anchor security. crown, in the reign of William the Con AN'DARAC, n. Red orpiment. AN'HOUING, ppr. Mooring conibig to queror, were held. The numbers, names AN'DEAN, a. Pertaming to the Andes, the great chain of mountains extending &c. of these were all entered in a book anchor. anchor; casting called Domes-day Book. Cowel. Blackstone Columliad, 3, 138. through S. America. AN'HOR-SMITH, n. The maker or for ger of anchors, or one whose occupation AN'CIENTLY, adv. In old times; in times ANDi'RA, n. A species of bat in Brazil, is to make anchors. nearly as large as a jjigeon. Diet. J^at. Hist. long since past as Rome was anciently and Sp. anchoim ; > more poj)ulous than at present. AND'IRON, n. [Teutonic, andena, or andcANCHO'VY, [Port, la. In Sax. the corresponding word is Fr. anehois It. acciuga ; .\N'CIENTNESS, n. The state of bein AN'CHOVY, \ ancient antiquity; existence from old timeG. anschove.^ hrand-isen, brand or fire iron D. brandA small fish, about three inches in lengtli, of| AN'CIENTRY, n. Dignity of birth; the yzer. The Fr. landier, Ann. lander, Junius honor of ancient hneage. the genus Chipea, found and caught, in thinks, is our and-iron, with the French I vast numbers, in the Mediterranean, and prefixed.] Spenser on Ireland. Shak. An iron utensil used, in Great Britain, where [J^ot antiquity. pickled for exportation. It is used as a AN'CIENTY, n. Age coal is the common fuel, to support the Martin. sauce or seasoning. use.] ends of a spit but in America, used to n. A fruit of Jamaica, AN'CIENTY, n. In some old English statANCHO'VY-PEAR, It is large, utes and authors, eldership or senioritv support the wood in fire places. constituting the genus Grias. 14. Hen. III. contains a stone, and is esculent. ANDORIN'HA, n. The Brazihan swallow. DictofMit. Hist. AN'CIENT, a. Usually pronounced most W'CILLARY, a. [L. ancilla, a female ser;

Anchor-ground a place where a ship can anchor, where the ground is not too rocky, nor the water too deep nor too shallow.
n.

persons apply ancient to men but this advanced in years still living use is not common in modern practice though found in scripture. With the ancient is wisdom. Job. Old that has been of long duration as,

Some

and square, which

is called a bloom then, carried to a finery, and worked into an ancony ; it is then sent to a chafery, where the ends are wrought into the shape of the middle, and the whole is made into a bar.
;

Encyc.

2.

ANCHORITE,

"

vant.] anomalously, ancient. The pronimciation of the first vowel ought to accortl wit' Pertaining to a maid servant, or female ser-

ANDRANAT'OMY,
man, and

n. [Gr.

av^p, wSpoj,

avatofirj, dissection.]

that in antiquity, anger, atichor, &:<. [Fr. (incien; It. anziano, an:t;fromL. ante, antiquus.}
^.

vice

subservient as a maid servant. jThe dissection of a of a male. Blackstone.

a.

human
n.

ANCIP'ITAL,
happened or existed
in

[L. anceps.]
;

AN'DREOLITE,

body, especially Co.rc. Quincy. mineral, the harmoUre.

Old

that

times, usually at a gi-eat distance of time ; Old. as, ancient authors, ancient days. says Johnson, relates to the duration ol tlie tiling itself, as an old coat ; and ancient, to time in general, as an ancient dress. But this distinction is not always observed. AVe say, in old times, as well as ancient In general times ; old customs, &c. however, ancient is opposed to modern we and old to new, fresh or recent. speak of a thing that existed formerly

former Doulitful, or double double-faced or double formed; applied to the stem of a plant, it signifies a two edged stem, compressed

tonie, or cross-stone.

ANDROG'YNAL, ANDROG'YNOUS,
;

When

tvv'o opposite angles. Having two sexes Barton's Elem. of Botany. Lee. herniaphroditical. n. small ulcerous swelling In botany, the word is applied to plants Boucher. which bear both male and female flowers, coming suddenly. from the same root, as birch, walnut, oak, AN'CON, n. [L. ancon Gr. a/yxuf, the e These plants conchesiuit, mulberry, &c. how.] The olecranon, the upper end of the ulna, or stitute tlie monecian class in Linne's sys-

and tijrming

[Gr. a*ijp, a man, and yrrj?, woman.} being male and female
I "' ^

AN' COME,

elbow.

Ctue
n. [Lat. ancon, Gr. ayxui'.]

AN'CONE,

In

tem, and frequently have an amentum, Jflilne. thong or catkin, for a calvx.
af/i'."With the

which has ceased

to exist,

we commonly

use ancient, as ancient rc))ublics, ancient heroes, and not old reiJubUcs, old heroes But when the thing which began or existed
in former times, is still in existence, we use either anctMi< or old; as, ancient statues

corner of a wall, crossEncyc. AN'CONY, n. [Probably from oyxur, the cid)!t, from its resemblance to the arm.] In iron u^orks, a ])iece of half wrought iron iai the shape of a bar in the middle, but
architecture, the beam or rafter.

ANDROg'YNALLY,
of both sexes.

parts

ANDROG'YNUS.

?).

hermaphrodite. Johnson.

ANDROID,
form.l

n.

[Gr.

oi>;p,

man, and

ctfio;,

A N E
A
macliine, in the

A N

Gi

A
base, but slender

iN

(J

form, whii-h, by spread about in the cellular membrane, Coxe. out of its proper course, certain springs, performs some of the nat(^nincy. One of ANEURIS'MAL, a. Pertaining to an aneuural motions of a h\-ing man. rism. these machines, invented hy M. Vaiican[a and eip.] son, appeared at Paris in 1738, represent- .'\NEVV' adv. Encyc. Over again anotlirr time in a new form; ing a flute player. iLNDROM'EDA, n. A northern constella- as, to arm anew ; to create anew. Per- ANFRACTUOUS, a. [L. an/ractus, nf amb, tion, behind Pegasus, Cassiopeia and about, and fractus, broken. See Break.] seus, representing the figure of a woman full of windings and turnings chained. The stars in this constellation, Winding written less correctly, anfractuose. in Ptolemy's catalogue, are 23 in Tyoho's, Ray. 22 in Bayer's, 27 in Flamsted's, 84. ANFRATUOUSNESS, n. A state of be2. The name of a celebrated tragedy of Euing full of windings and turnings. n. [L. angario ; Gr. Encyc. ANGARIA'TION, ripides, now lost. ANDROPH'AGl, n. [Gr. an;p, man, and wyyapivio, to compel a word of Persian

human

and sharp above, disposeil in five rows, all round the jaws. The fish takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large and extend horizontally, like wings wlien spread. This fish connects the genus of rays, with that ot'
sharks, partaking of the characters ol' both but it differs from both in this, that mouth is placed at the extremity of the head. Enci/r.
;
"

its

ANgEL'I, ANGEL'IAL,

\\,.angeUcus.] Reseinbling angels ^ belonging to angels, or ])artaking of their nature the nature and dignity of angels. suiting
}

"

ANgEL'ICA,

?i.

genus of digynian

jien-

^loyu, to eat.]

origin.]
;

Blan-eaters

but the word is little used, being Compulsion exertion. [JVot used.] superseded by anthropophagi, which see. AN6EIOT'OMY, n. See Angiotomy. Herodotus mentions people of this charac- AN'CiEL, n. Usually pronounced angel, but most anomalously. ter. angelus, Gr. [L. Mclpom, 106. ANE'AR, prep. Near. ayyfXof, a messenger, from oyytJAu, to tell Atterbury.
;

common
uses.

tanders, containing several species. The sort is cultivated for merlicinnl

It grows naturally in northern climates, and has large lur.bels of a globose The roots ha\ e a fragant aromatic figure. smell, and are used in the aromatic tincture. The stalks make an agreeable sweetmeat. Encyc.

AN'ECDOTE,
Ill its

n. [Gr. a priv. and txStSuj^ui, to puhlisli, part, ixhotof, given out.] original sense, secret history, or facts

or

speak or
\ 1.3

announce Ir. agalla, agallaim, to tell Ctom the root of call, or of Ar.
;

not generally known. But in more com mon usage, a particular or detaclied inci dent or fact of an interesting nature a biographical incident a single passage of Procopius gave the title of private life.
;
;

to

say, to

tell.

Sax. angel ;

Ir.

ain-

AN6EL'IALLY, adv. Lil;e an angel. AN6EL'IALNESS, n. The quahiy of being

anecdotes to a book he published against and Justinian and his wife Theodora similar collections of incidents in the lives of eminent men are now common. Ena/c ANEeDOT'lAL, a. Pertaining to anec;

1.

geal, or aingiol; D. G. Sw.- Dan. engel; Sp. angel ; It. angelo ; Port, anjo ; Fr. ange Russ. angel.] one employed to Lnlerally, a incs.senger communicate news or intbrmation from one person to another at a distance. But
; ;

angehc

excellence
in

more than huhistory,

man.

AN'GELITES,
called

Church

so

from Angelicuin in Alexandria, where they held their first meetings, h

2.

appropriately, spirit, or a spiritual intelhgent being

dotes.

Bolingbroke.
used.]

employetl by
to
3.

ANE'LE, V. t. [Sax. wit, oil.] To give extreme unction. LYot

Shak

God to communicate his will man. Hence angels are ministers of God, and ministring spirits. Heb. 1.
;

ANEMOG'RAPHY,
and

n.

[Gr.

aw^o;, wind

yixifi, description.]

A description of the \vinds. ANEMOL'OgY, n. [Gr. an^o;,

>.oyo5,

Johnson wind, and

discourse.]

The

doctrine of winds, or a treatise on the

n. [Gr. avifioi,

subject.

ANEMOM'ETER,
An

wind, and

Hirptu, to measure.]

ANEMONE, " [Gr. avifiufr;, from aif^tos, wind. It was the anANEM'ON
}

instnunent or machine for measuring the force and velocity of the wind. Encyc.

Y,

by

cient Greeks written avt^uT^a. Thcoph. Lib. 6. Ca. 7. Plin. 21, 2-3. Venus is said to have changed her Adonis into an anemone. Ovid. Metam. Lib. 10, 735.] Wind-flower ; a genus of plants of numer-

In a bad sense, an evil spirit as, the angel of the bottomless pit. Math. xxv. 1 Cor. vi. Rev. ix. 4. Christ, the mediator and head of the church. Rev. x. .5. A minister of the gospel, who is an embassador of God. Rev. ii. and iii. 6. Any being whom God employs to execute his judgments. Rev. xvi. Cruden. 7. In the style of love, a very beautiful person. Shak. n. A fish found on the coast of AN'GEL, Carohna, of the thoracic order and genus Cha;todoii. It has a small projecting mouth the lainens above the gills are armed with cerulean spines the body, a foot in length, ai)pears as if cut off, and waved, and covered with large green
; ;

sect of heretics near the close of the 5th century, who held the persons of the trinity not to be the same, nor to exist by their own nature but each to be a God. existing by participating of a deity common to them all. They are called also Severites, from Severus, their head and
; ;

Theodosians, from one Theodosius, whom they made their Pope. Encyc. AN'GEL-LIKE, a. ResembUng or having the manners of angels.

ANgELOL'OgY,
A

71.

[Angel and
;

Xoyo;.]

discourse on angels or the doctrine of Ch. Spectator. angelic beings. AN'GELOT, n. [Fr. anche, the reed of a hautboy or other instrument of music]
1.

2.

An instrument of music, somewhat reJohTison. sembling a lute. An ancient English coin struck at Paris while under the dominion <5f England so called from the figure of an angel supporting the escutcheon of the arms of England and France. Also, a small rich sort of cheese made in Normandy. Encyc.
;

of tlie species are cultivated in gardens, of which their double flowers are among the most elegant ornaments. Sea Anemone. See Animal Flower. ANEM'OSCOPE, n. [Gr. awfio;, wind, and

ous species.

Some

AN'GEL,

<!xortfw,

to

view.]
tlie

machine which shows

city

course or velo-

of the wind.

Encyc.

prep. About ; concerning ; over against : a Scottish word. Qu. Gr. fj'oiTi. AN'EURISM, n. [Gr. aio, and cvfivva, to di

ANENT',
late,

from tvpvc, broad.] preternatural dilatation or rupture of the coats of an artery. This is encysted or

The encysted aneurism is when the coats of the artery being only dilated, the blood is confined to its proper coat. Of tliis kind is tlie varicose. The diffused atteurism includes all those in which, from] an apertm-c in tlie artery, the blood is'
difl'used.

AN'GEL-SHOT, i. [Fr. ange, a chain-shot.] Catesby. Chain-shot, being two halves of a caimon ball fastened to the ends of a chain. gold coin formerly current in England, bearing the figure of an angel. AN' GEL- WINGED, a. Winged hke angels. Skinner says, this device was impressed Thomson. it in allusion to an observation of AN'gEL-WORSHIP, n. The worshiping upon of angels. Pope Gregory the Great, who, seeing Trapp. some beautiful English youths, in the .VN'GER, n. ang'ger. [L. ango, to choke, market at Rome, asked who they were whence angor, vexation, strangle, vex told they were Angli, English, he being anguish, the quinsy, angina. Gr. ay;tu, to replied, they ought rather to be called anstrangle, to strain or draw together, to This coin had diffeieut valgeli, angels. vex. The primary sense is to press, ues under different princes but is now Gr. ay;^i, near ; squeeze, make narrow an imaginary sum or money of account, Sax. enge G. enge ; D. Dan. eng, narimplying ten shillings sterhng. Encyc. W. jiig-. This word may row, strait AN'GEL, a. Rcsembhng angels ; angehc be connected in origin with the Ar. Shak as, angel whiteness. ANgEL-AgE, n. The existence or state of vJtA=> hanika, to be angry, and ,Jii,si, &c.
scales.

Pennant from

Ji.

angels.

AN'gEL-FISH,

n. sijuatus squatina. It

Beaumont, A species of shark, the is from six to eight feet with a large head, teeth broad at the long,

chanaka, to strangle Heb. Ch. Syr. Eth. non, to strangle. In Sas. ange signifies
;

A
vexed
; ;

iV

G
;
;

A N G
;

A N G

1.

Nor is it unusual to see somethingj The angle of refraction is the angle wliieh a of this passion roused by gross absurditiesi ray of light refracted makes with the surface of the refracting medium or rather in others, especially in controversy or diswith a ])erpendicular to that point of the cussion. Anger may be inflamed till it surface on which it falls. rises to rage and a temporary deUrium. Encyc. smart of a sore or swelling the A right angle, is one formed by a right line 9. Pain literal sense of the leonl. but little used. faUing on another perpendicularly, or an of 90 degrees, making the quarter V. t. angger. To excite anger; to AN'GER, angle of a circle. provoke ; to rouse resentment. to An obtuse angle is greater than aright angle, to cause to smart :i. To make i)ainful or more than 90 degrees. Bacon.' inflame as, to anger an ulcer. An acute angle is less than a right angle or \N'GERLY, adv. [anger and like.] less than 90 degrees. in an angry manner mere generally writA rectilineal or right-lined angle, is formed ten angrily. ANgI'NA, n. [L. from ango, to choke. See' by two right hues.
ber.
; ;
;

the English, to which is added this coirN angmod. sad, anxious ang-stl, a angulo ; It. angolo. The German has an-\ i-arbuncle angsum, pressed elose anxsximou affix, ic. The Angles, were the Ingeln, for angling with a hook but in D.j mian, to vex, to luake anxious; Eng. an-\ hengel is the rofi, and hengelen, to anglc.l gsevones, of Tacitus, ing-ivoners, dweller.^ anxious L. angnstus, angina, &e. Qu. hinge and hang.] on the plain or level land, near the Elbe sriiish, In popular Umguage, the point where two See Anguish.'\ and VVeser. [See English and fVont.] A violent passion of tlic mind excited by a linos meet, or the meeting of two Unes in a| Ing is annexed to many English names, as a corner. real or supposed injury ; usually accompoint Reading, Basing, Kitlering, towns situated with a propensity to take ven- In geometry, the space comprised between on flat land.] panied two straight lines that meet in a point, or jjeaniT, or to obtain satisfaction from tliei English jiertaining to England or the EngThis jjassiou liowever between two straight converging lines lish nation as the Anglican church. (itVendiiif; party. varies in degrees of violence, and in ingen-! which, if extended, would meet or the Pinkerton. uuus minds, may be attended only with a which two straight lines, depar- ANGLICISM, . An English Idiom; a form quantity by desire to rejirove or chide the offender. of language pecuUar to the EngUsh. ting from a point, diverge from each other. Anger is also excited by an injury otler-! The ]ioiut of meeting is the vertex of the Milton. ed to a relation, friend or party to wliich angle, and the lines, coiuaiiiing the angle, AN'GLICIZE, V. t. To make English to are its sides or legs. one is attached; and some degrees ofiti render conformable to the Enghsh idiom, may be excited by cruelty, injustice or} In optics, the angle of incidence is the angle or to English analogies. which a r;iy of light makes with a perpen- AN'GLING, ppr. Fishing with an oppression offered to those with whonii angle. dicular to the surface, or to that point of the AN'GLING, n. A one has no immediate connection, or even! and fishing with a rod a surface on which it falls. to the conuiiunity of which one is a mem-i line
;
1

\NGLO-DA'NISH,
tled in Eiiffland.

a. Pertaining to the English Danes, or the Danes who set-

ANGLO-NORMAN,
English Normans.

o.

Wotton. Pertaining to the

H'otton.

ANGLO-SAX'ON,

ANGO'LA-PEA
cies
1.

a. Pertainmg to the Saxons, who settled in England, or English Saxons. ANGLO-SAX'ON, n. A kind of pear; also the language of the Enghsh Saxons.

or

PIGEON-PEA. A

spe-

of Cytisus.
n.

AN'GOR,
;

[L.

See Anger.]

2.

A mixed angle is formed by a right line with a ciu'ved hne. croup, Adjacent or co7itiguous angles are such as Coxe. have one leg common to both angles, and &c. mumps, both together are equal to two right an.-higina pectoris, an anomalous or spasmodic affection of the chest and organs of resgles. are ancles of any right-hned or a disease of the heart. C'o.rf.| External angles piration n. [Gr. oyyaoi-, a vessel, figure without it, when the sides are produced or lengthened. and yfta^r;, description.] A description of the vessels in the human Internal angles are those which are within
throat,

Anger.] \ quinsy ; an inflammation of the throat aj tumor impeding res])iration. It is a gei eral name of the diseases called sore;

'

A curvilineal angle,
line.s.

is

formed by two curvedj

AN GRED
gry
;

Pain intense bodily pain. The retiring of the native bodily heat to the center, occasioning head-ache, palpitation and sadness. Encyc. Coxe. or pp. Made an-

ANGERED,

provoked.
;

as quinsy,

scarlet

fever,

AN'GRILY,

AN'GRY,
1.

ANGIOGRAPHY,
body.

peevishly a. [See Anger.] Feeling resentment provoked; followed generally by with before a person. God is angry with the wicked eveiy day.
;

adv. In an angry manner ; with indications of resentment.

Fa.

vii.

But
thing.

it is

usually followed by at before

a
?

.tsh.

any

riglit-lined figure.

ANtilOL'OGY,
?.oyo;,

n. [Gr. ay/noy, a vessel,

and Oblique angles are either acute or obtuse,

in
2.

Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice

Eccles. v.

discourse.]

treatise or discourse

on the vessels of the A

(^uincy.
n. [Gr.ar^ynop,

human
phatics,

body, as the arteries, veins, lymiScc.

^NGI03I0N0SPER3I'0US,
a vessel,
foi/oc,

alone,

and

orttp^ia,

seed.]

Producing one seed only in a pod.

AN'GIOSPERM,

Bailey. Johnson. n. [Gr. ayynw, a vessel,

its

and ortfp|Uo, seed.] !n botany, a plant which has sed in a pericarp.

seeds incloin-

VNgIOSPERM'OUS

a.

Having seeds

In! closed in a pod or other pericarp. Lume's system, the second order of plants; in the didynaniian class are called angio

sperrnia.

Tins word is opposed to gymnospermous, or naked-seeded.

n. [Gr. oyyaor,

opposition to right angles. solid angle is the meeting of three or more l)lain angles at one point. A spho-ical angle is one made by the meeting of two arches of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of the globe or sphere. Bailey. AN'GLE, ji. A hook an instrument to take fish, consisting of a rod, a line and a hook, or a line and hook. AN'GLE, 1'. i. To fish with an angle, or with line and hook. fish for to try to gain by '3. V. t. or i. To some bait or insinuation, as men angle for fish as, to angle for the hearts of peoShak. Sidney. ple, or to angle hearts. AN'GLED, a. Having angles used only in
; ;
;

wearing the marks of anger caused by anger ; as, an angry countenance angry words.

Showing anger
; ;

Inflamed, as a sore red manifesting inflammation. furious tumultuous. 4. Raging Or chain the angry vengeance of the waves. Trumbull. ANGSA'NA or ANGSA'VA, n. A red gum of the East Indies, like that of dragon's blood. Coze. AN'GU, ?i. Bread made of the Cassada, a plant of the W. Indies.
3.
;
;

AN'GUIFER,
fero, to bear
Ill

compounds.

ANGlOT'OMY,
rifivui,

a vessel, and:

AN'GLER,
gle
;

to cut.]

n. One that fishes with an analso a fish, a species of lophius.

n.

)i. [L. unguis, a serpent, and Sans, agvi.] astronomy, a cluster of stars in the form of a mail holding a serpent Serpentarius, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. Ash.
; ;

The opening of

a vessel, whether a vein orj It includes an artery, as in bleeding. both arteriotomy and phlebotomy. AN'GLE, n. [Fr. angle ; L. angulus, a cor-i ner Gr.ayxi^os: W.ongle ; G. and D. angel,' a hook, an ano-/e ; Dnu.angel, a hook, angle,! a sting l?ax. angel, a hook Sp. Port.'
;

or pole to which ANGUIL'LA, 71. [L. an eel.] a line and hook are fastened. In zoology, an eel; also the name of a 3Ied} Sax. ing, iterranean fish used for food, called also AN'GLIe, "' [From Jingles, a plain or meadow, and Qu. Atherina AN'GLICAN, S liospetus and atlicrina. Diet. JVat. Hist. which is the root lie, like, or nxo;, like, Hepsetus, Linne. of the L. icus, in publicus, and idl similar ANGUIL'LIFORM, a. [h. anguilla, an ecl^

ANGLE-ROD,

The rod

adje<.'tives.

From ing, was formed

Angles,

and forma,

shajie.]

A N H
In the form of an eel, or of a sci-peiu t seiiiblint; an eel or serpent. AN'GUISH, n. [Vr. angoisse h. aitf>:oscia;
; ;

A N
ties
;

A
;

i\

compact, granular, fibrous, radiated,! AN IMAL, a. That belongs or leluies xc. and conanimals as animal functions. sparry, siliciferous or vulpinite, t/re. Animal is distinguished from intellectual Jameson, voluted. animal a])petites, the appetites of the body, thr ANHY'DROUS, a. [Gr. aruipoj, dry apriv. Sp. ansia ; Port, ans^ustin, showing as hunger and thirst. and uiup, water.] direct derivation of tliis word from L. anfrom pressure D. and Destitute of water. Anliydrite is so called,' The animal functions, are touch, taste, mofrustia, narrownes.s, because it isdestilute of the water of crystion, &c. G. anf;st ; Dan. angest. Tliis and a nuCleavcland. Animal life is opposed to vegetable life. talization. merous chiss of words arc from the root from pressure. ANIENT'ED, a. [It. niente, nothing Norm. Animal is o))])oseil also to spiritual or rationnnfr, eng, denotuig narrow, neant ; Fr. aneantir, to annihilate.] al, which respects the soul and reasoning See Anger.^ faculties; as animal nature, spiritual naExtreme pain, either of body or mind. As Frustrated brought to naught. Obs. Chaucer. ture, rational nalure. from agony, bodily pain, it may differ Animal food may signify that food which which is such distress of the whole body ANI'GHT, adv. [a or at, and nighl.] nourishes animals but it usually denotes time anights, in the plmal, is as to cause contortion, whereas anguish In tlie night food consisting of animal flesh. used of frequent and customary acts. may be a local pain as of an ulcer, or gout. Shall. Animal economy is the system of laws by You must come in earlier anights. But anguish and agony are nearly synonywhich the bodies of animals are governed As pain of the mind, it signi- ANTL, Ji. [Sp. anil, indigo Port, anil ; D. mous. and depending on their organic .structure. fies any keen distress from sorrow, reAnimal spirit is a name given to the nervoumorse, "despair and the kindied passions. anyl ; Ar. Vj,j nilon, slender, nila, blue.]
;

And they hearkened not to Moses, guish of spirit, and for cruel bondage. Ex.
for
V.
t.

an-

fluid.

vi.

AN'GUISH,
tiu-ed

To

distress with

pain or grief
;

extreme Temple
tor-

shrub from whose leaves and stalks indi- Animal ergy. go is made Indigo/era, or the indigo plant.
;

spirits in

the plural, Ufe, vigor, en-

AN'GUISHED,;>p. Extremely pained:

deeply distressed.
a.
; ;

ANIL'ITV,

AN'GULAR,
corners
;

an old woman Having an angle, angles or The state of being an old woman the old age of a woman; dotage. pointed as an angular tigure. of an angle forming an an- ANIMADVER'SION, n. [L. animadversio.]. 2. Consisting as an angular point. Remarks by way of censure or criticism gle ANGULARITY, n. The quaUty of having reproof; blame. It may sometimes be used for punishment, or pimishment may an angle or corner.
;

n. [L. anilis, anilitas, from anus, Celtic, hen, old.]

;

Ena/c. Animal system, or animal kingdom denote.the whole class of beings endowed with animal life. Encyc. Johnson.
j

ANIMAL'ULE,

n.

[L. animalculum, ani-

AN'GULARLY,
ners
;

adv. With angles, or corin the direction of the angles.

n.

AN'GULARNESS,
angular.

The quaUty of being

angles or
:

AN'GULATED,
corners.

a.

Formed with

AN'GULOUS,
hooked.

a.

Woodward. Angular ; having corners

Glanville.

ANGUST',
Narrow
;

ANGUSTA'TION,
See Anger.]

[L. angustus.] Burton. straight. [JVot used.] n. [L. angustus, narrow.

a.

The

act ot

making narrow

a straightening

or being

made narrow.
n.

Wiseman
angustus, nar-

ANGUST'ILAVE,

[L.

A robe
by

row, and clavus, a knob or stud.] or tunic embroidered with purple studs or knobs, or by pur])le stripes, worn

Roman

knights.

The

latidave,

whh

but appropriately, an animal whose figure cannot be discerned without the aid of a magnifying glass such as an invisible to the naked eye. Encyr. be implied in the word, but this is not AN'IMAL-FLOWER, n. In zoology, seacommon. In an ecclesiastical sense, it anemone, sea-nettle or urtica marina, the differs from censure, says Aylifte name of several species of animals belongcensure, respecting spiritual punishment, and aniing to the genus actinia. They are called sea-nettle from their supposed property of madversion, a temporal one. Glanville in the sense of perception, vises the word stinging, and sea-anemone from the rebut this use is not authorized. semblance of their claws or tentacles, to ANIMADVER'SIVE, a. That has the pow- the petals of some flowers. These are er of ])erceiving. Obs. Glanville. disposed in regular circles, and tinged v. i. [L. animadverto, of with various bright colors. Some of these ANIMADVERT', animals are hemispherical, others cylinanimus, mind, and advcrto, to turn to.] 1. To turn the mind to; to consider. drical others are shaped hke a fig. Some 2. To consider or remark upon by way of are stiff and gelatinous; others, fleshy and criticism or censure. muscular but all can alter their figure Dryden. 3. To inflict punishment followed by upon. by extending their claws in search of food. Grew These animals can move slowly, but are ER, n. One who animadgenerally fixed by one end to rocks or verts or makes remarks by way of cen stones in the sand. On the other extremsure. ity, is the mouth in the center, which is
little
; ;

malcula.]

animal

ANIMADVERT'

broader studs, was worn by,senators.

ANIMADVERT'ING, ppr.
AN'IMAL,
to
;

ANHELA'TION,
breathe

n.

Kennct. Quinctilian. [L. anhelo, to pant or

;

with

ditficulty
;

from
;

halo,

breathe.] Shortness of breath

a panting difficult respiration, without fever, or with a sense of suffocation. Ena/c. Coxe. ANHELO'SE, a. Out of breath panting breathing with difficulty. {Little used.] Diet AN'HIMA, n. A Brazihan aquatic fowl, larger than a swan, somewhat like crane. Its head is small, its bill black the toes armed with long claws. But what is remarkable, is a horn growing from its forehead and the second joint of the wing is armed with two straight triangular spurs, an inch in length. The fidelity between the male and female is so great, that when one dies, the other remains by the carcase, till it expires.
;'

;i

accurate for we cannot perhaps as AN'IMALIZED, pp. Endowed with animal hfe. certain the jirecise limit between the two kinds of beings, but this is sufficiently cor- AN'IMALIZING,;);?r. Giving annual hfe to. Diet. o/'.Vat. Hist. rect for common practical purposes. AN'IMATE, V. t. [L. animo. See Animal.] n. [See Anhi/drous.] The history of animals is called zoology. to quicken 1. To give natural life to to AN'HYDRITE, make ahve as, the soul animates the body. species of sulphate of lime, anhydrous By way of contempt, a dull person is called '5. To a stupid animal. give powers to, or to heighten the' gypsum, of which there are several varie
ly
; ; ;

surrounded by rows of fleshy claws Considering; reand capable of great dilatation. marking by way of criticism or censure. They n. [L. animal, from anima, air, are very voracious, and will swallow a breath, soul Gaelic anam, breath. The muscle, or crab, as large as a hen's egg. W. has envil, en, a being, soul, spirit, and Encyc. Arm. aneval. Qu. Dan. aan- The term, Animal Flower, is also extended mil, a beast to many other marine animals, from their de, Sw. anda, breath.] An organized body, endowed with life and resemblance to flowers. They belong to the Holothurins, which with the Actinias, the power of voluntary motion a living, were ranged under tjie Molluscas, by sensitive, locomotive body as, man is an Animals are essentialLinne; and to the Tubularias and Hydras, intelligent animal. which were classed with the Zoophytes. ly distinguished from plants by the proThey are all arranged imder the Zoophytes, perty of sensation. The contractile prop by Cuvier. Cyc. erty of some plants, as the mimosa, ha: the appearance of the effect of sensation ANIMALIZA'TION, n. The act of giving animal hfe, or endowing with the properbut it may be merely the effect of irrila ties of an animal. Ure. Med. Repos. hility. The distinction here made between animals AN'IMALIZE, V. f. To give anunal hfe to to endow with the properties of animals. and vegetables, may not be philosophical
; ; ; ;

A
3.

i\

1
;

A N N
;

ANN
nex a penalty to a prohibition, or pnnish

lAOweii or cflect of a thing as, to annnuk] seetL< liave an aromatic smell, and a pleasant warm taste they are useful in warma Ij're. To give spirit or vigor to infuse cour- ing the stomach and exjielling wind. Ena/c. Theoph. Lib. 7. 3. Plin. 20. 17. age, joy, or other enlivening passion to stimulate or incite as, to animate dispmt- AN'ISESEED, n. The seed of anise.
; ; ;

ment

to guilt.
V. i.

ANNEX',
unitmg
crown.

To

join

to be united.

Tooke.

cd troops.

W'IMATE,
life.

Alive
is

|)ossessu)g

animal
Milton.

ANK'ER, n. [Dutch.] A measure of hquids used

ANNEXA'TION, n.The act of annexing, or

at the end conjunction; addition; the act of connecting; union. In English law, the uniting of lands or rents to the
;

in Holland, con-

taining about 32 gallons, English measure.

[This

word

used chiefly

in poetry for

Enryc.

ny^imnted.]

Chambers says it contains two stekans each

;

ANNEX'ED,
nected with

AN'IMATED,
imal
:i.

life,

pp. Being endowed with anas the various classes of anima;

led beings.
;

a. Lively ; vigorous full of s))irit cating animation as an ani'maJerf discourse. \N'IMATING, ppr. Giving life ; infusing enlivening. spirit ANIMA'TION, 71." The act of infusing life the state of being animated. i. The state of being lively, brisk or fidl of spirit and vigor; as, he recited the story ^vitll great animation. AN'IMATIVE, a. That has the power of Johnson. giving life or spirit. AN'IMATOR, n. One that gives Ufe that which infuses hfe or spirit. \N'IME, n. [Fr.] In heraldn/, a term denoting that the eyes of a rapacious animal are borne of a different tincture from the animal himself
; ; ; ;

each mengle, 2 wine Chambers. Encyc. fpiarts. ANK'LE, n. ank'l. [Sax. ancleow; D. enkcl.] indi- The joiut which connects the foot with the
;

stekan, 16 mengles

pp.
;

Joined at the end; conUniting at the end,

affixed.

ANNEX'ING,
affixing.

ppr.

ANNEX'ION,
nexation
;

leg.

ANK'LE-BONE,
AN'NALIST,

7i.

The bono of the

ankle.

ANNEX'MENT,
lated.

n. [See Annals.] writer of annals. AN'NALIZE, V. i. To record to write an-

the thing annexed.

n. The act of annexing; anaddition. [lAttle used.] n. Tlie act of annexing:

Shak.

ANNI'HILABLE,
ANNI'HILATE,
1.

a.
v.

That may be annihi[L.

nals.

AN'NALS,

[.Voi mxich used.] n. plu. [L. annates,

Encyc.
annalis,

t.

ad and nihilum,

from annus, a year, the root of which may be the Celtic an, ain, a great circle. Varro says the word annus signifies a great cii-cle.]
1.

nothing, of e, not, and hilum, a trifle.] To reduce to nothing ; to destroy the existence of

2.

species of history digested in order of time, or a relation of events in chronological order,

in which it liappened. An nals difier from history, in merely relatint events, without observations on the mo

each event being recorded un

To destroy the form or pecuhar distinctive properties, so that the no specific thing longer exists ; as, to annihilate a forest by
and carrying away the trees, to though the tunber may still exist annihilate a house by demohshing the
cutting
;

No human power

can annihilate matter.

der the year

ANTME,

n.

[Sp.]

resiii

exuding from

structure.

the stem of a large Anierican tree called by the natives courbaril ; by Piso, jetaiba. It is of a transparent amber color, a light agreeable smell, and of little or no taste. It dissolves entirely, but not readily, in rectified spirit of wiiie, and is used by the

BraziUans in fumigations, for pains proceeding from cold. Encyc.

ANIMET'TA,
ters,

n.

Among

ecchsiasiicat

ivri-

the cloth eucharist.

;

which covers the cup of the

Encyc.
n.

ANIMOSTTY,
mositi-

[L. animositas
;

Fr. ani

trom L. animosus, animated, cour from animus, spirit, ageous, enraged mind, passion. So in Teutonic, mod. mind, signifies also pride, passion, anger. Jniimts, spirit, Gr. ajjftoj, wind, breath, is from flowing, swelling, rushing, which gives the sense of violent action and pasSee Animal.] sion. Violent hatred accompanied with active opposition
fers
;

active enmity.

Jiiiimosity

dif-

from enmity which may be secret and inactive and it expresses a less criminal passion than malice. Animosity seeks to gain a cause or destroy an enemy or rival, from hatred or private interest; malice seeks revenge for the sake of giving pain. \NIN'GA, n. A root growing in the VVestIndies, like the China plant, used in re;

fining sugar.

AN'ISE,

n.

an'iiis.

[L.

anisum

Encyc. Gr. avtJoK

causes and consequences, which, ANNIHILATED, pp. Reduced to nothing ; in history, are more dili'usively illustrated destrojed. 2. The books containing annals, as the .\NNI'HILATING,;)pr. Reducing to nothnal^ of Tacitus. ing destroving the specific form of ANNIHlLA'tlON, n. The act of reducing AN'NATS, [L. annus.] A year's income of a spiritual living the to nothmg or non-existence or the act of first fruits, originally given to the Pope destroying the form or combuiation of parts under which a thing exists, so that upon the decease of a bishop, abbot or the name can no longer be applied to it, parish clerk, and paid by his successor as the annihilation of a corporation. In England, they were, at the reformavested in the king, and in the reign 2. The state of being reduced to nothins. tion, of Queen Anne, restored to the church, ANNlVERS'ARILY,arfv. Annually. Hall. and appropriated to the augmentation of ANNIVERS'.ARY, a. [L. anniversarius, of annus, year, and verto, to tiu-n.] poor livings. Encyc. ANNE'AL, V. t. [Sax. ancelai!, on-alan, to Returning with the year, at a stated time animal yearly as an anniversary feast. kindle or inflame, to heat from (elan, to Ivindle, to heat or bake, and to anoint with ANNIVERS'ARY, n. A stated day returnoil. Sax. eel, oil. Hence it may be infering with the revolution of the year. The term is a})plied to a day on which some red that oil is named from inflaming or remarkable event is annually celebrated, burning.] or a day on which an interesting event is 1. To heat to heat, as glass and iron for the conmiemorated by solemnities of religion, purpose of rendering them less brittle, or or exhibitions of respect. In the Romish to fix colors vulgarly called nealing. This is done by heating the metal nearly to church, a day in which an office is yearly performed for the souls of the deceased. fluiflity, in an oven or furnace, and suffering it to cool gradually. Metals made 2. Tiie act of celebration performance in honor of an event. hard and brittle by hammering, by this Dryden. DOMINL [L.] In the year of oiuprocess recover their malleabihty. The word is aj)plied also to the baking of tiles. Lord, noting the time from our Savior'sincarnation as, Anno Domini, or A. D. 1800. Encyc. Bailey. Ash. and Shenstone uses 2. To temper by heat This was wriltcn Anno Domini, 1S09, and it for tempering by cold. revised A. D. I82i"> and 1827. W.
lives,
;

}i..

ANNO

Ar. ianison.

Cast. 1(319.]

An

annual plant, placed by Linne under the genus Pim])inella. It grows natmally in Egypt, and is cultivated in Spain and Malare imported. The a half high, dividing

ANNE'ALED,/)/>. Heated tempered made malleable and less brittle by heat.

; ;

ANNOMINA'TION,
tio, 1.

ANNE'ALING,
by heat.

pjtr.

Heating
annecto,

tempering
;

ta, Avhence the seeds .stalk rises a foot and

ANNEX',
annexcr
nect.]
1.
;

V.

t.

[L.

annexum
tie,

Fr.
2.

of ad and nedo, to
;

or con

into slender branches, garnished with nar row leaves, cut into tlree or four narrow

Ji. [L. ad and tiotninafrom nomino, to name, from nojncn.] pun the use of words nearly alike in but of dift'erent meanings; a parosound, nomasy. Encyc. Alliteration, or the use of two or more winds successively beginning with the

To

unite at the end

as to annex a codi
:

cil to a will. To subjoin, to affix. The branches terminate in .segments. large loose umbels, composed of siualler 2. To unite, as a smaller thing to a greater as to annex a province to a kingdom. umbels or i-ays, on long footstalks. The flowers are small and of a yellowish white 3. To unite to something preceding, as the main object ; to coimect with ; as to an!hc seeds obloug and swelling. Anise

letter. Tyrwhitt. n. [L. annona, from annus, a year, and signil'ying a year's production or increase ; hence provisions.] The custard ap])lc, a genus of several spe-

same

ANNO'NA,

cies,

one of which, the papaw,

is

common

ANN
in the

ANN
1.

A N O
AJVNUL'LED, pp. Made void; abrogated. .ANNUL'LING, ppr. Abrogating abolish;

southern and westeni parts of the United States. [See Papaw.]

v.

AN'NOTATE,
To comment
notatio, a
3.
;

[L. annoto.]

to

make remarks on a writing.

2.

ANNOTA'TION,

3.

TatUr. n. [L. aimoMio, of ad and marking, from nolo, to mark, or note, a mark.] A remark, note or commentary on some passage of a book, intended to illustrate its meaning generally used in the plural, as annotations on the scriptures. The first symptoms of a fever, or attack
;

annuale; L. annalis, from annus, a year; Gr. ttoj, (vvoi Sans, anda.] Yearly; that returns every year ; coming yearly as an annual feast. Lasting or continuing only one year or season that requires to be renewed every Leaves that year as an annual plant.
;
;

ing.

ANNUL'MENT, n. The act of annulling. ANNU'MERATE, v. [L. annumero, of aj

t.

and numcro,

to

nmnber

W.

number,
;

from numerus.

niver

Ir.

nuiver or nuimher.
;

of a paroxysm.

AN'NOTATOR,
;

n.

Core. a writer of notes

;

commentator a schoUast one who writes

;

notes to illustrate the composition of an

author.

ANNOT'TA,

ing in S. America and the W. Indies. It is moderately hard, of a brown color on It is the outside, and a didl red within. used in dyeing to give an orange cast to a simple yellow. It is used also in coloring cheese. lire. [See Anotia.] ANNOUNCE, V. t. announs'. [Fr. annoncer ; It. annunziare ; L. annnncio, to deliver a message, of ad and nuncio, to tell from nuncius, a messenger.]
1.

a hard n. Orlean, or roiicou dry paste, consisting of the pellicles of the seeds of the bixa orellana, a shrub grow
;

See J'J'umher.] grow in the spring, and perish iri the auto unite to tumn, are called annual, in opposition to To add to a former number Johnson. evergreens. something before mentioned. 3. Performed in a year as the annual motion ANNUMERA TION, n. Addition to a for of the earth. mer number. AN'NUAL, n. A plant that lives but one ANNUN'CIATE, v. t. [See Announce.] Chaucer. year, or rather but one summer. Martyn To bring tidings to announce. AN'NUALLY, adv. Yearly returning every ANNUNCIA'TlON, n. An announcing the year vear by year. tidings brought by the angel to Mary, ol' the incarnation of Christ. Also the day ANNU'ITANT, n. [Sec Annvity.] One who receives oris entitled to receive an celebrated by the church, in memory oV the angel's salutation of the blessed virannuity. n. [Fr. annuUe, from annus, a The ANNU'ITY, gin, which is the Soth of March. Jews give the title to a part of the cereyear. See Annual.] A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue mony of the passover. Encyc, for a given number of years, for Ufe or for 2. Proclamation pronudgation. ever an annual income, charged on the ANNUNCIATOR, n. One who announor an annual alces an officer in the church of Constaii person of the grantor
;
;

To

or
2.

first

to give notice, publish to proclaim notice as, the birth of Christ was
;

announced by an angel. To pronounce; to declare by judicial sentence.

Prior.

ANNOUN'CED, pp.
lished.

Proclaimed
n.
;

first

pub-

ANNOUNCEMENT,
act of giving notice
lication.

announs'ment.
;

The

often bori'ow tinople, whose busujess was to inform the money upon annuities, that is, for a cerpeople of the festivals which were to bo tain sum advanced on loan, the governcelebrated. Encyc. ment contracts to pay the lender a specific .ANODYNE, n. [Gr. o or ok priv. and oSvir. sum, for life, or for a term of years. The pain.] stock created by such loans is transfer- .\ny medicine which allays pain, or cause.'? able. sleep, as an opiate, paregoric, narcotic. Coxt. ANNUL', V. t. [Fr. annuller, of L. ad nullum, &c. to nothing.] AN'OD'PNE, a. Assuaging pain causing 1. To make void to abrogate to nidUfy sleep, or insensibUity. to abolish used appropriately of laws ANOINT', V. f. [Fr. oindre, p. oint ; Sy. decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or unter, to anoint; L. ungo ; Sp.ungir; It. other established rules, permanent usages, ungere, or ugnere.] and the like, which are made void by com- 1. To pour oil upon to smear or rub ovei

lowance.

Governments

proclamation pub Month. AlazANNOUN'CER, n. One that announces, or first gives notice a proclaimer.
;

petent authority.
2.

To

reduce to nothmg
sc.]
a.

to obliterate.

[Ao<

in

much

Milton.
[L. annulus, a ring,

AN'NULAR,

from
;

2.

oil or unctuous substances also to spread over, as oil. say, the man anoints another, or the oil anoints him. To consecrate by unction, or the use of"
;

with

We

ANNOUN'CING,
first

ANNOY',

Celtic ain, a circle, and ul, young, small ppr. Introducing notice annulus, a little circle.] pubUshing proclaiming. V. t. [Norm, annoyer, from nture Having the form of a ring pertaining to a Fr. nuire ; It. nuocere from nuire, to hurt ring. L. noceo, to hurt, that is, to strike Syr. Annular crystal is when a hexahedral prism has six, or an octahedral prism eight mar?,ginal faces, disposed in a ring about each {,iiJiAr- L5Cj to strike, to hurt; Heb.
; ;

oil.

Thou shalt anoint

3.

the altar, and sanctify

it.

To smear
He
clay.

Ex.xax
man
witli

or daub. anointed the eyes of the blind John ix.

4.

and Ch. T\2i to strike. Hence probably L. neco, to kill. See JVuisance and J^oxious.]

base

or

when these prisms

on

all their

AN'NULAR \',

are truncated terminal edges. Cleaveland. a. Having the form of a ruig.

prepare, in allusion to the consecrating use of oil.

To

Anoint

tlie shield.

To anoint
to signify to

to injure or disturb by conAN'NULATED, a. Furnished with rings, tinued or repeated acts to tease, vex or or circles, like rings having belts. molest as, to annoy an army by impeding AN'NULET, n. [L. annulus, a ring.] their march, or by a continued cannonade. In architecture, a small square member in the ANNOY', i. Injury or molestation from con- Doric capital, under the quarter romid; tuiued acts or inconvenience. also a narrow flat molding, which is comShak. Beattie. mon to as in the bases or
; ; ; ;

To incommode

Ray.

Isaiah xxi. the head with oil, Ps. xxiii. seem.', commuuicate the consolations of

the

Holy

Spirit.

The use of oil

in consecrations,

was of high

antiquity. Kings, prophets and priests were set apart or consecrated to their offi-

ces by the use of oil. Hence the pecuhar apphcation of the term anointed to Jesus
Christ.

capitals tlie act of annoying the state of cincture, or a fist, timea, eye brow or It includes being annoyed. something square rabbit. Encyc. more than incontienience. In heraldry, a little circle, borne as a charge ANNOY'ED, pp. Incommoded, injured or in coats of arms formerly reputed a mark molested by something that is continued it of nobihty and jurisdiction being the or repeated. custom of prelates to receive their mvesti ANNOY'ER, n. One that annovs. ture haculum et annulum, by stafl'and ANNOY'FUL, a. Giving trouble; incom- ring. per denotes also strength and eterIt moding molesting. [JVotiised.] Chaucer. nity, by its circular form. Among the Ro;

ANNOY'ANCE,
injures;

n.

That which annoys, or

;

many

places, called also

a, fillet,

or

hstil,

or

ANOINT'ED, pp. Smeared

oil
;

ANOINT'ED,
;

or rubbed with consecrated with oil. n. The Messiah, or Son of consecrated to the great oflice of God, Redeemer called the Lord's anointed. CyTus is also called the Lord's anointed.
set apart
;

Isaiah xlv.

ANOINT'ER, n. One who anoints. ANOINT'ING, ppr. Smearing with

pouring on
stance
oil
; ;

oil

ANNOY'ING, ^^r. Incommoding;

molesting.

oil,

hurtuig;

ANNOY'OUS,
AN'NUAL, a. Vol. I.

a.

Troublesome.
;

[JVotmed.] Chaucer.
It.

[Fr. annuel

Sp.anual;

represented liberty and distincIt denotes also difference or mark of distinction, which the fif^h brother of a family ought to bear on his coat of arms. Encyc. Johnson.

or other oleaginous sub-

mans,

it

consecrating.
n.

tion of rank.

ANOINT'ING,

The
71.

act of smearing with act of anointing,

a consecrating.

ANOINT'MENT,

The

or state of being anointed.

10

A N O
AiVO'LE,
!.

A N
tlie

S
See
soon
2.

A N
tame or
wild.

S
is

species of lizard in

W.
1.

fpngth
also

('(1

continurilion to the clouds.

Indies, of a yellowish color, liaviiij; spverall blue and green stripes running down its back. Did. ofMit. Hist.

An. Dom. 1127.] Quickly; without intermission;

The domestic goose

the'

that heareth the word, anil a. [Gr. avufiaUa, inequal anon with joy reccivetli it. Matt. xiii. a goose.] and rtovs, L. pes, foot.] 2. Sometimes; now and then ; at other times; 1. epithet given to fowls, whose middle toe Resembling the skin of a goose; tmeven ; accompanied with ever, tucr and anon. is united to tlie exterior as, an anserine skin. Encucby three phalan a. [Vr.anonyine; L. anon 2. Pertaining to the ansers. ees, and to the interior by one onlj-. ymiis ; Gr. ai'wiTfio;, of a priv. and ovofia, AN'SERS, ?!. In Linne's system, the third ANOM'ALIPED, n. An anomalous footed name. See order of aves or fowls, whose characterfowl. [See the adjective.] Diet. J\'al. Hist. JVamc.] without the istics are a smooth bill, broadest at the ANOM'ALISM, n. An anomaly a deviation Nameless; wanting a name; an real name of the author ; as, from rule. covered with a smooth anonymous

ANOM'ALIPED,
An
ity,

immediately. 'I'he same is he

way, between the swan and eagle. Encyc. VN'SERINE, a. [L. anserinus, from anser.

gray-lag or wild goose, domesticated. In astronomy, a small star, in the milk)

ANON'YMOUS,

point,

skin,

and

AN03rALIS'Tl,

ANOMALIS'TlAL,

"'
S

Irresular

AN'OPLOTHER, i nion or established rules. " [Gr. av neo ANOPLOTHE'RIUai, ^ on^.oy, arms, and In astronomy, the aytomalistic year is the time Btjpiov, a lieast.] ill which the earth passes thronsh her or- This is the name which Cuvier has given to bit, which is longer than the trojiical year, a genus of animals, whose bones are found on account of the precession of the equiin the gypsmn quarries near Paris a genus noxes.
;

parting from

com ANON'YMOUSLY,

de

]iam|)hlet.

adv.

Witliout a name.

furnished with teeth. The tongue is fle.shy, and the toes are webbed or palmated. It includes all the web-footed water fowls,

AN'SLAIGIIT,
an
afl[iay.

with legs and feet adapted to swimming. n. [See Slay.] Aji attack
[.N'olin use.]

'ANSWER,

ANOM'ALOUS, a. Irregular
a general

deviating from

rule, method or analogy ; applied, in grammar, to words which deviate from the connnon rules of intlcction and
;

now extinct. ANOP'SY, n. [Gr. ar neg. and 1^4., sight.] Want of sight in vision. [Little used.]
;

Brown.

astronomy, to the seemingly irregular motions of tlie planets but applied also generally to whatever is irregular; as, an miomaloiis character anomalous ])ronun;

in

AN'OREXY,
tile.

)(.

[Gr. a priv. and

ope^ij, ajjpe-

Want
1.

of appetite, without a lothmg of food.

Co.ce.

I!, f. ansur. [Sax. andmarian, of (ra<t, against, and Sax. swaran, or smrian or swerigan, Goth, swaran, to swear. The primitive sense of sivear was merely to speak or afiirm, and hence, originally, oath was used after it, to sivear an oath : which is not a pleonasm, as Lye supposes, but the j)rimitive fonn of expression retained. The sense of answer is an oppo-

ciatiou.

ANOTH'EK,
2.

ANOjM'ALOUSLY,
manner
ditlerent

adv.

Irregularly
ride,

in a

from connnon
;

meth-

a. [an, or one and otter.] Not the same ; difierent ; as, we have one finin of government ; France, another.

site,

od or analogy.

One more,
\vill

in adtlition to a
as,

former mim-

1.

ANOM'ALY,
lia;

Sp. anomaGr. awo^aXia, inequality, ofapriv. and

)"i.

[Ft. anonmlie

ber,

indefinitely;

they

grant one request, ask another favor, another aiul

o/iaxo;, e(pial, similar; Celtic, kaval ; Ir. amhail, similar.]

1.
;

VV. hamal, or 3.

another.

Any
nitely

other;
;

deviation from the common Irregularity rule ; thus oxen, the plural of ox, is an anomaly, in grannnar, as the regular plural

as,

would be
:2.

ores.

In astronomy, an irregidarity in the motion of a planet, whereby it deviates from the

aphelion or apogee. In music, a false scale or
interv.Tl.

3.

Encyc. Busby.

ANO'MEANS,
ANO'jMIA,
rule.]
tt.

n. [Gr. wo^toio;, dissimilar.] tn church history, the piu'e Arians, as distin-

guished from the Semi-Arians.

[Gr. aiofiia
;

Encyc.

j)riv.

and

Mfioj,

A genus of bivalve shells, s-o called from their unequal valves the beaked cockle. AN'OMITE, n. A fossil shell of the genus anoniia. Jameson.
;

ANOMORHOM'BOID,
regular,
figure.]

n.

[Gr. avo^o.oj,

ir-

and

pojueoi8!j5,

of a rhomboidal

spars, pellucid, and crystaline, of no determinate form externally, but break- ,\NOT'TA, n. An elegant red color, formed from the pellicles or pulp of the seeds of ing into regular rhomboidal masses. The the bixa, a tree common in South America. species are five, mostly of a white color. This is called also Terra Orleana and Encyc. AN'OMY, n. [Gr. ato^ca.] A violation of Roco. The aimotta is made by steeping the seeds for seven or eight days, law. Bramhall. [Rarely used.] pounding

A genus of

last example. It is also much used in opposition to one, as in the first and second primarily, return. passages cited. It is also frequently used 3. To comply with, fidfill, pay or satisfy ; as, with one, in a reci])rocal sense ; as, " love he answered my order ; to answer a debt. " bear one another ;" o?!e another^s burdens ;" 4. To act ui return, or opposition ; as, the enethat is, love one, or let (JUe love another. my answered our fire by a shower of grape ANOTH'ER-GAINES, adv. Of another kind. shot. Obs. Sidney. 5. To bear a due projinrtion to to be equal ANOTU'ER-GATES, adv. Of another sort. or adequate to suit ; as, a weapon does Obs. not answer the size and strength of the Sanderson. ANOTH'ER-GUISE, a. [another and guise, man using it ; the success does not answer our expectation. Fr. way, manner ; Sax. wise. The Saxon manner of writing this word would be G. To j)erform what was intended ; to accomplish ; as, the measiu-e does not ansioer another->oise.] Of a diflerent kind ; different. This is a vnd- its end ; it iloes not ansicer the purjjose. 7. To be oi)posite to ; to face ; as, fire angar word, and usually contracted into other swers fiif. Shak. guess. 8. To write in reply ; to reply to another
; ;

thy own mouth." This word is often used without a novni, becoming a substitute fnr the name of the person or thing; as in the

any different |)erson, indefi" Let another praise thee and not

iu
2.

a returned word or speech. Hence observe the Saxon has andwyrd, antiword, an answer; Goth, andawaurd D. antuoord ; Ger. antwort.] To speak in return to a call or question. or to a speech, declaration or argument of another person as, " I have calfod and ye have not answered.'" " lie answered the question or the argument." This may be

we

agreement and confii-mation of what

was said, or in opposition to it. To be equivalent to ; to be adequate to, or sufficient to accompfish the object. " Jloney answereth all things," noting,

S).

writing, by way of explanation, refutation or justification ; as, to answer a pamphlet. To solve, as a proposition or iiroblem in

ANON',

one; not, as Junius supposes, in one minute, but in continuation, without internii^sion applied originally to extension in measure, and " then to time by analogy. And soedon Encyc. that hi sajgon on north-east fir micel and AN'SATED, a. [L. ansatus, from ansa, a brad with thone earthe, and weax on handle.] lengthe up on an to tliam wolcne." Sax. Having a handle or handles, or something in Chron. A. D. 1022. And they said they the form of liandles. Johnson.
in
;

adv.

[Sax. on an,

them to separate

the red skins, then straining the liquor, boiling it, taking off the scum which is the coloring matter, then boiling it to a due consistence, and making it into balls.

mathematics. This word may be applied to a great variety of objects, expres.sing the idea of a return as the notes, or sounds of birds, and other animals ; an echo, &c.
;

'ANSWER,
of retmn
1
;

r. 1.
a.,

To

rej)ly
is

to

speak by
to

there

none

way

answer.

Kings

xviii.

2.

saw in the north-east a great fire anil broad, near the earth, and It increased iu

AN'SER,
\.

n.

[L. a goose.]

In zoology, the

name of the goose, whether

the money eulrusted to his care we caju not answer la God for our offenses.
;

be arcouutable, liable or responsible ; followed by to befure the person, and for before the thing liir which one is liable as, the man must answer to his employer for
;

To

A N
3.

S
AN'T,
it,

A N T
in old authoi-i,
is

A N T
to art in opposition
;

vindicate, or give n jiistificatoi-y accoiiiu of; followed by fur; as, a man cannot answer for liis friend. 4. To correspond with ; to suit itli ; follow

To

ANT,
tre,

ed by
of
.'5.

to.

to oppose in argument. is, if it. [See ^n.] our vulgardialect, as in the phrases, ANTAG'ONY, 71. Contest ; opposition. [.\o/ unMiUoii. vsed.] you ant, he ant, wt; ant, &Lr., is doubtedly a contraction of the Danish er, ANTAL'(il, a. [Gr. oift, against, and oAyo;-,

a contraction of on

that
in

I lint,

man

In water face answereth to face, so the heart to man. Prov. 27.

C>.

act reciprocally, as the strings of an instrument to the band. Drydeii. To stand as opiiosite or correlative ; as, allegiance in the subject ayiswers to protection on the part of the prince or govern-

To

ment.
7.

To

return, as

sound reverberated to echo.

;

The noise seems to fly away, and answer at a great distance. Encyc. Jlrt. Echo. 8. succeed ; to effect the object intended

To

to

as a

WNSWER, n. A reply
A soft
I

have a good effect manure on a dry

;

as,

gyjisum answers

soil.

that

which

is

said, in

return to a call, a (jucstion, an argument, or an allegation.

called

answer turneth away wrath. Prov. him, but he gave me no answer.

Cant. v.
2.

An

account to be rendered to justice. He will call you to so hot an answer for

it.

Shak.

In law, a counter-statement of facts, in a course of pleadings a confutation of what the other jiaity has alledged. 4. A writing, pamphlet or book, in reply to another. 5. A reverberated sound an echo. that wliich is sent in conse6. A return quence of some petition, as a blessing sent in answer to priiyer. 7. A sohuion, the result of a mathematical
3.
; ;
;

the substantive verb, in the present pain.] tense of the Indicative IVIode, and not, 1 Alleviating pain anodyne. [lAttle used.] we ere-nol, he er-not, or of the Swe- ANTANACL.^'SIS, ti". [Or. oi ra. axjxwtj, a dish nr, the same verb. Infinitive vara, to driving back.] be. The.se phrases are doubtless legiti \. In rhetoric, a figure, which consists in remate remains of the Gothic dialect. jiealing the same word in a different .sense Learn some 'ANT, n. [Sax. a:met, emmet, contracted uito as, whilst we live, let us live. ant ; Germ, nmeise.] craft when young, that when old you ma> An emmet a pLsmire. Ants constitute a ge- live without crajl. luis of insects of the hymenopteral order, 2. It is al.so a repetition of words, begmniut of which the characteristics are; a small a sentence, after a long pan^nthesis as, shall that heaj-t, (which not scale between the breast and belly, with a only ieels them, but wliich has all motions of life joint so deep that the animal appears as if almost cut in two. The females, and the placed in them,) shall that heart, &:c. neuter or working ants, which liave no Smith's Rhit. sexual characteristics, are furnished with ANTANAGO'6E, n. anianago'gy. [Gr.ai-n, a hidden sting and both males and fe against, and ai-oywyij, a taking u|).] males have wings, btit the neuters have In rhetoric, a figure which consists in replying none. These insects meet together in to an adversary, by way of recrimination as, when the accusation of one party is uncompanies, and mamtain a sort of republic. answerable, the accused person charges They raise hillocks of earth, in whicl: him with till' same or other crime. Bailet/. they five. In these there are paths, leadto the repositories of their provisions. ANT.VPHRODIS'IAC, a. [Gr. a.ri, again^, ing The large black ants, in the warm climates and a^poSirsM;, venereal, from a^poSiri;. of America, to avoid the eflects of great Venus.] rains, build large nests on trees, of light Antivenereal having the quality of extineanh, rountUsh and plastered smooth. guishing or lessening venereal desire.
;

er-not,

ANT-BEAR

or

ANT-EATER,

n.

A quad-

Encyc

ANTAPHRODIS'LA,

ruped that feeds iq)on ants. This animal has no teeth, but a snout or muzzle, with a

ANTAPHRODIT

long cylindrical tongue. The body is covered with long hair. There are several species, constituting the genus, myrmecoEncuc. 'ANSWERABLE, a. That may be answer- phaga, ant eaters. ed that to which a reply may be made, ANT-EGGS, J!. Little white balls found in the hillocks of ants, usually supposed to be usually implying that the answer may be their eggs, but found on examination to be satisfactory, as, an answerable argument 2. Obliged to give an accoimt, or liable to the young brood, in their first state. They be called to account; amenable ; respon are vermicules, wrapped in a film, composible as, an agent is answerable to his ])rinsed of a silky substance spun Uke a spioperation.
; ;

71. medicine that lessens or extinguishes the venereal appetite. Encyc. Coie. IC, a. [Gr. See the preceding words.] Antivenereal, abating the venereal appetite, or efficacious against the venereal disease.

AKTAPHRODIT'l,

n.

medicine which
is

abates the venereal appetite, or against the venereal disease.

Coxe.

good

ANTAPOPLE'TIC,
plexy.

a.

Good

Quincy. against apo-

ANTARCTIC,

a.

[Gr. airt, agauist, and

cipal.
3.

Obliged or

liable
as,

make good
4.

indemnify or to be answerable for a debt

to pay,

or for damages.

5.

Correspondent; agreeing with; in con aster ; written also ante. formity with ; as, the features expressed in a picture are answerable to the original. ANTACID, 71. [anti and acid.] Suitable suited as, an In pharmacy, an alkaU, or a remedy for sourjjroportionate achievement answerable to the preparation nes-s or a(-iditv better written anti-acid.
; ; ;
;

apxTo;, the bear, a northern constellation.] Encyc. hillock, Op|)osite to the northern or arctic pole ; relaformed by ants, fi)r their habitation. ting to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a lesser AN'T.\, 71. In ancient architecture, a square colunm, at the corner of a building ; a pilcircle, distant from the pole 23 28'. Thus

der's

webb.

ANT-HILL,

n.

little

tumulus or

we

ANTA'RES,
;

for
6.
tlie

it.
; ; ;

ANTA'RID,
That which
is

!.

[anti

and

aciid.]
;

ANSWERABLENESS,

proportionate as, answerable to my desires. n. The quality of being answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent. 'ANSWERABLY, adv. In due proportion, correspondence or conformity suitably as, continents have rivers answerably lar ger than isles.
success
;

Equal correspondent

corrects acrimony written anti-acrid.

better

say the antarctic pole, antarctic circle, or antarctic region. Encyc. 71. The nameofastai- of the first magnitude, called also the scorpion's heart. Its longhude is 60 13' 14" of Sagand its latitude 4 31' 2C" South. ittarius Encyc.
[Gr. mtt, against,

ANTAG'ONISM,
ANTAG'ONIST,
o/yuMf);;,
1.
;

ANT.\RTIIRIT IC, a. counteraction of things or principles. and apSpiTij, gout.] Good, B. ofJVature. Counteracting the gout.
n.

Opposition of action

One who contends

n. [Gr. a^r., against, and a champion. See Act and j}gony.]

VNSVVERED,
;

ANSWERER,
[

bat An adversaiy. pp. Replied to; fulfilled paid; complied with accomplished; solv- 2. An opponent in controversy. ed confuted. 3. In anatomy, a muscle which acts in oppon. One who answers; he or as a flexor, which bends sition to another that which makes a return to what anotha pan, is the antagonist of an extensor, er has spoken he who writes an answer, which extends it.
;
;

with another in comused ]>rimarily in the Grecian games.

71. A remedy wliich (ures or alleviates the gout. IC, a. [Gr. o.rt, against, and a59(ua, asthma.] Opposing the asthma. Campbell. ANTASTHMAT'IC, 7i. remedy for the

ANT.\RT1IRIT'IC,

ANTASTIIMAT

asthma.

AN'TE. A

"ANSWERING, p;;;-.
; ; ;

Rejilying corresponding to fulfilhng solving succeeding reverberating confuting.

;

ANTAG'ONIST,
sinff
;

a.
;

Counteracting

oppo-

Latin preposition, the Gr. oin, Sax. and Goth, and; much used in the composition of Enghsh words, especially in words from the Latin and Greek lan;

combatiuff

.-VNTAGONIS'TIC,

'ANSWER-JOBBER,

n.

One who make

Sirifi.

as, an antagonist muscle. a. Opi)osmg in combat;

a business of ^vi-ituig answers.

contending against.

ANTAGONIZE,

v.i.

To contend

against

It signifies before in place, in guages. irout hence opposite, contrary : and figuThe Latin ante ratively, before in time. is generally used in the sense of before, and

A N T
the Greek am, the |)laee of. AN'TE or AN'TA, n.
in that

A N T
in

ANT
and datum,
;

of opposite, or

AN'TEDATE,
given.

v.

t.

[L. ante,

trtA'/jretixoi,

epileptic,

from

eftiixtuSaiu,

to

In herpilaster. that the pieces are let nhlry, ante denotes there exinto' one another, in the manner
pressed, as by dove
tails,
tails,

To date before the true time thus, to Resisting or curing epilepsy. a ANTEPILEP'Tl, n. A remedy for the antedate a deed or a bond is to express Encyc. Coxe. epilepsy. date anterior to the true time of its execution.

See Dale.]

seize.]

&c.
n.

AN'TEAT,
cedent
;

[ante

and

act.]

rounds, swallow Enajc. A preceduig

[Infra.]

ANTEPOSP'TION, n. s as :. [L. ante, before,

and position, from pono, to place.] In grammar, the placing of a word before another, which, by ordinary rules, ought to follow it.

To anticipate to take time. And antedate the bliss above.

;

before the true

I'ope. dilu-

ANTECEDA'NEOUS,
ANTECE'DE,
v.
t.

n. [ante and prei'"'- a flood. See ANTEPREDI'AMENT, S dicament.] Lave.] in logic to illustrate Before the flood, or deluge, in Noah s time A preliminary question See CVrfe.] the doctrine of predicaments and categoror relating to what existing, happening, ""'^j To go before in tune to precede. a question which is to be first known. ies happened before the ANTECE'DENCE, n. The act or state of ANTEDILU'VIAN, n.deluge. who lived beEncyc. One In asgoing before in time precedence. ANTE'RIOR, a. [h.] Before in time or fore the deluge. an apparent motion of a planet tronomy, preceding in prior ; antecedent n. [Qu. Gr. mti and f?.a^o;, place to the order AN'TELOPE, towards the west, or contrary time. resembling a deer.] Encyc. of the signs. the gazelle a genus of ruminant _. Before or in front in place. ANTECE'DENT, a. Going before ui tnne n zoology, between the ANTERIORITY, n. The state of being quadrupeds, intermediate a state of as, an event anterior ; preceding prior anterior, preceding or in front deer and goat. Tlieir horns are solid and antecedent to the deluge. or curved; in some being before in tune, or situation. ANTECE'DENT, n. That which goes be- permanent, straight others, surrounded AN'TEROOM, n. [ante and room.] A room annulated in species Danvin. fore in time hence in writings, that which liefore or in front of another. smooth. They by a spiral and in others, In grammar, the noun n. plu. [L.] Pillars of large dimenprecedes in place. resemble the deer in the lightness and ele- AN'TES, to which a relative or other substitute resions that support the front of a building. of their forms, and in their agility was the prince, icho, gance tijrs ; as, Solomon ANTF^STAT'URE, n. [ante and staiure.] They inhabit open plains or mountains, In In /o,gtc, the first of built the Temple. a smaU retrenchment or work fortification, and some species in herds of two or three two propositions in an enthymeme, or arformed of palisades, or sacks of earth. thousand. Their eyes are large, black, if the sun Encyc. gument of two propositions; as, and of exquisite beaiity and vivacity; and the Here n. [ante and stomach.] is fixed, the earth must move. are therefore a favorite image with the ANTESTOM'AH, is the anfirst and conditional proposition which leads into the stomach, as Encyc. Cyc. A cavity eastern jioets. tecedent ; the second, the consequent. fVatts. in birds. [N'ot in use.] Ray. ANTELU'C'AN, a. [h. antelucanus, ot ante, the crop in mathematics, the first of two terms of a ANTEVERT', v. t. [L anteveHo.] To prebefore, and lux, light.] with the Hall. vent. ratio, or that which is compared [JVot in use/] a word applied to asbefore light Encyc. Being a. [avei and Virgil.] other. in ancient tmies of ANTEVIRGIL IAN, of VNTECE'DENTLY, adv. Previously at semblies christians, hght in the morn- A term given to TuU's new husbandry, or persecution, held before a time preceding. Encyc. method of horse hoeing. Encyc

a.

Ante-

preceding in time.
[ante
;

Oiven.

ANTEDILU'VIAL, ANTEDILU'VIAN,

[L. ante,

and

and

cedo, to

go.

ANTECES'SOR,
See
Jlntecede.]
.

n.

[L.
;

whence

ancestor.

ing.

ANTEMERID'IAN,
;

a.

[ante, before,

and

ANTHELMINTIC,
(>.fir;,

a.

[avtt,

against,

and

meridian.] One who goes before a leader a princi before noon a title given to those Being pal. It was formerly who excelled in any science to professors noon. a.
; ;

forepertaining to the

ANTHELMIN'Tle, n. A remedy for worms

a worm.]

Good

against worms.

and'ui the Universities of of civil law title France, the teachers of law talfe the
;

in their theses.
i.

and emetic, [aire, against, vomit.] Quincy. Restraining or allaying vomiting.

ANTEMET'I,
from
f^ic", to

AN'THEM,

A hymn sung in

in the intestines. Encyc. n. [Gr. avti, against, and v/tvos, a hymn, from vfivtu, to sing. See Hymn.] but in modalternate ;

Coxe.

One that possessed land before the prcs Brady. ent possessor.
n.

ANTEMET'le,?!. A medicine which checks

vomiting.
a.

VN'TECHAMBER,

[Ante, before,

and

ANTEMUND'ANE.
ANTENI'CENE,
tenicene fahh.
a.

A chamber

chamber.]

mundus, the world.]

creation of the world.

Core. and [ante, before, Being before the

qnincy.

ern usage, a sacred tune or piece of music set to words, taken from the psalms or other parts of the scriptures, fu-st introduced into church service in Elizabeth's
reign.

parts

ANTECHAP'EL,
through which
or body of
it.

apartment persons wait

or apartment before the chief whiclto which it leads, and

[ante,

before,
;

and

AN'THEM-WISE,
an anthem
;

adv.

Encyc. In the manner of

lor audience.
n.

Dryden

L. antwci.] In geography, the antecians are those inhabmeriditants of the earth, under the same and at the same distance from the
oixEu, to dwell
;

yard.] n.plu. [L. atiienna, irarton. a flower.] In zoology, the horns or feelers of insects, opposite, and In botany, the summit or top of the stamen, the head. projectiiig from connected with the flower, and elevated number that pre. or thread, within Bacon. by means of the filament cedes another. the corol. It contains the pollen, or ferANTENUP'TIAL, a. [ante and nuptial] is emitian, an antenuptial dust, which, when mature, tilizing one party Being before marriage ; as, Ketit. ted for the impregnation of the stigma. equator, but, on opposite sides, agreement ; antenuptial children. and by MalThey have the north, the other south. ANTEPASeH'AL, a. Pertaining to the It is called by Ray, the apex, same hours of day and night, but differMlson nishi, the capsula stamims. " ' time before Easter. Milne. Martyn. ent seasons; it being winter with one, n. [ante, before, and pastum, when it is summer with the other. Encyc. AN'TEPAST, AN'THERAL, a. Pertaining to anthers. n. [L. ante, before, and Jlsiat. Res. 4, 404. ANTEURS'OR, the foretaste ; something taken before See to run. cursor, a runner, from curro, ANTHERIF'EROUS, a. [anther and fero, proper time. 1()2. to bear.] Producing anthers. Barton, Course.] n. [L. ante, before, pene, One who runs before ; a forerunner. In the ANTEPENULT', 'VNTIIESTE'RION, . The sixth month of ahnost, and ultimus, last.] 29 days, the antecursors were a Roman armies, the Athenian year, consisting of of a word, except two ; as intelli- The last syllable body of horse detached to obtain and answering to a part of November and syl in syllable. for the main to be gence, get provisions, &c., a part of December. It is supposed a. Pertaining to feasts Encyc bodv. so called from the Anthesteria, the last syllable but two. that n. [Infra.] Prior date ; a AN'TEDATE, honor of Bacchus, celebrated in and Good ANTEP1LEP'TI, a. [arth agamst, date antecedent to another.

is

part of the chapel the passage to the choir

oi-ft,

The

JVicene, from jVi'cc] Anterior to the first council

alternately.
re.

Bmou.

ANTEN'N^,

Tate. Camomile. AN'THEMIS, of Nice AN'THER, n. [L. anthera, a flowery plant, ,^"Ti from the Greek aver,fO!, flowery, from av9o5, a sail
as an

VNTE'CIAN,

n.

[Gr.

ANTENUM'BER,

ANTEPENULT'IMATE,

ANT
a flower garlands of flowers being offered to Bac elms at those feasts. ANTHOLOG'IeALjO. Pertaining to antholai'9o;,
;

ANT
anthropology according to Iniman man ner of speaking. Kinran.
;

ANT
ANTIARTHRIT'I,
Good
gout.
a.

month, and so called from

[See Aniarlhritic]

ANTHROPOL'OcilST,
scribes, or
is

n.

One who

against the gout.

n.

de-

ANTIARTHRIT'lC,
Good

remedy

for the

ogy.

ANTHOL'OgY,
Xoyos,
1.

n. [Gr. arSoj,
%oyi.a,

versed in the physical history body. a flower, and ANTHROPOL'OOY, n. [Gr. ov9purto{, man,

of the

human

ANTIASTHMAT'IC, a.
against asthma.
n.

[See Antasthmatic]

a discourse, or

a collection.]
1.

and

3.

on flowers. A collection of beautiful passages from authors a collection of poems or epidiscoiu-se

;

3.

grams. In the Greek church, a collection! of devotional pieces. Encyc AN'THONY'S FIRE. A popular name of the erysipelas, supposed to have been so

discourse upon human nature. Encyc. The doctrine of the structure of the iiuman body the natural history or physiology of the human species.
;

>-oyoi,

discourse.]

ANTIASTHMATIC,
asthma.

remedy

for the

ANTIB.\C'CIIIUS,
xe">i,

[Gr. arrt, and >3axa foot of one short and two long syln.

lables.]

3.

The word denotes that manner of expression by

In

human

supposed to be so nami^d from its use in Encyc. Divination by inspecting the entrails of a hymns to Bacchus. Inuiian being. Trumbull. Enajc. Gr. Ltx. Encyc. ANTHROPOMORPH'ISM, n. The heresy ANTIBASIL'ICAN, a. s as z. [Gr. am, ^xaj.oi', and Banaixjy, a palace L. basilicus, royal, A mineral in masses composed of interlaced of the anthropomorphites. Encyc. basilica, a hall of justice.] plates, or crystalized in reed-shaped crys- ANTHROPOMORPH'ITE, n. [Gr. ai/fipuno;, man, and opi}>i;, form.] Opjjosed to rojal state and magnificence. tals, which appear to be four sided prisms Plowden, Brit. Empire. longitutUnally streaked. The color is be One who believes a human form in the and olive A sect of ancient here- ANTIC, a. [from Fr. antique ; L. antiquus ; tween dark yellowish gray Supreme Being. It. antico ; a sense derived from the tics are called anthropomorphites. brown the luster shining and pearly. Encyc. groa. Diet. JVat. Hist. Cleaveland. fancitesque figures of antiques.] Odd Belonging AN'THORISM, n. [Gr. avti, opposite, and to tliat which has the form of man hav- ful as, antic tricks. the figure of resemblance to a man. n. A buflbon or merry Andrew ; ANTIC, opm/tof, definition.] ing Ash. Encyc. one that practices odd gesticidations. In rhetoric, a description or definition conShak. trary to that wlijch is given by the adverse ANTIIROPOP'ATHY, n. [avepuno;, min, and rtaSo;, ])assion.] 2. Odd appearance Ash. fanciful figures. party. n. [Gr. <w9paS, a burning The affections of man, or the application of ANTHRACITE, Spenser. 3. In architecture, human passions to the Supreme Being. coal infra.'] sctdpture and painting, such i)ieces as were made by the ancients ; Owen. Encyc. Ash. Slaty glance-coal, or columnar glance coal that species of coal wliich has a shinhij ANTHROPOPH'AGI, n. plu. [Gr. o.Spurto?, usually written antique, and pronounced and ijiwyu, to eat.] to metallic, and whicli atiteek, but with(jut any good reason. man, luster, approaching burns without smoke, and with intense Maneaters camiibals men that eat human ANTIC, V. t. To make antic. Shak. flesh. heat. It consists essentially of carbon. Johnson. Encyc. ANTICACHEC TIC, a. [Gr. om, and xa;^AN'THRAOLITE. [See Anthracite.] ANTHROPOPH'AGOUS, o. Feeding on txrijf, of an ill habit of body.] Imman flesh. or tending to cure an ill habit of the n. [Gr. ; supra.] ANTHRAX, Curing A carbuncle a malignant ulcer, with intense ANTHROPOPHAGY, n. The eating of constitution. Johnson. hiunan flesh, or the practice of eating it. ANTICACHEC TIC, n. A medicine that burning. The ancients gave this name to tends to correct an ill liahit of body. Coxe. a gem, and it is sometimes used for litlianJohnso7i. Encyc thrax or pit-coal. n. [Gr.ovSpurto;, man, ANTICAT'ARRHAL, a. [o.n, against, and Encyc. ANTHROPOS'OPY,
is

named from the saint in Italy, to whom ANTIIROPOM'ANCY, n. [Gr. man, and fnarcua, divination.] those, who were affected, applied for a
cure.

which the inspired writers attribute parts and passions to God. Encyc.
avSpunos,

first

a foot of three syllables, the two podry, long and the last short, as ambire

opposed
syllable

to the bacchitis, in wliich the first is short and tlie two last long.

This foot

ANTHOPH' YLLITE, n.
and
a leaf.]

[Gr. ovSoj, a flower,

ANTHROPOMORPHOUS,

ANTHROP'OGLOT,
An

and (jxortiu, to view.] n. [Gr. avOpurtos, man The art of discovering or judging of a man's and y\wrra, the tongue.] character, passions and incUnations from animal which has a tongue resembluig the lineaments of his body. that of man, of which kind are parrots. Encyc.
Enq/c.

xarappoo;, a catarrh.]

Good
n.

against catarrh.

ANTICATARRHAL,
catarrh.

remedy

for

Coxe.
[oAitt,,

ANTIC AUSOT'IC, a.
3o;,

against,

and xo*-

ANTHROPOS'OPHY,
man, and
ao^ia,

^^.

[Gr.
;

wSpunoj,

a burning fever.]
n.

Good

against a
for a burnCoxe.

ANTHROPOG RAPHY, n.
A description
and
'Ki.So;,

man, and

ypo^iij,

[Gr. a.9pioo;, description.] of man or the human race,

wisdom.]

burning fever.

Knowledge of

the natui-e of man acquaintance with man's structure and functions,

ANTICAUSOT'IC,
ng
fever.

A remedy

or of the parts of the

human
[Gr.

body. Encyc.

comprehenthng anatomy and physiology.

Encyc.

ANTI-CHAMBER,

ANTIIROP'OLITE,

n.

orSpu^rtos,

man,

jietrifaction

a stone.] of the

ANTHYPNOT'l,
[See Aiitihypnotic]

a.

corrupt oHhography.

human

have asserted that skeletons of the animal frame have been found petrified in old mines ; but the fact is not credited, and the existence of such
eton.
naturalists

Some

body, or skel-

ANTHYPOHOND'RIAC.

n. Dr. Johnson prefers But ante and ante-chamber, whicli see. anti are the same word in different dialects ; and have the same radical signifi-

[See Antihy-

cation.
Christ.]

[See Ante.]
n.

ANTHYPOPH'ORA.

pochondriac]

ANTI-CHRIST,
[See Antihypophora.]

[Gr. avri, against,

;

and

sigpetrifactions is denied. Encyc. nifying against, opposite, contrary, or Capt. Wilford informs us, that in digging a well near the Ganga, some persons found, place of; used in many EngUsh words. at the depth of 90 feet, on an old bed of ANTI,\C'ID, a. Opposing or removing Often written antacid. that river, the bones of men and quadruacidity. a medicine ANTIAC'ID, n. An alkali peds, supposed to be petrifactions. .idat. Res. 8. 994. proper to correct sourness, or acidity an The skeleton of a man has been fomid absorbent, as chalk, magnesia, coral, seaor an obtunin a limestone rock, of recent formation, in shells, hematite, steelfilings or an iimnutant, as Ed. Encyc. dent, as oil or fat Guadaloupe. Human bones have also been found, by Prof. hxivious salts, and soaps. Cyc. Buckland, in the open cave of Paviland, ANTIAMER'IAN, a. Opposed to AmerGlamorganshire. He considers them post ica, or to the true interests or government diluvian. Rev. v. 29. p. 148. of the United States to the revquaH.

ANTHYSTER'I. [See Antihysteric] ANTI, [Gr. See Ante.] A preposition

great adversary of Christ the man of sin; described 1 John, ii. 18. 2 Tliess. ii. Rev. Protestants generally suppose this adix. \ersary to be the Papal power and some divines believe that, in a more general sense, the word extends to any jiersons who tleny Christ or oppose the fundamental doctrines of clmstianity.
;

ANTICHRIS TIAN,
christ
;

Encyc.
a.

Brown. Buck. Pertainmg to anticliris-

opposite to or opposing the

n.

tian religion.

ANTICHRIS TIAN,
christ
;

foUower of anti-

one opposed

to the christian relin.

opposed

.\NTICHRISTIANISM,

Opposition or

ANTIIROPOLOg'IAL,

a.

Pertaining to

olution in America.

Marshall.

contrariety to the cliristian rehgion.

A N T
ANTICIiRISTIAN'ITY,
ANTlClI'llONISM, )7.
?!.

ANT
Opposjtion or

ANT
preparation,
to the court.

\NTIOSMET'IC,
[Xot used.]

n.

Any

ANTIHEC

Tie,
of

>!.

A
a.

medicine that
Encyc.

is

good
Coie.
vnpo;.

contiarifty to cliristianity. [Gr. mti, and ;tpoi'05,^ order of time.] Deviation from the true Sel(le7i. time.
before,
V. t. [h. anildpo, of ante, capio, to take.] To take or act, before another, so as to prevent him ; to take first possession.

which injures beauty.

in the cure

liectic disorders.

AN'TlOL'RT,a. In opposition

Reresby.
n. anticortyur. [anii

ANTIHYPNOT'IC,
leep.]

[Gr. avtt,

and

ANTIeOURTIER,
courtier.]

and

ANTICIPATE,
and
.1.

Counteracting sleep
sleep or letliargy.

tending to

One who

prevent

ANTICREA

9.

To

3.

spirits. preventing the ill effects of poison, or of ANTIHYPOPirORA, n. [Gr. avti, and of life. any thing no,\ious or mischievous. to AN''lTDOTE, n. [ai'riSoroj, of avti, against, Drto<)iop(, an inference.] 4. To prevent by crowding in before In rhetoric, a figure which consists in refuand iii6u/t, to give VV. dodi, to give.] Johnson preclude. tuig an objection by the opposition of a sense is essentially included in the first.] 1. A medicuie to counteract the effects of [This or of any thing noxious taken into contrary sentence. ANTICIPATED, pp. Taken before fore- poison, Smith. Johnson. Ash. the stomach. tasted foreseen precluded prevented. 2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous ANTIHYSTERTC, a. [Gr. am, and vjfEpe., ANTICIPATING, ppr. Taking before effects, or to counteract the evil which uterus.]
.ni

and vTtoxovfifiiaxoi, hypochondriac] Opposing democra- That counteracts or tends to cure hypochon\ argument. driac afl'eetions, and depression of spirits. To foretaste or foresee to liave a prcvi cy contrary to government by the jieople. ous view or impression of sometliiuf Mitford. ANTIHYPOeHOND'RIAC, n. A remedy for hypochondi'iac affections and low future as, to anticipate the pleasures of VN'TIDOTAL, a. That has the quality of
advocate

take before the proper time as, tlie lias anticipated tliat part of his
; ;

opjioses the court, or tlie measures Ash. of administration. TOR, n. One that opposes the creator.
>

ANTIHYPNOT'ie, n. A medicine that prevents or tends to prevent sleep.

Coxe.

ANTlHYPOClIONDRIA,

a.

[Gr. wti,

ANTIDE3IORAT'I, ANTIDEIMOCRAT'ICAL,
;

"

entcrtaimnent

to anticipate the evils

;

preventing. ANTICIPA'TION, n. The act of taking up placing, or considering something before the proper time, in natural order pre vention. 2. Foretaste previous view or impression of what is to liappen afterward as, the untiforetasting
;

])recluthng

ANTIDO tlCAL,
dote. dote.

something

else

might produce. a. Serving as an

adv.

Counteracting hysterics.
anti
anti-

ANTIHYSTER'Ie,

i?.

A
n.

medicine that
Coxc.

cures or counteracts liysterical affections.

ANTID0'TIALLY,

By way of
[Gr.
a. rt,

Brown.
against Good against

VNTILOG'ARITHIM,
rithm.]

[anti

and loga-

ANTIDYSENTER'IC, a.

cipation of
tence in
3.

tlie joys of heaven. The happy anticipation of a renewed exiscompany with the spirits of the just.

and Sviivriftixo;, dysenteric] the dvseiiterv, or bloody fiu.x.

The complement of

ANTIDYSENTER'IC,
dysentery.

n.

sine, tangent or secant, to

remedy

for

the logarithm of any 90 degrees. Bailey.

Core

Thodei/

ANTIL'OgY,

n. [Gr. oirt, against,

and

xoyof,

4.

preconceived opinion mind, l)efore tlie truth produced known slight previous impression. The attack of a fever before the usual
;

Previous notion
in the
;

ANTIEMET'Ie,
i/jitixo;,

i.-

Having

a. [Gr. ain, against, and emetic, from f.uiu, to vomit." the quality of allaying vomiting. n.

ANTIE3IETTC,
allav voniitiuir.

speech.] contradiction betAveen any sages in an author.

a.

words or pasto the South.

^

remedy
a.

to

check or

ANTIMA6IS'TRICAL,
ofhce of magistrates.

Opposed

time.
5.

Co.re.

In music, the obtrusion of a chord upon a syncopated note, to which it forms a dis
cord.
Busbij.

ANTiENNEAHE DRAL,
posite, fvvia, nine,

[Gr. airi, op

and

tSfa, side.]

ANTIMA'NIAC, ANTIMANI'ACAL,

, "" t""'*

[JVot used.[ r j

andmamac]

ANTIC IP ATOK, n. One who anticipate ANTICIPATORY, a. Taking before the ANTIENTHUSIAS'Tle", a. [anti and enthusiasm.
time.

In crystalography, having nine faces on two Counteracting or curing Cleavcland. opposite parts of the crvstal.
en-

madness or

frenzj".

Beatiie.

AN'TIMASK,

More.

thusiastic]

ANTICLI'MAX,

[Gr. avti, opposite, and See Climate.] xTliuoi?, climax. sentence in which the ideas fall or become less important and striking at the close ; op))osed to climax. For example,
n.
tlie

oi'rt, against, and fitraSoXi], mutation.] Shaft sbury. AN'TIENTRY, n. [More correctly, an- In rhetoric, a setting of two things in opposition to each other Cast of antiquity that which is as, an honorable accientry.] tion may be attended with labor, but the ancient. Graij. ANTIEPISC'OPAL, a. Adverse to episco- labor is soon past, and the honor is imiuor; ;

Opposing

n. A lesser mask. Bacon. ANTIMETAB'OLE, n. antimetab'oly. [Gr.

Ji. [Gr. avt^, against, and liitaSioii, a transposition.] of the parts or memMihier. In rhetoric, an inversion gospel. " odd postures and gesticulations with fanbers of an antithesis as, Compare the Jonson Shak AN'TIFACE, n. Opposite face. ciful appearance. arrival of this governor, with the victory AN'TlMASK,orAN'TIMASK,n. Amasl ANTIFANATTe, n. An opposer of fanati- of that general." "Compare this peace Bacon. B. Jonson. of antics. cism. Milton. with that war."

Next conies Dalhousie,

liieutonant Cornel lo

the great God of war, Eavl of Mar.

jiacy.

K. Charles.

tiU.

Encyc.

ANTIEVAN6ELTAL,

4.N

TICLY,

adv. In an antic

manner; with
;

a. Contrary to orthodoxy, or the genuine sense of the

ANTIMETATII'ESIS,

ANTIONSTITU'TIONAL,a. Opposed tc ANTIFEBRILE, the constitution. Bolimrbroke

or against

a.

[o.vti,

against,

and

fe-

ANTICONSTITU'TIONALIST,
ANTleONTA'UlONIST,
oii|)osed to the constitution. n.

."

brile.] Oni That has the quality of abating fever ; oppos-

ANTIM'ETER,

Cicero in Verrem. n. [Gr. avti and

Encyc.
pfrpoi-,

One who

op-

poses the doctrine of contagion.

ANTleONTA'GlOUS,
gious.]
sive.]

ANTIONVUL'SIVE,
Good

a. [cwn, and contaOpposing or destroying contagion. o. [ai.n, and convul-

measure.] An ojitical instrument for measuring angles, ing or tending to cure fever. ANTIFE'BRILE, n. A medicine that cures, with greater accuracy than can be done bv the usual quadrants or sextants. Ree-i. ibates, or tends to allay fever. a. Contrary to the ANTIFLAT'TERING, a. Opposite to flat- ANTIMET'RICAL, rules of meter or verse. Bniley. tery. Delany. and minisa.

AN'TICOR,
cor,

?!.

against convulsions. Floyer. [anti, and Fr. ca:ur, or L.

ANTIGUG'LER, n. [anti and guggle.] A crooked tube of metal, so bent as to

ANTIMINISTE'RIAL,
terial.]

[anti

be

the heart.]

Ainong/arrtfrs, an inflammation in a horse's throat, answering to tlie quinsy in man. Encyc.

introduced into the neck of u bottle, lor drawing out t)ie li<iuor, without disturbing the sediment. Encyc

Opposed

to the ministry, or administration

?!.

of government.

ANTIMINISTE'RIALIST,
opposes the ministry.

One

thai

ANTIHEC'TI,

a.

[Gr. avu, against, and

ANTIMONARCIITCAL,
;

a. [anti,

against,

ANTlOSMET'l,
See Cosmeticl
to beauty.

a. and monarchical.] fxrixo;, hectic] [anti and cosmetic. Destructive or injurious That has the quality of opposing or curinj Opposed to monarchy

that opposes a king-

hectical disorders.

ly

go%ernmeut.

Addison,

ANT
ANTIMONARCH'lALNESf!,
ANTIMO'NIAL,
a.

A N T
.

A A T
:

The

quality of boiiig oppoisetl to iiiouarchy.

[Worn antimony.] Pertaining to antimony ; relating to antimony, or partaking of its finalities. ANTIMO'NIAL, n. A jireparation of anti niony a incdiciiic in which antimony is a
;

maintain, that, under the gospel dispensa tion, the law is (if no use or obhgation or who hold doctrines which supersei the necessity of good works and a virtu-

dipend more on the constitution repugnancy may depend on reason or education.

;

Encyc.
Invi'terato antipathies against
tions, iinil passionate to be avoided.

ous

life. This sect originated with .lohi Agricola about the year 1538. Encyc.

particular naattachments to others, are

iVNTINO'MIANISM,
tinomians.

n.

The

tenets of An-

Washington.

3.

principal ingrodicMit.

ANTIMO'NIATE,

n.

A compound

Encyc.

Hull
71.

composed of aiitimonic acid and

or salt a base.

AN'TINOJMIST,

One who pays no

re-

In physics, a. contrariety in tlie jjroperties or atrirtiniis of matter, as of oil and water, which will not mix.

gard to the law, or to good works.

Henry. Partaking of antimony nii.xed or prepared with antimoJVicholson. ny as nntimoniated tartar. ANTIMO'NIC, a. Pertaining to antimony the antimonic acid is a pero.xyd of anti-

ANTIMO'NIATED,
; ;

a.

AN'TINOMY,

Sanderson. contradiction between two laws, or between two parts of the same law. Baker.
n.

Antipathy is ref^ularly followed by to, sometimes by against ; and is ojiposed to sympathv.

ANTIPATRIOT'IC,

a.

Not

patriotic; op-

ANTIO'CHIAN,

mony.
ny.

ANTIMO'NIOUS,
The
of antimony.

Henry. Pertaining to antimoantimonious acid is a deiito.xyd

a.

AN'TIMONITE,
monious
aci<l

n.

Henry.

compound of
;

anti-

and a base.
n.

Antiochus, the founder of a sect of philosophers, co temporary with Cicero. This sect was a branch of the academics, though Antio chus was a stoic. He attempted to recon cile the doctrhies of the difi'erent schools, and was the last preceptor of the Platonic
Enfield.

a.

Pertaining to

posing the interests of one's country.

.Intipatriuiic prejudices.

Johnson.

VNTlPEnOBAP'TIST,.[Gr.a.ri, against,
noif, ntuioi,
tize.]

a child, and (io/tn^u, to baji-

One who is opposed to the baptism of infants.

Buck.

Henry.

school.
.flntiochian epoch

AN'TIMONY,

[Fr. antimoine. antrmonnim ; It. antimo7i>o ; .S]i. '(/. by some writers is sui)posed to be

Low h The
This

was

method of com- Opposed

Encyc.

ANTIPERISTAL'TIC,
to peristaltic
;

a.

[See Peristaltic] retroverted, as in

com-

Jlsh. tiperistasis. full of long, shining, needle- ANTIPATHETIC, ? It is foiaid in the mines of Bo ANTIPATHETICAL, ] a. [See Antipathy.] .\NTIPESTILEN'TIAL, a. [anti and pestilential, which see.] hemia, and Himgary in France ami Eng Having a natural contrariety, or constituor infection havCounteracting contagion This word is also tional aversion to a thing. land, and in America. ing the quality of opposing or destroying used for the pure metal nrregulus of anti- ANTIPATIIET'ICALNESS, n. The qualpestilential diseases. mony, a metal of a grayish or silvery white, ity or state of having an aversion or conand of a plated or scaly texJohnson. AN'TIPHLOGIS'TIAN, n. [anti and phlovery brittle, trariety to a thing. giston, which see.] ture, and of moderate specific gravity. By ANTIP'ATHY, Ji. [Gr. avu, against, and An opposer of the theory of phlogiston. exposure to air, its surface becomes tar jtaSo;, feeling.] It is used a: Natural aversion instinctive contrariety or .\NTlPHLO(iISTIC,. Counteracting heat nished, but does not rust. an ingredient in concave mirrors, giving or inflammation tending to reduce arteriopposition in feeling an aversion felt at] them a finer texture. In bells, it renders the presence, real or ideal, of a particular al action ; opposed to the doctrine of phlothe sound more clear it renders tin more This word literally denotes a natJVicholson. giston. object. ural avereion, which may be of different ANTIPHLOGIS'TIC, n. Any medicme or hard, white and sonorous, and gives to more firmness and smoothdiet which tends to reduce inflammation and in some cases may excite terprinting types degrees, ness. It is also usefid in promoting the ror or horror at the presence of an object. or the activity of the vital power. fusion of metals, and especially in casting Such is the aversion of animals for their Coze. Hooper. fannon balls. In its crude state, it is harmnatural enemies, as the antipathy of a AN'TIPIION, n. [See Antiphony.] less to the human constitution but many mouse to a cat, or a weasel. Sometimes The chant or alternate suiging in choirs of of its preparations act violently as emetics cathedrals. persons have an insu])erable constitutional and cathartics. It has also a peculiar ef\NTlPHONAL, } antipathy to certain kinds of food. ficacy in prom<iting the secretions, partic- The word is applied also to aversion con- .\NTIPlION'IC, >a. [See Antiphony.^ as a sudorific. tracted by experience or habit as when ANTIPHON'ICAL,^ ularly Chambers. Encyc. J^icholson. a person has suffered an injury from some Pertaining to antiphony or alternate singing. ANTIMOR'ALIST, ?i. An opposer of nio- food, or from an animal, which before was Encyc. ralitv. Warhurton. not an object of hatred or wlien a par- ANTIPH'ONARY, n. [r., contrary, and ANTI"MU'SIAL, o. Opposed to music; ticular kind of food or medicine is taken ijjui'ij, sound, voice.] no ear for music. Jlmer. Review. which nauseates A service book, in the catholic church, coninto a sickly stomach, and having

and rtfptfaitf, a standing aroiuid.] monks were poison Encyc. The opposition of a contrary quahty, by This story, reported by Fare ANTIPA'PAL, a. Opposing popery. which the quahty opposed acquires to popeby Morin, as fabulous, and ANTIPAPIS'TIC, ^ "" Opposed strength or the action by which a body Ity him it is said to be composed of Gr. \NTIPAPIS'TIAL, S ry or papacy. attacked collects force by opposition or Jorfin Ofti, against, and fiovof, alone, and so the intension of the activity of one qualinamed because it is not found alone. The VNTIPAR'ALLEL, a. Running in a conThus ty by the opposition of another. real truth is not ascertained.] Hammond. trary fUrection. quick-lime is set on fire, or sensible heat is Primarily, a metallic ore consisting of sul- ANTIPARALYT'IC, a. [mfi,,an(\ paraiytic, excited in it, by mixture with water and which see.] phur combined with a metal the sulphu cold a])]ilied to the human body may inret of Antimony, the stibium of the Ro- Good against the palsy. mans and the fw, of the Greeks. It ANTIPARALYT IC," ?!. A remedy for the crease its heat. Johnson. Dryden. Qiiincy. a. Pertauiing to an.1 blackish mineral, which stains the Core. ANTIPERISTAT'IC, hands, palsv.
the fact that certain
it.

posed of anti and Fr. moine, monk, from

puting time, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia.

\omiting

as,

the intestuies.

ANTIPERIS'TASIS,

the antiperistaltic motion of Cyc. >i. [Gr. aiu, against,

ed by

tiere, is treated

hard, brittle,
like strife.

ANTINEPHRITIC,
which
see.]

a.

[anti,

and

nephritic,

it

the effect

is

antipathy,

which

is

Counteracting diseases of the kidneys.

Coxe. medicine that ANTINEPHRIT'le, n. tends to remove diseases of the kidneys.

long continuance. Antipathy however is often affected, as when| persons pretend a great aversion to things from false dehcacy. In ethics, antipathy is hatred, aversion or
repugnancj' haired to persons to persons or things repugnancy to ac;

ANTINO'MIAN,
fo/iof,

a.

[Gr.

am,

against, "and

taining all the invitatories, responsories, and whatever is said or sung in called also choir, except the lessons a responsary ; compiled by Gregory the Great. Encyc. ANTIPH'ONER, n. A book of anthems or aversion Chaucer. antiphons.
oil

often

collect.s,

tlie

law.]
;

Against law

pertaining to the Antinomians.

ii.

tions.

Of these

ANTIPHONY,
voice.]
I.

n. [avu,

Art^rfrf is

most voluntary.
its

contrary,

and ^u^,

ANTINO'MIAN,

One of a

sect

who

Aversion, and antipathy, in

true sense,

The answer of one choir to another, when

ANT
ail

ANT
;

ANT
from L.
antiI

anthem or psalm

is

sung by two choirs

ANTIQUE,
1.
;

a. antee'k.

ahernate singuig.
9.

s])ecies ol'psabiiotly,

wlien a congrega-

3.

4.

tion is divided into two parts, and eacli sings the verses ahernately. Encyc. The words given out at the beginning ol a psahn, to wJiich botii the choirs are to arconiinodate tlieir singing. Encyc. musical composition of several verses, extracted from different psalms. Encyc

ANTIPH'RASIS, n. [Gr. am, against, and ^paiif, a form of speech.] Tlie use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning as when a court of justice is called a court of vengeance. Johnson. Jlsh.
;

> to anANTIPHRAS'TI, " Pertaining ANTIPHRAS'TIAL, \ tiphrasis. Ash ANTIP'ODAL, a. Pertaining to the ami

the Holy Scriptures. Boyle. ANTISCRIPTURIST, n. One that denies revelation. antique statue. Boyle. 2. Old, as it respects the present age, or a IaNTISEP'TIC, a. [Gr. arnand ffjjrtroj, pumodern period of time of old fashion, as trid, from ffjjTtu, to putrLty.] an antique robe. lOpposing or counteracting putrefaction. 3. Odd wild fanciful more generally writ Ash. ten antic. medicine which re'ANTISEP'TI, n. ANTIQUE, n. antee'k. In general, any sists or corrects putrefaction, as acids, but hi a more limiteil stimulants, saline substances, astringents, tiling very old &c. sense, the remains of ancient artists, as Encyc. busts, statues, paintings and vases, the ANTISO'CIAL, a. [See Social.] works of Grecian and Roman antiqiuty. Averse to society that tends to interrupt oi ANTlQUENESS, n. anlee'kness. The qual- destroy social intercourse.
j

qmis, probably from Old ancient of genuine antiquity in this sense it usually refers to the flourish ishing ages of Greece and Rome ; as an
; ;

[Fr. ante.]

ANTISCORBU'Tl,
scurvy.

n.

A remedy
n.

for the

!aNTISRIP'TURISM,

Opposition to

of being ancient; an appearance of ancient oriirin and workmanship. Addison

ity

ANTIS'PASIS,

podes

having the feet dueetly opposite.

n.

ANTIQ'UITY,
1.

n.

[L. antiquitas.]
;

AN'TIPODE,
nmi, no&oi,

[Gr. avti,

opposite,

and

foot.]

since past

Ancient times ; former ages times long a very indefinite term ; as

;

One who hves on

ly o|iposite.

the opposite side of tlie globe, and of course, whose feet are direct2.

Cicero

was

the most eloquent orator of

;

Pascalis, Med. Rep. n. [Gr. avn, against, and anau, to draw.] re\ ulsion of fluids, from one part of the body to another. ^uincy.
a.

ANTISPASMOD'Ie,
and
crrtaff|Uos,
;

[Gr. ai>u, against,

to diaw.]

antiquity.

from bkom,

The
times
;

ANTIPOrSON,
poison.

n. s as

z.

An

antidote for

ancients the people of ancient Opposing spasm as, the fact is admitted by all aii anodynes.

resisting
n.

convulsions

as Coxe.
;

Brown.
in opposi

tiquity.

ANTISPASMODIC,
; ;

AN'TIPOPE, n. [anti and pope.] One who usurps the papal power,
tion to the pope.

Mdison

3.

AN'TIPORT,
lacv.

n.

An outward
a.

gate or door. Smith.

to pre- 4.
5.

ANTIPRELAT'IAL,
AN'tlPRIEST,
ofi)riests.
n.

Adverse

An

Motion. opposer or enemy

Waterland.
n.

ANTIPRIE'STRAFT,
priestcraft.

Opposition to Burke.

Peru, and the essential oils of vegetables. Coxe. Ancientness great age the quality of a. [See Antispasis.] being ancient as, a statue of remarkable ANTISPAS'TI, Causing a revulsion of fliuds or humors. antiquity ; a family of great antiquity. Johnson. Old age a ludicrous sense used by Shak. The remains of ancient tunes. In thit ANTISPLENET'I, a. [See Spleen.] sense it is usually or always plural. An- Good as a remedy in diseases of the spleen. Johnson. tiquities comprehend all the remains of an all the monuments, coins ANTIS'TASIS, n. [Gr. avti., opposite, and cient times
; ;
;

Meaning that mankind are inclined to verify the predictions of antiquity. T. Dawes

remedy for spasm or convulsions, as opium, balsam of

ANTIPRIN'CIPLE,
ple.

n.

An

ANTIPROPH'ET,
ser of prophets.

n.

An

opposite princiSpenser. enemy or oppo-

oraffij, station.] edifices, history and fragments of literature, offices, habihnients In oratory, the defense of an action from the consideration that if it had been omitted, weapons, manners, ceremonies in short whatever respects any of the ancient nasomething worse woidd have happened.

inscriptions,

MeJe.
n.

tions of the earth.

Encyc.
a.

ANTIP'TOSIS,
case]

[Gr.

avtc

and

nt^ati,

ANTIREVOLU'TIONARY,
lution.^
;

[See Revo-

ANTIS'TES, n. [L.] The chief priest or prelate.

Milton.

ANTIPU'RITAJSf,

In grammar, the ])Utting of one case for an- Opposed to a revolution opposed to an en- ANTIS'TROPHE, ) [Gr. avr^, opposite. and ;f>o^r,, a turnother. Johnson. ANTIS'TROPIIY, S tire change in the form of government. n. An opposer of jniriij'g-] Burke. In grammar, the changing of things mutually tans. Warton. ANTIREVOLU'TIONIST, n. One who is depending on each other ; reciprocal conANTIQUARIAN, a. Pertaining to antiqua- ojiposed to a revolution in government. version as, the master of the servant, the As a noim, this is ries, or to anti([uity. ANTISABBATA'RIAN, n. [anti and sab- servant of the master. used for antiquary. bath.] 2. Among </(e ancients, that part of a song or ANTIQUA'RIANISM, n. Love of antiqui- One of a sect who oppose the observance of dance, before the altar, which was perties. Warhurton. the Christian sabbath maintaining that formed by turning from west to east, in AN'TIQUARY, n. [L. anliqiiarius.] the Jewish sabbath was only of ceremoopposition to the strophy. The ancient One who studies into the history of ancient nial, not of moral oliligation, and was conodes consisted of stanzas called strophies things, as statues, coins, medals, paintings, sequently abohshed by Christ. Encyc. and antistrophies, to which was often adinscriptions, books and manuscripts, or ANTISA'BIAN, a. [See Sabian.] ded the epode. These were sung by u searches for them, and explains their oriOpposed or contrary to Sabianism, or tlie chou', which turned or changed places gin and purport one versed in antiquity. Paber. when they rejieated tlie different parts of worship of the celestial orbs. AN'TIQUATE, v. t. [L. antiquo. See Aiithe ode. The fjoorfe was sung, as the choa. Adverse to tiquary.] rus stood still. [See Ode.] Waterland. To uiake old, or obsolete to make old in priests. H'est's pre/, to his Pindar. such a degree as to put out of use. Hence ANTIS"CIAN, ANTIS"CIANS, n. [L. anof Gr. avn, ojiposite, and axia, ANTIS'TROPIION, n. A figure which retiscii, when applied to laws or customs, it Milton. shadow.] peats a word often. amounts to make void or abrogate. In geography, the inhabitants of the earth, ANTISTRUMAT'le, a. [anti and stnma, a Christianity might reasonably introduce new laws and anliquate or abrogate old ones. scrophulous swelling.] Uving on (hll'erent sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon are cast in con- Good against scrophulous disorders. Hale. Johnson. Wiseman. AN'TIQUATED, jip. Grown old obso- trary directions. Those who hve north of the equator are antiscians to those on the ANTITH'ESIS, n. [Gr. avtiStei.!, of o.vti. lete out of use having lost its bintling and diaii, from TWt;ni, to place.] force by non-observance as an antiquated south, and vice versa; the shadows on one law. side being cast towards the nortli those In rhetoric, an opposition of words or sentiAN'TIQUATEDNESS, n. The state of be- on the other, towards the south. Enn/c. ments contrast as, " When our vices

"

ANTISACERDO'TAL,

ing old or obsolete.

ANTISORBU'Tl,
Tlie state of being

o. [anti

and

scorbu'fic.

leave

us,

we

Hatter

omsehes we

lean-

ANTIUUA'TION,
antiquated.

n.

which

see.]

them."

"

The

Beaumont. Counteracting the scurfy.

miser robs himself."

)rodigal robs his heir, the " ,rcess of ceremony

A N V
sliows want of
2.

ANY
"

A P A

breeiliiifr."

Liberty

leith

laws, aiul goveruineiit iinlhoul oppression^

Opposition of opinions
?

controversy. Encyc.

Putch is heeld. To build is to shape, to AO'NIAN, a. [From Aonia, a part of Bobo is that on tia, in Greece.] form, and anvil, that is, on build, which things are shaped. The I.atin \, ord Peiiaining to the muses, or to Aonia, in Bo'incus, incudis, is formed by a like analog) from in and cudo, to liannner, or slia])e
otia.
;

ANTITHET'IC, ANTITHET'IAL,
of words and abounding with

Pcrtainin;; to aiitiih.-si.s.or opiinsition scntinionts ; containing or

"'
\

and the same ideas are connected

Celtic
;

in the

W.

eingion

Jr. ijineon, anvil,

and

antitliosis.

inneonam, to

strike.]

ANTITRINITA'RIAN,
tnrian, wliicli sec]

Encyc. Enfidil. n. [anti and triniexistence

An

iron block with a smooth face, on whic)] smiths hammer and shape their work.

Figuratively,
laid.

any

tiling

on which blows are

Shak.

One who denies

tli(^

ANTITRINITA KIAN,
trinity.

of three persons

trinity or the in the Godhead.

a.

Ena/c. To be on

Opposing die
re.

tlie anvil, is to be in a state of discussion, form.ition or preparation ; as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not

The .'Voiiian fount was Aganippe. at the fool of mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to tlie muses. Ilencc the muses wen- called .Vonides. Dryden But in trutli. I'irg. Eclogue. 10. 12. Aonia itself is formed from tlie Celtic aon. a spring or fountain, [the fabled son oi' Neptune,] and this word gave name to Aonia. As the muses were fond of springs, the word was applied to the muses, and to mountains which were their favorite
residence, as to Parnassus.
Milton.

matured. This tigure bears an analogy to that of discussion, a sliaking or beating AN'TITyPE, n. [Or. avftrvttov, of (uti, ANXI'ETY, 71. angzi'ety. [L. anrietas, from i>ee Anger.] anriita, sohcitous; L. ong-o. apainst, and Tvjto;, a t) pe, or pattern.] anotlier figure ; 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some tigure eorrespondinji to that of wliieh the type is the pattern or event, future or uncertain, which disturl the mind, and keeps it in a state of i)ainful in re])resentation. Thus the paschal lamb, It expresses more tlian unea uneasiness. scripture, is the type, of which Christ is the An antitype then, is something siness or disturbance, and even more than antitype. It usually springs trouble or solicitude. whi(di is formed accordinar to a model or from fear or serious apprehension of evil, of repattern, and bearing strong features and involves a suspense respecting an semblance to it.

ANTltRFMTA'RIANlSM,
the trinity.

A denial of

.\'ORIST, 71. [Gr. aopifoj, indefinite, of a iniv. and opoj, limit.] The name of certain tenses in the grammar of the Greek language, which express
time indeterminate, that presenter future.
is,

either past,

bread event, and often, a perplexity of mind, to litvrs:ii, the sacramental know how to shape our conduct. called antitypes, that is, figures, similitudes ; and the Greek fathers 3. In medical langtiage, mieasiness ; unceasused the word in a like sense. ing restlessness in sickness. Encyc. to an anti- ANX'IOUS, o. ank'shus. Greatly concerned a. ANTITYP'R'AL, Pertaining
In the Greek

and wine are

type

explaining the type.

[anti

Johnson.

ANTIVARIO'LOUS, a.
which sec.] Opposing the small pox.

and

variolous

ANTIVENE'REAL,
which
see.]

a.

[anti

Med. Rep. and venereal.

2.

Resisting venereal poison. ANT'LER, n. [From the root otante, before Fr. andouiller. See Ante.] start or branch of a horn, especially of the horns of the cervine animals, as of the sta; or moose. The branch next to the head is called the brow-antler, and tlie branch next above, the bes-antUr. Encyc.

3.

It

or solicitous, respecting something future or unknown being in painful suspense applied to persons; as, to be anrious for the issue of a battle. of solicitude Fidl unquiet applied to things ; as anxious thoughts or labor. Very careful solicitous as, anrious to please anxious to commit no mistake is followed by for or about, before the
;

n. Indefinite; pertaining to an aorist, or indefinite tense. AORT'.A, 77. [Gr. oopTij, the great artery also an ark or chest.] The great artery, or trunk of the arterial system; proceeding from the left ventricle of the heart, and giving origin to all the arteries, except the pulmonary arteries. If first rises, when it is called the ascending aorta then makes a great curve, when it gives off branches to the head, and upper extremities then jiroceeds downward.'--, called the descending aorta, when it gives off" branches to the trunk and (inaljy divides into the two iliacs, which supply the pelvis and lower extremities. Cyc. Parr. a. Pertaining to the aorta, or Daricin. great artery.
; ; ; ;

AORISTTC,

AORTAL,
AOU'TA,

71.

The paper-mulberry

tree in

object.

ANXTOUSLY, adv.
solicitously
;

In an anxious
painful

manner

Otaheite, from whose bark is manufactured a cloth worn by the inhabitants.

with

Encyc.

uncertainty;

APA'CE,
With

carefullv

ANT'LERED,

a.

Furnished with

antlers.

ANX'IOUSNESS, n. The quality of being Johnson anxious great solicitude.

;

unquietly.

Encyc. ANTO'NIAN, a. Noting certain medicinal waters in Gennany, at or near Tonstcin Encyc.

AN'Y,

adv. [a anApace.] a quick pace fast ; speedily quick with haste hastily applied to things iii motion or progression ; as, birds fly apace ;
;

a. en'ny.

[Sax. anig, eenig

is

D.eenig;
of

Ger. einig-

This word

weeds grow

compound

ANTONOMA'SIA, ANTONOM'ASY,
The

[Gr. avu,

and opofia,
1.

OH, one, and i^, which, in the Teutonic dialects, is the ic of the Latins, miis-tc-us Any \s unic-us, one-like.]

AP'AGOtjE,

AP'AGOgY,
1.

apace. [Gr. from ortayo, to '

aside,
;

draw

of

arto,

from, and

oyu, to drive.]

Nor knowcth any man the Father, save the use of the name of some office, dignity Son. Math xi. profession, science or trade, instead of the If a soul shall sin against any of the com true name of the person ; as when his mamandments. Lev. iv. a noble jesty is used for a king, lordship for an indefinite lunnber, pluraUy man. Thus instead of Aiistotle, we say 2. Some ; for though the word is Ibrmed from one, it the philosopher; a grave man is called a Are there any witoften refers to many. Cato; an eminent orator, a Cicero; a wise nesses present ? "f he sense seems to be a man, a Solomon. In the latter examples, small, uncertain mnnlier. a proper name is used for an ajipellative Some ; an indefinite quantity ; a small .3. the appUcation being su]ipoited by a re portion. semblance in character. Encyc. 2. Who will show us any good ? Ps. iv. ANTOSIAN'DRIAN, n. One of a sect'of a substitute, the person Lutherans, so denominated from their 4. It is often used as
;

name.]

One

indefinitely.

In logic, abduction a kind of argument, wherein the greater extreme is evidently contained in the medium, but the medium not so evidently in the lesser extreme, a.s not to require further proof. Thus, "AU whom God absolves are free from sui but God absolves all who are in Christ therefore all who are in Christ are free from The first proposition is evident but sin." the second may require further proof, as that God received full satisfaction for sin, by the suffering of Christ. In mathematics, a progress or passage from one proposition to another, when the first,
;

rigid

opposing the doctrines of Osiander.

sect

This

deny that man

is

made
is,

unputatively just, that

just, but is only pronounced so.

AN'VIL,

preposition The last syllable is from tlie dialect aan. verb build : in Germ, bilden, to tbrm or shape, and bUd, an image or form, which in

James n. [Sax. anfilt, o'nfitt ; D. aanbec'ld; Old Eng. anvelf. The first syllable seems It is used in opposition to ?!OJie. to be the any wheat to sell ? I have none. on, from the Belgic
i.

Enajc.

or thuig being understood. proving others. And when ye stand praying, forgive, if ye 3. In the Athenian law, the carrying a crimihave aught against any. Mark xi. nal, taken in the fact, to a magistrate. It" any lack msdoui, let liim ask it of God

having been demonstrated,

is

employed in

Encyc.

Have you APAGOti'ICAL, a. An apagogical demonstration is an indirect way of proof, by

showing the absurdity or impossibihty of the contrary-.

ANY-WISE

is sometimes used adverbially, but the two words may be separated, and used with a preposition, in any viise.

APALACH'IAN,

a.

Pertaining to the Apa-

Vol.

I.

11

APE
lai-lios, a tribe
cif Iii.lians,

APE
in the -wc-tcrn

A P
inhabit the leaves and

ir

In botany, th syllable. anther of flowers, or tops of the stamens, like knobs. Martyn. 2. One who imitates servilely, in allusion to APH'ANITE, 71. [Gr. a priv. and ^aivu, to the manners of the ape a silly fellow. appear.] to nhniic, In mineralogy, compact ainphibole in a parand APE, 1'. t. To imitate servilely ?!. APAN'TIIROI'^', [Gr. arto, fi-om, Weak ticular state. as an ape hnitates human actions. Diet, of .Yat. Hist. art^pwrtoj, man.] An aversion to tlje company of men a love pe)sons are ahvays prone to ape foreigners. APHE'LION, n. [Gr. ano, from, and tjUn;, the sun.] See of solitude. Encyc. APE'AK, adv. [a and peak, a point. That point of a planet's orbit which is most n. In rhetoric, Pe*.] APARITIl'MESIS, [Gr.] in a posture to pierce. distant from the siui 1. On the point enumeration. opposed to perihe-

ing and mischievous.

forests, insects.

They

mark of a long

Hence the word is a|)-[ part of Georgia. to the nioinitains in or near their jihecl country, wliieh are in fact tlie .southern extrenhtv of the Alleghanean ridges.

and hve on

fruits,

Encyc.

AP'ART,
P.irt.]
1.

(/rfr.

[a

am] part; Fr. aparti.

;

See
'i.

John.$on.

lion.

Separately

at a distance

in a state of

separation, as to place. Jesus departed thence hito a desert place

'2.

In I'fomen's /nng'tin^f, perpendicular. The is apeak, when the cable is drawn so as to bring the ship directly over it.

APHERE'SIS,
to take.]
1.

n. [Gr. ao, from,

and

acpiu,

anchor

The

Mar. Diet. Mat!i. xiv. AP'ENNIXE, a. [L. apenninvs ; ad and apart. In a statcof distinction, as to purpose, use penninus, an epithet applied to a peak or or character. ridge of the Alps. Liry. Celtic pen or The Lord hath set ajunt him that is godly for ben, the peak of a mountain, or in general,
himself.

begumin^
2.

resis, omtttere is w ritten, mitten. In the healing art, the removal of

taking of a letter or syllalile from the of a word. Thus by an aphe-

Encyc.

any thing
Quincy.

noxious.

In surgery, amputation.

3.

Ps. iv. a mountain.] APHIDIV'OROUS, a. [of aphis, the pucethe ron or vine fretter, and loro, to eat.] Distinctly; separaiely; as, consider Pcrtauiing to or designating a chain of mounprojiositions apart. tains, which extend from the plains of Ealing, devouring, or subsisting on the apliis, 4. Aside; in exclusion of; as, apart from all or plant-louse. roimd the gulf of Genoa, to the Darwin. Piedmont, to his moral.s, he is not (pialitied, in center of Italy, and thence south east to APHILAN'THROPY, n. [of o neg. and $iregard other respects, for the olHce he hokls. the extremity. ^ai'9pwrti, of ^Acu, to love, and oi'9puof, or apn. The momnauis above [Fr. apartement,

two

AP>ARTMENT,

Coxe. preferretl to society. digest.] a Defective In zoology, the puceron, vine separated from otliers by partitions [Little A'PIIIS, n. indigestion. digestion C'oxe. place separated by inclosure. fretter, or plant-louse ; a genus of insects, Encye. used.] a. Void of feeling free front to the order of hemipters. In zoology, tlie The n. One who apes. A'PER, belonging Harris. insensible. wild boar. passion apliis is furnished with an inflected beak, AP'ATHY, )(. [Gr. a priv. and naSos, pas- APERIENT, a. [L. aperiens, aperio ; Sp. and with feelers longer than the thorax. In tlie same species, some individuals have Fr. ouvrir.] Port, abrir ; It. aprire sion.] AVant of feeling; an utter privation of pas- Opening four erect wings, and others are entirely that has the quaUty of opening without wings. The feet are of the ambuapplied either deobstruent; laxative. sion, or insensihiUty to pain As applied to the APE'RIEJVT, /!. A medicine which proLu the body or the mind. latory kind, and the belly usually ends ia two horns, from which is ejected the submotes the circulation of the fluids, by remind, it is stoicism, a calmness of mind instance called honey-<lew. The species a decapable of being ruffled by pleasure, ])ain moving obstructions a laxative are very numerous. or passion. In the first ages of the church, obstruent as, smallage, fennel, asparagus, Encyc. term to express the christians adopted the Encyc. APHLOgIS'TI, a. [Gr. a priv. and ^>japarsley, and butcher's broom. a contempt of earthly concerns. APERTTIVE, a. Opening; deobstruent; yifo;, inflammable.] Quielism is apathy disguiseil under the apHarvey. Fotherhy. Flaraeless; as an uphlogisiic lamp, in which aperient. ICiicyc APERT', a. a coil of wire is kept in a state of continued pearance of devotion. Open evident [L. aperius.] .\P'ATITE, n. [from Gr. arfoT'ou, to deceive imilisguised. ignition by alcohol, without flame. [J\fot vsed.] it having been often mistaken for other Comsti>ck. \PER'TION, n. The act of opening; the a gap. n. [Gr. o priv. and $u-ii;, voice.J state of being opened an opening muierals.] V variety of phosphate of lime A lo.ss of voice a palsy of the tongue j generally [Little used.] ajierture, or passage. in low, flat, hexahedral prisms, Johnson. Core. If'otton. ^Viseman. lumbness; catalepsy. crystalized sometimes even tabidar. Its powder phos- APERT'LY, adv. Openly. APHORISM, n. [Gr. afoptsftos, determina[Little used.] from o^opi^u, to sepaBale. phoresces on binning coals. tion, distinction The phosporite of Werner includes the mas- APERT'NESS, n. [L. apeiius.] Openness. rate.] sive and earthy varieties of the pliosphate, Holder. A maxim a precept, or principle expressed [Rarely used.] which are distinguished from the apatite, APERT'OR, J(. A muscle that raises the a detached sentence conin few words as, the by their containing a small ])ortion of flutaining some inqiortant truth f^uiiicy. upper eve lid. Cleaveland. oric acid. AP'ERTilRE, . The act of opening more aphorisms of Hippocrates, or of the civil law. Encyc. \PE, n. [D. aap ; Dan. nbe ; Sax. Sw. and generally, an opening; a gap, cleft or a hole APIIORISM'ER, n. A dealer in aphorisms. VV. ab, or chasm a ])assage perforated Ir. apa; Ice. ape : Germ, affe Milto?t. its through any solid substance. epa, so named from the celerity of In the form of an } Holder. .Yewton. APHORISTIC, motions.] ''^ I. A genus of quadrupeds, found in the tor- 2. An opening of meaning aphorism; in the explanation APHORIS'TICAL, ^ form of short unconnected sentences as rid zone of both continents, of a great Taylor [M'ot used.] an aphoristic stvle. In common use, the 3. In geomHry, the space between two right variety of species. word extends to all the tribe of monkeys lines, forming an angle. Encyc. APHORIS'TICALLY, adv. In the form or manner of aphorisms. and baboons but in zoology, ape is hmited APET'ALOUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and mtaioi' a flower-leaf or petal.] APH'RITE, n. [Gr. o^po?, froth the schauni to such of these animals as have no tails or flower-leaves; while those with short tails are called ta6 In botany, having no petals, erde, or earth scum, of Wernr ; the silvery chalk of Kirwan.] having no corol. Martyn. oons, and those with long ones, monkeys. state of being A snbvariety of carbonate of lime, occurring These animals have four cutting teeth in APET'ALOUSNESS, n. in small masses, solid or tender and friable. without jietals. each jaw, and two canine teeth, with obIt is composed of lamels or scales, of a like A'PEX, n. phi. aperes. [L. aper, ])hi. apices. tuse grinders. The feet are formed I hands, with four fingers and a tlnnnb, and The tip, point or summit of any thing. pearly luster. It is connected by insensible shades with argentine. flat nails. antiquity, the ca)i of a flamen or jiriest Apes are lively, full of frol Jameson. Cleavelawi. and chatter, generally untamable, thievthe crest of a helmet. In grammar, tlie
; ;

partement, of ab or a, from, and parlir, depart. Sec Part.] room in a building a division in a house,

VP'ENMNE,

to

VP'ENNINES, APEP'SY, n.

described. S [Gr. a priv. and

;

"

Want
rtcn.ru,

to

man.] of love to mankind. In medicine, the first stage of melancholy, when solitude is

APATHET'IC,
;

APHONY,

A P
APII'RIZiTE,
malin.
n.

li

A P O

A P O

APIIKODIS'IAC,

APHKODISI'AAL,

is one whicli entirely variety of blark tour- (Vn uplanatic telescope corrects the aberration of the rays of light. I'liiUips. It is thus distinguished from the achromatic, } [Gr.a4.po6io!, vowhich only j)artially corrects the aberraiiereal, Al-poSifij,

"
;

i;

Venus, from a^pof, frotli.] Exciting venereal denire increasing the ap-

APHRODISIAC,
nery.

petite for sexual connection. n. i)rovooativc to ve-

Unci/c.
n. [Gr. A^poitri?'.]
}

APII'RODITR,
of Venus.

APHRODI'TA,
called
al.so

APHRODITE, "
S

In
tlie

zoolo^i/,

follower Cleuvcland. a genus of

is

Qiiinci).

are received by the Romish Church as cononiriit, but nut by Protestants. Encyc, :APOC'RVPHAL, a. IVrtauiing to the apiicnot canonical; of uncertain au ryjiha Ed. Encyc. fictitious. tion. false thority or credit APLO'ME, n. [Gr. tt>.oo?, Him])le.] Congreve. Hooker. mineral closely allied to garnet. It is con- APOC'RYPHALLY, adv. Uncertainly not sidered by Jameson, as crystali/.ed comindisputably. mon garnet. It is a rare mineral, found ALNESS, n. Uncertainty, as to authenticity in dodecahedrons, ith rhombic faces, doubtfulness of credit, or
;

APOCRYPH

order of Mollu.scas,

sea-moiisr.

The body

oval,

genuineness. supposed to be derived li-om l\u- cube, by one of the most simple laws of decrement, APODAL, a. [See J]pode.] that of a single range of particles, parallel Without feet in zoology, destitute of ventral to all the edges of a cube. fins.
;

small protuberances or tentacles on each side, which serve as feet The mouth is cylindrical, at one end of the body, with two bristly tentacles, and capa-

with

many

Haiiy.

Cteaveland.

AP'ODE,

n. [Gr. apriv..ind rtw{, rtojo;, foot.]

2.

VPLUS'TER, I " [h. from Gr. afXa;ov, tlie All animal that has no feet, apjilied to cersununit of the poop of a tain fabulous fowls, w liicli are said to have \PLUS'TRE, I no legs, and also to some birds that lia%e ship.] ble of being retracted. very short legs. Encyc. An ensign, or ornament carried by ancient A name of Venus, so called from 6r. ships. It was shaped hke a plume of In zoology, the apodes are an order of fishes, which have no ventral fins; the first order fealher.s, fastened on the neck of a goose o^pos, froth, from which the goddess was or swan, and to this was attached a partyill Linne's system. supposed to have been produced. [See Encyc.
Veims.]

API!

THONG,

n.

[Or. ao, without, and

^Ooyyoi, sound.]

APOCALYPSE,
;

colored ribin, to indicate the course of the wind. Jlddison. Encyc. n. apoc'abjps. [Gr. from

APODICTIC,
5fixiTfii, to

letter or combinallon of letters, which, ni ojtoxoXiirtru), to disclose ; orto to cover.] the customary pronunciation of a word, have no sound. Focaloir, or Did. of the Revelation disclosure. The discovery name of a Ixiok of the New Testament, Hibet-no- Celtic Langun^e. APII'THOUS, a. [Gr. a^Oai, idcers in the containing many discoveries or pre<lictions mouth.] respecting the future state of Christianity, written by St. John, in Patmos, near the Pertaining to thrush of tlio natureof thrush or ulcerous atiections of the mouth. close of the tirst century. Bigelow. APOALYP'Tl, Containing or \
;
;

S (lence, of ao, and show.] and xoXvrtrw, Demonstrative evident beyond contradic;

APODIC'TICAL,
tion

"

[Gr.

artohiiis,

evi-

clearly proving.

[Little used.]

Brown.

Glanville.

APODICTICALLY,
APOD'OSIS,
latter part
u.

adv. So as to be evident bevoiid contradiction.

[Gr.]

The

opplication
;

or

of a similitude.
n. [apogeon,

Mede.
Gr. oo,

AP'OuEE,

APH'YLLOUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and ^xkov, folium, a leaf.] In hotuny, destitute of leaves, as the rush, niusbrooins, garlic, some sea-weeds, &c, Milne A'PIARY, n. [L. a/Monum, of a/Mj, a bee.] The j)lace where bees are kept a stand or shed for bees. A'PIASTER, n. [From apis, a bee.] The bird called a bee-eater, a species of me The apiaster has an iron colored rops. back, and a belly of bluish green.
;

APOCALYPTICAL,
revelation
tion
;
;

"'

pertaining

to

from, and y>;, the earth.] That point in the orbit of a

at tlie greatest

apogcum

planet,

which

is

disclosing.

APOCALYPTICALLY,
in the

maimer
v.t.

adv. By revela of disclosure.

/)oco/)e.]

APOCOPATE,
To
cut
ofl",

[See

or drop the last letter or syllable

pp.

of a word.

APOCOPATED,
omission of the

Shortened

by

the

last letter

or syllable.

APOCOPATING, ppr.

(ici/c.

A'l'ICES,
Anther.']

A'PEXES.
arfi).

[See

Apei,

and

APOCOPE, APOCOPY,
The

M. Stuart. Cutting oft', or omitting the last letter or svllable. ) abscission " [Gr. anoxojo;,
^

ofarto,
;

and xowruto

cut.]

APIE'CE,

To
is

[a

anA

piece.]

each; noting the share of each; as here

an orange apiece. swer artoxptro^at, to answer.] A' PIS, n. In mythologi/. an ox, worshiped in Anciently a resident in an imperial city, in ancient Egypt, or a divinity or idol in the the name of a foreign church or bishop, of an ox. figure answering to the modern 7iuncio. He was A'PIS, )!. [L.] In zoolofcy, the bee, a genus a proctor, in the emperor's court, to ne of insects, of the order of hymenopters. gotiate, and transact business for his conThe mouth has two jaw s, and a jirohoscis stituent. Encyc. Spelman. infolded in a double sheath the wings' APOCRUST'IC a. [Gr. ortoxpws-ixo, from are four, the two tbremost arto and xpoDu, to drive froni.[ covering the hinder ones when at rest. The females! Astringent repelline. and working bees have a sting. Encyc.\ APOCRUST'IC, n.^A medicine wliicli conAPISH, a. [See .%.] Having the quali-f stringes, and repels tlie humors a repelties of an a|)e inclined to imitate in a serlent. Quincy. Coze.
;

cutting off, or omission of the hist letter or syllable of a word as rfi for dii. APOC'RISARY, n. [Gr. Ironi artoxfioi.;, an-

distance from the earth. ancients regarded the earth as fixed in the center of the system, and therefore assigned to the sun, with the planets, an apogee but the moderns, considering the sun as the center, use the terms perihelion and aphelion, to denote the least and greatest distance of the planets from that orb. The sun's apogee therefore is in strictness, the earth's aphelion. Apogee is properly ajiiilieable to the moon. Encyc. Johnson. AP'OGON, n. A fish of the Mediterranean, the summit of whose head is elevated.

The

AP'OGRAPH, [Gr. o/toypa^w anoyfa^^] An exemplar a copy or transcript. Jlsh. APOLLINA'RIAN, a. [From .Apollo.] The ApoUinarian games, in Roman antiquity,
)i.
;
;

were celebrated

in

honor of Apollo

insti-

tuted A. R. 542. after the battle of CamiiE. They were merely scenical, with exhibitions of music, dances and various moun-

tebank

tricks.
in

APOLLINA'RIANS,
sect, deriving their

Church

name from

history,

Encyc. a

Apollinaris,

vile

maimer; hence, foohsh,

;
;

foppish, afas,

fected, trilling, insignificant

an apish

A'PISHLY,
apish

apish manners. ailv. In an apish manner; with servile imitation foppishly.

fellow
;

A'PISHNESS,
;

)i.
;

The quahty of being

foppery.

mimicry
from
a.

APIT'PAT, With quick beating or palpita tion;aword formed from the sound, ;)!(
and
pat, or
beat.

APLANATTe,
wander.]

[Gr. o neg. and

.-t^aiau, to

bishop of Laodicea, in the 4tli Century, who denied the proper humanity of Christ ; maintaining that his body w as endowed with a sensitive, and not with a rational APOCRYPIL\, n. [Gr. from anoxfwrttu, .soul and that the divine nature supplied the place of the intellectual principle in xpiTiru, to conceal.] man. Literally such things as are not published Encyc. Hooker. but in an ap|)ropriate sense, books whose Ipollo-Belvidere, an ancient statue of the authors are not known wliose authentifirst class in excellence. city, as inspired writings, is not admitted, \POL'LYON, )i. [Gr. ooM.iui, destroying.] and which are therefore not considered a The destroyer; a name used Rev. ix. 11, tor the angel of the bottomless pit, answering part of the .sacred canon of the scri])ture. When the Jews published their sacred to the Hebrew Abaddon. books, they called them canonical and di- APOLOOETTC, I "' [Gr. ooxoyjo^i, to vine ; such as they did not publish, were APOLOuET'ICAL, ^ speak in defense of called apocryphal. The apocryphal books ao and ^oyo5, speech.]
; ;
;

A P O
Dcl'ending by wonls or arguments
iiig
; ;

A P O
excuS'

A P O
n.

of apology

APOLOGETICALLY,
a|K)logy or excuse.

said or written in ilelensc, or by way as an apologetic essay. Boyle. adv. By" way of
;

APOL'OGIST, n. [See Apology.] one who One wlio makes an apology

;

spe.-iks

or writes in defense of another.

i>.

APOL'OGiZE,
;

i.

To make

an apology

to write or speak in favor of, or to make excuse for followed by for ; as, my cor

respondent apologized for not answering

my

letter.

APOLOGUE,
A
;

n. ap'olog.

[Gr. orto^oyoj, a

long speech, a fable.] moral fable a story or relation of ficti tious events, intended to convey useful An apologue differs from a para truths.
in this; the parable is drawn from events wliich pass among mankintl, and is an therefore supported by probability apologue may be founded on supposed actions of brutes or inanimate things, and therefore does not require to be sup]iorted by probability. Esop's fables arc good examples of apologues. Encyc.
ble
;

APOL'OGY,
An
excuse
;

n.

[Gr. anoxoyta, of arto and

Xoyos, discourse.]

something said or written iri defense or extenuation of what appears to others wrong, or unjustifiable or of what
;

justitiable,

from, and ^ai;, APOPH'YSY, S"' growth.] The projecthig.soft end or protuberance of a bone a process of a bone. APONEURO'SIS, I "' [Gr. arto, from, and W. APONEU'ROSY, nvpoi', a nerve ^uincy. Encyc. Coxe. nerth ; Arm. ncrz. See J^/erve.] APOPLE'TI, [See apoplexy.] I An expansion of a tendon in the manner of a APOPLE'TlAL, ^ Pertaining to or in apoplexy, as an apoplectic membrane ; the tendinous expansion or consisting or predis|iosed to apoplexy, as an apo fit the tendon or tail of a fascia of muscles
a justification of something that I* or may be censured, by those who are not acquainted with the reasons.
tion
(u(,

be liable to disapi)robation. It may is not perfectly or a vindication of what is or may be disapproved, but which the apoloA man makes to be right. gist deems an apology for not fultiUing an engagement, or for publishing a jiamphlet. An apology then is a reason or reasons assigned for wliat is wrong or may appear to be wrong, and it may be either an extenua-

may

be an exteiuiation of what

apo- APOSIOPE'SIS [Gr. artoniurtrjisti, o? phlegmatic. Qnincy. Core. APOSIO'PESY f:\- arto, and oiurtow, to be [Gr. arto, from, and silent.] It Reticency or AP'OTHEM, tflfW*, word. S suppression as when a speakwould be eligible to reduce this harsh er for some cause, as fear, sorrow, or anword to apothem.] ger, suddenly breaks off his discourse, beA remarkable saying a short, sententious, fore it is ended or speaks of a tiling, when he makes a show as if he would instructive remark, uttered on a particular say nothoccasion, or by a distinguished character ing on the subject or aggravates what he " He is as that of Cyrus, luiworthy to be pretends to conceal, by uttering a part and a magistrate, who is not better than hi; leaving the remainder to be understood. " Homines ni Smith. Johnson. Encyc. subjects ;" or that of Cato, hil agendo, discunt male agere ;" men by APOS'TASY, n. [Gr. arto,-a{, a defection. soon learn to do mischief. of afi.;y;fii, to depart, arto and TijiU'.] domg nothing, APOPH'YgE, ) " [Gr. arto, from, and fvy^;, 1. An abandonment of what one has professed a total desertion, or departure from APOPH'YgY, flight.] 1. In architecture, the part of a column, where one's faith or religion. it springs out of its base originally a ring 2. The desertion from a partj' to wliich one of color ferrel to bind the extremities has adhered. mnns, and keep them from splitting af- 3. Among physicians, the throwing off of terwards imitated in stone i)illars. It is exfohated or fractured bone, or the various sometimes called the spring of the colunm. solution of disease. Coxe. Chambers. 4. An abscess. Encyc. 2. A concave part or ruig of a column, lyin APOS'TATE, n. [Gr. arto^ar^s.] above or belo\v the flat member, called by One who has forsaken the church, sect or the French le conge d'en has, or rfVn haul ; j)rofession to which he before adliered. In its original sense, apjihed to one who by the Itahans, cavo di basso, or di sopra ; has abantloned his reh'gion but correctly also, il vivo di basso. Encyc. APOPHYLLITE, n. [Gr. arto, from, and applied also to one who abandons a poso called because of its ten litical or other party. fv'K'Kov, a leaf APOS'TATE, a. False ; traitorous. dency to exfohate.] A mineral occurring in laminated masses Spenser. or in regular prismatic crystals, having a APOSTAT'ICAL, a. After the manner of Its an apostate. strong and peculiar pearly luster. Sandys. structure is foliated, and when a fragment APOS'TATIZE, V. i. To abandon one's is forcibly rubbed against a hard body, it j)rofession or church to forsake principles or faith which one has professed; or the separates into thhi lamcns, hke selenite. It exfohates also before the flame of a l)arty to which one has been attached.

APOPHLEGMAT'IZANT,

An

APOPHTHEGM,?

<,

lamp. From its peculiar luster, it is sometimes called by the harsh name, ichthyophthalmite, fish-eye stone.

}Vorthington.

APOSTATIZING,

ppr.
i.

Abandonmg
into

Cleaveland.

church, profession, sect or party.

APOPH'YSIS,

[Gr.

orto,

APOS'TEMATE,
scess
;

v.

To form

an ab-

to swell

and

fill

with pus.

APOSTEMA'TION,
;

n. The formation of an aposteme the process of gathering into an abscess; written corruptly imposta. Pertaining to an partaking of the natiu'e of an Journ. of Science.

humation,

APOSTEM'ATOUS,
abscess
;

muscle.

Encyc.
a.

Coxe.

ptectic habit

of body.
n.
a.

aposteme.

APOPEMP'Tle,
rtff<u, to

[Gr.

arto,

from,

and

APOPLE'Tl,
apoplexy.

send.]

Denoting a song or hymn among the ancients, sung or addressed to a stranger, on Lis departure from a i)lace to his own country. It may be used as a noun for
the hynm. APOPII'ASIS,
n.

AP'OPLliXED,

untary motion, occasioned by repletion or whateverinterrupts the action of the nerves form of speech.] Cullen. upon the muscles. In rhcloric, a waving or omission of what one, Drydcn, for the sake of measure, uses upospeaking ironically, would plainly insinuplex, fur apoplexi/. ate as, " I will not mention another arguAP'ORON, ? " "[See Apory.] A problem ment, which, however, if I should, you dilficult to be resolved. AP'ORIME, I could not refute." Smith. Johnson. Encyc. APOPIILEGMAT'IC a. [Gr. arto, from, and AP'ORY, } " [Gr. artopia, from artopo;, ^^.lyi^a, phlegm.] APO'RIA, \ inops concilii, of a and Masticatory having the quality of exciting rtopo;, way or passage.] discharges of phlegm from the mouth or I. In rhetoric, a doubting or being at a loss nostrils. where to begin, or what to say, on accuunt n. A masticatory; Smith. APOPHLEGMAT'I, of the variety of matter. a medicine which excites discharges of '2. In the medical aH, febrile anxiety uneaphlegm from the mouth or nostrils. Coxe. siness restlessness, from obstructed
[Gr.
arto,
; ; ;

Encyc. from, and ^amj,

APOPLEXY, n.'[Gr. ortort>.)jtio, of arto, from \-POSTERIORI, [L. posterior, after.] and rfKr^n^no, to strike.] a are drawn A sudden deprivation of all sense and vol- Arguments posteriori, or facts in eflccts, consequences
;

AP'OSTEME, n. [Gr. anoj-ij^io, from A person affected by oifiif^jfii, to go otf, to recede ; orto and Knalchbull if'jj'", to stand.] Affected with apoplexy. \n abscess a swelling filled with purulent Sha'k. matter written also corruptlj imposthume.
; ;

from

opposi-

tion to reasoning a priori, or

from causes

previously known.

APOS'TLE,
ortofo^of,
arto,

)i.

apos't.

from

artO)-fXXu,

[L. apostolus ; Gr. to senil away, of

;

and

;iXk^o, to

send

G.

stetlen, to set.]

Inisiiiess

person deputed to execute some important but appropriately, a disciple of ;

Twelve persons were

;

Christ commissioned to |ireach the gospel. selected by Christ and Judas, one of the for this purpose

The

])er-

APOPHLEG'MATISM,
inatic.

n.

An

apoiihleg-

Bacon.

spiration, or the stopj;age of secretion.

any natural
Co.ce.

number, proving an apostate, his place was supplied by JIatthias. Acts i. title of ajiostle is applied to Christ himIn the primitive ages of the self. Heb. 3. church, other ministers were called aposRom. xvi as were persons sent to tles,
;

curry alms from one church to another.

A P O
Philip,
ii.

A P O
,^.

A P P
Addressed by hy the
;

This
first

sons

who
ciC

title was also given to perplanted the Christian faith.

is

To mark

with a comma, indicating the

letter.

omission of a

Thus Dionysius of Corinth

; apostle aries are called apostles.

called the

France

and the Jesuit Mission-

APOS'TROi'HIZED, way of digression

an apostrophv;

pp.
;

equal parts, called the difl'cnncc, or smaller pan, apotomc the othir, limma. Chambers. Encyc.
:

contracted

\POTREP'SIS,
turn.]

n.

[Gr. ano,

and

rpinu,, to

omission of a letter or letters

marked

bj

Among

Apostle,

the Jews, the title was ffiven to officers who were sent into distant provinces, as visitors or commissioners, to see the laws observed. iu the Greek hturfiy, is a book con-

The

resolution of a suppurating tumor.

APOS TROPHiZING,
a digression apostro|)hy

ppr. Addressing in contracting or marking by

Coxe.

AP'OTROPY,

n.

[Gr.

arto,

and Tftnu,

to

n. [Gr. ortoraxroj, The deities invoked were called apotroprenounce ; arto and raf fio, to eans. Encyc. ordain.] One of a sect of ancient christians, wlio, in AP'OZEM, JI. [Gr. arto, and ffu, toboil.J decoction, in which the medicinal subimitation of the first believers, renounced of an apostle. stances of plants are extracted by boiling. Encyc. APOS'TOLATE, i. Amission; the dignity all their effects and posses.sioiis. IViseman. Encyc. ji. or office of an apostle. Ancient writers [L. and Gr. apotheca, APOZEM'IAL, a. Like a decoction. use it for the office of a bishop but it is a repository, from anotiBrifu, to deposit or Whitaker. now restricted to the dignity of the pope, lay aside, or from Sijxij, a chest.] APPA'IR, V. t. To impair. [jV< I'ji use.] whose see is called the Apostolic See. 1. One who practices pharmacy ; one who APPA'IR,!'. j. To degenerate. [.W iJi use.] Encyc. prepares drugs for medicinal uses, and I. Pertaining or reAPOSTOLIC, [Fr.palir; L. /)a//eo, to bekeeps them for sale. In England, apothe- -VPPALL', V. I come jiale. See Pale.] to medicines accaries arc APOSTOL'leAL, S latuig to the apos-

in taimng the epistles of St. Paid, printed the order in which they are to he read in Encijc. churches, through th<: year. APOSTLE-SHIP, n. The office or dignity

AP'OSTUME, APOTAC'TITE,
artorattu, to

Ti.

An

apostcmo, which

turn.] see. In ancient poetry, a verse or hymn cnmi)osed for averting the wrath ol'incensed deities. fron

APOTH'ECARY,

tles,

as the apostolic age.

; ;

2.

According to the doctrines of the aposdehvered or taught by tlic apostles tles

as apostolic faith or practice. collection of regulaApostolic constitutions, a tions attributed to the ajjostles, but gen- 2. They erally supposed to be spurious. appeared in the 4th century ; are divided into eight hooks, and consist of rules and zine. relating to the duties of christ

prepare obliged cording to the formulas prescribed by the college of physicians, and are liable to have their shops visited by the censors of the college, who have jjower to destroy medicines which are not good. In the middle ages, an apothecary was the keeper of any shop or warehouse and an officer appointed to take charge of a maga;

I.

i2.

To dejiress or discourage with fear to fear, in such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its firmness as, the sight appalled the stoutest heart. To reduce, allay or destroy as, to appall thirst. Thomson. [Unusual.]
;

impress with

APPALL',
mayed.

V.

i.

To grow

faint; to

be disLidgate.

Encyc. .iVPPALL'ED, pp. Depressed or disheartened with fear ; reduced. " f^*'" -fipophthcgm.] ians, and particularly, to the ceremonies AP'OTHEMf'' \ and discipline of the church. A remarkable saying a short, instructive re- APPALL'ING, ;)/)r. Depressing with fear; reducing. an a]>pellation given to the mark. Apostolic Fathers, christian writers of tlie first century. In the manner APPALL'MENT, n. Depression occasionAPOTHEGMAT'le \ APOSTOL'IALLY, adv. In the mamier APOTHEGMAT'IAL, S of an apothem. ed hy fear discouragement. JVarton. AP'P.VNAgE, n. [Fr. of the apostles. apanage, an estate collector or APOSTOL'icALNESS, Ji. The (piality of APOTHEG'MATIST, n. assigned to a younger son for his maintemaker of apothems. nance ; an appendix, dependence, appurPope. being apostolical, or according to tlie doc v. t. To utter apo tenance It. appannaggio, an appendage. of the apostles. trines APOTHEG'MATIZE, If this word is from the panage, panagiAPOSTOL'ICS, n. Certain sects so called thems or short instructive sentences. um of the middle ages, it is from panis, from their pretending to imitate tlie prac- AP'OTHEME, n. [See Apothecary.] It. tice of the apostles, abstaining from mar In Russia, an food, provision panaggio, provision. apothecary's shop, or a shop This is probably the true origin of the from wine, flesh, pecuniary reward for the ))reparation and sale of medicines. riage, in &(., and wandering about clothed Tooke. word.] white, with long beards, and hare head APOTHEOSIS, n. [Gr. aTtoBiuai,, of orto, 1. Lands appropriated by a prince to tlie maintenance of his younger sons, as their and 6io(, God.] Sagarelli, the founder of one of these sects, was burnt at Parma in 1300. Encyc. Deification consecration tlie act of placing patrimony but on condition of the failAPOS'TROPHE, / " [Gr. arfo, from, and a prince or other distinguished person ure of male offs))ring, they were to revert APOS'TROPHY, \ fpo4>,7, a turning.] among the heathen deities. This honor to the donor or his heir. From the apwas often bestowed on illustrious men in panage it was customary for the sons to In rhetoric, a diversion of speech ; a digre; take their surnames. Spelman. Rome, and followed by the erection of sive address; a changing the course of a Sustenance; means of nourishing. temples, and the institution of sacrifices speech, and addressing a person who is to the new deity. Wealth the appanage of wit. Swift. dead or absent, as if present or a short Encyc. introduced into a discourse, direct- APOTH'ESIS, n. [Gr. ao, and *i9)jf.t, to APP.\RA'Tl]S, n. phi. apparatuses. address [L. from apparo, to prepare, oi ad and paro.] j)ut back.] ed to some person, different from the par1. The reduction of a dislocated bone. 1. Things provided as means to some end ty to which the main discourse is directed Coie. as the tools of an artisan the furniture of as when an advocate, in an argument to a house instruments of war. In more the jury, turns and addresses a few re- 2. A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished w ill technical language, a complete set of inmarks to the court. Encyc. Smith. shelves, for books, vestments, &.c. JFheler. struments or utensils, for performing any 2. In grammar, the contraction of a word by Cavallo. the omission of a letter or letters, which APOT'OME, I , ! Encyc. " rn '' ''"''**'"'"' . '^"' "-J 2. operation. the * ^ In surgery, omission is marked by a comma, as call'd APOT'OMY, S operation of cutting Ibr The comma used for this pin- 1. In mathematics, the difference between the stone, of three kinds, the small, the for called. two incommensurable quantities. Coie. great, and the high. pose mav also be called an apostrophe. Cyc. Encyc. APOS'TROPHIC, a. Pertaining to an apos 9. In music, that portion of a tone major Apparatus is also used as the title of severed which remains after deducting from it an books, in the form of catalogues, bibUotrophe; noting the contraction of a word. less by a comma, than a semitone &c. thecas, glossaries, dictionaries, interval, Murray. APOSTROPHIZE, v. i. or t. To make an major. Busby. Encyc. The difference between a greater and APPAR'EL, )i. [Fr. a;j;)arei7, from /larer, to apostrophe, or short detached address ii> ilress or set off; Sp. aparejar ; L. paro, lesser semitone, expressed by the ratio speaking to address by apostrophy. The Greeks supposing the to prepare ; Arm. para ; Port, ap128 125. 2. V. t. To contract a word by omitting a apparo, letter or letters. arelho, Sp. aparejo, tackle, whence parrel greater tone could not be divided into two
precepts
; ;

A P P
in

A P P
liara
;

A P P
1.

seamen's language
\

Ch. Heb. n3,

8. 10. 19.]

APPEAL,
ii\i.

ti.
;

?.

Ar.
1.

Class Br. No.

;

vesture; garments; dress. Clotliiiis 2. External lialiilunents or decorations appearance as, religion appears in the natu; ;

and pcllo, to drive or send Gr. f3oX>xj. We do not see the sense of call in pello, but to
;

apelar

[Fr. appeler ; It. appeUare ; Von. appellar ; h. appello ; ad

To come
be
visible.

or be in sight

to

be in view lo
;

The
Lev.

leprosy appeoreth in the skin of the flesh

xiii.

ral apparel
3.

of simplicity.
Isa. Ixiii.
1.

Gloriou*: in apparel.

The

furniture of a ship, as sails, rigging,

anchors, &c.

APPAR'EL,
2.

1'. /. To dress or clothe. court. Tliey who arc fjorgeously appareled are in I appeal to Cesar. Acts xxi. iii. kings courts. Luke vii. To adorn with dress. 2. To refer to another for the decision of a 3. To stand in i)resence of, as parties or adShe did apparel her apparel. Shah. vocates before a court, or as persons to be question controverted, or the counterac3. To dress with external ornaments ; to tion of testimony or facts ; as, I appeal to tried. The defendant, being called, did cover with something ornamental ; to covall mankind for the truth of what is alnot
{ I I

or press out, is the radical .sense of This word coincides in calling, naming. elements with L. bcdo, Eng. baivl, and peal. Class 151.] To refer to a superior judge or coiut, for the decision of a cause de|)ending, or the revision of a cause decided in a lower
ilrive

2.

And God said. Let the dry land appear Gen. i. To becoine visible to the eye, as a spirit, or to the np|irehension of the mind a sense frequent in scripture. The Lord appeared to Abram, and said. Gen. xii. The angel of the Lord appeared to liim in a flame of fire out of the midst of the bush. Ex.
;

4.

with garments as, trees appareled with flowers; or a garden with verdure To furnish with e.xternal aj)paratus as
er, as
;

ledged.

We
I

appear. must all appear before the judgment seat

2 Cor. v.
;

APPE'AL,

v.

t.

To

call or

remove a cause

of Christ,
4.

ships appareleel for sea. clothed APPAR'ELED, pp. Dressed covered as with dress furnished.
;
;

from an inferior to a superior judge or court. This may be done after trial and judgment in the lower court or bysjiecial
;

j '

statute or agreement, a party

APPAR'ELING,

may

ppr. Dressing; elotlung; covering as with dress furni.shing.

;

before

trial,

APPA'RENGE, APPA'RENCY,
APPA'RENT,
1.

judgment.

We
/.

upon a
trial.

fictitious

ajppeal issue and

say the cause was appealI I

.5.

"
i

Appearance.
use.]

[.Vol in

ed before or after

obvious to be known, as a subject of observation or comprehension. Let thy work appear to thy servant. Ps. xc. It doth not yet appear what we shall be. I John iii. To be clear or made clear by evidence this fact appears by ancient records. as,
But
sin that
it

To be

APPE'AL,
Chaucer.

Gower.
;

That may be seen, or

to the

This process was anciently given to a private ])erson to recover the weiegild, or private ))ecuniary satisfaction for an injury he had received by the murder of a rehis works. lation, or by some personal injury. 3. Visible, in opposition to /i/</ or secret ; as, a Blackstone. man's apparent conduct is good. APPE'AL, n. The removal of a cause or 4. Visible ; appearing to tlie eye ; seeming, suit from an inferior to a superior tribuin distinction from true or real, as the apnal, as from a connnon pleas court to a parent motion or diameter of the sun. superior or supreme coim. Also the right Heirs apparent are those whose rig'ht to of appeal. an estate is indefeasible, if they survive 2. An accusation a process instituted by a the ancestor in distinction {\om presumpprivate person against a man for some tive heirs, who, if the ancestor should die hainous crime by which he has been immediately, would inherit, but whose jured, as for murder, larciny, mayhem. Blackstone. right is liable to be defeated by the birth Blackstone. 3. of other children. summons to answer to a charge. APPA'RENTLY, adv. Opeidy ; evidently Dryden. call upon a person ; a reference to an as, the goodness of God is apparently man- 4.
eye
; ;

[See Jlppear.] easily seen within sight or view.

;

a.

visible

In criminal law, to charge with a crime; to accuse; to institute a criminal prosecution, for some hainous offeu.se; as, to appeal a person of felony.
J'.

2.

Mterbury. evident indubitable as, ))lain the wisdom of the creator is apparent in

Obvious

might a^^T^ear sin. Rom. vii. (y. To seem, in opposition to reaUty. They disfigure their faces, that they may appear to men to fa.st. Mat. vi. 7. To be discovered, or laid open. That tliy shame may appear. Jer. xiii. APPE'AR, . Appearance. Obs. n. The act of coming into sight the act of becoming visible to the eye; as, his sudden appearance sur-

APPEARANCE,
;

2.

prised me. The thing seen ; a phenomenon appearance in the sky.

as

an

3.

apparent likeness. There was upon the tabernacle as appearance of tire. Num. ix.
;

Semblance

it

were the

4.

External show

semblance assumed,
;

A A

[.5.

opposition to reality or sid)stance as, we are often deceived by appearances ; he has the appearance of virtue. For man looketh on the outward appearance. 1 Sam. xvi. Personal presence; exhibition of the per-

ifest in his 2.

works of jirovidence.
in

Seemiiiiiiy; ajipearance; as, a man may be apparently friendly, yet malicious

in heart. n.

APPARP'TION,
1.

[See Appear.]
;

In a general sense, an appearance

bihty.
{Little used.]

visi-

2.

The
form.

thing appearing

Milton. a a visible object Milton. Sliali.

;

3.

A
is

ghost; a specter; a visible spirit. [This now the ttstial sense of the word.]
to reality.

other for proof or decision. In an oath, a jierson makes an appeal to the Deity for the truth of his declaration. recourse. 5. Resort Every milder method is to be tried, before a Jfent. nation makes an appeal to arms. APPE'ALABLE, a. That may be appealed that may be removed to a higher triliunal for decision as, the cause is appealable. 'i. That njay be accused or called to answer by appeal applied to persons ; as. a crimi; : ;
;

(3.

he made his first appearance at on the stage. Exhibition of the character introduction of a person to the public in a particular character, as a person makes his appearance in the world, as a historian, an artist, or an orator.
son
as, coiu't or
; ;

,7.
j

5.
[

4.

Mere appearance, opposed

n. [L.

nal

is

Denhani,

APPE'.VLANT,
used.]

appealable for manslaughter. n. One who appeals. [.Yot

APPAR'ITOR,

apparo, to

prepare,

Shak.

'9.

Among

APPE'ALED, pp. higher the Romans, any officer who attendcourt, as a cause prosecuted for a crime ed magistrates and judges to execute their by a private person, as a criminal. oidcrs. In England, a messenger or offi- APPE'ALER, n. One who appeals an ajtcer who serves the process of a spiritual |)ellor. coiu't, or a beadle in the university who .VPPE'ALING, ppr. Removing a cause to a cariies the mace. higher tribunal ])rosecuting as a jirivate Encyc. APl'A'Y, 11. /. [!^]). and Port, apagar.] referring to anoth|)crson for an otlense
or appnreo, to attend.]
to
; ; ; ;

Removed

likelihood. Bacon. This Probability is rather an inference from the third or fourth as probability is inferred from external semblance en' show. Presence mien figine as presented by the person, dress or manners as, the lady made a noble appearance. A being ])resent in court a defendant's filing comuum or special bail to a process.
;

sense

10. An a]ip.'u-ition. APPE'AIvER, n. The

Addison. person that ajipears.

in sight

APPE'ARING,
;

ppr.
;

Coming

Broicn. be;

making an e.xternal coming evident show seeming having the semblance. APPE'ARING, n. The act of becoming vis;

To

satisfy.
iimai-li.

Ohs.
11.

[Ht'c

/VPPH'At;!!,
ri

t.

To accuse

Pay.]
;

Sidney.
to censm'o, or

er

t"or

a decision.
j

ibie

Al'PE'AR,

!).

i.

[L. appareo,

Shak [See Impeach.] APPE'ACHiMKNT, n. Accusation; charge

Ohs.
t'.xhibite<i.

reo, to ap]iear, or rirc ; Sp. parecer,

of ad and pabe manifest It. aiipa;

APPE'ASABLE,
I

appearance.
a.

That may be appeasn.

ed, quieted, calmed, or pacified.

Ohs.

ft'otton

apparoitre.

aparecer Class Br.]

Er. apparoir,

APPE'ASABLENESS,
being appeasable.

The

quality

oi'

A P P
APPE'ASE,
V.
t.

A P P
ad
2.

A P P

L. invito, com])ound. The primanp sense is to .strain, to urge or ; press, or to advance. See Bid. Class Bd.] 1. ; 1. In a desire I)ut especially, ; general sense, ; carnal desire .sensual nppitite. 2. The dis])osition of org.iiiized bodies to appendage to evselect and imbibe such portions of matter 7\tylor [T/a'.s- word is ofii general appUcalion as serve to snpjiort and nourish them, or or agitated APPEXD'ANCE, ) annexed. er;/ tiling in a disturbed, rujjkd "" Something such particles as arc designed, through UVot used.] APi'END'ENCE, S stale.] their agency, to AI'PK'ASED, pp. Uuietcd ; calmed ; stillBp. Hull. carry on the animal or

add, as an accessory to the principal Johnson. and pitix, pence L. pax. 8i'<; Pence.] thing. To make quiet; to culm to reduce to a APPE\D'AGE, n. .Something a.lded to a to to pacify state of peace to still as, principal or greater thing, though not necessary to it, as a portico to a house. appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the to appease liunfjcr or thirst. of sobriety. passions Modesty is the
s as
z.

[Fr. npniser, of

To

ed
ing

pacified.
n.
;

APPEND'ANT,
The
act of appeasin ])eacc.
11.

APPE'ASHMENT,
APPE'ASER,
pacifies.

the state of being

One who

a. Hanging to ; annexe<l attached as, a bel(M)ging to something seal appendant to a pa|>er.

; ;

vegetable economy. These lactcals have

nioutlis,

and by animal

appeases, or 2. In
to ap-

APPE'ASIVE,
pease
1.
;

a.

Having the power

;

niitifratiiifj;

quieting.

APPEL'LANT,
One who One who One who
from a lower
2. 3.

[See Jlppeal]

appendant, is a right, be longing to the owners or occupiers of land, to put commonable beasts upon the lord's waste, and upon the lands of other persons within the same manor. An adlaiv,

common

selection or appetency, they absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable to their palate.

Dartpin.
.3.

.An inclination or propensity in animals to

perform certain actions, as

prosecutes

ap|)eals, or removes to a higher tribunal. another for a crime.

a cause

challenges, or siuinnons anoth-

vowson appendant, is the right of patronage or ])rcsentation, annexed to the possession of a manor. So also a common of fishing may be appendant to a freehold.
Blarkslonc.

in llje young to suck, in aquatic fowls to enter into w ater and to swim.
4.

According
is

to

Darwin, animal appetency

er to single combat.

Cowel.
.5.

In cliurch history, one

who

appeals

froiri

APPEND'ANT,
to
it.

the Constitution Unigenitus to a general council. Blackstone. Encyc. Milton. APPEL'LATE, n. person appealed, or [jVut now used. j)roseciited for a crime.

n. That which belongs tc another thing, as incidental or subordinate

move toward each other and

irritability or sensias the appetency of the eye for .seciete milk, .Vc. light, Attraction, or the tendency in bodies to
bility
;

synonymous with
of the paps to

unite.

Copernicus-,

APPEND'ED, 7). Aimcxed;

attached.
;

AP'PETENT,

a.

APPEND lATE,
to.

Desiring
n.

v. t.

To append

to

See Appellee.^

-^ylifff-

Ohs.
n.

add Hale

APPETIRIL'ITY,

The

very desirous. Buck. qtiahty of being

APPEL'LATE,

Pertaining to appeals;
;

APPENDIeA'TION,
adjunct. Obs.

An appendage

late j\iriMk-t\on." .Ippellate }m\ges.

having cognizance of appeals as "appelConst of the U. States.

Binke, Rev.
n.
in Fiaiiee

or Hale.

AP'PETIBLE,
AP'PETITE,
1.

APPELLA'TION,
Jlppeal.]
;

[L. appellatio.

Set

APPEND'ICLE, n. A small appendage. APPEND'ING, n. That which is by right

amiexed.
Spelman.
n.
is

desirable for gratification. . [Low L. appetibilis, from appeto.] Desirable ; that may be the object

of sensu.al desire.
7(.

word by which a thing is called Name and known. Spenser uses it for appeal.
the

APPEND'IX,
Latin plural
1.

phi. appendixes, [L.

The

See Appetence.]

[L. appetitus,

from appeto.

appendices.

See Append.]

APPEL'LATIVE, a. Pertaining to a common name noting the common name of

;

Something ap])ended or added. Normandy became an appendix to England.

Hale

a species.

APPEL'LATIVE,
distinction

n.

2.

common

name

An

in

adjunct, concomitant, or appendage.

from a proper name. A com- 3. Moi-e generally, a supplement or short or appellative stands for a whole treatise added to a book. class, genus or s|)ecies of beings, or for APPERCE'IVE, V. t. [Fr. apercevoir.] To ideas. Thus man is the name Mni\eisal Obs. Chaucer. coiniirehend. of the whole human race, and fold of all APPERCEP'TION, n. [ad and perception.] Tree is the name of 2. winged animals. Perception that reflects upon itself; conall plants of a particular class; plant and sciousness. Leibnitz. Reid. 3. regetable are names of things that grow- APPER'IL, n. Peril danger. [.Vo< in use.] out of the earth. A proper name, on the Shak. other hand, stands for a single thing, as, APPERTA'IN, v.i. [Fr. appartenir ; It. 4. The thing desired. Power being the natural appetite of princes. London, Philadelphia, Washington, Boston. appartenere ; L. ad and pertineo, to per APPEL'LATIVELY, adv. According to the tain, of per and teneo, to hold. Pertineo is Swift. Hunmanner of nouns appellative in a manAppetites are natural or artificial. to reach to, to extend to, hence to belong. ner to express whole classes or species; as, ger and thirst are natural appetites the See Tenant.] llercides is sometimes used appellative- To appetites for olives, tobacco, snuff, &c. whether by right, nature or apbelong, are artifeial. that is, as a common name to signify ly. pointment. In old authors, appetite is followed a strong man. Johnson. by to, Give it to him to whom it appertaineth but regularly it should be followed APPEL'LATORY,a. Containing an appeal. Lev. vi. by for before the object, as an appetite for APPELLEE', n. The defendant in an ap[See Pertain.]

mills

mon name

natural desire of pleasure or good ; the desire of gratification, either of the body or of the mind. Appetites are passions directed to general objects, as the in disappetite for fame, glory or riches tinction from passions directed to some particular objects, which retain their proper name, as the passion of love, envy or gratitude. Passion does not exist without an object natural appetites e.\ist first, and are then directed to objects. Encyc. desire of food or <lrink a painful sensation occasioned by hunger or thirst. Strong desire eagerness or longing. Clarendon.
;
;

The

peal.
2.

The person who

ted by a private
)i.

is

man for

appealed, or prosecua crime.

Blackstone.
institutes

APPERTAINING, pp. Belonging. APPERTA'INMENT, n. That which

longs.
;

[ileasure.

be-

To

Shak.

be given to appetite, is to be voracious or gluttonous. Prov. xxiii. 2.

71.

APPELLOR',
an
a])peal,

The person who

or prosecutes another for a

Blackstone.
is

APPER'TENENCE, n. [See Appurtenance. APPETI'TION, [Rarely u.ied.] APPER'TINENT, a. Belonghig now writ
ten appurtenant.

[L. appctHio.]

Desire.

crime.

This word
the

plaintiff' in
is

rarely or never used for appeal from a lower court,

APPERTINENT,
to

n.

That which
Obs.

something

else.

appellant. Appellee is opposed both to appellant and appellor. APPEND', !'. t. [L. appendo, of ad and pendco, to hang.]
1.

who

called the

[See Appurtenance.]

that has the of desiring gratification ; as ap(juality belongs Hale. petitive power or facidty. Shak. .\I"PIAN, a. Designating something that

Shak.

AP'PEtlTlVE,

a.

That desires

AP'PETENCE, AP'PETENCY,

To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended as, a seal appended to a record.
;

from appeto, to desire ^ of ad and peto, to ask, supplicate or seek Ch.Q'i); Eth. tf.'VQ) to desire, to intreat
;

\ "

[L. appetentia, appetens,

; ;

pidi

Dan. beder ; D. bidden Ger. bitten ; Arm. Sw. bedja ; ; Eng. bid ; Sax. Mdan ;

belongs to Appius, particularly a way from Rome through Capua to Brundusium, now Brindisi, constructed by Appius Claudius, A. R. 441. It is more than 3.30 miles in length, formed of hard stone squared, and so wide as to admit two carriages abreast.
Livy.

Lempriere^

A P P
APPLAUD',
do, to
dir.
V.
:i ;

A P P
AP'PLE-SAUCE, n. A sauce made of stew
j

A P P
made of
apples
|9.

t.

make

[L. npplmido ; ad and jtlaiinoise by clapping the hands

It.

ed

ap])les.

Sp. aplaudir

applaudire

Fr. applau-

AP'PLE-TART,
baked on
paste.

n.

tart

This word is formed on the root of lnus,laudo ; Eng. loud ; W. clod, praise, from
forcibly uttered ; llodi, to rearh out ; from llawd, that shoots out. It coincides also with W. bloez, a shout, or out-

APPLE-TREE,

71.

A tree arranged by Linnc

The
fruit

Hod, wliat

is

under the genus pyrus.

of

this

1.

2.

cry hloeziaw, to sliout Uozest, applause, blalh acclamation. Ir. Uaodh, a shout These may all be of one family. praise. Class L d. See Loud.] To inaise by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other signilicant sign. To praise by words, actions or other means; to express approbation of; to cnnnnend used in a general sense. Pope
;
;

tree is indefinitely various. The crab a|iple is supposed to lie the original kind, Irom which all others have sprimg. New varieties are sprmging annually from the seeds.

a given line into a circle or other figure, so that its ends shall be in the perimeter of the figure. Encyc, In sermons, that part of the discourse, in which the principles before laid down ant! illustrated, are applied to practical uses.
I'ing

APPLICATIVE,
applyiuff.

a.

That

applies.

Bramhall.

AP'PLICATORY, a. That includes the act 01

Edwards'
n.

Hist, of Redemption .

AP'PLE-WOMAN,
apples and otlier

n.

A woman who
orchard
Apply.]
is
;

AP'PLICATORY,
APPLI'ED,
cnqiloyed.

That which appUes.

Taylor
;

sells

fruit.

AP'PLE-YARD, n. An sme for apjiles. APPLI'ABLE, a. [See

be applied.
applicable.
n.

pp. Put on

put to

directed

an inclo-

This word

APPLI'EDLY, adv. In a jnanner whicl: That may mav be applied. [J^Tot in use.] Montagu.

superseded by

APPLAlID'ED,p/<. Praised by acclamation APPLI'ANCE, or other means commended.

;

The
Obs.
n.

APPLI'ER, )!. One that appUes. APPLI'MENT,n. Apphcation. [Xotinust.]

Marston.

act of applying, or

thing applied. APPLAUD'ER, . One who praises or com APPLICABILITY,

inends.
tion

Shak.

APPLAUDING, ppr.
;

Praising by acclamat.

[See Apply.] The quality of being applicable, or fit to be

applied.
n.

APPLY',

commending.
n. as

APPLICABLE,
[L. applausus.]
;

That may be apphed,;

; ;

APPLAUSE',

shout of approbation a])probation ant by clapping the hands,! acclamation or huzzas approbation expraise, expressed
;

to be applied, as related to a thing that may have relation to something else a; this observation is applicable to the case
fit

V. t. [L. applico, of ad and plica, to fold or knit together ; Fr. appliquer ; Sp. aplicar ; It. applicare ; plegy, to bend or fold ; Arm. plegu, to fold or plait pleca, a fold ; Gr. ifKixu, to knit, or twist ; Sax. plegan, plegian, pleggan, to play, to bend to or iiicimibere Dan. fliig, a fold ; apply, D. ploot, a fold ; ploojen, to plait ; Eng.

W.

under consideration.

ply, display, n. Fitness to

In antirpiity, applause differed pressed. from acclamation ; applause was expressed by the hands, antf acclamation by the There were three species of apvoice. plause, the bombus, a confused din made by the hands or mouth the imbrices and
;

AP'PLIABLENESS,
plied
;

be ap

the quahty of being applicable.

AP'PLIABLY, adv. In such a manner that it may be apphed. AP'PLicANT, n. One who applies; one who makes request a petitioner.
;

and employ. The word plegy, fornred from the root of lay. Sax. plico, The sense then is to lay to ; and lecgan. it is worthy of remark, that we use lay to in the precise sense of ply and apply. It is certain from the Welsh that the first
is

made by beating a sort of soimding Persons were apvessels in the theaters. and ])ointed for the purpose of applauding, masters were emjdoyed to teach the art.
testa-,

The applauders were divided into choruses,

and placed opposite
to

each other,
;

like the

choristers in a cathedral.

Encyc.
containing Jonson. D. appel ;
; ;

APPLAU'SIVE, a. Applauding
applause.

AP'PLE,
Ir.

n.
;

[Sax. appl, appil

Ger. apfel

Dan.

able
;

abhal or ubhal

Sw. aple W. aval Arm. aval : Ru

This word primarily iabloko, or yabloko. .signifies fruit in general, especially of a 1.

is a prefix.] to put one thing to another : ; to apply the hand to the breast ; to medicaments to a diseased part of apply the body. AP'PLICATE,n. Aright finedrawn across 2. To use or employ for a particular pura curve, so as to be bisected by the diampose, or in a ))articular case ; as, to apply a sum of money to the payment of a debt. an ordinate. eter Cyc. 3. To put, refer or use, as suitable or relaright hue tive to something as, to apply the testiat right angles applied to the axis of any mony to the case. conic section, and bounded by the curve. 4. To fix the mind ; to engage and employ Bctiky. with attention ; as, apply thy heart to inAPPLIA'TI0N, n. [L. applicatio. See struction. Proverbs.

The applicant for a cup of water declares Plumtret himself to be the Messlas. The court require the applicant to appear in Z. Swift. person.

1.

consonant To lay on
as,

AP'PLICATE-ORDINATE. A

round form.
V.4. J 1)

In

Pers.

the

same word

2.

pronounced ublad,

signifies the fruit

.3.

or berries of the savin or juniper. Castle. In Welsh, it signifies not only the apple, but the plum and other fruits. Lhuyd. Jlval meli/nhir, a lemon aval curaid, an
;

The act of laying on as the application of emollients to a diseased limb. The tiling applied as, the pain was abated by the application. The act of nuiking request or soliciting as, he made application to a court of chan; ;

3.

To

address or
;

<lirect

as,

" Sacred

vows

6.

7.

cery.
4.

The

act of applying as
;

means

the eni-

orange.
1.

The The

fruit

Owen.1 of the apple

is

tree, [pyrus mains,]

from which cider

3.

made.
5.

jdoyment of means as, children may be governed by a suitable application of rewards and ])unishments. This is the first
signification directed to moral objects. The act of fixing the mind intenseness of thought; close study ; attention; as, to to study. injure the health by application Had his applicntian been equal (0 liis talents,
;

Pope. applied to Pluto." To betake to give the chief part of time and attention ; as, to apply one's self to the study of botany. This is essentially the fourth sense. To make application ; to have recourse by request ; as, to apply one's self to a counsellor for advice. This is generally used intransitively ; as, to apply to a counsellor.

8.

To busy

to

keep

at

work

to ply.

Obs.

apple of the eye is the pupil. tflpple of love, or love a|)ple, the tomato,] or lycopersicuni, a species of Solanum.i

Sidney.

Spenser.
to

The

stalk is herbaceous,

with oval,

[Superseded by ply, which see.] APPLY', ji. i. To suit to agree

;

have
;

j)in-

and small yellow flowers. The berry is smooth, soft, of a yellow or' reddish color, of the size of a plum. It is, used in soups and broths. Encyc.\ AP'PLE, V. t. To form like an ai)ple.
iiatod leaves,

his progress luight

6.

have been greater.

J.

some connection, agreement or analogy as, this argmnent applies well to the case.
2.
; ; ;

Jay

Marshall

act of directing or referring something to a particidar case, to discover or illustrate the agreement or disagreement

The

To make request to solicit to have recourse, with a view to gain something as, I to apply to the president for an ofiice applied to a friend lor information.
;

AP'PLE-GRAFT,
tree engrafted.

n.

A
n.

scion of the apple-!

j

as, I
7.

make the remark and make the application.

leave you to

APPLY'ING,
plication.

ppr.
t.

Laying on

making ap-

APPLE-HARVEST,
APPLE-PIE,

The

gathering of
8.

In theology, the act by which the merits of Christ are transferred to man, for bis justification.

APPOINT',

V.

[Fr. appoinier, to refer, to

;

apples, or the time of gathering.

n. A pie made of apple stewed or baked, inclosed in paste, or cov ered with paste, as in England.

In geometry, a division for applying one but not qiuintity to another, whose areas, transferfigures, shall be the same or the
;

Sp. apuntar, to point give an allowance or aim, to sharpen, to fasten as with points or nails; \l. appuntarc, to fix, apor sharpen. Sec Point.] point
I.

To fix

to settle

to establish

to

make

fast.

A P P
When
earth.

A P P
the,

A P P
Al^PRE'CIATED,/)/). Valued; prized; estimated advanced in value. APPRE CI ATING, ppr. Setting a value on
:

he appointed the foundation") of

fix

APPO'RTIONER,

3.

To
Gen.

Prov. viii. constitute, ordain, or

APPORTIONING,
by decree,!
I

order or decision. Let Pharaoh appoint

xli.

officers

over the

land.'

APPO'RTIONMENT,

f?.

He hath appointed a day in which he will judge the world. Acts xvii. To allot, assign or designate. Aaron and his sous shall appoint every one:
to his service.

that apportions. ppr. Setting out in just proportions or shares. n. The act of appor tionhig; a dividing into just proportions or shares ; a dividing and assigning to each
n.

One

APPKECIA'TION,

|iroprietor his just portion of right or [iroperty.

an undivided
2.

n. A setting a value on ; a just valuation or estimate of merit, weight, or any moral consideration.

esliiiiating; rising in value.

Hamilton, Rep. Feb. 13, 1793.

tVashinirton's Inaufr. Speech, Apr. 30, 1789. rising in value; increase of worth or

Num.

iv.

.\PPO'SE,
to
1.
;

V. t.

s as

t.

[Fr. apposer, to set

^ipposite.]

value.

These
dren of
4.

cities

were appointed
Josh. xx.
;

for all tlie chil-

Israel.

To put questions

L. appono.

See
;

Marshal, L. of Jf'ashin^ton. Hamilton's Report. Feb. 13, 1793.

v.t.

to

To

purpose or resolve

to

fi.x

the inten2.

examine. [See Pose Bacon.

Harvei/.
;

APPREHE.M)',
1.

tion.
5.

To

apply.
n.
is

and prehendo, to take or seize dan or hentan.]

[h. apprehendo, of ad
;

Sax. henIn this

6.

put to, from appono, of ad and pono, to put or ])lace.] or constituted as, officers are nppointabti Suitable fit very applicable well adapt bv the Executive. Federalist, Madison ed followed by lo as, this argument is \er\ apposite to the case. APPOINT'ED,ipp. Fi.xed; set; established decreed ordained constituted allotted. AP'POSITELY, arfi;. Suitably ; fitly prop 3. Furnished equipped witli things neceserlv. Harrey. sary ; as, a ship or an army is well ap VP'POSITENESS, (I. Fitness; proiniety; pointed. suitableness. Hale ji. A person appointed. APPOSI'TION, 71. The act of APPOINTEE', adding to "The commission authorizes them to make addition a setting to. appointment.s and pay the appointees." By the apposition of new matter. Arhuthnot. Circular ofMass. Kepreseiitatives,l7(}8 ; } 2. In Grammar, the jdacingof two nouns, in also, tf'heaton's Reports. ^ the same case, without a connecting word 0. A foot soldier in the French army, who, between them as, I admire Cicero, the for long service and bravery, receives more orator. In tliis case, the second noun expay than other privates. Encyc. Bailey. or characterizes the first.

For so he had appointed. Acts xx. To ordain, command or order. Thy servants are ready to do wliatever my Lord the King shall appoint. 2 Sani. xv. To settle to fix, name or determine by agreement as, tlicy appointed a time and place for the meeting.
; ;
;

APPO'SEll,
business

An examiner one whose

To

take or seize
it

to take

hold of

In tlie English Court of Exchequer there is an officer called the foreign apposer. This ordinarily pronounced aostr. Encyc. APPOSITE, a. siis z. [L. appositns, net or
to ])ut questions.
i;

hteral sense,

applied chiefly to taking or arresting persons by legal process, or with a view to trial as to apprehend a
;"

is

thief.

to

APPOINT' ABLE, a. That maybe appointed

an inference.
I

take with the understanding, that is, conceive in the mind to understand, without passing a judgment, or making
;

To

apprehend not why

;

so

3.

To

laws arc given. Milton. think to beheve or be of opinion, but

;

many and

various

true, but

without positive certainty we apprehend it

as, all this is

is

not to the

evil as, we apprehend calamities from a feeble or wicked administration.

pur|)0se. Notwithstanding this declaration, we do not ap]>rehend that we are guilty of presumption. Encyc. Art. Metapliysics. To fear; to entertain suspicion or fear of
;

fiiture

APPREHENDED,
who

APPOINT'EK, n. Ono who ai)points. APPOINT'ING, ppr. Settmg fi.xing

;

plains
;

or-

r\PPRA'ISE,
ciar
It.

[Fr. apprecier ; Sp. ajireapprezzare, to set a value ; from

V.

t.

APPREHEND'ER,
fears.

pp. Taken; seized; arrested; conceivecf; understood; feared. 71. One who takes; one conceives in his mind one wlio
;

assigning. L. ad and pretium, price. See Price and act of appointppr. Seizing ; taking ; Jlppreciaie.] conceiving; understanding; fearing. ing ; designation to office ; as, he erred by This word is written and often pronounced a. That may be the appointment of imsiiitable men. apailer the French and Italian manner. But .\PPREHEN'SIBLE, or conceived. 2. Stipulation; assignation the act of f].\ing prehended generahy it is pronounced more correctly n. The act of taking or by mutual agreement ; as, they made an from the D.prys ; W.pris ; apprize, directly arresting ; as, the felon, after his appreappointment to meet at si.x o'clock. Eug. price or prize. [See Apprize.] hension, escaped. 3. Uecrce established order or constitution ; To set a value to estimate the worth, par; 2. The mere contemplation of things withas, it is our duty to submit to the divine ticularly by jiersons appointed for the out affirming, denying, or passing any appoinlmenls. purpose. 4. Direction ; order; command. judgment the operation of the mind in n. The act of setting APPRA'ISEMENT, contemplating ideas, without comparing Wheat, salt, wine and oil, let it be given the value ; a valuation. [See Apprizethem with others, or reftn'ring them to exaccording to the appointment of the priests. ment.] ternal objects ; simple intellection. Ez. vi. APPRA'ISER, n. One who vahies; approWalts. Glanville. Encyc. 5. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship, or an a person appointed and sworn to priately 3. An inadequate or imperfect idea, as when estimate and fix the value of goods and army ; wliatever is appointed ibr use and the word is appUed to our knowledge of estate. management. [See Apprizer.] God. Encyc. C. An allowance to a person ; a salary or APPRE'CIABLE, a. apprishahle. [^f^e Ap- 4. Opinion ; conception ; sentiments. In pension, as to a public officer. preciate.] this sense, the word often denotes a belief, An appointment diflbrs from wages, in 1. That may be appreciated ; valuable. founded on sufficient evidence to give jirebeing a special grant, or gratification, not Encyc. ponderation to the mind, but insufficient lixeil, whereas wages are fixed and ordi- 2. That be estimated of
;

daining; constitutuig
n.

APPOINT'MENT,

The

APPREHENDING,

APPREHENSION,

may

capable

being

naiy. Encyc. devise or grant to a charitable use. Blackstone. APPO'RTER, n. [Fr. apporter ; L. porta.] hringerin one that brings into the counHale. try. [JVot in !((?.]
7.

duly estimated.

to

induce certainty.

APPRE'CIATE,
precier, xo
sex.
;

appreshate. [Fr. n;> a value; L. orf anA pretixim,

f.

r.

value, price See Price.]

1.
; ;

D. prys

W. pris

in respect truth, but

Ger.preis.
;

be false, and to be thought false, is all one, of men, who act not according to South. apprehension. In our apprehension, the facts prove the

To

issue. 5.

APPO'RTION,

To value to set a price or value on to estimate as, we seldom sufficiently appretion. See Portion and Part.'] ciate the advantages we enjoy. To divide and assign in just proportion ; to To raise the value of. distribute among two or more, a just part Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the orshare to each as, to apportion undivided money. Ramsay. To rise in value to rights; to apportion time among various APPRE'CIATE, V. i. become of more value as, the coin of the employments. APPO'RTIONED, pp. Divided ; set out or country appreciates ; public securities o^assigned in suitable parts or shares. preciated, when the debt was funded.
V. t.

The
Fear
evil,

[L.

ad and portio, por-

faculty by
;

which new ideas are con;

ceived
;

as,

man

suspicion

accompanied with

of dull apprehension. the prospect of future uneasiness of

mind.
Claudius was in no small apprehension for
his

own
:

life.

Addison.
a. Quick to imderan apprehensive scholar. Hddtr. South.

APPREHEN'SIVE,
stand
as,

Vol.

I.

12

A P P
Fearful; in expectation of evil; as, we' were apprehensive of fatal consequeuces.] the word.l [This IS the usual sense of
r!.

A P P
estate of a deceased person. The private act of valuing is ordinarily expressed

A P P
To
an expression of the prove and Prove.]
act.

and
bv

See Proof,
;

Jlp-

prize.
;

4.

APPREHENSIVELY,
hensive manner.

Suspicious apprehensive he does not understand me. Sensible [Rarely perceptive. feeling Milton used.]
; ; ; ;

inclined to believe

as, I

am APPRI'ZED, pp. Valued

having the worth

APPRI'ZEMENT,
;

fixed by authorized persons. n. The act of setting a

to manifest a express approbation of liking, or degree of satisfaction toe.\piess approbation officially, as of one's fitness for a public trust.
;

adv.
n.

In an appre-

APPREHEN'SIVENESS,
of lieing apprehensive
tearfulness. APPREN'TICE, n.
;

The

quality 2.

readiness to under

stand

prentice,
\.

prehcndo.

mechanic, or other person, for a certain APPRrZING,p;)r. Ratmg setting a value under authority. time, with a view to learn his art, mystery or occupation, in which his master is APPRI ZING, n. The act of valuing under bound to instruct him. Apprentices are authority. APPRO.-VCH, v. i. [Fr. approcher, from regularly bound by indentures. Blackstone. proche, near. The Latin jiroximus contains the root, but the word, in the positive a learner of 9. In old law books, a barrister Blackstone. law. degree, is not found in the Latin. It is from a root in class Brg, signifying to (VPPREN'TICE, I', t. To hind to, or jiut under the care of a master, for tlie ])urpose drive, move, or press toward.] to draw of instruction in the luiowledge of a tradej 1. To come or go near, in place near to advance nearer. or business.
; ; ; ;

[Fr. apprenti, an ap APPRI'ZER, n. A person appointed to rate, or set a value on articles. When apprizers from apprendre, to learn L. apact imder the authority of law, they must See Apprehend.^ be s^vorn. One who is bound by covenant to serve a
;

value under some authority or appointment a valuation. Blackstone Statutes of Conn. The rate at which a thing is valued tlie value fixed, or valuation as, he purchas ed the article at the apprizement.
; ;

Mr. Hutchinson approbated the choice.

/. Eliot.

APPROBATED,
mended.

pp.
ppr.
ji.

Approved

com-

AP'PROBATING,
bation of

Expressing appro[L. approbatio.

;

APPROBATION,

See

Proof and Prove.] Tlie act of approving

or disposition of the mind, in which we assent to the propriety of a thing, with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction as, the laws of God require our approba;

a liking

that state

tion.

Attestation that is, active apsupport probation, or action, in favor of what is

; ;

approved.
3.

The commendation of a book licensed

Shak. or

APPREN'TICEHOOD,

Wherefore approached ye so nigh the city ? 2 Sam. xi [JVol used.] near in APPRENTICESHIP, n. The term for "2. To draw mucli tlie time. as see the more Anil so day ap ye which an apprentice is bound to serve his proach. Heb. x. master. This term in England is by statto 3. To draw near, in a figurative sense ute seven years. In Paris, the term is five advance near to a point aimed at, in sci before he after which, the person, years ence, hteratme, government, morals, &c.; is quahfied to exercise the trade as a mashe approaches to the to approximate as, ter, must serve five years as a jonrneynian character of the ablest statesman. dming which tenn, he is called the com 4. To draw near in duty, as in prayer or of his master, and the term is called
n.

Apprenticeship. Shak.

permitted to be published by authority, as was formerly the case in England. AP'PROBATiVE, a. Approving implying MUner. approbation. AP'PROBATORY, a. Containing approbation expressing approbation. Ash. Scott.
;
;

APPROMPT',
APPROOF',
"lasten.
n.

for

Prompt. [M>t used.] Bacon.

[JVot used.]

Approval.
t.

Shak.

APPRO'PERATE, v.
[j\"ot

[L. appropero.]

To

used.]
v. i.

APPROPIN'QUATE,

panion

2.

APPROPINQUE, V. i. To approach. [Ao? near to as. Hudibras. used.] Pope approaches Virgil in smoothness of APl'RO'PRIABLE, a. [From appropriate.] This use of the word is That versification. may be appropriated that may be set elhptical, to being omitted, so that the APPREST', o. [ad and pressed.] apart, sequestered, or assigned exclusively verb can hardly be said to be transitive. Brown. In botan)/, pressed close lying nearthe stem to a particular use. The old use of the word, as " approach the APPROPRIATE, v.t. [Fr. approprier, of L. or applying its ujjper surface to the stem. hand to the handle," is not legitimate. ad and proprius, private, peculiar. See Martyn. Ed. Encyc.\ APPRI'SE, v. t. s as :. [Fr. appris, partici- 2. To have access carnally. Lev. xviii. Proper.] or inform. Sec 3. In gardening, to ingraft a sprig or shoot 1. To set ple of apprendre, to learn, apart foi-, or assign to a particular of one tree into another, without cutting as, a use, in exclusion of all other uses Jlpprehend-] it from the parent stock. To inform to give notice, verbal or written Encyc. spot of ground is appropriated for a followed by of; as, we will apprise the APPROACH, n. The act of drawing near garden. a coming or advancing near as, he was an intended attack he ap-' To take to one's self in exclusion of othgeneral of what he had a])prised of the enemy's approach. to claim or use as by an exclusive ers prised the connnander of 2. Access ; as, the approach to kings. done. right. Bacon. APPRI'SED, /)/>. Informed; having notice Let no man appropriate the use of a common 3. In fortification, not only the advances of or knowledge conntiunicated. benefit. an army are called approaches, but the APPRI'SING, ppr. Informing; comnnmi3. To make peculiar as, to appropriate works thrown up by the besiegers, to pro cating notice to. names to ideas. Locke. tect them In their advances towards a APPRI'ZE, V. t. [This word is usually writTo sever an ecclesiastical benefice, and fortress. ten appraise, as if deduced from the Italian annex it to a spiritual corporation, sole or There is no other word, from APPROACHABLE, a. That may be apapprezzare. aggregate, being the patron of the living. which it can regularly be formed the proached accessible. Black-stone. French apprecier, being recognized in ap APPROACHER, n. One who approaches APPROPRIATE, a. Belonging peculiarly or draws near. word generally predate. But apprize, the peculiar set ajiart for a particular use or is regularly formed, with ad, from APPROACHMENT, n. The act of coming used, Brown near. Ger. preis; W.pris; person as, religious worship is an appro[Little used.] price, prize ; D.prys; priate duty to the Creator. or from the Fr. priser, to prize, and this is AP' PROBATE, a. [L. approbatus.] Ajipro to use ved. Elijot. 2. Most suitable, fit or proper; as, the more correct orthography.]
ing instruction imder a master. APPREN'TISAgE, n. Apprenticesliip. [^tot Bacon. in j(.9e.]
;

his companionship. Encyc. The service, state or condition of an ap prentice ; a state in whicli a person is gain

worship.

They

take delight in approaching to God.

Isaiah.
;

11.

[L. appropinquo.] To draw near. [JVot used.] APPROPINQUA'TION.jj. drawing nigh. Hall. [Md used.[

APPROACH,

i'.

t.

To come

;]

To

pursuance of generally used for the act appointed for the purpose, under tlirection Of law, or by agreejnent of parties as, to apprize the goods
value
;

to set a value, in
It is

AP'PROBATE,
probate

authority.

of vcduin^ by

men
;

V. t. [L. approbo, to approve, of orf and probo, to prove or approve. Jlp is a modern word, but in connnon use in America. It differs from approve denoting not only the act of the mind, but

APPRO PRIATED, pp.

ticular use: annexed to

appropriate

words

in

pleading.

Assigned to a parclaimed or used exclusively ; an ecclesiastical corporation.

n.

APPRO'PRI.VPENESS,

PecuUar

fit-

A P P
iiess
;

A P P
APPRO VE'MENT,
2.

APT
;

the quality of being appropriate, or

n.

Approbation

liking. 2. In law,
is

common

APPROPRIATING,
;

Med. U<}> a ppr. Asf^iguiug to particular person or use claiming or using use exclusively severing to the perpetual
pcfiiliarlv suitable.
;

of"

an ecclesiastical corporation.
n.

APPROPRIA'TION,

The

act of seques

use or tering, or assigning to a particular person, in excUision of all others ; application to a special use or purpose ; as, of a piece of ground, for a park ; of a right, to one'.s self; or of words, to ideas.
2.

Hay ward. In laiv, when a person indicted for felony or treason, and arraigned, confesses the fact before plea pleaded, and appeals or accuses his accomplices of the same crime, to obtain his pardon, this confession and accusation are called approvement, and the Blackstone. person an approver.
closing and converting

annexed

to land,

is that Mvhich appurtenant and can be claimed

only by prescription or immemorial usage, on a legal presumption of a special grant. Blackstone.

To

A'PRIC.\TE,

V. I.

bask in the sun. [Little used.] Ray. n. Sunshine. [Little used.] .V'PRICOT, n. Old orthography, apricock.
'

[L. apricor.]

APRIC'ITY,

'}.

Improvement of common land.s, by inthem to the uses

Blackstone.

[W. bricyllcn ; Arm. brigesen ; Fr. abricot, whence the present orthography. Junius
and Skinner alledge that the Italians formerly wrote the word bericoco, berricoccoli At present they write it albicocca, and the Spaniards albaricoque, which indicate the word to be lormed of albus and coccus, white berry Sp. albar, white. But apricot seems to be formed from the old or.

In law, the .severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual the corporation, sole or aggregate, being For this purpose patron of the living. must be obtained tlie king's license, the consent of the bishop and of the patron. When the appropriation is tlius made, the appropriator <ind hi.s successors become perpetual 7)arso?i of the church, and must sue and be sued in that name.

APPRoV'ER, n. One who approves. Formerly one who proves or makes trial. 2. In law, one who confesses a crime and
accu,ses another.
so, formerly,

of husbandry.

[See Approvement.] Alone who had the letting of the king's <lemains, in small manors. In Stat. 1. Edw. 3. C. 8, sheriffs are called

approvers.

A bailift" or steward of a

manor.
Kncyc.

thography.] fruit belonging to the genus Prunus, of the i)lum kind, of an oval figure, and de;

.VPPRoV'ING,

Eng. Law.

Blackstone.

APPRO'PRIATOR,
priates.
2.

n.

One who

licious ta.stc. ppr. Liking; commending: giving or expressing approbation. A'PRIL,7i. [L. aprUis; Fr. avrU; Sp. abrU
o.

appro-

APPROVING,
used.]

Yielding approbation
a.

h: abrail

Corn,

ebril

W.

ebrill.]

as an approving conscience.
is

One

wlio

possessed of an ajjpropriated
n.

APPROX'IMANT,

Approaching.

[.Vo(

The fourth month of the year. A'PRON, n. [h-.aprun; o or ag-, and Celtic
1.

benefice.

a. [I., ad anA proiimus, See Approach.] Spelman. Nearest to; next; near to. [TViis word is APPROV'ABLE, a. [See Approve.] That may be approved that merits approsuperseded by proximate.] bation. Temple APPROXIMATE, v. t. To carry or advance near to cause to approach. APPROV'AL, n. Approbation. [See ^p To approximate the inequality of riches to prove.]

APPRO'PRIETARY,

Blackstone. lay possessor of

Bering.

APPROXIMATE,
next.

the profits of a benefice.

;

bron, the breast.] cloth or piece of leatlier worn on the forej>art of the body, to keep the clothes

clean, or defend them from injury. 2. The fat skin covering llie belly of a goose.

Johnson.
3.

In gunnery, a flat piece of lead that covers the vent of a cannon.

APPRO V'ANCE, n.
prove.]

Approbation. [See .Ap-

the level of nature.

4.

Thomson.

Burke.

Aikin.

Shenslone
;

APPROVE',
bo
I.

*?.

propriety of; as, we approve the measures of administration. This word may in elude, with the assent of the mind to the propriety, a commendation to others. To prove to show to be true to justify.
; ;

It. t. [Fr. approuver ; L. approto prove or approve. ; of ad and probo, See Approbate, Prove and Proof.] To like to be pleased with to athnit the
; ;

APPROX'I.MATE,

near to Burke. approach. APPROXIMA'TION, n. Approach a drawHale. ing, moving or advancing near.
v.
i.
;

To come

5.

In ships, a piece of curved timber, just above the foremost end of the keel. Mar. Did. A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, on which the dock

gates are shut.

2.

WouWst
prove
first

thou approve thy constancy

Jlp-

3.

In arithmetic and algebra, a continual approach or coming nearer and nearer to a root or other quantity, without being able perhaps ever to arrive at it. Encyc. Johnson. In medicine, commimication of disease by
contact.

A'PRONED,
apron
;

a.

Wearing an apron.
n.

.\'PRON-MAN,

A man who
;

Encyc. Pope.

wears an

AP'ROPOS,
1.

a laboring man a mechanic. adv. ap'ropo. [Fr. a and pro-

pos, i)urpose.]

thy wisdom.

.Milton
4.

[This sense, though common a century or two ago, is tiow rare.]

'3.

To

experience
or

to

prove by

trial.

[JVot

transplanting a disease into an animal or vegetable by immediate contact. Corea.

;

Coxe- 2.

mode of cure by

Warhurton. Opportunely; seasonably. By the way to the purpose a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the occiision, though not
;

u.ied.

See Prove.]
;

Shak.

APPROX'I.MATIVE,

4.

To make
bation
to
Je^us, 3

Approaching that AP'SIS,

Ed. Encyc.
1.

show to be worthy of approapproaches. commend. APPULSE, 7t.

Acts
ii.

strictly belonging n. phi. apsides. [Gr. a^c;, tion, fron ojtru, to connect.]

to the narration.

connec-

mm approved o( God.

This word seems to include the idea of Christ's real office, as the Messiah, and of God's love and approbation of him in that
_ 3.

1.

appids'. [L. apputsus, of ad and pelto, to drive.] The act of striking against ; as, in all con-

\n astronomy, the apsides are the two points

sonants there
2.

character.

Brown's
;

Diet.
3.

is an appulse of the organs. Holder. In astronomy, the approach of any planet

;

of a planet's orbit, which are at the greatest and least distance from the sun or earth the most distant point is the aphelion, or apogee ; the least distant, the
;

I)erihelion or perigee.

The

line

connect-Encyc.

To

like

and sustain as right

to

commend.

to a conjunction with the sun, or a star.

ing these

is

called the line of the apsides.

posterity approve their sayings. 2. Apsis or absis is the arched roof of a APPUL'SION, n. The Ps. xlix. also the ring or by a moving body. house, room or oven This word, when it signifies to be pleased, APPUL'SIVE, a. Striking against dri\iiig compa.ss of a wheel. is often followed in which use, it is by of, towards as, the a/>/>u/i;e influence of the 3. In ecclesiastical writers, an irmer part of a intransiti\e as, I approve of the measure. Med. Rep planets. church, where the altar was placed, and But the tendency ot modern usage is to APPUR'TENANCE, n. So written for ap- where the clergy sat, answering to the omit of. " I approve the measure." choir and standing opposite to the nave. See Appeiienence. [Fr. appartenance. 6. To improve. Blackstone. pertain.] Also, the bishop's seat or throne in anAPPRbV'ED, pp. Liked commended That which belongs to sometlijng else; an cient churches called also eiedra and trishown or proved to be worthy of approan appendage. bune. This same name was given to a adjunct Appropriatebation ha\ing the approbation and supsuch buildings, rights and improvely, rehquary or case in which the rehcs of port of saints were kept. ments, as belong to land, are called the apEncyc. Study to show thyself a7?/)rorcd to God. 2 purtenances; as small buildings are Uie .APT, a. [L. aptiLs, from apto, to fit; Gr. Tim. ii. Sax. ha^p.] appurtenances of a mansion. ortru, to tie Not he that commendeth himself is approved APPURTENANT, a. 1. Fit suitable as, he used very apt metaBelonging to; per2 Cor. X. tEunjng to of right. phors.
; ; ; ; ;
: ;

Yet their

Arrival

landing.

Bryant. act of strikmg against

A a u
'}.

A a u
;

A R A
AQUITA'NIAN,
nia,
a.

crated water in the eucliarist instead of wine either under a jwetense of absti be winter-killed. nence, or because it was unlawful to drink wine. 3. Inclined disposed customarily used of Encyc persons; as, men arc too apt to slander oth AQUA'RIUS, n. [L.] The water bearer ers. sign in the zodiac which the sun enters 21st of January so called fron al)ont the I. Ready; quick; used of the mental powers an apt wit. the rains which prevaU at that season, in It as, a ])ii]pil apt to learn lit. 5. Qualified aly and the East. The stars in this constelAll tlic men (if might, strong and apt (or lation, according to Ptolemy, are 4.5 ; acWAT. 2 Kings wiv. cording to TychoBrahe, 41; according to Olts. .\PT, r. /. To lit; to suit nr adapt. Ilevelius, 47 and according to Flanistead, APT'ABLE, a. Tliat may be adapted. [.Yot, 108. Sherwood: AQUATTe, a. [L. aquaticus. See Aqua.] used.]

Having a tendcnc}' liable usn! of things;] as, wheat on moist laud is apt to blast or
;
;

Pertaining to Aquita-

;i

one of the great divisions of Gaul, which, according to Cesar, lay betvpeen the Garomie, the Pyrenees and the Ocean. In modern days, it has been called Gascony.

The

inhabitants, in

Cesar's time,

water [Xol used.] Pertaining apjdied to animals which live in water, as tishes or to such )n. [G as frequent it, as aquatic fowls; applied to [Or. a priv. and rtrtpoi', Al'TE ERA, ^ wing. plants, it denotes such as grow in water. An insect without wings. The aptera, con Aquatical is rarely used. stitnling the seventh order of insects in .\QIjAT'I, n. A plant which grows in waLinne's system, compreliend many genefer, as the flag.
('.

AP'TATE,

f.

To make

spoke a diflerent dialect from that of the proper Celts, between the Garonne and Seine. This dialect bore an affinity to the; Basque, in Biscay, to which they were contiguous; and some remains of it still exist in the Gascon. Aquitania is the country of the Aqui; from the name of the people, with tan, a Celtic word, signifying
region or country. The Romans, either from their general usage, or from not understanding the Celtic tan, aimexed another termination signifying coinitry, ia, the Ir. ai or aoi, Heb. 'X ai, a settlement or habitation Gr. aia, land, coiuitry ; Hindu, eya, the same.
;

lit.

to

AFTER ER,

water. Cesar, Com. Lib. i. 1. D'Anville. Brown. A. R. stand for adjio regni, the year of the [Rarely used.] AP'TEUAL, a. [Supra.] Destitute of wings. AQUATINT'A, n. [aqua, water, and It. king's reign as A. R. G. R. 20, in the 20th year of the reign of king George. See Tincture.] APT'ITUDE, n. [of apfiis, apt.] tlnta, dye. I. A natural or accpiired disposition for a V method of etching on copper, by which a ARABESQUE,? .a a , i " t^''^ -^rahan.] beautiful efli'ct is produced, resembling a ARABESK'Y, ])articn!ar purpose, or tendency to a ])arI ticular action or effect oil has an apas, line drawmgin water colors or Indian ink 1. In the manner of the Arabians applied men acquire an aptitude to. This is performed with a powder of astitude to bm-n to ornaments consisting of imaginary foparticular vices. phalt and fine trans])arent rosin sifted on liage, stalks, plants, <Scc., in which there y. Fitness suitableness. the the plate, which is a httle greased are no figures of animals. Encyc. i. Aptness; readiness in learning; docility. loose powder being shaken off, the plate The Arabic language. [JVot in use.] APT'LY, adv. In an apt or suitable ninn- is heated over a chafing dish and when Guthrie^ iicr with just correspondence of parts; cool, the light places on the plate are cov- ARA'BIAN, a. [See the noun.] Pertaining ered with a hair pencil, dipped in turpenproperly justly pertinently. to Arabia. litly APT'NESS, n. Fitness; suitableness; as,! tine varnish mixed with ivorj' black. A ARA'BIAN, 71. [Arab denotes a wanderer, the aptness of things to their end. rim is then raised with bees wax, and reor a dweller in a desert.] '1. duced nitrous acid is poured on, and suf- A native of Arabia an Arab. projiensity; as, Dis])osition of the mind the aptness of men to follow example. fered to stand five minutes then poured AR'ABI, a. Belonging to Arabia, or the ;'. Quickness of apprehension readiness in This [process the plate dried. off, and language of its inhabitants. with the pencil aiul the aqua fortis is to be learning docility as, an aptne.ts to learnj AR'ABI, 71. The language of the Arabiis more observable in some children than repeated till the darkest shades are pro ans.

ra. But later zoologists liave made a very, ditFerent distribution of tliese animals.

AQ'UATILE,

".

That

iidiabits the

in others.
4.

duced.
in things; as, the

Tendency,
iron to rust.
n.

aptness of

AQ'UEDUeT,
tus,

AP'TOTE,

[Gr. a priv. and rtrustj, case.] in orainmar, a nonn wliich has no variation of termination, or distinction of cases; aU; indeclinable noun. AP'YREXY, 71. [Gr. a priv. and rtupfoau, to
|

Encyc. 71. [L. aqua, water, and due a pipe or canal, from duco, to lead.

ARABTALLY,
ner.

adv. In the Arabian

man-

See Duke.]

AR'ABISM,
iarity

n.

structure made for conveying water from n. one place to another over uneven ground AR'ABIST, literature. Encyc. It either above or under the surface. AR'ABLE, a. [L. aro, Gr. opou, to plow may be either a pipe or a chaimel. It may Ir. araim.] be feverish, from rfD(j, tire.] be constructed above ground of stone or The absence or intermission of fever. wood carried through hills by piercing Fit for plowing or tillage hence often apAP'YROUS, a. [Gr. artifu^, a. priv. and Ttup, them, and over valleys, by a structure su])- plied to land which has been plowed. Milton. )i. Arabia. fire.] ported by proj)S or arches. Some liave AR'ABY, Incombustible, or that sustains a strong heat been formed with three conduits on the ARACH'NOID, a. [Gr.opojtjjj, a spider, and f i6o5, form Heb. jiN, to weave, that is, to without alteration of form or properties same line, elevated one above another. to draw out bodies differ from those simply restretch, Eng. reach.] ,1pyrous Encyc. or arachtractory. Rffractorij bodies cannot lie fu A'QUEOUS, a. Watery; partakhig of the In anatomy, the arachnoid tunic, sed by heat, but may be altered. noid, is a semitransparent thin meniljrane nature of water, or abounding with it. ilncyr.', A'QUA, 71. [Ij. aqua ; Sp. agua ; Port.! A'QUEOUSNESS, n. The quality of being which is spreail over the brain and piamater, and for the most ]mn closely conugoa ; It. acqua, water Ann. eagwi, to' watery; waterishness; wateriness. nected with the latter. The term has also water, or steep Goth, ahum, water, whiclil AQ'UILA, n. [L., whence aquilinus ; from been applied to that capsule of the crystain Saxon is reduced to ea ; G. and D. <i, Oriental to be crooked. Tli the Spl, line lens, which is a continuation of the in eitund; Fr. eau ; W. gwy or aw; Ir. fowl is probably named from its curving Cyc. hyaloid membrane. oig ov oiche ; Amh. og'c] Water a word much used in pharmacy, ARAlI'NOID, n. A species of madrepore beak.] found fossil. and the old chimistry. In (irnithology, the eagle. Also, a northern Cyc. constellation containing, according to the ARAHO'SIAN, a. Designating a chain of Aqua fortis, in the old chimistry, is now callmountains which divide Persia from Ined nitric acid. British catalogue, 71 stars. Ency As. Researches. dia. Aqua marina, a name which jewelers give to AQ'UILINE, a. [L. aquilinus. See AquitliC ARAIGNEE' or ARRA'IGN, n. ardin. [Fr. la.] beryl, on account of its color. a s]iider.] Aqna regia, in the old chimistry, is now call- 1. Belonging to the eagle. ed nitro-nneriatic acid. hooked 2. Curving prominent, like the In fortification, the branch, retiu-n or gallery beak i<f an eagle. of a inine. Bailey. Aqva vilip, brandy, or sj)irit of wine. AQUA'KfAN, )/. One of a sect of chris AQ'I'ILf >N, n. [L. aquilo.] ARA'ISE, V. t. To raise. [.Vot used.] Shah tians, ni the prunitive church, who conse The norlh wind. Shah.
; ; ;
;

of language.

Arabic idiom or peculEncyc. Stuart. One well versed in Arabic

An

A R D
AK AME'AN,
All'AMlSM,
a.

A R B
Aram,
a son
party, or by tlie parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. The act of the parties in giving power to the arbitrators is called the submission, and The person this may be verbal or written.

ARC
ARBUST'UM,
'ARBUTE,
tree. n. n. [L.

Pertaining to

See Arbor.]

copst

of Sheni, or to the Chaldeans. n. An idiom of the Aramean or Clialdee language a Chaldaism.

;

of shrubs or trees; an orchanl.

[L. arbutus.]

The strawberry

ARA'NEOUS,
cobweb.]

o.

[L.

aranea, a spider, or

Resembling a cobweb.

ARAUCA'NIAN, a.

Pertaining to the Aran caniuns, a tribe of aboriginals, inliabiting

Molina. Arauco, hi Chili. .VR15AL1ST, )i. [F'rom arcits, a bow, and balista, L., an engine to throw stones

Gr. iiaM.u, to throw.] A cross-bow. This consists of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger ; and is bent with a piece of iron. It serves to throw bullets, darts, arrows, &lc. Encyc.

"ARBALISTER,
'ARBITER,
!.

n.

appointed, or [L.] chosen by j)arties in controversy, to decide their differences. This is its sense in the civil law. In modern usage, arbitrator is the tochnicral ^vord. 2. In rt general sense, notv most common, a person who has the power of judging and determining, without control one whose power of deciding and governing is not
;

A person

cross-bowman. Spud.

3.

limited. One that

commands the destiny, or holds the empire of a nation or slate. Mitford.

a.

'ARBITRABLE,
on the
will.

ARBIT RAMENT,
2.

n.

Arbitrary; depending Spelman. Will determmation

;

VRBUTEAN, a. Pertaining to the strawchosen as umpire, by two arbitrators, berry tree. Encyc. Evelyn. when tlie parties do not agree, is also cal 'ARC, n. [L. areas, a bow, vault or arch ; led an arbitrator. arcuo, to bend Gr. op;t>j, beginning, origin 2. An arbiter, governor, or president. apj;, to begin, to he the author or chief; Milton. Fr. an; arrhe ; Sp. area, a bow and iui one 3. In a more extensive sense, an arbiter arch; I'ori. id ; It. iV; .\riu. goarec. The who has the power of deciding or prescri- (ireiik word has a diflerent application, Addison. Shak. but is probably from the same root as bing without control. ARBITRESS, n. A female arbiter. arcus, from the sense of sjiringing or 'ARBOR, n. [The French express the sense stretching, shooting up, rising, which gives the sense of a vault, or bow, as well by berceau, a cradle, an arbor, or bower as of chief or head. Hcb. JIN, to weave; Sp. emparrado, from parra, a vine raised on stakes, and nailed to a wall. Qu. L. : to desire or long for Ar. Syr. j artior, a tree, and the primary sense.] covered with 1. A frame of lattice work, '"mit odor, to diffuse fragrance H" , vines, brandies of trees or other plants, for shade a bower. and llcb. JTJ? to desire, or long for, to as2. In botany, a tree, as distinguished from The distinction wliich Linne a shrub. cend Eth. 04T to ascend, to mount; makes, that a tree springs up with a bud Ar. id. The radical sense of all these on the stem, and a shrub not, is found not roots is, to stretch, strain, reach Gr. and the tree, in pop to hold universally opfyu h.Jragro ; and the sense of arcA is ular understanding, differs from the shrub from stretching ujiwards, ascending. From Arbor forms the seventh only in size. arc or arch comes the sense of bending, liimily of vegetables in Linne's system deviating and cunning.] [See Tree.] In geometry, any part of the circumference 3. In mechanics, the principal part of a maof a circle, or curved line, lying from ont; Also the axis chine, sustaining the rest. a segment, or part of a ])oint to another or spindle of a maclime, as of a crane, or circle, not more than a semicircle.
; :

windmill.

Encyc.

Milton. In this sense aivard is more generally used. 'ARBITRARILY, adv. By will only; des-

This
prunes

in

America
n.

is

The award of

arbitrators.

Coivet.

'ARBORATOR,
trees.

One who

called the shaft. plants or who

Encyc.
;

Johnson.

ARCA'DE, n. [Fr. from arcus; Sp. arcada.] A long or continued arch a walk arched
above.

Evelyn.
a. [L. arboreus,
;

ARBO'REOUS,
Belonging
stituting
to

from

arfcor.]
;

a tree

n. The quality of bedespotioahiess tyranny. Temple. ARBITRA'RIOUS, a. Arbitrary; desi)otic.

potically

absolutely.
; ;

resembling a tree

con
as
to

'ARBITRARINESS,
ing arbitrary

moss

is

a tree ; arboreous.

growing on
n.

ARA'DIAN, ARCA'DI,
ARCA'DICS,
sanias,

Johnson. Pertaining to Arcadia, a

mountainous

district

in

trees,

the heart of the Peloponnesus.

71.

ARBORES'CENCE,
grow
to a tree.]
;

[L.

arboresco,

The

Trails, of Pausanias. title of a book in Pau-

[JVol used.]

JVorris.

More.

The

which

treats of Arcadia.

ARBITRA'RIOUSLY,
[JVut used.]

adv.

Arbitrarily

GlanvUle
a.

'ARBITRARY,
1.
;

[L. arbitrarius.']
; ;

Depending on will or discretion not gov erned by any fixed rules as, an arbitrary decision an arbitrary punishment.
.Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins ol liberty abused to hcentiousness.

the resemblance of a or crystalizations or groups of crystals in that form. ARBORES'C'ENT, a. Resembhng a tree having the figure of a tree dendi'itical.
figure of a tree tree in minerals,
;

ARCA'NE,
[.Vot

a. [L. arcanus.]

Trans. B. 8. Hidden, secret.

much

used.]
n.

ARA'NIIM,
used
in the

Encyc.
2.

From herbaceous
cies
see.

becoining woody.

secret; generally [L.] plural, arcana, secret thmgs,

n. [Fr. arc,

Trans, of Pausanias.

mysteries.

ARBORESCENT
of

Martyn

STAR-FISH,
arboreto,

n.

ARCBOUTANT,
buttress.

and

bout.

See

spe-

asterias, called also

n.

IVashington
2.

caput

Medu
arbor, a

About, Abutment.]

In building, an arched Encyc.

Despotic absolute in power having no external control as, an arbitrary prince or government.
; ; ;

[See Staifsh.]
[It.

'ARBORET,

from

'ARCH,

tree.]

VARBITRATE,
'J"o

v.

i.

[L. arbitror.]
;

hear and decide, as arbitrators choose men to arbitrate between us.

v.
t.

a place planted or Milton. overgrown with trees.

;

small tree or shrub

as, to

'ARBITRATE,
mine
;

To

decide

'ARBORIST, n. One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge
of trees.

to deter

n. The hearhig and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a ])orson or persons chosen by the parties. This may be done bv one person but it is usual to chuse two or three or lor each i)arty to chuse one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called an award. 2. A hearing before arbitrators, though they

to judge of.

Milton.

Shak.

ARBITRA'TION,

ARBORIZA'TION,
fossils.

Howell. n. The appearance or figure of a tree or plant in minerals, or

2.

'ARBORIZE,

[See Herborization.'] V. t. To form the appearance

i.

of a tree or plant

A dwarf
a tree.

'ARBUSCLE,
tree,

minerals. [L. arbusculus, a

in

3.
little tree.] 4.

Ji. [See Arc] A segment or part of a circle. A concave or hollow structure of stone or brick, supjiorled by its own curve. It may be constructed of wood, and supjiorted by the mechanism of the work. This species of structure is much used in bridges. A vault is ja-operly a broad arch. Encyc. The sjiace between two piers of a bridge, when arched or any place covered with an arch. Any curvature, in form of an arch. Shak. The vault of heaven, or sky.
;

in size
a.

between a shndj and Tiiumphal arches

Bradley.

ARBUS'lILAR,

Resembling a shrub
trees.

having the figure of small

Da
;

Costa.

make no award.
the

word

in the

[This is a common use United States.]

n.

of\
al

ARBUST'IVE,

a.

[From arbuMum.]

are magnificent structures at the entrance of cities, erected to adorn a trium|)h and perpetuate the memory of the event. ARCH, V. t. To cover with an arch ; to fonn ith a curve as to arch a gate.
;

'ARBITRATOR,

person cliosen by

Containing copses of trees or shrubs covered with shrubs. Bartram.

ARCH,
as, to

an arch or arches; V. i. To make arch beneath the sand. Pope.

A R C
"ARCir,
[It. arcare, to benil, to arch, to cheat, or deceive, Iroiii arco, L. arcus, a bow ; G. arp;, cunning, arch, bad ; D. arg,

A H C
ARCIICH^ANTER,
n.

ARC
ARCHERESS,
"ARCHERY,
arrow
ers
; ;

chief chanter, or president of the chanters of a chiuTh. ARCHIIIMT, a. Of supreme chimical The powers. Milton. crat\v, roguish ; Sw. Dan. arg, id. Teutonic arg, appears to be allied to arch, ARCIieONSPIR'ATOR, n. Principal conand to be the Eng. rogue. Tliis circumMatindrell. spirator. chief count; a title stance, and the Ann. gonrec, [see arc,] in- ARCHOUNT', n. dicate that the radical letters in arc, arch, formerly given to the earl of Flanders, on The radical sense of bend account of his great riches and power. ap;^)?, are Rg.
a.

The

n.

female archer.

Markhartv. use of the bow and the practice, art or skill of archthe act of shooting with a bow and
n.

The

arrow.

ARCHES-COURT,
arcubus,)
held,
lars built archwise,

in

from the church of

England, so called

is,

to strain.]
;

Cnnninw
ous
lad.

sly

shrewd waggish
;
;

mischiev-

ARCHRIT'l,

n.

Encyc.
chief critic.

St. Mary le bow (de whose top is raised of stone pilwhere it was anciently

tiir

sport

mirthful

as
;

popular language, roguish

we say in as an arch

*ARCII,

a.

used also in composition.

famous.]
; ;

opzoJi chief; Ir. arg, noble,

n. [Arch, chief, and L. dap'fer, a lood-bearer, from daps, meat or a feast, andfero, to carry.] [Gr. An officer in the German etnpire, whose office is, at the coronation of the emperor,

ARCHDAP'IFER,

Chief

of the first class principal arch deed. Shakspeare uses this word as a noun worthy arch and patrons ;" but the not authorized.
;

as,

an

to carry the first dish of

meat

to table

on

Shak.
"

horseback.

Encyc.

My ARCHDE'AeON,
is

use

'ARllAISM,
o-fXVt

An

[Gr. a();ioio5, beginning.] ancient or obsolete phrase or expression.

n.

n.

ancient, from

n. [See Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, who has jurisdic tion either over a part or over the whole diocese. He is usually appointed by the

n'atts.

ARHAN'uEL,
2.

An

angel of the high-

est order ; an angel occupying the eightl rank in the celestial hierarchy. Encyc.

several ])lants, as the deada sjjecies of melittis and the galeopsis or hedge-nettle.
nettle, or

The name of

lamium

bishop, and has an authority originally derived from the bishop, but now inde pendent of him. He has a court, the most inferior of ecclesiastical com-ts, I'or hearing ecclesiastical causes, and the punish ment of offenders by spiritual censures. Blackstone.

is a court of appeal, in the ecclesiastical polity, the judge of which is called the dean of the arches. This court had over thirteen peculiar parishes jurisdiction in London, belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury but the office of dean of the arches being united with that of the archbishop's principal office, the dean now receives and determines appeals from the sentence of all inferior courts within the province and from him lies an appeal to the king in chancery. This and all the principal spiritual courts are now held at Doctors' Commons. Blackstone.
; ;

ARCHETYPAL,
'ARCHETYPE,
1.

a.

Original

constituting
;

a model or pattern.
n.

ARCHDE'AC-ONRY,
England,
evei-y

n.

The
is

oflice, juris

ARHANtiELTC,
gels.

a.

Belonging

to

archan

diction or residence of

an archdeacon. In

ARCHAPOS'TATE, n. A chief apostate. ARCHAPOS'TLE, n. The chief apostle.

Trapp.

divided into archdeaconries, of which there are sixty,

thocese

and each archdeacoiny into rural dean erjes, and each deanery into parishes.
Blackstone.

ARCH"ARCIIITET,
chitect.

n.

The supreme

ar-

Si/lvester.
i.

ARCHBE'ACON,

The

chief beacon,
;

place of prospect or signal. chief bishop a ARCHBISH'OP, ji church dignitary of the first class a metropolitan bishop, who superintends the conduct of the suftragan bishops, in his province, and also exercises episcopal au-

(ipxoi, a chief; W. erchi.] ARCHDIVI'NE, n. A principal theologian A term used by the ancient chimists, ARCHDRU'ID, n. [See Druid.] A chief note the internal efficient cause

ARCHDE'AONSHIP,
archdeacon.

n.

The

oflice

of an

beginning, and The original pattern or model of a work ; or the model from which a thing is made as, a tree is the archetype or pattern of our idea of that tree. fVatts. 2. Among minters, the standard weight, by which others are adjusted. 3. Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed in the idea of God, before the creation. Encyc. ARCHE'US, n. [Gr. afxvt beginning, or
;

[Gr. ap;tfT'vrtov rvitof, form.]

af,xv,

to de-

of

all

druid, or pontiff of the ancient druids.

Henry, Hist.

Eng.

Rowland's

A Duchess.] title given to the females of the house of ric, or rick, territory or jurisdiction.] The jurisdiction or place of an archbishop Austria. the province over which an archbishop ARCHDUCH'Y, n. The territory of an archAsh. exercises authority. duke or archduchess. Clarendon. ARCHBOTCH'ER, n. The chief botcher, ARCHDU'KE, [See Duke.] A title given to or mender, ironically. Corbet. princes of the House of Austria; all the ARCHBUILD'ER, ) " Chief builder. sons being archdukes, and the daughters
;

own diocese. Clarendon taining to an archduke. ARCHBISH'OPRIC, n. [Archbishop and ARCIIDUCH'ESS, n. [See
thority in his

ARCHDU'AL,

a.

Mona Antiqua. [See Archduke.] Per

things the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers the power that presides over the animal economy, or the vis medicatrix the active principle of the material world. In medicine, good health, or ancient practice. Johnson. Encyc. Coxe. ARCHFEL'ON, n. [See Felon.] A chief felon. Milton. chief ARCHFIEND, n. [See Fiend.] fiend or ti)e. Milton. n. flamen or chief ARCHFLAM'EN,
; ; ;

priest

Herbert.

ARCHFLAT'TERER, n.
chiefflatterer.

[See Flatter.]

ARCHBILD'ER ARCHBUT'LER,

Encyc. n. A n. The territory or juficer of the German empire, who presents risdiction of an archduke or archduchess. the cup to the emperor, on solemn occaMade with an arch or curve sions. This oflice belongs to the king of '^VJICHED, pp. covered with an arch.
<,

Harmar. chief butler; an of-

archduchesses.

ARCHDUKEDOM,

ARCHFO'E,

n.

[See Foe.]
n.

Bacon. grand or

chief enemy.

ARCHFOUND'ER,
ernor.

A
n.

Bohemia.
;

ARCHCHAMBERLAIN,
berlain

n.

Encyc
chief cham-

ARCIIEN'EMY, n. A
tise

principal

enemy.
Milton.

ARCHGOV'ERNOR,
ARCHHER'ESY,
greatest heresy.
n. n.

Milton. chief founder. Milton. The chief govBrewer.

an officer of the
in

German

whose

office is similar to that

chamberlain

England. longs to the elector of Brandenburg.

empire, of the great This oflice be-

ARCHE0L06TAL,a. Pertainingto a treaon antiquity, or

71.

[See Heresy.]

The

to the

knowledge of

Butler.

ancient things.

ARCHHER'ETIC,
ARCHIH'EREY, A tfpoj, priest.]
hypocrite.

ARCHCH'ANCELLOR,
cellor
;

n.

Encyc. chief chan-

ARCHEOL'OgY,
and
>.oyo5,

chief heretic. Shak.

[Gr. afxaio;, ancient,

discourse.]
;

empire, who presides over the secretaries of the court. Under the first races of French

an

officer in the

German

when Germany and Italy belonged them, three archchancellors were a))pointed and this institution gave rise to
kings,
to
;

discourse on antiquity learinng or knowledge which respects ancient times. Panoplist, Dec. 1808 'ARC'HER, n. [Sp. archero ; It. arciero ; Fr. archer from arcus, a bow. See Arch and
;

n. [Gr. op^os, chief, and chief priest in Russia. Tooke, i. 5.30. ARCHHYP'OCRITE, n. A great or chief

Fuller.

AR'CII'IATER,

in

the three archchancellors now subsisting Germany, who are the archbishops of Mentz, of Cologne, and of Treves. Encyc.

A bowman one who

Arc]

n. [Gr. ap^oj, chief, and mtfoi, physician.] Chief physician ; a word used in Russia. Tooke, i. 557.
a.

one

who

uses a

bow

in battle

ARCIITCAL,

Chief; primary.
Hallywell.
a.

is

skilled in the use

of the

bow

and arrow.

ARCHIDIAC'ONAL,

[See Deacon.]

ARC
Pertaining to an arclidcacon aconnl visitation.
;

ARC
as an archidi-

A R D
in

represents the

beam which,

ancient

buildings, extended from column to collann, to support the roof Canterbury In chinmey.s, the architrave is called the mantle piece and over doors and winiVeever. 'ARCHIL, n. A lichen, wliioli grows on dows, the hyperthyrion. Johnson. Encyc. Cyc. rocks, in the Canary and Cape <le Verd isles, which yields a rich jjurple color, not 'ARCHIVAL, a. [See Jlrchives.] PertainIt is bruised ing to archives or records contained in durable, but very beautiful. records. Tuoke between stones, and moistened with strong It ARCHIVAULT, n. [arch, chief, and vault.] spirit of urine nii.\ed with cpiick lime. first takes a purplish red color, and then In building, the inner contour of an arch, or a band adorned with moldings, running ttu-ns to blue. In the first state it is called over the faces of the arch-stones, and archil; and in the second, lacnias or litbearing upon the imposts. It has only a niase, litmus. Encyc.

dominion of presbyten', or the thief pres"

'jytery.

ARHIEPIS'OPAL,

a.

[See Episcopal.]
as,

ARCHPRIE'ST,
prif'st.

n.

[See Priest.]

Milton. chief

Belonging to an nrcliliisliop is an archiepiscopal see.

Encyc. ARCH PRIM ATE, n. The chief pritnate an

;

archbishop.

Milton.
n.

ARCHPROPH'ET,

Chief prophet.
ff'arlon.

ARCHPROT'ESTANT,
ARCHPUB'LICAN,
publican.
n.

n.

princi|)al or

distinguished protestant.

The

ARCHREB'EL,

n.

The

distinguished Halt chief rebel. Milton.

AReHILO'HIAN, a.

Pertaining to Arcliilochus, the poet, who invented a verse of seven feet, the first four dactyls or spondees, the last three, trochees.

single face in the Tuscan order ; two face:crowned in the Doric and Ionic, and the same moldings, as the architrave, in the

ARCHTRA'ITOR, n. A principal traitor. ARCHTREAS'URER, n. [See Treasure.]

TJie great treasurer of the German empire a dignity claimed by the elector of Hanover. Guthrie.
;

i. [See Magician.] The 'ARCHIVES, JI. pht. [Gr. op^fw ; Low L. archivum ; Fr. archives ; It. archivio.] high priest of the Persian Alagi, or worshipers of fij-e. Encyc. iThe apartment in which records are kept AReHIMAND'RITE, ji. [from mandrite, a also the records and papers which are Syriac word for monk.] preserved, as evidences of facts. In church history, a chief of the mandrites or 'ARCHIVIST, n. [Fr. and It.] The keeper of archives or records. monks, answering to abbot in Europe. Encyc.

Corinthian and Composite.

Encyc

ARCHIMAGUS,

ARCHTREAS'URERSIIIP, n. The
of archtreasurer.

ARCHTY'RANT,
tyrant.

n.
n.

office Collins' Peerage.

principal or great

HaU.
[See VUlain.]

ARCHVIL'LAIN,
or great villain.

A chief
Shak.

Encyc.

'ARCHING, ppr. Forming an

ing with an arch.

arch

Tooke, R%tss. cover;

'ARCHLIKE,

a.

Built

Uke an arch.
Yotmg.
;
,

ARCHVIL'LANY, n. Great villany. 'ARCHWISE, adv. [arch and loise.

IVise.]

See
Pre-

In the form of an arch.

)

ARCHLUTE,
like

>

'ARCHING,

ARCHIPEL'AGO,
opjrof, chief,

an arch. Curving n. [Authors are not agreed as to the origin of this word. Some suppose it to be compounded of
a.

'ARCHILUTE,

"
\

ri.

t^'- '^'cde^cio.]

ARCTA'TION, ARC'TITUDE,

[L. arc(t/s, tight.]

large lute, a theorbo, the base-strings of

which are doubled with an octave, and the

higher strings with a unison. Busby,
;

ARCTIC,
;

and

Wf^oyo;, sea

others, of

'ARCHLY,
ingly.

adv.

Shrewdly
n.

wittily

jest-

Aiyaiot,

and jtfTjxyoj, the Egean sea. Gibbon, Mitford and Ed. Encyc]
;

See

ARCIIMAGI"CIAN,
cian.

The

chief magiSpenser.

In a general sense, a sea interspersed with many isles but particularly the sea which separates Europe from Asia, otherwise called the Egean Sea. It contains the Grecian isles, called Cyclades and Sporades.

ARCHMAR'SHAL,
of the

n.

German empire a dignity belonging to the elector of Saxony.

;

The grand marshal

shrewdness

'ARCHNESS,
waggishness.

n.

Cunning

^ ""ternaturalstraightness: Coxe. constipation from inflammation. a. [Gr. apxroj, a bear, and a northern constellation so called. W. arth ; Ir. art, a bear.] Northern pertaining to the northern constellation, called the bear as, the arctir pole, circle, region or sea. The arctic circle is a lesser circle parallel to the equator, 23 28' from the north pole. This, and the antarctic circle, are called the polar circles, and witliin these lie the frigid zones.
;

'ARCHITECT,
tixTui; a
1.

n.

[Gr.

ap;fo5,

chief,

and
;

ARCHON,

n.
in

workman.

person skilled in the art of building who miderstands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and superintend the

See Technical.]

The archons

[Gr. apx^v, a prince.]

Greece were chief magis-

ARCTU'RUS,
oupo, tail.]

one

trates chosen, after the death of Codrus, from the most illustrious families, to su-

n. [Gr. opxrof, a bear, and fixed star of the first magnitude, in the constellation of Bootes.

artificers

2.

A ARCHITECT'IVE,
;

employed. contriver a former or maker.

a.

Ray.
building;

Used

in

proper for building.

Derham.
has power or Smellie, Ch. 13.
science
ofj
^/jsh

ARCHITECTON'IC, a. That
skill to build.

ARHITETON'ICS,
architecture.

n.

The

ARHITET'RESS, n. A female architect.

ff'olton

and religious concerns. nine in number; the first was properly the archon ; the second was called kitig ; the third, polemarch, or general of the forces. The other six were called thesmothetce, or legislators. Encyc, 'ARCHONSHIP, n. The office of an ar chon or the term of his office. .Mitford. n. In church history, a ARCHON'TICS, branch of the Valentinians, who held that the world was not created by God, but by
perintend
civil

Encyc.

They were

'ARCUATE,

a.

Bent or curved

See Arc] [L. arcuatus. in the form of a bow.

ARCUA'TION,
curvation
;

n.

The

Martyn. Ray. act of bending in; ;

Bacon.

ARCHITECT'URAL,

a. Pertaining to the art of building ; that is according to the rules of architecture. Mason

'ARCHITECTURE,
1.

n.
;

ited

art of building but in a more Umand appropriate sense, the art of constructing houses, bridges and other

The

[L. architectura.)

the state of being bent curvity; crookedness; great conve.xity of the tliorax. Core. 2. A method of raising trees by layers; thai is, by bending branches to the ground, and the small shoots with earth, three covering inches deep upon the joints making a angels, archontes. bason of earth to hold the water. When ARCHP'ASTOR, n. Chief pastor, the shep- these have taken root, they are removed herd and bishop of our souls. Barrow into a nursery. Chambers. Encyc. chief phiARCHPHILOS'OPHER, n. Hooker. ARCUBALIST, n. [L. arcus, a bow, and losopher.
; ;

ARCHPIL'LAR,

n.

The main

balista,
pillar.

2.

buildings for the purposes of civil Ufe. Frame or structure.

ARCHPO'ET,

The

earth

is

a piece of divine architecture.

ARCUBALIS'TER, n. A cross-bowman; The principal poet. one who used the arbalist. Camden. tVRCHPOLITI CIAN, n. [See Policy.] An 'ARD, the termination of many English eminent or distinguished poUtician.
n.

Harmar.

an engine for throwing stones.] cross-bow. H'arton.

Bacon.

words,

is

the Ger.

art, species,

kind

Sw.

Burnet.
is the art of fortification. JStaval architecture is the art of building ships. . [Gr. a,>;i:05, chief, and It.

Military architecture

AUCHPON'TIFF,
preme
pontiff"

n.

[See Pontiff.] [See Prelate.]

ji.

su-

and Dan.

art,

mode, nature, genius, form

;

or priest.
n.

Burke.

ARCHITRAVE,
trave,

ARCHPRE'LATE,
chief prelate.

The

In

from L. trabs, a beam.] architecture, the lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests imIt probably mediately on tlie coliunn.

ARCHPRES'BYTER, [See Presbyter.] A chief presbyter or priest. Encyc. ARCHPRES'BYTER Y. v. The absolute

Ger. arten, to take after, resemble Sw. Ger. aiiig, of the arta, to form or fashion nature of, also comely Dan. and Sw. D. aarden, to take afler, artig, beautiful resemble aardig, genteel, pretty, ingenious. observe it in Goddard, a divine temper ; Ciffard, a disposition to give, lib; ; ;
;

We

ARE
Bcnxanl, filial aflcclion standard, drunkard, dotard, &c.
erulity
; ;

ARE
the ground, strewed with sand, on which
gladiators,
in

A R G
ARETOL'OgY,
of virtue,
its

n.

[Gr.

apsrtj,

virtue,

and

ancient

ARDENCY,
burn.]

n. [L.

ardens, from ardeo, to

;

shows of

fighting for the

Rome, exhibited Xoyoj, discourse.] amusement of That part of moral

philoso])hy

which treats

Warmth of passion
gerness
;

or affection

ardor; ea-

kidneys. sensation of burning as, ardent spirits, that ARENA'CEOUS, a. [from arena, sand.] ARciE'AN, a. Pertaining to Argo or the an ardent fever. Sandy; having the properties of sand. is, distilled sjiirits Ark. IVoodward. Faber. i. Having the ap))earancc or quality of fire; Kirwan. ARuENT, n. [L. argentum; Gr. opynpoj, sil2. Brittle as arenaceous limestone. as ardent eyes. fierce ARENA'TION,n. Amonf[ pht/sicians, a sand ver, from apyoj, white Ir. org, white ; J. Warm, apiilicd to the passions and afTec Fr. argent, money ; a sprinkhng of hot sand upon a disbath airgiod, silver, money tions passionate affectionate much enSans, rajatam, Qu.] C'o.re eased person. gaged zealous as, ardent love or vows AREN'DALITE, n. In mineralogy, anothei 1. The white color in coats of anns, mtended ardent zeal. to re|)resent silver, or liurity, innocence, name of epidote, or pistacite ; epidote being affecadv. With warnilli the name given to it by Hatiy, and pistacite beauty, or gentleness. Encyc. tionately; passionately. a. Silvery of a pale white, like silver. i. by Werner. [See Epidote.] Ardency. Johnson. Encyc. ARDOR, n. [L.] Heat, in a literal sense ARENDA'TOR, n. [Russ. aretula, a farm 3. a. Bright. Q.U. S]). arrendar, to rent.] the ardor of the sun's rays. as, In Livonia and other jirovinces of Russia, a Ask of yonder argent fields above. I. Warmth, or heat, Pope. njjplied to the passion farmer of the farms or rents ; one who and affections; eagerness; a.s, he jmrsues ARgENT'AL, a. Pertainuig to silver concontracts with the crown for the rents of study with ardor; they fought whh ardor. sisting of silver containing silver comthe farms. He who rents an estate beSlilton uses the word for person or spirit, bined with silver applied to the native longing to the crown, is called Crown bright and elTidgeiit, but by an imusiial amalgam of silver, as argental mercury. arendator. Arende is a term used both for license. Cleaveland. the estate let to farm, and the sum lor \RDUOUS, a. [L. arduus ; Ir. ard, high combination of the ARtiENTATE, n. Tooke's Russ. ii. 288 which it is rented. W. hardh ; Ir airdh, high, highth.] argentic acid with another substance. ardu- \RENIL1T'I, a. [nrena, sand, and uSof, e ARtiENTA'TION, n. An a literal sense as, Hiiih, lofty, overlayuig with stone.] ous jiatlis. silver. Pope. Johnson. Difficult attended with great labor, like Pertaining to sand stone consisting of sand- 'ARGENT-HORNED, a. Silver homed. Kirwan. stone as arenilitic mountains. the ascending of accHvities as, an arduotis a. ARgENTT, Pertaining to silver tlie full of sand. ARENO'SE, ^ or enterprise. Sandy; employment, task, argentic acid is a saturated combination of Johnson. silver ami oxygen. This is yet hypothet'ARDUOUSLY, adv. In an arduous man- AR'ENOUS, S The colored circle Ml'EOLE, i [L.] ner with labo)iousness. ical. Lavoisier. round the nipple, or round o AREO'LA, I .
; ;
;

\RDENT,

2. as, the ardency of love or zeal. a. Hot ; burning ; that causes a

Hence, a ])lace for public exspectators. Adam's Rom. Ant. Ray. hibition. Among physicians, sand or gravel hi the

nature and "the means of Johnson. [Ldttle tised.] attaining to it. ARGAL, n. Unrefined or crude tartar, a substance adheiing to the sides of wine Ceisks. Johnson. Coxe.

ARDENTLY,

ARDKNTNESS,

"

ARDUOUSNESS,
execution.

"

Highth

difficulty

a pustule.

Encyc.
?!.

Coie.

ARgENTIF'EROUS,
ARgENTJ'NA, 'ARGENTINE,
of abdominals.
I

VRE. The

plural of the substantive verb ; but a different word from be, am or was It is from the Svv. vara, Dan. vitrer, to ore ; to exist ; v or w being lost. be, ye or you are; they are ; i)ast tense plural were. It is usually pronounced ar.

AREOM'ETER,
and

[Gr. opoioj, rare, thin,

An

We

ftsrpsCT, to measure.] instrument for measuring the specific

a. [L. argentum, silver, and fero, to produce.] Producing silver ; as argentiferous ore. Kirwan.

"'

gravity of liquids.

of fishes

hi ichthyology, -dgeuus ot the order

the wild tansy, Encyc. Core.

AREOMET'RIAL,
ireometer.

a.

Fourcroy. Pertaining to an

Argentina

is

also a

name of

lowest note, except one, ALAMlRE, S Guido's scale of music. Shak. A'REA, n. [L. I suspect this to be contracted from Ch. Na'IX, an area or bed Heb. nJTTJ?; from a root wliich signifies to

A-RE,

The

AREOM'ETRY,

in

reach, stretch, lay or s])read.] 1. Any ])Iain surface, as the floor of a

2.

3.

room, of a church or other building, or of the ground. The space or site on which a building stands; or of any inclosure. In geometry, the .superficial contents of any the surface included within any figure given lines as the area of a sipiare or a
; ;

a. Like silver; pertaining to silver, or sounding hke it. Johnson. 'ARGENTINE, n. In mineralogy, a subo|)agus. Milford. species of carbonate of lime, nearly pure ; member of the Are- a mineral of a lamellated or slaty strucAREOP'AGITE, n. ture its lamens usually curved or unduopagus, which see. Acts xvii. 34. lated its surface is shinuig, or of a pearly n. [Gr. A|i);5, Mars, and

n.

The measuring

silver-weed.

or act

of measuring the specific gravity of fluids. AREOPAGIT'Ie, a. Pertaining to the Are-

ARGENTINE,

AREOPAGUS,
A
Hixyoi, hill.]

luster.

It is

found

in iirimitive rocks,

and

sovereign tribunal at Athens, famous for the justice and impartiality of its decisions. It was originally held on a hill in but afterward removed to the the city
;

Cleaveland. frequently in metallic veins. 'ARGIL, ji. A species of the Ardea, or genus of cranes. 'ARgIL, n. [L. argilla, white clay, from Gr.

triangle.
I.

5.

Among phi/siciajis, baldness an empty space a bald space produced by alopecy Core. Parr. also a name of the disease. In mining, a compass of ore allotted to
;
;

AREA'D, } " [Sax. aredan.] To Obs. to advise. AREE'D, A'REAL, a. Pertaiiimg to an area
.

diggers.

Coxe
coimsel
;
;

'

<,

Spenser. as areal

interstices.

Barton.
Sipijl.

AREE'K,
Rcek.'i

adv. In a reeking condition. [See

Royal Portico, an open square, where the In apyos, white.] a general sense, clay, or potter's earth ; judges sat in the open air, inclosed by a but in a technical sense, pure clay, or alucord. Their sessions were in the night, mine. Fourcroy. that they might not be diverted by objects of sight, or influenced by the presence and ARtilLLA'CEOUS, a. [h. argillaceus.] Partaking of the nature of clay clayey conaction of the speakers. Ry a law of SoKirwan. sisting of argil. lon, no person could be a member of this ARgILLIF'EROUS, a. [L. argilla, clay,and tribunal, until he had been archon or chief This court took cognizance fero, to produce.] Producing clay applied magistrate. to such earths as abound with argil. of high crimes, inqnety and hnmorality, Kirwan, and watched over the laws and the publiiArgillaceous shist or treasury. Lempriere. Encyc. Pansa- } ARgILLITE, n. Its usual color is bluish, nias. Acts xvii. lU. ^ slate; clay-slate. blackish gray. Kirwan. AREOT'l, a. [Gr. apaiof, thin.] Attenu- greenish or
; ; ; ;

ating making thin, as in liquids ; rarc- ARgILLIT'I, a. Pertaining to argiUite. n. [L. arefacio, to dry from area.] The act of drying ; the state of ARGlLLOeAL'CITE, n. [of argilla, clay, and fo/.r, calcarious earth.] Bacon. AREOT'Ie,?i. A medicine, which attenuates growing dry. the humors, dissolves viscidity, ojjens the A species of calcarious earth, with a large AR'EFY, V. t. To dry or make dry. Kirwan. Bacon. and increases perspiration an at ].roportion f)f clav. pores, ARE'NA, n. [L. sand.] An open space ofl tenuaut. Qxdncy. Coxe. ARGlLLOaiU RITE, n. [of argilla, clay.

AREFA'TION,

ARC
sncl muria, brine or salt water
;

A R
magneeia
3.
4.

I
as, to

A
argue a
;

11 1
Ariaifs.
.

To

persuade by reasons ;

A RIANISM,

)(.

The doclrhicsof the

A'RIANIZE, V. i. To admit the tenets of the a Arians. Formerly, to accuse or charge with It'orthington Latin sense, now obsolete; as, to argue one AR'ID, a. [L. aridus, dry, from area, to be of ])rofaneness. Uryden. dry.] Kirwfin. Clcaveland. ARGUED, pp. Debated; discussed; evin Dry exhausted of moisture parched with ced accused. heat ; as an arid waste. ARgIL'LOUS, a. Consisting of clay clayey Thomson. 'ARGUER, 71. One who argues a reasoner AR'IDAS, >!. A kinil of taflety, from the partaking of clay belonging to clay. a dis|)uter Brown. a controvertist. East Indies, made of thread, from certain

being obtained from soa-salt.] species of earth consisting of magnesia, a silex, aluniine and lime variety of Magnesite.

mixed with

'ARGIVE,

a. Designating what belongs to Argos, the capital of Argohs in Greece,

'ARGULNG,
accusin;

whose inhabitants were called Argivi. This name however is used by the poets for the Greeks i]i general. Pans. Trans. JARGO, n. The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions

ppr. Inventing and offering reasons; disputing; discussing evincing

;

plants.

ARIDITY,
AR'IDNESS,
2.

I ^

"

Encyc. state of being without moisture.

Dryness a
;

Reasoning argiunentation. What (lotli your arguing reprove ? Job. vi. ARGUMENT, n. [L. argumentum.]
;

ARGUING,

n.

A dry

state of the

body

emaciation

Jlrbuthnol. the;

I.

ARGO-NAVIS,

to Colchis, in quest of the golden fleece. the ship Argo, is a constellation in the soutliern hemisphere, whose

stars, in the British catalogue, are sixtyfour. Encyc.

ARGO'AN,

ARG0L'I,
golic

Pertaining to the ship Argo, Faber. Belonging to Argolis, a territory or district of Pelopoimese, between Arcadia and the Egean sea as the Jtra.
a.
;

3.

Gulf

D'Amnlh.

.5.

jirinciples to be equal, and from all eternibut the moderns maintain that the evil ty So the principle is an inferior being. devil is called the prince of darkness. argues against ; ARGU'TENESS, To (Usjjute to reason with ; followed by 2. Gibbon. .Is. Researches. [Liltle itsed.] Drtjden. Encyc. with ; as, you may argue with your friend, A'RIAN, a. [L. ariolus or hariPertaining to Arius, a presl)yter ARIOLA'TION or ) a week, without convincing liim. of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth H.-VRIOLA'TION, S oto, a sooth sayer.j A soothsaying ; a foretelling. 'ARGUE, V. t. To debate or discuss ; to treat century or to his iloctrines. Brown. by reasoning ; as, the counsel argued the A'RIAN, n. One who adheres to the doc- ARIO'SO, a. [It. from ana, air.] Light ; cause before the supreme court ; the cause trines of Arius, who held Christ to be a //. Diet. au-y. was well argued. created being, inferior to God the father But according to Rousseau, applied to muTo prove or evince ; to manifest by infer- in nature and dignity, though the first sic, it denotes a kind of melody bordering ence or deduction ; or to show reasons for ; and noblest of all created beings ; and also on the majestic style of a capital air. that the Holy Spirit is not God, but creaas, the order visible in the universe argues Cyc. & divine cause. ted bv the power of the Son, Encyc ARI'SE, V. i. s as z. pret. arose ; pj). onsen ;
;

the Creator. adv. In an argumentative manner. Taylor. 'ARGUS, n. A fabulous being of antiquity said to have had a hundred eyes, place( Orpheus, of V. Flaccus, and of Apollonius Rhodius. by Juno to guard lo. The origin of this Encyc. 'ARGOSY, n. [Sp. argos, Jason's ship.] A being may perhaps be found in the TeuShak. tonic word arg, crafty, cunning, of which large merchantman a carrac. the hundred eyes are symbohcal. 'vVRGUE, v. i. [L. arguo, to show, argue accuse or convict Fr. arguer ; Sp. arguir ARGUS-SHELL, ?i. species of porcelainIt. arguire. The radical sense of arg'we is shell, beautifully variegated with spots, to urge, drive, press, or struggle.] resembhng, in some measiu'e, a peacock's to invent and offer reasons to J. To reason tail. Encyc. a. [L. argutus.] Sharp slu-ill support or overthrow a proposition, opin ion or measure as, A argues in favor of witty. [lAttle used.2
infinite
in

Pertaining gonauts, or to their voyage to Colchis as the Argonautic story. Sir H'. Jones. ARGONAUT'IeS, ji. A poem on the subject of Jason's voyage, or the ex])e(lition of the Argonauts as, the Jlrgonautics oi
;

ARGONAUT'I,

ARIGHT, adv. [a and right. Sax. giricht.] Belonging to argu- Rightly in a right form without mistake nent consisting in argument. or crime. Pope. Cicero. Sir IK Jones. ARGUMENTATION, n. Reasoning the ARIL, ) The exterior coat or CO vcrPliny. act of reasonuig the act of inventing or ARIL'LUS, ^ ARGONAUT'A, n. [See Argotuxut.] ing of a seed, fixed to it at A genus of shell-fish, of the order of vernie; forming reasons, making inductions, draw- the base only, mvesting it wholly or partestacea. The shell consists of one spiral and falling off spontaneously conclusions, and applying them to the ing tially, by involuted valve. There are several spein discussion. case Tlie operation of in some writers called, from the Greek, CaIt is either succulent, or cartilacies; one of which is the Argo, with a ferring pro])ositious, not known or admitlyptra. subdentated carina, the famous nautilus, ted as true, from facts or princi|)les kuo n ginous; colored, elastic, rough or knotted. hinne. Milne. Martyn. Smith. ivhicli, when it sails, extends two of its admitted, or proved to be true. arms, spreading a membrane, which serves Watts. AR'ILLATED, ( Encyc. Havuig an exterior covfor a sail, and six other arms are throw en or aril, as coffee. ARGUMENTATIVE, a. Consisting of ar- AR'ILLED, enng J out, for rowing or steering. gument containing a process of reason Encyc. Eaton. Encyc. Curie r. ing as an argumentative discourse. AR'IMAN, [Per. ahriman. Sans, ari^ a. to the Arreasons for

ji. The title of a chajjter in Pausauias, which treats of Argolis. Trans. D. ii. 1.5. n. 'ARGONAUT, [of apyco, Jason's ship, and I'ODT'jjs, a sailoi-.] One of the persons who sailed to Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece.

AKGOL'ICS,

Coxe. n. [L. from the Celtic. Ir. reithe, or receith ; Corn, urz, a ram ; W. hwrz, a a ram.] thrust, The ram, a constellation of fixed stars, drawn mind; followed \iy for or against. In logic, an inference drawn from premi on the globe, in the figure of a ram. It i;? the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, ses, which are indisputable, or at least of which the sun enters about the 21st of I)robable truth. Encyc. The subject of a discourse or writing. March. Milton. Shak. AR'IETATE, v. i. [L. arieto, from nries.] An abstract or summary of a book, or the To butt, as a ram. [.Yot used.] Johnson. heads of the subjects. VRIETA'TION, n. The act of butting, as a A debate or discussion a.series of reason- ram. The act of battering with the aries or battering rum. ing; as, an argument was had before the Bacon. court, ui which argument, all the reasons 2. The act of striking or conflicting. [Rare-

reason offered for or against a proposi;

A RIES,

withermg of a

limb.

a reason oftered tion, opinion, or measure in proof, to induce belief, or convince the

In astronomy, an arch by which we seek another unknown arch, proportional to the first. Chambers.
a.
;

were mged

ly used.']

Glanvitle.
71.

ARIETTA,
or
;

[It.]

short song

an

ah-,

little air.

ARGUMENT'AL,

Showing

as,

of things to their uses

is

the adaptation argumentative of

AR'IMA,
The
evil

AHRIMAN

a foe.]

wisdom

ARGUMENT'ATIVELY,

genius or demon of the Persians opposed to yezad, yezdan, ormozd, ojhormizda, the good demon. The ancient

the other by darkness. The latter answers to the loke of the Scandinavians, whose Celtic name, lock, signifies darkness. Originally, the Persians held these demons or
;

magi held, that there are two deities or one the author of all good, principles eternally absorbed in light ; the other, the author of all evil, forever buried in darkness ; or the one represented by light ;
;

ARGUTE,

a measure

it.

n.

Acuteness

wittiness.

Vol.

I,

13

A U
^
S.

ARK
of usually applied to a corrupted form aristocracy. ARIST'OCRAT, n. One who favors an arisone who Heb. Ch, in principle or practice tocracy is a friend to an aristocratical tbrm of
is
;

ARM
ved in the ark or who, according t pagan fables, belonged to the ark. 'ARKITE, a. Belonging to the ark.
;

arizn. [Sax. arisen ; proii. arize, aroze, It m;ij' be allied to Ar ri/zen ; Goth, reisan.

"

to

be the head or chief ;

t.

Syr. Sam. Eth. tt'N"i head, origin.] To ascend, mount up or move tn a higher
])larc
;

government.

Burke.
? ^

:.'.

tlie
;>.

as, vajrors arise tVom lituiiid places. the horizon as, sun or a star arises or rises. To get out of bed to leave tlie place or or to leave a sitting or lying state of rest

ARISTORAT'I,

To emerge from below

;

ARISTORATTAL,
consisting in a principal men
tiition.
2.
;

Pertaining to aristocracy

ARKTIZITE, ) " A mineral, now called Wernerite. ARTlZiTE, I ARM, n. [Sax. arm, earni D. G. Sw. Dan.
;

Bryant.

Faltr.

arm

government of nobles, or
as an aristoeratic consti
as,

L. aj'mus, a)i arm, a shoulder, a ; wing. In Russ. a shoulder is ramo, which may be the same word as the L. armus.
If so, this

word Ivlongs

to the root,

Rm,

Partaking of aristocracy
cratic

an

aristo-

[lOBture.

The king arose

Dan.
4.
vi.
;

early

and went
;

to the

den

measure

aristocratic pride or

man-

ners.

5.

ARISTORAT'IALLY, adv. In an aris To begin to spring up to originate. focratical manner. A persecution arose about Stephen. Acts xi To revive from death; to leave the grave ARISTORATTCALNESS, n. The quality
of being aristocratical.
a.
totle, a

1.

Many bodies of saints ojose. Math, xxvii. a state of Fi^urativebi, to awake from sin and stupidhy ; to rejjent. Jlrise from the' dead, and Christ shall give thee life. Eph. v to exert power ; to 6. To begin to act move from a state of inaction. Let God arise ; let his enemies be scattered
;

ARISTOTE'LIAN,
born

Ps.
7.

Isviii.
;

toljecome appear, or become known visible, sensible or operative. To you shall the sun of righteousness arise Math. iv. Till the day star shall arise in your hearts

To

celebrated pliiloso|>lier, who was at Stagyra, in Maccdon, about 384 years before Christ. The Aristotelian phjlosophv is otherwise called peripatetic. ARISTOTE'LIAN, n. A follower of Aristotle, who was a discijrle of Plato, and foiMided the sect of perijialrtics. [See
Peripatetic.]

Pertaining to Aris-

2.

coinciding with L. ramus, a branch, that is, a shoot, like the Celtic braich, L. brachium. But if the L. armus is directly from the Gr. opftoj, a joint, it would seem to lie formed from Gr. apw, to fit.] The hnib of the human body, which extcTids from the shoulder to the hand. The briinch of a tree, or the slender part of a machine, projecting from a trunk or The limbs of animals are also axis. sometimes called arms. A narrow inlet of water from the sea.
Figuratively, jjower, might, strength a.s the secidar arm. In this sense the word is often used in the scriptures.
;

To whom
n.

is

the

arm

of the Lord revealed.

ARISTOTE'LIANISM,
.\RlSTOTELT,
The
tem.
pernicious
n.

The philosophy

Isa.

liii.

or doctrines of Aristotle.

ARM,
It.
1.

Pertaining to Aristotle
of the .Irisfotelic sysSchlegel, Trcms. 2.

2 Pet.
8.

i.
;

or to his philosophy.
efi'ects

To
To

be put in motion
;

to swell or

Ire

agi-

tated
0.

as, the

waves

arose.
;

be excited or provoked

as, the

wrath

AR'ITHMANCY,
and
fittirtia,

n.

[Gr. ^nefio;, number,

3.

of the king shall arise

10.

divination.]

To emerge from
sliall

distress.

or Divination or the foretelling of future events poverty, depression by the use or observation of numbers.
?

armo ; Fr. armer ; Sp. armar: from L. arma.] To furnish or equip with weapons of offense, or defense as, to arm the militia. To cover with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, or security as, to arm the hilt of a sword. To furnish with means of defense; to preV.
t.

[L.
;

armare

By whom Amos vii.

11.

Jacob arise

for lie is

small
to

.\RITH'METIC,
afnO/jLoc,

n.

[Gr. apiS^ru, to

nun

pare for resistance

Arm
Pet.
iv.

To appear

in a particular cliaracter

enter upon an office. There arose a new king who knew not Jo seph. Ex. i. 12. To begin sedition, insurrection, or nni rose upon their tiny as, the men arose, or
;

munbering, from puS/io?, nmnher, rliythm, order, agreement.] The science of nmnbers, or the art of comher, apieft-^Tixr;, the art of

to fortify. yourselves with the same mind.

;

number

from

"ARM,

putation. The various operations of arithmetic are performed by addition, subtraction, nndtiplication and division.

officers.

13.

according \RMA'D.\, n. [Sp. from arma.] method of arithmetic. lowed by against. When he^arose against me, I caught him by ARITHMETICALLY, adv. According to V fleet of armed ships a squadron. The term is usually applied to the Spanish fleet, 1 Sam. xvii. the beard. the rides, principles or method of arithcalled the Invincible Armada, consisting of In this sense, the word against really be metic. 130 ships, intended to act against England longs to the verb, and is necessary to give ARITIIMETI CIAN, n. One skilled in in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, A. D. it this meaning. [See Rise, another arithmetic, or versed in the science of lo88. form of this verb, which has the same sigmimhers. nification, and is more generally used in 'ARK, n. [Fr. arche ; L. area ; Sp. Port. It. ARM.'VDIL'LO, n. [Sp. so called from bea chest or coffer Ir. airg, airh ; ing armed with a bony shell.] po])ular language.] area, ARI'SING, ppr. Ascending; movmg upSax. ere or erk ; G. arche ; D. arke ; Ch. ((uadruped peculiar to America, called also tatoo, and in zoology, the dasypus. ward originating or proceeding; getting rJIN.] This animal has ncitlier fore-teeth, nor up springing up appearing. 1. A small close vessel, chest or coffer, such VRIST'A, n. [L.] In botany, awn, the long dog-teeth it is covered with a hard, bony as that which was the repository of the sholl,llividcd into movable belts, except tables of the covenant among the Jews pointed beard wliich issues from the husl* on the forehead, shoulders and haunches, or scaly flower cup of the grasses, called This was about three feet nine inches in Milne where it is not movable. The belts are the glume. The lid was the propitiatory, or length. ARISTAR'CHY, n. [Or. api^o;, best, and mercy seat, over which were the <'lieriibs. connected by a membrane, which enaliles the animal to roll itself up like a afxn, rule.] The vessel in which Moses was set afloat A body of good men in power, or govern- upon the Nile was an ark of bulrushes. hedge hog. These animals burrow in the ment by excellent men. earth, where they lie during the day time, Harington. 2. The large floating vessel, in which Noah ARlSTOe'RACY, n. [Gr. apcfo;, best, and and his family were preserved, during the seldom going abroad excejit at night. x|joru, to hold or govern.] They are of difterent sizes the largest deluge. 3 feet in length, without the tail. They \ form of government, in which the whole 3. A depository. subsist chiefly on fruits and roots some.supreme power is vested in the principal Arise, O Lord, into thy rest, thou and the ark of thy strength. Ps. cxxxii. times on insects and flesh. When attackpersons of a state or in a few men distin gnished by their rank and opulence. 4. A large boat used on American rivers, to ed, they roll themselves into a ball, presentWhen the supreme power is exercised by transport produce to market. ing their armor on all sides to any assaila small number, the government is called 'ARKITE, n. A term used by Bryant to deant but they are inoftensive, and their all oligarch)/. The latter word however note one of the persons who were prcser flesh is esteemed good food. Eneyc.
;

To

invade, assaidt or begin hostility

fol-

ARITllMET'ie, AR1T1IjMET'IAL,
to the rules or

)
S

Pertaining to arith" metic

;

provide with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance to lake arms ; as, the nations arm for war. This verb is not really intransitive in this use, but reciprocal, the pronoun being omitted. The nations arm for, the naV. i.
;

To

tions

arm

themselves.

ARM
"ARMAMENT,
taikle,
n.

ARM
slueld.
I

ARM
;

[L. armamenlu, utensils,

from

arm(i.'\

ARMAMENT' ARY, n. An armory

zine or arsenal.
[Ritrelij used.']

of forces eijuipped for war; used of land or naval force. Jt is more gene rally used of a naval force, includinj; ships, men and all the necessary furniture for war.
l>()(ly
IX
;

maga-

'AJJMATURE,
1.
;

n.

[L. armiilura.'}

Armor that which (h'fends the body. It comprehends whatever is worn for iltfense of the body, and has been sometimes used for offensive weapons, .finnature, like arms and armor, is used also of the furniture of animals and vegetables, evidently intended for tlieir protection; as prickles, spines and horns. 2. In ancient military art, an exercise performed with missive weapons, as darts, spears and arrows. Encyc. 'ARAIED, pp. Furnished with weapons of
offense
sense.
2.

or defense

means of

furnislied with the sectuity; fortilied, in a moral

;

In heraldry, armed is when the beaks, talons, horns, or teeth of beasts and birds of prey are of a diti'erent color from the rest of the body Chambers. 3. Capped and cased, as the load stone that
;

is,

set in iron.

armed ship is one which is taken into the service of government for a particidar occasion, and armed like a ship of war. ARME'NIA, a. Pertaining to Armenia, a country and formerly, a kingdom, in Asia, divided into Major and Minor. The greater Armenia is now called Turcomania. ARME'NIAN, n. A native of Armenia, or the language of the country.
iSrV 7V.

An

Jones.

Armenian
menia,

bole is a species of clay from and found in other countries.

ArBut

the term, being of uncertain signification, is rejected in modern mineralogy. [See Cronsledt. Kirwan. Bole] Armenian stone, a sofY blue stone, consisting of calcarious earth or gypsum, with the of copper. It is too soft to give fire oxyil witli steel, loses its color when heated, and does not admit of a polish.
j\\cn.o Lso It

retained with us,| of Westminster. Hence armor includes as a title of respect, being the Latin word all instruments of war. equivalent to es/iuire, which sec. Spelman. Blackstone, B. iv. Ch. 7. B. i. Ch. V.',. a. [L. armilla, a bracelet, Hen. Hist. Brit. B. iii. Ch. 1. j'ARMILLARY, from armus, the arm.] 2. Ill a spiritual sense, a good conscience, faith and Christian Resembling a bracelet, or ring consisting graces arc called onnor. of rings or circles. It is chiefly applied to Rom. xiii. Eph. vi^ 2 Cor. vi. an artificial s(>h(tre, composed of a number Coat-armor is the escutcheon of a person or of circles of the mundane sphere, put tofiimily, with its .several charges and other gether in their natural order, to assist in furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, &e. giving a just conception of the constituEncyc. tion of the heav(;ns, and the motions of the ARMOR-BEARER, n. One who carries celestial bodies. tlie armor of another. This artificial sjihere revolves upon its axis within a horizon, divi- 'ARMORER, n. Amakerof annor or arms ded into degrees, and movable every way a manufacturer of instruments of war. The armorer of a ship has the charge of upon a brass supporter. Encyc. 'ARMING, ppr. F^quipping with arms pro- the arms, to see that they are in a conilition fit fi)r service. viding with the means of defense or attack also, iireparing for resistance in a ARMO'RIAL, a. Belonging to armor, or to moral sense. the arms or escutcheon of a family; as )!. The same as ivaist-clothes, eiisiuns armorial. Blackstone. 'ARMINGS, hung about a .slii))'s upper works. ARMOR'le, [Celtic ar, ui>on, anil I Chambers. lAN, J"- mor, the sea; that i.-. ARMIN'IAN, a. I'ertaining to Arininius, or niariliiiie.] designating his principles. Designating the northwestern part of France, n. One of a sect or party of ARMIN'IAN, formerly iralied Armorica, aften\ard BreChristians, so called from Arminius, or tagne, or Britanny. This jiart of France is peo])led by inhabitants who Harmanseu, of llnlUmd, who flourishe<l at speak a diathe close of the Kith century, and beginlect of the Celtic. It is usually supposed of the 17th. The ArminiaiKloctriues their ancestors were refugees or colonists ning from Enaland. are, 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestina- ARMOR'l, 71. The language of the Armotion. 2. 1'uiversal redemption, or that the ricans one of the Celtic dialects which atonement was made by Christ for all have remained to the present times. mankind, though none but believers can ARMOR'R'AN, n. native of Armorica, be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, or Bretagne. in order to exercise true faith, must be re- ARMORIST, 71. One skilled in heraldry. 71. A generated and renewed by the operation place where arms, anil mof the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God struments of war are deposited for safe but that this grace is not irresistible and keeping. Milton. maybe lost ;so that men may relapse from a 2. Armor; defensive arms. state of grace and die in their sins. Encyc. 5. Ensigns armorial. .Spenser.

Armiger

is

still

ARMOR

ARMORY,

ARMIN'IANISM,
or tenets
cjf

The pecuhar doctriiies

4.

The knowledge of coat-armor;

skill

in

the Arminians.
n.

heraldrv.

ARMIP'OTENCE,
See Potency.]

Power

in

arms.
in battle.

ARMIP'OTENT,
mighty
Sound.]

ARMIS'ONOUS,
Sounding or
stand
still,

[anna and polenlia. ARMPIT,?!, [arm andpit.] The hollow place or cavity under the shoulder. .Moion. Johnsoti. 'ARMS, 71. plu. [L. arma ; Fr. arme ; Sj). a. Powerful in arms;' It. arma.] Dn/den.\ 1. Weapons of offense, or armor for defense a. [arma &nd sonus.' and protection of the body.
2.

Enryc.

War

hostility.

ARME-PUIS'SANT,
Powerful
hold.
in

a.

[See Puissant.]
fVeever.

arms.
n.

ARMISTICE,

rustling in arms. )!. [L. arma

Johnson.

and

sisio,
;

to
It.

'ARMFUL,
in use.]

As much
a.

as the arms can

Gr.

ifjj/ti

Sp. armisticio

'ARMGAUNT,
ARMHOLE,
2.

Slender, as the arm. [Ao< Shak.

armistizio ; Fr. nrmislice.] cessation of arms, for a short time, by convention ; a truce a temporary suspension
;

n.

[arm and

hole.]

The

cavi-

of hostilities by agreement of the parties.

and the man I sing. Dryden. in arms, to be in a state of hostilor in a militan' life. To arms is a phrase which denotes a taking arms for war or hostiUty; [larticularly, a summoning to war. To take arms, is to arm for attack or deity,

Arms To be

ty under the shoulder, or the armpit.

'ARMLESS,
of weapons.

a.

Without an arm

destitute

fense.

Bacon.

Beaumont.
;
;

A hole for the arm in a garment. 'ARMLET, [dim. of arm.] A little arm ARMIG'EROUS, a. [h.armiger; arata and a piece of armor for the arm a bracelet.
J!,

3.

gero.] Literally, bearing arms.

Jiryden.

Johnson.

Bred to arms denotes that a person has been educated to the profession of a soldier. The ensigns armorial of a family consisting of figures and colors borne in
;

armiger

is

title

But in present usage, of dignity next in degree

'ARMOR,
1.

In times of chivah-y, it sigto a knight. nified an attendant on a knight, or other person of rank, who bore his shield and

71. [from arm..] Defensive arms any habit worn to protect the body in battle formerly called harA complete armor formerly con-; ness. sisted of a casque or helmet, a gorget,
; ;

shields, banners, &c., as

and
4.

tlistinction,

marks of dignity and descending from fa-

rendered him other military services. So cuirass, gauntlets, tasses, brassets, cuishes, in antiquity, Abimilech, Said, &c. had and covers for the legs to which the spurs their armor bearers. 1 Sam. were fastened. Jiidg. ix. Encyc. xvi. As had Hector and Achilles. Homer. In English statutes, armor is used for the

This title, under the French princes, in England, was exchanged, in common usage, for esquire, Fr. ecuyer, a word of /similar import, from ef, L. scutum, a

offenas defensive arms. The statutes of armor lUrected what arms exery man should provide, 27. Hen. II. and
sive

whole apjiaratus of war; including

as

well

Linne and others. The different sjiecies of arms or armor, are prickles, thorns, forks and stings, which seem intended to protect the plants from injury by animals. Milne. Martyn,

ther to son. In law, arms are any tiling which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another. Cowel. Black.itone. In botany, one of the seven species of fulcra or props of plants, enumerated by

A R O
/i>f (irms,

A R R
ARO'SE. The
\erb, to arise.
1.

A R R
spirituous liquor imported from the East Indies. Tlie name is said to sigiiily, in the East, any spirituous liquor but that
;

are such as may be charged witli powiltr, as cannon, muskets, mortars, &c. stand of anus consists of a musket, bayonet,

past or preterite tense of the

[a and round. See Round.] sides encircling; encom;

AROUND', prep,
About; on
I)assing
2.
;

cartridge-box and belt, with a sword. But (i)r common soldiers a sword is not necessary.

all

as,

a lambent flame around

hit

In falconry, arms are the legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Encyc. ARMS-END, . At the end of the arms at a good distance a phrase taken from box; ;

brows. Dryden. In a looser sense, from place to place ; at

random.

AROUND',
2.

ers or wrestlers.

'ARMY,
arma.']
1.

71.

[Fr. armee

Ir.

har; Irom the

common

arhhnr, or armroot of arm, armo

AROURA,

lions,

A collection or body of men armed fji war, and organized in comjianies, battalregiments, brigades and divisions,
oliicers.

adv. In a circle ; on every side. In a looser sense, at random ; without any n. [From Molhia in Arfixed direction ; as, to travel around from ragon, Spain.] In mineralogy, a species of carbonate of tr)wn to town. [See Round.] n. [Gr.] Grecian measure of liiTie, lint not jiiu'e, and said to contain 3 or 4 per cent, of carbonate of strontian. It fifty feet. Also, a square measure of hall

this name is toddy, a liquor distilled from the juice of the cocoanut tree, iirocurcd by incision. Some persons alledge it to be a spirit distilled from rice or sugar, fermented with the juice of the cocoa-nut.

which usually bears

AR'RAGONITE,

under pro|)er

my

in

modern

In general, an artimes consists of infaniiT

the plethron, a measure not ascertained The Egyptian aroura was the square of a iiundred feet or a hundred cubits. Encyc. Arbuth.

-ARNOLDIST, n. A Brescia, who in the

;

and cavalry, with artillery ; although the union of all is not essential to the constitution of an army. Among savages, armies are diff'erentl}' formed. a vast multitude as an 2. A great number army of locusts or caterpillars. Joel ii.25.
; ;

AROUSE,
,0

V.

t.

arouz'.

[In

Heb Sin
to excite.

Ar.

from pure carbonate of lime, in hardness, sjjecific gravity, crystaline structure, &c. It isharderthan calcarious and exhibits several varieties of spar, structiu-e and form. It is often crystalidiffers

=> haratza, to

stir,

It is

often

It may be contracted into rouse. allied to D. raazen; G. brausen, to rage, to stir, bluster; Class Rs.]

zed, generally in hexahedral pristns or The massive varieties have jjyramids. usually a fibrous structure, exhibiting various imitative forms, being sometimes coraloidal.
Haiiy.

disciple
12tli

of Arnold of

To

ed against the Romish he was banished but lie was afterwards permitted to return. By his preaching, an insurrection was excited, tor which he was condennied and executed. Encyc.

century, preachChiux-h, fir which

which
sleep

excite into action, that which is at rest to stir, or |)ut in motion or exertion, that is languid ; as, to ai'ouse one from
;

Cleavdand.
aira'ne.

Stromeyer.

ARRA'IGN,
arraisoner,
to arraign.

V.

and

to arouse the

dormant

[Norm, arraner, to answer, The usual derivation of this

t.

aresner, to put

facidties.

AROUS'ED,
in motion.

pp. Excited into

action
;

put

ARNOT,

?i.

A name
n.

of the bunium, pigAnotta, which

nut or earthnut.

ARNOT'TO,
'ARNUTS,

The

Also a tree so called.

n. Tall oat grass.

ppr. Putting in motion stirexciting into action or exertion. In a row sucadv. [a and rou\] Sidney. Shak. cessively. see. AROYNT', adv. Begone; away. "Ofc.

AROUS'ING,
ring
;

AROW,

1.

Shak.

word, from Sax. wregan, gewregan, to acIt appears to cuse, is probably incorrect. Norman origin, and ifs is radical, it coincides in origin with L. reus, contracted iiom the root of res.] To call or set a prisoner at the bar of a court, to answer to the matter charged against him in an indictment or informabe of
tion.

The quality of [Gr. aptoua.] plants which constilutes their fragrance, which is perceived by an agreeable smell, or a warm spicy taste. AROMAT'I, Fragrant spicy I "' AROMAT'ICAL, strong-scented; odo riferous having an agreeable odor.

ARO'MA, I " AR'OMA, I

ARPEG'tilO,

The

n. [From It. ai-pa, a harp. distinct sound of the notes of an instrumental chord, accompanymg the voice.

When

called, the indictment is

read

to him,
guilty,
tried.
2.

and he is put to plead, guilty or not and to elect by whom he will be

Blackstone.
to
;

JValker.

'ARPENT,
In

<,

Norm, arpen. n. [Fr. arpcnt Domesday, it is written arpenmis, ar pendus, and arpent. Colimiella mentions
;

According
to
fit

Laiv
as, to

writers, to set in
the

for trial

order ; arraign a writ of novel

assize,
is

disseisin.

To arraign

to

VROMAT'le,

plant which yields a spicy, fragrant smell, or a warm pungent taste; as sage, summer savory, geranium, sweet mai'joram, &c. Milne.
n.
n.

that the arepennis

Roman

jus:er.

was ef(ual to half the The word is supposed to

bituminous stone, in \R'OMATITE, smell and color resembling myrrh. Coxe. AROBIATiZA'TION, n. The" act of im pregnating or scenting with aroma, or rendering aromatic. AR'OMAT IZE, v. t. To impregnate with aroma to infuse an aromatic odor to give a spicy scent or taste to perfume. Bacon. AR'03IATIZED, pp. Impregnated with aroma rendered fragraiu.
; ; ;
;

be corrupted from arvipendium, or aripennium, the ineasuring of land with a cord Spelman. Lunier.] portion of land in France, ordinarily containing one hundred square rods or perchBut the arpent is difes, each of IS feet. The ferent in different parts of France. arpent of Paris coutahis 900 square toises. It is less than the English acre, by about one seventh. Encyc. Coicel. Spelman. ,'lrthur Young.
n.

3.

cause the tenant to be called to make the ])laint, and set the cause in order, that the tenant may be brought to answer. Cowel. To accuse to charge with faults. Johnson. More correctly, to call before the bar of reason, or taste to call in questions
; ;

for faults, before

any

tribunal.
for

They
edge.

will not

arraign you

want of knowlDryden.
;

ARRA'IGN,

n. arra'ne.

Arraignment

as,

ARRAIGNED,

ARQUEBUSA'DE,
9.

clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. pp. Called before a tribunal to answer, and elect triers accused ; in question. called
;

distilled

liquor

VRRA'IGNING, ;;;.
or tribunal
;

applied to a bruise. The shot of an arqnebnse.

}

Chesterfield.

Ash.

AR'OMATIZER,

n.

That which commuEvelyn.

rVRQUEBUSE,

nicates an aromatic quality.

H'ARQUEBUSE,
tube, pipe,
;

[Fr. fvom arquer, to iiike crooked, and

;

ARRA'IGNMENT,
The

Calling before a court accusuig. n. [Norm, arresnementy

;

AROMATIZING,

ppr.

Rendering spicy;

the Teutonic bus, a

impregnating with aroma. \RO'MATOUS, a. Containing aroma, or the principle of fragrance. AR'OPH, n. [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.]
1.

non.
gun.]

D. bus, a pijie, a gun gun Sw. bossa, a gmi or canHence the word signifies a hook
2.
;

arraynement.] act of arraigning the act of calling arid setting a prisoner liefore a court to answer to an accusation, and to choose his

triers.

Accusation.

A name by which

saffron is sometimes

called.
1.

A chimical (ireparation of Paracelsus, formed by sublimation from equal quantities of hematite and sal ammoniac. The is also used by the same writer as .synonymous with lilhontriptic, a solvent
word

ounces. A larger kind, used in fortresses, carried a ball of three ounces and a half

hand gun a species of fire arms, anciently used, which was cocked with a wheel. It carried a ball that weighed nearly twc

3.

A calling in question for faults. ARRA'IMENT, n. [Sec Array.]

garments.

We
t.

Clothes;

now

use raiment.

ARRANtiE,
7-ank,
1.

V.

[Fr. arranger,

of ad and

ranger, to set in order;

Arm.

renega, rang,

ARQUEBUSIE'R,
an arquebuse.

?!.

Encyc.
soldier

row or

line.

See Rank.]

armed with

To

put

mr

the sloue.

Encyc.

Coxe.\

AR'RACH, ARRACK',

n. n.

parts of a whole

in ])roper order ; to dispose thein the manner intended,

;

See Orrach. plant. contracted into rack.

or best suited for the purpose

as troops

arranged for

battle.

A R R
2.

A R R
In gelid caves with horrid glooms arrayed.
1.

A R R
Any
seizure, or takint;
;

To

adjust
;

to si!ttlc

Trumbull. pp. Set in order, or in lines for attack or defense ARRaNGLD, pp. Put in order disposed arranged dressed ; adoined by dress ill tlie proper order ini[)anneled adjusted. as a jury (enveloped. n. The act of putting in proper order the state of being jiut in or ARR.A'VKR, 11. One who arrays. In Enan officer who had a coniinisder disposition in suitable form. glish history, sjou of array, to put .s(d(liers of a comity 9. Tliat wliirli is disjiosed in order system in a condition for of parts disposed in due order. military service. sociiil ar- ARRA'YING, ppr. Setting in order; putting The interest of that portion of on splendi<l raiment impanneling. rangement is in the hands of all those who con Burke. ARRE'AR, adv. [F'r. arriere, behind. In pose it. some of its uses it has the sense of lower, 3. Preparatory measure; previous disposiinfenor. [See Arriere-ban.] Sp. and Port we liave made tion for

prepare a popular gencr il application.

to put in oiflor ; to use of the word of very

;
;

or moral,
i.

by power, physical

.ARRA'YED,

in ordi'r

stop, 4. In law,

ARRANGEMENT,
;
;

hindrance or restraint. an arre.it of judgment is the staying or slopping of a judgment after verdict, for causes a.^signed. Courts have to arrest power judgment for intrinsic causes appearing upon the face of the record as when the decluralion varies from the
;
;

as,

arrangements

4.

reeeiving company. Final .settlement; adjustment by agree ment as, the parties have made an ur
; ;

rangement between themselves concerning tlieir disputes a popular use of the word. 3. Classification of facts relating to a sub
ject, in a regular, systematic order
;

lower sail Arm. rear, rem; or the fundament W. rhevyr, id., from Lniiier deduces arrear and Wifi!, thick. arriere fromL. arf and retro. But the deri \ atioii from the Celtic seems most jirobaurrinr, to
;

5.

refr,

purpose ill arn.-il of Blackstone. judgijicnt. A mangy humor between the ham and pastern of the liiad legs of a horse. Johnson.

the verdict difliTS materially pleudiiifTs; or when the case laid in Ihe declaration is not sufficient in point of law, to fdund an action u])on. The motion for iliis is called a

original writ

when

iVmn Ihe

motion

ARRESTA'TION,
an

n. arrest, or seiziu'e.

The

act of arresting ;
;

word contracted Ir. earradh, a ARRI'DE, V. t. [L. arridro.] To laugh at ; to please well. B. Jonson. annor, furniture, accouternients, ARRENTA'TION, n. [Sp. arreyidar, to [.Yot in use.] of ad and reddo, to rent, or take by lease wares It. arredo, litrniture, implements, ARRIE'RE, n. The last body of an army ; return. See Rent.] to prepare or erpiii) Arm. now called rear, w hicli see. ringing arredarc, In the forest laws of England, a licensing the reiza, to ])ut in order or arrange y-p. arreo. or ban and arriere ban. This owner of land in a forest, to inclo.se it witli Jlniere-ban, Port, arreio, arreyo, array, dress Port, ar phrase is defined to be a general proclamaa small ditch and low hedge, in consideraClass Rd., and allied to rear, to dress. tion of the French kings, by which not tion of a yearly rent. Cowel. The primai-y sense is to rod, radius, ray. their innnediate fi-udatories, but their ARREPTI'TIOUS, a. [L. arrepius, of ad only make straight or right. See Dress.] vassals, were summoned to take the field and rapio, to snatch. See Rapacious.' .1. Order disposition in regidar lines as an for war. In this case, arriere is the French 1. Snatched away. army in battle array. Hence a posture of word signifying those who are last or be2. [ad and repo, to creep. See defense. Creep.] Crept hind, and ban is proclamation. [See Ban.] in privily. Johnson. Bailey. 2. Dress garineuts disposed in order ujion A fee or fief dependent .irriere-fee or fief. ARREST', V. t. [Fr. arreter, for arrester the person. on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudaDryden Sp. arrestar; It. arreslare ; L.resto, to stop; 3. In law, the act of impanneling a jury W. araws, arosi, to stay, wait, dweU Eng. tory. or a jury impanneled that is, a set {Arriere vassal. The vassal of a vassal. jury to rest. See in order by the sherifl', or called man by 1. To obstruct Rest.] to stop to check or hinder ARRI'VAL, n. The coming to, or reaching Blnckstone. Cowel. nian_. a place, from a distance, whetlier by water, molion as, to arresMlie current of a river: Commission of array, in English history, was as in its original sense, or by land. to arrest the senses. a counnission given by the prince to otfiTo take, seize or apprehentl by virtue of 2. The attaimnent or gaining of any object, cers in every county, to muster and array by effort, agreement, practice or study. a warrant from authority ; as, to an'est one the iidiabitants, or see them in a condition for debt or for a crime. ARRI'VANCE, n. Company coming. [.Yot for war. Blackstone. Shak. ARRA'Y, I'. /. To place or dispose in order, 3. To seize and fix as, to arrest the eyes or 2. "serf] Arrival a reaching in progress. Ohs. attention. as troops for battle. Brown. 2. To deck or dress The appearance of such a person in the to adorn with dress world, and at such a period, ought to arrest Uie ARRI'VE, V. i. [Fr. arriver Arm. arrivont, it is applied especially to dress of a splenorroi, a suit of
;
; ;

But from this use, we ARRESTER,/ Oik; who arrests. In noun in the phrase, i/i ARREST'OR, Scots laiv, tlic jierson at ARRANGER, 7i. One that puts in order. ^ "io.e suit an arrest is made. ARRANtilNG, ppr. Putting iji due order or arrear, to signity behind in payment. ARRE'AR, n. That which is behind in pay- ARREST'ING, ppr. Seizing; staying hinform adjusting. AR'RANT a. [I know not the origin of this ment, or which remains uiii)aid, thougli dering; restraining. due. It is generally used in the i)lural ARREST word. It coincides in sense with the W. MENT, n. In Scots law, an aras the arrears of rent, wages and taxes cam, notorious.] rest, or detention of a criminal, till he finds and supposes a part of the money already caution or surety, to stand trial. Notorious, in an ill .sense infainou.s; mere; paid. vile as an arrant rogue or coward. Also the order of a judge by wliicli a debtor to the anestor's debtor is prohibited to AR'R.VNTLY, adv. Notoriously, in an ill ARRE'ARAgE, n. [arrc r and the common French termination age.] sense infamously impudently shaniefidly. make payment, till th<: debt due to the arrestor is paid or secured. AR'RAS, n. [Said to be from Arras, the cap- Arrears any sum of money reinaining im])aid, after previous ))ayment of a part. A ARRET', n. [Contracted from ital of Artois, in the French Netherlands, arrests, Fr. person may be in arrear for the whole where tljis article is manufactured.] arrete, fixed.] amount of a debt but arrears and arrear- The decision of a Tapestry hangings wove with figures. court, tribunal or council age imply that a part has been paid. a decree pubUshed the edict of a soveShak. ) raised, erect ARRA' Y, n. [Norm, araie, and arracr, arair, ARREcT', reign prince. "' [L.a/rcc/its, from arrigo. SceReacli.] to array, settle, prepare ray, a robe and ARREeT'ED, ^ ARRET', V. t. To assign to allot. Obs. Erect attentive as a person listening. the array or pannel of the Jury Old Fr. Spenser.

bly correct.] as the Behind ; at the hinder part.

this seiise obsolete.

ARREST'ED,
Spenser.
In

pp.
;

Seized

apinehended

stopped

hindered
^
'

restrained.

Linuean arrangement of plants.

retain the

word

as a

did kind.
.Irray thyself with glory.
Job,
xl.

consideration of every tliinking mind.

arrivein

It.

arrivare

Sp. Port, arribar ;

;

Buckminster.
hinder, or restrain course of justice.

Pharaoh arrayed Joseph witli fine linen. Gen. xll. 3. To set a jury in order for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. Cowcl.
4.

To

as,

to

airest the

of ad and Fr. rive, the shore or sloping bank of a river: Sp. ribera L. ripa ; Sans.
arivi.

In Irish, airbhe
rive like
;

is ribs.

It

ARREST',

n. The taking or apprehending of a person by virtue of a warrant froiii

that rib,

word

in

and ripa arc rathcally one manner, costa, a rib, and

appears

To

authority.

An

arrest

is

made by

envelop.

or touching the body.

coast are radically the same.] seizing 1. Literally, to come to the shore, or bank.

A R R
Hence
water,
y.
3.

A R
We
ARRO'SION,
;

S
its

ART
A
rat/,

to

HiuTC de Grace, July 10, 1824. N. W. To come to or reach by traveling on land

to or reach in jirogiesa by arrived at followed by at.

come

of n Icrritory, in France, for the exercise particular jm'isdiction. n. s as :. [L. arrodo.]

gnawin<;.
[Sax. arewn. Q,u.

the post arrives at 7 o'clock. reach a point by progressive motion gain or compass by effort, practice study, enquiry, reasoning or experiment as, to arrive at an unusual degree of excel lence or wickedness to arrive at a conelusion. 4. To liajjpen or occur. He to whom this glorious death airivefi. Waller. ARRI'VE, V. t To reach. [JVot in use.] Shnk. ARRI'VING, ppr. Coming to, or reacliing, by water or land gaining by research, effort or study.
as,

AR'ROW,)!.
shoot.]
1.

radius, a

To

to

missive

weapon of

slender, pointed and with a bow. In scripture, the arrows of

offense, straight, barbed, to be shot

and the metal with afJ compoimds, is a viruleiu poi,son, vulgarly called rats-bane. It forms alloys with most of the metals. Combined with sulphur it forms orpiment or realgar, which are the yellow and red sulplmrets of arsenic. Orpimein is the true arsenicum of the ancients. Plin. .34, 18. Native orpicolor, quite brittle,

ment appears

in

yellow,

brilliant,

and

God are the ap-

prehensions of his wrath, which pierce and

])ain the conscience. Job vi. Ps. xxxviii. In a like figurative manner, arrows repre-

sent the
xxii.

judgmems of God,
v.

as thunder,

lightning, tempests

and famine.

Ez.

Hab.
evil

iii.

The word

2 Sam. is used

seemingly talcky masses of various sizes: realgar is red, of different shades, and often crystahze<l in needles. Arsenic is also found as a mineralizer in cobalt, antimony, It is brought cop])er, iron and silver ores. chiefly from the cobalt woi-ks in Saxony, fVebstcr's Manual. where zatter is made.

also for slanderous

purposes of

Jer. ix. Ps. Ixiv.

))lants

words and malicious men. Ps. xi. Prov. xxv. Cruden. Brown.
n.

ARSENICAL,
arsenic.

ARRO'BA,
tugal of

ji.

[Arabic]

tliirty

two pounds

twenty

five poiuids.

A weight in Porin Spain, of Also a Spanish meas;

AR'ROW-GRASS,
;

Fourcroy. J\/icholson. Cyc. a. Belonging to arsenic r consisting of or containing arsenic.

v.
t.

plain or genus of

'aRSEN'IATE,
senic.

To combine

with
ar-

the Triglochin.
?;.

Muhlenberg.

ure of thirty two Spanisli pints.

AR' ROW-HEAD,

The head of an arrow. ARSEN'ICATED,

a.

Combined with

AR'ROGANCE,
J'oo'o,

to claim
;

Sp. Dictionary. n. [L. arrog-anlia, from arof nrf and rogo, to beg,
;

Sagittaria ; a genus of aquatic plants, so called from the resemblance of the leaves to the point of an arrow.

ARSENIOUS,

desire

Fi'. arrogance Sp. Von. arrogancia ;

Ann. roguentez
arroganza.

AR' ROW-ROOT,

It.

See

.firrogate.]

The act or quahty of taking much upon one

self; that species of pride which consists in exorljitant claims of rank, dignity, esti-

n. The Maranta a genus The In dians are said to employ the roots of the arandinacea, in extracting the virus of poi;

of plants, natives of the Indies.

soned arrows

mation or power, or which exalts the worth or inqiortaiice of the person to an nndue degree proud contempt of others: conceitedness presumption.
;

2.

There \\ hence the name. are several species. From the root of the arundinacea, or starch-plant, is obtauied the arrow-root of the shops. Encyc. The starch of the maranta, or arrow-root, a mitritive medicinal food.
;

Pertaining to, or con The arsenious acid, or taining arsenic. white oxyd of arsenic, is a combination of with a less proportion of oxygen arsenic than in the ar.?eniac acid. 'ARSENITE, n. A salt formed by the arsenious acid, with a base.
a.

'ARSHINE,
feet,

n.

Russian measure of two

AR'ROWY,
2.

a.

Consisting of arrows.

four inches and 242 decimals. This to be the Chinese arschin, of which four make three yards English. Toolie's Russia. Encyc. ARSON, n. arsn. [Norm. Fr. arsine,arseun;

seems

I will

cause the arrogance of the proiiJ to

Is. xiii.
1

cease.

Sam.

ii,

Pi-ov. viii.

AR'ROGANCY,

n.

Arrogance.

[This or-

Formed Uke an arrow. 'ARSE, 11. ars. [Sax. earse

arsrh.

from L. ardeo, arsum, to burn.} Milton. of a dwelling Cowper. In law, the malicious burning house or outhouse of another man, which D. aars ; G.

ARROGANT,
self
9.

ihograplui

is less ui'ua/.]

a. Assuming; making or having the disposition to make exorbitant claiuis of rank or estimation giving one's
;

; Persic, arsit, or arst.] tocks or hind part of an animal.

The
to

but-

by the

common law

is is

felony.

The

defi-

To hang an

arse, is

to lag

behind

be slug-

nition of this crime different countries

an undue degree of importance haughty conceited applied to persons. Containing arrogance marked with arrogance proceeding from undue claims or self importance applied to things as
:

gish, or tardy.

'ARSE-SMART,
s))ecies

'ARSENAL,

ARROGANTLY,
;

arrogant pretensions or behavior adv. In an arrogant with imdue pride or self ini manner

ti. [Sp. Port. It. Fr. Arm. a magazine or repository of stores; in Ital- 'ART. The second person, indicative mode, ian and Spanish, a dock or duck-yard present tense, of the substantive verb am; L. ar.r navalis, a naval citailel or probably l)ut from were, Sw. vara, Dan. vcerer.
:

n. The vulgar name of a of ]K)lygonum, or knot-grass.

varied by statutes in In Constates. necticut, the burning not only of a dwellhouse or contiguous building, but of a ing to be arship or other vessel, is declared son, if human Ufe is thereby destroyed or put to hazard.

and

repository.]

portance.

AR'ROGANTNESS,
used.]

n.

Arrogance.

repository or magazine of arms and military stores, whether for land or naval service.

ART,

n.

[L. ars, artis

is

from the root of

radical sense
straining,

W.

probably contracted
cerz, Ir. ceard.

The

[Little

strength,

from

stretching,

ACID. Ar or AR'ROGATE, v. t. [L. on-og-o,ofo(/and rogo senic cinnbined with a greater proportion Fr. arroger ; Sp. Port, arrogar; It. arro of oxygen, than in the arsenious acid. It gare. The prunary sense of rog'o, to ask, is called arsenic acid by most authors. is to i-each or stretch.] n. A neiural sak, formed by To assume, demand or challenge more than ARSE'NIATE, condiined with any metalarsenical acid to make undue claims, from is proper lic, earthy or sahne base. vanity or false pretensions to right or Lavoisier. Fourcroy. merit as, the Pope arrogated dominion s-u
; ;

ARSE'NIA

ARSENICAL

the jirimary sense of strength

skill.

and power, and lience of analogy in can.]

].

See an

The dis|)Osition or modification of things by human skill, to answer the purpose intended.
In this sense art stands opposed Bacon. Encyc. system of rules, serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions opposed
to nature.

over kings.

AR'ROGATED,
pretensions.

pp.

Claimed

by

undue

ARSENle,

n.

zu'iiakon [Ar. i_j ^J

;

Syr.

AR'ROGATING,

or Challenging ppr. claiming more power or respect than is

just or reasonable.

J.ii.j;i zarnika

Gr. apKxor; L. arse-

to science, or to speculative principles ; as the 0(7 of building or engraving. Arts are divided into useful or mechanic, and liberal

act of arrogating ARROGA'TION, or making exorbitant claims; the act ol takins; more than one is justly entitled to AR'ROGATIVE, a. Assulifing or making
n.
unc'iip

The

ARROND'ISMENT,

More claims and pretensions. n. [from Fr. arrondir to uiuke round: (if </(/ and rond, round.] circuit a district a division or portion of
; ;

nicum ; Sp. arsenico ; Fr. arsenic] Arsenic, as it is usually seen in the shops, is not a metal, but an oxyd, from which the metal may be easily obtained liy mixing it with half its weight of black flux, and introducing the mixture into a Florence flask, cradually raised to a red heat, in a sand bath. A brilliant metallic sublimate of pure arsenic collects in the upper jiart of the flask. Arsenic is of a steel blue

or polite. The mechanic arts are those in which the hands and body are more conas in making cerned than the mind These arts are clothes, and utensils. Tlie liberal or j)ohte arts called trades. are those in which the mind or imagination is chiefly concerned as poetry, :nusic
; ;

and painting.
In America, literature and the elegant a)(s must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irving-

ART
3.

A R T
of perform
;

A R T
ARTICt
I5(

Skill, dexterity, or tlio ])0\ver

ing certain actions, iic<|iiirc<l \<y expcri ence, stiiily or observation as, a man ha: the art ofinunaging his business to udvan
tape.

com]>lex masses, and forming long single pyramids, with very short and slender columns. Encye.
crj'stals,

found

in

a. [L. articularis.-] lontring to the joints; as, the gout is articular disease.

I.AR,

an

'ARTIC. This word

is

by mistake used

Ijy

ARTICULATE,
distinct.]

a. [L. firliculatus, jointed,

.
^

sonjc authors for arctic.

:

.^

',

ARTEMIS'IA, n. Mug-wort, soutliern ARTICHOKE, n. [Qu. the first syllable of Formed by jointing or artinuliitiori of tho Gr. opriTixa. Fr. aiiichaut Arm. arti An organs of speech wood, and wormwood a iienus of plants applied to sound. articulate sound is. ni.i'Je 'by j'io.sinjt -iiOd of nunicroMS species. Of these, the ab chaudcn; S|). alcnchofa Vorr. alcactwfra It. The The j.iitcsinthium or couunoii wormwood is wel o|)ening the organs ofs|)ee(li. carciofo, carciofano, or cariiifalo.
; ;

known.

first

.syllable
thi.slle,
;

is

ARTE'RIAL,
to
2.

a.

[See

an artery or the
in

.iiienj.] arti;ries

Pertaining as arterial

chard,

jirobably the L. carduus, corru|)ted. D. artichok ; G

arti.'ikok.]

arlischoke

Dan.

action.

A plant

tion or closing of the organs forms a joint or articulation, its in the syllables ab, ad, ap ; in passing from one articulation to an-

Contained
tery,

an artery; a

AKTERlOT'OiMY,
and
ro|i!;,

The opening

of

arterial blood. n. [Gr. apr;pia, an ara cutting.] an artery by the lancet, for

the purpose of letting blood. AliTER V, ?i. [Gr. aprjjpia, from ar;p, air, and so called, tr;fi[io, to preserve or contain fr(jm the opinion of the ancients, that the The arteries contained or circnlatetl air. term was also applied to tlie trachea or wind pipe, arlerin aspera. In Ger. lii/l in ader, air-vein, is the name for artery in Swed. Dutch, slag-ader, stroke-vein
;

.somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, indtricated and prickly calyx. The head is large, rough and scaly, on an upright stalk. It is coinj)osed of numerous, oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is the eatable part of the plant. Encyc. Miller. The Jerusalem artichoke is a species of sunflower or helianthus. 'ARTICLE, n. [L. articulus, a joint, from arlus ; Gr. apSpor.] 1. A single clause in a contract, account system of regulations, treaty, or other wri-

other, the organs are, or may be opened, and a vowel is uttered, as in attune ; and the difliuent articulation.s, with the interurticuluie
rate,

vening vocal sounds, form what is called sounds ; sounds distinct, sepaand modified by arti<ulation or jointThis articulation constitutes the ing.
jnomini 111 diftc'rence between the human voice and tli.it of bnitrs. Ihutis ojicn the

mouth and make

either not at
2.
all,

vocal sounds, but have, or very imperfectly, the

in

power of articulation.
Expressed in articles, or ticulars. [Ao< used.]
Jointed
;

separate par-

Brown.

Dan. jnds-aare, ting ; a particular separate cliarge or item, puls-ader, pldse-^ein ; in an account; a term, condition, or stip pulse vein, that is, the beating vein.] In short, a distinct ulation, in a contract. cylindrical vessel or tube, which conveys the blood from the heart to all parts of the part of a writing, instrunieut or discourse, body. There are two j)riiici])al arteries consisting of two or more particulars ; a: the aorta, which rises from the left ventriarticles of agreement ; an account concle and ramifies through the whole body sisting of many adicles. and the jndmonan/ artery, which conveys 2. a doctrinal point or point of fiiith tlie blood from the right ventricle to the proposition in theology ; as the thirty-iiitie An artery aiiicles. lungs, to undergo respiration. is composed of three coats ; the outer con- 3. distinct part. sists of condensed cellular mend)rane, and Upon each ar(ic/? of human duty. Paley. is supplied with numerous blood vessels 4. particular commodity, or substance as, and nerves ; the middle coat consists of an article of merchandize ; salt is a necescircular fibers, generally supposed to be sary article. In common usage, this word is a|)])lied to almost nui.scular ; the inner coat, thin, smooth, every separate suband dense, confines the blood within it? stance or material.

fiirmed with joints. Botany. r. t. To utter articulate sounds ; to utter distinct syllables or words. 9 To draw up or write in separate particu3.

ARTICULATE,

3.
4.

A A

lars. [JVot used.] To treat, stipulate or used.]

Shak.

make

terms.

[.Vot

Shak.
Smith.

ARTIC ULATED,
2.

To joint.

pp. Uttered distinctly in

joints, as

syllables or words.

Jointed

ARTIC ULATELY,
2.

having

a plant.
distinct ut-

adi:

With

terance of syllables or words.

Article

by

article

in detail.
ii.

ARTIC ULATENESS,
being articulate.

The

Paley. quality of

ARTIC'ULATING, ;>;jr.
syllables or words.

canal,

and

Uttering in distinct

facilitates its

motion. Parr.

The
Ci/c.

articles wliich

compose the blood. Darwin.

[ATot in use.]

ARTFUL,
2. Artificial, 3.

a.

[Sec

.Irl.]

Performed with
Drrjdcn.

5.

A point

ARTICULATION,
:

of time.

art or skill.

Cunning;
crafty
;

as opposed to natural. Johnson. practicing art, or stratagem;

G.

Clarendon. In botany, that part of a stalk or stem,

7.

which is between two joints. JMilne. In grammar, an adjective used before

uouns, to limit or define their application; as hie, ille, ipse, in Latin o, jj, to, in Greek
;

as an artful boy.

[This is
;

the

most

usual sense.]
4.

Proceeding from art or craft

.scheme.
adv.
n.
?

as an artful

the,

this,
;

that,
il,

in

English
in

le,

la,

les,

in

French

la,

to,

Italian.

The

pri-

'ARTFULLY,
skilfully
;

With

art,

or cunning

dextrously.

'ARTFULNESS,
address.

Art; craft; cunning

"

ARTHRIT'I, ARTHRIT'IAL,
;

Pertaining to
joints,

the
tl:

or

to

gout afiecting the joints. )i. [Gr. op9pirtj, from ap9poi, a joint. It seems to be of the same fam ily as artus, a limb.] In a general sense, any ])ainful disea-se of the joints; but more particularly, the gout, an

use of these adjectives was to convert an indeterminate name into a determinate one or to limit the application of a common name, to a specific, known, or certain individual. But article being an improjier term to express the true signification, I make use of definitive,

mary

n. In anatomy, the joining or juncture of the bones. This is of three kinds 1st, diarthrosis, or a movable connection, including cnarthrosis, or the ball and socket joint artlirodia, which is the same, but more superficial ginglymus, or hinge-like joint and trochoid, or the wheel and axle: 2d, synarthrosis, immovable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins harmony, or union by straight margins .ind gompliosis, like a nail driven in a board, as the teeth in their sockets 3d, symphysis, or union by means of another substance ; as synchondrosis, union by a cartilage ;
: ;

ARTIIRIT'IS,

which

see.
V.
t.

ARTICLE,
2.

To draw up

in distinct par2.

syssarcosis, union by muscular fibres synneurosis, union by a tendon syndesmosis, union by bgaments and synostosis, union by a bony substance.
; ;

ticulars; as, to article the eiTOrs or folhes

hereditary, intermitting disease, usually 3. The forming of words ; a distinct utterafiecting the small joints; sometimes the stomach. ance of syllables and words by the human Core, a3. George III. (^uinaj. ARTHRO'DIA, n. [from apSpou, to frame or 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipu- voice, by means of closing and opening the organs. lation ; as, to article an apprentice to a mearticulate.] 1. 4. consonant ; a letter noting a jointing or chanic. species of articulation, in which the head of one bone is receivecl into the shallow .\RTILE, V. i. [supra.] To agree by articlosing of the organs. socket of another; as the humerus and the cles to stipulate. Donne. 'ARTIFICE, Ji. [L. artifcium, from ars, art,

of a man. Taylor.' To accuse or charge by an exhibition ofl " He shall be articled articles. against Stat. in the High Court of admiralty."

Coxe. (^uincy. In botany, the connection of the jiarts of a plant by joints; also the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. Encyc.

scapula.
2. In natural histori/,

Encyc. a genus of imperfect

'ARTICLED,

pp.

Drawn up in
articles.

particulars

accused or bound by

and facio, to make.] Stratagem an arttlil or ingenious device,

;

in

ART
n
; ;

A R U
;

B
A4T

"ood or bad sense. In a bad sense, it xVRTISAN, J!, s as :. [Fr. from L. ars. Sec by consulting the entrails of beasts slaiii id Art.] ronesponds with trick, or fraud. sacrifice. Qu. Teiit. or/; i/r/"; Eth. 2". Art trade skill acquired by science or An artist one skilled in any art, mystciy or arwe, cattle, and L. specio, to view.] trade a handicratls-man ; a mechanic practice. [Rarely used.] A priest, in ancient Rome, whose business a tradesman. \h. <trl!Jc.v, from ars, and ^RTIE'ieE,,.r. was to inspect the entrails of victims, killed 'ARTIST, n. [Fr. artiste ; It. aHisla ; from faciQ.] in sacrifice, and L. ars. See Art.] 1. An artisi; by them to fbretel future a, niechanjo or manufacturer events. piK: wli/jsj! ocGugai.iou requires skill or 1. One skilled in an art or trade ; one who is master or professor of a manual art a ARUS'PICY, n. The act of prognosticating kMovvledge ot' a particidar kind as a silly inspection of the entrails of beasts, slain versmith, or Sadler. good workman in any trade. in sacrifice. Butler. % One wIlo makes or contrives; an inventor 2. A skilfid man not a novice. as an artificer of fraud or lies. Milton. 3. In an academical sense, a proficient in the AS, adv. az. [Pers. |.i asa, like, similar, 3. A cunning, or artful fellow. faculty of arts a philosopher. [Ao< iised.] Encyc. Ben Jonson. 4. One skilled in the fine arts ; as a painter, as; Gr. oj. Qu. Fr. ausai. But more probARTIFI"CIAL, a. Made or contrived by sculptor, architect, &c. ably the English word is contracted fi-om Unskilful It corresponds in sense art, or by human skill and labor, in ojipo- "ARTLESS, a. als, G. and D. wanting art, sition to natural ; as artificial heat or light with the Persian.] knowledge or skill. Dryden 9- Free from guile, art, craft or an artificial magnet. 1. even ; similar. " Ye shaH Literally, like stratagem '2. Feijfued; nat sincere unaft'ectetl be as Gods, knowing good and evil." " ,/2 fictitious; not genuine or sunple undesignural as arlifiaal tears. far as we can see," that is, like far, uig as an artless mind. equally 3. Contrived without skill or art 0. Contrived with skill or art. far. as an artHence it may be explained by in like less tale. 4. Cultivated; not tnanner; as, do as you are conunanded. indigenous; not being of| as artificial grasses. "ARTLESSLY, adv. Without art or skill; 2. It was formerly used where we now use spontaneous growth n an artless manner. Gibbon. that. Obs.
; ; '
'
. ,

AHifidal arguments, in i-hetoiic, are arguments invented by the sijeaker, in distinc

tion

2.

Without guile atfectedly.

naturally
n.
;

sincerely

iin3.

from laws, authorities and the

like,

"ARTLESSNESS,

which are
proofs.

called inartificial argiunents or

Johnson. Artificial lines, on a sector or scale, are lines so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, whicli, by tlie help

void of art or guile unaftectedness.

quality of being simphcity ; sincerity

;

The

Pope.

Tlie relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon.
It

was formerly used for as if. Obs. He lies, as he his bliss did know.
Waller.
; ;

of the

line

of numbers, solve, with tolerable

exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, &c. Artificial numbers, the same with logarithms. Cliambers. Encyc.

n. [ofGr. apro;, bread, and Tupoj, cheese.] One of a sect of heretics, in the primitive church, Avho celebrated the eucharist with bread and cheese, alledging that the first oblations of men were not only the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. They admitted females to the priesthood and epis

AR'TOTYRITE,

4.

" He M''hile diuing at the same time. trembled as he spoke." But in most of itsresolvable into like, equal, even, uses, or equally, in like manner. In some phrait is

ses,

it

nmst be considered a nominative

ARTIFICIAL'ITY,
artificial;

n.

The

quality of being
Slienstone.

copacv.

appearance of art.
adv.
;

'.\RTS-MAN,

?i.

Encyc.
learned man.
Obs.

Shak

By art, or human hence, with gooc contrivance with art or ingenuity. ARTIFI'CIALNESS, n. The quality of being artificial. ARTIL'LERY, n. This word has no plural.
skill

ARTIFI 'CIALLY,
;

/VRUNDE'LIAN,

and contrivance

a. Pertaining to Arundel, as Arundetian marliles. The Arundelian marbles are ancient stones, containins' a chronological detail of the principal events of Greece, from Cecrops, who lived about

ria.

[Fr. artilhrie ; It. artiglieria In Fr. aiiilleur, aiiillier,

ariillar,

Sp.

Sp. arlillea matross to mount cannon. In Arin;

is

oric, artillen/ is arlilhiry,

arlillier.

and an

arlist

is

In

Norm.

F)-.

articlarie.

The Armoric

artillery is written unites this word

1.

with art, artist, indicating that the jirimary sense is, instnnnents, things formed by art or rather prepared by art, pi-ejiarations.] In a general sense, oftenslve weapons of war. Hence it was formerly used for bows and arrows.

1.582 years before Christ, to the archonshij) ofDiognetns, before Christ 2<i4. The ejigraving was done in Paros, and the chronology is called the Parian Chronicle These stones are calleil Arundelian iron the Earl of Arundel, who emplojed William Petty to procure relics of antiquity in the East, in 1624. These, with other curiosities, were pm'chased, and by the Earl's grandson presented to the University of Oxford. Their antiquity and even their authenticity has been questioned. Encyc.

ARUNDINA'CEOUS, a.
;

[L. arundo, a reeil.]

And Jonathan gave his artillery to his lad. Pertaining to a reed or cane. 1 Sani. XX.

resembling the reed

But
'i.

in pi-eseut usage, appropriately,

; ;

ARUNDIN'EOUS, a. Abounding with reeds.

ARU'RA,
[Gr. apspa.] Literally, as authors supi)Ose, a plowed field. According to Herodotus, and Suidas, the arura of Egypt, was a piece of ground fifty feet
n.

3.

Cannon great gims ordnance, including guns, mortars and grenades, with their liu'iiiture of carriages, bails, bombs and shot of all kinds. In a more extended sense, the word includes powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and liorsesthat belong to a train of artillery.

otiier words must be supplied. Ajipoint to oflice such men as deserve public confidence." This phrase may be " such men as tliose who deelliptical for serve public confidence." As seems, in some cases, to imply the sense " In of projjortion. general, men are more happy, as they are less involved in pubhc concerns." As, in a subsequent part of a sentence, answers to such ; give us such things .s you and in a preceding part of a senplease as with the tence, has so to answer to it people, so with the priest. n. [L.] A Roman AS, weight of 12 ouncesj answering to the libra or pound. A Roman coin, orighially of a pound weight but reduced, after the first Punic in the second Punic war, to two ounces and by the Pajjirian war, to one oimce law, to Jialf an ounce. It was originally stam])ed with the figure of a slieep, sow, or ox and afterwards with a Janus, on one side, and on the reverse, a rostrum oj.' l)row of a ship. 3. An integer a whole or single thing. Hence the English ace. Hence the Romans used the word for the whole inheritance hieres ex asse, an heir to the whole

word, or
"

estate.

Encyc.

ASA,

a corrujrtion of lasar, an ancient

name

Others make it a square of 100 square. cubits others of 100 feet. The Grecian aroura was a square measure of half the
;

of a gum.

[See Ooze.]
the .same as benzoin.
n. [Asa,

ASA-liULCIS,

ASA-FET'IDA,

gum, and L.

f(eti-

plethron,

X.

The men who manage cannon and mor-

[See Aroura.] Encyc.

n. [L.]

Herod. Euterpe.

A fetid

dus, fetid.]

and (icrsons who siqiply the implements and materials.

including matrosscs, gunners, bombardiers, cannoniers, or by whatever name they are called, with the officers, engineers
tars,

ARUS'PEX,
ARUS'PICE,

soothsayer.

gum-resin, from tlie East Indies. It is the concrete juice of a large lunbelhferous plant, mucli used in jVIedicine, as au
' '

artillery witli

Encijc.

Dryden. antisiiasmodic. Encyc. also haruspicc. ASBES'TINE, a. [See Asbcslus.] [L. aruspex, or liaruspex, a soothsayer, or Pertaining to asbestos, or partaking of it-? nature and quaUties incombustible. diviner, who attempted to foretell events
!.

A\ritten

A
ASBES'TINITE,
n.
;

A
ASCEND'ENCY,
slantliiig.

C
;

A
goveniing or
4. 'I'o

[See Jlshestus.] Tlic uctinolitc' or stialilsH'in. Kirwan. Calciferous abestinitc u variety of steatite.

Power

Kincan.

controlling i)ifluein Cusioin has an ascendency over the under Watts.

ness of our work.

5.

certain or confident, followed by a pronoim as, to ascertain i;.sof the gooil;

make

To

fix;

to establish

ASBES'TUS, ASBES'TOS,

) I

[Gr. aaSifoi, inextiiiguisii

"iil)le;ofoneg.and(jffEi'>v^i,

to cxtiiifiuisli.]

aiice

niiiieral, wliicli lias frequently the ii|)pnar<if a \ efjetalile siil>staMco. It isalways

lilirmis,

ami

itn iilx rs .soiiiotiiiies a|)|(ear

to

be iirisiiiatic crystals. They are sometimes delicate, flexible, and elastic ; at other times, stiff' and brittle. Its ])owder bit, wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed is soft to the touch; its colors are some northward. It is also c-alled the northern sliad(M)f white, pray or green, passinij into node. brown, red or black. It is incombustible, and has been wrought into a soft, ficxibit Ascending vessels, in anatomy, are those which carry the blood u]iard or toward cloth, which was formerly used as a shroU( the superior parts of the bodv. for dead bo<lies. It has been al.<o niamifactured into incombustible i(U])er, and ASCEN'SION, n. [L. ascensid.] 1. The act of ascending; arising. It is frewicks for lamps. Kirwan. Encyc. Clcaveland. quently applied to the visible elevation of our Savior to Heaven. L/igniform asbeshis is a variety of a brown color, of a splintery fracture, and il'bmken 2. The tiling rising, or ascending. [JVot
across, presents an irregular lilamentuu; Kirwan structure, like wood.
authorized.]
i.

ppr. Rising; moving upproceeding from the less to the greater proceeding frotn modern to anA star cient, from grave to more acute. is said to be ascending, when rising above the horizon, in any parallel of llu! cipiator. Ascending latitude Is the latitude of a planet, when moving towards the North pole. ,1scending node is that point of a planet's or-

ASCE.ND'ING,
wards;
;

render invariable, and not sid)ject to will. The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation.

[Vnusiial.] Dryden. willi certainty; 1o

Gibbon

ASCERTA'INABLE,

a.

ASCERTAINED,
;

certain in fact, or certain to tlic mind that may be certainly known or reduced to a certaintyKerr's Lavoisier. pp. Made certain <lcfined established reduced to a certainty.
;
:

That may be made

:

ASCERTA'INER,
certains or

n.

makes

The person who

Making

as-

certain.
/)/),.
;

ASCERTA'INING,
;

ASCERTA
;

certain fixing; establishing; reducing to a certainty obtaining certain knowledge. INMENT, n. The act of asceitahiing a reducing to certaintv certainty fixed rule. Burke.
;

Swift.

ASCESSANCY, ASCESSANT,
;

) I

[See Acescency, Acescent.]

ASCA'RIS,
ends.
It

n. ]ihi. ascar'ides. [Gr.] In zoologi),a genus of intestinal worm.s. The body is cylindrical, and tapering at the

includes
in th<;

two of the most com-

mon worms
nscarides,

human

intestines,

the

and the
V. i.

lumbricoides.

VSCEND',
moimt
first,

[L. ascendo, from scandn, to or climb ; VV. tsgyn, to rise ; cyn,

It

chief

has the same elements as

;

ASCET'IC, a. [Gr. aoxr^to^, exercised, hardened from aaxtu, to exercise.] In astronomy, ascension is either right or Right ascension of the sun or of a Retired tioni the world rigid; severe austere star, is that degree of the equinoctial emjiloyed in devotions and mortifications. counted from the beginning of Aries which rises with the sun or star, in a right ASCET'IC, n. One who retires from the .sphere. customary business of life, and devotes Ohlique ascension is an arch of himself to the duties of piety and devotion ; the eipiator, intercepted betwec-n the first a Inuniit a recluse. point of Aries, and tliat point of ihc equator w liicli rises together with a star, in an 'i. The title of certain books, on devout exercises as the ascetics of St. Basil. Johnson. oblique sphere.
ohliijue.
; ; ; ;
;

hee;in.\
J.

christian churches, held ten days or on the Thursday but one, before Whitsuntide, material object. which is called Holy Thursdaj', in com2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed memoration of our Savior's ascension into from an inferior to a sujierior degree, from heaven, after his resurrection. mean to noble objects, from particulars to Asctnsiomd difference is the difference between the right and oblique ascension of generals, &c. 3. To jiroceed from modern to ancient times the same point on tlie surface of the sjihere.
u])War(ls
;

To move

to

mount

ASCENSION-DAY,
to

n.

festival

of some AS'CIAN,

n.

[L. ascii,

from Gr. o

go up

to rise,

whether

in air or

water, or upon a

cxia, a shadow.] person, who, at certain times of the year, has no shadow at noon. Such are the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, at times, a vertical siui. Baitet/.

and

priv.

AS'CITANS,

to recur to former ages as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity.
;

Chambers.

4.

In a corresponding sense, to proceed in a line towards ancestors as, to ascend to

;

ASCEN'SIVE,
or causing to

progenitors. as a star to proceed or come above the horizon. C. In music, to rise in vocal utterance; to pass from any note to one more a<-ute. ASCEND', V. t. To go or move upwards upon, as to ascend a hill or ladder; or to climb, as to ascend a tree.
a.

our

ASCENT',
].

tending to rise, Journ. of Science. n. [L. ascensusr

a.

Rising

rise.

first

To

The

act

of

rise

3.

ASCEND'ABLE,
ASf"END'.\NT,
;

a.

That maybe ascended.

connnand4.

n. Superiority or

'J.

ingiuHucnce as, one man has the ascendant over another. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy, or degrees oi" kindred opposed li) desmidant.
;

n. [Gr. ajxo;, a bladder.] dropsy or tense elastic swelUng of the with fluctuation, fi-om a collection of water. Coxe. earth. Quincy. } The way by which one ascends the ASCIT'I, Belonging to an ascites ; dropsical hvdropical. moans of ascending. Bacon. ASCIT'I.'VL, 5 All eminence, hill or high place. ASCITI'TiqUS, a. [L.ascit^; Low L. ascititius ; from ascisco, to take to or assoAddison. ciate.] The degree of elevation of an object, or .Additional added supplemental; not inhethe it makes with a horizontal line

rising

motion

upwards,

n. [Gr. oaxoj, a bag or bottle of skin.] sect or branch of Montanists, who appeared in the second century. They introduced into their assemblies, certain bacchanwho danced around a bag or skin als, distended with air, in allusion to the bottles filled with new wine. Math ix. Encyc.

whether in air, water or other fluid, or on elevated objects ; rise ; a mounting upwards; as the owen< of vapors frotn the
;

AS'CITES,
belly,

.\

angle

as,
5.

Acclivity;
ascent.

Q road has an ascent of fixe degrees. the ri.se of a hill as a steep

;

ASCERTA'IN,
1.

t).<.

3.
4.

Ilighth; elevation.

[froin the

L. ad certum,

ASLE'PIAD,

[Little used.]

to a certainty.]

which rises above the horizon at the time of one's birth. That part of the ecliptic at any particular time above the horizon, supposed to liave intlucnce on a person's lit!- and fortune. Johnson.

Temple. In aslrologij, that degree of the ecliptic

To make
precision, guity.

certain;

to define or reduce to

by removing obscurity or ambiHooker.

be-

Tlie divine law ascerfains the trudi.

2.

To make certain, by exixriment, so as to

;

trial,

examination or

Pope. In ancient poetry, a versa of four feet, the first of which is a .spondee, the second, a choriandi, and the last two, dactyls; or of four ti-et and a cesura, the first, a spondee, the second, a dactyl, then the ccsm-a, followed by two dactyls a.s,
n.
;

rent or original. Homer has been reckoned name.

an ascititious

Maece nas ata

|

vis
a.

edite regdius.
I

know what was

Encyc.

ASRI'BABLE,
may
1.

ASCEND'ANT,

a.

Encyc. Superior predominant

;

surpassing. i. In astrology, above the horizon. ASCEND'Eb, p//. or a. Risen mounted up;
:

3.

fiire unknown as, to asceiiain the weight of a connnodity, or the puritj' of a metal. To make sure by i)revious measures.

[See Ascribe.]

That

be ascribed or attributed.

ASCRIBE,

srone to heaven.

The ministry, in order to ascertai}i a majority in (he house of lords, persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. Smollett.

V. t. [L. ascribo, of ad and .iciibo, to write.] To attribute, impute, orset to, astoacause ; to assign, as effect to a cause ; as, losses

Vol.

are ot\en to be ascribed to imprudence.

1.

14

A
% To
;

H
I

A
Job
xlii.
11.

ASK
usediu chimical
;

attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance to consider or alledf^e to belong ; or imperas, to ascribe perfection to God, Job xxxvi. Ps. Ixviii. fi'Ction to man.
1

abhor myself and repent in dust and ashes.

ASH'-FIRE,
operations.

low

fire

Sam.

xviii.

ASH'-HOLE,
lower
they
])art

n.

ASINE'GO,
repositoi^ for ashes

the

by a subsequent decision of a superior tribunal as. to set aside a verdict or a judgment. )i. a httle ass.] A [Sp. asnico,
feat the eflcct or operation of,
;

foolish fellow.

Mason.

ASCRI'BED,

Attributed or imputed; //). considered or alledged, as belonging. ASCRI'BING,;>;)r. Attributing; imputing; alledging to belong. ASCRIP'TION, n. The act of ascribing, imputing or affirming to belong.

of a furnace.

ASH'LAR,

-VSCRIPTr'TIOUS, o. That is ascribed. This word is applied to villains under the

teudal system, who are annexed to the freehold and transferalile with it. Spdman. Lib. JYiger Scaccnrii. ASH, n. [Sax. wsc ; Dan. ask ; Germ, esche ;

D. essche
1.

well

known

Russ. yassen.] tree, of which there are

no hermaphrodite calyx, or it is quadripartite and no corol, or it is tetrapetalous. There are two stamens one pistil one seed, contained in a membranous, lanceolate capsule, and tlie

many species.

There

is

tion, with a view to an answer. n. A plant, the small wild He is of age, ask him. John ix. angeUca, gout-wort, goats-foot, or herb 4. To require, or make claim. Encyc. gerard. Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. a. Belonging to ashes ash-color ASHY, Dan. il. figure and a tliick shade. ed pale inclinuig to a whitish grav. To claim, require or demand, as the price Encyc. Linne. Miller. 'Shak. or value of a commodity to set a price ; 2. The wood of the ash tree. Shak. ASHY-PALE, a. Pale as ashes. as, what price do you ask ? ASH, a. Pertaining to or hke tlie ash made a. [from ^^sia, a name originally 6. To ASIAN, require, as physically necessarj'. of ash. given to Asia Minor or some part of it The exigence of a state asks a mucli longer ASHA'ME, V. t. To shame. [JVot tised.] time to conduct the design to maturity. ))erhaps from the Asses, Ases or Osse: ASHA'JMED, n. [from Sax. gescamian or asabout IMouut Taurus. Mallet, JVbrth. Ant. Addison camian, to be ashamed, to blush, from i. 60. Plin. I). 17.] This sense is nearly or entirely obsolete : scama, shame originally a participle. See Pertaining to Asia. Dryden. Mitford. ask being superseded by require and deShame.] A'SIARH, )!. [Asia and apxoi, chief] mand. 1. Affected by shame; abashed or confused A chief or pontiff of Asia one who had K To invite as, to ask guests to a wedding by guilt or a conviction of some crimina tlie superintendence of the public games. or entertainment a^k my friend to step action or indecorous conduct, or by the Acts xix. Milner. into the house. exposure of some gross errors or miscon- ASIAT'I, a. Belonging to Asia, a quarter ASK, V. i. To request or petition, followed duct, which tlie person is conscious must of the globe which extends from the strait by for ; as, ask for bread ; or without for. be wrong, and which tends to impair lii,of Constantinople and the Arabian gulf, to Ask and it shall be given you. Mat. vii. honor or reputation. It is followed by of. It is jirobatlie Pacific ocean on the east. 2. To inquire, or seek by request ; someand be ashaThou shalt remember thy ways, ble, tlie name was originally a])jMoi)riated times followed by after. med. Ex. xvi. to what is now Asia IMinor or rather a Israel shall be ashamed of his own counsel Wherefore dost tliou ask after my name ]iart of it. Hosea x. Gen. xxxii. ASIATIC, ?i. A native of Asia. Q. Confused by a consciousness of guilt or of This verb can hardly be considered as ASIAT'ICISM, (!. Imitation of the Asiatic by the mortification of pride inieriority some person or obM'arton. manner. strictly intransitive, for by failure or tlisajipointraent. ASI'DE, adv. [a and side. See Side.] ject is always understood. ' They shall be greatly ashamed, that trust in \ On or to one side out of a perpendicular Ask is not equivalent to demand, claim, and Isa. xUi. images. or straight direction. require, at least, in modern usage much At a little distance from the main part or less, is it equivalent to beg and beseech. [This ndjeetive always follows its noun.} The first three words, demand, claim, reASHA'MEDLY, adv. B'ashfullv. [Mt used.] body. a. Of a color between ASH-OLORED, Thou shalt set asule that which is full. 2 quire, im|)ly a right or supposed right in Woodward. brown and gray. the person asking, to the thuig requested ; Kings iv. ASHEN, a. [See^sh.] Pertaining to ash 3. From the body as, to jiiit or lay aside a and beseech iniphes more urgency, than ask. Ask and request imply no right, but supmade of ash. ganiient. John xiii. The n. plu. without the singular num- 4. From the ASH'ES, |)OSt> the thing desired to be a favor. company at a small distance 1). asch ; G French demander is correctly rendered by ber. [Sax. asca ; Goth, azga or in private as when speakers utter asche ; Sw. aska ; Dan. aske Basque, ausask, rather than by demand. something by themselves, upon the stage. schxtins, sloping.] cua.] 5. Separate from the person, mind or atten- ASK'ANCE, I "''" [D. / ASK' ANT, 1. The obhquely ; Sideways earthy particles of combustible subtion in a state of abandonment. towards one corner of the eye. stances remaining after combustion as of Dryden. Let us lay aside every weight. Heb. xii. wood or coal. ques6. Out of the line of rectitude or propriety, 'ASKED, pp. Requested petitioned 2. The remains of the human body when in a moral view. tioned; interrogated. burnt. Hence figuratively, a dead body Ps. xiv. are all gone aside. ASKER, n. One who asks a petitioner; They or corpse. an inquirer. 7. In a state of separation to a particular Johnson. 3. In scrijdure, ashes is used to denote vilcuse as, to set aside a thing for a future 3. A water newt. adv. [G.schiif; Dan. skiav ; D. ness, meanness, frailty, or hiuniliation. day. I who am but dust and ashes. To set aside, in judicial proceedings, is to dc Gen. xviii. scheef awry, crooked, oblique.]
;

lanceolate The leaves are pinnate, and the capsules grow in clusters. This wood is valuable, and the for fuel, as well as for timber tree, when it grows in an open field, often form?, with its branches, a beaiuiful oval
pistil

of

tlie

female flower

is

or free stones, as nus ; W. asyn, the ass ; which see.] the quarry, of different Belonging to tlie ass having the qualities of the ass. lengths, breadths and thicknesses. Johnson. 'ASK, V. t. [Sax. ascian, acsian, or axian : ASH'LERING, n. Quartering for lathing D. eischen ; G. heischen ; Ir. ascaim ; Gr; to, in garrets, two or three feet high, |)er o|iou. Qu. Eth. ^("ift- to pray orbeseecli pendicidar to the floor, and reacliing to In former times, the Enghsh word was the under side of the rafters. Enajc of asas in the royal ASHO'RE, adv. [a, at or on, and shore. See jirononnced .r, in Parliament. style it as " Be senting to bills Shore.' it is axed." In Calmuc, asoc signifies to in1. On shore on the land adjacent to water The sense is to urge or press.] quire. to the shore as, bring the goods ashore. to seek to obtain by words 1. To request 2. On land, opposed to abojrd ; as, the cap to petition with of before the person to tain of the ship. remained os/iore. whom the request is made. 3. On the ground as, the shij) was driven Ask counsel of God. Judges xviii. n. The first day of 2. To require, expect or claim. Lent supposed to be so called from a cusTo whom men Jjave committed much, o/him tom in the Romish Chiu-ch of sprinkhng they will ask the more. Luke xii. ashes, that day, on the heads of penitents, 3. To uiterrogate, or inquire to put a quesn.

Common

AS'ININE,

rarely

AS'INARY,
;

a. [L. asi-

come from

ASHWEDNESDAY.
;

then admitted to penance.

ASH'-WEED,

.'

<,

ASKEW

ASP
With a wry look
;

ASP
;

ASP
seeds.

aside

askant

sometimes

stalk,

indicating scorn, or contempt, or envy. Spenser. ppr. Requesting; petitioning; interrogating inquiring. 2. Silently expressing request or desire. Kxplain the asking eye. Pope. ASLA'KE, V. t. [Sax. tmlacian. See Slack.] To remit to slacken. [.Not in use.} Spenstr. silver coin worth from 11.5 ASLA'NI, n.

The

bristly leaves, and equal stipulas. roots have a bitterish mucilaginous

;

ASKING,

taste and the stalk is, in some degree, aperient and deobstruent, but not verj' efficacious. Encyc

Their leaves stand alternately on the stalks, and the flower is monopetalous
Encyc.
Milne.

in five di\ isions. to the touch.

ASPERIFO LIOUS, a. Having leaves rough

'ASPECT,
1.

n. [L. aspectus,
;

from
.see

aspicio, to

ASPER
1.

ITV,

look on, of orf and specie, to

[See the preceding word.] n. [L. asperitas, from asper,

;

to 120 asj)ers.

Enn/c.
or adv. [a and slant.
;

appearance to the eye or to present an object or a subject in its true aspect, or under a double So we say, public affairs have a aspect.
;

Look

or look.]

rough.]

view
;

the mind

Roughness of surface
posed
to smoothness.
;

unevenness

op-

as,

Boyle.
that quality

2.

Roughness of sound

which

ASL'ANT,

a.

Sec
.2.
I

favorable aspect.

grates the ear; harshness ofpronimciation.

}i'arton.
i.3.

On one side
Tile

Slant.]

obliquely
drove

not perpendicularly

Countenance look, or particular appearance of the face as a mild or severe as; ;

4.

Rouglmess to the taste sourness. Rouglmess or ruggedness of temper

:

mo-

or with a right
sliaft

aiiglo.

pect.
,3.

roseness
seeing.

through his neck aslant

Dryden
a. or adv. [a and sleep, or Sax ge^lapan, to sleep.] Sleeping in a state of sleep at rest. Sisera was fast asleep. Judges iv. 2. To a slate of sleep as to fall asleep. 3. Dead in a state of death.

is
I

View; sight; act of now unusual.']

[This sense

5.

sourness Sharpness.
;

crabbedness. Rogers.
Berkeley.

AS'PEROUS,o.
uneven.

ASLEE'P,
1.

4.

Position or situation with regard to seeing, or that position which enables one to look in a particular direction as, a hou.-e'
;

[L. asper, rough.]

Rough:
Boyle.

ASPERSE,
stis,

i'.

t.

aspers'. [L. aspergo, asper-

o.

Concerning them who arc asleep, sorrow not.

1

Thess.

iv.

4.

To

death. For since the

a.

fathers
iii.

fell

asleep,

all

things

continue.

2 Pet.

.ASLO'PE,
Slope.]

or adv.

[
;

and

slope.

See
;

aspect, that is, a position which faces or looks to the south. In astronomy, the situation of one planet with respect to another. The a.spects are 1. five ; sextilc, when the planets are 60 distant ; quartile, or quadrate, when their distance is 90, or the quarter of a circle trine, when the distance is 120: opposition, when the distance is 180, or half a 2.
;

has a southern

of ad and spargo, to scatter

Ar.

..

to spht, divide, .scatter. See Class Brg.] To bespatter with foul reports or false

and injurious charges to taniish in point of reputation, or good name to slander or calumniate as, to asperse a poet or his writings to asperse a character.
; ; ;
;

To

<-ast

upon.
ji.

circle

With leaning or inclination

obliquely

witl

the

same degree.
V.
t.

and conjunction, when they are

in

ASPERSER,
fies

One
.4

Heywood.
that asperses, or
vili-

another.
JI.

declivity or descent, as a hill ; decUning from an upright direction. Set them not upright, but aslope. Bacon. ASLUG', adv. In a sluggish manner. [JVot
tised.]

ASPECT',

To

behold.
a.

ASPECT' ABLE,
[.Yot used.]

[Xot used.] Temple That may be seen

Raleigh. an aspect. [.Vol B. Jonson. act of viewin

ASPERSION,
or dust, in a
2.

sprinkhng,

asofwater

Fotherby.

a. Pertaining to Asmoneus, the father of Simon, and chief of the Asnioneans, a family that reigned over the Jews 126 years. ASMONE'AN, n. One of the family of As-

ASMONE'AN,

ASPECT'ED,
used.]

a.

Ha^dng
n.
n.

literal sense. Shak. The spreading of calumnious reports or charges, which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body W'ith foul water.

Bp. Hall.

ASPECTION,
ASP'EN
[J\ot used.]

The

ASPH.\LT',

Brown.
[D. esp; G. aspe, aspe
;
;

ASPHALT

moneus.

ASP, Sax. cespe; 3w.

or

asp

Dan. asp

Qu. from

ASO'MATOUS,
body.]
xised.]

a.

[Gr. o priv.
;

and au^,
[JVot
'\

gashafa, to be agitated.]

Without a material body incorporeal.

_

Todd.
;

species of the poplar, so called from the trembling of its leaves, w hich move with

the sliglitest impulse of the air. Its leaves } 'ASP, [L. aspis; Gr. amxts, a round are roundish, smooth, and stand on shield and an asp supposed ASP'lC, ^ long slender foot-stalks. to be from Ileb. and Cli. SOX, to gather in, or collect from the coil of this serpent, ASP'EN, a. Pertaining to the aspen, or rewith his head elevated in the center, like sembling it made of aspen wood. the boss of a buckler.] Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. A small poisonous scri)eut of Egypt and Gay. Libya, whose bite occasions inevitable AS'PER, a. [L. See Asperate.] Rough
;

I'M, S Judaicum, Jew's pitch; a smooth, hard, brittle, black or brown substance, which breaks with a polish, melts easily when heated, and when |)ure, burns without leaving any ashes. It has little taste, and scarcely any smell, unless heated, when it emits a strong smell of It is found in a soft or liquid state pitch. on the siu'face of the Dead Sea, which,

" [Gr.a5ta7.ro;.]

Bitumen

from

this substance, is called .Isphaltite, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in the earth, in many parts of Asia, Europe

Bacon. rugged. [Lttlle used.] death, hut without pain. It is said that the celebrated Cleojiatra, rather than be AS'PER, n. [L. aspiro, to breathe.] carried a captive to Rome by Augustus, In grammar, the Greek accent , importing that the letter over which it is placed suffered death by the bite of the asp but the fact has been questioned. Authors ought to be aspirated, or pronomiced as if the letter h ])receded it. are not agreed, as to what species the asp Encyc. of the ancients sliould be referred. Bruce AS'PER, n. Turkish coin, of which three make a niedine. Its value is about a cent thinks it the coluber cerastes, Linne. and 12 decimals. ASPAL'ATHUS, n. plant.
" ;

burning in lamps. A species found in Neufchatel is found excellent as a cement for walls and pavements very durable in .\ coman', and not penetrable by w ater. position of asphalt, lamp black and oil is used for drawing black figures on dialplates. Encyc. JVicholson. ASPHALTIC, n. Pertaining to asphalt, or
for
; ;

and America. Formerly, it was used tor embalming dead bodies the solid asjihalt is still employed in Arabia, Egypt, and Persia, instead of pitch for ships and the fluid asphalt is used for varnishing, and
; :

t. .Milton. containing it l)ituminous. [L. aspero, from asper, crys- AS'PERATE, V. ASPHALT' ITE, a. Pertaining to or conrough.] To make rough or uneven. Boyle. tainiug asphalt. Bryant, ff'ilford. asparagu juice evaporated to the consistence of ASPERA'TION, n. A making rough. ASPHODEL, !. [L. and Gr. See Theoph. Lib. 7. Phn. Lib. 21. 17. sirup. They are hi the form of rhoni- ASPERIFO'LIATE, a. [L. \sper, rough, Perhaps it is boidal prisms. Ure and folium, a leaf.] from the root of spud ; Sw. spyd ; Ice. ASPAR'AGUS, n. [L. and Gr. probably Having rough leaves. Plants of this kind spioot, a spear, from the shape of its from ortapoasu, to tear, from its lacerated are, by some authors, classified according leaves.] to this character. appearance, or from the root of aittipa, a They constitute the King's-spear ; a genus of lihaceous plants, spire, from its stem.] cultivated for the beauty of their flowforty-first order of Linne's fragments of a natural method. In the methods of HerSparagus sperage vulgarly, sparrow-grass ers. The ancients planted asphodels near a genus of plants. Thatwhich is cultiva man, Boerhave, and Ray, tliis class congraves, to supply the manes of the dead ted in gardens, has an upright herbaceous sists of plants which have four naked with nourishment. Encyc. Joh7ison.

ASPAR'AgIN,
tals

n.

of a

White transparent
in

peculiar

which spontaneously form

vegetable principle,

ASP
;

ASS
;

ASS
:

an ardent desire of power, unportance, or in their jim-est state not malleaerts of a forest. Spelman. Cowel. excellence. In their native state, they are mixed 2. tree plucked up by the roots also a with siili)hiir and other adventitious mat ASPI'RIiNG, n. Ambition; eager desire of piece of land r-leared. Ash. Under this denomHammond. ASSART', V. t. To grub up trees to comler, in the form of ore. something great. ination are classed bismuth, antimony, co- 2. Points stops. Herbert. mit an assart. [N'ot used.'] Ashmole. Core. balt, zink an<l quicksilver. Enryc. ASPORTA'TION, n. [L asportatio, of abs \SPHYX'Y, n. [Gr. cKj^iiia, of a priv. and ami porta, to carry ; VV. porthi, to carry. ASSAS'SIN, n. [Ar. ^^.s. hassa, to kill.] Sec Bear.] (jij>i|i;, |iulse.] A temporary suspension of the motion of A carrying away. In law, the felonious re- One who kills or attempts to kill, by surThe circumstance moval of goods from the ])lace where they the heart and arteries swooning; faintprise or secret assault. of surprise or secresy seems essential to the were deposited, is an asportation, and ad injf. Quincy. Core. ASl* l, n. The asj), which see. signification of this word though it is Judged to be theft, though the goods are sometimes used to denote one who takes 2. not carried from the house or aiiartnient. piece of ordnance carrying a twelve Blackslone. any advantage, in kiUing or attempting to pound shot. murder as by attacking one when una slope n. A plant growing in France, a ASQUINT', adv. ASPIC, [D. schuinte, armed. schuins, slopingly Sp. esqvina; D. kant, species of lavender, which it resembles in the blue color of its flowers, and in the a corner. See Askance, and Squint.] ASSAS'SINATE, v. t. To kill or attempt to to murIt is To the corner or angle of the kill, by surprise or secret assault figure and green color of its leaves. eye obliquely der Ijy sudden violence. Assassin as a verb called nialc-lavcnder, tu arfls one side not in the straight line of spica nardi, and is not now used. Pseudo-nardus. The oil of this plant is vision; as, to look asquint. Fox. 2. To way lay to take by treachery. used by painters, farriers and other artili- 2. Not with regard or due notice. MUton It is very inflammable, of a white *ASS, n. [W. asyn ; Ir. asan ; L. asinus ; Fr. cers. murder ormurderer. color and aromatic and it is almost the ane, for asne ; Ann. asen : Sp. Port, asno ; ASSAS'SINATE, n. B. Jonson. Gr. ov{, an It. asino. [N'ot used.] Qu. from Goth, aiiso, only dissolvent of sandarac. JVicItolson. ASSAS'SINATED, pp. Murdered by surFourcroy. ear.] ASPI'RANT, n. [See .isjnre.] One who 1. A quadruped of the equine genus. This prise or secret assault. animal has long slouching ears, a short ASSAS'SINATING, ppr. Miu'dering by aspires, breathes after, or seeks with eager Faber. a tail covered with long hairs ness. siu-i)rise or secret assault. Inane, and He is usually of an ash color, ASSASSINA'TION, n. The act of kiUing al the end. VS'PIRATE, r. t. ]L. aspiro, to breathe or or murdering, by surprise or secret asblow Gr. a5rtat()io, to pal])itate i'romspiro, with a black bar across the shoulders. sault murder by violence. The tame or domestic ass is patient to n. An assassin, which and orfatpu Ar. stujudity, and carries a heavy burden. He ASSAS'SINATOil, safara, to hiss, or is slow, Init very sure footed, and for this a hissing by blowing on a wind inmake reason verj useful on rough steep hills. ASS.\S'SINOUS, a. Murderous. [M)t used.] strument. See Spire, Spirit.^ a dolt. 2. ASSAS'SINS, n. In Syiia, a tribe or clan dull, heavy, stupid fellow To pronoimce with a breathing or full emiscalled Isinaelians, Batanists or Batenians. ASS*AI, [Ital.] A term in music ; added to a sion of breath. aspinile the words word signifying slow, it denotes a little They originated in Persia about the year Jiorse and house. 1090 whence a colony migrated and setDryden. quicker and to a word signifying quick, tled on the mountains of Lebanon, and AS'PIRATE, V. i. To be uttered with a it denotes a little slower. Bailey. were remarkable for their assassinations. as, the letter h aspirntes. ASSA'IL, r. t. [I^r. assaittir, from L. assilio, strong breathing Their religion was a compound of magiato leap or rush upon, of ad and salio, to One arAS'PIRATE, II. A letter marked wiili aii leap, to rise.] nisin, Judaism, and Christianity. ticle of their creed was, that the asper, or note of breathing a mark of as- To leap or fall upon by violence to assault Holy to attack suddenly, as when one person piration, as the Greek accent Spirit resided in their Chief, and that his orders proceeded liom God himself. He falls upon another to beat him. Bentley. AS'PIRATE, a. Pronounced with a fidl 2. To invade or attack, in a hostile manner, was called Scheik, and is better known by breath. the denomination of Old man of the niounHolder. as an army, or nation. Spenser. AS'PIRATED, pp. Uttered with a strong 3. To attack with arguments, censure, abuse,; tain. This barbarous chieftain and his followers spread terror among nations far or criticism, with a view to injiu'e, bring emission of breath. and near, for almost two centuries, when AS'PIRATING, j,pr. Pronouncing with a into disrejiute. ur overthrow. the tribe was subdued by Sultan Bibaris. 4. To attack, with a view to overcome, by full breath. Encyc. ASPIRA'TION, n. The pronunciation of a motives ajiplied to the passions. Nor hide the encounter of assailing eyes. ASSA'TION, n. [Fr. from L. assatus.] letter with a fidl emission of breath. Skak. roasting. [jVb< used.] Holder.
fire,

ASPIIU'RELATES, n. [Gr. a piiv. and ASPi'RING ppr. Desiring eagerly aiming ASSART', n. [Old Fr. assarfer, to grub up.: at something noble, great, or spiritual. not lualleable.J In ancient laws, the offense of a<j)V()a, a hammer grubbing up A series of seiiiimctallic fossils, tusible by ASPI'RING, a. Ambitious animated with trees, and thus destroying thickets or covami
ble.

We

'

2.
3.

breathing after an ardent wish or deWatts. sire, chiefly of spiritual blessings. The act of aspiring or of ardently desiring what is noble or spiritual.
;

ASSA'ILABLE,
ASSA'ILANT,

a.

That may be

assailed,
assails,

ASSAULT',
of ad and
its root.

attacked or invaded.
n.

ASPI'RE,

V.

i.

[L. aspiro, to breathe.

See

Aspirate.] 1. To desire with eagerness ; to pant after an object, great, noble or spiritual ; followed l)y to or after: as to aspire to a crown, or after innnortality. 2. To aim at something elevated ; to rise or tower with desire.

Aspiring to be Gods, if angels fell Aspiring to be angels, men rebel.

Pope.
;

ASPI'RER,
aims

n. One to rise in power

who

aspires

one who

to accomplish

some

or consequence, or important object. Milton

sallo, to leap, fonned on salio, or See Assail. have the same root in insult and result.] 1. An attack or violent onset, whether invading with violence. by an a company, or an army. An ASSA'ILEI), pp. Assaulted invaded at individual, tacked with violence. assault by private persons may be made with or without weapons. An assault by ASSA'JLER, n. One who assails. ASSA'ILING, ppr. Assaulting invading an army is a violent hostile attack and when made upon a fort or tbrtified place is bv force attacking with violence. >i. Attack. used. called a storm, as opposed to sap or siege. ASSA'ILMENT, [Little Johnson. 2. All attack by hostile words or measures; ASSAPAN'I, n. The flying squirrel an as, an assault upon the jirerogatives of a animal which flies a little distance by exprince, or upon a constitution of government. tending tlieskin between the fore and him Trevoux 3. In Late, an unlawful setting upon one's legs. [See S(/uirret.] an atteiu|>t or ofl'er to beat anAS'SARON, 11. The omer or homer, a He)ierson brew measure of five pints. Encyc other, without touching his person ; as by

[Fr.]

One who

n. [Fr. assnult,T,wiv assaut; It. Port, assalto; Sp. asalto; from L. assulto,

attacks or assaults.
a.

We

ASSA'ILANT,

Assaulting;
;

attacking;
;

ASS
tlie fist

ASS

ASS
We

seems to be this: assent is the agreement or a cane, in a flireateniug ASSECURA'TION, n. As.surance; a maklifting to an abstract If the blow aimed takes effect, inaaner. Bp. Hall. assr'tt to ing secm-e. [JVot used.] proposition. a statement, but we do not consent to it. Blacksione. Finch. ASSEU'RE, V. t. To secure. it is a hritlery. [.Vol used.] BuUokar. Consent is an agreement to some ASSAULT', i;. /. To attack or fall upon hy proposal An ob- or measure which affects the rights or inas, ASSECU'TION, n. [L. assequor.] violence, or with a hostile intention terest of the conseiner. to assault a man, a house or town. taining or acquiring. Ayliffe. consent to a. See AssemUc] 8. To invade or fall on with force as, the ASSE.M'ULAt;!:, n. [Fr. This distinction proposal of marriage. \ collection of individuals, or of particular howe\er is not always observed. [See cry of war assnults our ears. 3. To attack by words, arguments or un things the state of being assembli^d. Consent.] Locke. Thomson. 3. Accord agreement. 2 Chron. xviii. friendly measures, with a view to shake, ASSENT', !'. i. To admit as true ; to agree, impair or overthrow ; as, to assault a char- 2. Rarely, the act of assembling. ASSEiNrBLANCE, n. Representation an yield or concede, or rather to e\i)ress an acter, the laws or the administration. ASSaULTABLE, a. That may be assault- assembling. [A'ot in use.] Sliuk. Spenser. agreement of the mind to what is alledged, fVitiiams. ASSEM'BLE, v. t. or proposed. ed. assembler; Sw [Fr. The .Jews also assented, saying these ASSAULT'ED, pp. Attacked with force, samla ; Dan. samter D. zamelen ; Ger things are so. Acts xxiv. sammetn, to assemble. L. simul ; Dan. arms, violence, or hostile views. It is sometiiucs used for sammen ; D. zamen, together.] consent, or an agreeASSaULT'ER, 71. One who assaults, or vio To collect a number of individuals or par- ment to something atTecting the rigirts or attacks. l(!nlly ASSaULT'ING, ppr. Attacking >vith force, ticulars into one place, or body to bring interest of ilie per.son assenting. But to assent to the marriage of a or call together to convene ; to congre or with hostile measures. daughter is less correct than to coiisent. Port, enfssai; ASSA'Y, n.
;

We

[Fr.

saio
try
;

It. sagg-io,

Sp.eiuayo; an assay ; Fr. essayer,

;

gate.

to

ASSEM'BLE,
gether
;

v.

i.

To meet

or

come

to

ASSENTATION,
Compliance with

n.

[L. assenfatio,

from

old Fr. essoycr, to endeavor. Kelham's It. assaggiare, to try saggiarc. to try, essay Sp. eiisayar, to try Sw.fbrsbto try kia, Dim.forsiiger, to try, examine, endeavor. These words are all from the same root as st(k, the radical sense of

to

convene, as a number of indi

pp. Collected into a body;
n.

nssentor, to comi)ly.]
llic

^urm. Did.
;

viduals.

opinion of another, from

ASSEM'BLED,
congregated.

ASSENTA'TOR,

(lattery or dissinadation. Chesterfield. n. flatterer.

which
Sax.

is,

secaii, to

to follow, to urge, press or strain seek ; L. sequor ; asseijuor, to

One who assembles. ASSENTATO'RILY, adr. With adulation. Bacon. ASSEMBLING, ppr. Coming together; [J'l/'of in rise.] ASSENT'ER, H. One who as.sents, agrees collecting into one place.

ASSEiM'BLER,

ASSEM'BLING,
together.

n. x.

collection or

meeting

to,

or admits.
;

follow, to

examine; D. zoeken
Ir.

(i.

surhcii;

Heb.
n.

!\SSENT'1NG,
ting as true
])ress assent

Dan.

.liiger ;

one word but modern usage has appropriated assay to cx))eriments in met;

seguir, radically

seichim ; It. seguirt ; Sp. to follow, .issay and essay are

-ASSEM'BLY,
1.

[Sp. asamblea ; It. assem blea ; l''r. assembles.] comi)any or collection of individuals, in the same place ; usually for the same pin-

ASSENT'INGLY,
;

ppr. Agreeing to, or admityielding to. adv. In a manner to ex-

ASSENT'MENT,
[Rarely used.]

allurgy,
efforts.
1.

and essay

to intellectual

and bodily
2.

I)ose.

by agreement. a. Assent ; Brown.

agreement.

Class Sg. See Essay.] of the goodness, purity, weight, value, &c. of metals or metallic substan ces. Any operation or experiment for as certaining the quantity of a precious metal in an ore or mineral. Analysis is a term

The

trial

."?.

to

of more comi>rehensive import, extendiii; an examination of the nature and t(uan tities of all parts of the compound.
In

4.

2.
3.

Assaying is called the docimnstic art. laiv, an examination of weights and measures by the standard. Cowel. Examination trial effort first entrance In these upon any business attempt. which are found in old authors, senses,
;

0.

G. rarely used. [See Essay.] Obs. 4. Value great purity. Spenser. their tents. ASSA'Y, IK t. To try or prove, by examina Encyc tion or experiment, the quantity and pu- 7. An assemblage. [.Vo< in use.] rity of metallic substances. ASSEM'BLY-ROOM, ji. room in whicl 2. To apply to the touchstone. Milton persons assemble. ASSA'Y, r. i. To attempt, try or endeavor. ASSENT', ?i. [L. assensus, from assentior, He assayed to go. 1 Sam. "xvii. to assent, of n<i and scji^to, to think; Eth. [In this sense essav is now used.] ASSAY-BALANCE, 'n. A balance for the flin sena or sana, concord, audits detrial of the weight and purity of metals. rivative, to agree, to harmonize Sw. sinne. ASSA'Y ED, ;>^. Examined; tested; prov- mind, sense; D. zin, mind zinnen, to feel or mind G. sinn, sense sinyien, to thmk ed by experiment. ASSA'YER, n. One who examines metals or consider. The Danes preserve the
;

now

congregation or religious society conve .4.SSERT', v.t. \h.asstro,assertum, to claim or challenge, to maintain or assert ol' ad ned. and sero. The sense of sero is to sow, In some of the United States, the Icghlatiirc, properly to throw or set. To assert is to consisting of difterent houses or branches, throw or set firmly.] whether in session or not. In some states. the popular branch or House of Represent- 1. To affirm positively to declare witli assurance to a\ er. atives is denominated an asseynbly. Milton. [See 2. To maintain or defend by words or measthe constitutions of the several states.] A collection ofjiersons for amusement; ures to vindicate a claim or title to a.s, to assert our rights and liberties. as a dancing assembly. Dryden. A convocation, convention or council of ASSERT'ED, pp. Afiirmed positively; maintained vindicated. ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery as the General Assembly ASSERTING, ppr. Declaring with confidence maintaining defending. of Scotland or of the United States. Encyc. ASSER'TION, n. The act of asserting the In armies, the second beating of the drum maintaining of a claim. before a march, wlien the soldiers strike 2. Positive declaration or averment affirm; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; ; ;

Brown. position advanced. ASSERT'IVE, a. Positive ; affirming confideatlv GlanviiU. peremptory. ASSERT' I VELY, adv. Affirmativelv.
ation
; ;

BedeU.

ASSERT
ly
;

OR,

71.

One who

affirms positive-

one
;

who

maintains or vindicates a

claim
tor.

an affirmer, supporter, or vindicaDryden.

o.

.ASSERTORY,
ASSESS',
V.
t.

Affirming

maintaining.

Bp. Hall.
asseoir ; Norm, asser, asseoir, to settle, fix, ascertain, assess ; It. assestare, assettare ; L. assideo, ad and sedeo ; Eng. to sit, or set. See Set and Sit.]
[Fr.
;

to find their quantity

and

purity.

An offiis to try
1.

cer of the mint, whose business the weight and purity of metals.

To set, fix or charge a certain sum upon one, as a tax as, to assess each citizen in due proportion. agreement proposal, res- 2. To value to fix the value of property, for the purpose of being taxed as by the pecting some right or interest as, the bill ness of the precious metals. before the house has the assent of a great law of the United States. Also, to value or fix the profits of business, for the purASSEU'RANCE, n. Assurance. [M>t majority of the members. Sheldon The oistinctioD between assent and consent used.] pose of taxation. ASSA'YING,
ard
;

ppr. Trying by some standexamining by experiment, as metals proving attempting. ASSAY-MASTER, n. Anassayer; an officer appointed to try the weight and fine
:

consonant, sind, mind, sense, inclination W. syn, sense syniau; to perceive.] The act of the mind in admitting, or agreeing to, the truth of a proposition.
final
;
;

1.

Faith

is

the assent to any proposition, on the

credit of the proposer.

Locke.

2.

Consent

to a

ASS
;!.

ASS
as,
it is

ASS
time and place for meeting used chiefly of love-meetings. 2. A inaking over by transfer of title. [See Assignment.] 3. In Russia, a public note or bank bill paTooke. per currency. ASSI'GNED,/)/). Appointed; allotted; made over shown or designated.
;

To

set, fix

or ascertain

tho prov-

of great
fif

ince iifajiny to awess Janiages.

ASSRSS',

n.

Assessment.

[J\'ot iised.]

the Pharisees and Essenes.

zeal, and observed the traditions, elders. From these sprung the

ASSESS'ABLE, a. Tiiat may be assessed. VS'SIDENT, a. ASSESS'ED, pp. Cliarged with a certain and sedeo, to sit.]
sum valued ASSESS'ING,
;

Eneyc. [L. assideo, assidens, of ad

set fixed ascertained. Assident signs, in medicine, are such as usually attend a disease, but not always; disppr. Cliargin? with a sum vaUiing fixing ascertaining. tinguished from pathognomic signs, which ASSES SION, n. sitting down by a per- are inseparable from it. Encyc. son. ASSID'UATE, a. Daily. [.Yot in use.] [JVot used.] a. Pertaming to assessK. Charles. ASSES SIONARY,
; ; ;
;

ASSIGNEE',

ors.

Carew.

ASSESS'MENT,

n. A valuation of property or ))rofits of business, for tlic purpose of taxation. An assessment is a valuation made by authorized persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum cerIt may be a tain or determined by law. direct charge of the tax to be paid or a valuation of the property of those wlio are to pay the tax, for the purpose of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay on wliich valuation the law imposes a specific sum upon a given amount. Blackstone. Laws of the U. Slates.
;

ASSIDUTTY,
ttous.]
1.

}(.

[h. assiduitas.

SeeAssid-

'2.

Constant or close application to any business or enterprise diligence. Addison. Attention attentivcness to persons. Assiduities, in the plural, are services ren
; ;

n. A per.son to whom an assignment is made; a person appointed or deputed to do some act, perform some business or enjoy some right, privilege or as an assignee of a bankrupt. property An assignee may be by special appointment or deed, or be created by law as an executor. Coivel.
;
;

ASSI'GNER,
points.

}t.

One who

dered with zeal and constancy. ASSID'UOUS, a. [L. assiduus, from

to
1.

assigns, or ap;

assirfeo,^
;

ASSI'GNING,
transferring
;

ppr. Allotting

sit

close,

ad and sedeo

appointing

Eng.
;

to sit

Sax.j

showing
n.

specially.
allotting, or

sittan, settan.]

ASSIGNMENT,
pointment
2.

An

9.
3.

A tax or specific sum charged on the person or property. Tlie act of assessing the act of determining the amount of damages by a jury.
;

ASSESS'OR,
2.

n.

One appointed

to assess
sits to

the person or pro])erty.

Constant in application as a person 05siduous in his occujiatiou. Attentive careful regular in attendance as an assiduous physician or nurse. 3. Performed with constant diligence or at tention as eissiduous labor. ASSID'UOUSLY, adv. DUigeiitly atten with earnestness and care with tively regular attendance. ASSID'UOUSNESS, n. Constant or dih; ; ; ; ; ;

an ap-

to a particular person or use. transfer of title or interest by writing, as of a lease, bond, note, or bill of ex-

change.
3.

The

writing by which an interest

is

trans-

ferred.
4.

The appointment or designation of causes

or actions in court, for trial on particular days. In law, the conveyance of the whole interest which a man lias in an estate, usuIt differs from a ally for life or years. lease, which is the conveyance of a less term than the lessor has in the estate.

_ 5.

An

inferior officer of justice,

who

assist the
3.

judge.
sits

Enci/c.
in dig.Milton.
;

ASSIENT'O,
tract or

geiit application. n. [Sp. asiento,

One who
nity.

by another, as next
[Fr. assez,

agreement

a seat, a con L. assideo.]

ASSETS',
assai,
;

n. phi.

enough

It.

enough, or

many

Ir. sath, suffi;

ciency enough.] (ioods or estate of a deceased person, suflicient to pay the debts of tlie deceased. But the word siifficient, thougli expressing the original signification of assets, is not with us necessary to tlie definition. In present usage, assets are tlie money, goods or estate of a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his debts and legacies.

sasadh, satisfaction

L. sat, satis,

contract or convention between the king' of Spain and other powers, for turnishing slaves for the Spanish dominions in South America. Treaty between G. B. and Spain,\
|

ASSI'GN,
asignar
;

n. An assigner; a person who assigns or transfers an interest ; as the March 2(J, 1713. assignor of a bill of exchange. 1'. t. assine. [Fr. assigner ; Sp.; ASSIMILABLE, a. That may be assimiPort, assinar ; It. assegnare ; L.I lated.

Z. Swift.

ASSIGNOR',

assigno, of ad and signo, to allot, to out ; Ir. sighin ; L. signum, a mark.

mark ASSIM'ILATE,

v.

I.

[L. assimilo, of ad
;

and

The
1.

primary sense of sign

1.
;

is

to sen<l, or to set.]

To allot to ap|)oiiit or grant by distribu-i ble. Swifl. tion or apportionment. 2. To convert into a like substance ; as, food The priests had a portion assigned them. is assimilated by conversion into animal
Gen.
xlvii.

simitis, like. bring to

See Similar.]
a likeness
to cause to

To

resem-

Assets are rfoi! or personal : real assets are lands which descend to the heir, sub-

To
XX.
.3.

designate or appoint for a particular

a city of refuge. Josh.

substances, tlesh, chyle, blood, &c.

2.

ject to the fulfilment of the obligations of the ancestor; personal assets are the money

])urpose.

ASSIM'ILATE, v. i. To become similar. To be converted into a like substance.

Bac07i.

They assigned Bezer,

or goods of the deceased, or debts due to him, which come into the hands of the executor or administrator, or which he is bound to collect and convert into money. Blackstone.

ASSIM'ILATED,
fix,
;

pp.

Brought to a
like substance.

like-

ASSEV'ER,

,
_

ASSEVERATE,
nic Sioear
;

[L. ad,
;

assevero,

fron

and the Teuto

Sax. sienan

Goth, ^loncan, to

To

swear, to aflirm positively.] affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity.

Fotherby
n. Positive affirmation
;

ASSEVERA'TION,
or assertion

solemn declaration.

Tli

word

not, generally, if ever, used for a declaration under an official oath, but for
is

a declaration accompanied with solemnity.

ASS-HEAD,
like the ass

n. [5S
;

and head.] One dull one slow of apjirchension

or

ppr. Causing to resemble ; converting into a like substance. 4. ; ASSIMILA'TION, n. Tlic not of bringing to a resemblance. 2. The act or process by which bodies con5. ; vert other bodies into t!ieir own nature and substance ; as, tianie assimilates oil, 0. and the food of animals is by assimilation ; ; converted into the substances which comas.iign false judgment. their bodies. ASSI'GN, n. A person to Avliom property or, pose an interest is or may lie transferred ; as, a[ Mineral assimilation is the property which substances possess, in the earth, of a])])rodeed to a man and his heirs and assigns. iiriuting and assimilating to themselves ASSl'GNABLE, a. That may be allotted,i other substances with which they are in appointed or assigned. contact a property which seems to be the as 9. That may be transferred by writing basis of the natural history of the earth. an assignable note, or bill. of cona. ASSIM ]

as an asspecify or designate signed quantity. To make or set over to transfer, sell or as by indorsing a note, convey, by writing, or by any writing on a separate paper. To alledge or show in particular as, to assign a reason for one's comhict. In taw, to show or set forth with ])articu-] to as, to assign error in a Avrit larity

To

ness

cliange<l into

ASSIM'ILATING,

a blockhead.

3.

That may be
or

specified,

shown with

pre-,

ASSIDE'ANS
nnn
.\

CHASIDE'ANS.

[Ileb.

cision, error.

designated; as an assignable,
n.

Haviiig power verting to a likeness, or to a like substance. Hakewill.

i-.

LATIVE,

pious.] sect of Jews who resorted to Maltaihias to fight for the laws of their God and the
liberties

AS'SIGNAT,
France
;

A
n.

ptdilic

note or

ASSIM'ULATE,
hill
iiv

(.

[L.

assimulo.]

To

feign.

paper currency.

Burke.l

[.Vo< used.

See Simulate.]
n.

ASSIMULA'TION,
[.Vo< used.

of their country. They were

men ASSIGNA'TION,

An

appointment

of

counterfeiting See Simulation.]

A
ASSIST', V. stand up
;

S 8
and
sislo, In

ASS
ASSrZED, ;)/).
6.
;
I

ASS
In ecclesiastical

Regulated in weight, measure or price, by an a.ssize or o^hllanc(^ Riiss. siju, to .it, ov In' placed Sp. nsistir ; It. assi.itere ; Fr. assisler. Lit- A.SSI'ZEH, n. An officer who has the care or inspection of weights and measures. to be present, or as we s-till say in erally,
t.

[L. assisto, ofail

To

English, to stand hy.] help to aid to siuu.'or to give support in some undfrtaking or effort, or in time of distress.
; ; ;

to

ASSI'ZOR, ji. VVSS-LIKE, a. Resenjbling an

affairs, a society of the clergy, consisting of a ijumber of i)astors of heii'hhoring churches, united l(>r proihi; interests of moting rcdigicju and the Chambers.' liarmonv of the churches. In .ScoWanrf, a juror. Bailey. ASS0(;iA'T10NAJ,, a. Pertaining to an
a.ss.

assiiciatiijii (jf

clergymen.

ASSIST',
;

V.

{.

To

lend aid.
; ;
;

ASSO'BER,
der.

V.

t.

rSee Sober.]
)i.

To keep

Sidney. ASSO'CI,\'J']\E, a. Ibning the quality of unassociating, or of being ulli'cted by sympaGotver. thy.

ASSIST' ANCE, n. Help

aid furtherance succor a contribution of support in bodily strengtli or other means.

.

\JVot used.]

ASSOCIABIL'ITV,
capable of

ASSIST'ANT,
support
;

Helping

lending aid or
Hale.

auxiliary.
n.

quality of being the (luality of of suffering being affected by the affections of another Darwin. part of the body.

The
;

ASSOIL',

r. I.
;

association

To sohe
ASSOIL',
stain.

Darwin. Milltr. [Old Fr. from L. absoUo.]

;

to release
t.

to

some change by sympathy, or

assdshable.

absoh e. Obs. Mede. Taylor.

r.

[Fr. souilhr.]
n.

To

soU

to

Obs.
[Fr.

ASSIST'ANT,

wlio aids, or who contributes liis strengtli or other means to further the designs or welfare of another; an auxiliary. Drydtn.

One

ASSO'CIABLE, a. That may ciate.]

ciated.
2.

[See j]ssobe joined to or asso-

AS'SONANCE,
sono, to sound.

from L. ad and

See Sound.]

Resemblance of
etry,

without making rhyme. Encyc. parts correspondent feelings and aft'er-- AS'SO.N AiN'i', a. Ha\ing a resemblance of ASSIST'ER, n. One that lends aid. " The tions. soMiuls. In Spanish poetry, a.'tsonanl stomach, the most associaASSIST'ING, ppr. Helping; aiding; supble of all the organs of the animal body." rhymes are those in hich a resemblance porthig with strength or means. (d' sounds .serves Med. R<p. Darwin. instead of a natural ASSIST'LESS, a. Without aid or help. ASSO'CIATE, V. <. assoshate. [l< r. associer ; rhyme as, ligera, tiirra. Encyc. Pope. L. associo, ol'ad and socio, to join.] .ASSORT', V. I. [Fr. assortir ; It. assoiiire ; of

ASSIST'ED,/);). Helped; aided.

by sympathy, or

In a medical sense, liable to be affected to receive from other

.sounds. In rhetoric and poa resemblance in .sound or teruiina-

tion,

ASSI'ZE, ASSl'ZES,
1.

) S

[Fr. assises,

and sometimes
;

1.

so written in English

L
;

'

ASSO'CIATE, V. i. To unite in company to keep company, hiiplying uitimacy as, a)>phed to the general council, or lyitienacongenial minds are disposed to associate gemote, of England. 2. To unite in action, or be affected by the Blackstone. Glanville. action of a dilferent part of the body. !2. court in England, held in every county Darwin by special commission to one of the judg- ASSO'CIATE, a. Joined in interest or i)ures, who is called a justice of the asshe, and Milton. pose confederate. empowered to take assizes, that is, the 2. Joined in employment or office as an verdict of a jury, called the assize. associate }uilj^e. 3. A jury. In this sense the word was ap- ASSO'CIATE, n. one companion plied io the grand assize, for the trial of frequently in company with another, improperty, and to tlie petty assize, for the a mate a plying intimacy or equality trial of possession. In Scotliiml, the a.ssize fellow. consists of Hileen men, selected from a 2. A partner in interest, as in business ; or a greater number. contederate in a league. 1. writ as an assize of novel disseisin, 3. companion in a criminal transaction which is given to recover the possession an accomplice. of lands, tenements, rents, conmion, &c., fVSSO'CTA'TED, pp. United in company or of which the tenant has been lately disin interest joined. seised assize of mart rf' ancestor, w liich lies ASSO'CIATESHIP, n. The .state or office against an abator, who enters upon land of an associate. Encyc. art. Reynolds. after the death of the tenant, and before ASSO'CIATING, ppr. Uniting in company the heir enters assize of darrein presentor in interest joining. ment, which lies against a stranger who The act of associating; ASSOCIA'TION,i. presents a clerk to a benefice. Blackstone. union connection of persons. 5. particular species of rents, estabhshed 2. Union of persons in a company a society and not subject to be varied. Eyig. Law. formed for transacting or carrying on 6. The time or place of holding the court of some business for mutiral advantage a assize. It is often applied to a union partnershi]). 7. In a nwre general sense, any court of jusof states or a confederacy. tice. 3. Union of things apposition, as of parti8. statute of regulation an ordinance cles of matter. regulating the weight, measure and price 4. Union or connection of ideas. An assoof articles sold in market and hence the ciation of ideas is here two or more ideas word came to signify the weight, measure constantly or naturally follow each other or price itself; as the assize of bread. in the mind, so that one almost infallibly Spelman. Cowel. Encyc. Blackstone. produces the other. Encyc. This word is, in a certain sense, now 5. An exertion or change of some extreme into size, which see. corrupted part of the sensory residing in the muscles ASSI'ZE, I', t. To fix the weight, measure or organs of sense, in consequence of some or price of commodities, antecedent or attendant fibrous contracby an ordinance or regulation of authority. tions. Daruin.
;

ad and sedeo, to sit See ^l.isess.'i Originally, an assembly of knights and oth er substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain place and at a certain time, for public busines. The word was sometimes
assideo, to sit by, of Ir. siasair, a session.

To join in company, as a friend, compan ion, partner or confederate ; as, to associate others with us in business, or in an enterprise.
It

ad and
It.
1.

to

draw

To

sorlir, sortire, to sully forth, lots. See Sort.]

and

in

seiiarate

and distribute

into

classes

2.

To

conveys the idea of intimate union. unite in the same mass as, particles
: ;

of matter associated with other substances

things of the like kind, nature or quality, or things which are suit(^d to a like purIt is sometimes aj)plied to persons pose. as well as things. 2. To fiunish with all sorts. Burke. ASSORT', I'. 1. To agree to be in accor;

dance with

to suit.

ASSORT'ED,
2.
;

pp.

Mitford. Distributed into sorts,

kinds or classes. Furnished with an assortment, or with a Burke. variety as a well assorted store.
;

ppr. Separating into sorts supplying with an assortment. ASSORT'MENT, n. The act of distributing into sorts, kinds or classes, or of selecting
2.

ASSORT'ING,

3.

A mass or quantity distributed into kinds or sorts; or a number of things assorted. A number of things of the same kind, varied in size, color, quality, price, Ibrm, or the like, to suit the market, the wants of people, or various purposes ; as an assort-

and suiting

things.

ment of thread, of silks, of calicoes,

&,c.

An
4.

assor/me!( of paintings.

W.

Coxe.

variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands or purposes ; as an assortment of goods. Mercantile Usage. ASSOT', r. t. [See Sot.] To infatuate ; to besot. [j\rot used.] Spenser.

ASSUA'GE,

v. t. [This word a|)pears to be formed on the G. schwach ; D. zwak, weak ; or on D. zagt, soft, gentle, quiet, which coincides with the Sax. swig, silence
;
;

gesivican,

swigan, to be silent whence gesuigean, to he silent D. zwygen, id. In Sax. also, is to cease, I'ail, rest, be quiet.
;

To

But the Dutch word for assuage is verzagten, to soften.] soften, in afgurative sense ; to allay, mitigate, ease or lessen, as pain or grief; to

appease or pacify, as passion or tumult.

In strictness, it signifies rather to moderate, than to quiet, tranquihze or reduce to perpeace or ease. ASSUA'GE, I', i. To abate or subside.
fect

The waters assuaged. Gen.

viii.

ASS
i!at I

ASS
i.-,

AST
is

aiiprclipml

tlie llel).

sjpiisc
^B*.
;

llm watersi

ASSUAIPT',
[.Wot used.]

n.

That which
?!.

assimied.
4.

And hereby we
him.
1

shall

assure our hearts before

were rlieckcd;
aj>])eased.

Cli iUingtvoHh

John
;

iii.

ASSlJA'(iED,/>;). Allayed niitigatcil

eased

ASSUMP'TION,
1.

[L. assumplio.]

The

act of taking to one's self.

To make secure, with secured as, let me

fidelity.

of before the object be assured of your

ASSUA'uEJMENT,
ment.

Sliligation

abate9.
;

Hammond.

ASSUA'ciER,

)!.

One who
abates.

allays

that

The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition.
.Voms.
This gives no sanction
to the

.5. (J.

To affiance To insure;
loss.

to betroth. Obs. Shai. to covenant to indemnify for

unwarrantatde ASSUA'GING, ppr. Allaying; mitigating; asswnption that the soul sleeps from the jieriod appeasing; abatins. of death to the resurrection uf lire hodvSoftena. [from rismiage.'] ASSUA'SIVE, Thodei/. Pope. :l The thing supposed ; a postulate or propoing; mitigating; tranqiiilizing. ASSUEFAC'TION, n. [L. assinfacio.] The sition assimied. In logic, the minor or Drownart of aooustotning. [j\"ol nsed.] second proposition In a categorical sylloAS'SUETUDE, ji. [L. assnetudo, from assuEncyc.
eliis, p. <jf

which mitigates or

[See

Insrire.]

ASSU'RED, pp.
made secure
;

Jlade certain or confident insured.

Certain
;

ASSU'RED,
doubting
;

a.

indubitable

bold to excess.
thy

Bacon.
;

nor Shak.
;

ASSU'REDLY, adv.
Jlssuredly
1

son
n.
;

Certainly indubitably. Solomon shall reign

Kings

i.

ctssnesco, to
V.
t.

habit

habitual use.

ASSU'JIE,
to take.]
3.

[L. assumo,

accustom.] Custom; Bacon. of orf and sumo.

It differs

gism.

tions of wliich an argiunent

consequence drawn from the projiosiis composed.

JEncyc
;

ASSU'REDNESS,
assured
;

The
full

state of being

certainty
!.

confidence.

ASSU'RER,

One who
;

To

lake or take upon one.

from

Undertaking

a taking

upon one's

self.

Kent.

insures against loss writer.

HakewUI. assures; one who an insurer or under-

receive, in

not implying an offer to give. The God assumed his native form again.
Po])e.
;

'i.

o.

To take what is not just to take with to seize to arrogate arrogant claims unjustly; as, to a5)t?;te haughty airs; to a.ssume unwarrantable powers. To take for granted, or without proof; to sujipose as a fact as, to assume a principle
; ; ;

In tlie Romish Church, the taking up aj ASSUR'gENT, a. [L. assurgens, assurgo.] jierson into heaven, as the Virgin Mary. Rising upwarils in an arch ; as an assurgenl Also a festival in honor of the miracidous Eaton. stem, in

ascent of Mary, celebrated by the and Greek churches.

Romish ASSU'RING,
Encyc.
fVoiion.

botany.

ppr.

dent

ffiving security

ASSUMP TIVE,

Adoption.

in
4.

reasoning.

[Gr. a;axos, a crawmed. In heraldry, assumptive arms are AS'TACOLITE, ^ fish, and >.ieos, a stone.] such as a person has a right, with the ap- Petrified or fossil crawfish, and other crustaof his sovereign, and of the her ceous animals called also cancriles, crabprobation
a.
is I
;

That

or

may

be assu-

ASSVVA'GE. AS'TACITE,

IMaking sure or conficonfirming. [See Jlssuage.]

;

api)roiniate, or take to one's self; as, to assume the debts of another. 5. To take what is tictitious ; to pretend to possess ; to take in apjiearance ; as, to as-

To

aids,

to

assume,
?;.

in

consequence of an

ites,

and gammarolites.

ASSU'RANCE,

sume the garb of humility. to clainj ASii^UME, V. i. To be arrogant more than is due. 3. In laiv, to take upon one's self an obhga;

Encyc. AS'TEISM, n. [Gr. afEioj, beautiful, polite.] [Fr. iiom In rhetoric, genteel irony ; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another. assurer, of ad and siir, seur, sm-e, certain. Encyc. to make iirm, AS'TER, 7). Qu. the Rah. and Talm. IJVS, genus of plants, [Gr. a.oyp.]
exphjit.

ashu'rance.

confirm, verify or laseur the G. zwar, from the root of L. verus ; or h.securus, contract
;

tion

to

undertake or promise
himself,

as,

ed.]
1.

assu-

med upon

and |iromised

to pay.

ASSU'MED, /)/). Taken; ASSU'MER,

n.

arrogated; taken without proof; pretended.

One who assumes

Taking
; ;

an arro;

gant person.

\SSU'MIXG,

ppr.
a.

arrogating

The act of assuring, or of making a decla ration terms that furnish groimil of confidence ; as. I trusted to his assurances ; or the act of furnishing any ground of full confidence. Whereof he hath given ossurnnce to all men, in tliat he hath raised him from the dead. Actf

with compound flowers, many of wliicli are cultivated for their beauty, particularly The species are very the Cliina Aster.

numerous.

ASTE'RIAS, AS'TER,
fi.sh,

[Gr.

ajjjp,

a star.] Stella

taking for granted

preteniling.
"2.

xvii.

ASSU'ftlING, upon one's self more than

arrogant.

Taking or disposed to tak

is

Firm persuasion

full
;

confidence or trust

just

haughty

freedom from doubt certain expectation the utmost certainty.

Let us draw near wilh a true heart,
cr.s.sio7/^icc

marina, sea-star, or star ^ a genus of the order of Molluscas. It has a depressed body with a coriaceous is composed of five or more segcoat ments running out from a central part, and furnished with numerous tentacles, with a mouth below, in the center. There are many species. Encyc.
;

ASSU'MING, ASSUMP'SIT,
1.

n. Presumjiticm. n. [Fret, tense of

Jonson.
1,.

in full

ASTE'R1.\TED,

of

faith.

Hcb.
;

x.

assumo.]

a promise or imdertaking, founder on a consideration. This promise may be verbal or w litten. An assumpsit is express r implied; express, wlien inatle in word;or writhig implied, when in consequence of some benefit or consideration accruin TO one person from the acts of another, the law presumes that person has jjromised to In this case, the iTiake compensation. law, upon a ])rinciple of justice, implies or raises a promise, on which an action may be brought to recover the compensation. contracts with B to build a Thus if house for him, by implication and inlendment of law, promises to pay B foi- the same, without any express words to that

3.

Firmness of mind
;

In

undoubting steadiKnolles

asterialed sai))iliire.

a. Radiated ; [Supra.] presenting diverging rays, like a star as Cleaveland.

;

/',

ness intiT])idity. Brave uicn meet danger with assurance.

4.

ASTE'RIATITE, n. Petrified asterias. AS'TERISK, n. [Gr. ayeptaxos, a little star,

The
and writing as
note
in

Excess of boldness; impudence;

assurance
is

as, his

intolerable.

tiv.m ofiyp, a star.] figure of a star, thus,*, used in printing a reference to a passage or

Freedom from excessive modesty, timidity

or bashfiilness
;

laudable confidence.

when
from
1.

name

the margin, or to is omitted.

n.

fill

the space
little star,

Conversation with the world (vill give then Locke knowledge and assurance. Insurance ; a contract to make good ;
loss.
7.

AS'TERISM,

[Gr.

artpiff^os,

A
An

af/ip, a star.] constellation ;

a sign in the zodiac.

As. Researches.

[i?ec Insurance.]
2.

The

figures of the twelve asterisms.

veyance of projierty.
l8.

!9.
I

writing or legal evidence of the conBlackstone TiUotson Conviction. In f/ifo/ogi;, full confidence of one's inter-

Any

asterisk, or

mark of reference.
star stone.
[a or
at,

[This

is less proper.]

est in Christ,

and of final
t.

effect.
'J.

action founded on a promise. When Mssurance.] to give confidence by this action is brought on a debt, it is called 1. To make certain indelitalus assumpsit, which is an action a promise, declaration, or other evidence on the case to recover damages for the nonas, he assured me of his sincerity. Blackstone. 2. To confirm to make certain or secme. payment of a debt. And it shall be assured to him. Lev. .\xvii ASSUJVIPT', J', t. To take up to raise. [Barbarous and not used.] Sheldon. 3. To embolden; to make coniiilent.

ASSU'RE,

V.

ashu're.

salvation. [Fr. assurer.

AS'TERITE, or ASTERN', adv.

1.

[See Astrite.]

and stem.
;

See

See

An

Stern.] In or at
as, to

or the hinder part of a ship towards the hinder part, or backw arils

2.

go astnti. Behind a shij),

n.

at

any

indefinite distance. Mar. Diet.

AS'TEROID,
form.]

[Gr. ofrp, a star,

and

ubu^;.

AST
A name
given l)y Ilerschel to the newly dis covered planets between the orbits of Mars

AST
into beads or berries,

AST
is

and Jupiter.

ASTEROID'AL,

a.

Resembling a star

or

pertaining to the asteroids.

Joum. of

Science.

AS'TEROPODE,
ASTEROI'O'DIUM,

<

ofw, a star, "" [Gr. and nws, noio,, a

f;)c)t.]

liind (if extraneous fossil, of the same substance with tlie astrite, to which it serves as the base. Encyc. ASTERT', V. t. To startle. [Ab< in use.]

Spenser.

ASTHENIC,
aflffoj,

a.

asten'ic.

[Gr. o priv. and

debility.

n. falconer that keeps a to separate the sev Shak. goss hawk. of the architrave. Encyc. ASTRIN(i'ING,/);)r. Compressing; binding In gunnery, a round molding on cannon 2. fast contracting. near the mouth. Fr. Encyc AS'TRITE, ji. [Gr. a;r,e, a star 3. In anatomy, the buckle, ankle, or astroite.] sling bone the upper bone of the foot support lAn extraneous fossil, called also asteria and tije tibia. Coxe. astroit. Astrites are stones in the form of ing 4. In botany, the wood pea ; tlie milk vetch small, short, angular, or sulcated colunms, the liquorice vetch. about an inch and a half long, and the third of an inch in diameter, composed of several AS'TRAL, a. [h.astrum; Gr. ayiyp, a star.] Belonging to the stars stan-y. regular jouits, which, when separated, Dryden resemble a radiated star. ASTRA'Y, adv. [a and stray. See Stray.] Encyc. Out of the right way or proper place, both in ^strites arc said to be detached articua literal and figurative sense. In morals lations of encrinites, a kind of marine

and

used in orna

mented entablatures

ASTRINc. ER,

eral faces

'

Weak

strengtli.]

and
by extreme

cliaracterized

Brown.
[Gr. o priv., eSims, strength, and ^o;, discourse.] The doctrine of diseases arising frotn deCoxe. bility. 71. ast'ma. [Gr. aaSfut.]

religion, signifies wandering from the path of rectitude, from duty and hapit

ASTROG'RAPHY,
;

ASTHENOL'OOY,

n.

piness. Before
cxix. Cattle

was

afflicted, I

went astray.

Ps

ASTHMA,

A shortness of breath
a.

intermitting difficulty of breathing, with cough, straitness and Coxe. wheezing.

;

ASTHMAT'Ie,
also atfected
patient.

by asthma

Pertaining to asthma; as an asthmatic

;

ASTO'NE, ? , [See .Istonish.] To terrify ASTO'NY, S"''' or astonish. Obs. Chaucer. Astonished. Obs. ASTO'NED, } ASTO'NIED, S PPSpencer. MUton. ASTON'ISH, V. [Old Fr. estonner, now
t.

ASTIPULATE for Stipulaie. ASTH'ULATION for Stipulation.

f I

[JVot in
use.]

Manner ; L. attono,

to astonish

ad and tono

Sax. gestun, noise, and stunian, to stun G. staunen ; Ann. eston, wonderfully. The

To

stun or strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, surprise or won<ler; to amaze; to

primary sense is, to stop, to fix. See Tone and Stun.]

strike

dumb,

to

confound with some sudden passion. I Daniel was astonished at the vision.
Dan.
viii.

take.] that justice quitted heaven, in the golden 1. An instrument formerly used for taking age, to reside on earth ; but becoming the altitude of the sun or stars at sea. weary with the iniquities of men, she re- 2. A stereographic projection of the sphere, turned to heaven, and conunenced a concither upon the plane of the equator, the stellation of stars. Ena/c. be in the pole of being ASTRICT', V. t. [L. astringo, astrictus. See eye world supposed to the or upon the plane of the me; Astringe.] ridian, the eye being in the point of interTo bind fast, or compress. [jNbt much used. section of the and the horizon. equinoctial ASTRICT', a. Compendious; contracted. 3. Among the ancients, the same as the modfVeever. Encyc. ASTRICT'ED, pp. Bound fast ; compressed ern armillarv sphere. of ASTROL'OtiER, } [L. astrologus, with bandages. and ofpor, a star, ASTRICT'ING, ppr. Bmding close ; com- ASTROLO'tilAN, >^o5, discourse.] pressing ; contracting. ASTRIC'TION, n. The act of bimUng close, 1. One who professes to foretell future events by the aspects and situation of the stars. or compressing with ligatures. fVofton. 2. .4s<raZog^'aji is httle used. contraction of parts by application the stopping of hemorrhages. Coxe. 2. Formeily, one who imderstood the motions of the planets, without predicting. a.

go astray when they leave their proper AS'TROIT, Star-.stone. [See Jlstrite.] owners or inclosures. See Deut. xxii. 2. A .species of petrified madrepore often ASTRE'A, n. [Gr. oyijp, a star.] found in calcarious stones. The goddess of justice. A nemie sometimes ASTROLABE, n. [Gr. ayijp, a star, and given to the sign virgo. The poets feign to
JI.

polypier. n. [Gr. af,p, or ofpoi, a star, and ypa^u, to describe.] description of the stars, or the science of them. describing

%aStiv,

p-

ASTRICT'IVE,
sty])tic.

Binduig

compressing;

Raleigh.
a.

ASTRICT'ORY,
confounded
;

Astringent; binduig;
;

ASTONISHED, p;). Amazed;

with

apt to bind.

fear, surprise, or admiration.

ASTRIF'EROUS,
of a

ASTON'ISHING, ppr. Amazmg

ing with wonder or fear.
a.

confound;

[h. astrifer a star, undyeco, to bear.]

stars.
a.

a.

Pertaining to asI professJ trology ing or practicing astrology. astrum, adv. In the manner ASTROLOG'ICALLY,

iASTROLOG'IC,

ASTROLOG'ICAL,
of astrology.

"

Bearing or containing

[Little used.]

ASTONISHING,
nature
to

Very wonderful
great

ASTRICi'EROUS,

[Low

L. astrigcr.

ASTROL'OgIZE,
trology.

v. i.

To

practice

as-

excite

admiration,

or Bearing stars.

[.Vo< used.]
I'.

amazement.
adv. In a manner or degree to excite amazement. Bp. Fleetwood. ASTON'ISHINGNESS, n. The quahty of exciting astonishment. ASTON'ISHMENT, n. Amazement ; confusion of mind from fear, surprise or admiration, at an extraordinary or imexpected event.

ASTRINCE,
ad and
Strain.]

/.

astrinj'.

[L. astringo, of

ASTROL'OgY,

ASTONISHINGLY,

stringo, to bind fast, to strain.

;

See

To astonish ASTOUND', V. dumb with amazement. From

t.
;

cstotiTit' r t

to bind together; to contract Bacon by pressing the parts together. ASTRINg'ED, pp. Compressed; straitened contractid. ASTRIN6'ENCY, n. The power of contracting the parts of the body that quality in medicines which binds, contracts or as to strike strengthens parts which are relaxed the astringency of acids or bitters. Old Fr. Bacoit
, ; ;

To compress

ASTRONOMER,
;

ASTRAD'DLE,
With

adv.

[a

and

straddle.

See ASTRINti'ENT,

Straddle.] the legs across a thing, or sides ; as, to sit astraddle.

n.

Binding contracting strengthening; opposed to laxative.

;

a.

science [Supra.] which teaches to judge of the eflFects and influences of the stars, and to foretell fiiture events, by their situation and diflerent This science was formerly in aspects. great request, as men igiiorantly supi)osed the heavenly bodies to have a ruhng influence over the physical and moral world ; but it is now universally exploded by true science and philosophy. n. One who is versed in astronomy one who has a knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the prinwhich their motions are regulaciples by ted, with their various phenomena.
n.
?

on

different

ASTRING'ENT,
a tiu-ning
or contracts
it is

AS'TRAGAL,

[Gr.

a5-payoj.oj,

joint, vertebra, spondylus.] 1. In architecture, a little round

A medicine which binds parts of the body to which apphed, restrains profuse discharges,
n.
tlie

Quincy.

ASTRONOMIC,
nomical manner astronomy.
;

ASTRONOM'ICAL, S ASTRONOM'ICALLY,

"'

Pertaining to as-

tronomy.

adv. In an astroby the principles of

molding which surrounds the top or bottom of a

form of a ring representing a ring or band of iron, to prevent t!ie It is often cut splitting of the colmnn.

column,

in the

Modern
'

coagulates animal fluids, condenses and Coxe. strengthens the sohds. practice inclines to the use of as-

ASTRONOMIZE,
my.
I

v. i.

To

study astrono-

[Litth used.]
n.

Broum.
[Gr. ofpov, a star, and

tringent, for internal applications, tic, for external.

and

styp-

ASTRONOMY,
tiojuii,

a law or

rule.]

Vol.

I.

15

A
The

S Y
AT,
prep. [Sax.

ATE
;

A T H

science which teaches the knowledge of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, asThis science pects, eclipses, order, &c.

depends on observations, made chiefly with instruments, and upon mathematical

calculations.

AS'TROSOPE,
axordu, to view.]
.\n

n.

[Gr. afpor, a star, and

astronomical instrument, composed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations, with their stars, are deUneated, by means of which the stars may be easily known. Encyc. AS'TROSeOPY, n. [See Astroscope.] Ob.servation of the stars.

ASTRO-THEOL'OciY,

n.

[L.

astnim, a

.star, and theologia, divinity.] Theology foundeil on the observation of the Derham. celestial bodies.

ASTRUT',
manner.

adv. [See Strut.]

a.

In a strutting
nstus, craft,

ASTU'TE,
.subtilty
;

[L. nstidiis,
;

from
;

Ir. aisile, alste,

ingenuity.]

at; Goth, at; L. ad. At, A'TE, n. a'ty. [Gr. Mr;, mischief; ofou, to ad and to, if not radically the same word, hint. Ate is a personification of evil, misoften coincide in signification. In W. at chief or mahce.J is to, and in Danish it is the sign of the lu pagan mythology, the goddess of mischief, in Amh. od, or ud, is toinfinitive mode who was cast down from heaven by Jupiwards. The word ctt is doubtless the ori ter. Pope's Horn. H. ental Nr\X,nnx, Ch. and Heb. to come, to ATEL'LAN, a. Relating to the dramas at Hence it primarily denotes Atella in Italy. approach. Shaftesbury. presence, meeting, nearness, direction to- ATEL'LAN, ?(. A dramatic representation, satirical or hcentious. wards.] Shaftesbury. In general, at denotes nearness, or presence ; A TEMP'O (ilUSTO. [It. L. intemporejusas at the ninth hoiu', at the house but to.] it is less definite than in or on at the A direction in music, which signifies to sing or play in an equal, true or just time. house, may be in or near the house. It denotes also towards, versus ; as, to aim an ATHANA'SIAN, a. Pertaining to Athanaarrow at a mark. sius, bishop of Alexandria, in the fourth From this original import are derived all century. The Athanasian creed is a forthe various uses of af. At the sight, is iirith, midary, confession or exposition of faith, at this news, pre.9ent, or coming the sight supposed formerly to have been drawn up present the news, on or with the approach by Atliiinasius, but this opinion is now reor arrival of this news. At jjeace, at war, jected, and the composition is ascribed by in a state of peace or war, peace or war some to Hilary, bishop of Aries. It is a existing, being present at ease, at play, at summary of what was called the orthodox a loss, &c. convey the like idea. At arms, faith.
; ; ; ;
;

sharp eagle-eyed critically exSandys. amining or discerning. ASUND'ER, adv. [Sax. asuWrio?!, to divide. See Sunder.] in a divided into parts separately Apart
; ; ; ;

Shrewd

ftn-nished with arms, bearing arms, present with arms ; at hand, within reach of the hand, and therefore near ; at my cost, rvith my cost ; at his suit, by or with his
suit
;

ATH'ANOR,

n.

[Ar.

and Heb. nun thanor,

an oven or furnace.]
digesting furnace, formerly used in chimical operations ; so constructed as to mamtain a imiform and durable heat. It is a

at this declaration,
is,

he rose from

his

state.

seat, that
Loril hath cut

present, or

The

asvndcr the cords of the

laralion

whence

wicked.

Ps. cxxix.

ASWOON',
ASY'LUM,
1.

Obs. adv. In a swoon. Gower. n. [L. from Gr. aav\or, safe from a and ov^jj, spoil, otXaui, to plunder.] spoil, A sanctuary, or place ofrefuge, where criminals and debtors shelter themselves from justice, and from which they cannot be taken without sacrilege. Temples and
altars

At under his command, that is, literally, com hig or being come his command, in the power of, or in consecpience of it. He is
sequence of it.

coming this decresults the i<lea in conhi.s command, is either

furnace, with a lateral tower close on

sides, which is to the fuel below is

all

be
to

filled

with
its

fuel.

As

consumed, that
supply

in the

tower

falls

down

place. JVicholsop.

A'THEISM,
ing.

good at engraving, at husbandry that is, inperformmg that business. He deserves well at our hands, that is, from us. The peculiar phrases in which this word oc
;

n. The disbelief of the existence of a God, or Supreme intelhgent BeAtlieisiu is

a ferocious system

that leaves

tombs, statues and monuments. The anheathens allowed asylums for the protection of the vilest criminals; and the
cient

were anciently asylums

as were

curs, with appropriate significations, are niunerous. At first, at last, at least, at best, at the worst, at the highest or lowest, are phrases in which some noun is imph

notliinp! above us to excite to awaken tenderness.

A'THEIST,
God.]

awe, uor around us. Rob. Halt. n. [Gr. a9E0{,ofopriv. andSfo;.

One who
or

disbelieves the existence of a

intelligent Being.
a.

God,

ed

Jews had
'i.

Any VSYlil'METRAL,

their cities ofrefuge. place of retreat and security.

?

\SYMMET'RICAL,
Mot having symmetry.

c ra Sy^'nelry.] ^^^'^
,

[Little vsrd.]

More.
to

ASYM'METRY, n. [Gr. apriv. and ov/i/iirpca

symmetry, of am, with, and
measure.]
fifrpsu,

The want of proportion between

two
ure.

the parts of a thing. It is also used in mathematics for incommensurability, when between
quantities there
n. fall;
is

or best degree, &c. all denoting an exdenying the being of a Supreme God. treme point or superlative degree. At all. ATHEIST'Ie, I "' Pertahung to atheism. is in any manner or degree. ATHEIST'lCAL, \ At is sometimes used for to, or towards, 2. Disbeheving the existence of a God im))ious applied to persons; as, an atheistic noting progression or direction as, he writer. aims at perfection he makes or rims at him, or points at him. I'l this phrase, he 3. Inqdying or containing atheism; applied to things ; as, atheistic doctrines or opinlungs to be at him, at has its general sense of approaching, or present, or with, in conATIIEIST'IALLY, adv. In an atheistic test or attack.
; ; ; ; ;

as, at the first time or beginning ; at the last time, or point of time ; at the least
;

Supreme

A'THEIST,

Atheistical; disbelieving or

no

common meas- AT'ABAL,

Johnson.

AS'YMPTOTE,
and
rtfou, to

[Gr. a priv., bw, with, not meeting or coin

manner impiously. n. [Sp.] A kettle drum a kind n. The quahty of of tabor. Dryden. ATHE1ST'IALNESS, being atheistical. ATAC'AMITE, n. A muriate of copper. AT'AGAS, n. The red cock or moor-game. A'THEIZE, v. i. To discourse as an athe;

C'o.rf.

ist.

species lily which approaches nearer and nearer ATAMAS'GO, genus Amaryllis. to some curve, but though infinitely exAT'ARAXY, n. [Gr. aT'apa;fo;, of a priv. tended, would never meet it. This may and Tai>axr], timuilt.] be conceived as a tangem to a curve at an Calmness of mind a term used by the stoics infinite distance. Chambers. and sceptics to denote a freedom from the ASYMPTOTTCAL, o. Belonging to an emotions which proceed from vanity and

eiding.]
line

n.

of

of the

ATHEL, ADEL
D.
edel
;

[JVot used.]

Cudwoiih.

or
;

^THEL,
eedel, ccthel
;

illustrious birth

Sax.

noble, of ; G. adel ;
;

Sw. wdel

Dan.

ccdel

Ar. Vi<

asymptote. Asymptotical lines or curves are such as continually approach, when extended, but never meet.
n. [Gr. a priv. to bind together.]

athala, to be well rooted, to be of noble Tliis word is tbund in many Saxon names ; as in Atheling, a noble youth ;
origin.

self-conceit.

ASYN'DETON,
nective
;

and ewSi^,

In grammar, a figure which omits the conas, vent, vidi, vici.

It
is

posed to polysyndeton, which cation of connectives.

stands opa multipliCampbell.

genius Ethelbert, noble bright, eminently noble Ethelwald, noble government, or power; Ethelward, noble defender. ses and paroxysms of disease. ATHE'NIAN, a. [from Athens.] Pertaining to Athens, the metropohs of Attica iu Coxe. Encyc. ATCHE, n. In Turkey, a small silver coin, Greece. value about six or seven mills. Encyc. ATHE'NIAN, n. A native or inhabitant of Athens. ATE, the preterite oieat, wliich see.

ATAX'Y, n. [Gr. Want of order

;

Encyc. a priv. and rolij, older.] disturbance irregularity in the functions of the body, or in the cri;

Ethelred, noble
;

counsel

Ethelard,

noble

A T L
ATHEOLO'6lAN,
n.

A T O
is

A T O

ed by Moschus, before the Trojan ar. opposed ATLANTIC, a. [from Atlas or Atlantis.] and cultivated by Epicurus, teaches that to a theologian. Hayward. Pertaining to that division of the ocean, ATHEOL'OgY, n. Atheism. [JVo< in use] which lies between Europe and Africa on atoms are endued with gravity and mothe east and America on the west. tion, by wliicli all things were formed, Smjl. A'THEOUS, a. Atheistic impious. [M'ol ATLANTIC, n. The ocean, or that part of without the aid of a supreme intelhgent the ocean, which is between Europe and Milton. Being. used.] Africa on the east and America on the The atomic theory, in chimistrj', or the docATII'KRINE, } A jjenus of fishes of the westtrine of definite proportions, teaches that ATIIKRI'NA, S "'abtloniinal order. Tlie An isle mentioned by all chimical combinations take place beis rather ATLAN'TIA, ( cliuracters are, the upper jaw " are ATLAN'TIS, the anc: tween the ultimate particles or atoms of ancients, situated \ flat, tlie ray.s of the gill membrane west of Gades, or Cadiz, on the strait of bodies, and that these unite either atom six, and the side belt or hne shines like Gibraltar. The poets mention two isles with atom, or in proportions expressed by silver. There are four species the best and call them Hesperides, western isles, abundant in some simple multiple of the number of known is the Hepsetus, very and Elysianjields. Authors are not agreed atoms. Dalton. the IHediterranean, where it is caught hi whether these isles were the Canaries, or ATOMISM, n. The doctrine of atoms. Pennant. Ed. Encyc. lar;;e quantities. some other isles, or the continent of Amer AT'OMIST, n. One who holds to the atomica. Homer. Horace. ical |)liilosophy. atII'erome; !'['"'""''''<''?''?] An encysted tumor, without pain or discol- ATLANTIDES, n. A name given to the AT OM-LIKE, a. ResemhUng atoms. Pleiades or seven stars, which were feignoration of the skin, containing matter like Browne. ed to be the daughters of Atlas, a king of AT'OMY, n. A word used by Sliak.-ijiearc pap, intermixed with hard stony particles for atom ; also an abbreviation of anatoMauritania, or of his brother, Hesperus, Encyc. Coxe. easily cured by incision. who were translated to heaven. a. Pertainuig to or ATHEROMATOUS, my. Encyc. resembling an atherome having the qual- ATLANTIS, n. A fictitious philosophical ATO'NE, adv. [at and one.] At one toUiseman. commonwealth of Lord Bacon, or the ities of an atherome. gether. Spenser. ATIIIRST', a. athursV. \a and thirst. See piece describing it composed in the man- ATO'NE, V. i. [Supposed to be compoundner of More's Utopia, and Canipanella's ed of at and one. The Spanish has aduThir.it.] One part of the work is 1. Thirsty nar, to unite or join, and the Ital. adunare, wanting drink. City of the Sun. to assemble 2. Having a keen ajipetite or desire. from L. ad and wins, unio. finished, in which the author has described a college, founded for (he study of Nature, In Welsh, dyun signifies united, accordHe had a soul athirst lor knowledge. under the name of Solomon's House. Tin Cli. Observer ant, agreeing; dyunaw, to unite or agree; model of a commonwealth was never ex from un, one, and dy, a prefix denoting ATHLETE, n. [See Athletic] A contend; ; ;
;

One who

er for victory.

.'J.

ATHLET'1,
1.

flf.

[Gr.

oB-Kr^rr^i;

Smith's Theory. L. athletn, a

contest.]

ecuted.

AT' LAS,
volume

He and Aufidus can bo more atone, wrestling, boxing, running Than violentest contrariety. Shak. heavens, prefi.xed to some collection and other exercises and sports, which Johnson. [TTiis sense is obsolete.] were practiced by the ancients, usually 2. To .stand as an equivalent ; to make re2. large square foUo, resembling a volume called the athletic games. Hence, of maps. paration, amend.s or satisfaction for an ofAn S. Strong ; lusty ; robust ; vigorous. fense or a crime, by which reconciliation 3. The supporters of a buiklin^ athletic body or constitution is one fitted is procured between the oftended and of4. silk sattin, or stuff, manufactured in the for vigorous exertions. Atlasses fending parties. east, with admirable ingenuity, and thwart. See ATHW-^RT', prep, [a The murderer fell and blood atoned for blood. are jilaiii, striped, or flowered ; but they Thwart.] have not the fine gloss and luster of some Pope. from side to side ; transverse ; 1. Across By what propitiation shall I atnne for my torFrench silks. Encyc. as athtvart the path. mer gravity. Rambler. No. 10. 5. The first verteber of the neck. Coxe. 2. In marine language, across the line of a The life of a slave was deemed to be of so (>. term apphed to paper, as atlas fine. little value, that a very slight compensation ship's course ; as, a fleet standing athwart Burke. atoned for taking it away. our course. n. [Gr. arfio,, vapor, and Robertson, Charles V. Athwart hause, is the situation of a ship 3. To atone for, to make compensation or when she lies across the stem of another, fitrpiu, to measure.] An instrument to measure the quantity of amends. whether near, or at some distance. exhalation from a humid surface in a givThis c\il was atoned for by the good effects Athwart the fore foot, is a phrase applied of the study of tlie practical physics of .\ristotle. en time an evaporonieter. lire. to tlie flight of a camion ball, across anSchlegel, Trans. n. [Gr. ar^oj, vapor, and other .'hip's course, ahead, as a signal for The ministry not atoning for their former a^aipa,a sphere.] her to bring to. conduct by any wise or popular measure. The whole mass of fluid, consisting of air, Junius. Athwart ships, reaching across the sliip aqueous and other vapors, surrounding the ATO'NE, II. t. To expiate; to answer or from side to side, or in that dnection. earth. make satisfaction for. Mar. Diet. ) Pertaining to the Or each atone his guilty love with life. "' adv. In a manner to cross ^ atmosphere ; as Pope. and perplex <-rossly wrong wrongfully. atmospheric air or vapors. 2. To reduce to concord ; to reconcile, as ATILT', adiK [anm\tilt. See TUt.] 2. Dependent on the atmosphere. parties at variance ; to ajipease. [JVbt 1. In the manner of a tilter; in the I am an posiPope. atmospheric creature. now used.] tion, or with the action of a man making AT'OM, n. [Gr. aro^oj; h.atomus; from a, ATO'NED, pp. Expiated ; appeased ; rea thrust ; as, to stand or run atilt. and fiuvu, to cut.] not, conciled. 2. In the manner of a cask tilted, or with one 1. A particle of matter so minute as to adn. Agreement; concord; end raised. mit of no division. Atoms are conceived reconciliation, after enmity or controversy. AT'IMY, n. [Gr. an^ta, a and Ti-ij-i;, honor.] to be the first principles or component Rom. v. In ancient Greece, disgrace exclusion from of all bodies. He seeks to make atonement Quincy. parts office or magistracy, by some " disqualifying 2. The ultimate or smallest component part Between the Duke of Glo*ster and your brothers. act or decree. of a body. Mitford. Shak. Chimistry. TIAN. } ^ Pertaining to the isle 3. Any thing extremely small. Shak. 2. Expiation ; satisfaction or reparation ATLANTE'AN, \ "-Atlantis, which the an- ATOiNI'lC, made by giving an equivalent for an inju\ Pertaining to atoms; concients alledge was sunk and overwhelmATOM'ICAL, \ "'sisting of atoms; extreme- ry, or by doing or suflering dial which is ed by the ocean. Plato. received in satisfaction for an oflense or ly minute. 2. Pertaining to Atlas The atomical philosophy, said to be broach; resembling Atlas. injiu-y ; whli for.
Belonging
to

wrestler; from

af^'Ao;, strife,

Encyc. n. A collection of maps in a supposed to be so called from a of mount Atlas, supporting the picture
;

iteration.]
1.

To

agree

to

be in accordance

to ac-

cord.

ATMOM'ETER,

ATMOSPHERE,

ATHWART',

ATMOSPHERIC

ATMOSPHERICAL,

ATONEMENT,

ATLAN

ATT
and oiler thy sin-oftering, andthy bimit-offering, and jiiake an atonement lor thyself and for the peoLev. ix. ple. When a man has been guilty of any vice, the best atonement he can make for it is, to warn

ATT
altar,

ATT
;

And Moses

saiil

to

Aaron, go to the

1.

others not to
ry, that

fall

into the like.

Sped. No.

8.

The Phocians behaved with

cient
0.

so niuch gallantsuffi-

they were thought to have made a atonement for their fonuer otfense.

Potter, Jlntiq.

L. tango, tager ; Sax. Iwccan ; Gr. iixofiai for tago ; Eng. tack ; &c. Class, Dg. See JUtack and Tack.] To take by legal authority to arrest the person by writ, to answer for a debt applied to a taking of the person by a civil process being never used for the arrest of a criminal. It is applied also to the taking of goods and real estate by an officer, by virtue of a writ or precept, to hold the
; ; ;

regard ; any passion or affection that binds a person as, an attachment to a friend, or to a party.
;

ATTACK',

V. t. [Fr. attaquer ; Arm. atlacqi ; It. attaccare, to fasten, to engage in battle ; attacco, a sticking ; Sp. atacar, to assault, to fasten or make close, to cram ; Port. atacar, to attack, to seize, to fasten ; Heb. and Ch. ;?pn, to thrust, to drive, to strike.

In theology, the expiation of sin made by the obedience and personal sufferings of

same

to satisiy in the suit.

a judgment to be rendered

It

seems

latter

to be allied to attach ; but the verb agrees better with the Eth.
to

3. Cln-ist. take, seize and lay hold on, by moral to win force, as by affection or interest /VTO'NER, n. lie who makes atonement, the heart ; to fasten or bind by moral influATON'IC, a. Relaxed; debilitated. ence as, attached to a frienti attaching .\TO'NING, ppr. ReconciUng. Obs. others to us by wealth or flattery. or .satisfaction. 'i. Making amends, n. [Gr. arona, defect, of a. priv. 3. To make to adhere ; to tie, bind or fasten and roi'Ds, tone, from tsuu, to stretch.] as, to attach substances by any glutmous matter ; to attach one thing to another by Debility ; relaxation ; a want of tone or ten; ; ;

To

(n(D+
L To

press,

whence

h^Q)^
Ch.
ntJ,

to press, to make close ; and the Class Dg.] to accuse, to unite.

ATONY,
sion
;

assault; to fall upon with force; to It is the assail, as with force and arms. appropriate word for the conunencing act of hostility between armies and navies.
;

2.

defect of muscular

power

pals)'.

string.
a.

ATOP'

adv. [a at the top.

and

lop.
)
<,

ATRABILA'RIAN,
ATRABILA'RIOL'S,
.-Vfiected

""

Core. See Top.] On or Millon. atra bilis, [L.

Wilson.

ATTACH'ABLE,
attached
cept.
;

That

maybe
b}'

legally

liable to

be taken

writ or pre

ATTACH'ED,
cept
;

pp.
to

Taken by

black
;

bile.]

drawn

and

writ or pre fixed, or united by af-

To fall upon, with unfriendly words or writing to begin a controversy with ; to attempt to overthrow or bring into disrepute, by satiie, calumny or criticism as, to attack a man or his opinions in a pam;

phlet.

ATTACK',
falhiig on,

n.

An

onset;

first

invasion; a

witli
bile.

cients attributed to the bile

melancholy, which the an replete with

fection or interest.

with force or violence, or with

satire or criticism.

ATTACH'ING,
fixing by
tions.

black

ppi: Taking or seizing by connnandment or writ drawing to, and

;

ATTACK' ED,
vades.

calumny,

XTRABILA'RIOUSNESS,

n. The state of being melancholy, or affected with disor dered bile. \ ""

influence
n.

wmning

the aflec

ATTACHMENT,
mand.

ATRAMENT'AL, VTRAMENT'OUS,
Inky
;

black like

\ \\\k.

[L.a<rameHh/m,ink, " from alei; black

;

takuig of the per son, goods or estate by a writ or ])recept ill a civil action, to secure a debt or de

Assaulted; invaded; pp. fallen on by force or emnity. ATTACK'ER, n. One who assauUs or in-

VPRAMENTARIOUS,

a. Like ink suitable for making ink. The sulphate of iron, or green copperas, is called atramentariof ink. ous, as being the material

2.

Fotircroy.

\TRIP', adv. [oandfrip. See Trip.] In nautical language, the anchor is atnp when drawn out of the ground in a perThe topsails are pendicular direction. to the top of atrip, when they are hoisted the mast, or as hiirh as possible. Mar. Diet

\TRO'CIOUS,
cruel.]

a.^

[L.

atrox, trui,
;

fierce,

Extremely hainous, criminal or cruel

enor-

mous outrageous
;

as atrocious guilt or

offense.

ATRO'CIOUSLY,
manner
;

adv.

In

an atrocious

ATRO'CIOUSNESS,

with enormous cruelty or guilt. n. The quaUty of be;

n. Enormous wickedness extreme huinousnes or cruelty as the atrocity of murder. AT'ROPHY, n. [Gr. a. priv. and rpf$, to

ing enormously criminal or cruel.

;

ppr. Assaultmg; invading; force, calumny or criticism. a. Pertaining to the Attawrit directing the person or estate of a cotti, a tribe of ancient Britons, allies of the Scots. Pinkerton. person to be taken, to seciu-e his appearance before a court. In England, the first AT'TAGEN, n. beautiful fowl, resemnotice to appear in court is by summons bhng the pheasant, with a short black bill and if the defendant disobeys this moni and a fine crest of yellow feathers, varietioii, a writ of attachment issues, com gated with black and white spots, found in the mountains of Sicily. manding the sheriff to attach him, by taor security in goods, which he Diet. ofATat. Hist. king gage, forfeits by non-appearance, or l)y making ATTA'IN, V. i. [Fr. and Norm, atteindre ; L. bini find safe pledges or sureties for his attingo, to reach, come to or overtake ; ad and tango, to touch, reach or strike ; appearance. But in trespasses, an attachment is the first process. In this country, that is, to thrust, urge or push to. It has attachment is more generally the first pro no connection with L. attineo. See Class, cess, and in some states, the writ of at Dg.] tachment issues at first against the prop- 1. To reach to come to or arrive at, by moor person of the defendant. In Conerty tion, bodily exertion, or efforts towards a this writ issues against the person necticut, place or object. If by any means they might attain to Phengoods or land, in the first instance, comice. Acts xxvii. manding to take the goods and estate of the defendant, if to be found; or other 'i. To reach to come to or arrive at, by an
falling

ATTACK'ING,

on with

ATTAOT'Tl,

ATROCITY,

nourish.]
loss

consumption or wasting of the flesh, with of strength, without any sensible cause or hectic fever a wasting from defect of
;

ATRO'PIA,
tracted

Coxe. Encyc. vegetable alkali exthe atropa helladonna, or deadly nightshade. It is white, brilliant Ure. and crystalizes in long needles. \TTACH', V. t. [Fr. attacker, to tie or fasn.

noiunshment.

A new

froin

ertbrt of mind. In England, wit wise, to take his body. Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it nesses not ai>peariiig upon a summons, is high [ cannot attain to it, Ps. cxxxix. may be taken by attachment ; a process Attachments also Regularly this verb should be always followcalled with us a capias. ed by to; the omission of (o, and the use issue against persons for contempt of of the verb, in a transitive sense, may have court. The court of attachments, iii Engoriginated in mistake, from the opinion land, is held before the verderors of the that the verb is from the L. attineo, and forest, to attach and try offenders against equivalent to obtain. vert and venison. v.t. To gain; to compass; to Foreign attachment is the taking of the money ATTA'IN, achieve or accom))lish, that is, to reach or of a debtor in the hands of a
;

ten, to

apply, to engage,
It.
;

to stick

Arm.
to

staga ; attack
attack,
fall

attaccare

Norm,

attacher,

Port. Sp. atacar.

tache, tied, fixed, tacked together ; It seems to be allied to

and the sense is to put, throw or on, hence to seize, and stop, coinciding with the Eng. take ; Sw. !uga ; Dan.

3.

by eftbrts; without to following. stranger as when the debtor is not with Is he wise who hopes to attain the end wifjiin the jurisdiction of the court or has ab Tillotso'n. out the means ? sconded. Any person who has goods or effects of a debtor, is considered in law as This use of the verb is now established ; but attain to the agent, attorney, factor or trustee of in strictness to is here implied the debtor and an attachment served on The real sense, as in the intranthe end. such person binds the properly in his hands sitive use of the verb, is, to reach or come to to respond the end or pnrjiose in view. This word the judgment against the debtor. always implies an effort toivards an object. Close adherence or affection Hence it is not synonymous with obtain fidelity
;

goods

ATT
and
procure,

A T T
im-1

ATT

person shall be attainted of high treason This verb is not always ibllowed by an obwhere conu|)tioii of blood is hicurred, but by VVc procure or obtain a ject, and api)ears to be Intransitive ; but pl^ surli ert'ort. the oath of two wiUiesses, &c. Stat. 7 and 8. some object is understood, or a verb in thing liy purchase or tonn, and we ohtaiii W. the infinitive follows in the place of an by inheritance, but we do not attain it by 2. To as the credit of jurors, convicted taint, such means. An inattention to tiiis disobject ; as, he attempted to speak. of giving a false verdict. This is done by tinction has led good autliors into great ATTEMPT', (!. An essay, trial or endeavThe conviction of or an attack or an effort to special writ of attaint. of tliis word. mistakes in the use ; gain a point. such a crime attaints the reputation of juBacon. 2. To reach or come to a place or object by

which do not necessarily

No

.-i.

progression or motion. But ere such tidings shall

rors,

J.

To
To

his ears attain.

disgrace

and renders them mfamous. to cloud with infamy

;

to

ATTEMPT' ABLE,

a.

That may be
;

at-

Hoole's Tasso

stain.
4.

Spenser.

Canaan he now attains. 3. To reach in excellence or

equal.

taint or corrupt. ,Shak. Milton ATT.^'INT, n. stain, spot or taint. Sttak. degree ; to

temjited, tried or attacked attempt, or attack.

liable

to

an
at-

Shak.
tried
;

ATTEMPT'ED,
tacked.

pp.
n.

Essayed;

ATTAINABLE,
;

horse. Farriery. ing. writ which lies after judgment against not attainable In this 4. ATTEND', V. t. [L. attendo ; Fr. attendre, to a jury for giving a false verdict in any inattention to the true sense wait, .stay, hold, e.xpect Sp. atender ; It. court of record. attendere ; L. ad and tendo, to stretch, of this word, as explained under attain, pp. Stained ; corrupted; to tend. See Tend.] authors have very hnpro|)crly used this rendered infamous rendered incapable 1. To word for obtainable, procurable. ; us in the go with, or accompany, as a compan' of inheriting. The kind and qualiion, minister or servant. following passages. ATTA'INTING, /)/)r. Staining; corrupting; 2. To be present ; to accompany or be unity of food and liquor ; the species of habinfamous by judicial act ; dejtrirendering ted to as a cold attended with fever. itation, furniture and clothing to which ving of inheritable blood. the common people of each country are 3. To be present for some duty, implying ji. The being attainted. habituated, must be attainable with ease charge or oversight to wait on as, the Phil. B. (i. Ch. 11. ATTA'INTURE, n. A staining or renderand certainty." Paley, physician or the nurse attends the sick. " Gen. Howe would not ing infamous ; re|)roach ; imputation 4. To be present in business ; to be in compermit them to [ATot be purchased In Philadelphia, and they ATTASK', v.t. To task; to tax. l)any from curiosity, or from some connecused. See Task.] Sliak. and blankets) were not attainable tion in afluirs ; as, lawyers or spectators (clothes in the country." Marshall's Llle of Wash- ATTA'STE, V. I. To taste. [Mit used. See attend a court. Taste.] 5. To be conse<|uent to, from connection of ington, 3, 4^8. Each of these words should ATTEM'PER, v. f. [L. attempero, of orfand cause ; as, a measure attended with ill be obtainable. ATTA'INABLENESS, n. The quality ofi tempera, to temper, mix, or moderate. See effects.
ject
life.
;

Bacon. a. That may be attained that may be reached by eftrirts of the mind or body that may be compassed or acto the obcomplislied by oilbrts directed
as, perfection is

3.

[See Taint.} Any thing injurious

Obs.

that

which impairs.
Sliak.

ATTEMPT'ER,
attacks.

One who

attempts, or
Jiliiton.

3.

blow or wound on the hinder

feet

of a

ATTEMPT'ING,
making an

/);)r.

etibrt to

Trying; essaying; gain a point attack;

From an

ATTAINTED,

ATTA'INTMENT,

being attainable.

ATTAINDER,
and tingo, to See Tinge.]
X. Literally

n.
;

[Norm. Fr.
;

atteindre, to

1.

corrupt, attaint

also conviction ; L. ad Gr. rtyyu. Class Dg stain

2.

a staining, corruption, or rendering impure a corruption of blood

;

Temper.] To reduce, modify or moderate by mixas, to attemper heat by a cooling mixture, or spirit by diluting it with water To soften, mollify or moderate as, to attemper rigid justice with clemency.
ture
; ;

6.

To
for
;

await
as,

to remain, abide or be in store happiness or miserj' attends us

; ;

after death. 7. To wait for

8.

to lie In wait.

Shak.

To

3.

To mix

2.

Hence, The judgment of death, or sentence of a competent tribunal iqion a person convicted of treason or felony, which judgment
attaints, taints or corrupts his blood, so that he can no longer inherit lands. The

as,
4.

proportion a mind well attempered with kindness

;

in just

to regulate

wait or stay for. Three days I promised to attend

sohcitude
;

my doom.
Lhyden.
to regard.

and

9.

To accompany with

justice.
;

To acconmiodate

to

fit

or

make

suit-

ATTEiMPERANCE,
;

able. Arts attempered to the lyre. Pope n. Temperance. [JVot

Their hunger thus appeased, their care attends The doubtful fortune of their absent friends. Dry den. 10. To regard ; to fix the mind upon.
Tlie pilot doth rot attend the unskilful word*

used.] consequences of this judgment are, forfeit a. [L. affemperaltis.] lire of lands, tenements and hereditaments, ATTEMTERATE, i)roportioned suited. loss of reputation, and disqualification to Tempered be a witness in any court of law. A statHope must be proportioned and atfemperale Hammond. to the promise. ute of Parhament attainting a criminal, is called an act of attainder. ATTEM'PERATE, v. t. To attemper. [JVot
;

Chaucer.

of

tlie

is not now a legitimate sense. express this idea, we now use the verb transitively, with to, attend to.

passenger.

Sidney.

This

To
in-

11.

To

ATTEND'
attention

expect.
V.
;

i.

To

[JVot in use.]

Raleigh.

hsten

to

regard

w'ith

guilt

broken.
3.

UjJon the thoroug:h demonstration of which by legal attainder, the feudal covenant is Blackstone. The act of attainting.

in use.]

ATTEM'PERED,
moderated
;

pp.

softened

Hammond. Reduced in quality well mixed suited.

;

followed by
voice of

to.

attend
Ixxxvi.

to the

my

suppUcation.

Ps.

ATTEM'PERING,

An

act

was made
the

for the

attainder of several

persons. JVofe.

By

constitution
n.

Encyc. of the United

attainder.
;

ATTEM'PERLY,
ATTEMPT',
tento, to
V.
t.

States, no crime works an

ATTAINMENT,

The

quality ; softening ; tion ; making suitable. adv. manner. [JVot in use.[

Moderating in mixing in due proporppr.

2.

Hence much used

tend
!

in the imperative, at-

In

temperate

act of attaining
;

Chaucer. [Fr. uttenter, from L. at;

To regard with observation, and correspondent practice.

My son, attend to my words.

Hence,
to

the act of arriving at or reaching; hence the act of obtaining by eflbrts as the attainment of exitellence. 2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion acquisition as, a man of great
; ;

attainments.

.\TTA'INT,
,1.

[See ^Hainder.] to extinguish the pure or inheritable blood of a person found guilty of treason or felony, by confession, battle, or verdict, and consequent sentence of death, or by special act of Parliament.

V.

t.

To

taint or corrupt

the attention upon, as an object of pursuit to be busy or engaged in as, to stretch.] attend to the study of the scriptures. 1. To make an effort to effect some object to accompany or be present, to try to 4. To wait on to make trial or experiment in pursuance of duty with on or upon as, endeavor ; to use exertion for any purto attend upon a committee to attend upon pose as, to attempt to sing to attempt a business. bold flight. Hence, 2. To attack to inake an effort upon as, to .5. To wait on, in service or worship ; to serve. attempt the enemy's camp.
3.

attempt, of ad and lento, to try The L. tento is from the Gr. tjh-u. root as tendo, to strain Hence, the literal sense is to strain, urge,

regard with compliance.

to the voice of

Arm. same

attempti.

He

hath attended

my

prayer.

Ps. Ixvi.

To

fix

ATT
That ye may attend upon the Lord without
distraction.
LI.

ATT
words, the manner and matter of a speaker at the
fully

ATT
ATTESTATION,
a solemn or
care
n.

Cor.

vii.

To

Ohs. stay to delay. For this perfection she must yet attend. Till to her maker she espoused be.
;

ATTENT'IVELY,
;

time. adv. IleedfuUy; with fixed attention.

n.
;

same

Testimony witness
;

Davies.
7.

ATTENT'IVENESS,
attentive
;

The state of bemg

attention.

official declaration, verbal or written, in support of a fact ; evidence. The truth appears from the attestation of witnesses, or of the proper officer. The

To

wait

to

be within
n.

heedfulness
a.
;

call.

ATTEND'ANCE,

[Fr.]

The

Spenser. act of wait-

subscription of a
attestation.

name

to

ing on, or serving. Of which no man gave attendance at the altar. Heb. vii. 2. Awaitingon; a being present on business of any kind as, the attendance of witnesses or persons in court attendance of members of the legislature. 3. Service ministry. f!hak Receive attendance. a retinue. 4. The persons attending a train Milton. 5. Attention regard careful application of
; ; ; ; ; ; ;

mind.
6.

Give attendance to reading. Obs. Expectation.

o.

Tim. iv. Hooker.

;

Proved or supjiorted by witnessed; testimony, solemn or official supported by evidence. the humors, subtilizes their parts, dissolves ATTEST'ING, ppr. Witnessing caUing to witness affirming in support of. viscidity, and disposes the fluids to motion circulation and secretion a diluent. ATTEST'OR, n. One who attests. Core. AT'TIC, . [L. Mticus Or. Arnxos.] v. f. [L. attenuo, oCad and Pertaining to Attica in Greece, or to its ATTEN'UATE, prinL. tenuis; W. tenant lenuo, to make thin Thus, Attic wit, Attic cipal city, Athens. Ir. tana or tanaidhe ; salt, a poignant, delicate \vit, peculiar to Eng. thin, whicl the Athenians; v4Mic faith, inviolable faith. see.] 1. To make thin or less consistent to sub- Attic base, a peculiar base used by the antilize or break the humors of the body into cient architects in the Ionic order, or colfiner parts to render less viscid opposed umn and by Palladio and others, ui the
;
;

[See Mtenuate..] Making thin, as fluids diluting rendering less dense and viscid. ATTEN'UANT, n. A medicine which thins

ATTEN'UANT,

a writing

is

an

ATTEST'ED, pp.

ATTEND'ANT,

Accompanying

being

present, or in the train. Other suns with their attendant moons.

Mlton.
'2.

Accompanying, connected with, or iunnediately

following, as consequential ; as, intemperance with all its attendant evils. In law, depending on or owing service to ; 'i. Cowel. as, the wife attendant to the heir. \TTEND'ANT, n. One who attends or

'i.

3.

accompanies, in any character whatever, as a friend, companion, minister or servant one who belongs to the train. Dryden. One who is present ; as an attendant at or upon a meeting. One who owes service to or depends on
;

another.
4.

That which
quent
to.

accompanies or

is

Cowel. consespirits.

love of fame, the attendant of noh]e

is

Pope.

Anon. ATTEND'ED, pp. Accompanied; having attendants served waited on. ATTEND' ER, n. One wlio attends a companion an associate. [^Little ustd.^ .\TTEND'ING. ppr. Going with accomwaiting on panying sujjerintending or taking care of; being present immediately
;
;

Shame

the attendant of vice.

to condense, incrassate or thicken. Doric. Encyc. To comminute to break or wear solid Attic order, an order of small square ])illars substances into finer or very mimite parts. at the uppermost extremity of a building. This had its origin in Athens, and was inThis uninterrupted motion must attenuate and tended to conceal the roof These pdlars wear away tiie hardest rocks. Trans, of C'huptal's Chimistry should never exceed one tliird of the length To make slender to reduce in thickness. of the order on which they are placed, nor 3. a. Made thin, or less visbe less than one quarter of it. ATTEN'UATE, Encyc. made sleiuler. Bacon Attic story, a story in the upper part of a cid ATTEN'UATED, pp. Made thin or le.ss house, where the windows usually are viscid comminuted made slender. In square. Encyc. botany, growing .slender towards the point. AT'TIC, n. A small square pillar with its ATTElV'UATING, ppr. Making thin, as cornice on the uppermost part of a buildAttics properly form the crown of fluids; making fine, as solid substances; ing. the building, or a finishing for the other making slender or lean. ATTENUA'TION, n. The act of making orders, when they are used in the strucas the atleniiation of the ture. thin, as fluids Encyc. an Athenian author. humors. 2. An Athenian Jones' Gr. Grammar. 2. The act of making fiue, by commnnition, i. The and idiom or attrition. AT'TICISM, peculiar style The action of the air facilitates the attenuaof the Greek language, used by the AtheTrans. Chnptal. tion of these rocks. connians; refined and elegant Greek 3. The act or process of making slender, thin cise and elegant expression. or lean. Encyc. Art. Philos. i<. t. to wear.] To 2. A AT'TERATE, [L. uttero, particidar attachment to the Athenians.
2.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

wear away.

2.

To form

or accumulate bv wearing.

Mitford.

AT'TERATED, pp. Formed

ATTERA'TION,

AT'TICIZE,

V.

t.

To conform

or

make con-

by wearing. Ray.

conseijuent to serving Ustening regarding with care. \TtENT', a. Attentive. 2 Chron. vi. ATTENT'.'VTES, n. Proceedings in a court of judicature, after an inhibition is decreed, .lyliffe. TION, n. The act of attending or heeding; the due a])plication of the ear to sountls, or of the mind to objects pre.sented to its contemplation. [Literally, a stretch; ; ;

. The operation of forn'iing land by the wearing of the sea, and the wearing of the earth in one place and depositifin of it in another. Ray. ATTEST', V. t. [Fr. attester ; L. attestor ; of ad and tcslor, to affirm or bear witness,

formal)Ie to the language or idiom of Attica. Adjectives in 05, when atticized, beJones' Gr. Grammar. come "5. AT'TICIZE, 1!. i. To use atticisms, or the idiom of the Athenians. The title of a book in Pau?!. AT'TICS, phi. .sanias, which treats of Attica.

from
1.

testis.

See

Trans, of Paus. B.

1.

Testify.]

To

ATTEN

to be true or

bear witness to; to certify; to affirm genuine to make a solemn

;
;

ATTI'RE,

v. t. [Norm, attyrer, to provide ; Fr. atours, dress, attire ; atoumer, to dress a bride, to attire ; atourneresse, a tire

declaration in words or writing, to suppoi-t a fact appropriately used for the affirmation of persons ijitheir official ca|iacity as, to attest a to attest the truth of a writing copy of record. Persons also attest wri; ;

woman Arm.
;

G.

zieren,

to adorn.

atourm, female ornaments retain tire, the

We

ing

toioards.]

They say the tongues of dying men Enforce atttntion like deep harmony.
.S'/ioTf.

2.

tings by subscribing their names. To bear witness, or support the truth

of

word, applied to the band of a wheel, and this word, in the D. toer, coinSee Class Dr.] cides with tour. To dress to array to adorn with elegant
sini|)le
;

9.

Act of civility, or courtesy

a stranger.
a.
;

as attention lo

as, fact, by other evidence than words the ruhis of Palmyra attest its ancient
;

ATTENT'IVE,
Heedful
care.
;

[Fr.

aitentif.-]
;

intent

observant

regarding with
;

3.

magnificence. To call to witness

scious.

to

invoke as con-

or splendid garments. With the linen miter shall Aaron be attired. Lev. xvi. ATTI'IIE, n. Dress; clothes; habit but
;

appropriately, ornamental dress.

the sen.ses of hearing and seeing, as an attentive ear nr eye to the application of the mind, as in conor to the application of the templation mind, together with the senses abnvenieiitioned, as when a person is alleative to the
It is ai)plied to
;

The sacred streams which lieaven's imperial state 2. attests in oaths, and fears to violate. .3.
Dryden.

Can a i>ride forget her The bonis of a deer.

attire.

Jer.

ii.

ATTEST',
tion.

?!.

Witness

testimony

attesta-

[Little u^ed.]

Ill botany, the generative parts of plants. Florid attire, called thrums or suits, as in flowers of marygold or tansy, consists of two or three parts, of whicli the outer

tlu^

ATT
part
is

ATT
decked
witli or-

ATT
that tendency which is manifested between small particles of matter, at insensible distances, or near the jMiint of contact, to unite them in coherence.
;

the floret. Semiform attire consists In Virginia, the duties otaltomey, counsellor, of the chives and apexes. This Innguiige conveyancer and advocate, are all perfyirt. formed by the same individual. is now obsolete.
;

ATTl'REU, pp. Dressed

An

ATTJ'RKR,

luinients or attire. n. One

who

dresses or adorns

with attire. \T:TI' KING, ppr. Dressing; adorning with Attorney General
dress or attire.

attorney may liave general powers to transact business lur another or his pow ers may be special, or limifeil to a particular act or acts.
is

The attraction of gravity is supjiosetl to be the great principle which lontines the

ATTI'TLE,

V.

f.

To entitle.

[M'otin use.]
Goicer.

ATTITUDE,

)!. [Fr. attitude, posture ; Sp. The Itahan actituit, li-om L. actus, ago. aMi<i(rfme is posture and litness; attitude and aptitude being united in the same

Its poweror force planets in their orbits. is directly as the iiuantity of matter in a appointed to body, and inversely as the sipiare of the king, the state or distances of the attracting bodies. public ; and his duty, in ]iarlicular, is to SVewton. Encyc. prosecute jiersons guilty of crimes. letter or warrant of attorney is a written 2. The act of attracting ; the effect of the

nn

officer

manage

business for

tlie

authority from one person another to transact business

empowering
liir

him.
;

ATTOKN'EV,
to

word.]
In painting and sculpture, tlie posture or action in wliich a figure or statue is phu-ed such a the gesture of a figure or statue disposition of the parts as serves to express the action and sentiments of tlie perJohnson. Encyc. son represented. 2. Posture position of things or persons as, in tunes of trouble let the prince or a nation preserve a firm attitude. Washington's Farewell Address. Hamilton. Gov. Smith. JV. H.
1.
; ; ; ;

employ

perfi)rm by proxy as a proxy. [JVot in use.]

t.

v.

To

ATTORN'EYSHIP,
attorney
;

7t.

The

office

Shak. of an
Shak. a new

agency

fi)r

another.

ATTORN'ING, ppr. Acknowledging

lord, or transferring

homage and

fealty to

the purchaser of an estate.

ATTORN'MENT, n. The act of a feudatory,

vassal or tenant, by which he consents, U|>on the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and transfers to

principle of attraction. .ittractiiin niay Le performed by impulse or other means. J\,'^ewton's Optics. 3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting or engaging ; as the attraction of or eloqiu;nce. beauty Contiguous attraction is that which is exerted betweiui minute particles or atoms, When this prinat insensible distances. ciple unites particles of the same kind, it is called affinity of aggregation, cohesive af-

him

his

homage and
V.
I.

service.

When it ojieratcs on finity or cohesion. dissimilar jiarticles, producing union, it ia distinguished as heterogeneous, and called chiniical attraction or affinity.
H'ebster's

ATTOL'LENT,
ad and
Lifting
tollo,
;

a.
lift.]
;

[L. attollens, alloUo, of

Encyc.

Blackstone.

Manual-

to

ATTRACT',
as an attollenl muscle

[L. altraho, attraclus, of

up

raising

Derham

ad and Draw.]

truho,

to

thaw.

See Drag and

Elective attraction, in chimistry, is otherIt is that power in wise called affinity. substances, which elects or selects from a

ATTOL'LENT,
some

n. muscle whicii raises 1. part, as the ear, tlie tip of the nose
;

or the upper eye hd

levator or elevator.

otherwise called
Qui/icy.

Core.

ATTORN',
ner
;

V.

i.

[L. ad and torno ;'Vr.

;

tour- 2.

Arm. tuirgna, tumein, to turn Sp. tomar ; Port, id; It. attornare, tomiare.

Hence
neo.

torniamento, a tournament

Sp.

lor-

See Turn.l

In the feudal law, to turn, or transfer

homage

and service from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals or tenants, upon tlie alienation of the estate.
Blackstone.

Having the quality of attracting; drawing to ; as the attractive force of bodies. unite with, some cause may prevent the un- 2. Drawing to by moral influence ; alluring ; though inviting ; engaging ; as the attractive graces. ion ; as, the sun is supposed to attract the Roscoe. An attractive undertaking. planets. adv. With the power 3. To draw by influence of a moral kind to of attracting, or drawing to. invite or allure as, to attract admirers. n. The quafity of 4. To engage as, to attract attention. being attractive, or engaging. ATTRACT', n. Attraction. [J\'ot in use.] ATTRAcT'OR, n. The person or thing that
la^^s.

To draw to to cause to move towards, and unite with as, electrical bodies attract straws, and light substances, by physical
; ;

mixture those elements with whicli they have the strongest tendencv to combhie.

ATTRACT'IVE,
1.

a.

[Er. altraclif]

To draw

to

or incline to

ATTRACTIVELY,

ATTRACTIVENESS,
attracts.

Hudibras.

ATTORN'EY,
tournon
;

Drawing being attractable, or of being subject to to ; or as a noun, that which draws to. the law of attraction. Asiat. Researches. Glaninlle. One who takes the turn or place ATTRAT'ABLE, a. That may be attract- .VPTRAP', V. t. [Qu. Fr. drap, cloth.] To change. ed subject to attraction. of another. See .^rtoni and Turn.] Barret. clothe to dress. [.Vol in use.] Lavoisier by Kerr, One who is appointed or admitted in the ATTRECTA'TION, n. [L.attreclatio.] FreDiet. place of another, to manage his matters in ATTRACT'ED, pp. Drawn towards invi quent handling. law. The word formerly signified any ted allured engaged. ATTRIB'UTABLE, a. [See AttribiUc] ) to That per.son who did business for another but ATTRAT'I, may be ascribed, imputed or attribu" Having power its sense is now draw to. ted ascribable imputable as, the fault chiefly or wholly restricted ICAL, I [JVot to persons who act as substitutes for the is not attributable to the author. used.] Rfypersons concerned, in prosecuting and de- ATTRACT'ILE, a. That has power to ATTRIB UTE, v. t. [L. attribuo ; ad and actions before courts of justice, or attract. Med. Rep. fending tritribuo, to divide, to bestow, to assign in transactuig other business in which ATTRACT'ING, ppr. Drawing to or to bus, a tribe, division or ward ; Fr. attribuer ; The word anwards inviting alluring engaging. legal rights are involved. See Sp. atribuir, tribuir ; It. aitribuire. swers to the procurator, (proctor,) of the ATTRACT'INGLY, adv. In an attracting Tribe.]
[L. attrahetis.]

Encyc.

ATTRATABIL'ITY,

n.

The

quality ofl

ATTRA'HENT,

a.

tome, id

n. plu. attorneys. fn^m tour, ;

[Norm, attoum, turn,

ATTRACT

civihans.

manner.

1.

To

allot or attach, in
;

Attorneys are not admitted to practice in courts, until examined, approved, licensed and sworn, by direction of some court after which they are proper officers of the
court.

ATTRACTION,
which
is

n.

The power

in bodies
;

ascribe

sujjposed to draw them together or the tendency or principle which incUnes them to unite or cohere called by Coper;

attribute nothing to contradiction.

3.

We

contemplation to to consider as belonging. God, that contains a Tillotson.

;

To

In G. Britain, and

in

some of the U.
;

States,

attorneys are not j)ermitte(l to be advocates

Encyc This power, principle or tendency in bodies to unite, is distinguished by philoso

nicus, appetence.
pliers into attraction of gravity or gravita tion, which extends to a sensible distance, such as the tendency of the planets to the

3.

or counsel in the higher courts this privilege being confuied to counsellors and serIn other states, there is no disgeants. tinction of rank, and attorneys practice in all the courts. And in a general sense, the

as, to attribute to God all the glory of redemption. To impute, as to a cause ; as, our misfortunes are generally to be attributed to our follies or imprudence.

give as due
;

to yield as

an act of the

mind

AT'TRIBUTE, n. That which

;

word

attorney comprehends counsellors, barristers and Serjeants.

sun, or of a stone, when raised in the air, to fall to the earth, and of which kind is the attraction of magnetism, and of elecand into attraction of cohesion, or tricity
;

is attributed ; that which is considered as belonging to, or inherent in as, power and wisdom are attributes of the Supreme Being: or a

quality determining something to be after

A U C
u certain
tributi'

A U D
is

AUG
bishop of Canterbury, on the subject of
consecrations, elections, institutions, marriages,
irT\ xm AUD'IT,

manner
;

as,

extension

an
;

at2.

2. y.

of body. Encyc. characteristic disposition as Quality Bacon. bravery and generosity in men. A thing belonging to another an append ant as the arms of a warrior. In paint ing and sculpture, a symbol of office or
; ;

of sale was made by a crier. sub ha^a, under a spear stuck in the earth.
this species

The

thing sold at auction.

a. n.

Pope.

&c.

AU'TIONARY,
AUCTIONEE'R,
The person who
der.

tion or public sale.

Belonging to an aucDryden
[L. auctionarius.]
;

AUD'IENT, n. A
n.

Encyc.
hearer. [JVo< in
iise.]

Shelion.
[L. audit,

character, added to the principal figure as a club is tlie attribute of Hercnles.

sells at auction a person licensed by government to dispose of goods or lands by public sale to the highest bidv.
t.

he hears.] An examination of an account or of accounts, with a hearing of the parties concerned, by

proper

Encyc.

Shak Reputation ; honor. [JVot a proper sense of this tvoril.] ATTRIBUTED, ;)j). Ascribed; yielded as due imputed. ATTRIB'UTING, /*^r. Ascribing: yieldmg
4.
;

AUCTIONEE'R,
AUUPA'TION,

To
[L.

seU at auction.

officers, or persons appointed for that piu-pose, who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine witnesses, and

n.

state the balance. Coivper. aucupalio, from 2. The result of such

; ;

or giving as due

imputing.
act of attributing,
;

ATTRIBU'TION, n. The
or the quality ascribed

commendation.
Harris.

ATTRIB'UTIVE,
pressing an

a.

Pertaining to or ex

attribute.

ATTRIB'UTIVE,
signiticant of
live,

jj. In grammar, a word an attribute; as an adje

verb or particle, which is the attribute of a substance. Harris' Hermes. ATTRl'TE, a. [L. altrilus, worn, of ad and
Gr. istftu. See Trite.] Worn tero, to wear Milton. by rubbing or friction. [See Trite, which is now generally used.] ATTRI'TENESS,n. The behig niuchworn. Johnson. ATTRI"TION, n. Abrasion the act of wearing by friction, or rubbing substances
; ;

aucupor, of avis and cupio.] The act or practice of taking birds fowling birdcatching. [Ldttlc used.] AUDA'ClOUS, a. [L. audai ; Fr. audacieux ; from L. audeo, to dare. The sense is, advancuig forward.] 1. Very bold or daring; impudent; conlem ning the restraints of law, rehgion or de corum used for 6oW i>i wickedness ; applied to persons as an audacious wretch. 2. Committed with, or proceeding from, dai-ing effrontery, or contempt of law as an audacious crime.
; ; ;

an examination, or account as adjusted by auditors; a final account. Hooker. V. t. To examine and AUD'IT, adjust an account or accounts, by proper officers, or by persons legally authorized for the purj)Ose as, to audit the accounts of a treasurer, or of parties who have a suit depending in
:

court.

AUD'IT-HOUSE, n. An appendage
AUD'ITIVE,
ing-

to a cathedral, in which the business belongingto it is transacted. Wheler.

3.

Bold

spirited.

Jonson.
adv.
n.

AUDA'CIOUSLY,
manner
;

In an impudent

with excess of boldness.

Shak

AUDA'CIOUSNESS,
ing audacious
;

The

impudence

quality of beaudacity.

together. The change of aliment

trition of the stomach.

AUDACITY,
is

n.

effected

by the

at-

good sense
confidence.
2.

Jirbuthnot

Sandys. Boldness, sometimes in a daiing spirit, resolution or

state of being worn. 3. With divines, grief for sin

9.

The

Johnson.
arising from
IVallis.

Audaciousness
sense
;

fear of

punishment
i). .

the lowest degree of

<i(7ie.

; impudence ; in a bad imjjlying a contempt of law or

moral

restraint.
;

re|)eutance.

ATTU'NE,
and
Vernal
3.

Tune.']
airs

To make

[of(/and

See Tone

AUD'EANISM,
i

musical.
Aliltvyi

n. Anthroponior|)liisin or the doctrine of Audeus, who maintained that God has a human shape from Gen.
;

a. Having the power of hearCotgrave. one who at[L.] A hearer tends to hear a discourse. 2. A person appohited and authorized to examine an account or accounts, compare the charges with the vouchers, e.xamine the pai ties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance. It is usual with courts to refer accounts, on which an action is brought, to auditors for adjustment, and their re])ort, if received, is the basis of the judgment. In Englaiul, there are officers who are auditors of courts; as the auditors of the Excliequer, of the receipts, &c.

AUDITOR,

AUD'ITORSHIP,
;

ji.

The

office

of auditor.
Johnso7t.

attune the trembling leaves.

26.
a.

Encyc.
[L. audibilis,

AUDIBLE,

sound

to adjust ; to make accordant to attune the voice to a harp.

to

To

tune, or put in tune

one
;

another

as

from audio, to AIID'ITORY, a. That has the power of hear. This word is evidently connected hearing pertaining to the sense or organs of hearing; as, the aurfiVon/ nerve. with the name of the ear; Gr. ova;, oiiaroj;
Vulg. Gr. av6ia.

The verb
;

is

contracted
to hear.

AUD'ITORY,
;

n.

[L. auditorium.]

An

audi-

ATTU'NED, pp. Made musical or harmoniaccommodated in sound. ATTU'NING,;9pr. Putting in tune

ous
; ;

into S]i. oir

Port, ouvir
oyer,

Fr.

ov'ir,

Hence
making
Obs.
oyez,

and from the French hear ye, the barbarous O yes, of our
in

law

ence an assembly of hearers, as in a church or lecture room.

2.

ATWA'IN,

musical, or accordant in sound. adv. In twain asunder.

;

courts.]

That may be heard perceivable by the ear loud enough to be heard as an audible Shak
;
;

A ]jlace or apartment where discourses are delivered. In ancient chircjies, the nave, where the hearers stood to be instructed.

ATWEE'N,
ATWIXT',

arf.

Between. Obs.

Chaucer. ATVVO, AUBA'INE, i. aubain. [Fr. awiiai?!, an alien.] AUD'IBLY, adv. In an audible manner The droit d'auhaiiu, in France, is the right a manner so as to be heard. of the king to the goods of an alien AUD'IENCE, The act of hearing, or
audible.
It.

adv. Betwixt. Obs. adv. In two. Obs.

Spenser. Spenser.

voice or whis))er.

3.
re.

bench on which a judge

n.

AUD'IBLENESS,

The

quality of being
;

causes.

AUD'ITRESS,
in
;

sits to hear Encyc. female hearer.

Milton.

at-

AUF, n. A fool a simpleton. [See Oaf] AUgE'AN, a. The Augean stable, in Grecian mythology, is represented as belonging to Augeas or Augias, one of the

dying within his jurisdiction, the king standing in the place of the heirs. AU'BURN, a. [This word is evidently formed

tending
2.

to .sounds.
Jifilton.

His bold discourse had atuliencc.

brown, by a transposition of the letters r and n, with a prefix, auburn, for aubrun, from brennan, burn, denoting the color made by scorchof a dark color. ing.] Brown His auburn locks on either shoulder flowed. Dry den. J!. AUCTION, [L. audio, a public sale; Eng. to hawk ; G. hoken ; properly, to cry out. Sec Hawk.]
It.
;

from hrun, bruno, Fr. and

Admittance to a hearing ; pubhc reception to an interview ; a ceremony observed in courts, or by official characters, when
business in person.

embassadors or applicants to men in office are permitted to appear and state their
3. 4.

Argonauts, and afterwards king of Ehs. This ])rince kept a great number of oxen, in a stable which was never cleansed, until Hercules undertook the task a task which it seemed im])racticable to execute.
;

1.

public sale of property to the highest bidder, and regularly, by a person licensed

An auditory; an assembly of hearers. In the Spanish dominions, a com-t as the audience of Seville, which is a coiu't of oyer and terminer and the audience prctorial, in the Indies, which is a high court
; ;

Hence the Augean stable came to reprewhat is deemed impracticable, or a place which has not, for a long time, been
sent
cleanscfl.

AUG'ER,
is

Lempriere. n. [D. aregaar. The Saxon word nafe-gar or naue-gar, from nafa, the nave

and authorized

for tlie purpose ; a vendue, CorUracts for services, somethnes, are sold to the lowest bidder. By the Romans

of judicature. The word in Spain also signifies certain law-officers, appointed to institute a judicial inquiry. Span. Dirt.
\5.

of a wheel, and gar, a tool or a borer. It is probable that the real word is naugar,
corrupted.]

An

In England, a court held by the arch-

instrument for boring large holes, chiefly used by carpenters, joiners, cabinet niak-

AUG
era,

AUG

A U R

AUGMENT',
;

wheelw)i<lits and sliipwiightr!. sioH of monasteries. It It was long ago dis- AUGTJST'AN, a. Pertaining to Augusius : consists of an iron blado, oniJing in a stee. solved. as the Augustan Encyc. age. bit, with a handle placed at right angles In heraldry, augmentation consists in ad- 2. The Augustan confession, drawn up al witli tlic blade. ditional charges to a coat-armor, often as Angers, niatfe with a Augusta or Augsburg, by Luther and Memarks of honor, borne on the escutcheon straight cliannel or groove, in some places, lancthoii, in 15:50, cont.iins the principle.^ are called pod-nugers ; tlie modern angers, ov a canton. Enrnc. of tlie Protestants, and their reasons with spiral channels, are called scretvATI VE, . Having the riuality separating from the Romish church. for or power of angers. augmenting. Encyc. AI O'ER-IIOLE, n. A hole made by an n. He that augments. AUGUSTIN'IANS, . Those divines, who anger. frtim 8t. Augustiii, niaiiilaiii that ;);jr. Increasing; enlarggrace is AUGHT, n. nut. [Sax. aioiht, aid, or moiht, ing. effectual from its nature, absolutely and oini'il, dIiI, tioni un'lit, wiglit, a creature, an- AU'GUR, n. [L. augur. The first .syllable morally, not relatively and gradually. This loihi seems is from imal, thing, any thing. avis, a fowl ; but the meaning and to be oin- icighl and whil ; and I origin of the last .syllable are not obvious.] suspect > An order of AJ'GUST'INS, the L. i/ul, i/uu; i/iioil, ipild, tchitt, to be the 1. Among the Romans, an officer whose duty so .-alled from St! same word varied in ortliograjihy. This waste foretell future events bv the sing- AUGUSTIN'IANS, $ Augnstui. They originally were hermits, word should not he written ought.] ing, chattering, flight and leediiig of birds. and called Austin friars. They were conI. There was a college or coiumimity of Any tiling, indefinitely. gregated into one \nnl\ by Popi- AlexanBut go, my son, and see if atight be wanting augurs, originally three in number, andj der IV., under Lan(raiic,"in 125(). They Mildison afterwards nine, four (latricians, and five! clothe in black, and make one of the fi.uV Any part, the smallest, a jot or tittle. plebeians. They bore a stafl'or wand, and! orders of mendicants. Enair There (.iiIlmI not might of any good thing were held in great respect. n. Encyc. wliich die Lorti had sjiokcn. Josh. x.\t. Dignity of mien; granOne who pretends to foretell future events deur ; NESS, magnificence. AU'tilTE, n. [Gr. avyr., brightness. Plin. by omens. n. 37, 10.] Wc all know tliat augur cannot look at augur AUK,a [contracted from Alca.] The alca, niineral called by Haiiy, pyroxene ; oflen genus of arpiatic fowls, of the order without langliiiifT. Buchminster of ansers, including the northern found ill distinct crystals. Its secondary penguin or great auk, the little auk or black and forms are all six or eight -sided prisms. AU'GUR, v.i. To guess ; to conjecture by white diver, the |iiirtiii, &c. sigiis or omens ; to prognosticate Sometimes it apjHiars in heniitrope crysAU'GUR, V. t. To predict or foretell; as, to AULA'RIAN, ;i. [L.aula, a hall.] At Oxtals. It lias a foliated structure, and is augur ill success. lord, the iiieniber of a hall, di.sthiguished harder than liornbleiid. Tiie varieties are common augile, sahlile, fassaite, and AU'GUR.'^L, a. [L. auguralis.] Pertaining Todd. vi'l'r^ ''.'"fgian. to an augur, or to prediction by the ap- Al coccolite. 'I'lie IC, a. [Gr. mXijT'txos, from otjXos, a omjjiiacitc of Werner appearance of birds. The Romans had their pipe.] pears also to be a variety and the eomaugural staff and augural books. to pipes or to a mon aiigite, tiniiul near the lake Baikal, Pertaining pipe. [Liltlr v. i. To judge by augury has been called BaiUalite. used.] Ckaveland. AU'GURATE, to predict. H'arburton. AU'LI, a. [L. aulicus, from [TMle used.] Werner divides augite into four sub-species ; aula, a hall, n. The practice of aucourt or jialace ; Gr. granuhir, foliated, conchoidal, and com- AUGURA'TION, avx?;.] mon ; and there is a variety called slaggy gury, or the foretelling of events by the Pertaining t<i a royal court.' The epithet is chattering and flight of birds. It may be probably confined to the German Eraiiire, augite. used for prediction by other where it is used to designate certain courts signs and AUgIT'I, a. Pertaining to augite resemomens. or officers bling augite, or partaking of its nature and The composing the courts. AU'GURED, pp. Conjectured by omens; aulic council is comjiosed of a presidents characters. Cooper. ]irognosticated. vvho is a catholic, a vice-chancellor and V. t. [Fr. migmenter ; L. augn. An augur. [ATot legitimate.] eighteen counsellors, nine of whom are mcnto, aiigmentum, from augco, auxi, to AU'GURER, Shak. increase Gr. a/iiu, aitu. Jt seems to be protestants, and nine catholics. They alAUGU'RIAL, a. Relating to augurs. tlie Eng. to ica.i; or to ways follow the Emperor's court,- and deeke; Sax. eaam.] cide without an Brown. 1. To increase to enlarge in size or extent This council appeal. V. t. To augur. LYot in M,se.] (VU'GURIZE, ceases at the death of the to swell ; to make to

AUGMENT'

AUGMENT'ER,

AUGMENTING,

moX,

AUGUST

LET

bigger a.s, nugmenl an army, by reinlbrcement rain ait^mcn/

; ;

AU'GUROUS,
foreboding.

a.

Predicting;

foretelUng

The

Aulic,

in

2.

a stream. To increase or swell

;

tlie

degree, amount

AUGURY,
2.

or magnitude
evil.

as,

impatience augments an
;

[L. augurium.] The art or practice of foretelling events by the flight or chattering of birds.
n.

AUGMENT',
larger
;

AUG'MENT,
;

I.. J. To increase to grow as, a stream augjncnts by rain.

An omen

an act of a young divine, on being admitted a doctor of divinity. It begins by a harangue of the chancellor addressed to the young doctor, after which he reties, is

some European

Emperor.

universi-

prediction

a.

addition In philology, a syllable iirefixed to a word or an increase of the quantity of the ini;

Increase; enlargement by state of increase.

n.

AUGUST',

prognostication. Shak. Dryden.

ceives the caji and presides at the Aulic or

disputation.

a.

[L. augusius.

The

tial

vowel.

AUGMENT'ABLE,

a.

creased; callable of augmentation.

H'alsh''s

That may be

in-

lable of this word is proliably from the root of n!(g-co, or of face.] Grand magnificent majestic impressimr awe inspiring reverence. The Trojan chief appeared, august in visage.
;
; ;

first .syl-

AUMA'IL,
variegate.

t..

AUMBRY. [See Ambry.] AUME, n. A Dutch measure

wine, containing 40 gallons.
n.

/. [Fr. email.] [JVot used.]

To
for

Encyc.
figure or Spenser.

Rhenish

AUNE,

It

AUGMENTATION,

Amer. Review.
act of increas-

The

ing, or making larger, by adtlition,xpansion, or dilatation. 2. The state of being increased or

3.

Dryden. is related that this epithet was first' conferred by the Roman senate upon Octavius, after confirming him in the sovereign

power.

Encyc. [A i-ontraction of aidne, ulna.] French cloth measure, but of different lengths in different parts of the country. At Rouen, it is an at Calais, Eng. ell 1. 52 ; at Lyons, 1. OGl ; at Paris, 0. 95.
;

AU'GUST,

1.

enlarged. thing added by wliieh a thing is enlarged. In music, a the value of the notes douJiling of the subject of a fugue or canon.

The

Augmentation erected by 27 Hen. VIII., to augment the revenues of tlie crown, by the
suppres-

Bushy. Court, in England, a court

Vol.

I.

n. [L. from Heb.iK', a stream Gr. See Air.] in Literally, a breeze, or gentle current of air, tus, on account of his victories, and his but used by Enghsh writers for a stream' entering on his first consulate in that of fine particles flowing from a body, a!3 iT^omh. Gebelin.l effluvia, arotna, or odor au eslialation.

eighth month of the year, contauiiiig thirty-one days. The old Roman name was Scrtilis, the sixth month from Marcli, the month in which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, began the
n.

The

AUNT,
The
tive to

A TTTVTrn

Encyc.
)i.

[L. amita, contracted.

Qu. Fr.

tante.] sister

of one's father or mother, correlaor niece.

;

nephew

year.

The name was changed to August honor of the Emperor Octavius Angus-'

AURA,
aiipa.

16

A U R
Vli'llATE,
n.

A U
be from aurum,

S^

A U
a tavorable turn to
;

[Supposed

to

or practice of driving horses harnessed to

gold.]
;

AU'KATE,

sort of pear. Fr. or ; froii! n. [L. mirum, ffold the Ileb. and Cli. 11N, light, fire, ami to shine, from if.s color; Ir. or; W. our Corn. our; Biisijue urrea ; Arm. aur, gold.] \ combination of the o.Kyd of gold witli a base; as aurate of potash. Lavoisier. Fourcroy.
,

rVURIPlGMENTUM.
AU'RISCALP,
to scrape.]
n.

<arriages.

[See Orpiment.]

[L. auris, ear,

and

scalpo,
2.
3.

An

instrument to clean the ears; used also in operations of surgery on the ear.
n.

AU RIST,

.-VU'RATED,

u.

ResemMii.g gold.
[from aurum, or avr, gold

awis, ear.] One skilled AU'SPICE, AU'SPICES, n. [L. auspicium, of the ear, or who professes of avis, a bird, and specio, to inspect.] to cure them. Ash. 1. The omens of an undertakuig, drawr; from bu-ds the same as augury, which AU'ROCIIS, n. [G. urochs, the ure-o.r, urus
[L.
in disorders
;

a sense taken from the Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspection of birds, before they undertook any important business. Burke's Refections. To foreshow. B. Jonson. To begin. Burke.

AURE'LIA,
from
its

n.

and

See Chnisalis.] In natural history, the nymjih or chrysalis of an in.sect or the form of an animal, like a worm or maggot, covered with a liardisli pellicle, and in a state of seeming inFrom this state, it changes to sensibility. a moth, butterrty or other winged insect.
color.
;

ox.]

see.

species of o.x, whoso bones are found in J. of Science. gravel and alluvial soil. . AURO'RA, n. [L. aurora ; Sans, arun ; Ch.

Protection favor shown patronage influence. In this sense the word is gene; ;

and Heb. IIX

1.

light,

and

rally pluial, auspices.

"ly

to raise.]
;

3.

Encyc.

The rising light of the morning the dawn of day, or morning twilight. The goddess of the morning, or twilight The poets represented deified by fancy.

her as rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers drop])ing gentle dew. aurelia. Johnson. 3. A species of crowfoot. AU'Rie, a. to gold. The auric acid is a saturated Aurora Borealis, or lumen horcale ; northern This species of hght iLsually aptwilight. combination of gold and oxygen. in streams, ascending towards the pears Fourcroy. zenith from a dusky line a few degrees dim. from au )i.

AURE'LIAN,

Like or pertaining to the Humphreys. [from aurum., gold.] Pertaining

a.

[See Auspice.] Having omens of success, or favorable ai)pearan' ees ; as an auspicious beginning. 9Prosperous fortimate applied to persons . as auspicious chief. Dryden. 3. Favorable; kind; propitious; applied to persons or things ; as an auspicious mistress. Shak.
;

AUSPI'CIOUS,

a.

AUSPI"CIOUSLY,
omens
l)lv
; ;

adv.

With

happily

prosperously
n.

favorable favora-

propitiously.
;

AU'RICLE,
ris,

[L. auricula,

1.

2.

the ear.] external ear, or that part which is prominent from tlie head. The aiu-icles of the heart are two niuscu lar bags, situated at the base, serving as diverticula for the blood, during the dias tole. They resemble the auricle of the ear, and cover the ventricles of the heart, Their systole or contraction like caps. corresponds to the diastole of the heart, and vice I'crsa. They receive the blood from the veins, and communicate it to the

above the horizon.

Sometimes

AUSPI"CIOUSNESS,
jiromise
prosperity.

state

of

fail-

it

assiuiies

The

a wavy ai)pearance, as in America, in AIJS'TER, n. [L.] the south wind. Pope. March 1782, when it overspread the whole AUSTE'RE, a. [h. austerus.] Severe harsh
;

ventricles.

Encyc.
11.

Chambers.

AURI'ULA,
called,
ear.

That species of primrose,

its

from the shape of

a.

leaves, bear's

hemisphere. Sometitues it appears in detached places at other times, it almost covers the hemisphere. As the streams of light have a tremulous motion, they are called, in the Shetland isles, merry dancers. They assume all shapes, and a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or blood color and in the northern latitudes, serve to illuminate the earth and cheer the gloom of long winter nights. This hght is sometimes near the It is said to have been seen beearth. tween the spectator and a distant moun; ;

rigid ; stern applied to persons austere master ; an austere look.

;

as

an

9-

Sour
to

harsh

rough

to the taste

applied
rigidly;

AUSTE'RELY,
harshly.

things; as austere adv.

fruit,

or wine.

Severely;

AUSTE'RENESS,
harshness
2.
;

n. Severity in

manners;

austerity.
in taste. n. [L. austeritas.]
;

Roughness

AUSTER'ITY,

Severity

of manners or life strictness ; rigor harsh discipline. It is particularly appUed to the mortifications of a monastic hfe,
;

Belonging to the aurora, or AUSTRAL, . [L. australis, from auster, the .south wind, or south.] resembling the twit. Pertaining to the ear; within the sense of E. Goodrich. Southern lying or being in the south ; as light. hearing told in the ear as auricular con- AU'RUM, n. See Aurate.] Gold. austral land austral signs. [L. fession. Aurum fulminans, fulminating gold, is gold AUSTRALA'SIA, n. [austral and Asia.] A 1. Recognized by the ear; know-n by the dissolved in aqua-regia or nitro-muriatic name given to the countries situated to the evidence. sense of hearing as auricular south of Asia comprehending New-Holacid, and precipitated by volatile alkali. as aurict. Traditional ; known by report This precipitate is of a brown yellow, or land, New Guinea, New Zealand, &c. Bacon. ular traditions. Pinkerton. orange color, and when exposed to a mod.\URIC'ULARLY, adv. In a secret man- erate heat, deto)iizes with considerable AUS'TRL\N, a. [from Austria. This word ner by way of wlusper, or voice adtbessnoise. It is a compound of the oxyd of gold is formed with the Latin tenuination, ia, ed to the ear. and annnonia. Fourcroy. countrj', from (Estreich, the German name, AURI'ULATE, a. Shaped like the ear. Aurum mo.mictim, or musivujn, a sparkling which is eastern rick, eastern kingdom, so Botany. callcil ill reference to the western domingold-colored substance, from an anutlgam UTRI'ULATED, a. Having large or elon- of quick-silver and tin, mixed with sulphur ions of Charlemagne.] The and sal ammoniac, set to sublime. gated cars as the auricutated vultiu'e. Pertaining to Austria, a circle or district of Ed. Encyc. and part of the sulphm- unite inmercury Germany, and an ein])ire, lying ou the AURIF'EROUS, a. [L. aurifer, from aurum, to a cinnabar, which sublimes witii the sal- Danube north of the gulf of Venice. ammoniac, and leaves the aurum mosaigold, and/ero, to produce.] ?i. A n.ttive of Austria. cum at the bottom. It is a sulphtiret of AUSTRIAN, That yields or produces gold as auriferous AUS'TRINE, a. [L. austrinus, from auster, Thomson. and is used as a sands or streams.

4URI'ULAR,
ear.]

[from L. auricula, the

tain.

which are
a.
;

called austerities.

AURO'RAL,

to the nortliern lights

n. [L. ofaurea, orea, a head-stall, ' a bridle, and rego, to govern or manage a car, or wagon. Literally, the director of

VURPGA,

AUSCULTA'TION,
1.

In astronomy, the wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, consisting of an stars, according to Tycho 40, according to Hevelius ; and 68, in the Brit;

3.

pigment. soutfi.] Encyc. .A'icholson. Johnson. southerly southern. n. [L. from autiq.ausf, South Gr. 0V5, oias, the ear, and cultus, from colo, AUS'TROMANCY, n. [from auster, the south wind, and Gr. fiuirna, divination.] to use or exercise.] The act of listening, or hearkening to. Soothsaying, or prediction of future events, from observations of thewinds. In medicine, a method of distinguishing Encyc. diseases, particularly in the thorax, by ob- Auterfoits, a word conqiosed of the French
tin,
; ;

ish catalogue.
3.

fourth lobe of the liver; also a bandage for the sides. Quincy. AURIGA'TION, n. [L. auriga.] Tlie act

The

Encyc.

serving the sounds in the part, generally by means of a tube apphed to the surface.

Laennec.

autre, another, and foils, fois, time, introduced into law language, under the Norof England. It signifies, at man

AU'SPICATE,

V.

I.

[L. ausjricor.]

To

give

another

princes time,

formerly

as

uuterfoilf

A U T
tjcquit, auterfoits allaint, auterfoils convict, tbrnierly a(()uitto(l, iiltaintcil or convicted,

A U T
AUTIIOR'ITATIVE,
a.

A U T

thority. 2. Having an air of authority specially ploadod, i.s a l)ar to a second jnosecution for tlie same oftense. emplorv.

which being

lilacksloiic
;

AUTOBIOG'RAPIIY, n. [Gr. ovro;, ai..l biography.] positive; per- Biograjihy or memoirs of one's life writteti H'otton H'alsh. by himself. AUTHOR'ITATIVELY.arfv. In an author- AUTOC'RASY, n. [Gr. oi.ros, self, and xpa; ;
;

Having due an Pearson

It itative manner with a show of authority ) AUTHEN'TH-, " [Fr. authentique with due authority. AUTHEN'TIAL, ^ and Sp. auUnlko Low L. autheniicus, from the Gr. auOtif ixo;, AUTHOR ITATIVENESS, Thequahtj
,

...

irom

who

one who kills himself. The first syllable is probably from the i.s from oufo;, which root of aulhoi; avxior ; and the sense of self-murdcnM- seems to indicate that the other constitnent of the word is from Onw, Onru,, to kill, bnt the primary sense of uliicli
to drive or thrnst with the In the word before iis, the sense is to throw, or to set hence imthrntic is set, fi.xeil, made or made certain by the antlior, by one's own self] Having a genuine original or anthority,
is,

one avSit'Tr;;, an autlior or maker; docs any Ihinfjhy his own ri,!;;ht also
;

AUTHOR'
1.
;

of being authoritative ; an acting by authority; authoritative appcar.'ince. IT Y, n. [L. nuilnritns.] Legal power, or a right to conuiiand or to act as iho, authority of a prijice over subjects, and of ))arents over children.

Power;
2.

rule; sway.
;

to

strike,

hand, &c.

The power derived froin opinion, respect or esteem intlucnce of character or office credit as the authority of age or e.\am|)le,j which is submitted to or respected, in some! measure, as a law, or rule of action. Thatj which is claimed in justification or suj); ;

To;, power, or stpartu, to govern, to take or hold.] Indei)endent jKnvcr su])reme, uncontrolled, imhmiled authority or right of governing^ in a .single i)er.son. An absolute prince ^ AU'TOCR.VTER, > n. or sovereign a ru AU'TOCRATOR, > Icr or monarch who holds and exercises the ])Owers of govcrninent by inherent right, not subject to restriction a title assumed by the Em)>crors of Russia. Tooke. 9 This title was sometimes conferred by the Atlionians on their emba.ssadors and generals, when invested with unlitnited
;

AUTOCRAT

I.

port of opinions and measures.

;

in opposition to that which is false, ficti- 3. Testimony; witness; or the person whoj testifies as, the Gospels or the evangel-| tious, or counterfeit ; being what it [mrists are our authorities for the miracles of ports to be ; genuine ; true ; applied to
9.

historian of no authority. Weight of character ; respectability; dig- L/luto dafe. [Port, act of faith.] nit)' ; as a magistrate of great authority in JL In the Romish church, n so]cii)n day held by the city. Brown. the IiKiuisition, forthc punishment of herthority. etics, and the absolution of the innocent. AUTHEN'TIALXESS, h. The quality of 6. Warrant order permission. accused. Span, ^iuto defe. being authentic ; genuineness ; the quality By what authurity dost tliou these things. Encyc. of being of good authority autlieaticity. :2. sentence given by the Inquisition, and Mat. xxi. Acts ix. latter word is generally used.] read to a criminal, or heretic, on the scaf[The 7. Precedents, decisions of a court, official Barroic. fold, just before he is executed. Sp. Diet. declarations, respectable opinions and AUTHEN'TICATE, v. t. To render au- sayings, also the books that lontain them 3. The session of the court of inquisition. thentic; to give authority to, by the jiroof, \ are called as influence the [Gr. a1.r0!, self, and

AUTHENTICALLY,

as an authentic ])aper or register. things Of approved authority as an authentic writer. adv. In an authentic manner; with the requisite or genuine au;
;

Christ.
1.

Weight of testimony

credibility

Encyc. Pertaining to autocracy; absolute holding independent and unlimited j)owers of government. Eton. AU'TOCRATRIX, n. A female sovereign, who is independent and absolute a title as a given to the Empresses of Russia. Tooke.

AUTOCRAT IC, AUTOCRAT ICAL,

jiowers.

"

5.

'

attestation, or formalities, required bjMaw, or suflicient to entitle to credit.

sen'es only as a notary to authenticate the choice of judges. Burke.

The king

authorities, they opinions of others and in taw, the decisions of supreme coiu'ts have a bindin force upon inferior courts, and are called
;

'AUTOGRAPH,
.\

AUTOG'RAPIIY, \ person's own hand

"

writing; an original
?

yi^r, writing.]

AUTHEN'TI.'VTED,
thentic
;

;;;;.

Rendered au-

authorities.
S.

AUTOGRAPH IC,
AUTOGRAPH'ICAL,
one's

manuscript.

"'
\

having received the forms which

prove genuineness.

AUTHEN'TIATING, ppr.
ity

Giving author-

by the necessary signature, seal, attestation or other forms. n. The act of authenticating; the giving of authority by the necc.ssarv formalities. AUTHENTIC'ITY, n. Genuineness; the quality of being of genuine original ; as the authenticitii of the scriptures.

AUTHENTICATION,

the persons or the body exas the local authorities of the states. Marshall. 1 Pet. iii, In Connecticut, the justices of the peace are denomiinited the civil authority.
;

(iovermiient

ercising

power or command

own hand

Pertaining to an autograph, or

writing.

AUTOM'ALITE,
;

AUTHORIZATION,
AUTHORIZE,
torixar.]
1.

n.

The

act of giving

n. A mineral called b> Haily, spinelle zincifcre. It is classed with the spinel ruby. It occurs imbedded in talcky slate the color, a dark green. It is crystalized in regular octahedrons, or in

authority, or legal jiower ; establishment by authoritv. v.t. [Fr. autoriscr ; Sp.au-

tetrahedrons with truncated angles. It is harder than quartz, but not so hard as
spinel.
It
is

from Gahn,

sometimes called gahnite,

discoverer.

its

give authority, warrantor legal power to to gi\ e a right to act to empower as, bj used.'] AU'THOR, n. [L. auctor; Ir. ughdar ; W. to authorize con)missioners to settle the boundary of the state. awdur ; Fr. nuteur ; Sp. autor ; It. autore. 5 To make legal as, to authorize a mar The Latin word is from the root

AUTHENTIC>JESS,n. Authenticity. [Bare

To
;

Cyc.

Thomson.

Cleaveland.

AU'TOMATH,
learn.]

n.

One who

AUTOMATIC,
power of moving

[Gr. avroj, and /Jo.Sam, to is .self taught. Young.

I '

to increase, or

mary sense is come forth.]

I.

cause to enlarge. The prione who brings or causes to

oi'augeo.

AUTOMAT'ICAL,
2.

Belonging to an automaton ;''having the

mechanical. Johnson. Stewart.

riage. 3. To establish

itself;

public opinion

by authority, as by usage, or as an aulhoi-ized idiom of

;

One who
being
vei'se.
;

as,

produces, creates, or brings into God is the author of the Uni

language.
4.

3.

beginner, former, or first mover of any thing hence, the efficient cause of a It is appropriately applied to one thing. who composes or writes a book, or origi nal work, and in a more general sense, to
;

The

5.

To give authority, credit or reputation to; as to authorize a report, or opinion. To justify to support as right. Suppress desires which reason does not authorize.
;

Not voluntary not depending on the will. Dr. Hartley has demonstrated that all our motions are originally automatic, and generally ])roduced by tlie action of tangible things on the mu-scular fiber.
;

AUTOMATON,
self,

AU'THORIZEI),

/)/j.

Warranted by
;

right;
le-

and

/tao,

i. [Gr. wro/^aTo;; avfof, moveo, motu.t. The Greek-

supported by authority
gal or i)roper authority authoritv.

derived from

plural, automata,

is

sometimes used
jiUiral,

one whose occupation is to compose and write books opposed to compiler or

;

having power or
to,

the regular

EngUsh

but automatons, is
;

AUTHORIZING, p/jr.
AU'THORSHIP,

Giving authority

A self-moving
by

preferable.]

machine, or one which moves

o.

translator.

AU'THOR,
[JVot used.]

V.

t.

To

occasion

to

effect.

AUTHORESS,

n.

or legal power, credit, or permission. n. [author and ship.] quality or state of being an author.

invisible springs.

The AUTOM'ATOUS,
power of motion.

Having
[Infra.-]

in itself the

Brown.
a.

female author.

Sha/lesbury.

AUTON'OMOUS,

Independent.

A
in goveniineiit goveniiiipiit.
;

A
skill avail

AVE
us against numbers. Artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of
;

A y ET
briel's salutation to the

AUTON'OMY,
law, rule.]

liaving the right of self Milford. n. [Gr. (u-'ro,-, self, and I'Ojuoj,

Virgin Mai-y

L-

judgment. AVzV'IL, V. i.
to

ave, hail.]

This word

poweror
trates
will.

er in a city
individual

is rarely used. It signifies the right of self government, whethwliich elects its own magis-

and makes

who
J!.

lives

AU'TOPSY,
and 04-15,
idar view.

siglit.]

own laws, or in an according to his own Johnson. Encyc. [Gr. auro^m, ai.*o;, self, Personal observation ocits
;

AUTOP'TICAL,
eves.

a.

Seen with one's own

adv.

R"y-

AUTOP'TICALLY,
lar view, or one's

[Autopsy and

its

The

Ali'TUMN, n. aiitum. [L. autiwmus, " Etymon nmltum tor(|uetur." Ainsworth.]

between summer and winter.
it

Johnson. By means of ocuobservation. Broirn. derivatives are rarely usetl.]

own

To be of use, or advantage answer the purpose as, strength with out judgment will rarely avail. Generally, paternosters. it to have strength, force or effica- AVENA'CEOUS, o. signifies [L. avenaceus, from cy sufficient to accomplish the object as, avena, oats Fr. avoine.] the plea in bar nuist avail, that is, be suf- Belonging to, or partaking of the nature of this scheme ficient to defeat the suit oats. will not avail; medicines will not at)aj7 to AV'ENAgE, n. certain quantity of [Fr.] check the disease sujipositions, without oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent or other duty. proof, will not avail. Spelman. AVA'IL, n. Profit advantage towards suc- AV'ENER, ? " r^r ip , i C'^o''"- French.] cess benefit as, labor without econo- AV'ENOR; \ my is of little avail. It seems usually to In English feuded latv, an officer of the king's stable whose duty was to provide oats. convey the idea of efficacious aid or
;
;

form of devotion in the Romish Church'. Their chaplets and rosaries are divided into a certain number of ave-marys and

strength.

AVENGE,
a.

II.

/.

AVA'ILABLE,
I

Profitable
;

advanta
is 1.

avenj'. [Fr. venger

Sp. ven-

geous

having efficacy

as,

a mea.sure

third season of the year, or the season 2.

more or less available. Having sufficient power,

; ;

Atterbm-y.

Astronom-

ically, begins at the equinox, when the Sim enters hljra, and ends at the winter

AVA'ILABLENESS,
in
{

force, or efficacy, for the object valid as an available plea. Laws are available by consent. Honker. n. Power or efficacy,
; ; ;

Port, vingar ; L. vindex. In Sax. gar winnan, to contend, to gain, to tvin.] To take satisfaction for an injury by punishing the injuring i>arty to vindicate by inflicting jiain or evil on the wrong doer. Shall not God avenge his own elect. Luke
;
;

xviii.

solstice

but in popular language, autunm comprises September, October and November. The goUlen pom)) of autumn. Irving.
;
;

promoting an end in view. Comjjeteut power legal force validity as the availableness of a title. IaVA'ILABLY, adv. Powcrftilly; profita'i.
; ;
j

Avenge me
evil inflicted

of

my

adversary. Id. v. 3.

In these examples, avenge implies that tlieon the injuring party is a satisfaction or justice done to the injured, and
the party vindicated is the object of the verb. To take satisfaction for, by ])ain or punishment inflicted on the injuring party.

AUTUM'NAL,

AUTUM'NAL,
Autumn.
division

bly advantageously ; vaUdly a. Belonging to autumn ciously. produced or gathered in autumn as au- i.WA'ILING, pp. Turning to profit tumnal fruits. to advantage or effect. n. A that flowers in
;

effica2.

using

plant

The autunmals form

of plants
in

the third

AVA'ILMENT,
ful issue.

n. Profit

efficacy

success-

Du

ment.

Pas' arrangeMilne.

[Little used.]

AUXE'SIS,
ornation,

n. [Gr. twtjjTij, increase.] fn rhetoric, a figure liy which any thing is magnified too much an increasing, or ex
;

AVA'ILS, n. plu. Profits or proceeds. It is used in New-England, for the proceeds of

goods
sold,

or

fi>r
}

when,

grave and proper word.

for amplification, a more .A snow-slip magnificent word is put for the

AVALANCHE, AVALANGE,
;

""

rents, issues or profits. [Fr. from avaler, to

*"]

.3.

He will avenge the blood of his servants. Dent, xxxii. Here the thing for which satisfaction is' taken is the object of the verb. To revenge. To ai'fng-e and rcwng'e, radically,

Smith.
)
"

AUXIL'IAR, AUXIL'IARY,
aid.]

[L. auriliaris, from au.iilium, aid, auxilior, to

;
;

a vast body of snow sliding down a motmtain. Eneyc. AVANT', n. The front of an army. [Xot
used.]

[See Van.]
n.
n.

AVANT'GUARD,
body of an army.

The van

or advanced

4.

Helping

aiding assisting subsidiary conferring aid or support by joint exertion influence or use as auxiliary troops.
; ; ;

AVANT'URINE,

[See Vanguard.] A variety of quartz

are synonymous. But modern usage inclines to make a valuable distinction in the use of these words, restricting avenge to the taking of just punislnnent, and revetige to the infliction of pain or evil, maliciously, in an illegal manner. In the passive form, this verb signifies to have or receive just satisfaction, by the punishment of th.e offender.
Shall not iiiy soul be as this ? .ler. 5.

rock containing spangles.

AUXIL'IARIES,
the service of

n. plu. nations at
71.

AUXIL'IARY,
"i.

Foreign troops in war. helper; an assistant;

AVARICE,
from

n. [L. avantia, aveo, to covet.]

Ur from avarus,

avenged on such

a nation

AVENG'EANCE,
used.]

n.

Punishment.

[JVoi

An

a confederate in some action, entei-jirise or undertaking. In grammar, a verb which helps to form the modes and tenses of other verbs as,
;

inordinate desire of gaining and possessing wealth covetousness greediness or Shak. insatiable desire of gain.
;

[See Vengeance.]
pp.
Satisfied

AVENg'ED,
ished.

by the punish-

ment of the offender; vindicated; pun-

finest afl'eclions

have, be, may, can, do, must, shall and will, in English; etre and avoir, in French; avere and essert, in Italian ; estar and ha
her, in

kind.

Avarice sheds a blasting influence over the and sweetest eomtbits of manBuckminster.

AVENG'EMENT,
ment

?!.

Vengeance

punish-

AVARU'CIOUS,
gain
;

greedy of iirinioderatcly desirous of accumua.

Covetous

latinir jiropertv.

Spanish.
V.
t.

.AVA'IL,

[Fr. valoir, to be worth ; L. valeo, to be strong or able, to profit, to be of force or authority; Sp. valer, to Ije valuable, to avail or jirevail, to be binding, to be wortli ; It. valere, to be worth, to be

AVARU'CIOUSLA',

adv. Covetously

with

the act of taking satisfaction for an ; injury by inflicting pain or evil on the offender; satisfaction taken revenge. AVENG'ER, n. One who avenges or vindicates ; a vindicator ; a revenger.
;

AVARU'CIOUSNESS,
;

inordinate desire of gaining wealth. Goldsmith. n. The quality of being avaricious insatiable or inordinate

AVENg'ERESS,
AVENG'ING,

n.

female avenger.
Spenser.
;

ppr.

Executing vengeance

useful;

F.ng.well;
is,

primary sense

to

Ar. J,j balla. The stretch or extend,

;'

passion for property. AV'AROUS, a. Covetous.

IMt

used.]

taking satisfiiction (iir an injury by the Iiimishment <if the offfMider ; vindicating. Miller. AV'ENS, n. The herb bonnet.

Gower.

AV'ENTINE,
tinus,

a.

Pertaining to
hills

Mons Avenon wliich

Bryant.

AV'AST,

erclam..

[Ger.basta,sto\>; bastanl,
;

one of the seven

Per. sufficient ; from It. basta, enough strength, value.] 1. To profit one's self ; to turn to advantage has, enough.] followed by the pronouns, myself, thyself, In seamen's lavguage, cease ; stop ; stay. himself, herself ourselves, yourselves, them- AVAUNT', excl. [W. ibant, begone.] selves, with of before the thing used ; as, Begone depart a word of contempt or ab" Get let him avail horrence, equivalent to the |>hrasc, himself of ]ns license. 2. To assist or profit ; to effect the object, or thee behind me." Ji. the first words of Gabring to a succesfnl issue; as, what will A'VE [from
; ;

whence

Rome stood. AVEN'TURE,

nio, to

n. [Fr. aventure,

from L.

ve-

come.]
;

mischance causing a person's death withas by drowning, or fidling out felony

fi-om a house.

[See Adventure.]

Cuwel.

AVENUE,
go
;

n. [Fr.

from

venir, to

como ov

MARY,

L. venio.]

AVE
1.

AVE

AVI

Averse ulikc to flatter or oflTcnd. Hence the expression in bills of lading, passage ; a way or opening for entrance Pope " into a plaoe any oponini; or passai;p by paying so inurh freight, with primajrc 2. Fnfavorable; indisposed; malign. And Pallas now averse ie(asei\ lier aid. whicli a tiling is or may be introcUii'ed. and average accustomed." Coivel. Kncyc. 2. An alley, or walk in a garden, planted 4. In England, the breaking up of cornfields, Dry Jen. with trees, and leading to a house, gate, eddish or roui^hings. Ash. Spelman. This word and its derivatives ought to be followed by to, and never I>y from. Thi.s wood, &c., and generally terminated by Upon, or 071 an average, is taking the mean word includes the idea of /rom ; but the of unequal iuimlj(M"s or ipiantities. some distant object. The trees may bo in literal meaning rows on the sides, or, according to thi AVERAGE, a. Medial; containing a mean being lost, the affection of the mind signified by the word, is exerted more modern practice, in chnnps at some Price, Kirwan. lieddoes. proportion. towards the object of dislike, and like its distance from !ach other. Edwards' Jf. Indies. Encyc. kindred terms, hatred, dislike, contrary, re3. A wide street, as in Washington, Co AVERAGE, I', t. To find the mean of un pugnant, &('., should be followed by to. lumbia. equal sums or quantities to reduce to a AVER' V. t. [Fr. averer ; It. avverare, to medium to divide among a number, ac- Indeed it is absm-d to speak of an affliction of the mind exerted aver or vcriiy ; Arm. f/uinja, from the root from an object. cording to a given proportion as, to arcrAverse expresses a less degree of oj (posiof vents, true; Ir. /for, or _yfr ; VV. gifir ; age a loss. tion in the mind, than Corn, uir ; Gor. wahr ; D. ivaar. See AVERAGE, II. i. To form a inean or medetesting and abhorring. dial sum or quantity; as, the losses of the Venfy.] Milton once uses aver.ie in its literal sense, To affirm with confidence to declare in a owners will average 2.5 dollars each. with from, but it is not according to the Tliese spars average 10 feet in length. positive or peremptory manner, as in con English idiom. Prior. tidence of asserting the truth. Belknap. Ch. Obs. X. .522. xi. .302. AVERSELY, adv. avers'ly. With repugAV'FjRAuE, n. [Norm, aver, avers, cattle, nance unwillingly. Brown. money, goods, Syi.avcrio, from aver or hit- .W^'ERAgED, pp. Reduced or formed into a mean proportion, or into shares propor- .WERSENESS, n. avers'ness. Opposition In anher, Fr. avoir, to have or possess. of mind backtioned to each man's |>roperty. cient law, a duty or service which a tenant dislike; imwilUngness Jefferson. wardness. a mean proHerbert. was bound to render to his lord, by his AV'ERAGING, ppr. Forming beasts and carriages or instruments of luisportion out of unequal stuns or quantities -WER'SION, n. [Fr. aversion, from L, or reducing to just shares according to averto.] bandry. Spelman. But averagium signi1. Opposition or diseach man's property. fies also the loss of goods in transportarepugnance of mind like reluctance hatred. disinclination tion Sp. nveria, damage sustainetl by AVER'MENT, n. [See Aver.] Affirmation the act of averring, I'sually this word expresses moderate hapositive assertion goods or ships Port, avaria, an allowance Verification establishment by evidence. tred, or opposition of mind, not amounting out of freight to the master of a ship, for to abhorrence or detestation. It ought genBacon damage sustained contribution by insurIn pleading, an offer of either party to It. avaria ; Dan erally to be followed by to before the obers, to make good a loss or prove what he alledgcs. In any ject. [See Averse.] Sometimes it admits justify haverie, damage of a ship or waste of ofybr. stage of pleading.s, when either party adgoods, extraordinary charges durin A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subvances new matter, he avers it to be true, voyage. If avaria signifies damage, and Jiddison. jection. and concludes with these words, " and this is liom aver or haber, Spanish, to have, aphe is ready to verify." This is called an 2. Opposition or contrariety of nature the sense of the word is probably that
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
;

1.

Inf07H?ncrff,acontribnlion to a general loss. When for the .safety of a shi)) in distress of |)roperty is incurred either by cutting away the masts, throwing goods overboard, or otlier means, all persons who have goods on board, or property in the ship, contribute to the loss according to their average, that is, the goods of each on board. This principle, introduced into the commerce of Europe from the Rhodian laws, and recognized by the regulations of Wisby, is now an established rule in the maritime laws of
anj' destruction

Blaekstone.l plied to iiianimate substances. averment. which happens or falls, a misfortune, for the verb have and happen are radically the .\VER'N.\T, n. A sort ofgrape. v3s/i. Johnson.' Magnesia, notwithstanding this aversion to solution, Ibnns a kind of paste with water. same word Spanish, haher, to have, and AVER'NIAN, a. Pertauiing to Avernus, a Fourcroy, TVatis. lake of Campania in Italy, famous for to happen or befall alsolortune, property. 3. The causa of dislike. its poisonous qualities, which the jjoets This would give the sense of damage, or Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire. of proportion, lot, share, that which falls represent as so malignant, as to kill fowls Pope. to each of a number. But the primary Hence, as authors tell us, its flj-ing over. AVERT', V. t. [L. averto, a, from, and verto, sense is not very obvious.] name, oopioj, without bird.s. to tiun, vorto ; hence vertex, vor; ;

Virgil.

Mela.

SIrabo

anciently,
;

AVERPENNV,

Eiig. veer ; Sp. birar ; Eth. fl 4 P bari. Class Br.] .VVER'REb, pp. Affirmed; laid with an 1. To turn fioin ; to turn off or away ; as, to aveii the eyes from an object. Shak. averment. .WER'RING, ppr. Affirming ; declaring 2. To keep off, divert or prevent ; as, to avert an approaching calamity. Hooker. oflering to justify or verify. positively Hooker. But this n. One of a sect of peripa- 3. To cause to dishke. AVERRO'IST, sense seems to be improper, except when tetic philosophers, who were so denomi heaii or some equivalent word is used ; as, iiated from Averroes, a celebrated Arabi to avert the heart or affections, which an author. They held the soul to be mormay signify to alienate the affections. tal, though they pretended to submit to
;

n. Money paid towards, the king's carriages by land, instead of] Burn. service by the beasts in kind.

tex, averto

probably

allietl

to

L.

vario

Einope

for

it

is

most reasonable,

that

the christian theology.

when one man's property is sacrificed to save a ship, all persons w hose property is saved, or in like hazard, should bear their proportion of the loss. Spelman. Park. Beatves. 2. From the practice of contributing to bear losses, in pro])ortion to each man's propthis word has obtained the present erty, popular sense, which is, that of a mean priijiortion, medial sum or qiuintity, made out of unequal sums or quantities. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9 and C IG, the
3.

AVERRUN'ATE,
To
away.]
root lip
;

Encyc. v. t. [L. averrunco, of ah and erunco, from runco, to weed, or rake

to scrape or tear

Thomson.
;

AVERT',

11.

{.

AVERT'ER,
away.

71.

Thomson. To turn away. One that tiirns away that

away by
roots.

roots.

AVERRUNA'T10N,
ing up or raking

n. The away by the

the Hudibras. act of tear-

AVERT ING,
A'VIARY,
11.

which turns away.

7>/)r.

Turning from; turning

from
avis,
a,

[L. aviarium,

AVERSA'TION,
;
;

n. [L. aversor.

See

Avert.]
;

fowl.] bird cage

an inclosure for keeping birds

ff'otton.
arfy.

averturning from with disgust or disUke South. sion hatred disinclination.

confined.

AVID'IOUSLY,
ly
;

[See Amdity.] EagerBale.

It is

AVERSE,
1.

and the average, 10. A small duty payable by the shippers of goods, to the master of the ship, over and above the fi-eight, for liis care of the goods.
is '^0,

sum

nearly supersedcil by aversion. a. avers' [See Avert.] The hteral sense of this word is, turned from, in manifestation of dislike. Hence the real sense is,
Disliking
;

with greediness.

AVID'ITY,
this
1.

unwilling

having a repug-

i. [L. anrfifas, from avidus, and from aveo, to desire, to have appetite Ileb. and Ch. niN, to desire, or covet.j Greediness; strong appetite; applied

nance of mind.

the senses.

.>-'

A V O
i.

A V O
;

A
AVOW' ABLE,
a.

A
Donne.

Eagerness; intenseness of desire lo the mind.

ajjph'edj

vacant.

AVIGA'TO, ) ^ The Persea, or alUgator-l AVOA'DO, ^ pear, a species ranked

under
tlie

appropriately used for the state of a benefice becoming void, by the death, deprivation, or resignation of the incumbent. Cowel. Encyc.
It is

That may be avowed, or openly acknowledged with confidence.

open declaration
;

AVOWAL, n. An
acknowledgment.

fi-ank

tlie 3. The act of annulling. tree lias a straiglit trunk, 4. The coiu'se by which any thing is carried off. Bacon. long oval pointed leaves, and flowers of six i)etals disposed like a star, produced .WOID'ED, pp. Shunned ; evaded made' in clusters, on the extremities of the void ejected.

W.

genus Laurus, a native of

Hume.
in replevin,

Indies.

The

AVOWANT, n.
who avows

The defendant

branches.

The

fruit is insipid.

.VVOID'ER,
Miller.
3.

n.

One who

the distress of the goods, and Cowel. justifies the taking. AVOW'ED, pp. Openly declared owned
;

avoids, shuns ori

|

Encyc.

escapes.

Avignon-herry, the fruit ofa species of lyciuni, so called from the city, Avignon, in France. The berry is less tlian a pea, of a yellow-

The person who

the vessel
in

AVOWEDLY, AVOWEE, n.
.WOW'ER,

carries any thing away which things are carried

frankly acknowledged. adv. In an open with frank acknowledgment.

manner

away.

Johnson.
ppr.

green color, and bitter astringent taste used by dyers and painters for staining
ish

AVOlb'ING,
keeping
ting
;

Slumning
;

at a distance
a.

escaping evacuaejecting
;
;

Sometimes used for advoivee, the person who has a right to present to a benefice, the patron. [See Advowson.] Cowel.
Ji.

yellow.

Eticij'c.

AVI'LE,

V.

t.

[Fr. avilli:

See
;

Vile.]

To AVOID'LESS,
inevitable.

making

void, or vacant.

One who avows, owns,

;

or

That cannot be avoided

asserts.

depreciate.

AVI'SE, > intelligence. AVOIRDUPOIS', n. s as :. [Fr. avoir du See Poise.l AVI'SO, \ '^- [JsTot in use.] poids, to have weight. AVI'SE, I', i. sasi. To consider. [Mot in use.] A weiglit, of which a pound contains 16 ounces. Its jiroportion to a pound Troy Spenser.

Mse.] fFr. (WIS.] .i^dvice

[Mot in

B. Jonson.

Dryden.

AVOWING, ppr.
ly

AVOWRY,

Openly declaring frankacknowledging justifying.

;

AVI'SEMENT,
rice

n.

Advisement.

[See Ad-

is

and Advise.]
V.
t.

AV'OCATE,
To
1.

voco, to call. call off", or

See away.
n.

[L. avoco, from a Foice and rocal.]

and

AVOL.\ TION,
a and volo.
tie

as 17 to 14. This is the weight for the larger and coarser commodities, as hay, Chambers. iron, cheese, groceries, &c.
n.

n. In law, tlie act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, Oi'Oifsand justifies the taking ; the net of maintaining the right to distrain, by the distrainer, or defendant in replevin. Blackstone.
a.

\L. avolo, to fly

Volatile.']
;

away, of

AVOWTRY,
AVULS'ED,
pulled
oft".

AVOA'TION,
Vocal.]

[Mot vsed.] Boyle. [See Vocation, Voice,

aside, or diverting
;

See

[See Advoivtry.] [See Avulsion.']

n.

Plucked or
Shenstone.
avello,

The act of flying away

used.]
>

flight

escape, [hit-

The act of calling some employment The word

fairs

AVULSION,

[L. avulsio,

from

from AV'0.-<ET, as an avocation from AVOSET'TA,

sin or fi'om Ijusiness.

2.

business which calls aside. The is generally used for the smaller afof life, or occasional calls wliich suma person to leave his ordinary or The use of this woi-d
is

In ornithology, a species of fowls, arranged under S the genus, rccurvirostra, and placed by Linne in the grallic order, but by Pennant

"

and vello, to pull, coinciding with Heb. and Ar. nbiJ, to separate Eng. pull.'] a rending or pidling or tearing asunder
;

mon

princijial business.

for vocation

AVO'CATIVE,
AVOID',
void,
!>.

t.
;

very improjicr. . Calling off. [Mot used.] [Fr. vuider, or vider ; vuide.

empty

Eng.

tvide, void,

widow

L.

coincides also with See Class Bd, 1. To shun to keep at a distance from that is, literally, to go or be luide from as, to avoid the company of gamesters. 2. To shiit oft", or clear off; as, to avoid
It
eviter.
;
;

vidua. See Void. L. vito, evito ; Fr.

and Latham, among the |)almipeds. The bill is long, slender, flexible and bent upwaid towards the tip. This bird is of the size ofa lapwing, with very long legs, and the feathers variegated with black and white. It is found both ill Europe and America. Encyc. AVOUCH', V. t. [Norm, voucher, to caU, to vouch ; L. I'oco, advoco. See Voice.]
I.

violent separation.

AWAIT,

v. t. [a and wait. guetter, to watch guet, a tare, to look or watch.]

;

See Wait. Fr. watch It. gua;

Literally, to remain, hold or stay. 1. To wait for to look for, or expect. Betwixt the rocky pillars, Gabriel sat, Chief of the Angelic guards, awaiting night.
;

Mtton

To

affirm

to

declare or
;

9.

positiveness. To ])roduce or call in

of,

be in store for; to attend to be ready as, a glorious reward awaits the Hooker. good. to affirm in favor AWA'IT, n. Ambush in a state of waiting
2.
;

To

assert

with

for

maintainor support.
Such
antiquities could be *

for.
;

Spenser.
; ;

avouched for the AWA'ITING, ppr. Waiting for looking for expecting being ready or in store for. the Irish. expense. Spenser 3. To quit to evacuate to shun by leaving 3. To maintain, vindicate or justify. Skak. AWA'KE,i'.<. \)r-et. awoke, awaked; pp.aii'or iveccan ; ked. as, to avoid the house. [Sax. gewcecan, wacian, AVOUCH', )!. Evidence testimony decla- D. 4. To escape Shak Ger. wecken ; Sw. upvacka ; wekken as, to avoid danger. ration. Shak [Little used.] a. To emit or throw out as, to avoid excrevigilo seems to be AVOUCH'ABLE, a. That maybe avouched. Dan. vcekker. The L.See tions. For this, void is now generally used formed on tliis root. Hake.] [Little used.] 0. To make void to anmd or vacate. 1. To rouse from sleep. maintained: The grant cannot be avoided without injustice AVOUCH'ED, pp. Affirmed; I that I may awake him out of sleep. go called in to support. to the grantee. Jlnon. John xi. n. One who avouches. 7. In pleading, to set up some new matter or AVOUCII'ER, 2. To excite from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupidity or inaction calling in to distinction, which shall avoid, that is, de- AVOUCH'ING, ppr. Affirming to maintain ; vindicating. feat or evade tlie allegation of the other as, to awake put into action, or new life the dead to awake the dormant faculties. party. Thus, in a rephcation, the plaintiff lAVOUCH'MENT, n. Declaration; the act Shak. .\WA'KE, I', i. To cease to sleep to come may deny the defendant's )ilca, or confess of avouching. from a state of natural sleep. it, and avoid it by stating new matter. v. t. [Fr. at'ouer ; Arm. avoei ; Blackstone. Jacob awaked out of sleep. Gen. xxviii. Norm, avower ; L. voveo.] V. i. To retire to withdraw. AVOID', 1. To declare openly, with a view to justify, 2. To bestir, revive or rouse from a state of David avoided out of his presence. 1 Sam inaction to be in\igorated with new life ; maintain or defend or simply to own, xviii. l^Impraper.l as, the mind awakes from its stupidity. acknowledge or confess frankly as, a % To become void, vacant or empty.
; ;
;

.WOW,

A benefice avoids

bv eoinnion law.

man

a. That may be avoi.led, a distance, shunned or escaped. 2. That may be vacated liable to be an-

AVOID'ABLE,
left at

In law, to acknowledge and justify as 3. To rouse from spiritual sleep. the distrainer of goods defends in an Awake thou tliat sleepcst, and arise from the action of replevin, and avows the taliin dead, and Chri.'st shall give thee light. Eph. v. but insists that such taking was legal. nulled. Awake to rigliteousness. 1 Cor. xv. Blackstone. 4. To rise from the dead. Job xiv. AVOID'ANCE, n. The act of avoiding, or n. vow or determinaiion. [Mot AWA'KE, a. Not sleeping in a state of shunning. AVOW', 9. The act of Ciijwer. vigilance or action. used.] vacating, or the state of being
;

AifUffe

di'ouwhis princijiles or his crimes.

Awake,
xiii.

sword,

against

my

shepherd.

Zech.

when

A
AWA'KEN,
I',

A
This
;

A
is

W
to

H
tip,'

A
AWK,o. Odd;
2.
tri;

WR
;

t.

awakn.

the

word
It is

To throw

axvay, to cast from, to give

awake, witli its Snxoii transitive or intransitive

infinitive.
lint

more

fre-

quently transitive, as awake is nioi-c frequently intransitive. Its significations are the same as those of awake.

fles,

dissipate or fijolishly destroy. To trijle away, to lose or expend in or in idleness.

AWA'KENED, AWA'KENER,
kens.

pp.
n. n.

Roused from

sleep, in
5.

a natural or moral sense.

He

or that which awa-

AWA'KENING,
more
usual.

revivalof religion, or general attention to religion, than

V.
t.

AWE,

AWARD',
To

[Scot, warde, determination

;

awarded. adjudge

Norm, garda, award, judgment ugurdetz, See Guard and Regard.]

;

determination

This word

to give by sentence or judicial to assign by sentence. ; is appropriately used to ex-

1.

AWARD',
to

press the act of arbitrators in pronouncing upon the rights of parties; as, tlje arbitra 2. Fear dread inspired by something great,! tors awarded damages to A. U. or terrific. V. i. To to determine
;
I
i

inelegantly; badly. n. Clumsiness; ungracefulness in manners; want of dexterin the use of the hands or instruments; ity unsuitableness. Jhtdison. or ogan, to dread. It would ajipear that AWL, n. [Sax. ml, an awl, and an eel Ger. the primary sense of the Dan. is to strike,' ahl, an awl, and aal, an eel D. els,un awl; or check.] Dan. aal, an ed Ir. ail, a aal, an eel Fear mingled with admiration or rever-' sting or prickle.] ence reverential fear. An iron instrument for piercing small holes Stand in awe and sin not. Ps. iv. ill leather, for and used
!

squander away, &c., to dissipate in drinking or extravagance. To make away, is to kill or destroy. Aimy with has a peculiar signification in the phrase, " I camiot away with it." Isa.l i. The sense is, " I cannot bear or endure it."
n.

To drink away,

AWK'WARD, a.
;

out of order. L' Estrange. Cluuisy in performance, or manners unhandy not dextrous. [Vulgar.]

[awk ami ward.] Wanting dexterity iu the use of the hands or of in;

2.

aw.

AWKWARDLY, or buMglinir manner [Dan. ave, fear, awe, chastise-! AWKWARDNESS,

; ;

struments mn-eady; not dextrous; bunguntoward. Dryden. Inelegant unjiohte ungraceful in manners; clumsy; uimatur.il; bad. Shak. arfc. in a rude Clumsily;
ling
;
; ;

ment, (bscipline aver, to chastise or cor-' rect Gr. ayou, to be astonished. Qu. Ir.^ agh ; Sax. ege, or oga, fear Gotli. agjan,\
;

make an
7i.

judge

atvard.

AWE,
or determinapaper contain-

V.
; ;

AWARD',
ing
2.
it.

The judgment,
tlie

ence
pect

tion of arbitrators, or
; ;

with fear and reverto influence by fear, terror or res-] them into as, his majesty aioed
t.

To

strike

is either straight, or a tened.

sewing stitching by shoemakers, sadlers, &c. The blade little bent and flat;

AW'LESS,
erence
2.
;

a. [awe and less.] Wanting revvoid of respectful fear; as awless

silence.

insolence.

Judgment sentence determination of points submitted to arbitrators. AVVARD'ED, pp. Adjudged, or given liy judicial sentence, or by the decision of
arbitrators.

AWE'ARY, a. Weary, AWEATH'ER, adv.

On
weather.]
as, the

which

Dn/den.
;

see. awcth'er.

Shak.

[a and
j

Wanting the power of causing reverence; not exciting awe as an awless throne.

AWARD'ER,

that awards, or assigns by sentence or judicial determination ; a judge. Thomson.

.

One

AWARD'ING,
AWA'RE,
also
;

ppr.

Adjudging
;

assigning

by judicial sentence determining. a. [Sax. gewarian, to take care, to preserve or defend l)rovide, avoid
; ;

covered, protected ware war, aware. See

warian, to be-

If'are
;

and

if

an/.]

but more expecting an event from information, or the general was aware of as, probability the enemy's designs. AWA'RE, ii. i. To beware; to be cautious.
;

Watchful

vigilant

guarded

strictly in

modern usage,
;

a|)prised

[.Yot legitiinale.]

Milton.

AWARN',

V.

t.

To

warn, which see.

Spenser.

AWAT'CHA,

n. A bird of Kamtchatka, enumerated by Pennant, among the warblers. The upper parts of the body are of a deep brown color the throat and breast
;

AWA'Y,
1.

white, with black spots. adv. [Sax. atveg, absent, a and weg, way also onweg, away, and awegan,
;

to avert.

Alisent

See Wni/.] at a distance

Shak. tlie wind AWL'WORT, 71. [awl and wort. See Jf'ort.] opposed to alee.- The popular name of the Subidaria aquatica, Mar. Diet. or rough leaved alyssum; so called from AWE-OMMAND'ING, a. Striking or in- its awl-shaped leaves, which grow in clusters round the root. It is a native of Britfluencing by awe. Gray. AW" ED, pp. Struck with fear influenced ain antl Irelaml. Enciic. bv fear or reverence. " """' ' n"i.] AWKIGH', adv. [a and weigh.] Atrip. The AUM ( anchor is aiveigh, when it is just drawn A Dutch liquid measure, containing, eight out of the groimd, and hangs perpendicusteckans or twenty verges or verteels, equal lar. to the EngUsh tierce, the sixth of a French [See Jltrip.] AWE-INSPIRING, a. Impressing with tun, and the seventh of an English tun, or awe. Bp. Hoharl! thirty-six gallons. Eneyc. .Irhulhnof. AWE'-STRUK, a. Impressed or struck AWN, ii. [Sw. agne ; Gr. a;ti'o, axir;.] with awe. Milton. The beard of corn or grass, as it is usually understood. But technically, a slender AWFUL, a. [aive and/i<H.] 1. That strikes with awe ; that fills with' sharp process issuing from the chaff or glume in corn and grasses. Martyn. profound reverence ; as the awful majesty of Jehovah. AWN'ING, n. [Goth, hulyan, to cover.] 2. That fills with terror and dread ; as the 1. A cover of canvas, usually a sail or tarawfid approach of death. pauhng, spread over a boat or ship's deck, 3. Struck with awe to shelter from the sun's rays, the officers scrupulous. and crew, and preserve the decks. A weak and awful reverence for antiquity. Walts. 2. That part of the poop deck which is contiinied forward beyond the bulk head of uses it for worshipful, inspirShakspeare the cabin. Mar. Diet. ing respect by authority or dignity. Our common use this word in the AWN'LESS, a. Without awn or beard.
the weather-side, or towards
;

helm

is

aweather

'-

as,

the master

is

of labor or action. 2 Chron. [^Vb< AW'FULNESS, n. The quahty of striking used.] XXXV. Shak. with awe, or with reverence solemnity " the 9. It is much used with words signifying AWORK'ING, adv. At work; into a state of this sacred place." as, aufulness of working or action. or going from as, go away, send 2. The state of Hubbard's Tale. moving being struck Avith awe. away, run away, &:c.; all signifying deA help to prayer, producing in us reverence and! AWRY', a. or adv. [Dan. vrider, to twist parture, or separation to a distance. Some Sw. vrida ; Sax. writhan, t'ricn, twisted awfiilness. Taylor.i times without the verb; as, whither aieay to ivrithe.] [JVot legitimate.] so fast. Shak. AWHAPE, V. t. awhap'. [W. cwapiaw, to! 1. Turned or twisted towards one side not Love hath wings and will away. Waller. in a straight or true direction, or strike smartly.] To strike to confound. position ; " to 3. As an exclamation, it is a command or inwith oblique vision Ohs. asquint as, Spenser. vitation to depart away, that is, be gone, [This is our vulgar ivhop.] glance a look awry ;" the lady's cap is " or let us go. Jlway with him." Take AWHILE, adv. [a and while, time, or interawry. him away. 2. In a fgurative sense, turned aside from val.] 4. With verbs, it serves to the line of truth, or right reason permodify theii' sense A space of time for some time ; for a short and form peculiar phrases as, time. verse or perversely. Sidney. Milton
j

away from home. Have me away, for I am wounded.

AW'FULLY,
;

people sense of frightful, ugly, detestable. adv. In a manner to fill with! awe in a reverential manner.
;
;

AWN'Y, a. Having awns full of beard. AWO'KE. The preterit oi' awake. .4 WORK', adv. [Sax. geweorcan, to work.]
;

At work

in a state

A X
AX,
It.

I
[Sax. ccx. Gr. a^ivr;
;

AYE
2.
;
;

A Z U
Always
inite
;

n.

improperly written axe.

;

eax, lEse

Sw.

i/xe

L. uscia

azza

Eth. rh 6 P hatzi, an ax

or Ar.

established principle in some art or science a principle received without new " things which are equal to the proof; as, same thing, are equal to one another."
;

An

forever
;

time
n.

AYLE,
A'YRY.

continually for an indefused in poetry. In lau', a grandfather. [See

; ;

Besaijte.]

AXAYA'CAT,

Encyc. Pertaining to an axiom having the na An instrument usually of iron, for licwing ture of self evident truths or received timber and cho])piiig wood. It consists of ])riiiciples. Pre/, to Bacon^s Jlphorisms. a head with an arching edge, and a helve AX' IS, )i. plu. axes. [L. Gr. a^ur Russ. os. or handle. The ax is of two kinds, tlie or osi; Sax. a:x; Fr. axe, or aissieu ; G. broad ax for hewing, and the narrow ax achse ; D. as ; It. a.sse ; Sp. exe ; Port. f.ro, for rough-hewing and cutting. The hatch ft.ro.] et is a small ax to be used with one hand. 1. The straight line, real or imaginary, pass

hazza, to cut;

Ch. and Sjr.

WXH

an

AXIOMAT'IC,

? ^

AZ'AROLE,
Crataegus.

ax.]

AXIOMATTAL,

[See Aerie.] n. [Fr.] species of thorn the three grained medlar, a species of

AZ'ERIT, > c A species of plum or pruAZER1'TA,<. "" Fam. of Plants.

.
,

AZERrRA,S

AZTMUTH,)!. [Ar.4^^^ samatha, to move

s o
;

Mexico, whose eggs, deposited on rushes and flags, in large quantities, are sold and used as a sort of caviare, called ahuauhtli. This was a dish among the Mexicans, as it now it
n.
fly in

2.

ing through a body, on which it revolves, or may revolve as the axis of the earth. In geometry, a straight line in a plain figure, about which it revolves to produce a
;

1.

solid.
3.

among

AXESTONE, AXSTONE,
;

the Spaniards. Clavigero. mineral, a subspecies I

I

jade of a leek or grass green, olive nei)hrite green or greenish gray color. It occur amorphous, or in rolled fragments. It i found chiefly in New-Zealand and the S. Sea i.^les, where it is used by the rude natives for axes and other instriunents.
;

" A of

less

hard than
1.

Ure.

AX'IFORM,
form of an

a.

[L. axis,

and/omn.] In

Cleaveland. the
Eiicyc.
j.

In conic sections, a right line dividing the section into two equal parts, and cutting 2. all its ordinates at right angles. In mechanics, the axis of a balance is that line about which it moves, or rather turns. The axis of oscillation is a right line parallel to the horizon passing through the center, about which a penduliun vi3. brates. The a.ris in peritrochio is a wheel contude of an heavenly object. centric with the l>ase of a cylinder, and

or go towards C>.**v (L. senw<a,) a way or patli with a prefix.] In astronomy, an arch of the horizon intercejited between the meridian of the place, and the azimuth or vertical circle, passing through the center of the object. Magnetical azimuth, an arch of the horizon, intercepted between the azimuth or vertical circle, passing tlu-ough the center of any heavenly body, and the magnetic meridian. This is found by observing the object with an azimiuh compass. Azimuth compass, an instrument for finding either the magnetic azimuth or ampli;

axis.

movable with

it

about

its

axis.

4.

Azimuth
is

dial,

a dial whose

AXTL,
D.

91.

[h. axilla;

oxel,

the armpit

separate or set
pits.]
1.
;

h: asgal ; F i: aisselle ; Ch. and Heb. SxN, to apart whence 'VvN, arm; ;

t).

of capital is a line passing perIn bolany, the space or angle formed by a pcntlicnlarly through the middle of the eye branch with the stem, or by a leaf with of the volute. the stem or branch. Milne. Darwin. Tlu- axis of a vessel is an imaginary line AX'ILLAR, ) Pertaining to the armthrougli the middle of it, jierjienAXTLLAR Y, ^ i)it, or to the axil of [dants. passing to its dicular base, and equally distant from Axillary leaves are those which proceed its .sides. from the angle formed by tlie stem and
9.

The armpit a cavity under l)art of the arm or shoulder.

the upper

In optics, a particidar ray of light from any object which falls perpendicularly on the eye. In architecture, spiral axis is the axis of a twisted colunni .s]>irally drawn in order to trace the circumvolutions without.
the Ionic

mon
.5.

at right angles to the

stile or gnoplane of the

horizon.

Azimuths or vertical circles, are great circles intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right
angles.

Axis

Encyc. Chambers. Bailey. Johnson. On charts, these azimuths are represented by rluunbs, and on the globe, by the quadrant of altitude, when screwed
in the zenith.

'

AZ'OTE,
f\

n.

[Gr. a priv. and

fus;, life,

or

^uirtxoi, vital.]

branch.

AX'INITE,

n.

Martijn.

Mihie.

mineral which sometimes

oeciu's in lamellar masses, but in crystals, whose general form

commonly

is that of a very oblique rhomb, or rather, fiim-sided prism, so flatteneil that some of its edges become thin and sharp, like that of an ax; whence its name, Gr. a^n'>;. This is the thumerstone of Kirwan. It has been

In botany, axis is a taper column in the center of some flowers or catkins, about which the other parts are disposed. In anatomy, a.xis is the name of the second verteberof the neck; it has a tooth which enters into the first verteber, and this tooth is by some called the axis. Encyc.

species of gas, called also mephitic air, and atmosidieric mephitis, on account of
its

upon animal hfe. It is and inodorous it exists in commixed with oxygen, and constitutes about seventy-nine hundredth parts
fatal
eftijcts

tasteless,

mon

air,

of atmospheric

air.

It

may

be obtained,

AX'LE,

AXLE-TREE,
.\

"

[Sax. (cx and Axis.]

tree.

See

in large quantities, from the muscular fibers of animals. Combined with hydroit forms volatile alkali ; and it enters into the coinposition of most animal substances. It is the radical of nitric acid, is now called nitrogen gas, or ni-

sometimes called yancditc and

Haiai.

violet sliorl.

))iece

of timber or bar of iron,

fitted for

gen,

Brongniarl.
n.

Cleaveland.

AXINOftl'ANCV,

[Gr.

a|.-ij,

an ax, and

insertion in the hubs or naves of wheels, on which the wheels turn.

Among

AXIOM,

n. Among alchimists, the first principle of metals; the mercury of metals ; a universal medicine. 06s. Ash. sendde those of a frog. It has a periodical evacuation of blood, like the human fe- 2. The hquor of sublimated quicksilver; ; male. Ijrass. Coxe. Clavigero. Sw. ja, pron. ya ; AZOTTe, a. Pertaiumg to azote ; fatal to 11,, ^ adv. Dan. [? ainmal life. pronounced guilty. Encyc. AVE, I eja ; Corn. ?a ; Ar. ya ; 71. Fr. oui. It maybe a contracted word.] salt fcjrmed by a combina[Gr. oltujua, authority, an auAZ'OTITE, )i. or that which is as- Yes, yea, a word expressing assent, or an afthoritative sentence, tion of the protoxyd of azote, or nitrous firmative answer to a (luestion. It is used sumed, from a|to;, worthy, a|tou, to think TViomson. oxyd, with an alkali. also to enforce the sense of what is assertworthy, to esteem ; Eng. to ask, [to .r ; AZ'IIRE, a. azh'ur. [Persic, lazurd, blue : that which is asked, sought or esteemed.] ed, equivalent to even so, truly, certainly. Fr. azur ; Sp. azul, or azur It. azziirro; 1. Aselfevidcnt triUh,or a proposition whose \ YE, adv. W. asur, blue. Hence lazuli, in Lapis [Sax. aa, a, or aiva ; Gr. an : truth is so evident at first sight, that no Andi. ai, continually D. ecKUi, an age Lazuli.] Goth, aiw, an age, eternity L. cetnim, Of a sky-blue ; resembling the clear blue process of reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer as, " the wliole is greater without its termination, is av, (cw; cidor of the sky. which, tjian a part." Johnson. "Encyc. probably a contracted word, W. Iiuiig.] \Z'URE, n. uih'iu: The fine blue color o(

ftamia, divination.] the aneients, a species of divination, by means of an ax or hatchet, performet by laying an agate-stone on a red hot hatchet, or by fixing a hatchet on a round then the names stake, so as to be poised of those suspected were repeated, and he at whose name the hatchet moved, was

AX'OLOTE,

n. A water lizard found in the Mexican lake, about eight inches in length, sometimes naich larger. The skin is black and soft. It swims with its feet, which re-

and

trogen.

AZ'OTH,

^P^^-

BAA
from it. But it is now applied to the blue extracted from cobalt, though somewhat a different color the blue of the lapis is called ultramarine. Azure is api)lied also to the blue glass made of the o.\yd of co;

BAB
The
j2.
I

BAB
;

the sky. This word was formerly applied to the lapis lazuli, and tlie color prepared

balt fine

and

vitrifiable substances,

reduced
it

toj

powder.

In large masses

is

called

small.

Encyc.l

sky, or azure vault of heaven. AZ'YIME, n. [See Azymous.] L'uhiaveiieU ,3. In bread. [J\~ot in lirraldry, a blue color in coats of all per use.] sons under the degree of baron. Jones. AZ'YUHTE, n. [See .4:i/jno.] In church V. t. To color blue. JAZ'URE, hslori/, azymites are ciiristians who ad a. azh'vred. Colored azure beAZ'l'RED, minister the eucharist with unleavened ing of an azure color. bread. Sidney. Encvc ) Another name of the (AZVniOUS, a. [Gr. apriv. and ^vfiv, leav' lazuhte. AZ'IRITE, \ en.j a. Of a blue color. AZ'URN, [Li'We xuitd.] lUnleavened ; iinfermentcd ; as sea-biscuit. Milton. Enajc. Asit:

AZURE-STONE, "

B.
D
is

lation, or

the second letter, and the first articuconsonant, in the English, as in

the

Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and most other

In the Ethiopic,
it

alphabets. its shape is that of a hut. Per this or other like figure, it received its Hebrew name, htlh, a house. by It is a mute and a labial, Pennant arranged under the formed by Ijeing digitated quadrupeds. Baboons have short tails; pressing the whole length of the lips toa long face a broad high nuizzle It is less gether, as in pronouncing eb. dog3. To talk much to prate ; hence to tell se like tusks, or canine perfectly mute than ;;, as may be perceived teeth; and naked fi-ets. Shak. callosities on the buttocks. by pronouncing the syllables ab and ap. They To utter sounds frequently, incessantly, or found only on the eastern continent. are It is convertible, 1st, with //, as in the Cela babbling echo ; a babindistinctly as, in the English, tic, ben or pen, a mountain Encvc. BA BY, a. Like a young child pertaining heak and peak, beck and peck ; 3d, with v, bling stream. to an infant. as in the German, silber tor silver ; and in BAB'BLE, V. t. To prate to utter. b and u are used BAB'BLE, n. Idle talk senseless prattle. BA'BY, n. [See Babe.] An infant or young Spanish, indifferently child of either sex a babe [used in Shak'i 3d, with f, as in bore and perforo ; Eng. fan. Idle talk senseles: miliar language.] hear, h. fero; in the Celtic bun, bunadh, prate unmeaning words. J\IiJton.\ 2. A small image in form of an hunait, stock, origin, foundation English, infant, for L. fundamentum ; with the Gr. f.\ B.'VB'BLER, n. An idle talker; an irrational ; girls to play with ; a doll. found a teller of secrets. as Bilip, for (j>i>.trto; ; 4tli, with v and prattler BA'BY, V. t. To treat like a young child. w;\ as, Ir. fior, L. verus ; fear, vir ; Ir. buaic, BAB'BLING, ppr. Talking idly telling se crets. the wick of a candle. BA'BYHOOD, . The state of being a babf.' 2. Uttering a succession of murmurmgi The Greek B is always jironounced like tlie Ask. sounds as a babbling stream. n. English V^, and the Russian B corresponds jilace for children's In hunting, babbling is when the hounds! BA'BY-HOUSE, dolls and babies. with the Greek, j.J. Swift are too busy after they have found a (n composition, the letter B is good BABYLONIAN, ? changed into scent. " Pertaining to Babvl BABYLO'NISH, \ /) before the letter p ; as in Ion, the cfpital of the opprimo, from BAB'BLING, n. Foolish talk. 1 Tim. vi. ob and premo ; oppono, from o4 and ancient kingdom of Babylonia, or to the pono ; BABE, n. [Ger. Ir. baban ; D. bube, a boy into /, before /, as in kingdom. The city stood on the river offera, from ob and babyn; Syr. hahia; Pheiiician, babion; At. Prat, or Euphrates, and it is supposed, on fero; into c before c, as in occido, from ob the si>ot where the tower of Babel was and cndo, and cado. Ar. ,j j,j Ijba babah, ababe, an infant. As a numeral, B was used by the Hebrews founded. bos or baboson, the young of man or beast 2. Like and Greeks, as now by the Arabians, for the language of Babel ; mi.xed ; conSyr. babosa, a little child. It is remarka2 fused. the Romans for with a

is

the ninth

and haps from

letter,

Berith is supposed to signify the Lord of the Covenant Baal Peor, or rather Baal Phegor, the Lord of the dead. Ps. Baal Zebub, the god of flies, &c. BAB'BLE, V. i. [D. babbelen ; Fr. babiller ; properly to throw out.] 1. To utter words imperfectly or indistinct ly, as children. Prior. 2. To talk to talk idly or irrationally Arbulhnot. thoughtlessly.
; ; ;

its

resemblance to a babe.

This

name

A monkey

-seems to have originated in the oriental See Babe.] babion, pajrio. of the largest species ; a quadrul)ed belonging to the genus Simia, in the class Mammalia, and order Primates, according to the system of Linne but
;

BABBLEMENT,
; ;

by

,300,

and

dash

thus B, for 3000. B is use<l also as an abbreviation; thus B. A. stand for bachelor of arts B. L. for bachelor of laws; B.D. for bachelor of divinity B. F before the decrees of the old Romans, for bonum factum. In music, B stands for the tone above A Bb, forB flat, or the semi tone major above A. B also stands for base, and B. C. for basso continuo, or thorough base. B'AA, n. The cry or appropriate bleating of

over

it

and Arabic word for an infant, is retained by the natives of America, who call an infant ;)a/|;)oos. L. piipus, a word of endearment pupa, little
;

ble that this Syriac

BABYLO'NIAN,

n.

Ionia. In ancient writers, an astrologer, as the Chaldeans were remarkable for the

Aninhabitant of Baby-

boboho7i, the

girl; whenct; pupillus,pupilla,ptipil.

study of astrolog}'.

Ar.
fJoffcu,'

beginning of youth

Gr.

BABYLON'IC, BABYLON'ICAL,
"igs-

"' I

Ion, or

sheep.

Ar. Lj Ij baba, to say baha, that is, father papa', a word taken froni' the first attempts of children to pronoimce the name of a parent.] An infant a young child of either sex.
no.-tai
;

and

as Babylonic garments, carpets or liang-

Pertaining to Babvmade there;

Tumultuous; disorderly.

Encyc. Harrington

BABYLON'lS,
ment of

B'AA, V. BA'AL,

i.

To

cry or bleat as sheep.

hi'2,
lord.]

BA'BEL,

n.

[Heb.] Confusion; disorder.

n.

[Oriental,

Beaumont.

An

the ancient Chaldeans and Syrians, rei)resenting the .sun. The word signifies also lord, or conniiander and the character of the idol was varied by different nations, at different times. Tlius Baal

idol

among

BA'BERY,

n.

Finery to please a
;

BABYRoUS'SA,

cliild

anV

trifling toy for children. BA'BISH, a. Like a babe

Sidney
childish.

Vol.

BA'BISHLY, adv. BABOON', . [Fr.

Ascham.,
Childishly. icrioum," so called fromi

Encyc. n. In zoology, the Indian hog, a native of Celebes, and of Buero, but not found on the continent of Asia or of Africa. This quadruped belongs to the genus Sus, in the cla.ss Mammalia, and order Bellua. From the outside of the

title of a plu. fragthe history of the world, endiiTg 267 years before Christ, composed by Bea priest of Babylon. rosiis,

n.

The

I.

17

upper jaw, spring two teeth twelve inches

B A C
horns, li'iig, bending tlic ibrchead. Alonglike

BAG
9.

B A C
To
turn the back
to one, to
;

and idmosttoucli- BACCIV'OROUS, a. [L. bacca, berry, and the back are voro, to eat.] ing some weak bristles, and on the rest of the Eating or subsisting on berries as baccivorovs birds. body only a sort of wool. These animals live ill herds, feed on herbage, are some- BACH'ELOR, n. [Fr. bachelier Sp. bachtimes tamed, and their ll(^sh is well tasted. iller, a bachelor of arts and a babbler When piirsned hard, they rush into the I'ort. bacharel, id. and bacello, a shoot or swim or dive and pass from isle to isle. tw ig of the vine It. baccelliere, a bachelor sea, In the forest, they rest their heads by of arts bacchio, a stafl^ bacchetta, a rod L. baculus, a stick, that is, a slioot Fr. liooking their upper tusks on a bough. Ejiri/r. bachelette, a damsel or young woman Scot.
;
;

10.

is to depart, or to leave the care or cognizance of to remove or be absent. Davits. 11. Behind the back, is in secret, or when one is absent. 12. To cast behind theback, in scripture, is to
;

to be superior. To turn the back,

acknowledge

forget
treat
ix.

and

forgive. Is.

with contempt.

Ez.

xxxviii. 17; or to xxiii. 35. Neh.

26.
the back, is to

B.-VC or
1.
',i.

BACK,

n. [D. bah,

a bo\i

or cis-

tern.] In navlsrntion,

a ferry-boat or praam.

3.

In breiving, a large flat tid), f)r vessel, ii wliich wort is cooled before boiling; hence called a cooler. In dislilleries, a vessel into which the Ii-

be fermented is pumped, iVom the; cooler, in order to be worked with thf

fjiior to

1.

oppress and per bacgen, a boy, a child secute. Ps. cxxix. from bac, small. girl 14. To bow the back, is to submit to oppresorigin in the name of a .sion. Rom. xi. 10. child or young person of either sex whence the sense of babbling in the Span- BACK, adv. To the place from which one came as, to go back is to return. ish. Or both senses are rather from shoot2. In figurative sense, to a former state, ing, jirotrnding.] A man who has not been married. condition or station as, he cannot go back
baich, a child
bacsrenes, a
; ;

W.
its

13.

To plow

young

This word has

2.

yeast.

15Ae'A, n. [L.] In botany, a berry a fruit which consists of a pul]iy pericarji, with out valves, inclosing several naked seeds.
;

3.

of any age, who lias not been mar often with the word old. ried A |)erson who has taken the first degree
:

A man

young

.3.

hberal arts and sciences, at a college or university. This degree or honor is

in the
calleil the baccalaureate.

from his engagements. Behind not advancing ; not coming oibringing forward as, to keep back a part to keep one's self iacA-.
; ;

4.

Millie

This

title is gi\

BAALAU'REATE,
this

n.

[The

first

part of

word
;

is

from the same root as bachelI'roni

or as Bailey su|)))oses, berry and the latter part, from laurea, a laurel, from the practice of wearing a gar land of bay berries.] The degree of bachelor of arts.
;

or

haccu

to such as take the first degree in 5. divinity, law or physic, in certain Etn-o 6. universities. pean

en also

Towards times or things past as, to look back on former ages. in return Again as, give back the
; ; ;

money. To go or come

back,

is

to return, either to

4.

A knight of the lowest order, or more cor a former place, or state. 7. To go or give back, is to retreat, to recede rectly, a young knight, styled, a knight The Germans (onsti BACK, v. t. To mount to get upon the bachelor.
anciently
;

tuted their
in

BAC'CATED,
berries.

a.

with jiearls, from Set or adorned with pearls

[Little used.^
}
<,

[L. haccahis, garnished bacca, a berry.]

;

by presenting

young men knights or soldiers, to them a shield and a lane a great council. This ceremony an-

2.

having

many

swered

BACCHANAL, " [from Bacchus, Gr. liaxxof, the deity of BACCHANALIAN,

wine and
;

to that of the toga vinlis of tlie In the livery comjianies of Lon don, those persons not yet admitted to the livery are called bachelors.

Romans.

3.

back sometimes perhaps to place upon the back as, to hack a horse. Shak. To support to maintain to second or Court was as, the strengthen by aid backed by the House of Commons. Dryden. To put backward to cause to retreat or
;

revelling.

Qn.

Ir.

back,

drnn

BACHELORSHIP,
bachelor.

n.

The

or D. bak, bowl, L. poculum ; Gyp. becha9 or from raging, revelling.] ri, a cu]i

state of being 4.
first

The

state of

one

who

has taken his

One who
drunkard

indulges in drunken revels one who is noisy and riotous

; ! ;

degree

in a college or university.

when
otous
ling

intoxicated.
?

B.VCK,

BACCHANAL, BACCHANALIAN,
;

Revellii
"
'

rm

intern-,
;

perate drinking

ri-i

noisy.
a.

BACCHANA'LIAN,

Pertaining to revel
h.is its

1.

and drunkenness. Even baccltanaliaii m.idness

n. plu.

charms.

[Sax. bac, bac; Dan. bag; Sw. bak ; and Sw. backe, bakkc, a hill, a clod or lump. The sense probalily is a ridge. like the Ger. riickcn, D. rug, applied to the shoulders or to the back of a beast,] The upper part of an animal, jiurticularly of a r|uadru])ed, whose back is a ridge In human beings, the hinder part of the
71.

recede as, to back oxen. To back a umrrant, is for a justice of the peace in the county where the warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another county, to appre;

5.

hend an offender. Blackstone. In seamanship, to back an anchor is to lay a .small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one, to prevent

down
its
(>.

coming home.

Cowper

body.
2.

BACCHANALS,
feasts in

Drunken

feasts

the revels of bacchauahans.

In antiquit;/,
3.

The outward or convex part of the hand opposed to the inner, concave part, or
palm.
the back of man is the part on the side opposite to the face hence the part as the back of o])posed to the front book and of a chimney, or the back of house. The part op)Hisite to or most remote from that which fronts the speaker or actor, or the part out of sight as the back of an isle, of a wood, of a village. As the back is the strongest part of an an imal, and as the back is behind in motion hence the thick and strong part of a cut ting tool as the buck of a knife, or of

7.

honor of Bacchus, the god of ivine. These were celebrated in spring and autunu), with games and shows.
Enci/c.
a.

To back astern, in rowing, is to manage the oars in a direction contrary to the usual method, to move a boat stern foremost. To back the sails, is to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern.
Mar.
Diet.
V. i.

As

BACK,
,

To move

or go back

as,

the

BACCHIC,
'i.

Jovial; drunken;

mad

vvitl

intoxication.
as,

Encyc. BACK'BITE, V. t. [back and bite.] To censure, slander, reproach, or speak evil of the absent. Prov. x.xv.

horse refuses to back.

Relating to BacchuS, the god of wine a bacchic feast or song bacchic myste;

4.

BACK'BITER,
the absent
der.
;

lumniates or speaks

ries.

Fabci:
n.

E)ici/c.
5.

BACKBITING,

In ancient poetry, a fool BACCHIUS, composed of a short syllable and two loi ones as in avari. JSnci/c. BACCIF'EROUS, o. [L. bacci/er, of bacca, a berry, and fero, to bear.]
;

BACKBITINGLY,
BACK'BOARD,
boat.
?i.

n. One who slanders, caill of the absent. n. The act of slandering secret caliimnv. 2 Cor. xii. adv. With secret slanBarret.

[batk
tlie

That jiroduces

[See lincra.] Baceiferous plants formerly included all such

berries.

saw.
G.

board placed across

and board.] after part of

A
a

plants as have a pul|)y fruit, wlietlier of the ajjple, berry or cherry kind but the
;

7.

modern systems of botany conipreiiend

under this descrijition such iilants only as bear the Jiulpy pericarj), called bacca, Miln beiTVi

The])lace behind or nearest the back: as, on the b<(ck of a hill or of a village. The outer ]iart of the body, or the whol body a part for the whole a.s, he has
; ;

BACKBO'NE,

n.
;

[back

and

bone.]

The
;

bone of the back

BACK'CARRY,
a term of law.

n.

or the spine.

having on the back

t*.

not clothes to his back. To turn the back on one, neglect him.

BACKDOOR,
is

to forsake, or Soxith

A door [back and door.] on the back part of a building a private passage ; an indirect way.
n.
:

B A C
ftACK'ED,
;

B A C
liaviiig

BAD
To
save one's bacon,
is to

on the BACK'STAYS, n. [back and stay.] hack supported by aid seconded mo- Long ropes or stays extending from the topmast heads to both sides of a ship, to asved hack ward. BACK'EU, a. Having a back; a word used sist the shrouds in supporting the mast, when strained by a weiglit of sail, and as broad-backed, humpin composition backed. prevent it from giving way and falling Mar. Diet. BACK'FRIEND, i. [back and friend. A overboard. South. BACK'SWORD, n. secret enemy. [back and sword.] BACKGAM'MON, n. [W. bac, small, and A sword with one sharp edge. In Engtand, a stick wth a basket handle used in rustic cammuun, conHiot, battle camp, a ganie.^ A game |>layed by two persons, upon a ta Jlrbuthnol. amusements. The table is in BACK'WARD, > ble, with bo.\ and dice. [back and ward. See two parts, on which are 24 black and wliite BACK'WARDS, ^ ""'' trard.] With the back in advance as, to move backward. spaces, called points. Each player has 15 men ofdifterent colors for the purpose of 2. Toward the back as, to throw the arms distinction. Encyc. backward; to move backwards and for BACK'GROUND, n. [back and ground.] wards. Ground in the rear or behind, as opposed 'i. On the l)ai'k, or with the back downwards;
pp.

Mounted

preserve one's self

from harm.
BA<;'IJI-K, n. [Fr. bascule.] In fortif cation, a kind of portcullis or gate, made like a pit-fall, witli a ci)unter|)oise,

and supported by two

irreat stakes.

Encyc.

BA-C'ULITE,
genus of
anmioiiites.

n.

[L. bacuius.]

fossil shells,

of a straight fonn,

in their cellular structure

resembhng the
Edin. Encyc. a stafl",

BACLLOiM ETRY,
and Gr.

The

n. [L. bacuius, mrisov, measure.]

act of measuring distance or altitude by a staff or staves. Bailey. Johnsmi.

n.

BAD,
lied

[Pers. ^x j had, evil,

depraved

al-

to the front.
2.

as, to fall
;

tion

place of obscurity, or shade little seen, or noticed.

;

a situa-

4.

Toward

backward. past times or events

perhaps to Ar. i Lj
evil

Ilcb.

Ch. Syr-

as to look
1.

Sam. 13N
Ill
;

BACK'HANDED,
the hand turned ed blow.

a. [back nmXhand.] With backward as a backhand

>.

(i.

backward on the history of man. By way of reflection ; reflexively. Davies. From a better to a worse state as, pubhc
;

to perisli or destroy.] opposed to good ; a

word of

BACK'HANDED,
rected backward
;

adv.

With

as, to strike

the hand di backhanded.

7.

BACK'HOUSE,
ill"-

n.

[back

building behind the

and main or
;

A house.] front build

9.

affairs go backward. In time past ; as, let us look some ages backwanl. Perversely ; from a wrong end. I never yet saw man but she would spell him Shak backward.

2.

general use, denoting physical defects and moral faults, in men and things; as a bad man, a bad heart, a bad di^sign, bad air, bad water, bad books. Vicious corrupt ; depraved, in a moral sense ; as a bad life a bad action.
;

3.
4.

BACK'ING,
as a horse
Th<-

ppr. INIounting
;

moving back,
and
paint.]

Towards
trary to

backward. In a -scriptural sense, to go or turn backward, is to rebel, apostatize, or relapse into JSnn/c. Is. i. sin, or idolatry. BACK'PIECE, n. [back and piece.] The 11. Contrarily; in a contrary manner. piece of armor which covers the back.

BACK' PAINTING,

seconding.
n.

tlie

the beginning in an order connatural order as, to read

; ;

5.

[back

6. 7.
8.

method of painting mezzotinto prints, pasted on glass of a size to fit the print.

10.

9.

as bad provisions. Unfortimate as a bad imjuosperous state of affairs. Unskilful as a bad player. Small poor as a bad crop. Infirm; as a 6arf state of health. Feeble, corrupt, or oppressive ; as a bad government. Ilmtful pernicious as, fine print is bad
;

Unwholesome
;

BACK'RETURN,

n.

Repeated return.

BACK'ROOM,
BACKS,
thickest
in

n. [back

behind the front room, of the house.

n.

To be driven or turned backward, is to be deShak. feated, or disapi)ointed. Ps. xl. and room.] A room To titrn judgment backward, is to perveit jusor in tlie back
part
tice an<l laws.
Is.
lix.
;

for the eyes. Swijl. 10. Unfavorable

11.

as a bad season. Poor; steril as a 6arf soil. 12. Rough or nuiddy as a bad road. In short, bad expresses whatever is injurious,
; ;
;

Among

dealers in leather, the

BACK'WARD,
luctant
;

a.

UnwiUing

averse; re-

hurtful, inconvenient,
al
;

unlaw

ful or

immor-

whatever
;

is

BAD, BADE, the past tense of bid. fSee Pope Bid.] sluggish dilatory. BADGE, n. [I know not the aflinitiesof this is backivard to undergo the fatl^e word, not having found it in any other lanpart of any thing tlie part beliind that of weigliing every argument. fVatts which is presented to the face of a spectaguage. Probably it belongs to class Bg.] 3. Dull not quick of apprehension behind 1. A mark, sign, token or tiling, by which a tor. Ex. iii. as a backward learner. in progress ?. The hind part of an animal. person is distinguished, in a particular Tlie yard, ground or place belund a 4. Late behind in time coming alter some '.i. place or employment, and designating his relation to a person or to a particular ocas house. thing else, or after the usual time cupation as the badge of authority. BACKSLI'DE, v. i. [back and slide] To backward fruits ; the season is backward. ?i. The or state be- 2. The mark or token of any thing as the fall off; to apostatize; to turn gradually things hind or past. Shak. from the faith and practice of christianity.l badge of bitterness. .ler. iii. Hos. iv. In the ilark backward or abysm of time. 3. An ornament on ships, near the stern,
the rear.

and best tanned hides. Encyc. B.\CK'SET, a. [back and set.] Set upon!

hesitating. For wiser brutes are backward to be slaves.

;
;

vorable

or

what

offensive, painful or unfais defective.

Anderson.\

BAt:K'SIDE,

n.

[back
;

and side]

The back

Slow

The mind
;

BACK'WARD

BA('KSLl'DER,
falls

n.

An

from the

faith

apostate; one who and practice of reli-

Shak
re

[.Yot proper, nor in use.]

[

gion.
2.

Prov. xiv.
neglects his
n.

One who

vows of obedience
[

BACK'WARDLY,
luctantly
;

adv.
;

UnwiUingly

and

aversely

perversely.

decorated with figures. /. To mark, or distinguish with a badfie. Shak. BADg'ER, n. [Qu. badge, 9upra or Sax.

BADGE,

I'.

falls into sin.

BACKSLI'DING,
Jer.
v.
fi.

The

act of
;

BACK'WARDNESS, n.
luctance
tion.
;

Unwillingness
in

re-

zing from faith or practice

apostati-j a falling in-

dilatoriness, or dullness

ac

In

bygan, bycgan, to buy ; Norm, bugge.] laic, a person who is licensed to buy com

sensibly from religion into sin or idolatry.

BACK'STAFF, staff, so called from its being used witli the observer's back toward the sun.] quadrant an instrinnent for taking the sun's altitude at sea; called also, from its
n.

[back and

A state of being behind in progress .slowas the backwardness of ness tardiness the spring.
;
;

BACK'WORM,

A n. [back and worm.] small worm, in a thin skin, in the reins of a hawk. [See Filanders.] Encyc.

n. ba'kn. [W. bacctin ; Ir. begun. inventor, Davis's quadrant. Encyc. B.\'CON, lu Ger. In old charters, boea. Cowel. BACK'STAIRS, n. [back and stairs.] bache, is a wild sow.] Stau-s in the back part of a house private stairs and Jigurativdy, a private or indi- Hog's flesh, salted or pickled and dried, usu; ;

in one place and sell it in another, witljout inciuTing the penalties of engrossing. Cowel. BADG'ER, n. A quadruped of the genua Ursus, of a clumsy make, with short, thick It legs, and long claws on the fore feet. inhabits the north of Europe and Asia, burrows, is indolent and sleepy, feeds by Its night on veg-etables, and is very fat. skin is used for pistol furniture ; its flesh
'

rectway.

'

--

ally in

smoke.

makes good bacon, and its hair is used for brushes to soften the shades in painting. Encyc,

BAG
file

BAH
^AIGNE, To
sails
v.
t.

B A
BA'IKALITE,
n.

American badger is called the gfouad BAG, V. t. To put into a bag. Pennant. 2. To load with bags. hog, and is sometimes white. BAlkVEU-LEGGED, a. Having legs like BAG, V. i. To swell like a full bag, as when filled with wind. a badger. Johnson says liaving legs of
unequal length
;

[Fr. baigner.] soak or drench. [Not used.]

Carew

[From
in

Baikal, a lake acicular

iii

but, qu. short thick legs.

BAGATELLE,
tela
;

n. bagatel.
;

[Fr.

Sp. baga-

Northern Asia.]
mineral occurring

Shak

It.
;

BADIA'GA,
bruises.

?i. A small si)unge, common in the North of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of

hagatella
n.

Arm. bagank.]
Qu.

trifle

a thing of no importance.
[Fr.
;

sometimes long, and either confusedly grouped or radiating from a center. Its
color

prisms,

BAG'GAtiE,
package

Enci/c.

BAD'IANE, BAN'DIAN,
;

seed of a tree in CiijI which smells like anise I "'na, seeds used by the Chinese and Dutch to Enci)c. give their tea an aromatic ta.ste.
!.

The

1.

2.

BADIgE'ON,

bagage. Eug. D. pakkaadje, baggage, that packed. See Bag.] utensils, and other necessaries of an army. The clothing and other conveniencies which a traveller carries with him, on a

which

\s

The

tents, clothing,

greenish, or yellowish white. It is regarded as a variety of Tremolite. This name is given also to an ohve-green variety of augite and also of epidote.
is

Cleaveland.

BAIL,

V.

t.

[Fr.

and Norm,

bailler, to deliv-

mixture of plaster and

free stone, ground together and sifted, used by statuaries to till the small holes

journey. Having
Altiloii.

dispatclicd

my baggage
call this

by waler to Coxe, SwUz.

;

er, to

lease
;

Arm.

bahailhat

Ar.

luggage.] [The English and repair the defects of the stones, of n. [Fr. bagasse; It. bagascia which they make their statues. Enci/c. BAG'GAtiE,

now

bahala Eth. A fh baleah, to deliver, liberate, permit to go.]

1.

free,

BAD'INAtiE,
course.

n.

[Fr.]

Light or playful disChesUrfidd.

not well becoming prounskilfully BAGGING, 2>P>'- Swelling tuberant. unfortunately imperfectly The state of being bad, evil, BAG'GIIS'G, ?(. Tlie cloth or materials for BAD'NESS, Edwards' Jf. Indies. U. States. bags. vicious or depraved want of good qualias tl)e badness of BAGNIO, n. bau'i/o. [h. bagno ; S\>. baiio ; ties, natural or moral Port, banho ; Fr. bain ; L. balneum.] the heart, of tlie season, of the roads, &c. An India cloth or plain 1. A balli a house for bathing, cuppin BAF'FETAS, } Tliat of Sural > n. niusUn. sweating and otherwise cleansing the BAF'TAS, is said to be the best. body. In Turkey, it is the name of prisBAS'TAS, ) ons where slaves are kept so called from Encyc. the baths which they contain. V. t. Encyc. beflei; to make, or play BAF'FLE,
In a bad

BAD'LY,

adv. [from had.]

A low

S|). bagazo, a catamite ; Pers. baga, a strumpet.] worthless woman a strimipet.

; ;

rest

To set free, deliver, or liberate from arand imprisonment, upon security given that the person bailed shall appear and answer in court. The word is apphed to
the magistrate, or the surety. The magistrate bails a man, when he hberates hiir, from arrest or imprisonment, upon bond

manner
;

grievously

n.

given with siueties. The surety bails a person, when he procm-es his release fiom arrest, by giving bond for his appearance.
Blackstone.
2.

To

deliver goods in trust,

upon a contract,

[Fr.

the fool with Sp. hefar ; It. beffare, It coincides in origin with buffoon.
:

id.

2.

brothel.
)7.

In

BAG'PIPE,

Scottish,

beff, baff,

To mock
shifts

or elud!; by
;

signifies to strike.] to elude artili.-e

;

A
by

[bag am\

pipe.]
3.

and turns; hence

as,

to

defeat, or con-

found

to

bajjie

tiie

designs of an
Anon.

enemy.
Fashionable
follies bnffic

musical wind instrument, used chiefly in Scotland and Ireland. It consists of leathern bag, which receives the air by a tube, which is stoi)ped by a valve and air is pressed by the pipes, into which the
;

expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfidly executed on the part of the bailee or person entrusted as, to baii cloth to a tailor to be made into a garment, or to bail goods to a carrier. Blackstone To free from water, as to bail a boatThis word is im|jropcrly written bale
;

The word
shovel.

argument.

])erforiner.

BAF'FLE, BAF'FLE,
founded.

V.
)(.

i.

To

A
pp.

and turns.

practice deceit. Barrow defeat by artifice, shifts South.

BAFFLED,

Eluded; defeated; con-

BAF'FLER, n. One that baffles. BAF'FLING, ppr. Eluding by shifts, and

turns, or

by siratagem

founding.

baffling

\vind,

defeating; conamong seashift;-,

men, is one that frequently one point to another.

from
;

BAG,
nes,

[Norm. bage. a bag, a coffer hagbe from baggaire. This word seems to
n.
;

the root of park, pouch, Fr. poche, or of the same family or it is from tlie sense of tying, binding ; Sp. baga, a rope or cord for fastening loads on beasts of burden.

Hence baggage
Port,

It.

bagagein
;

bngaglia Fr. bagngi

Sp. bagage

Arm.

pacij

a pack, and bagaich.] A sack a pouch, usually of cloth or leathor convey corn, er, used to hold, |)reserve and other connnodities. 2. A sack in animal bodies containing some fluid or other substance. 3. Formerly, a sort of silken purse tied to the hair. 4. In commerce, a certain quantity of o com1
.

by becoming surety for his appearance in and opens at pleasure. There are several court. soft and mespecies of bag-pipes, as the The 6ai7 must be real substantial bondsmen. lodious Irishbag-pipe, with two short Btackstone. drones and a long one ; the Highland bagB and B were bail to the arrest in a suit at law. two short drones, the music of l>ipc, with Kent. which is very loud the Scot's Lowland Bail'is not used with a plural termination. with a bellows 2. The bag-i>i])e, which is played security given for the release of a There is ami is al.so a loud instrument. prisoner from custody as, the man is out also a small pipe, with a chanter about upon bail. Encyc. eight inches in length. Excessive bail ought not to be required. In seamanslii]), to bag-pipe the mizen, is to Blackst07ie. the sheet to the lay it aback by bringing Mar. Did. Bail is common or special. Common bail are niizen shro\ids. BAG' PI PE U, 91. One who plays on a bag- pipe. imaginary persons, who are pledges for the plaintiff's prosecution as John Doe small beardoil fish, a species BAG'RE, n. and Richard Roc. of Silurus, anguillifonii, of a silvery hue, Special bail must be men of real substance, without scales, and delicious food. suflicicnt to jiay their bond or recognizDid. of JVat. Hist. ance. To perfect ur justify bail is to prove BAG'REEF, n. [bag and rce/.] of the A fourth and lower reef used in the British by the oatli which person that he is worth the sum for he is surety beyond hie Mar. Did. navy. To admit to bail, is to release updebts. BAGUET', ?!. [Fr. baguette, from bague, a on security given by bondsmen. ring Ir. beachl ; Sax. beag.] 3. The handle of a kettle or other vessel. In architecture, a little round molding, less sometimes carved and 4. In England, a certain limit within a than an
;

The base-])ipe is called the drone, and the tenor or treble is called the The pipes have eight holes like chanter. those of a flute, which the performer stops

is probably the same as bail in law, to free, or liberate, and signifies to throw out water, as with a bucket or

BAIL,

n. Tlie person or persons vho procure the release of a prisoner from custody,

astragal,

3.

enriched. Encyc. Weights used in the E. Indies. modity, such as it is customary to carry BAIIAU', I to market in a sack as a bag of pepper or BAR'PiE, I ""The great bahar,for weighing is .')241b. !)o/ pepper, cloves, nutmegs, &c., hops ; a bag of corn. Among farriers, a bag of asafcetida and avoirdupoise. The little bahar, for weighsavin is tied to the hits of horses to restore ing quicksilver, vermilion, ivory, silk, ice, is 137 lbs. 9a:?. Encyc. Eiiaic. their appetites.
;

finest.

BA'ILABLE,
2.

a. That may be set free upon bond with sureties that may be admitted to bail tised of persons. That admits of bail as a bailable ofl'ense.
; ;

Blackstone.

BA'ILBOND,

71.

bond or obhgation given

B A

B A L
BAL'ANCE,
1.

B A L
[Fr. balance ; tip. balanza ; It. biluncia ; L. bilanx, bis, twice, and lanr, a dish, the double dish.] pair of scales, for weighhig commodities. It consists of a beam or lever sus71.

to insure the 2. To give a portion of food and drink to, man or beast upon the road ; as, to bait prisoner's api)earance in court, at tlie rehorses. turn of the writ.

by a prisoner and his surety,

BA'ILED,
"2.

ti. t. To take a iiortion of food and pp. lleleaseJ from custody on BAIT, drink for refreshment on a journey as, bonds for appearance in court. we stopped to bait. Dehvered in trust, to be carried and de;

posited, redelivered, or otherwise account- B.\IT,

3.

ed for. Freed from water, as a boat.

n. Tlie

[Goth, beitan. In (ontention. See Make-bate.]

V.
t.

Sax. hate

is

pended exactly in the middle, with a scale or basin hung to earli extremity, of precisely equal weight. The Roman balance, our steel-yard, consists of a lever or beam, movable on a center, and suspended near one of its extremities. Hence,
2.

1.

To provoke and

harass by dogs; to har;

BAILEE',
erty
ill

person to

whom

goods
lias

are <'omniitted in trust,

and wlio

temporary

po.ssossion

and a qualified proptrust.

them, lor the purposes of the

)

BA'ILER, BA'ILOR,
bailli
It.

"

Blackslone. One who delivers goods to another in trust, for some

particular purpose. BA'ILIFF, n. f Fr. haillif;

ass by the help of others as, to bait a bull or a boar. 2. To attack with violence to harass in the manner of small animals. Shak. to flutter B.'VIT, V. I. To clap the wings as if to fly or to hover as a hawk, when to her prey. Shak. she stoops Bailey. BAIT, n. White Bait, a small fish of the
; ;
;

One of the simple powers in mechanics, used for determining' the equality or difference of weight in heavy bodies, and consequently their masses or quantity of
matter.

Encyc.

3.

Arm.
;

belhj

Scot.

Thames.

Figuratively, an impartial state of the nrind, in deliberating ; or a just estimate

; hailo, a magistrate halia, power, Ch. Ar. Heb. 8yr. '7;'2, lord, authority.

BA'ITED,
ed
2. 3.
;

pp. Furnished with bait

allur-

tempteil.
;

chief.

Class, Bl.]

In England, an officer appointed by the sherift". Bailiffs arc either special, and ap-

Fed, or refreshed, on the road. Hariissed by dogs or other small animals attacked.

of the reasons and arguments on both sides of a question, which gives to each its due weight, or force and importance.
4.

refreshing at an inn. 3. Harassing, with dogs attacking. and execute writs and process. The BAIZE, n. [Per. pozah, the nap or down of sheriff in England is the king's bailiff. cloth Sp. bausaii, the same.] There are also laiVi;^ of liberties, ajipointed A coarse woolen stuff, with a long nap. by the lords in their respective jurisdic sometimes frized on one side, without lions, to execute process, and perform wale, being wove with two treadles like otlier duties bailiffs of forests and of manflannel. Chambers. the husbandry, collect ors, who direct BAKE, V. t. [Sax. bacan; Sw. baka Dan. and iciiler bailiffs in each port, rents, &c. Ger. backen ; Gypsey, bagcr D. bakken to search vessels, gatlier toll for anchorage, Russ. peku, to bake pekar, a pekgiiin arrest persons for debt on the water, &c. baker Per. pochtan, to bake or cook.] Blackstone. Encyc. 1. To heat, dry and harden, as in an oven or The office of baihff formerly was high and to dress furnace, or under coals of fire honorable in England, and officers under and prejiare for food, in a close place that title on the continent are still investheated as, to bake bread. ed with important fimctions. 2. To dry ami harden by heat, either in an BA'ILIWICK, n. [bailli, an officer, see oven, kiln or furnace, or by the solar rays to bake the ground. bailiff, and Sax. loic] as, to bake bricks Tlic precincts in wliicli a bailiff has jurisBAKE, V. i. To do the work of bakin diction the limits of a bailifl^s authority as, she brews, washes and bakes. as a hundred, a liberty, a forest, over which 2. To be baked to dry and harden in heat a bailiff is appointed. In the liberties and as, the bread bakes; the ground bakes ia a franchises of lords, the baihff has excluhot sun. sive jurisdiction. Encyc. BA'KED, pp. Dried and hardened by heat
;
;

arrest tempting persons; or bailifts of hundreds, who col 2. Feeding lect fines, summon juries, attend the assiz

pomted,

for

their

adroitness,

to

B.-VITING, ppr.
;

Furnishmg

with

bait

sum

alluring.

es,

balance signifies equal weight, or equalby custom used for the weight or necessary to make two unequal weights or sums equal ; that wliich is necessary to bring them to a balance or equipoise. Hence, in accounts, balance is the difference oC two sums ; as upon an adju.stmcnt of accoimts, a balance was found against A, in favor of B. Hence, to pay a balance, is to pay the difference and make the two
ity, it is

As

5.

accounts equal. Balance of trade is an equal exportation of domestic productions, and importation of foreign. But, usually, the term is applied to the difference between the amount or value of the commodities exported and Hence the common expression, the balance of trade is against or in favor of a couutrj'. or an equal state of power beEquipoise, tween nations ; as the ^'balance of power." Eqtupoise, or an equal state of the pas-

imported.

6.

7.

sions.

The
8.

Jo/ajK-e of the mind.

Pope.

That which renders weight or authority

equal.

BA'ILMENT,

9.

ji.

[from

bail.]

dressed in heat

as baked meat.

The only balance attempted against the anJ. Adams. cient kings, was a hody of nobles. Tlie part of a clock or watch which regulates the beats.
in Latin Libra, which the equinox in September.

BA ILPIECE,
BAIRN,

delivery of goods, in trust, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust Blackstone. shall be faithfully executed.

BAKEHOUSE,

)i." A slip of parchment or food in an oven. Gen. xl. The hydrostatic balance is an instrument paper containing a recognizance of bail BA'KEN,/7;j. The same iisbaked,and nearly to determine the specific gravity of fluid

BA'KEMEATS,
obsolete.

n. [bake ami house.] hou.se or building for baking. n. Meats prepared

A
for

10.

In astronomy, a sign in the zodiac, called sun enters at the

Blackstone. above or bail to the action. } [Sax. beam ; Scot, bairn; prob-

and
n.

solid bodies.

BARN,
tle

"

ably,

Eng.

ioni.]
;

A child.

BAKER,

One

vvho.se

occupation

is

to

The

[Lit;

used in English.]
i.
; ;
;

bake bread,
torted foot.

BAIT,

[W.abwyd, bivyd Ann. boct It. Sw. bete, food beta, to feed Sa.x. dbailh batan, to bait Russ. pitayit ; Dan. beder, to
;

BA'KER-FOOT,
ed

biscuit, n.

&c.

assay balance

is

An

in docimastic operations, to

one which is used determine the

ilkshaped or disTaylor.

weight of minute bodies.

BAKER-LEGGED, a. One who has crook

legs, or legs that beiid

BAL'ANCE,
to
2.

inward

adjust the weights the scales of a balance so as to bring them

V. t.

To

at the

n. The trade of a baker. place occupied with the business of Smollett. baking bread, &c. BA'KING, ppr. Drying and hardening in inclosure or net. heat dressing or cooking in a close place, nortion of food and drink, or a refresh2. or in heat. ment taken on a journey. BA'KING, n. The quantity baked at once enticement temptation. 3. An allurement as a baking of bread. 3AIT, II. t. To put meat on a hook or line, BAL'AN, n. A fish of a beautiful yellow, or in an inclosure, or among snares, to al variegated with orange, a species of lure fish, fowls and other animals into huwrasse, caught on the shores of England,
1.

rest for refreshment.] Any substance for food, proper to be used or actually used, to catch fish, or other 2. animals, by alluring them to swallow a hook, or to be caught in snares, or in an

BA'KERY,

3.

4.

an equipoise. Hence, To weigh reasons to compare, by estimating the relative force, importance, or value of different things as, to balance good and evil. To regulate different powers, so as to keep them in a state of just proportion ; as, to balance Europe, or the powers of Europe. To counterpoise to make of equal weight to make equipollent or force as, one species of attraction balances another. One expression in the letter must check and
;

man

power.

Did. ofATatHisf.

balance another.

J^ent.

B A L
5.

B A L
;

B A L
as a bald transla-

and adjust, as an account to find the ditference of two accounts, and to pay tlie balance, or difl'erence, and make
settle

To

5.

Unadorned
tion.

inelegant
;

BALiZE',
con.]

6.

Mean
value.
cious.

naked

base

them
C.

equal. In seammjship, to contract a sail, by rolling up a small part of it at one corner.

7.

In popular l-anguctge,

Dryden. without dignity or Shak. open, bold, auda;

n. [Fr. balise

bank.

; Sp. valizii, a beasea-mark; a pole raised on a

BALK,

n. bauk. [Sax. bale

; ;

Mar. Did. BAL'ANCE, V. i. To have on each side equal weight to be on a poise. 2. To hesitate; to tkictuate between motives which appear of equal force, as a balance
;

8.

as bald wheat. BALD'ACHIN, ) " [If. batdacehino ; Sp. BALD'AQUIN, ^ haldncjuino, a rich silk or canopy, carried over the host. Du Cange. Liuiier deduces it from the name of

Without beard or awn

between furrows bate, prominent, swellsaid to be from bal, a promiing, proud nence bala, eruption balau, to shoot,
; ;

W. bah,

a ridge

1.

3.

spring or drive out.] A ridge of land, left unplowed, between furrows, or at the end of a field. A great beam, or rafter. [G. bcdken ; D.

a city in Babylonia.] plays wlien poised by equal weights. balk.] BetH'een right and wrong, never balance a In archiledtire, a building in form of a can- 3. Any thing left untouched, like a ridge in moment. JInon opy, sup|)orted by colunms, and often used plowing. Spenser. as a covering to insulated altars some- 4. A frustration disappointment. South. B.\L'ANCED, pp. Charged with equal times used for a shell over a door. BALK, V. t. bank. To disappoint to frusv.'eights; standing o]i an equipoise; regu trate. Locke. lated so as to be equal settled adjusted Enci/c. Johnson. n. [Qu. i^[>.' balda, a tri 2. To leave untouched to miss or omit. made equal in weight or amount. abusive fie, or baldonar, to insult with BAL'ANCE FISH, n. The zysaiia, or mar Drayton . Shak. teau a lisii of the genus squalus, or sharl language AV. baldorz, to prattle D. bid 3. To pile, as in a heap or ridge. 4. To turn aside; to talk beside one's meanland. deren.] It is 6 feet long, and weighs 500 Obs. lbs. It has tln-ee or four rows of bi-oad Mean, senseless prate; a jargon of words ing. Spenser. .5. To plow, leaving balks. ribaldry any thing jumbled together witi pointed and serrated teeth; has a horrible out judffment. BALK'ED, pp. Plowed in ridges between aspect, and is very voracious. Encyc. ERDASH, v. t. To mix or adulterate furrows, as in American husbandry. BAL'ANCER, n. The person who weighs, Johnson. 2. Frustrated disappointed. or who uses a balance. licpiors. LY, adv. Nakedly ; meanly inele- BALK'ER, ?!. One who balks. In fishery, ?. A member of an insect useful in balancing, Ijalkers are jiersons who stand on rocks the body. gantly openly. and eminences to espy the sholes of her1\E.SS, )!. Want of hair on the toj rt. One skilled in balancing. and back of the head loss of hair meanring, and to give notice to the men in reef band that BAL'ANCE-REEF, n. ness or inelegance of writing ; want of boats, which way they pass. crosses a sail diagonally, used to contract it in a storm. Mm: Did. ornament. Encyc. Cowel. BAI>K'ING, ppr. Plowing in ridges fruspate without hair. BAL'ANCI.\G, ppr. Charging with equa BALD'PATE, n. Shak. trating. weights being in a state of equipoise a. Destitute of hair; shorn BALL, n. [G. bcdl ; D. bal ; Sw. ball ; Dan. bringing to a state of equality regulating BALD'PATED, of hair. ballon ; Russ. bal ; Sp. bala, bola ; It. Shak. palla ; respective forces or sums to make them L. pila ; W. pel, pellen ; Arm. botat; Fr. )!. [from Sw. bcdt, Ir. balta, equal settling adjusting paying a dif- BALD'RICK, L. batleus, a belt, and i-ick, rich. See tliese ball may signify a mass batle, boule. ference of accounts hesitating; contractfrom collecting, or it may be that which is a sail bv rolling uji one corner of it. words.] ing 1. A girdle, or richly ornamented belt a driven, from the root ol'h. pello ; probably BAL'ANCTNG, n. Equilibrium poise. the former.] war girdle. Spenser. 1. A round body a spherical substance, A radiant bahlricic o'er his sliouldcrs tied. fossil shell of tlie genus BAL'ANITE, n. whether natural or artificial ; or a body Balanus. Pope. Jameson. nearly round as, a ball for play ; a ball of '2. The zodiac. Spenser. ' "^"'' '' '' thread a ball of snow. L*''" ""'<"] BAL'AS \ BALE, rt. [Fr. balle ; Gcr. ballen ; D. bacd ; A variety of spinel ruliy, of a pale rose red, It. balla, a bale Ch. Ar. Heb. S-H, to biniL 2. A bullet aicrWof iron or lead for cannon, muskets, &c. or inclining to orange. Its crystals are to pledge, and its derivative, in Ar. ana 3. A printer's ball, consisting of hair or wool, usually octahedrons, composed of two Eth., a rope.] covered with leather or skin, and fastened four-sided pyramids, applied base to base. L A bundle or package of goods in a cloth to a stock, called a ball-stock, and used to CleaveUind. Kirtnin. [See Spinel.] cover, and corded for carriage or transput ink on the tj-pes in the forms. BALAUS'TINE, n. The wild pomegranate portation. " 4. The globe or earth, from its figure. tree. Co.re. '2. Formerlj', a pair of dice. 5. A globe borne as an ensign of authority BAL'eONY, n. [Fr. balcon ; It. b(Uconc ; BALE,?), t. To nuike up in a bale. Bacon. as, to hold the ball of a kingdom. Sp. balcon ; Port, balcnm ; probablv a jut- BALE, n. [Sax. beat, bealo. Qu. Hob. Ch. 6. Any part of the body that is round or proIn Pers. ting, as in bulk, belli/, W. hale. Syr. and Ar. Sdn, to grieve or mourn, to tuberant as, the eye ball ; the ball of the be desolate, or S^n, to destroy. In Ir. bealu thundi or foot. balkanah, is a cancellated winis to die, .i:id abail, death.] Misery calam- 7. The weight at the bottom of a pendulum. dow.] Obs. 8. Among the Cornish tniners in England, a ity. In architecture, a frame of wood, iron or stone, BALEARTC, a. [from Balearis, the denomtin mine. in front of a house or other ination given to Majorca and Minorca. 9. In /7i/TO/pfftntc5, a composition of combusImilding, supor consoles, and tible ingredients, whicli serve to burn, from Or. |tJau, to throw, because the ported by columns, pillars Qu. smoke or give light. hihabitants were good slingers.] encompassed with a balustrade. Balconies are common before windows. Pertaining to the isles of Slajorca and Mi- Ball-stock, among printers, a stock somewhat hollow at one end, to which balls of skin, norca, in the Mediterranean sea. Encyc. stulfed with wo(d, are fastened, and which BALD, a. bauld. [Sp. baldio, unfilled, va- BA'LEFUL, a. [See Bale.] Woeftd sad Port, baldio, open, comserves as a handle. cant, unfiirnished sorrowful; full of grief; producing mismon baldar, to frustrate.] Ball-vein, among miners, a sort of iron ore, ery ; as, a baleful smart baleful eyes. i. Destitute of found in loose masses, of a circidar form, hair, especially on the top Spenser. Milton. and back of the head. 2. Mischievous destructive containing sparkling particles. Encyc. ])ernicious 9. Destitute of the natural calamitous ; deadly as, baleful enemies Ball and socket, aji instrument used in surcovering as a bald oak. baleful war. veying and astronomy, made of brass, with n. Without feathers on the head a perpetual screw, to move horizontally, as a bald BA'LEFULLY, adv. Sorrowfully ; pemi; vidture. in a calamitous manner. obliquely, or vertically. cio>isly A. Destitute of trees on the top as a laid BALIS'TER, n. [L. balista, from Gr. jiaSAu, Puff-hall, in botany, the Lycoperdon, a genu's mountain. n -.i ..-,,. to throw.] A cross bow. Blount. offunguscs.
; ; ;
;

BALDERDASH,
;

BALD
BALD
BALD

'

AaxHj

; ;

B A L
Fire-ball,

B A L
1.

B A L
;
;

kind of dance an interlude a comic iJAL'LOT, V. i. To vote by ballot, thai i.-., the atmosphere also, a baj; dance, consisting of a series of several airs, by putting little balls of different colors iiijr tlirouj,'!) into a box, the greater number of one with dirtijrent movements, representing of canvas filled with gunpowder, sulphur,! color or the other determining the result. some subject or action. pitrh, saltpeter, &c., to be thrown by the hand, or from mortars, to set tiro to 2. A kind of dramatic poem, representing 2. To vote by written jiapers or tickets. some fabulous action or subject, in whicl BAL'LOTADE, ) In the menage, a leap of houses. a horse between two BALL, 71. [Fr. bal ; It. ballo ; Sp. bayle, a several persons appear and recite things, :BAL'0TADE, S under the name of some deity or persondance It. balltire, to dance, to shake Gr pillars, or ujion a strait line, so that when his fore feet are in the air, he shews nothor na'KtM, to lea]>.] age. llaVKui, to toss or throw Knajc. An entertainment of dancing; originally and In heraldry, ballets or balls, a bearing in ing but the shoes of his hind feet, without coats of anus, denominated according to jerking out. In a capriole, the horse yerks peculiarly, at the invitation and expense of their color, bezants, plates, hurts, &c. out his hind legs. Farrier's Diet. an individual but the word is used in Encyc. America, for a dance at the expense of the Encyc. BALLOTA'TION, n. A voting by ballot. BAL' LI Age, or more correctly bailage, n. Wotton. attendants. [Little used.] a town.] n. A box for receivmg as snow on BAL'LOT-BOX, BALL, V. i. To form into a ball, [Ir. bnile, liorses' hoofs, or on the feet. We say the A small duty paid to the city of London by ballots. horse balls, or the snow balls. aliens, and even by denizens, for certain B'ALM, 71. biirn. [Fr. baume, a contraction ofbalsajn, which see.] BAL'LAD, >i. [It. bnllata, a ball, a dance, a commodities exported l)y them. Encyc. 1. The sa]) or juice of trees or shrubs reballad Fr. balladt, a song, and baladin, a BALLIARDS. [See BUliards.] BALLISTER. [See Baluster.] dancer. See BnU.] markably odoriferous or aromatic. A song originally, a soletnn song of praise BALLIS'TIe, a. [L. balista, an engine to Dryden. throw stones, or .shoot darts, from Gr. 2. Any fragrant or valuable ointment. but now a meaner kind of popular song. to throw or shoot.] fraHs. Shah. ^a'KKu, BAL'LAD, V. i. To make or sing ballads. Pertaining to the balista, or to the art of 3. Any thing which heals, or which soothef or mitigates pain. Shak. Shak. shooting darts, and other missive weap' Young. 4. In botany,\\\f name of several plants, parons, by means of an engine. BAL'LADER, n. A writer of ballads. Ot'trburi/. BALLIS'TICvS, n. The science or art of ticularly of the genus Melissa. They are B.\L' LAD-MAKER, n. A maker or com aromatic- and used as corroborants. throwing missive weapons, by the u.se of Shak. an engine. The balista was a machine Balm of Gilead. .\ ])lant of the genus Aniyposer of ballads, ris. Its leaves yield, when bruised, a BAL'LAD-MONGER,?!. [See JWong-er.] A resembling a cross-bow. dealer in writing ballads. Shak. Encyc. Math. Diet. Ash. strong aromatic scent; and from this plant BAL'LADRY, n. The subject or style of BALLOON', n. [Fr. ballon, a foot-ball Sp. is obtained the balm of Gilead of the shops, ballads. B. Jonson. baton ; If. pallone ; W. petlten, from pel, a or balsam of Mecca or of Syria. It has a BALLAD-SINGER, n. One whose employ- a ball. See BaU.] yellowish or greenish color, a warm bitterment is to sing ballads. 1. In general, any spherical hollow body. ish aromatic taste, and an acidulous fran. The air or manner BAL'LAD-STVLE, grant smell. It is valued as an odoriferous Encyc. of a ballad. 2. In unguent, and cosmetic, by the Turks, who chimistry, a round ves.sel with a short BALLAD-TUNE, n. The tune of a ballad. neck, to receive whatever is distilled a possess the country of its growth, and fVation. hence it is adulterated for market. Encyr. glass receiver of a spherical form. n. A composer of 3. In architecture, a ball or globe, on the top BALM,!'./. To anoint with balm, or with BAL'LAD-WRITER, ballads. tVarton. of a pillar. any thing medicinal. BAL'LARAG, v. t. To bully; to threaten. 4. In Jireworks, a ball of pasteboard, or kiiid 2. To soothe to mitigate to assuage. fVarlon. of bomb, stufi'ed with combustibles, to be Shak. [Abi in jf.] BAL'LAST, n. [Sax. bat, a boat, with Inst, |)layed off, when fired, either in the air, or B'ALMY, a. Having the quahties of balm a load D. Ger. and Dan. last ; VV. llwyth ; in water, which, bm-sting like a bomb, exaromatic. Milton. Arm. lastr, a load fcrt/-/o4(, boat-load, corhibits sparks of fire hke stars. 2. Producing balm as the balmy tree. Johnson. Encyc. rupted into ballast ; Russ. ballast ; Fr. lest ; Pope. mild as balmy slumbers. 5. A game, somewhat resembling tennis, 3. Sootliing soft Sp. last re.] 1. Heavy matter, as stone, sand or iron, laid in an open field, with a lar^e ball played Dryden. on the bottom of a ship or other vessel, to of leather, inflated with wind. Encyc. 4. Fragrant ; odoriferous as balmy wing.s. .sink it in the water, to such a depth, as to 6. A bag or hollow vessel, made of silk or Dryden. enable it to carry sufficient sail, without other light material, and filled with hydro- .1. Mitigating easing assuaging as balmt/ or heated air, so as to rise and breath. Shak. oversetting. gen gas float in the atmosphere called for distinc- B.AL'NEAL, a. [L. balneum.'] Shingle baUastis}ialla.st of coarse gravel. Pertaining Mar. Diet. to a bath. Howell. tion, an air-balloon. 2. Figuratively, that which is used to make 7. 1\\ France, a quantity of paper, containing BAL'NEARY, . [L. to/)ieanum,fromfea^ a tiling steady. 24 reams. [See Bale.] neum. Syr. balna, bath.] Swift. BAL'L.iST, V. t. To place heavy substances 8. In France, balloon, ballon or ballot, a A bathing room. Broum. on the bottom of a ship or vessel, to keep of white glass, quantity of glass jjlates n. The act of bathing. it from 2,5 bundles of six plates each of colored BALNEA'TION, oversetting. Broicn. 2. To keep any thing steady, by counterbal121-2 bundles of three plates each. gla.ss, BAL'NEATORY, a. Belonging to a bath or ancing its force. Dniden. Enajc. Johttson. BAL'LASTED, pp. Furnished with ballast BALLOON',? "' A state barge of Siani, stove. made of a single piece of BAL'SA3I, 7j. [Gr. /jaxsojiof ; L. balsamum.] kept steady by a counterpoising tbrce. BAL'LOEN, 5 BAL'LASTlNG, ppr. Furnishing with bal- timber, very long, and managed with oars. An oily, aromatic, resinous substance, flowlast keeping stcadv. ing spontaneously or by incision, from cerEncyc. BAL'LASTlNG, n. Ballast that which is BAL'LOT, n. [Fr. ballotte ; Sp. balota, a Uttle tain plants. A great variety of substances used for ballast. Shak. ball. See Bali] But in pass luider this denomination. BAL'LATED, a. Sung in a ballad. [Littlt 1. A ball used in voting. Ballots are of dif- modem chimistry, the term is confined to such vegetable juices, as are hquid or sponferent colors those of one color give an BALLATOON', n. A heavy luggage boat atiirmative those of another, a negative. taneously become concrete, and consist of a resinous substance, combined with benemployed on the rivers about the Caspian They are privately put into a box or urn. Lake. zoic acid, or capable of affording it by deEncyc. 2. A ticket or written vote, being given in lieu of a ballot, is now called by the same Milton. coction or subhmation. The balsams are BAL'LATRY, ji. A song a jig. n. [Fr. ballet ; It. batletto. name. either liquid or solid of the former, are the See BAL'LET, .3. The act of balm of Gilead and the balsams of copaiba^ Ball, a dance.] voting by balls or tickets.

a meteor

a luminous globe dart-l

;

"

BAM
Peru und
tolu
;

BAN
latter,

BAN
vejida o^
j,,i J
;

of

tlic

benzoin,

storax. dragon's blood, and lireEna/c. .Yicholson. Balsam apple, an amniul Indian plant, inclu-

with oblong, oval leaves, eight or nine The flowinche.s long, on short footstalks. ers grow in large panicles, from the joints

Port.
;

It.

baiida

Ir.

banna

Pers.

ded under the genus Momordica. A water and a subtil oil are obtained from it, which are conuiiended as deohstruents. Balsam tree. This name is given to a genus of plants called Clusia ; to another, called which produces the balsam of Copaifera, Copmha ; and to a third, called Pistacia,

of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close Old stalks grow to to their receptacles. five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable, as to be used for building and for
pipes,
for water-

1.

all sorts of fumitme, things are confined together. and for poles to support palanquins. 3. In architectiire, any flat low member or smaller stalks are used for walking molding, broad but not deep, called also &c. Encyc. Johnson. Encyc sticks, flutes, fascia, face or plinth. BAMBOO'ZLE, v.t. To confound; to de- 3. Figuratively, any chain; any means of returpentine tree or niastich tree. ceive to play low tricks. [A low imrd.] that which draws or confines. straint Balsam of Sulphur is a solution of sulphur in Arbuthnot. Dry den. oil. )i. A cheat ; one who Means of union or connection between Balsam of Tolu is the produce of the Tolm BAMBOO'ZLER, Arbuthnot Shak. of South America. It plays low tricks. persons as. Hymen's bands. /era, or Tolu tree, of a reddish yellow color, transparent, thick BAN, 71. [Sax. hannnn, abannan, to proAny thing boimd round or encircling Bacon. another. claim It. bando, a jiroclaniation Sp. and and tenacious, but growing hard and hrit and hk( ban ; Arm. ban ; D. ban, 6. Something worn about the neck as the Fr. It is very fragrant, Port, bando tie by age. Addison. bands of clergymen. bannen; Ger. ?rf; Sw. fca7ina, to revile the Balsam of Peru, is a .stimulant, and A company of soldiers the body of men Dan. band, ban, outlawiy forbander, to used as a pectoral. Encyc. Liniie. united under one flag or ensign. Also, inHence banish. The radical sense curse. Balsam 0/ Peru, the produce of a tree in Peru, Class Bn. a troop, a body of armed men. stinmlant qualities. thrust or drive. is to send, definitely, possessing strong 2 Kings vi. No. 3.] BaLSAMA^'TION, n. The act of renderin a public 8. A company of persons united in any con.I. A public proclamation or edict balsamic. mon design as a band of brothers. ? order or notice, nuuidatory or proliibitory. BALSAM'K, Having the qualities across a sail to stimula9. of balsam In a more particidar sense, BALSAM'IeAL, slip of canvas, sewed Mar. Diet. soft 3. Notice of a marriage proposed, or of a mitigating mild. strengthen it. ting unctuous Arbullmot. matrimonial contract, proclaimed in a The band of pensioners in England, is a if he company of 120 gentlemen, who receive a ciiurch, that any person may object, n. A warm, stimulating, deBALSAM'Ie, knows of any kindred between the parties, yearly allowance of 100 -St., for attending mulcent medicine, of a smooth and oily "the king on solenm occasions. of any precontract or other just cause, why Encyc. Coxe. consistence. The baiids of a saddle are two pieces of BAL'SAMINE, ?!. Touch-me-not, or Impa- the marriage should not take place. or proscription iron nailed u))on the bows, to hold them in a genus of plants. Encyc. 3. An edict of interdiction tiens, Johnson. their proper situation. Hence to put a prince underthe ban of the a. Yielding balBAL'SAM-SWEATING, to bind over Crashaw. empire, is to divest him of his dignities BAND, V. t. To bind together sam. with a band. Dryden. and to interdict all intercourse and all offi 3.\LT'l, n. [From halle, belt, from certain cesof humanity with the offender. Some- 2. To unite in a troop, company or confedits isles, straits or channels, surrounding Milton, eracv. times whole cities have been put under See Belt.] called hells. of their rights and BAND, r. i. To unite; to associate to conthe ban, that is, deprived Tlie sea which separates Norway and Swefederate for some common purpose. Acts Encyc privileges. den from Jutland, Holstein and Germany. xxiii. Milton BALT'I, . Pertaining to the sea of that 4. Interdiction prohibition. fillet, roller, or BAND'AgE, 11. [Fr.] anathema. 5. Curse ; excommunication name situated on the Baltic sea. swath, used in dressing and binding up Raleigh. Each Baltic state to join the righteous cause wounds, restraining hemorrhages, and Barlow. C. A or penalty laid upon a di.located bones. pccuniai-y mulct joining fractured and a ban. BAL'USTER, n. [It. balauslro ; Sp. balaus delincpient for ofiending against Sometimes, the act or practice of applying A nndct paid to the bishoj) by one guilty bandages. Ire ; Fr. haluslre ; from L. palus ; Eng. pole, of sacrilege and other criuies. This is corrupted into bannister. that 2. Something resembling a bandage pale. 8. In military ojfairs, a jiroclaniation by beat Addison. which I have rejected.] which is bound over another. of drum, re(iuiring a strict ol)servance of BANDAN'A, n. A species of silk handkersmall cohunn or pilaster, of various fornix a new offiand dimensions, often adorned with moldchief di.sri|)hne, either for declaring cer, or for punishing an otfender. ings, used lor balustrades. BAND'BOX, )!. slight paper box for 9. In commerce, a smooth fine muslin, imBAL'USTERED, a. Having balusters. bands, caps, bonnets, nuifl's, or other light Soaiiies. Addison. Encyc ported from the E. Indies. articles. BAND'ED, pp. Bound with a band united BAL'USTRADE, n. [Sp. halaustrndo ; It. BAN, V. t. To curse to execrate. Shak. Knolles. in a band. balaustratn Fr. balustrade ; from haluster.] bands or associates n. One that row of balusters, joined by a rail, serving BAN, V. i. To curse. Speimr. BAND'ER, with others. as a fence or inclosure, tor altars,^ balcoMn)!. species of the genus In Swissof build- BAN'ANA, n. [from band.] nies, stair-cases, terraces, tops and its fruit. It ri- BAND'ERET, sa, or plantain tree, Johnson. erland, a aeneral in chief of military forces. &c. Encyc. ings, ses 15 or 20 tcet liigh, with a solt stalk, and fro C.\M or BEAM, as an initial syllable in pp. Beat or tossed to marked with dark jiurple stripes and spots, BAND'IED,controverted without ceremony. agitated names of places, signifies wood; implying with leaves six feet long, and afoot broad. with a band unithat the place took its name from a grove, covered with BAND'ING, ppr. Bindii^g The flowers grow in hunches, Ger. baum, a tree. or forest. ting in a band or compaiiy. The frui color. Ji. A plant of tlie reed kind, or a sheath of a fine pmple and an inch o BANDIT, n. plu. BAN'DITS or BANDIT'is four or five inches long, East Indies, genus ./Irundo, growing in the TI, [It. bandito, from bandire, to promore in diameter the pulp soft and of and in some other warm climates, and claim, to banish or proscribe by proclamaluscious taste. When ripe, it is eaten raw sometimes attaining to the height of CO tion. iJ((/i7o, is the participle. Sp. banor fried in slices. Bananas grow in large main root, which is long, From the feet. See Ban.] dido. bunches %veighing a dozen pounds or mor a robber ; thick and jointed, spring several round, This tree is the native of tropical countries, An outlaw also in a general sense, 13 feet from a lawless or desperate a highwayman jointed stalks, which at 10 or and on many isles, constitutes an importhe ground, send out from their joints sevfellow. tant article of food. Encyc. are united at their base.

band Sans, bande, bunda ; Fr. bande. See Bind and Bend.] A fillet a cord; a tie a chain; any narrow ligament with which a thing is bound, tied or fastened, or by which a number of
;
;

The

<,

BAMBOO,

eral stalks

banda : Sw. band; Dan. BAND, [Sii-x. These are armed, at their joints, baand : D. band ; G.band, binde ; Sp. banda, or two sharj) rigid spines, and furnished
with one
n.

which

BAN'DLE,

)'.

An

Irish

measure of two

feet

in length.

Bailey.

BAN
BAND'LET,
; ;

BAN
;

BAN
3.
;

a club, and the clapper of a bell D. benbandehtte. Ir. beanaim, to beat.] BANDELET, gel, a bell ,\n. [Fr. Aiiy little band or flat molding, as that w liich 1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel to crowns the Doric architrave. thump to cudgel. [A low word.] Encyc. 2. To beat or handle to treat with BAN'DOG, ji. A large species of dog. rouglily violence. Skak. Spenser. Shak. n. [Sp. bandolera ; It. ban- BANG, ?i. Ablow with a club ; a BANDOLEE'RS, heavy blow. doliern ; Fr. bandouliere ; band otidD. leer, Shak.
;

4.

leather.]

large leathern belt, thrown over the right shoulder, and hanging under the left arm ; worn by ancient niuskelcers for sustaining their fire arms, and their musket charges,

V. t. To waste by little and httle ; to .squander carelessly. Johnson. 5. man's undress or morning BAN'IAN, n.

BAN'GLE,
gown,

as E. Indies.

worn by

the Banians in the Johnson.

C.

in a galso called from their scat. their banks, the lusty Trojans Waller. sweep. By analogy, a collection or stock of money, de])osited, by a number of persons, for a use that is, an aggregate of I)articular particulars, or a fund as, to establish a bank, tliatis a joint fund. The j)lace where a collection of money is deposited a common repository of the money of individuals or of companies also a house used for a bank.

bench, or a bench of rower.s,

;

ley

Pkccd on

which being put into little wooden and coated with leather, were hung,

cases, 2.
to the

A
in

Gentoo senant, employed as an agent commerce. Herbert

number of twelve, to each bandoleer.

BAN'DON,
use.]
Sapa.]

)i.

Disposal; license.
n.

BAN'DORE,

[Sp. bandurria

3. A tree in India. Milton Encyc. Banian days, in seamen's language, are in three days in a eek, in which the sailors Chaucer. have no flesh meat served out to them Gr. rtavThis useof the term seems to be borrowed
U\/'ot

7.

A comjiany of persons concerned in a bank, wlietiiera private a.ssociation, or au the stockholders incorporated company of a bank, or their re|)resentatives, the directors, acting hi their corporate capacity. An elevation, or rising ground, in the sea ;
;

A musical

stringed instrument, like a lute.

Encyc.

from the Banians in Asia, who, believin a metempsychosis, will eat no flesh, nor even kill noxious animals.
in

called also flats, shoals, shelves or shallows. These may rise to the surface of the water or near to it ; but the w ord bank signifies also elevated ground at the bot-

BAND'ROL,
1.

n. [Fr. banderole ; It. bande ruola ; Sp. banderolas ; literally, a little banner. See Banner.] A little flag or streamer, in form of a gui don, used to be hung on the masts of ves
sels..

BAN'ISH,
embanna,

V.

f.

[Fr.
;

bannir,

bannissant
;

whence bannisscment, banishment

to publish
; ;

Arm.

2.

The

little

fringed silk
ji.

Encyc. flag that hangs on a

Johnson.

1.

BAND' STRING,
a band.

trumpet.

BAND'Y,
.\

71.

string appeiidiint to Taylor. [Fr. bander, to tic, bind, bend, 2.

bandy; h. pando.]

BAND'Y,
in play.
2.

Johnson. club for striking a ball at play. V. t. To beat to andfro, as a ball

;

3.

To exchange to give and receive recipShak. rocally ; as, to bandy looks. To agitate ; to toss about, as from man to
man.
Let not known truth be bandied
V.
i.

quit called a post-note. act of a prince or BANK'ED, pp. Raised in a ridge or mound of earth inclosed, or f(irtitic<l with a bank. a citizen to leave government, conq>elling ball his n. One who kecjis a bank ; one his country, either for a hmited tune or who traflicks in money, receives and remits BAND'YING, ppr. Beating, impelling or llirever, as for some crime. tossing from one to another agitating in 2. A voluntary forsaking of one's country money, negotiates bills of exchange, &c. 2. vessel employed in the codfishery on controversy without ceremony. upon oath, called abjuration. [This practhe banks of Newfouiidhuid. Mar. Did. BAND'Y-LEG, n. [bandy and leg. See tice has now ceased in G. Bntain.] Bend.] 3. The state of being banished; exile. BANK'ING,^/)/-. Raising a mound or hank; crooked leg a leg bending inward or 4. The act of When we speak inclosing with a bank. driving away or dispelling ; as outward. of restraining water, we usually call it Encyc. the banishment of care from the mind. BAND'Y-LEG GED, a. Having crooked B.'\NK, n. banking ; when we sjieak of defending the banc ; D. and G. bank ;
/p^r.
tion.

in disputa-

up or deposit money in a bank. usvdA Johnson. To drive away ; to compel to depart ; as, BANK'.ABLE, a. Receivable at a bank, as to banish sorro^v. bills or discountable, as notes. 3. To quit one's country [Of revoluntarily, and cent origin.] v\ ith a view to reside abroad ; as, he banBANK-BILL, ) A promissory note, isished himself. sued by a banking comBAN'ISHED, pp. Compelled to leave one's BANK-NOTE, ^ pany, signed by their President ancT councountry driven aw ay. BAN'ISHER, n. One who compels another tersigned by tiie Cashier, payable to the beai-cr in gold or silver at the bank, on deto cpiit his country. mand. If ]iayable to order, the note is one': to BAN'ISHING,
3.

forbana and forbaniIt. bandire D. bannen ; G. :a, to banish vcrbannen, ausbannen. See Bail.] To condemn to exile, or compel to leave one's country, by authority of the prince or government, either for life or for a Umited time. It is common for Russians to be banished to Siberia.

tom of the sea, when many fathoms below the surface, as the banks of Newfoundland. BANK, V. t. To raise a mound or dyke to as, inclose, defend or fortify with a bank to bank u house.
; ;

To To

pass by the banks of. As I have bank'd ihcir towns.

use.]

Shak.

[Ao/ in
lay
[Little

H'atts.

Compelling

BAND'Y,
game,

To

contend, as

at

some

counti'y

driving away.
n.

in

which each own way.

strives to drive the SItak.

BAN'ISHMENT,

The

BANKER,
A

legs.

BANE,

[Qu. the aftiiiitics. In Sax. buna, is a murderer; in Gr. ijitiio, is to kill in L. j!enf?u(ni is poison Fr. i;e?u';i ; Arm.
n.
; ;

[Sax. banck; Dan. banke ; It. banco; banca, banco ; Fr. banc, banque

Sw

Sp. Port.
;

land,

we

call

it

W.

banc
bench

BANKING,
lishing a

n.

The
;

Arm. bancq;

Ar. ^Jiaj

ment of a banker

imbanking. Encyc. business or employthe business of estabtiind for

bank, a

common

benym or

vinyjn.]
;

Poison of a deadly (luahly hence, any fatal cause of mischief, injury or destruction as, vice is the 6ajie of society. Shak. BANE, V. t. To poison. BA'NE BERRY, n. A name of tlie herb ehristoj)her, acta;a, or aconitum raecmosum. BA'NEFUL, a. Poisonous pernicious
;

Bank and bench are word. The sense is,

radically the same that which is set, laid or extended. Applied to a mass of earth, it is a collection, that which is
\.

discounting notes, issuing

deposits, collecting the

lending money, bills, receiving

money on notesde&c.
Sp.

BANKRUPT,

jiosited, negotiating bills of exchange, n. [Fr. banqueroute ;

thrown or laid together.] A mound, pile or ridge of

earth, raised above the surrounding plain, either as a defense or for other purposes. 2 Sam. x.x.
15.

bank and Sp. bancarrota, bankrujitcy, roto. Port, roto. It. rotto, broken ; Eng. rout, defeat. This may signify iencA-broken, or

destructive.

2.

BA'NEFULLY,
tivelv.

adv. Perniciously
n.

destruc
;

BA'NEFULNESS,
structiveness.

Poisonousness
Jfort.]

de

BA'NE WORT,
Vol.
I.

n.

[See

A
;

plant,

called also deadly nightshade. .BANG, V. t. [Dan. banker, to beat

Johnson G. bdngel.

steep acclivity, whether rising from a river, a lake, or the sea, or forming the side of a ravine, or the steep side of a hillock on a plain. When we speak of the earth in general adjoining a lake or the but a particu.sea, we use the word shore lar steep acclivity on the side of a lake, river or the sea, is called a bank.

Any

most |iroi)ah!y the latter, ; The last referring to the fund or stock. syllable is the Latin ruptus contracted;
6nA:-broken

Norm,
1.

trader who secretes hmiself; or does certain other acts tending to defraud his
creditors.

roitpt, rous,

broken.]

2.

Blackstone. In less technical sense, a trader who fails or becomes unable to pay his just debts; an insolvent trader. In strictness, no perfl!

18

BAN
son
l)iit

BAP
A
feast
;

BAR
2.

trader
is

Bnnkruptry
tradpis
;

can be a bankrupt. api)lied to merchants and

a rich entertainment of meat and

drink.

Esther
V.

v.

Job

xli.

Amosvi.
Shak.

BANK'RUPT,

BANK'RUPT,
to

insolvency, to other persons. a. Having committed acts of bankruptcy; unable to pay just debts ; insolvent. V. t. To break one in trade ;

BAN'QUET,

t.

To

treat with a feast, or

;

rich entertainment.

BAN'QUET,
self

V. i.

To feast

to regale one's

contraction of Anabaptist, one who denies the doctrine of infant baptism, and maintains that baptism ought to be administered only to adults by immersing the body in water.
re.

As a

with good eating and drinking. Shak. BAN'QUETED, pp. Feasted; richly entertained at the table.

BAP'TISTERY,
were
in
;

make

insolvent.
n.

BANK'RUPTCY,
debt.s.

The
;

state of

being a

BAN'QUETER,
lives dehciously.
2.

n.

feaster;

one

who

place where the sacrament of baptism is administered. Primitively, baptisteries

buildings separate from the church but in the sixth century, they were taken into the chiuch-porch, and afterwards into the church itself. Encyc.

[L. baptisterium.]

bankrupt, or insolvent
J.

inability to

pay

all

One who makes

feasts, or rich entertain-

ments. act ofbecontiug a bankrupt; the act of rendering one's self a bankrupt, as by BAN'QUETING,pj)r. Feasting; entertainng with rich fare. absconding, or otherwise ; failure in trade of rich fare. pp. Rendered insolvent. 2. Partaking feast ; luxurious BANK'RUPTING, ppi: Breaking in trade BAN'QUETING, n. 1 Pet. iv. living ; rich entertainment. rendering insolvent. house ) n. law, wliich, upon where ena bankrupt's sin-rendering all his property S Cant. xxiv. tertainments are made. to commissioners for the benefit of his

The

RANK'RUPTED,

BAPTIS'TIe, BAPTIS'TICAL, BAPTI'ZE, V. t.

christen.

Pertaining to baptism. Bramhall. [See Baptism.] To administer the sacrament of baptism to to

I S
;

BANK'RUPT-LAW,

BANQUETING-HOUSE, BANQUET-HOUSE,
Dan.
v.

By some

denominations

of

christians, baptism is performed by plunging, or immersing the whole body in water, and this is done to none but adults. More

the ceremony is performed by re. A saloon, or generally water on the face of a person, sprinkling whether an infant or an adult, and in the spacious hall for public entertainments. Encyc. case of an infant, by giving him a name, or BANQUET, re. banket in the name of the Father, Son and Holy ])ayment of his past debts. BANKRUPT-SYSTEM, n. A system of [Fr.] In fortification, a little raised way Spirit, which is called Christening. or foot bank, rumfing along the inside of a in regard to laws and legal proceedings BAl'TI'ZED, pp. Having received baptism on which musketeers stand to christened. parapet, baidirupts and their property. BANK-STOCK, n. A share or shares in fire upon the enemy in the moat or cover- BAPTi'ZER, re. One who christens, or adered wav. Encyc. the capital stork of a bank. ministers baptism. n. [Fr. 6nni>re; W. inner; It BAN'SHEEorBEN'SHI, n. An Irish fairv. BAN'NER, Todd. BAPTI'ZING, ppr. Administering baptism bandiera ; Sp. bandera ; G. fuhne andpanto christening. called alier; D. vaan and vaandel ; from Goth.yioia, BAN'STICKLE, re. A .small fish, This fish falls under the B'AR, n. [VV. bar; Ir. barra; Fr.barre; so stickle-back. h. ; ; cloth; Iv.fuan,

creditors, discharges him from the payment of his debts, and all hability to arrest or suit for the same, and secures his future acquired property from a liability to the

BAN'QUETING-ROOM,

BANQUETTE

Sax.fana

pannus

cloth.]

genus Gasterosteus.

S]).

barra

Port, id

It.

barra, sbarra
;

square flag ; a military ensign ; the f)rincipal standard of a prince or state. Encyc. 2. streamer borne at the end of a lance or
1.

BAN'TER,
to

V.

t.

[Gr. ^svai,

whence ^naxi^u,
in

Ariti. barren, sparl

mock, or
;

If these
is

deride.]

To

jilay U])on in

words and

good humor

Heb. n">3 Ch. X13i'; words are the Eng. bar, the sense a shoot, that which shoots, passes or is

3.

Johnson. elsewhere. In botany, the upper petal of a i)a|iiliiinaceous corol. .Martyn. BAN'NERED, a. Furnished with or bearMillon ing banners. Shield the strong foes, and rake the bannered Barlow. shore.

BAN'NERET,
knight
feudal lords,
tie

re. [Fr. from banner.] made in the field. Bannerets formerly constituted an order of knights or

Banter to joke, or jest with. to rally hardly amounts to ridicule, much less to It consists in being ])leasant and witty with the actions of another, and raising a humorous laugh at his expense,! often attended with some degree of sarcasm. BAN'TER, re. A joking or jesting raillery;
derision.
;

1.

driven.] piece of
ter,

A wood, iron or other solid matlong in proportion to its diameter, used for various purposes, but especialfor a hindrance or obstruction as ly the bars of a fence or gate the tar of a door or hatchway. Numb. iii. 36. Ex.
; ;

xxvi.
2.

2t).

wit or

humor

who led their vassals to bat good hianor. under their own flags. On the day of BAN'TERER,
laughs
at

BAN'TERED,

pleasantry. pp. Rallied ; laughed

re.

Any

obstacle
;

which

obstructs, hinders or
;

at

in

defends

an obstruction

a fortification.
joy create.

Amos

i.

One who
;

banters, or

Must
3.

new

bars to

my own

battle, the candidates presented their flags to the king or general, who cut off the

B.\N'TERING,

train or skirt, and made it square. They were then called k/nights of the srjuare flag. They were a middle order between barons

with pleasantry. ppr. Joking

re.
;

Bryden.

laughing at

The shore of
waters.

the sea,
xxxviii.

which

restrains its

with good humor.

Job

BANT'LING,
young
child

[G. banJcaH.
infant.

Qu.]

4.

an

railing that incloses the place counsel occupy in courts of justice.

The

which Hence

and "simple knights.

Spelman.

Encyc.

BAP'TISM,

BAN'NEROL. BAN'NOCK,

made of oatmeal
land.
n.

A cake [Ir. boinneog.'] or peas-meal, baked on an iron plate over the fire used in Scotland, and the northern counties of Engn.
;

[See Bandrol.]

[Gr. ftartTinfia, from ^artn^u from 3artTw, to baptize; Sp. bautizar ; It battezzare ; Port, bautizar, or baptizar.
re.

These seem to be from tlie Greek, by con But the Arm. badeza, badein, traction. may be from bath, bad, water]
1.

Johnson.

BAN'OY, species of hawk, somewhat hawk larger than the English sparrow the back and wings yellow, and the belly white; a native of the Philippine isles.

The ap])lication of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated iiuo the visible chmcii ol This is usually iiei'formed by Christ.
sprinkling or innnersion.

BAN'QUET,
;

Diet, of J\rat. Hist. 2. The suftcrings of Christ. Matt. xx. 22. Arm. bancfjed, Ji. 23. [Ft. banquet; or banvez ; It. banchetto, a little seat, a 3. So much of the gospel as was preached feast; Sp. banqueta, a stool with three by John, the Baptist. Actsxviii. From these Cruden. banquete, a banquet. legs words, it would appear that banquet is a BAPTIS'MAL, o. Pertaining to baptism;
sitting

and hence a

feast,

and

not, as

sup

as a baptismal

vow.

BAP'TIST,
oriental ii to feed posed, from the pJ3, uJi or bring up delicately.]
tism.

re.

One who

the phrase, at the bar of the court, signifies Hence also licensed lawin open court. yers are called bai-risters ; and hence the whole body of lawyers licensed in a court, are customarily called the bar. trial at bar, in England, is a trial in the courts of Westminster, o]iposed to a trial at Nisi in the circuits. Prius, as the bar of .5. Figuratively, any tribunal Thus the final trial of public opinion. men is called the bar of God. The inclosed place of a tavern, inn or ti. coffee house, where the landlord or his servant delivers out liquors, and waits upon Addison. customers. 7. bank of sand, gravel or earth, forming a shoal at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing entrance, or rendering it thfli-

administers bapis

cult.

This

a|)|>ellation

ap|propriately

rock in the sea, according to

Brown or
;

given to John, the foreriuincr of Christ.

any thing by which structure

is

held to-

BAR
gether, according to Johnson
;

BAR
used in
Jo-Ill
.

BAR
;

with them the word was less reproach Beard, or that which resembles it, or iiah n rows in the jiluce of it as the barb of a ful than with us. 9. Any thing laid across anotlier, as bars in fish, tiie smaller claws of the pol\-pus, &c. BARBA'RIAN, a. Belonging to savages; Johnson. Coxe. rude uncivilized. licraldry, stripes in color, and the like. Pope. 10. Ill the intnage, the highest part of the The down, or pubes, covering the surface 2. (Vuel; inhuman. of some plants; or rather, a tuft or bimcli BARBARIC, a. the plai-e in a horse's mouth between [\.. barbaricus. Sep. Barbaof strong hairs terminating leaves. rian. The Romans applied this word to grinders and tusks, so that the part of the mouth wliich lies under and at the side ot lAnne. Milne. designate things foreign Barbaricum authe bars, retains the name of the gun Anciently, armor for horses; formerly, Tum, gold lioni Asia, V'irg. JEn. 2. .'504 barbe or barde. The upper part of the gums liarbaricm vtstes, embroidered garments Enci/c. Hayivard. which bears no teeth, and to which the bit 4. A common name of the barbary pigeon, from liireign nations. English writers is a bird of a black or dun color. Johnson. use the word in a like .sense.] applied. Did. of Nat. Hist. Foreign imported fioiu foreign nations. 11. In music, bars are lines drawn perpen.5. A horse from Barbary, of which it seems Milton. Pope. dicularly across the lines of tlie staff, into lie a contraction. B'ARBARISM, n. [L. barbarismus. Sec cluding between each two, a certain quan(J. The points that stand backward in an Barbarian.] tity of time, or number of beats. arrow, fish-hook or other instrument for 1. An oftiiiise against purity of style or lan12. In law, a peremptory exception sufficient to destroy the plaintiff's action. piercing, intended to prevent its being exIt guage any form of speech contrary to the tracted. is divided into a bar to common intend jiure idioms of a particular language. bar temporary and 7. In botany, a straight process armed will incnt, and bar special Dry den. teeth jiointing backward like the sting of a 2. bar perpetual. Bar to common intendIgnorance of arts want of learning. bee. This is one sort of pubescence. Shak. ment is an ordinary or general bar, which Dryden. '^. Riuleness of manners; savagism ; incidisables the declaration of the plaintiff. Marttjn. A special bur is more than ordinary, as a B'ARB, II. t. To sliavc; to dress the beard vility ferociousness a savage state of soObs. Shak. Datnes. fine, release, or justification. ciety. Spenser. Atemporan/ 2. To furnish with barbs, as an arrow, fish 4. Brutality bar is that which is good for a time, but cnudty barbarity. [In this sense little used, being superseded by barmay afterwards cease. A perpetual bar hook, spear, or other instrument. To put armor on a horse. Milton. overthrows the action of the plaintiff forbaritv.] ever. Blackstone. Cowel 1VARBAAN, n. [Fr. barhacane ; Sp. bar- BARBAR ITY, n. [See Barbarian.] bacana ; It. barbacane. Qu. a projecting The maimers of a barbarian 13. A barof savageness an ingot, lump ^old or silver, is work.] cruelty ferociousness inhumanity. or wedge, from the mines, run in a niolil 1. A fortification or outer defense to a Clarendon. city and unwrouglit. A liar of iron is a long or castle, consisting of an elevation of 2. Barbarism; impurity of speech. piece, wrouglii in the forge and hammerearth about three feet high, along the foot ed from a pig. Dryden. Su-ifi. of the rampart. use of the uord in this sense, is now [The 14. Among printers, the iron with a wooden Encyc. Joh)ison. Sp. Diet. super.<ieded by barbarism.] handle, by which the screw of the press is 2. A fortress at the end of a bridge, or at the BARBARIZE, v. t. To make barbarous. turned. outlet of a city, having a double wall with Hideous clianges have barbarized France. 15. In the .tfrican tradi^, a denomination of towers. Burke Encyc. price ; payment formerly being made to i. An opening in the wall of a fortress BARBAROUS, a. Uncivilized the Africans in iron bars. savage; Johnson. which guns are leveled and fired unlettered untutored through unacignorant B'AR, V. t. To fasten with a bar; as, to bar Johnson. Encyc upon an enemy. quainted with arts stranger to civility of a door, or gate. Tlie French use the word also for an a|iermanners. 2. To hinder; to obstruct, or prevent as, to ture in a wall to let in or drain off water; Thou art a Roman be not barbarous. bar the entrance of evil. and the Spaniards, for a low wall round a Shak. 3. To |)revciit to exclude to hinder to cliiirch vard. Pi: and Sp. Did. 2. Cruel ; ferocious inhuman as barbarous make impracticable as, tlie distance beClarendon. B.4RBA'DOES-CHERRY, n. TheMalpigh- usage. tween us bars our intercourse. In tliif ia, a tree growing in the W. Indies, fif- B ARBAROUSLY, adv. In the manner of sense, the phrase is often varied, thus: the teen feet high and producing a pleasant a barbarian ignorantly without knowldistance bars me from his aid, or bars hin tart fruit. Johnson. edge or arts contrary to the rules of aid. from mi/ BARBA'DOES TAR, n. A mineral fluid, of speech. Dryden. 4. To prohibit; to restrain or exclude the nature of the thicker fluid bitumens, of] 2. In a savage, cruel, ferocious or inhuman by ex press or implied prohibition as, the stat a nauseous bitterish taste, a very strong manner. ule bars my right; the law bars the use of of a brown, B'ARBAROUSNESS, n. Rudeness or incidisagreeable smell, viscid, poisoned weapons. black or reddish color; it easily melts, and Temple. vility of manners. To obstruct, prevent or hinder by anv burns w ith much smoke, but is not soluble 2. Impurity of language. Brerewood. moral obstacle as, the right is barred by Halt. in ardent spirits. It contains a portion of 3. Cruelty inhumanity barbarity. a release bars the time, or by statute acid of amber. It trickles down tlie sides B'ARBARY, n. A barbary horse ; a barb. jjlaintiff's recovery. Beaum. of mountains in some parts of America 6. To exci.pt to exclude by exception as, I and sonietiiiies is found on the surface of BARBASTEL, n. A bat with hairy lips. bar to night. Shak. (rombarba. the waters. It is reconimended in couglis BARBATE, I " [l..barbatus, 7. To cross with stripes of a different color. See Barb.] and disorders of the breast and lungs. IVARBATED, 8. To bar a rein, in also gaping or ringent. is an operation farriery, Enojc. J^'tcholson In botany, bearded Barbatus Jlos, a gaping or ringent flower upon the legs of a horse, or other parts, to BARBA'RIAN, n. [L. barburus ; Or. /3o,istop malignant humors. This is done by .synonymous with the ringent flower of Sapoj: Ir. harba, or beorh ; Russ. vai-var ; Ch. 12-13. See Class Br. No. 3 and 7. The Linne, and the labiate of Tournefbrt. opening the skin above a vein, disengaging it and it both above and Milne. Lee. sense is, foreign, wild, fierce.] and tying below, 1. A man in his rude, striking between the two ligatures. savage state an un- B'ARBE. In the military art, to fire in barbe. is to fire the cannon over the parapet, inJohnson. civilized person. Denham. 9. To adorn with stead of firing through the embrasures. trappings a contraction 2. A cruel, savage, brutal man; one destiof barb. [See Barb.] tute of pity or iiumanity. Encyc. Philips. Drai/ton. Haywood. 3. A foreigner. The Greeks and Romans BARBECUE, n. In the If'esf Indies, a hog denominated most foreign nations barbariroasted whole. It is, with us, used for B'ARB, n. [h.barba; W.barv; Corn, bar; Arm. baro. This is beard, with a different ans ; and many of these were less civilized an ox or perhaps any other animal dresthan themselves, or unacquainted with .ed in hke manner. ending. The sense may be, that which shoots out.] tlieir language, laws and manners. But BARBECUE, i-. /. To dress and roast a
;
;

'?.

."5.

<,

BAR
hog whole, which is done by sphtling the hog to the back bone, and roasting it on a to roast any animal whole. gridiron
;

BAR
tlie

BAR
BA'RELEGGED,
BA'RELY,
gently only
;
;

brave, but reproached the cowardly. Diod. Sic. Jim. Marcel. Lucan. Festus. 2. In modern usage, a poet. Pope. ; Dryden. B*ARD, 71. The trappings of a horse. ARBED, pp. [See Barb.] Furnished witli armor as barbed steeds. B'AIIDED, o. In heraldry, caparisoned.

a.

Having the

legs bare.

Burton.

Nakedly; poorly; indiwithout decoration merely without any thing more as a

;

adv.

Shak.

Bearded

jagged with hooks or points

;

as barbed arrows. Shaved or trimmed dressed.

ARBEL,

)i.

having the beard Encyc. [L. barba ; Fr. barbeau ; D.

BARDES'ANISTS, n. A sect of heretics, who sprung from Bardesanes, of Edessa, in Mesopotamia, in the 3d century, who taught that the actions of men depend on fate, to which God hhnself is subject. His

Encyc.

followers went farther, and denied tlie in A carnation of Christ and the resurrection. genus Cypriniis, of the order of abdominals. Tlie mouth is toothless; Shak. Encyc. BA'RERIBBED, a. Lean. the gill has three rays the body is smooth B"ARDI, a. Pertaining to bards, or to B'ARGAIN, ?!. (^Fr. barguigner, to haggle, to hum and haw Ann. barguignour, a. ba.gand white. This fish is about three feet their poetry. Owen. It. bargagnare, writto cavil, contend, It is a very B^ARDISII, a. Pertaining to bards gler long, and weighs 18 pounds. coarse fish, living in deep still rivers and ten by a bard. bargain ; Ir. braighean, debate. It seems to accord with It. briga, Sp. brega, Fr. Its B^ARDISM, 71. The science of bards the rooting hke swine in the soft banks. Oxuen dorsal fm is armed with a strong spine, learning and maxims of bards. brigue.] shai-jily serrated, from which circumstance BARE, a. [Sax. 6r, or iter; Sw. and Dan An agieement between parties concerning it bur ; G. bar. This word is from opening the sale of property or a contract by probably received its name. Encyc. A knot of superfluous flesh, growing in separating, stripping. In Ch. Syr. Sam. which one party binds himself to transfer the channels of a horse's mouth; written the right to some property, for a consider1N3 signifies to open, or explain Ar. to also barbie, or barb. Encyc. Farricr^s Dict.l silso lia is to separate, to ])urify. ation, and the other party binds himself dig to receive the property and pay the conARBER, n. [Persian, barb,: See Barb.y Ch. Syr. 113 to lay waste Ar. id.] ne whose occupation is to shave men, or 1. Naked without covering; as, the arm is sideration. to shave and dress hair. Sha/:. bore : the trees are bare. 2. Stipulation interested dealing. ARBER, V. t. To shave and dress hair. '2. With the head uncovereil, from respect. 3. Purchase or the thing purchased. Locke. Clarendon 4. In popular language, final event upshot. Sliak., We must make the best of a bad bargain. ARBER-IIIRURgEON, n. One who 3. Plain simple unadorned without tlie joins the practice of surgery with that of polish of refined manners. Spenser. To sell bargains, is a vulgar phrase. a barber a practice now unusual. A low 4. Laid open to view detected no longer To strike a bargain, is to ratify an agreement, Wiseman. concealed. Milton originally by striking, or shaking hands. practitioner of sursery. ARBERESS, n. A female barber. [Aoi 5. Poor destitute indigent empty un- The Latin ferire feedus, may represent a like ceremony, unless it refers to the furnished. Hooker. Dryden used.'] I have made Esau bare. Jer. xlix. 'ARBER-M6NGER, ji. A man who frepractice of killing a victim, at the solemn Shak. South. ratification of oaths. quents the barber's sho]), or prides liim- (i. Alone unaccompanied. Shak. Bargain and .lale, in law, a species of conveyself in being dressed by a barber a tbi). 7. Thread-bare; much worn. Shak. S. Wanting clothes or ill supplied with gar ance, by which the bargainer contracts to Johnson. ARBERRY, n. [l^.berberis ; h:barbrog; inents. convey the lands to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and D. herberis Sp. berbcro. In Eth. abar- Under bare poles, at sea, signifies having no sail set. Mar. Diet. seised to the use of the bargainee. The har, is the nettle, urtica major in Amli., a statute then completes the purchase; that species of thistle. Lud. Eth. 233; Ainh. !t is often followed by of; as, the country is bare o/" money. Locke. 39. It is probable therefore that this is, the bargain vests the use, and the statBlnckstone. ute vests the possession. plant is so named from its spines or barbs. BARE, r. t. [Sax. abarian. See Bare, adj.] to make naked Its other name, oiyacanthus, indicates a To strip oft' the covering B'ARGAIN, V. i. To make a contract or Bacon. Pope. like origin.] as, to bare the breast. conclusive agreement, for the transfer of now bore. property often with for before the thing 1. A plant of the genus berberis, common in BARE, the old preterit of bear, hedges called in England, pipperidge- BA'REBONE, n. [See Bone.] A very lean purchased; as, to terrgafn /or a house. A Tlie berries are used in housebush. person. bargained with B for his larrn. wifery, and are deeme<l etiicaiious in BA'REBONED, a. Lean, so that the hones B'ARGAIN, V. f. To sell to transfer for a flu.^cs and fevers. Tlje bark dyes a fine appear, or rather, so that the bones show consideration as, A bargained away his the bark of tlie root. their forms. Shak. yellow, especially farm a popular iwe of the word. This plant is pernicious to wheat, the cars BA'RED, pp. Made bare; made naked. BARGAINEE', n. The party in a contract of which will not fill, if within the efiluvia BA'REFACED, a. [See Face.] who receives or agrees to receive the and the influence of this 1. With the face uncovered: not masked. of the plant Blnckstone. liroperty sold. has been known to extend three or four STiak. B AROAINER, n. The party in a contract hundred yards. Miller. unreserved without conEncyc. '2. Undisguised who stipulates to sell and convey pro|>erty ARBET, n. A name given by some cealment hence shameless; impudent; to another. Blaekstone. French writers to a peculiar species of audacious as a barefaced ialsehood. those worms whicli feed on the puceron BA'REFACEDLY, adv. Without disguise B'ARGE, )i. bar}. [D. bargie ; It. and ^'p. barca ; Ir. bare. Barge, and bark or b'irque, or ajihis. or reserve opeiilv iin|rtidently. [See Aphis.] Encyc. a ship, are radically one word.] The Bncco, a gemis of birds found in the BA'REFACEDNESS, n. Eflrontery asa vessel or boat of state, 1. A pleasure boat warm chmates of both continents. surance audaciousness. furnished with elegant apartments, canoA dog, so called from his long hair. BA'REFOOT, a. [See Foot.] ARD, M. [W. bardh, or barz ; Ir. bard; With the feet liare without shoes and stock- pies and cushions, equipped with a band of rowers, and decorated with flags and Fr. barde ; a poet Ir. bnrdas, a satire or 2 Sam. XV. Isaiah xx. ings. streamers; used by officers and magislampoon; W.bardhas, philosophy; hard- BA'REFOOT, a. or adv. With the feet trates. Encyc. bare as, to dance barefoot. Shak. gan, a song.] 1. A poet and a the ancient BA'REFOOTED, a. Having the fiet bare. 3. A flat-bottomed vessel of burthen, for singer among Mar. Diet. loading and imloading sliips. Celts: one whose occupation was to com- BA'REGNAWN, a. [See Gnaw.] Eaten Shak. B'ARgE-COUPLES, n. In architecture, a bare. pose and sing ver.ses, in honor of the heroic achievements of beam mortised into another, to strengthprinces and brave men. BAREHEADED, a. [See Head.] The bards used an instrument of music Having the head uncovered, either from resen the Ipuililing. Encyc. hke a lyre or guitar, and not only jnaised Bacon. Drydt B'ARCilE-eOL'RSE, vi. In bricklaying, a pect or other cause.
barbeel.] fish of the
;
;

Hooker. iBA'RENECKED, a. Having the neck uncovered exposed. Shak. BA'RENESS, n. Nakedness leanness ; poverty indigence defect of clothes, or the usual covering. Shak. South. BA'REPICKED, a. Picked to the bone. Shak.
Barret.
; ;

jirince barely in title.

BAR
part of the tiling which projects beyond ihe ])rii)cipal rafters, in buildings where; there is a gable, or kirkinhead. Encyc.
ten barllc.

BAR
Owen
renders
it

BAR
bread-coiii,

from bara, bread.]

speci<!S of valuable grain, used especiallyi for niakins malt, from which are distilled liquors of extensive use, as beer, ale and

two brajiches joined at one end with a hinge, to put upon a horse's nose, to confine
ing-

ARGEMAN,
a barge.

n.

The man who manages

B'ARciEMASTER,

n. The proprietor of a barge, conveying goods for hire. Blarkslone. BARtiER, n. The manager of a barge.
n.

him, fur siioeing, bleeding, or dressEncyr. n. [Gr. fJapoj, weight, and It is of tin; genus horileuin, conxWu{, a .stone.] porter. Its i-olor is usually a Thosi! ]>rinci-l (.'arlionate of baryte. sisting of several species.

BAR'OLITE,

BAIUI/LA,
Spain
in

for its

sometimes in distinct crystals. 'riiis grain is used in medicine, is obtained ; used barley, as possessing emollient, diluent, and ex- This mineral is called al.so Witherite, from and soap, and in bleach/^O Dr. Withering, the discoverer. The plant is cut and laid in / pectorant qualities. ing linen! Ckaveland. Kirwan. Vrel into a Encyc. Miller. Arbuthnot. heaps, anil burnt, the sails running iiole in the ground where they form a vit- B ARLEY-BRAKE, n. A rural jilay a trial BAROM ETER, n. [Gr. ,3apo5, weight, aiii^
kind of mineral alkali

cultivated in ashes, from which the purest

[Sp.]

plant

pally cultivated in England, are the com.spring barley, the long eared barley,' the winter or square barley, by some' called fci'g-, and the sprat or battledore

mon

gray .sotnetimes whitish, or with a tinge of green. It is strongly translucent. It usually occurs in sniajl masses, wliicli liave a fibrous slructui'e
light yellowish
;

making

glass

rified
2.

B ARLEY-BROTII, The alkali procured from this plant. strong beer. BAR'ITONE, [See Bdrt/lone] BAR'IUM, 71. The metallic basis of barytoor BARLEY-CORN, n.
baryta, which
is

lump.

Encyc.

of swiftness.

n.

measure.] low word tor An instrument for measuring the weight pressure of the atmosphere, consisting Shak.\
Sidnei/.\
jwfTpor,

[See Corn.]
oiu-

A grain

an oxyd of barium.
Davi/.

of barley
length
length.
;

the third part of an inch in

hence originated
n.

measures

ol'

B'AKK,
borke
ting.]
I.
;

n.

[Dan. bark; Sw. bai-ck ; d. probably from stripping, separaI I

Jottnson.

BARLEY-MOW,
the place

A mow
is

where barley

of barley, or deposited.

The rind or exterior covering of a tree, Gay. h. Sugar boiled till it corresponding to the skin of an animal. BARLEY-SUGAR, is brittle, formerly with a decoction of This is composed of the cuticle or epiderbarlcv. mis, the outer bark or cortex, and the inner bark or liber. The rough broken iB'ARLEY-VVATER,?!. A decoction of bar matter on bark is, by the common people ley, which is reputed soft and lubricating and much nse<l in medicine. of New-England, called ross. French barley and pearl barley are used for 2. By way of distinction, Peruvian Bark. B'ARK, 'v. t. To peel to strip off bark. making decoctions. These are made by Tl Also to cover or inclose with bark. sej)arating the grain from its coat. } B'ARK, pearl barley is reduced to the size of [\Y.barc; Vr. barque ; Russ.
! !

A column of quicksilver tiien su|iported in the tube, of equal weight with the incumbent atmosphere. This instrument was invented by TorriIts uses are to celli, of Florence, in 1()43. indicate changesof weather, and to determine the altitude of mountains, by the For i'alling and rising of the niercm-y.
of (piicksihcr.
is

a glass tube, hermetically sealed at ou(? end, filled with quicksilver, well defecate and purged ol' air, and inverted in a basin

this purpose, the tube is fixed to a graduated scale, so that the smallest variation in the colunm is visible.

BAROMET RIAL,
lating
to the
;

small shot. BARQUE, \ barka ; It. and Sp. bnrca.] n. [Sax. beorm. Qu. L. fermentum, but appropriately, a ship small siup which carries three masts without a mizen fromj'en'eo ; or beer-rahm, beer cream or W. beniri, to boil.] The English mariners, in the top sail. the scum rising upon beer, or other] coal trade, apply tliis name to a broad- Yea.st malt liquors, when ternienting, and used sterncd ship without a figure-head. as leaven in bread to make it swell, causEncyc. Mar. Diet. Waier-barks, in Holland, are small vessels, ing it to be softer, lighter, and more delicate. It may be used in liquors to make for conveying fresh water from place to them ferment or work. place, the hold of which is filled with waJohnson. Encyc. ter. Encyc. B'ARK, I', i. [Sax. beorcan, byrcan, to B'ARMY, a. Containing barm, or yeast. Bacon. Shak. bark.] 1. To nuike the noise of when they B ARN, n. [Sax. bereni, from bere, barley, dogs, and cern, or em, a close place or reposthreaten or pursue. to pursue with unreason2. To clamor at itory.] able clamor or reproach. It is followed A covered building for securing grain, hay, flax, and other productions of the earth. by at. To bark at sleeping fame. In the northern state.i of America, the Spenser. B' ARK-BARED, a. Stripped of the bark. farmers generally use barns for stabling .Mortimer. their horses and cattle so that amonj; BARK-BOUND, . Having the bark too them, a barn is both a cornhouse or grange firm or close, as with trees. This disand a stable. ea.si' is cured by slitting the bark. Encyc. B'ARNALE. n. [Port, bemaca, the Solan pp. "Stripped of the bark; peelgoose; Fr. barnacle or bamaque; lu.pema. ed also covered witli bark. a shell-fish.] B'ARK ER, n. One who barks, or clamo.-s 1. A shell which is often found on the botone who strips trees of toms of ships, rocks and timber, below the unreasonably their bark. surface of the sea. B'ARK-GALLEI), a. Having the bark gall- 2. A species of goose, found in the northern This defect is cured ed, as with thorns. seas, but visiting more southern climates on clay. The foreheail and cheeks are in winter. by binding Encyc. B'.'VRKING, ppr. Stripping oft'bark; makwhite, biu the upper part of the body and neck is black. Formerly, a strange no ing the noise of dogs; clamoring: cover tion ))revailcd, that these birds grew out ing with bark. B'ARK Y, a. Consisting of bark; contain- of wood, or rather out of the barnacles atShak. tached to wood in the sea. Hence the ing bark. B'ARLEY, n. [VV. barh/s ; Sax. bere. Qn. name. It is written also Bemacte. L. far, Gr. xvfio;, Heb. 13 bar, corn. In Pennant. the Saxon chronicle. An. 1124, it is writ- 3. In the plural, an instrument consisting of

"

BARM,
;

BAROMETRICALLY,

Encyc. Johnson. a. Pertaining or rebarometer made by a baas barometrical experiments. adv. By means of a barometer. Pinkerton. BAR'ON, n. [Fr. baron ; Sp. baron or varon ; It. barone ; Sans, bareru, bharta, a husband. This word, in the middle ages, was written bar, ber, var, baro, paro, viro, virro. It is the vir of the Latins; Sax. viron. tver ; Ir. fir, fear ; \V. ^wr, fiir g'mV, gevir.
;

rometer

De

Hirt. Pansa. 42: Hicks' Sax. Grammar, Sax. Jccr, L. iiV, is doubtless the Sheinitic laj, a man, so named
Bell. ,ller.

See Spelman's Glossary, and

113,
140.

The

from strength.]
1.

In Gi-eat Britain, a title or degree of noa lord a peer one who holds the rank of nobility next below that of a \ iscount, and above that of a knight or baronet. Originally, tlje barons, being the feudatories of princes, were the proprietors of land held by honorable service. Hence, in ancient records, the word barons comprehends all the nobihty. .\\\ such in
bility
; ;
:

BARKED,
;

England had,
in parliament.

in early times,

a right to

sit

As a baron was the pro-

prietor of a

its cotirt-haron

and

to this

manor, and each manor had hence the barons claimed, ; day enjoy, the right of judging
;

in the last resort

a right pertaining to the

house of lords, or peers, as the representatives of the ancient barons, land-holders,

manor-holders.

Anciently, liarons were greater, or such as held their lanils of the king in capite ; or lesser, such as held their lands of the greater barons by military service in
capite.

The

title

of baron

is

no longer attached

to the possession of a manor, but given by the king's letters patent, or writ of sum-

BAR
uions to parliament; that is, the diguily is personal, and not territorial. The radical word, vir,fir, a man, is Celbut the word tic, as well as Teutonic haron was not known in the British isles, till introduced from the continent under the Normau princes.
;

BAR
pike kind, found in the seas about the Bahamas and W. Indies, of ten feet in length. The color is deep brown, and the fish is very voracious. The flesh is disaI I I

BAR
in a baiTel with salt for preservation, as to barrel beef, pork or fish.
a.

iBAR'REL-BELLIED,

greeable and sometimes poisonous. Pennant. Catesbi/.

mg

a large belly.

[SeeJSe%.] Hav-

BAR'RKLFA), pp. Put or packed in

BAR'RATOR,
ceit
;
;

BAR'RELING, ppr.
i

Spelman.
2.

Blackstone.

Encyc.

Cowel.

Baron

is

a title of certain officers, as bar-'

ons of the exchequer, who are the four judges who try cases between the king and hisj Barons, stdijects, relating to the revenue. nf the Cinque Ports are members of the House of Commons, elected by the seven

mnd
1.

[from the same root as bare.] harutta, strife, 1. Not producing young, or offspring ; apf|iiarrel barattare, to barter, to cheat ; Sp. plied to animals. barato, fraud, deceit ; baralar, to barter, to 2. Not producing plants ; unfruitful ; steril ; deceive. The radical .sense is to turn, not fertile ; or producing httle ; unproducand tioist, whence to strive ; L. vtrto ; tive ; applied to the earth.
a.

n. [Old Fr. bar'at, strife, deCimbric, baratton ; Ice. and Scan;

Dryden. a barrel. Putting or packing in a

barrel.

BAR'REN,

dinavian, baratla, contest

It.

Erig. barter.

Cinque Ports, two for each port. These ports are Dover, Sandwich, Roniney, Hastings, Hythc, Winchclsea, and K>e.
3.

In law, a hu.sband

Blurkstnne. as bdron and feme,

husband and wife.

BAR'ONAGE,
ons or peers.
2.

?i.

The whole body of

bar-

SwiJI. Coke. Blackstone. 5. Not containing useful or entertaining gation. The master of a ship, who commits any ideas as a harreti treatise. fraud, in the management of tlio ship, or 0. Unmeaning ; uninventive ; dull as barren in relation to his duties as master, by which Shak. Johnson. Qu. spectators. the owner or insurers are injured. 7. Unproductive ; not inventive ; as a barren
; ;

One who frequently excites suits at law common mover and niaintainer of suits and controversies; an encourager of liti;

See Barter.]

3.

trees.
4.

Not producing the usual fruit applied to &c. Not copious scanty as a scheme barren
; ; ;

of hints.

3.

The The

dignity of a baron. land which gives title to a baron.

BAR'RATRY,

n.

The

practice of exciting

and encomaging lawsuits and quarrels.

Coke.
Blackstone.

BAR'REN,
plain,
soil

Johnson. BAR'ONESS, n. A baron's wife or ladv. BAR'ONET, n. [Fr. dimin of baron.] dignity or degree of honor, next below a baron, and above a knight having precedency of all knights except those of the garter, and being the only kniglithood that is hereditary. The order was founded

In commerce, any species of cheating or fiaud, in a shipmaster, by which the owners or insurers are injured; as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, by wilful deviation, or by embezzling the cargo. Park.

mind. n. In the States west of the Meghany, a word used to denote a tract of lanil, rising a few feet above the level of a

and producing trees and grass. The of these barrens is not barren, as the

BARRED,
dered
;

by James
patent.

I.

in

1011,

and

is

given by
lihtckstone.'

imports, but often very fertile. It is usually alluvial, to a depth sometimes of several feet. Mwater, Journ. of Science. pp. Fastened with a bar hin- 2. Any unproductive tract of land as the restrained forbid excluded pine barrens of South Carolina.
; ;

name

Johnson,

striped
barile
1.

checkered.

BARO'NIAL,

BAR ONY,

a. Pertaining to a baron. Encyc. n. The lordship, honor, or fee of a baron, whether spiritu;d or temporal. This lordship is held in chief of the king,

BARREL,)!. [W.

Ft: baril; Sp. barril ; It Arm. baraz.] ; vessel or cask, of more length than round and bidging in the middle breadth,

BAR RENLY, adv. Unfruitfully. BAR'RENNESS, adv. The qliahty

;

Drayton.

made of

and gives

title

to the possessor, or baron. Joh nson, Encyc. 2.

n.

BAR'OSOPE,

[Gr.

ilapoi,

weight, and

axo.tfu, to view.]

staves and heading, and bound with hoops. The quantity which a barrel contains Of wine measure, the Enghsh barrel contains 314 gallons of beer measure, 30
;

3.

of not ])roducing its kind want of the power of conce])tion applied to animals. Uufruitfuhiess; sterility infertihty. The quality of not producing at all, or in small quantities as the barrenness of soil. Want of invention want of the power of
;
; ;

])roducing any thing

new

applied

to

the

An

instrument to show the weight of the atsuperseded by the Barometer. AROSeOPTC, a. Pertaining to or deter-

mos|)here

mined by the barosco]ie.

BAROSEL'ENITE,
or

n.

[Gr.

t3apos,

weight,

heavy, and selenite.] muieral sulphate of baryte

|3apv;,
;

heavy spar.
Clcaveland.

Kirwan.

BAR'RA,

In Portugal and .Symni, a long measure for cloths. In Valencia, 13 barras make 12^ yards English in Castile, 7
n.
;

gallons of ale, 32 gallons and of beer vinegar, 34 gallons. Of weight, a barrel of Essex butter is lOG pounds; of Suffolk butter, 2.'5(i a barrel of herring shoidd contain 32 gallons wine measure, and hold 1000 herrings; a barrel of sahnon should contain 42 gallons a barrel of soap should weigh 2.50 lbs. John.mn. Encyc. lit America, the contents of a barrel arc
; ; ;
;

mind.
4.

5.

of matter scantiness; as the barrenness of a cause. Hooker. Defect of emotion, sensibility or fervency as the barren77ess of devotion. Taylor.
;

Want

BAR'RENWORT,

!.

[See

IVort.]

plant,
;

constituting the genus Ejjimedium, of which the alpinum is the only species a low herbaceous plant, with a creeping root, having many stalks, each of winch

Arragon, 3 make Encyc. BARRAA'DA, n. A fish, about fifteen inches in length, of a dusky color on the and a white bellv, with small black back, Did. of .Vat. Hist spots.
are equal to Gj yards Hj yards.
;

in

BAR'RAAN,
gan
;

n.

[It.

baracane

Sp. barra:

A thick, strong stuft', something like camelot

BAR'RACK,
n.

Fr. bourucan.]

regulated by statutes. In Connecticut, the barrel for li(iuors must contahi 31 i gallons, each gallon to contain 231 cubic inches. In New- York, a barrel of flour by statute must contain either 190 lb. or 228 lb. nett weight. The barrel of beef and pork in New-York and Connecticut, is 200 lbs. In general, the contents of barrels, as defined by statute, in this country, nuist be from 28 to 31;
gallons.
3.

has three flowers.

B'ARRFUL, a. Full of obstructions. BARRlA'DE, n. [Fr. barricade; It.

cata
1.

Encyc. Shak.
harri-

from It. barrare, Sp. barrear, to bar.] ; fortification made in haste, of trees,

earth, ))alisades, wagons, or any thing that will obstruct the progress of an enemy, or serve for defense or security, against his shot. 2. Any bar or obstruction ; that which defends.
3.
rail,

used for clokes, surtouts, and other outer garments.

Fr. baroque. It seems to be formed like Sax. parruc, a park, an inclosure.] hut or house for soldiers, especially in gar In Spain, a hut or cabui for fish rison.
;

Any

thing hollow and long, as the barrel

;

of a gun
4.

a tube.
;

[Sp. barraca

5.

ermen.

BARRACK-MASTER,?!. The officer who

superintends the barracks of soldiers.

as the barrel of a watcli, within which the s|)ring is coiled, and round which is wound the chain. A cavity behind the tynipamun of the ear It is tour or is called the barrel of the ear. five lines deej), and five or six wide, and covered with a fine membrane. It is min-e usually called the cavity of the tym-

cylinder

In naval architecture, a strong wooden supported by stanchions, extending foremost part of the quarter deck, in ships of war, and filled with rope, mats, pieces of old cable, and full hammocks, to prevent the effect of small shot in time of action. Encyc.
across the
v.
t.

jBARRJCA'DE,
'

To

stop

up

a passage

to obstruct.

j2.

BARRAU'DA,

n.

Swift.

panum.

species of fish of the

BAR'REL,

V.

i.

To

Encyc. Johnson put in a barrel to pack

;

with any slight work that prevents the approach of an enemy.

fortify

To

BARRICA'DO. The same

as barricade.

BAR
BAR'RIER,
1.

B A S
harriera
;

B A S
it

[Fr. barriere

It.

Sp.

sen.se

of deceiving, barratry, as well as of

hnrrtra, a barrier; Sp. bairear, to Iiur or biirrirade. See Bar.] In fortification, a kind offence made in a

To

L. vario, verto. (ylass Br.] bartering. trattick or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a
sale and purchase, in which money for the commodities transferred.
is

be allied to the Fr. basane, tawny, l-unier refers it to the Ethiopic basal, iron,

may

word

cannot

retrenchment, oom])osed of great stakes, with transmns or overthwart rafters, to stop an enemy. Encyc

passage

or

paid

\ dark, grayish black mineral or stone, sometimes bluish or brownish black, anrl when
withered, the surface

find.]

2. 3.

4.

5.

sometimes, perhaps, the thing given in exchange. Hopkinson. bar to mark the limits of a place any B'ARTERf^.D, ;);). Given in exchange. a line of separation. limit, or boundary B'ARTKRER, n. One who trafficks by exPope change of commodities. BARRING, ppr. Making fast with a bar B>ARTERING,/)//r. Trafiicking or trading obstructing; excluding; preventing pro by an exchange of connnodities. B* ARTERY, n. Exchange of commodities hibiting crossing with stripes.
;

wall for defense. fortress or fortified town on the frontier of a country. Smfl. Any obstruction any thing which confines, or which hinders approach, or attack as constitutional barriers.
;

A A

V. t. To give one thing for an other in commerce. It is sometimes followed l)y away as, to barter away goods or honor. B'ARTER, n. The act or practice of traf-

B'ARTER,

brown.

It is

is grayisli or reddish amorphou.s, columnar, tabu-

lar or globular.

The columnar form

is

straight or curved, perpendicular or inclined, sometimes nearly horizontal ; the diameter of the coluiniis from three inches
to three feet,

ficking

by

exchange

of commodities

sometimes with transverse

semi-s^)herical joints, in which the conve.x part ot one is inserted in the concavity of another. The forms of the columns generally are pentagonal, hexagonal, or octaIt is sometimes i'oimd also in gonal. rounded masses, either spherical, or ((im-

BAR'RISTER,
or,

n.

[from

bar.-]

A
;

counsel

in trade.

learned in the laws, qualified and admitted to plead at the bar, and to take clients answering to the advocate or licentiate of other

BARTON,
The demain
itself;

[JVot used.] n. [Sax. bere-ton,

Camden.
barley-town. the manor
;

lands of a

manor

upon him the defense of

countries.
ed, in

and sometimes the out-houses.

Johnson.
Blount.
n.

Anciently, barristers

were

call-

B^ARTRAM,
fire.]
;

[L. pyrethrum

Gr.

jtv(.,

England, apprentices of the law. Outer barristers are pleaders without tlie bar, to distinguish them from inner barris ters, benchers or readers, who have been sometime admitted to plead within tlie
bar, as the king's counsel are.

A f)lant pellitory. Bailey. Johnson. BARYSTKON'tlANITE, n. [Gr. fiapvi, heavy, and sirontian.] A mineral, called alsostromnite, from StromIt has been found in ness, in Orkney. masses of a grayish white color internally,

Johnson.

Encyc.

BAR'ROW,
bahre
1.
;

I),

[Sax. berewe ; W. berva ; Ger. berri ; from the root of bear, to

n.

but externallv of a ' yellowish white.

Traill.

carry.

2.

and borne by and between two men. A ivheet-barrow, is a frame with a box, supported by one wheel, and rolled by a single man. A wicker case, in salt works, where the
put to drain. Encyc. n. [Sax. berga, or beorgh, a hog D. barg, a barraw hog.] In England, a hog and to Ash, according obsolete. Barrow-grease is hog's lard. In .America, a male hog castrated; a word
salt is
; ;

hand-barrow is light small carriage. a frame covered in the middle with boards,

See Bear.}

BAR'KOW,
1.

2.

in

common

use.

BAR'ROW,
grove.]

n.

[Sax. beara, or bearewe, a

is

In the names of places, barrow signify a wood or grove.

used to
;

BAR'ROW,
byrgen, a

J!.

[Sax. heorg, a
;

tomb

liill or hillock G. and D. bergen, to con

ceal, to save.]

hillock or mound of earth, intended as a repository of the dead. Such barrows are found in England, in the North of the Eu-

ropean continent, and in America. They sometimes were formed of stones, and iii England called cairns. The barrow answers to the tumulus of the Latins. [See Tomb.]

Double headed

B'ARSE, )!. An English name for the com mnn perch. Did. o/jYut. Hist. B>AKSHOT, n. [See Bar and Shoot.]
shot, consisting of a bar, witi
;

a half ball or round head at each end

used for destroying the in naval combat.

masts and riggin Mar. Diet.

;

B'ARTER,

V.

i.

[Sp. baratar

It.

to exchange. ably to turn or

The primary sense

barattare,
is

prob-

change, and this gives the

Cleaveland. Phillips. Basaltic Ilornblend fJuovrrj. BAS.^LT'INE, H. a [Gr. jiofivs, heavy weight.] variety of conmion hornblend, so called Ponderous earth so called from its great from its being often found in Basalt. It is also (bimd in lavas and volcanic scorite. It weight, it being the heaviest of the earths. Recent discoveries is Spec. grav. about 4. generally in distinct crystals, and its have shown that baryte is an oxyd, the bacolor is a pure black, or slightly tinged sis of which is a metallic substance called with green. It is more foliated "thanthe barium. It is generally foimd in combiother varieties, and has been mistaken for nation with the sulphuric and carbonic 'nica. Kirwan. Cleaveland. acids, forming the sulphate and carbonate 2. colunm of basalt. Kirwan. ol" bai^'te, the former of which is called BAS'ANITE, n. s-.isz. [Gr. fla.aa.voi, the Cleaveland. Thomson. trier. Plin. Lib. .3(!. Ca. 22. heavy spar. See Basalt.] BARYT'I, a. Pertaining to baryte form- Lydian stone, or black jasper a variety of ed of baryte, or containing it. Kiru-an. siliceous or llinty slate. Its color is a grayBARYTO-'CAL'CITE, ;;. [ftarirfe and ca/x. ish or bluish black, interspersed with veins See Calx.] It is employed to test the of(iuarty,. purity A mixture of carbonate of lime with sul- of gold. Kirwan. Ure. Cleaveland. phate of baryte, of a dark or light gray BASE, a. [Fr. bas, low W. bas ; It. basso; color, of various forms. Kirwan. Sp. bazo, low ; W. basu, to fall, or lower. a. See Abase.] [Gr. (3opvf, hea\y, and 1. Low in Tovof, tone.] Obs. place. Spenser. vile w orthless that is, low in Pertaining to or noting a grave deep sound, 2. Mean or male voice. Walker. Arbidhnot. value or estimation used of things. n. In music, a male voice, 3. Of low station of mean accomjt w iththe compass of which partakes of the comout rank, dignity or estimation among mon base and the tenor, but which does men tised of persons. not descend so low as the one, nor rise as The base ?hall behave proudly against the honorable. I. iii. high as the other. 2. In Greek Grammar, a verb which has no 4. Of mean spirit disingenuous; illiber.il low without dignity of sentiment as a accent marked on the last syllable, the base and abject multitude. grave accent being understood. 5. Of little comparative value a. Pertaining to the base constiB.A'SAL, applied to metals, and perhaps to all metals, except gold tuting the base. Say. and silver. BASALT', n. bazaW. [Pliny informs us that the Egyptians found in Ethiopia, a species 6. Deep grave applied to sounds ; as the fcfwe sounds of a viol. of marble, called basaltes, of an iron color! Bacon. and hardness, whence it received its name.! 7. Of illegitimate birth born out of wedlock. Nat. Hist. Lib. 3(3. Ca. 7. But according to Shak. Da Costa, that stone was not the same 8. Not held by honorable tenure. base estate is an estate held by services not which now bears the name of basalt. Hist, in capile, or by villenage. of Fossils, p. 263. If named from its color. honorable, not

These rounded pressed and lenticular. masses are sometimes com|io.ed of concentric layers, with a nucleus, and sometimes of prisms radiating from a center. It is heavy and hard. The pillars of the (iiant's causey in Ireland, composed (if this stone and exposed to the roughest sea for ages, have their angles as perfect as thos(^ at a distance from the waves. The English miners call it cockle the German, It is called short, or sharl. by Kirwan, Figurate Trap, from its prismatic forms. Kirwan. Jameson. Cleaveland. BASALT'IC, a. Peitaining to basalt; formed of or coiUaining basalt. BASaLT'IFORM, o. In the form of basalt; columnar.
; ;

BARY'TA, BAR'YTE,

I I

"

BARYTONE,

BARYTONE,

B A
Sucli
;i

S
BA'SE-BORN,

B A S
a.

B A
and
born.]

tenure is called base, or low, and So writers on tlie tenant, a basr tenant. the laws of England uj:e the terms, a base fee, a base court. Encr/c KASE, 71. [Gr. I'atii L. basis ; It. basa, base ; S]>. basa ; Fr. base ; that which is the foundation or hottom.] set, 1. The hottom of any thing, considered as its support or tlie part of a tiling on which it stands or rests as the base of a cohmni, the pedestal of a statue, the foundation of
; ;

of a chisel or plant : out of wedlock. usually of 13 degrees, but for hard wood^ Goj/. 2. Born of low parentage. 18 degrees. Encyc. mean. 3. Vile Milton. BAS'IL, t. To grind or form the edge of Moxon. BA'SE-eOURT, n. [Fr. basse-cour. See a tool to an angle.
[base
;

Born

tool or instrmneiit, as

ii.

Court.]

BAS'IL,
of a house
yard, opposed the farm yard.
; ;

The back
in front

to the chief court

1.

Shuk.

BA'SED, pp. Reduced in value founded. BA'SELESS, a. Without a base having

;

4 as z. [Fr. basilic ; It. basilica.] plant of the genus Ocymum, of which there are many species, all natives of warm climates. They are fragrant aromatic plants, and one species, the .sweet basil,
71.

a house, &c. In architecture, the base of a pillar |)ropcrly is that part which is between the top of a but pedestal an<l the bottom of the shaft
;

no foundation, or support. The baseless fabric of a vision. The fame how poor that swells our
pride.

is much used in cookery, especially in France. Shak BAS'IL, . [Orient. tU to strip.] written also baseless The skin of a sheep tanned
;

Trumbull.
;

basan.
n.

there is no pedestal, it is the part between the bottom of the cohniin and the plinth. Usually it consists of certain spires or circles. Tlie jiedestal also has its l)ase,
2.

when

BA'SELY,
2.

adv. In a base

maimer meanly; BAS'IL-WEED, the

Drydeni

Wild
.

basil,

a plant of

dishonorably.
;

genus Clinopodium.
} I

Muhlenburg.
ra ; 1 [See Basilic]

3.

Encyc. In fortification, the exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the flanked angle of a bastion to the angle opposite to it. In gunnerij, the least sort of ordnance, the diameter of whose bore is 1 1-4 inch.

Encyc.
4.

5.

6.

part of any ornament which hangs as housings. Sidney The broad part of any thing, as the bottom of a cone. In old authors, stockings armor for the

The

down,

legs.
7.

The
start
;

Hudibras. place from which racers or tilters tlie bottom of the fieUl the career
;

0.

or starting post. The lowest or gravest properlj' written bass.

jiart in
a.\?o

Dryden. music irn;

10.

A rustic play,

called

bays, or prison

Shak. bars. 11. In geometry, the lowest side of the perimeter of a figure. Any side of a triangle may be called its base, but this term most
properly belongs to the side which is parIn reclangled trianallel to the horizon.
gles, the base, [irojierly, is the side oppoThe base of a solid site to the light angle.

on which the order or columns which Chief; an anatomical term applied to several bones, and to an artery of the brain. decorate the jirincipal story, are placed. Coic. Encyc. Basilian monks, monks of the order of St. BA'SE-MINDED, a. Of a low spirit or Basil, who fiiunded the order in Pontus. mind mean. Camden.' The order still e.xists, but has less power BA'SE-MINDEDNESS, n. Meanness of and celebrity than formerly. Encyc. spirit. Sandys. n. s as z. L. basBA'SENESS, n. Meanness vileness worth-| BAS'ILIC, lianAtvi, a[Gr. /JaoiXixij ilica ; Gr. king.] lessncss. Dryden. a iiublic hall or court of judicature, the (luality of being of Anciently, 2. Vileness of metal where princes and magistrates sat to adlittle comparative value. .Swift. minister justice. It was a large hall, with Shak. 3. Bastardy; illegitimacy of birth. aisles, porticoes, tribunes, and tribunals. Bacon. 4. Deepnessof sound. The bankers also had a part allotted for BA'SENET, n. A helmet. Spenser. their residence. These edifices, at first, BA'SE-STRING, n. The lowest note. were the palaces of princes, afterwards Shah. courts ofjustice, and finally converted into BA'SE-VIOL, n. [See Viol] A musical inchurches. Hence basilic now signifies a strument, used for playing the base or church, chapel, cathedral or royal palace. gravest part. Encyc. Sp. and It. Diet. BASH, V. i. [lleb. 1713, bosh, to be cast down, D. verbaazcn, to con- BASILIC,/!. [See Basil.] The middle vein or confounded. Clu. of the arm, or the interior branch of the See Abash.] found. To be ashamed to be confounded withi axillary vein, so called by way of eminence. Encyc. Qidncy. shame.
floor,
;

BA'SEMENT,

in bastardy. Knolles. Illegitimately RA*!'TI n. In architecture, the ground

BASILAR,

ARY

Spenser.',

BASHAW,

BAS'ILI,
n.

[Ar.

IxiLj ''asha

Pers.'

BASIL'IAL,
2.

The figure is that on which it stands. base of a conic section is a right line in the hyperbola and parabola, arising from the common intersection of the secant plane and the base of the cone. Encyc.
cAj'jftisd-!/, any body which is dissolved by another body, which it receives and Thus any alkaline, earthy or niefi.ves. talUc substance, combining with an acid, forms a compound or neutral salt, of which

prtsha ; Sp. haxa ; It. bascin ; Turk, basch,' the head. Qu. D. baas, master, and the bassus of the Alemunni and Lovgobards, in the middle ages. This word is often writ-' ten most absurdly pasha, both by the It shouhl be English and Americans.
1.

to the middle } "" Belonging vein of the arm. I Noting a particular nut, the walnut, bas-

ilica

nux.
ii.

BASIL'IeON,
royal.]

s as

z.

[Gr. /Saaatxoj,

\n

ointment.
it

This name
in
is

compositions

12. In

it is

the base.

Such

salts arc called salts met'illic bases.

written and pronounced pashaw.] A title of honor in the Turkish dominions appropriately, the title of the ])rinie vizer, but given to viceroys or governors of provinces, and to generals and other men of The Turkish bashaws exerdistinction.
;

At present
and green

is given to several ancient medical writers. confined to three officinal

ointments, distinguished into black, yellow

basilicon.
n.

Encyc.
[Gr. ^u.ao.iexof
;

BAS'ILISK,
hasiliscus.]
1.

s as ;.

L.

fabulous serpent, called a cockatrice,

with alkaline, earthy or

13.

Encyc.

2.

BASH'FUL,"a. [See Ba.ih ai,.l Abash.] 1. Properly, having a downcast look hence, the voices sing and other uistruments pervery modest. form their parts, or during the intervals 2. Modest to excess sheepish. Shak.' It is distin when the other parts stop. 3. Exciting shame. guished by figures over the notes. BASH'FULLY, adv. Very modestly in a Counter base is a second or double base, timorous manner. when there are several in the same con BASH'FULNESS, it. Excessive or extreme!
formed
j

Thorough

base, in music, is the part perwith base viols or theorbos, while

an oppressive authority in their provinces. Hence, A proud, tyrannical, overbearing man.

cise
;

and said to be produced from a cock's egg The ancients albrooded by a serpent. ledgcd that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and tliat its breath and
even
this
2.
its

look

was

fatal.

Some

writers

suppose that a real serpent exists under

name.

In niilitury affairs, a large piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance to the serjient of that name, or from This cannon carried a hall of 200 its size.

cert.

Encyc.
;

BASE,
ile

to reduce the value V. t. To einbase by the admi.xture of meaner metals. [UtBacon. used.]

2.

a quality of mind often vi.sible mode.sty in external ap|iearance, as in blushing, downcast look, confusion, &c. Vicious or rustic shame. Sidney.
;

pounds weight, but

is

not

now

used.

Mod-

t.

To

found

To

base and build the

to lay the base or foundation. commonwealth of man.

BASH'LESS,
BAS'IL,
n.

a.

Shameless; unblushing.
z.

ern writers give this name to cannon of a smaller size, which the Dutch make 15 feet long, and the French 10, carrying a 48 poimd ball. Encyc.

Columbiad.

s as

The

Spenser. slope or angle of a

BA'SIN, n. basn. Arm. ba^iii; It.

[Fr. bassin : Ir. bai.fin ; bacino, or bacite; Fort,

B A S
bacia.

B A
It

?>

B A
is said to be ill When the figures are so raised rrliif as to be well distinguished, they are said to bo bold, strong, oi' high, alio relievo. jSee Relief] Encyc.

If the last radical is primarily letter, this is the German becken

has

K bekken.] Salatal iiollow vessel or dish, to Iiold water for 1. washing, and for various other uses. 2. In hydraulics, any reservoir of water. 3. Tliat whicli resemhies a basin in containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a hollow place for hquids, or an inclosed

body, branches. These when extended form a circle of three feet diameter. [See Jlsterias. ]

live rays issuing from an angular and dividing into innumerable

from the plane, the work

tow

Encyc.
n.

B'ASKET-HILT,
injury, as of a

[See Hilt]

hilt

Bass-viol,

which covers the hand, and defends it from BAS'SA.

sword.
a.

. [See Base-viol.] [See Bashaiv.]

Hudibras.

BAS'SET,
card.s,
ice,

n.

[Fr.

bassette.]

B-ASKET-HILTED,
basket-work.

Having a

A game

at

hilt

part of water, forming a hroad space with a little in a strait or narrow entrance
;

of]

tVarton.
n.

BASKET-SALT,

Salt

made from

salt-

4.

diggers, to incline upwards. Thus a vein of coal bassets, ^vhen it takes a direction warmth. towards the surface of the earth. This is is molded into due shape. called cropping, and is opposed to dipping. a roimd cavity between the B' ASKING-SHARK, n. The sun-fish of Uie anatomy, Irish a species of squalus or shark. This anterior ventricles of the brain. Encyc. fish is from three to twelve yards in length, BAS'SETING, 7. The scale of a balance, when hollow and ppr. Having a direction upor even longer. The upper jaw is much round. wards. the tail is BAS'SETING, n. The u|)ward direction of 8. In Jewish antiquities, the laver of the tablonger than the lower one a vein in a coal mine. ernacle. large and the upper part much longer than the lower the skin is rough, of a deep BASSO-CONCERTANTE, in music, is the BA'SIS, n. plu. bases. [L. and Gr.; the same leaden color on the back, and white on as base, which see.] base of the httle chorus, or that which the belly. The fish weighs more than a 1. The foundation of any thing ; that on plavs throughout tlie whole piece. Bailey. thousand pounds, and affords a great quan- BASSO-eONTlNUO, thorough base, which which a thing stands or lies the bottom of oil, which is used for lamps, and to or foot of the thing itself, or that on which see imder base. tity Bailey. cure bruises, burns, and rheumatic com- BASSO-REPIENO, is the lm.se of the grand it rests. See a full explanation umier base 2. The ground work or first principle ; that It is viviparous, and frequents plaints. chorus, which plays oidy occasionally, or the northern seas. which supports. in particular parts. [See Squalus.] Bailey. 3. Foundation Pennant. Encyc. BASSO-RELIEVO. [See Bass-relief] support. Tlie basis of public credit is good faith. B'ASQUISH, a. buskish. Pertaining to the BASSO-VIOLINO, is the base of the baseBrown. viol. Hamiltun. people or language of Biscay. Bailey. The basis of all excellence is truth. B'ASS, n. [It has no plural.] The name of BAS'SOCK, n. The same as bass, a mat. Jnhnsnti several species offish. In England, this BASSOON', n. \Fr. basson ; It. ioisonc, from 4. Basis, in chimistry. See Base. No. 12. name is given to a species of perch, called basso, low.] B'ASK, V. i. [The origin of this word is not musical wind instrument, blown with by some the sea-wolf, from its voracity, obvious. Qu. Ir. basgaim, to rest or and resembling, in a degree, the trout in a reed, and furnished with eleven holes, but having a larger head. It weighs which are stojtped, as in other large flutes. repose.] shape, To lie in warmth to be exposed to genial about fifteen pounds. In the northern Its compass comprehends three octaves. heat to be at ease and thriving under bestates of America, this name is given to a Its diameter at bottom is nine inches, and for convenience of carriage it is divided nign influences; iis,tobask. in the blaze of striped fish which grows to the weight ofl 25 or 30 pounds, and which enters the into two parts whence it is called also a day to bask in the sunshine of royal favor. The word includes the idea of some con rivers the perca ocellata. fagot. It serves for the base in a concert of tinuance of exposure. .\ species of striped fish, of a darker color, hautboys, flutes, &c. with a large head, is called sea-bass, as it B'ASK, 11. /. To warm by continued expo Johnson. Encyc. Busly. sure to heat to warm with genial heat. is never found in fresh water. This fisi BASSOON'IST, n. A performer on the to two or three pounds weight. bassoon. grows Drydcii. Busby. B' ASKED, pp. Exposed to warmth, or gen Both species are well tasted, but the proper B'AST, n. [Qu. D. and Dan. bast, bark, or iai heat. bass is a very white and delicious food. from twisting.] Prince. B'ASKET, n. [W. basged, or basgawd; Ir. Belknap. A rope or cord, made of the bark of the lime bascaid ; probably from weaving or tex- B'ASS, )!. The linden, lime or tiel tree or the bark tree, bass-wood or Unden W. basg, a netting or plaiting of called also bass-wood. [See Bast.] ture made into ropes and mats. Ash. Bailey. 2. [pron. bas.] A niatto kneel on in churches. B'ASTARD, n. splinters.] [Arm. bastard ; Ir.basdar'd; 1. A domestic vessel made of Fr. batard; D. bastaard ; G. bastart ; It. twigs, rushes, BASS, n. In music, the 6a.se ; the deepest or and Sp. bastardo ; W. bastarz ; basu, to splinters or other flexible things interwogravest ])art of a tune. This word is thus ven. The forms and sizes of baskets are written in imitation of the Itahan basso. fall, wlicnce base, and tars, gro\vth, issue, as well as the uses to whici which is the Eng. base, low yet whh the a sprout.] very various, they are applied as corn-baskets, clothespronunciation of base and plural bases, a A natural child a child begotten and born baskets, fruit-baskets, and work-baskets. out of wedlock an illegitimate or spurigross error that ought to be corrected as 2. The contents of a basket as much as a ous child. By the civil and canon laws, a the word used in pronimeiation is the Engwill contain a basket of med bastard becomes a legitimate child, by the lish word base. as, basinet lars is two bushels. But in general, this BASS, V. t. To sound in a deep tone. intermarriage of the parents, at any future time. But by the laws of this country-, as Shak. quantity is indefinite. In military affairs, baskets of earth some BASS-RELIE'F, n. In English, base-relief by those of England, a child, to be legititimes are used on the parapet of a trench, It. basso, low, and ritevare, to raise mate, must at least be bom after the law[From between which the soldiers fire. ful marriage. whence n'Wcwo, raised work. See L/ifl and Blackstone. They serve for defense against small shot. Bastard eigne', or bastard elder, in law, is Relief] when a man has a bastard son, and afterEncyc. Scidptiire, whose figures do not stand out ward marries the motlier, and has a legitifar from the ground or plane on which B'ASKET, V. t. To put in a basket. ' mate son, called midier puisne, or younger. they are formed. When figures do not proCoieper. Blackstone. B'ASKET-FISH, n. A species of sea-star, tuberate so as to exhibit the entire body, or star-fish, of the genus Asterias, and they are said to be done in relief; and BASTARD, n. A kind of sweet wine. [.Vot otherwise called the Slagellanic star-fish, when they are low, flat or little raised in use.] Shak.
5.

springs, which is purer, whiter and finer, Among glass grirukrs, a concave piece than common brine salt. Encyc. of metal by which convex glasses are B'ASKET-WOMAN, n. A woman who carries a basket, to and from market. formed. or case, B' ASKING, ppr. Exposing or lying exposed Among haiters, a large shell to the continued action of heat or genial usually of iron, placed over a furnace, in

bay.

said to have been invented at Venby a noblenum, who was banished for the invention. The game being introduced into France by the Venetian embassador,
Justiniani, in

1C74,

it

was

prohibited

by

severe edicts.

Encyc.
[See Basil.]

BAS'SET,

V. i.

Among

coal

which the hat

6. In

Vol.

I.

19

B A S
B'ASTARD,
9.
;

BAT
It

BAT
latitudes are small ; they are viviparous and suckle their young. Their skin resembles that of a mouse. They enter houses in pleasant summer feed

a.

Begotten and born out of

;

was demolished by the enraged popu?

lawful matrimony illegitimate. Spurious not genuine i'alse suppositiIn this sense, it is aptious adulterate. plied to tilings which resemble those which are genuine, but are really not genuine ; as a bastard hope, bastard honors. Shak. Temple. In military aft'airs, bastard is applied to pieces of artillery which are of an unusual make or proportion, whether longer or shorter, as the double ctdverin extraordinary, half or quarter culvcrin extraordiua; ;
;

lace in 1789.

BASTINA'DE, BASTINA'DO,
ta,

from

bastone, a stick

[Fr. bastonnade ; Si.. bastonada ; It. bastonaor stafl'. See

evenings,

Baste.]
;

sound beating with a stick or cudgel the blows given with a stick or stall". This name is given to a punishment in use among the Turks, of beating an otlender on the soles of his feet BASTINA'DE, ( , To beat with a stick
or cudgel. BASTINA'DO, I BASTING, ^^r. Beating with a stick;
;

upon moths, flies, flesh, and oily substances, and are torpid during the winter.

BAT'-FOWLER,
is

n. n.

One who

Encyc.
practices, or

BAT'-FOWLING,

^-

''

Encyc. ry. Bastard- Flower-fence, a plant, a species of

mois-

BarringtoH. of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or other and beating the bush or perch where hglit, they roost. The birds flying to the light are caught with nets or otherwise.

pleased with bat-fowling.

A mode

tening witli dripping sewing together with long stitches. Adeiiantheru. n. a beating with a stick; a Bastard-hemp, a plant, a species o{ Datisca, Basting, false hemp. moistening with dripping a sewing together slightly with long stitches. Bastard-Rocket, dyers-weed, or wildwoad, a species of iff serfa. BAS'TION, n. bas'chun. [Fr. and Sp. bastion ; It. baslione ; probably Irom bastir, bdBastard-Star of Bethlehem, a plant, a species
;

BA'TABLE,
putable. Scotland,
\\

a.

The

Cowel. Encyc. [See Bate and Debate.] Disland between England and

Inch,

when

the

oi'Albuca. Bastard-Scarlet, a red color dyed

tir,

w ith

bale

to build, to set or tbund.]

madder.

sods,
V. t.

B'ASTARD,

To make
(.

or determine to

be a bastard.

Bacon
of a bastard or prove to to convict of being a bas.state
v.
t.

B>ASTARDISM, B'ASTARDIZE,
be a bastard
tard
;
;

The

To make

to declare legally, or decide a per-

son to be illegitimate.
Tlie law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful

wedlock.

Blaikslone
adv. In

3.

To

beget a bastard.
the
;

B'ASTARDLY,
bastard

Shot manner of a

ITASTARDS,

Donne. A an appellation given to a faction or troop of bandits, who ravaged Guienne in France in the 14th century supposed to have been headed by the illeBaste.] sons of noblemen, who were ex bate.] gitimate In architecture, a round molding in the base Strife contention eluded from the rights of inheritance. of a column called also a tore, [torus.] V. t.
s])uriously.
;
; ;

a principal jiart formerly called a bulwho iidiabitcd the isle.] wark. Bastions are solid or hollow. A Pertaining to the isle of Betaw in Holland, bastion is made in the middle of the between the Rliine and the Waal. But when it is too long to be defended more generally, the word denotes what curtain, cut by the bastions in its extremes. appertains to Holland in general. bastion has its jjoint cut oil' and instead of BATA'VIAN, n. A native of Betaw, or of it a re-entering angle, or an angle inwards, the Low Countries. A composed BATCH, n. [D. bakzel ; G. geback ; from with two points outward. bastion has two sides of the interior polybake.] gon unequal, which makes the gorges un- 1. The quantity of bread baked at onetime; demibustion is composed of one a baking of bread. equal. face only, with one flank and a deniigorge. 2. Any quantity of a thing made at once, or double bastion is one raised on the i)lane so united as to have like quahties. of another. B. Jonson. Encyc BAS'TO, n. The ace of clubs at quadrille. BATE, n. [Sax. bate, contention. It is BASTON, or BATOON', n. [Sp. See probably from the root of beat. See Deis
;

huge mass of earth, usually faced will sometimes with brick, or stones, standing out Ironi a ranij.art, of which it BATA'VIAN,

disthict, was a subject of called batable ground. BATA'TAS, n. species found on the potatoes of the Peruvian name of the

Idngdoms were

contention, was Cowel. Encyc. of tick or mite,

Surinam.

Also

sweet potatoe.

a.

Encyc. [from Batavi, the people

flat

retained in make-bate.
beat,

B'ASTARDY,

of being a bastard, or begotten and boni out of lawful wedlock, wliich condition disables the person from inheriting an estate. Blackstone
n.

Mezeray.
state

BATE,

[Fr.

battre, to

to

batter;

Encyc.

BAT,
1.

[Sax. bat ; Ir. bat, bata ; Russ. bot allied to beat.] heavy stick or club; a piece of wood
n.

but perhaps from abattre, to beat down. The literal sense is, to beat, strike, thrust
to force

JiASTARN'Ie,

a. Pertaining to the Basternae, ancient inhabitants of the CarpaD\^nville. thian mountains. Bastarnic Alps, the Carpathian mountains, between Poland, Himgary and Transylvania so called from the ancient inhabitants, the Bastarnic. D^Jlnmlle BASTE, II. /. [Arm. haz ; Fr. baton, for hasten ; Sp. baston ; It. bastone, a stick or
;

with one end thicker or broader than the

2.

To

other. Bat or bate, a small copper coin of Germany, with a small mixture of silver, worth four crutzers. Also a coin of Switz

[We now use abate.] BATE, V. i. To grow or become

remit or retrench a part
Abate thy speed and
I
;

down. See Beat.] lessen by retrenching, deducting or reducing; as, to hate the wages of the laborer to bate good cheer. Locke. Dryden.
;

less

to

with
will

3.

BAT,

club.]
1.

1.

beat with a slick. drip butter or fat upon meat, as it turns upon the spit, in roasting to moisten with fat or other Uquid. Swift.
;

To To

hryden. uses bate in the sense of sulking, with Spenser a sense regularly driving in, penetrating dcducible from that of beat, to thrust. BAT, n. [Rab. and Tal. mN3, Nni3, or fiNU Yet tliere the steel staid not, but inly bate I have not litund this word in Buxtorf. Deep in Uie flesh, and open'd wide a red any European language, except in Engflood
V.
i.

worth five iivres. Encyc. term given by miners to shale or bitu minous shale. Kirwan.
eriand,

of.

bate of mine.

To manage

a bat, or

])lay

one.

Mason

sate.

lish.]

BASTE,

bastear ; It. imbastire, to baste ; It. basta, a long stitch.] To sew with long stitches to sew slightly. BASTED, pp. Beat with a stick ; moistened
V.
t.

[S]).

with fat or other matter in roasting sew ed together with long stitches, or slightly, BAS'TILE, n. [Fr., from bdtir, bastir, to
;

build.]

An

and

old castle in Paris, built between 13G9 1.38-3, used as a state prison, and con verted to the purpose of confining men for life, who happened to incur the resent laent or jealousy of the French monarchs.

race of quadrupeds, technically called BATE-BREEDING, a. Breeding stiife. Shak. [.Yo? jiscrf.] Vespertilio, of the wiXer primates, in Linne's a. Contentious; given to strife; system. The fore feet have the toes con- BA'TEFUL, contention. nected by a membrane, expanded into a exciting Sidney. Shak. kind of wings, by means of which the an- BA'TELESS, a. Not to be abated. imals fly. The species are numerous. Ol BA'TEMENT, n. Abatement; deduction; diminution. these, the vampire or Ternate bat inhabits with its derivatives, is, I believe, Africa and the Orient.il Isles. These an [Bate, little used, or wholly obsolete in the U. imals fly in flocks from isle to isle, obscuStates.] Their ring the sun by their numbers. wings when extended measure five or six BATEAU, n. batto'. [Fr. from L. batillum.] feet. A light boat, long in proportion to its They live on fruits hut are said sometimes to draw blood from persons breadth, and wider in the middle than at when asleep. TJie bats of the northern the ends.
;

BAT
BAT ENfTES, BAT'ENISTS, or BATE - BATHER, immerses NIANS, n. A sect of apostates from Mo
hatnmedism,
matians.
n.

BAT
plies a liquid to

BAT
the
a.

One who bathes; one who Shakspeare uses himself in water, or who ap- BATTAL'IONED,
himself or to another.
Tooke,
ions.

word loi' uii Formed into

ariuv. battal

who

ble practices of the

The

professed the abomina IsniaeUans and Kir word signifies esoteric, or

BA'THING,
menting.

ppr.

Washing by
;

inunersion,
;

BAT'FUL,
land.
n.

persons of inward light. [See Assasshis." a. [See Batten.] Rich, fertile, as

[JVo< in use.]

or by applying a liquid

moistening

fo-

Mason.
;

BA'THING,

n.

The

act of bathing, or wash-

baB>ATH, [Sax. ba:th, hatho, a bath thian, to bathe W. badh, or baz ; D. G. Sw. Dan. bad, a bath ; Ii'. bath, the sea Old Phrygian bedu, water. Qu. W. 60:!, to
;

ing the body in water.

Mason
vessel for bathing

BATHING-TUB,

n.

1.

A place for bathing recei)tacle of water for persons to plunge or wash their bodies in. Baths are warm or tepid, hot or cold, more generally cal;

immerse.]

In usually made either of wood or tin. the Royal Library at Paris, I saw a bathing-tub of porphyry, of beautiful form and

Barlow. [See Battle.] In law, wager of battel, a s))ecies of trial for the decision of causes between parties. This species of trial is of high antiquity, among the rude mihtary people of Eu It was introduced into rope. England, by William, the Norman Conqueror, and u.sed in three cases only in the court martial, or court of chivalry or honor; in appeals

BATTEL,

n.

of felony; and

a convenient vat or

BA'THOS,
bottom,

exquisite workmanship. n. [Gr. ,5a9oj

allied to

and perhaps

to

W.

bozi,

to

Eng. im

merse.]

a sizer at Cambridge. small bat, or BAT'TEL, !. An account of the [from bat.] place expenses of a student at Oxford. ijnmersed in some substance. Thus, square piece of wood with a handle, for A dry bath is made of hot sand, ashes, beating Unen when taken out of the buck. BAT'TEL, a. [See Batlrn.] Fertile fruitJohnson. fid. [.Yot used.] Hooker. salt, or other matter, for the purpose of n. A weight used in Smyrna, of B.\T'TELER, ? " A student at r. c 1 a applying heat to a body immersed in them. BAT'MAN, , , . . Oxford. six okes, each of 400 drams; equal to B'VT'TLER V vapor bath is formed by filling an 1() lbs. t; oz. 1.5 dr. English. BAT'TEMENT, n. [Fr.] A beating; strilcapartment with hot steam or vapor, in which the body sweats copiously, as in BATOON' or BAT'ON, n. [Fr. baton from ing imjjulse. [JVot in use.] baston. See Baste.] Russia or the term is used for the apDarwin, Zoon. of hot steam to a diseased part x\ staff or club a marshal's staff; a trun BAT'TEN, V. t. bat'n. [Russ. botiayu. Qu. phcation cheon a badge of militaiy honors. of the body. Tooke. Encyc. Ar. J>.j badana, to be fat Johnson. or .xi A metalline bath is water impregnated with iron or other metallic substance, and RAHITE, n. [Gr. ^ar^axof, a fiog.] A fossil or stone in color resembling a frog. 1. faddana, to fatten. See Fat.] applied to a diseased part. Encyc. To fatten; to make fat; to make plump Ash. In chimisb-y, a wet bath is formed by hot Milton. feeding. water in which is placed a vessel contain- BAT'RAHOMYOM'AHY, n. [Gr. fiat 2. by plenteousor To fertilize enrich land. Philips. pa^oj, a frog, /nvj, a mouse, and i^axr., a bat ing the matter which requires a softer BAT'TEN, V. i. To grow or become fat to iieat than the naked fire. tie.] live in luxury, or to grow fat in ease and In medicine, the animal bath is made by The battle between the frogs and mice a luxuiy. Dryden. bm-lesque poem ascribed to Homer. wrapping the ))art aflt^cted in a warm skin The pampered monarch battening in ease. Coxe. BATRA'CIAN, a. [Gr. ia.tfo.x'X, a frog,. just taken from an animal. Garth. an epithet designa3. A house for bathing. In some eastern Pertaining to frogs n. BAT'TEN, piece of board or scantting an order of animals, including frogs, countries, baths arc \ cry magnificent edifiling, of a few inches in breadth, used in toads and similar animals. ces. Barnes. making doors and windows. It is not as n. An animal of the order 4. A Hebrew measure broad as a pannel. containing the tenth BATRA'CIAN, Encyc. above mentioned. of a home)-, or seven gallons and four BAT'TEN, V. t. To form with battens. and three BAT'TABLE, a. Capable of cultivation. BAT'TER, v.t. ])ints, as a measure for liquids [Fr. battre ; Sp. batir; It. Burton. [.Yot in use.] pecks and three pints, as a dry measure. battere ; L. batuo, to beat. See Beat.] com- 1. To beat with successive blows to beat Calmet. BAT'TAILANT, n. [See Battle.] Shelion. BATH-ROOM, n. An apartment for bath- batant. [.Vot ttsed.] with violence, so as to bruise, shake, or Tooke. BAT'TAILOUS, a. [See Battle.] Warlilce ing. demolish as, to hatter a wall. the form or appearance of an ar- 2. V. t. [Sax. bathian, to wash. See BATHE, having To wear or impair with beating as a batBath. Qu. W. 602s, to immerse.] my arrayed for battle marshaled, as for tered pavement a battered jade. an attack. 1. Ti) wash the Milton. Fairfax. body, or some part of it, by Diyden. Pope. immersion, as in a bath it often differs BATTAL'IA, n. [Sp. bataUa ; It. battaglia, 3. To attack with a battering ram. from ordinary washing in a longer applibattle. See Battle.] 4. To attack with heavy artillery, for the cation of water, to the body or to a par- 1. The order of battle troops arrayed in purpose of making a breach in a wall or ticular part, as for the purpose of cleanstheir proiier brigades, regiments, battalrampart. ing or stimidating the skin. ions, &c., as for action. BAT'TER, V. i. To swell, bulge or stand 3. To wash or moisten, for the purpose of^ 2. The main of an army in array, disout, as a timber or side of a wall from its body soft and supple, or for making Johnson. foundation. cleansing, tinguished from the wings. Moion. as a wound. BATTAL'ION, n. [Fr.bataiUon. See BaiUe.] BAT'TER, 71. [from beat or haHer.] 3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid ; as, to A body of infantry, consisting of from 500 .\ mixture of se\eral ingredients, as flour, bathe in tears or blood. to 800 men so called from being origibeaten together with some eggs, salt, &c., BATHE, V. i. To be or lie in a bath; to nally a body of men arrayed for battle. liquor, used in cookery. King be in water, or in other liquid, or to be imA battalion is generally a body of troops pp. Beaten; bruised, brokmersed in a fluid, as in a bulb as, to bathe next below a regiment. Sometimes a baten, inqjaired by beating or wearing. in fierv floods. Shak. talion composes a regiment more gene71. One who batters or beats. BATHED, pp. Washed as in a bath; mois- rally a regiment consists of two or morej BATTERING, ppr. Beating; da.*hing atened with a liquid bedewed. battalions. Johnson. Encyc.] gainst bruising or demolishijig by beating.
2.

They are also natural or arlijicial. N'aiural batlis are those which consist of spring water, either hot or colfl, which is often impregnated with iron, and called chalybeate, or with sulphur, carbonic acid, and other miiieral These waters are often very qualities. eflicacious in scorbutic, bilious, dyspeptic and other complaints.
led
iind cold.

warm

The

of sinking in poetry. ArbuthnM. BATING, ppr. [from bate.] Abating taking away deducting excepting. Children have few ideas, bating some faint
art
;
; ;

in issues joined upon a writ of right. The contest was had before the judges, on a ])iece of ground inclosed, and the combatants were' bound to fighi till the stars appeared, unless the death of one party or victory sooner decided the

contest.

It is

no longer

in use.

Blackstone.

BATTEL,
2.

I',

i.

ideas of hunger and thirst.

Locke.
cloth

To grow

fat.

[.Yot in use.]

BAT'INIST. BAT'IST, 71.

n.

[See Bateniles.]
fine linen

made

in

Flanders and Picardy, of three different kinds or thicknesses. Encyc

[See batten.] To stand indebted in the college books at Oxford, for provisions and drink, from the buttery. Hence a batteler answers to

in

which heat

is

applied to a

body BAT'LET,

BAT

BATTERED,

BATTERER,
;

BAT

A U

B A

of forces, or division of an arniy.j BAULK. [See BtUk.] JBAT'TERING-RAM, n. lu antiquity, a 2. A body Bacon.] BAV'AROY, 71. A kind of cloke or surtout. to beat down the Johnson. military engine used The main body, as distinct from the van walls of besieged places. It was a large Hayward. BAV'IN, n. A stick like those bound up in and rear. Obs. with a head of iron somewhat rebeam, a piece of waste wood. In war, attack an enemy to join faggots of a ram, whence its To give battle, is to sembling the head Johnson. Encuc. brush, faggots. to meet the attack ; but battle, is jiroperly name. It was suspended by ropes in the is not always ob- BAW'BLE, n. [Fr. babiole, a toy, or babyperhaps tliis distinction middle to a beam which was supported thing according to Spelman, baubella are and balanced so as to swing backby posts, battle is one in which the annies gems or jewels.] wards and forwards, and was impelled by A pitched drawn up in form, with a A trifling piece of finery a gew-gaw ; that men against tlie wall. It was sometimes are previously which is gay or showy without real value. of the forces. regular disposition mounted on wheels. den val
;

BATTERY,
It.

n. [Fr.

baUerie

Sp. hatcria

To

turn the

batteria.

See Beat.]

iantly, xxviii.

1.

3. 3.

BAT'TLE, V. i. [Fr. batailler ; Sp. batallar. someIn the militanj art, a parapet thrown up.to To in fight join in battle to contend Addison. cover the gunners and others employed times with it ; as, to battle it. witli about them, from the enemy's shot, BAT'TLE, V. t. To cover with armed force. t>atthe guns employed. Thus, to erect a Fairfd.c. form the parapet and mount the BATTLE-ARRA'Y, n. [battle and array.] tery, is to also to a numof guns. The term is applied Array or order of battle ; the disposition ber of guns ranged in order for battering, forces preparatory to a battle. used and to mortars used for a like puri)0se. An ax
; ;

The act of battering, or beating. The instrument of battering.

entered the

and drive the enemy, who hath Is to the gate. city, back

battle to the gate,

is to fight

Dry

BAWB'LING,
Obs.

contemptible. Shak. BAW'-COCK, n. A fine fellow. [Qu. beauShak. cock.] know not the origin of this n. BAWD, [I word but in French, baudir is a term in hunting, signifying to excite or encourage formed, according to dogs to the chase or Lunier, from the Low Latin, baldire,
Trifling
;
; ;

a.

Cross batteries are two batteries winch each other, forming an angle play athwart upon the object battered. is one which scours or Battery
d'enflade,

BAT'TLE-AX, BAT'TLE-AXE,

.sweeps the whole Battery ea echarpc,

obliquely.

hne or length. is that which plays

weapon of war. I the It has been used till of late years by and is still used highlanders in Scotlanil the city guards in Edinburg, in quelling by Encyc. mobs, &c.
as a
;

"'

anciently

quicken which, from the Italian, baldo, haldanza, appears to be from the root of Eng. bold, the prisense of which is, to project, to push mary
exbaldire, to enliven, to
;

or rush forward.
to allure.
ius,

In

W. pud

is

what tends

BATTLE-DOOR, n.
ment of
shuttle-cock
2.
;

bat'tl-dore.

An instru- A
Locke.

is that Battery de revers, upon the enemy's back.

which plays
several guns place.

a handle and a flat play, with board or palm, used to strike a baU or a racket.
n.

But one author quotes Hesychor giving Gr. )3a*o5, a procurer procuress.] or procuress. person who procurer and conkeeps a house of prostitution, ducts criminal intrigues. [Usually applied
as

Camerade
play at the
1.

battery, is

when

same time upon one

A child's horn book.

been
tion,

.5.

Encyc. In lav), the unlawful beating of another The least violence or the touching of anBtackstone. in anger is a battery. other a In electrical apparatus and experiments, number of coated placed in such a

BAT'TLEMENT,
bastillement,

[This

use in U. S.] [.Vof in is said to have

bastille,

BAWD, V.
for
2.

to females.]
i.

To

procure

to provide

women
Skelton.

from

a fortifica-

To

lewd purposes.
foul or dirty.
a.

from Fr. bdtir, bastir, to build. Qu.] wall raised on a building with openings or embrasures, or the embrasure itself Encyc. Johnson.
a.

BAWD-BORN,

Descended from a bawd.

Shak.
lewdly. lewdness.

[J^ot in use.]

BAWD'ILY, arfi). Obscenely, BAWD'INESS, n. Obscenity

B.\WD'RICK,
n.

jars at the same time, and- discharged in the is called an electrical battery. manner. This of plates Galvanic buttery, a pile or scries ziuk, or of any substances

manner, that they may be charged

BAT'TLEMENTED,
I

Secured by

battle-

[See Baldrick.]

belt.

ments.

Herbert
n. Conflict.

Chapman.

same

BATTLING,
One

Thomson BAWD'RY,n. [See Bawd.]

ble jiractice of procuring lust. gratification of
2.

The abomina-

ofcopperand
n.

action. susceptible of galvanic

TJAT'TING,
pjj^y

The management
[from
;

n. [See Battology.] that repeats the same thing in speakmg fVhitlock. or writing. [Little used.] BATTOL'OUlZE, r. t. To repeat needof a bat [Little used.] lessly the same thing.

BATTOL'OgIST,

women

for the

Obscenity
applied
to

-,

filthy,

BAWD'Y,
and

"a.

Obscene
a.

unchaste language. unchaste filthy

; ;

laniruase.

Mason.

Herbert.

BAWD'Y-HOUSE^
prostitution.

house of lewdness
to

BAT'TISH,

n.

Resembling a

bat

bat, an animal.] as a batlish humor.

BATTOL'OuY,
llatTos,

n. [Gr. ^troxoyia, from a garrulous person, and Tooyoj, dis-

BAWL, V.

p'ernon.]

BAT'TLE,
;

Ji.

[Fr.

hataille

W.
;

batel,

See Beat. trumpet and Ar. and Heb. Sas, to weep, butel, to be from clamor These all coincide in elements to wail. compact, and the fel, tight, n. Among the Hans-Towns, a L. pello, appello, Eng. peal, and the to have expressed the BAT'TORY, with word primarily merchants an factory or magazine which the primary sense is the same.] drawing of the bow. This is probably have in foreign countries. to Encyc. 1. To full sound error. The first battles of men were with cry out with a loud used in beating, BAT'TULATE, v. t. To interdict commerce. hoot to cry with vehemence, as in calling, clubs, or some weapons \A word used by the Levant company.] or in pain or exultation. Hence the club of Hercules. striking. Eton. use difterent a cliild from pain or 2. To cry loud, as And although the moderns some mode of BATTULA'TION, n. A prohibition of com vexation. weapons, still a battle is Eton. merce. BAWL, D. t. To proclaim by outcry, as a beating or striking.] between enemies, BAT'TY, a. [from bat, an animal.] Siinft. common crier. I. A fight, or encounter Shak. an engagement. It Belonging to a bat. BAWL'ED, pp. Proclaimed by outcry. or opposing armies or large bod- BATZ, n. A small copper coin with a mix- liAWL'ING, ppr. Crying aloud. is usually applied to armies in some parts of ture of silver, current but in popular language, the BAWL'ING, n. The act of crying with a ies of men Encyc. Germany and Switzerland. loud sound. word is applied to an encounter between n. [Qu. Fr. bas-billon.] In Scot small bodies, between individuals, or infe- BAUBEE', BAWN, 71. An inclosure with mud or stone land and the North of England, a hall It is also more generally a fortification. rior animals. walls for keeping cattle Johnson of land forces penny. Spenser. apijlied to the encounters [.Vo( used.] manufactured in Bur than of ships the encounters of the latter BAUgE, n. A drugget Todd. and of B/VW'RFL, 71. A kind of hawk. But battle is gundy, with thread spun thick, called engagements. being B-Jonson. n. A badger. coarse wool. Encyc. BAW'SIN, applicable to any combat of enemies
bealins:.
;

drawing of the bow, It. balta^lia, from la

stretched,

a battle

Pp. batal-

Owen supposes the Welsh

needless repetition of words in speaking. Ash. Encyc. BAT'TON, n. [from bat.] In commerce, deal for flooring, or pieces of wood or other purposes. Encyc.

course.]

i. [Sax. bellan ; Sw. bola, or bellow ; W. ballaiv ; G. bellen, to bark D. balderen, to roar L. balo, to bleat Fr. to pule ; Heb. hy the plainer, to bawl, Per. bala, a cry or blast of a
;
;

low

'

BAY
Pertaining to Baxter, a celebrated English divine ; as the Bailerian scheme. Encyc. a. [ Fr. bai or baie ; It. baio ; Sp. BAY, bayo ; L. badius. Class Bd.] Red, or reddish, inclining to a ehesnut color applied to the color of horses. The shades of this color are called light bay, dark bay,
a.
;

B E
BAY-SALT,
whicli erystahzes or receives Its consistence from the heat of the sun or action of the air. It forms in pits or basins, and from this circumstance re ceives its denomination. It appears first in a slight incrustation upon the surface of the wafer, which may be sea water, or any other water in which salt is dissolved. This crust thickens and hardens, till the crystalization is perfected, which takes place, in eight, ten or fifteen days.
is salt

B E A
sense is to stand, remain or be fixed ; hence to continue. This verb is defective, and its defects are supphed by verbs from other roots, am, is, was, were, which have no radical connection with 6e. The case is the same with the substantive verb in most languages.] To be fixed to exist to have a real state or existence, for a longer or shorter lime. Let this mind be in you, which was in Christ
; ;

BAXTE'RfAN,

The

1.

dappled bay, gildtd bay, ehesnut bay.

lit

popular language, in England, horses are called brown.

all

bay

Jesus.

Phil.

ii.

BAY,

Johnson. Encyc. n. [Fr. baie ; Sp. Port, bahia; It.baia; D. baai ; contracted from the root of Sax. byge, an angle, bygan, D. boogen, to bend,
sea, extending into the definite form, but smaller

BAY-WINDOW,
BAY- YARN,

n.

Encyc.

Chambers.
2. jutting out

To

be, contents his nat<iral desire.

window

To be made
xi.\.

Pope. Math.
if

to he

to

become.
be one flesh.

from the wall, as

1.

whence bow.] An arm of the

land, not of

n. A denomination sometimes used promiscuously with woolen yarn. Chambers.

in shops.

And they twain

Jcr. xxxii.

shall

3.

To
To

reniaui.

was made.
4.

Let the garment

be as

than a

gulf,

any and larger than a creek.

is

not used with much pre cision, and is ollen applied to large tracts of water, around which the laud forms a curve, as Hudson's Bay. Nor is the name restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but u.sed for any recess or inlet between capes or head lands, as the bay

name however

BA'YARD, n. [bay The 1. A bay horse.

2.

and

ard, kind.]
Philips.

be jnesent in a place.

Where was
you
be

at the time ?

When

v\ ill

at

An-unmannerly
a. a.

beliolder.

B. Jonson.

BA'YARDLY,
BA'YED,
eta;
It.

BA'YONET,

Bhnd ; stupid. Taylor. building. [Fr. baionette ; Sp. bayonbaionetta ; so called, it is said, be
Having bays, as a
n.

of Biscay.
2.

pond-head, or a pond formed by a dam, for the purpose of driving mill-wheels.

[/ believe not used in U. S.] In a bam, a place between the floor and the end of the building, or a low inclosed

3.

place, for depositing hay.

4.

In EnglandfSays JoUnson, if a barn conof a floor and two heads, where they lay corn, they call it a barn of two bays. These hays are from 14 to 20 feet long, and floors from 10 to 12 feet broad, and usually 20 feet long, which is the breadth of the barn. Builder's Diet. In ships of war, that part on each side between decks which hes between the hitts.
sists

a particular future tense, which often expresses duty, necessity or as, govenunent is to be suppurpose for use, af\er the soldier had fired but we are to pay our just debts. ported now made with an iron handle and rmg which go over the muzzle of the piece, so Let be is to omit, or leave untouched to let alone. that the .soldier fires with his bayonet
the
infinitive,
; ; ; ;

cause the first bayonets were made at Bayoime. P'ieyra's Poiiuguese Diet.] short pointed instrument of iron or broad dagger, formerly with a handle fitted to the bore of a gun, where it was inserted

house ? 5. To have a particular manner of being or happening as, how is this affair ? how was it ? what were the circumstances ? This verb is used a.s an auxiliary in forming the tenses of other verbs, and particularly in giving to them the as, passive form he has been disturbed. It forms, with
;

my

Mar.
!>.

Diet.

Any
tree.

kind of opening in walls.

Chavibers.

J^. [Qu. Gr. i3awi>, a branch of the palm In Sp. baya is a berry, the fruit of the laurel.] 1. The laurel tree. Hence, 2. Bays, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown, bestowed a.s a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of branches of the laurel. The patriot's honors, and tlie poet's bays. Trumbull. 3. In some parts of the U. States, a tract of

BAY,

land covered with bay trees. Drayton, S. Carolina BAY, n. [Goth, beidan, to expect It. bada ; " tenere a " star a bada," to keep at bay bada," to stand trifling badare, to stand trifling, to amuse one's self, to take care, to watch, to covet abbadare, to mind "Fr. hayer, to gape or stand gaping. Qu.
; ; ; ; ;

Encyc. BA'YONET, V. I. To stab with a bayonet. BE, a prefix, as in because, before, beset, beTo compel or drive by the bayonet. deck, is the same word as by ; Sax. 6e, big ; Goth. bi. It is conunon to the EngUsli, Burke. Saxon, Gothic, German, Dutch, Danish BAYS, or BAYZE. [See Baize.] o ^ and Swedish languages. It occurs probain the Russian, but is written BAZ'AR, ?!. [Pers. Russ. bly po, a.s it jIjLj bazar; is mpossideo and a few other words in the bazari, a market.] Latin. It denotes nearness, closeness, Among the Tiuks and Persians, an ex about, on, at, from some root signifying to change, market-place, or place where pass or to press. [See By.] goods are exposed to sale. Some bazars That this word is the Shemitic 3, used as a are open, others are covered with lofty prefix, is certain, not only from its geneial or domes, pierced to give light. ceilings applications, which may he seen by comThe bazar at Tauris will contaui 30,000 " paring the uses of the word, in the Heb. men. Encyc for instance, with those in the Saxon BAZ'AT, ? A long, fine spun cotton from but from its use in particular phrases, parBAZ'.-^, ^ Jerusalem, whence it is called ticularly in its use before the name of the Jerusalem cotton. Encyc. Supreme being in swearing. Hence we BDEL'LIUM, n. delVyum. [L.; Gr. ^-KKmv find that 3 is not from n3 nor from ri'3, as Syr. Ch. Heb. nSlJ. Bochart and ParkParkhurst supjioses, but is a contraction hurst translate it, pearl. Gen. ii. But it of big, which is used in the Saxon, bigis doubtful whether the bdellium of the spell, a proverb, a by-word bigstandan, scriptures is that now used.] to stand by. A gummy resinous juice, produced by a tree n. [Qu. Russ. bok, coast] in the East Indies, of which we have no BEACH, The shore of the sea, or of a lake, wliich is account. It is brought fi-om satisfactory washed by the tide and waves the strand. the E. Indies and from Arabia, in pieces It may be sometimes used for the shore of of different sizes and figures, externally of large rivers. a dark reddish brown, internally, clear
; ; ;

fixed.

Let

be, said he,

my

prey.

Dry den.

and sticks to the teeth on a red hot iron, it readily catches flame and burns with a It is used as a perfume crackling noise. and a medicine, being a weak deobstruent. Encyc. V. i. [Fr. BAY, aboye'r ; It. baiare, to bark.] BE, V. i. substantive ; mrr. being; pp. been. 1. To bark, as a dog at his game. Spenser. G. bin, bist ; D. ben [Sax. beon, to be. 2. To encompass, or inclose, from bay. now use embay. Shak. Indie, pres. tense. Qu. Pers. \ BAY, V. (. To bark at to follow with barkShak. ing. bodan, to be, and W. bud,
;

abnyer.] state of expectation, watching or looking for ; as, to kee)) a man at So a stag bay. at bay is when he turns his head

and not unlike to glue. To the taste, it slightly bitterish and pungent ; its odor
agreeable.

is is

BE'ACHED,

In the mouth,

it

becomes

soft

BE'ACHY,
BE'AON,

a. Exposed to the waves washed by the tide and waves. Shak. a. Having a beach or beaches.

Shak.
n. heikn. [W. pigvm, a Ijeacon, cone, or turret, from pxg, a point. See Pike. Sax. beacen, beccn, asignal D. baak, baaken ; Ger. bake.] signal erected on a long pole, upon an eminence, consisting of a pitch barrel, or some combustible matter, to be fired at night, or to cause a smoke by day, to notify the approach of an
;

the dogs. Whence abeyance, in law, or a state of expectancy.

against

1.

We

byzu, hydiaic. 2.

enemy.

Ught-house ; a house erected on a point

B E A
of land, or other place on the sea-coast, with lamps which burn at night, to direct navigators, and preserve vessels from running upon rocks, sand banks, or the shore. In general, a beacon may be any light or mark intended for direction and security
against danger.
3. 2.

B E A
An
officer in

B E A
;

business is to the masters, in a public procession or as in America, before the president, tru; tees, faculty and students of a college, in a
procession, at public connnencements.
3.

a university, whose chief walk with a mace, before

1.

Bg. It properly signifies the stock or stem of a tree that is, the fixed, firm part.] The largest, or a principal piece in a
;

building, that lies across the walls,

and

serves to support the principal rafters.

2.

Figuratively, that

which gives notice of

danger.

BE'AONAgE,
BEAD,

n.

Money

maintenance of a beacon.

paid for the Encyc. Ash.

;

BE'ADLESHIP,

parish officer, whose business is to punportion to its tliickness, ish ])etty offenders. hewed for use. Johnson. n. The office of a beadle. 3. The part of a balance,
n. [Fr. bigle, so
;

Encyc.

Any

Encyc. large piece of timber, long in pro-

and squared, or

n. [Ger. belhe, a bead supposed from beten, biddan, to pray, from the use of beads in Catholic countries Sax. bead, a praying. In Spanish and Portuguese, the word answering to count is used for a bead.] 1. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn about the neck, for ornament. A string of beads is called a neck;

BE'AGLE,
tlene-ss
;

named

Wood. from lit

4.

from the ends of scales are suspended ; sometimes used for the whole apparatus for

which the
weighing.

VV. 6ac, little Ir. pig ; It. piccolo. have from the same root boy, and the Danes pige, a little girl, and probably pug is the same word. Qu. Gr. rcvyftaioi, a pyg

We
A

5.

"I.V.]

Beads are made of gold, pearl, amber, steel, garnet, coral, diamond, crysTlie Romanists tal, pastes, glasses, &c.
lace.

small hound, or hunting dog. Beagles are of different sorts as the southern beagle, shorter and less, but thickei', than the
;

6.

Encyc. The part on the head of a stag, which bears the antlers, royals and tops. The pole of a carriage, which runs between the horses. Dryden. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wuid the warp before weaving and this name is given
;

deep-mouthed hound

use strings of beads in rehearsing their

prayers.

Hence the phrase,

beads,
is

to tell heads,

and
2.

to be at one''s

to be at prayer.

the feet northern, or cat beagle, smaller, and of a finer shape than the southern. From these speciesl united, is bred a third, still preferable andi a smaller sort is little larger than the lap;
;

also to the cylinder

rolled, as
7.
it is

on which the cloth

wove.

8.

Encyc.

Johnson.

dog.

Encyc.
. [D. tei ; W.pig; Ir. peac Fr. bee ; Sp. pico ; It. becco
;

hence the glass globules, used in traffick with savages, and sold in strings, are called beads ; also a

Any small

globular body

BE.^K,
bek
;

3.

bubble on spirit. In architecture, a round molding, commonly made upon the edge of a ])iece of stuff, in the Corinthian and Roman orders, cut or carved in short embossments, like beads in necklaces. Encyc. Bidding of beads, is a charge given by a

Arm. ; Dan. ; Sw. pigg, pik Sax. piic ; Fr. pig, pik Eng. peak, pike, &c. The sense pique and is, a shoot, or a point, from thrusting this word is connected with a numerous
; ;
;

9.

straight |)art or shank of an anchor. In ships, a great main cross timber, which holds the sides of a ship from falling together. The beams support the decks and The maui beam is next the mainorlops. mast. Mar. DicL The main piece of a plow, in which the ph.w-tails are fixed, and by which it is

The

drawn.
10.

1.

priest to his parishioners, to repeat certain 2. brass, resembling a beak, fastened to the pater-nosters upon their beads for a deend of ancient gallies ; intended to pierce parted sold. Bailey.

See Class Bg.] bill, or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny substance, either straight or curving, and ending in a point. A pointed piece of wood, fortified with
family.

The

Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a square wooden cr brass beam, having shding sockets, that carry steel or pencil points used for describing large circles,
;

and

in large projections for drawing the furniture on wall-dials. Encyc. Johnson.

the

BE'AD-M.'VKER,

One who makes beads. In French, pntemostrier IS one who makes,

n.

In Paris are strings, and sells beads. three companies of paternostriers one that works in glass or ci-ystal one, in wood
; ;

and horn

a third, in amber, coral, &c.

Enci/c.
a.

BE'AD-PROOF,
when,

Spirit

is

bead-proof,

after being shaken, a crown of bubbles will stand, for .some time after, on the surface, manifesting a certain standard of strength. Encyc. BE' AD-ROLL, n. Among Catholics, a list or catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls, they are to repeat a certain number of prayers, which they count l)v

their beads.

BE'AD-TREE,

n.

The

Encyc. azedarach, a species

BEADS-MAN, n. A man employed

BE' ADS-WOMAN,
a
n.

of Meha, a native of the Indies, growing about 20 feet high, adorned with large pinnated or winged leaves, and clusters of pentapetalons flowers. Encyc.
in praying, generally in prayuig for another. Johtison.

woman who

praying

woman

resides in an alms-house.

beam, in navigation, signifies any distance from the ship, on a line with the the vessels of .an enemy. In modern ships, beams, or at right angles with the keel. Mar. Diet. the beak-head is a name given to the fore ]iart of a ship, whose forecastle is square, Before the beam, is an arch of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right or oblong a circmnstance common to all angles, or the line of the beam, and that ships of war, which have two or more tiers of guns. Mar. Did point of the compass which she steers. Mar. Did. Beak or beak-head, that part of a ship vessel is said to be on her before the forecastle, which is fastened to Beam ends. beam ends, when she inclines so much on the stem, and supported by the main knee. one side that her beams approach a verEncyc. .Mar. Did. tical position. 3. In farriery, a little shoe, at the toe, about an inch long, turned up and fastened in Beam-feathers, in falconry, the long featliers of a hawk's wing. Bailey. upon the fore part of the hoof In Yorkshire, Englaiid, Farrier''s Diet. BE'AM-BIRD, n. the petty chaps, a species of Motacilla, 4. Any thing ending in a point, like a beak. called in Dorsetshire, the hay-bird. This in America is more generally pro nounced peak. Encyc. of BEAK, II. t. Among cock fighters, to take The spotted fly-catcher, a speciesEd. Muscicapa. Encyc. hold with the beak. Ash n. species of wild sera. Having a beak in BE'AKED, ending vice. Johnson. a point, like a beak. The Crataegus Aria. Cyc. BE'AKER, n. [Ger. becher.] cup or glass. Johnson. BEAM, n. [Sax. beam, a ray of the sun; beamian, to shine or send forth beams ; bickern an iron tool, BE'AKiRON, n. Sam. hahmah, splendor Ii. beim, a stroke, ending in a point, used by blacksmiths. and solliheim, a thunderbolt.] Ash. A ray of light, emitted from the sun, or other
;

Qn

BEAM-TREE,

A
;

BE'ADLE,
bedenu
;

Ash. 11. [Sax. hydel, or ba-del; Fr. Sp. bedel It. bidello ; Ger. buttel, or lictor from pedell ; Sw. bodel, a beadle, the root of bid. Sax. beodan, to order or
; ;

BEAL, n.

pimple
V.

tory tumor; a pu.stule.

BEAL,
come

command.
1.

See Bid.] messenger or crier of a covut a servi- BE.^M, n. [Goth, bagms, a tree Sax. beam ; G. baum ; D. boom, a tree Dan. botn, a bar tor; one who cites persons to appear and or rail Ir. beim, a beam. We see by the answer called also an apparitor or smn-

W. 5ai, a prominence.] a small inflammaJohnson. Ash. gather matter to swell and to a head, as a pimple. Johnson. Ash.
[Seel?o?7.
;

a whelk

i.

To

BEAM, BEAM,
He

luminous body. To send forth; to emit. t'. t. V. i. To emit rays of hght, or beams;
to shine.

beam'd, the day

star of the rising a^e.

Trumbull.

BE'AMING,
beams.

ppr. Emitting rays of hght or

;

BE'AMING,

inoner.

Encyc.

Gothic, th^t the

word belongs

to Class

n. Radiation darting of light in rays.

the emission or

B E A
'i.

B E A
; ; ;

B E A

issuing of intellectual light ; dawn prophetic intimation first indication. Such were tJie beamings of an original and T. Dawes. cifted mind.
;

The

BE'AMLESS, a. Emitting no rays of light. BE'AMY, a. Emitting rays of light radi;

ant
2.

shuiing.
in size

Resembhng a beam
massy.

and weight

3.

Having horns, or

BEAN,

bona ; Ch. [ISN, apuii, a vetch. Qu. Arm. J'avon Corn. id. ; W. faen.] A name given to several kinds of pulse, or leguminous seeds, and the plants producing them. They belong to several genera, particularly Vicia, Phaseolus and Dolichos. The varieties most usually
;

Dnjden. Dryden. 71. [Sax. bean ; Dan. bonne ; Sw. Gr. nvavw D. boon ; Ger. bohne ;
antlers.
;

Dan. bcerer, to carry, bear, 20. To remove, or to endure the effects barn, a sou of; and hence to give satisfaction for. I)roduce ; L. fero, pario, porta ; Gr. ^ffiw, He shall bear tiicir iniquities. Is. liii. Hcb. ^jojjfu ; Sp. I'urt. parir, to bring forth porix. It. tar, to carry Ir. portare, to carry bearadh, beirim, to hear or bring forth, to To bear the infirmities of the weak, to bear one tell or relate, whence Fr. another's burdens, is to be charitable toparler ; Russ. wards their faults, to sympathize with 6er!, to take, to carry ; Sans, bharadi, to bear. This verb I sujjpose to be them, and to aid them in distress. radically the saine as the Shemiiic vro to Broum. produce ; L. pario. The primary sense is to throw To bear off, is to restrain ; to from
; ;

out, to bring (brth, or in general, to thrnst or drive along. It hicludes the proper significations, both of L. fero and pario
;

keep apseamanship, to remove to keep clear from rubbing against any thing as, to bear off a Wow ;
proach
;

and
;

in

a distance
to bear

to

1.

cultivated are, the horse bean, the maza gan, the kidney bean, the cranberry bean, the lima bean, the frost bean, &c. The stalk is erect or cUnibing, and the fruit generally roundish, oval or flat, and of

2.

off a boat also, to carry away; as, and di/JP. Hence, jirobato bear off stolen goods. and a great family of To bear doivn, is to impel or urge ; to overwords. See Class Br. No. 15, Si!, 33, 35.] throw or crush by force ; as, to bear dmen To support to sustain as, to bear a an enemy. weight or burden. To hear down upon, To carry to convey to support and re- make all sail to to press to overtake to come up with. " move from to

Shemitic
bly,

ma
;

Gr.

liafiof, tiotjvs,

him eth them on her wings."

place place as, they bear upon the shoulder ;" " the eagle bear;

To

To

various colors. Malacca-beans. Anacardia, the fruit of a tree growing ui Malabar, and other parts of| 4. the Indies. This fluit is of a shining black color, of the shape of a heart flattened about ail inch long, terminating at one end in an obtuse point, and at tlie other, adhering to a wrinkled stalk. It contains, within two shells, a kernel of a sweetish taste and betwi.xt the shells is lodged a 6. thick acrid juice. Encyc.
;

Isaiah. Deuteronomy. To wear; to bear as a ujark of authority or distinction as, to bear a sword, a badge, a name to bear arms in a coat.
; ;

bear hard, is to press or urge. Cesar doth bear me hard. Shak. bear on, is to press also to carry against ;

fonvard, to press, incite or animate.

Contidence hath borne thee on. Ardlon. bear through, is to conduct or manage ; " to bear through the consulship." B. Jonson. Also, to maintain or support to the end as, religion will tear us through the evils of life. To bear out, is to maintain and to the

To

BE'AN-APER,
BE'AN-OD,
pilot boat, It is sharp n.

ti.

plant, a

species of
7.

zygophyllum, a native of warm climates

Encyr.

ry ; as, a man may bear stronger food or drink. To entertain ; to carry in the mind as, to bear a great love for a friend ; to bear inveterate hatred to gamhig. To suffer to undergo ; as, to bear
; ;

To keep afloat as, the water bears a ship. To support or sustain without sinking or yieldmg to endure as, a man can bear severe pain or calamity or to sustaui with proportionate strength, and without inju;
; ;

as,

end to defend to the last. Company only can bear a man out
;

support

in

thing.

an ill South.
sui'-

To

bear up, to support

to

keep from
the

falling.

Religious hope bears

fprings.

up

mind under

Addison.
is

ishmcnt.
8.
;

pun

To To

bear up, to keep afloat. bear a body. A color

said to bear

small fishing vessel or

used in the ri\ers of Portugal forward, having its stem bent above into a great curve, and ])lated with
iron.

Encyc.
a.

of a pale purple color, found on bean flowers, pro duced from a maggot called mida. Encuc. BE'AN-GOOSE, n. A species of Anas migratory bird, which arrives in England in autunm, and retires to the north m sum mer. It is so named, from the likeness of the nail of the bill to a horse-bean.
n.

BE'AN-FED, BE'AN-FLY,

Fed with

beans.
fly,

SItak.

beautiful

Encyc. Bean-tree of America, a name given to the Erythrina. Kidney-Bean-tree, a name given to the Gly
cine.

body in painting, when it is capable of being ground so fine, and mixed so entirely with the oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color. 9. Johnson. To bear date, is to have the mark of time injury, when written or executed as, a letter or change as, to give words the most favorbond bears date, Jan. 6, 1811. able interpretation they will bear. To bear a price, is to have a certain price. 10. To bring forth or produce, as the fruit of In common mercantile ])lants, or the young of animals as, to bear language, it often to bear children. signifies or implies, to bear a good or high a])ples 11. To give birth to, or be the native price. place of Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore To bear in hand, to amuse with false pretenses to deceive. Bacon. South. Shak. Dry den 12. To possess and use as I believe this phrase is obsolete, or never power to exercise used in America. as, to bear sway. 13. To gain or win. To bear a hand, in seamanship, is to make Some think to bear it by speaking a groat haste, be quick. word. Bacon. BEAR, V. i. To suffer, as with pain. now used. The phrase now used is, But man is bom to bear. [Not Pope.

To suffer without resentment, or interference to prevent to have patience as, to bear neglect or indignities. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without or violence,
;
;

to

Binding-hean-tree,

Mimosa.

name given

to

the 14.
15.

Bean-trefoil, the Cynisus.

BEAR,
ran,

Fam. of Plants.

carry, bring, sustain, jiroduce, bruig forth 16. To sustain the effect, or be answerable for as, to bear the blame. gebyrian, gebyrigan, to pertain to, to belong to, to happen, to become, or be suit- 17. To sustain, as expense to supply the able answering to the Latin means of payuig as, to bear the charges, fero, porta, that is, to pay the expenses. pario and oporteo. Hence, probably, Sax. oarn, beam, a son, coinciding with born. 18. To be the object of. Goth, bairan, to bear, or carry gabairan, Let me but bear your love, and I'll 6ear your to bear; G.fdhren, to carry, and cares. Shak. [CiiusHa/.] gebclren, to D. beuren, to lift bring forth to act in any character voeren, to 19. To behave as, or bear ; baaren, to forth Sw. carry "hath he borne himself penitent?" [.Vo< bring bhra from, to bring forth bhra, to carry Shak. usual]
; ; ; ;
;

V. t. pret. bore ; p|i. born, borne. [Sax. bceran, beriin, beoran, byran, gebarnn, gebe gebyran, abtrran, aberan, to beai-,

To carry on, or maintain to have ; as, admissible, is rendered intransitive, merely to bear a part in conversation. the omission of pain, or other word exTo show or exhibit to relate ; as, to bear by pressive of evil. testimony or witness. This seems to im- 2. To be patient ; to endure. I cannot, cannot bear. ply utterance, like the Latili fero, to relate Dryden. or utter. This also seems to be elliptical.
; ;

bear away.]

This

is

unusual

in

prose;

and though

3.

To produce, as fruit to be fruitful, in opposition to barremiess. This age to blossom, and the next to bear.
;

Dryden. Were fruit must be imderstood. To take eftect to succeed as, to bring matters to bear. Guardian.
; ;

To

act in

Instruct

any character. me how I may bear like

a true

friar

\_Unusual.'\
6.

Shak.

To

be situated as to the point of compas?.

B E A
wiih respect to something else land bore E. N. E. from the ship.
7.
;

B E A
us,

B E A
of bind weed,
2.

the

BEAR-BIND,

Ji.

species

To bear away, in na^ ig-ation, is to change the course of a ship, when close liauled, or sailing with a side wind, and make her run before the wind. To bear up, is used in a like sense, from the act of bearing up Mar. Did. the helm to the windward. Hence, perhaps, in other cases, the exor pression may be used to denote tending moving from. to 8. To bear dotcn, is to drive or tend to approach with a fair wind as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. 9. To bear in, is to run or tend towards; as
; ;

or Convolvulus. n. Brank-ursine or Acanthus, a genus of plants. BEAB'S-EAR, n. The trivial name of prim-

BEAR'S-BREECH,
ula auricula.

sustains, or carries ; a earner, especially of a corpse to the grave.

One who wears any

sword.
3.

thing, as a

badge or
;

tree or plant that yields

bearer.

its fruit

as a

BEAR'S

EAR SANIeLE,
n.

n.

good
species of
4.

In architecture, a post or brick wall be-

Cortusa.

BEAR-FLY,
hellebore.

An
n.

insect.

Bacon.
of
5.

BE.\R'S-FOOT,

A
n.
o.

plant, a species

BEAR-GARDEN, BEAR-GARDEN,
bear-garden sport.

place where bears

.fish
;
;

are kept lor diversion.

a ship tears in with the land opposed to hear off, or keeping at a greater distance. 10. To bear vp, is to tend or move towards also, to be as, to bear up to one another supported to have fortitude to be firm not to sink as, to bear up under afflictions. 11. To bear upon, or against, is to lean upon or against ; to act on as weight or force, in any direction, as a column upon its base, or the sides of two incluiing objects
; ;
:

turbulent as Todd. bear. BEAR-VVIIELP, Shak. Shak. BEAR'S WORT, n. A plant. BEARD, n. herd. [Sax. beard; D. baard Ger. bart; Dan. hart ; L. barba ; Russ. bor oda, the beard and the chin probably from
n.

Rude

ports another thing. In heraldry, a figure in an achievement, placed by the side of a shield, and seeming to support it generally the figure of a beast. The figure of a human creature for a like purpose is called a tenant.
;

tween the ends of a piece of tunber, to support it. In general, any thing that sup-

The whelpof a

BEARHERD,
ducing.

re. [hear that tends bears.

and

herd.]

Encyc. mar.

Shak
;

BEARING, ppr.
BEARING,
2.

Supporting ; carrying pro

n.

Gesture; mien; behavior.

bear.]
1.

12.

against each other. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure as, " a lion bears against his
;

The hail- that grows on the chin, lips and adjacent parts of the face, chiefly of male adults hence a mark of virility. A gray beard, long heard and reverend beard, are
;

2.

13.

Dryden. prey." To bear upon, to act upon as, the artillery bore upon the center : or to be pointed or situated so as to affect as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort, or a
;
;

terms lor old age. Beard is sometimes used for the face, and to do a thing to a man's beard, is to do it
in defiance, or to his face.

I know him by his [ Unusual.} bearing. Shak The situation of an object, with respect to another object, liy which it is supposed to have a connection with it or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it. But of this frame, the bearings and the ties

Johnson.

3.

3.

of corn.

ship. 14. To bear mith, to endure what is unpleasing ; to be indulgent ; to forbear to resent,

or sharp prickles on the ears But more technically, parallel hairs or a tuft of stiff' hairs terminatmg the leaves of plants, a species of pubescence

The awn

fi.xed

Pope^ In architecture, the space between the two extremes of a piece of timber, or beBuilder's Did.

tween one extreme and a supporter.

4.

By some authors the name

1.

oppose, or punish. Reason would I should bear with you.

xviii.

Acts

given to the lower lip of a ringent corol. Martyn. A barb or sharp point of an arrow, or oth er instrument, bent backward from the
is

In nav^igation, the situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship's position, a.s on the bow, on the lee quarter, &c. Also, an arch of the horizon intercepted between ihe nearest meridian and any distant object, either discovered by the eye and referred to a point on the compass, or resulting from sinical proportion. Mar. Did. In heraldry, bearings are the coats of arms or figures of armories, by which the nobility and gentry are distinguished from

Shall not

God avenge
?

his elect,
xviii.

though he

> BEAR LOTn, " A cloth in which BEaRING-LOTH, S a new born child

bear long unth tliem

Luke

5.

being easily drawn out. The heard or chuck of a horse, is that part which bears the curb of a bridle, under neath the lower mandilile and above the

end

to prevent

its

carried to church to be Shak. BEAR, n. [Sax. bera ; Ger. biir ; D. beer ; Sw. Dan. and Ice. bierrn; Ir. hear; allied perhaps lo fierce, L. ferus, /era, or to baris

covered

when

6.

baptized.

7.

barus.]
1.

The marks
teeth
in

wild quadruped, of the genus Ursus. of the genus are, six fore

8.

the upper jaw, alternately hollow on the inside ; and six in the under jaw, the two lateral ones lobated ; the dog teeth are sohtary and conical ; the eyes have a nictitating membrane, and the nose
is

chin. Farrier's Diet. Encyc. The rays of a comet, emitted towards that part of the heaven to which its pro])er motion seems to direct it. Encyc. The threads or hairs of an oyster, muscle or similar shell-fish, by which they fasten themselves to stones. Encyc. In insects, two small, oblong, fleshy bodies, placed just above the trunk, as in

5.

common persons. BEARISH, a. Partaking

a bear.

Encyc. of the quahties of

Harris.

BEAR LIKE,
BEARN,
bear
;

a.

Resembling a bear.

Shak.

n. [Sax. beam ; Goth, Goth, gabaurans, born.]

bam ; from
Shak. Shak.

gnats,

moths and

butterflies.

BEARD,
2.

prominent.

or black bear, has his bo<ly covered with long shaggy hair. Some are found in Tartary, of a pure white color. The polar, or white bear, lias a long head and neck short, round ears the hair
arctos,
;
;

The

V. t. herd. To take by the beard pluck or pull the beard, in contempt or anger. To oppose to the face to set at defiance. I have been bearded More. by boys.
;

Encyc.

child.

In Scotland, bairn.
n.

REARWARD,
BEAST,
beest
;

A keeper

of bears.

to sieze,

JI.

[Ir.

L. bestia
:

biasf,piasd ; Corn, b^t ; D. Fr. bete, from beste; Dan. ;

bu-yst,

bast, beest

W.

wild,

savage, fero-

cious.
1.

See

Boisterous.']

BEARD'ED,
as a
2.

a.

berd'ed.

Having a beard,
hairs or tufts

man.

Having

parallel

of hair, as the leaves of plants. Baibed or jagged, as an arrow.

beard
;

Martyn
Dryden.

long, soft, and white, tinged in some parts with yellow. He grows to a great size, the skins of some being 13 feet long. This bear lives in cold climates only, and fre-

BEARD'ED,
pogon.

pp. berd'ed. Taken opposed to the face.

71.

by the

four footed animal, which may be used lor labor, food or sport distuiguishcd from fowls, insects, fishes and man as beasts of burden, beasts of the chase, beasts of the forest. It is usually apphed to large animals.

Any

BEARD'-GRASS,
BEARD'ING,
beard
;

plant, the

Andro

2.

quently swims from one

another.
3.

isle

of ice

to

ppr. berd'ing.
a.
;

Taking by the
Without
a

3.

Encyc. The name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called the greater and lesser bear. In the tail of the lesser bear is the pole star. BEAR-BAITING, n. The sport of baiting bears with dogs. Shak. BEAR-BERRY, n. A plant, a species of Arbutus.

opposing to the

tiice.

BEARD'LESS,
beard hood.
hairs.
;

berd'less.

young not having arrived to manIn botany, not having a tufi^ of

n.

animal, as in the phrase "man audbeast." So wild beast. Figuratively, a brutal man ; a person rude, coarse, filthy, or acting in a manner unJohnson. worthy of a rational creature.

Opposed

to

man,

it

signifies

any irrational

4.

A game

at cards.
a.

Hence

to beast.

Encyc.

BE'ASTLiKE,
The slate
or qual
tality

Like a beast
Tittis
n.

brutal.

BEARD'LESSNESS,
ity

BEARER,

of being destitute of beard. Lawrence, Led. n. [See Bear.] One who bears,

BE'ASTLINESS,
;

[from

coarseness; vulgarity ; filthiness; a practice contrary to tlie rules of humanity.

beastly.)

Andronicus. Bru-

13

E A
a beast;

B E A
;

B E A
when
lie

BE'ASTLY,
filthy
;

n.

Like

conti'ary to

bmuil conrsp the nature and dignity

;

too low. He beats vpon a u-alk, walks too short.

alified
CI

till

,'30

years after ins dr ulii.

All

extend by hammering. In 2. Having the form or nature of a beast. popular use, to be beat out, is to be extremePrior. to have the strength exhaustly fatigued BEAT, V. t. pret. beat ; p)). beat, beaten. ed by labor or exertion. [Sax. beatan, gebeotan, to beat gebeaten, BEAT, V. 1. To move with pulsation, as the pulse beats ; or to throb, as the heart beaten W. beczu ; Fr. baltre, or btilre : Sp.
beat out, to
;

of irian.

To

Eneyc

batir

Port, baler
botai/u
;

It.

baltere

L. batuo

ilifirates or attestations of his virtncB and miracles are examined by the congregation of rites, and this examination continues often for years after which his Holin(!.s decrees the beatification, and tho corpse and relics of the intended saint aj-e exposed to the veneration of all good
;

beut.i.

christians.

[L. beatus, happy, from to make.] to bless with the comIleb. Ch. C.j'.^a kabata ; Syr. B3n .3. To knock at a door. Judges xix. pletion of celestial enjoyment. 4. To fluctuate ; to be in Shak. 2. Ill the Romish church, to declare, by a deagitation. Perhap.-!, \i\ndoo, pata, to kill ; Burman, poTo beat about, to try to find ; to search by cree or )mblic act, that a person is receivtai, id; as we say, to smite and to slay. various means or ways. Addison. ed into hea\ en, and is to be reverenced as Hence, the otV-pato, man killers, in Hero blessed, though not canonized. dotus. Class Bd. No. 20. 33. 33. See To beat upon, to act upon with violen<-e
V.
t.

To dash

Russ.

Ar. IaA.a.

gabata, an<l

sion,

&c.

with force, as a storm, flood, pasa.s, the tempest beats against the
;

Ena/e.

BEAT'IFY,
1.

beo, to bless,

house.

To make happy:

aud facio,

Mate.]
1.

Jonah. BE'.\TIN(i, ppr.

;

Laying on blows:
;

.strik-

To

strike repeatedly

to lay

on repeated

Al.'o, to

speak frequently

to enforce

by
to

blov.s, with a stick, with tlie hand or fist or with any instnniient, and for any cause, Luke jn.st or nnjiist, or for ])iiiiishnient.
xii.

To
In

repetition. beat up for

Hooker.

ing; dashing afrainst conquering: pounding sailing against the direction of the
;

enlist

men

soldiers, is to into the army.

go about

wind &e.
;

BE'ATING,
ing blows
;

n.

The

Dent. xxv.

2.

strike an instrument on, as a ilriun.

To
To

of music

to play Sh/ik.

seamanship, to beat, is to make progress against the direction of the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse.

act of striking or giv-

punishment or chastisement

by

bloAvs.

The

3.

break, bruise, comminute, or pulver-

Mar.
Willi hunters, a

Diet.

by beating or pounding, as pepper or Ex. XXX. spices. 4. To extend by beating, as gold or oilier malleable substance or to hanjmer into any form to forge. Ex. xxxix. to shake by beating, or 5. To strike bushes to make a noise to rouse game. Prior. to force out corn from the G. To thresh husk by blows. Itiifh. 7. To break, mix or agitate by beating as, to beat an egg with any other thing.
ize
; ;
; ; ;

when he
other.

runs

first

stag heats up and down, one way and then an-

heating of flav and hemp is an operation which renders them more soft and For this purpose, they are made pliable.

BEAT,
3.

)i.

Eneyc.
stroke
;

into rolls and laid in a trough, where they are beat, till no roughness or hardne-ss can "

a striking

a blow,

be

felt.
_

whelher with the hand, or with a weapon. A pulsation; as the if n( of the pulse. 'l"he rise or full of the hand or foot, in regulating the di\ i.sions of lime in music. .\ transient grace-nolc in music, struck

Encyc.

4.

immediately before the note to ornament.

it

i.s

intended Busby.

book binding, beating is performed by laying the book in quires or sheets folded, a block, and beating it with a heavy broad-faced hammer. On this operation ihe elegance of the binding and the easy ojiening of the book chiefly depend.

on

or strike, as water brush, as wind. 9. To tread, as a path. 10. To overcome in a battle, strife ; to vanquish or conquer
8.
;

To dash

In the military art, the beat of drum, is a Beating the ipind, was a practice in the succession of strokes varied, in different ancient trial by combat. If one of the to strike or combatants did not appear on the field, ways, for particular purposes ; as to reg Milton ulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms the other was to beat the tcind, by making Blackmore. or quarters, to direct an attack or re flourishes with his weapons by which lie contest or was entitled lo the advantages of a contreat, Stc. as one
Bo;/le.
; ;

Encyc.

queror. Beatings, in music, the regular pulsative dle of the balance, or of the pads in a roy~1rbitthnot. swellings of sound, produced in an i>rgan To harass to exercise severely to over- al pendulum. 11. Encyr by pipes of the same key, when not in ) labor as, to beat the brains about logic. BEAT, Struck; dashed against: unison, and their vibrations not simulta^''' neous or coincident. Hakewill S pressed or laid down Busby. hammered pounded vanquished made BEATITUDE, n. [L. beatitude, from beaTo beat down, to break, destroy, throw down, smooth by treading worn by use track See Beatify.] tus, beo. by healing or battering, as a wall. ed. 1. Blessedness Also, to press down or lay flat, as by felicity of the highest kind; consununate bliss ; used of the joys of treading, by a current of water, by violent BE'ATER, n. One who beats, or strikes one whose occupation is to hammer meheaven. Shak. wind, &c. tals. 2. The declaration of blessedness made by to lower the price by iraportuuitv Also, 2. ."Vn instrument for pounding, or eoniniiour Savior to jiarticiflar virtues. or argument. Also, to depress or crush as, to beat down iiuting substances. BEAU, Ji. bo. phi. beaux, boze. [Fr. beau, BEATER-IP, 11. One who beats for game: contracted fiom bel, L. bcllus, Sp. It. opposition. a sporlsman''3 term. Butlerj Also, to sink or lessen the price or value bello, fine, gay, handsome.] Bacon BEATH, v.t. To bathe. [.Vol in use.] Usiii-y beats down the price of land. A man of dre.-is; a fine, gay man one whose -To beat back, to compel to retire or return. Spenser. great care is to deck his person. In faTo lieatinto, to teach or instill, by repetitioi BEATIF'I, from miliar language, a man who attends a I "' [L.6frf5, blessed,
; ; ;

beats anotlier at play. Pyrrhus beat the Carthaginians at sea.

The beat of a watch or clock, is the stroke made by the fangs or pallets of the spin-

BEATEN,

of instruction.

BEATIFICAL,

beo, to bless,

and

facio,

To To Tj To To

beat np, to attack suddenly ; to alarm or disturb ; as, to beat up an enemy's tpiarters.

beat

the

loing,

to flutter

to

See Beatify.] to make. That has the power to bless or make happy, or the power to fonijilete blissful enjoymove with ment; used only of heavenly fruition after
death

lady.

BEAUISH,
pish
;

a.

bo'ish.

Like a beau

fop-

fine.

fluttering agitation. beat off, to repel or drive back. beat the hoof, to walk to go on foot. beat time, to measure or regulate time in
;

BEATIF'K ALLY,
ehttrch,

Milton as beatific vision. adv. In such a manner as to complete happiness.

;

bomond'. [Fr. 6cau,fine, and monde, world.] The fashionable world; people of fashion
n.

BEAU-MONDE,
and gaiety.

Prior.
a. bxt'teous.

BEATIFICATION,

music by the motion of the hand or foot. Id the manege, a horse beats the duiit, when at each motion he does not take in ground

enough with

when he does them

his fore legs

ajid at curvets,

too precipitately, or

n. In the Romish an act of the Pope by which he declares a person beatified or blessed after death. This is the first step towards canonization, or the raising of one to the dignity of a saint. No person can be be-

BEAU TEOUS,
Very
:

fair; elegant in
;

[See Beauty.] form; pleasing to

the sight beautiful very handsome. It expresses a greater degree of beauty than handsome, and is chieflv used in poetrv. BEAU'TEGUSLY, adv. 'hu'teously. In "a

Vol.

J.

20

B E A
beauteous manner
; ;

B E C
pleasiugj
6.

EEC
;

the cause, for the cause, which is mentioned Order, prosin the ne.xt atfirmation, viz. I was afi-aid. Ezek. xvi. perity, peace, hoUness. to the sight beautifully. BEAU'TEOUSNESS, n. biiteousness. The BEAUTY, V. t. bu'ty. To adorn to beau- Hence, cause being a noun, because may be regularly followed by of. Shak. Obs. state ortjuality of being beauteous; beautify or embellish. The spirit is life, because of righteousness. n. bu'ty-spot. A patch; BEAUTY-SPOT, tyBecause of these cometh tlie wrath of God BEAU'TIFIER, n. bu'tifier. lie or that a foil a spot placed on the face to heightupon the children of disobedience. en beauty. which makes beautiful. BECH>ARM, V. t. [be and charm.] To BEAU'TIFUL, a. bu'tiful. [beauty and full.] BEAUTY-WANING, a. Declining in beau- charm to captivate. Beaum. Shak. J. Elegant in form; fair; having the form ty. BECHANCE, V. i. [be, by, and chance.] To It expresses more BE' AVER, n. ]Sax. befor, biofor ; Fr. bitthat pleases the eye. Shak. befall to luqipen to. vre ; L. fiber ; Ir. beabhar; Sw. bafwer ; than hnndsoine. a cough.] n. [Gr. iSyiX'^xa,from (3j;?, Dan. bmver ; Ger. biber; D. bever; Russ. iBE'CHIC, A beautiful woman is one of the most attracA medicine for relieving coughs, synonyJinon. tive objects in all nature's works. mous with pectoral, which is now the term bobr ; Pers. ij babir.] A circle is more beaidful than a square a Quincy. mostly used. square is more beaut fttl than a parralleloKruni. This the genus BECK, n. A small brook. Gray. IjOrd Kamea 1. An aniphil)ious quadruped, of It has short ears, a blunt nose, Castor. word. Sax. becc, Ger. bach, D. beek, Dan. 9. Having the qualities which constitute small fore feet, large hind feet, with a flat or that which pleases the senses beauty, rers. rfj Sw. back, Pers. ^j bak, a brook ba:k, ovate tail. It is remarkable for its inge other than the sight asabeautiful sountl. or habita or rivulet, is found in the Ir. Ar. Ch. Syr. nuity in constructing its lodges Encye. BEAU'TIFULLY, adv. bu'lifully. In a tions, and from this animal is obtained the Sam. Heb. and Eth., in the sense of flowcastor of the shops, which is taken from beautiful manner. ing, as tears, wee\nng. Gen. xxxii. 22 It is cods or bags in tlie groin. Its fur, which obsolete in English, but is found in the JJEAU'TIFULNESS, n. bu'Ufulness. Eleis mostly of a chesnut brown, is tlie mate the ((uality of names of towns situated near streams, as gance of form beauty rial of the best hats. in Walbeck ; but is more frequent in names being beautiful. The fur of the beaver, and a hat made of on the continent, as in Griesbach, &c. BEAU'TIFY, V. t. bu'Ufy. [beauty and L. the fur also, a part of a lielniet that covn. a beacnian.

in

a manner

Joy and gladness.

Is.

Ixi.

facio.]

To make
deck
;

or rentier beautiiul
to

grace

to

add beauty "

to adorn ; to to ; to em-

ers the face.

BECK,
A nod

BE'.WERED,
a beaver.

a.

Covered with or wearing

[be

bellish.

BE.MI'TIFY,
tiful
;

i'.i.

to

advance

bu'tify. in beauty.

To become

Haywanl.
beauJlddison.

BEBLEE'D,
blnodv.

v. t.

and
[be

bleed.]

To make

Pope.

[Sax. heacn, sign ; bycnian, to beckon. The Sw. peka, Dan. peger, signifies to point with the finger.] of the head a significant nod, in;

Obs.
I ^' , <

Chaucer.

BE.\U'TY,
See
1.

n. bu'ty.

[Fr. beaute,

from beau BEBLCiOD',

and

blood.]

To

iJeit.]

BEBLOOD Y,
BEBLOT',
stain.
I,'.

make
and
a.

bloody.

assettdjlage of graces, or an assemblage of properties in the form of the person or any other object, which pleases the In the person, due j)roportiou or eye. symmetry of parts constitutes the most

An

Obs. Sheldon.
blot
;

(.

[be

blot.}

To

to

Obs.
[be

Chaucer.

BEBLUB'BERED,

and

blubber.]

Foul

Shelton. or swelleil with weeping. essential property to which we annex BECABUN'GA, n. [Sax. bece ; G. bacli, a In the face, tlic regulariihe term beauty. brook.] the color Brooklime speedwell ; veronica becabunga ty and symmetry of the features, a plant couuiion in ditches and shallow of the skin, the expression of the eye, are streams. Hooper. among the princi[)al properties which conBut as it is hardly possi- BEC.\Fi'0, (I. [It. from the root of pica stitute beauty. See Beak.] ble to define all the proiierties which conpeck, beck, andfco, a tig. stitute beauty, we may observe in general, fig-pecker ; a bird hke a nightingale which feeds on figs and grapes. hat beauty consists in whatever pleases the Johnson. Prior. Bailey. eye of the beholder, whether in the human See V. t. bechm. in a tree, in a landscape, or in any [be and calm.
;

tended to be understood by some person, especially as a sign of command. BECK, V. i. To nod or make a sign with the head. BECK, V. t. To call by a nod to intimate a command to to notify by a motion of the Shak. head. BECK'ED, /)/>. Called or notified by a nod. BECK'ET, n. A thing used in ships to conas a fine loose ropes, tackles or spars large hook, a rope, with an eye at one Mar. Diet. end, or a wooden bracket.
; ; ;

:BECKTNG,

Nodding significantly ; ppr. directing by a nod. v. i. bek'n. [See Beck.] To make a sign to another, by nodding, winking, or a motion of the hand or finger, &c., intended as a liint or intimation. Acts

BECK'ON,

.xi.x.

l>ody,

BEALM,
C(din.]
1.

BECK'ON,
cant sign

V.

t.

bek'n.

To make

signifi-

other object.

to.

Dryden.

Beauty is iittrinsie, and perceived l)y the eye at first view, or relative, to jierceive which the aid of the understanding and re(lection is requisite. Thus, the beauty of a machine is not perceived, till we understand its uses, and adaptation to its piu'This is called the beauty of utility. pose. By an easy transition, the word beauty is
used to express what
is

to to appease to make quiet used stop, or repress motion in a body of the elements and of the passions as, to But calm becalm the ocean, or the mind. is generally used. To intercept the current of wind, so as to
still
;
;

To

BECK'ONED, pp. Having a sign made to. BECK'ONING, ppr. Making a significant
sign, as a hint.

BECLIP',
brace.
to

V.

t.

[Sax. beclyppan.]
t.

To emTo
Wickliffe.

[.\o< in use.]
V.
;

BECLOUD',
obscure

[(leasing

to tht

for ])revent motion to keep from motion want of wiiul as, high lands becalm a ship BECALMED, pp. becamed. Quieted ap; ; ;

to
i.

[See Cloud.] dim.

becum'.

cloud

Sidney.

BECOME,
;

other

Thus we

senses, or to the understanding peased. say, the beauty of a thought, of a 2. a. Hindered from motion or progress calm ; as a ship becalmed. remark, of sound, &c.

by a

pret. became, pp. become. [Sax. becumnn, to fall out or happen D. bekoomen ; G. bekommen, to get or Sw. bekomma ; Dan. bekommer, to obtain;
V.

obtain
diffijr

So Ijeauti^. armed with virtue, bows the soul With a commanding, but a sweet control.
Percival.
2.

BECALMING, ppr.

becaming. Appeasing; keeping from motion or progress.

?!.

BECALMING,
sea.

becaming.

sense
fall

These significations if and come. from the sense in Enghsh. But the to is, to come to, to arrive, to reach,
;

calm

at

A particular grace, feature or ornament any particular thing which is beautiful and pleasing as the beauties of nature.
;

Herbert.

to. [See Come.] Hence the sense of suiting, agreeing with. In Sa.x.

or pass

3.

particular excellence, or a part whicl surpasses in excellence that with which it is united ; as the beauties of an author. 4. beautiful person. In scripture, the chief dignity or ornament. 2 S.nn. 5. In the arts, symmetry of parts; harmony ;

BECA'ME, pret. of become. [See Become. BECAUSE, beeauz', a compound word.

See By and [Sax. be for by and cause. Cause.] By cause, or by the cause on this account
;

ctiman,

1.

justness of composition.

Encyc.

which is explained in the for the reason next exnext ]H-oposition Thus, I fled, because I war plained. 1 fled, by afraid, is to be thus resolved
for the cause
; ;

Goth, kwiman, is to come, and Sax. cweman, is to please, that is, to suit or be agreeable.] To i)ass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state or condition, or

by assuming or receiving new propcrlies

or qualities, additional matter, or a character ; as, a cion becomes a tree.

new

BED
The Lord God
breathed into
liis

BED
nostrils the
;

BED
BEDASH'ING, ;);)r.
BEDAUB',
over
; ;

breath of Ufe and man became a living soul To the Jew, I became a Jew.
8.

usually with what preceding to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition as, what will become of our commerce ? what will
of,
;

To become

become of us y In tlie present tense, it applies to place as well as condition. What has become of my friend ? that is, where is he ? as well as, what is his roiiditiim Ithere is he become? used by Shakspeare and Spenser, is obso but this is the sense in Saxon, where Icie has he fallen ? BECOME, 1'. t. In genera!, to suit or be suita to Ik; rouffruous bl(^ to befit to accord with, in character or circumstances to he It is used worthy of, decent or pro])er. in the same sense applied to persons or
'' ; ;

bed of the carriage of a gun is a thick plank which lies under the piece, being, as it were, the body of the carriage. The bed of a mortar is a solid piece of oak, hollow in the middle, to receive the britcl and half the trunnions. In masonry, bed is a range of stones, and the joint of the bed is the mortar between two stones placed over each other. Encyc. Bed of justice, in France, was a throne on which the king was seated when he went to parliami^nt. Hence the phrase, to hold a bed of justice. To make a bed, is to put it in order after it has been used. To bring to bed, to deliver of a child, is rarely used. But in the passive form, to he brought to bed, that is, to be delivered of a It is often followed by child, is conunon.
of; as, to be brought to bed of a. son. To put to bed, in midwifery, is to deliver of a
child.

The

water upon, or other liquid. V. t. To daub [he and daub.] to besmear with viscous, slimy matter to soil with any thing thick and" dirty. Shak. BEDAUBED, pp. Daubed over besmeared. BEDAUBING, ppr. Daubing over; be smearing. BEDAZ'ZLE, r./. [be and dazzle.] To confound the sight by too strong a light to make dim bv luster. Shak. BEDAZ'ZLEI), ;;/). Having the sight con fViunded by too strong a light. iBEDAZ'ZLING, /););. t'oniounding or ma
; ;

Beispattering

dashin-

king dim hv

ii

too brilliant
. [if,/

lu.-^ter.

BED'CllAM'BER,

and

cha7nber.]

An

things.
11 I

a))artment or chandler intended or appropriated (iira bed, or for slee)) and repose.
n. plu.

become not

a cart as well as another

man.

Shak
Tlii.s

useof the word however is

less fre-

quent, the verb usually expressing the suitableness of things, to persons or to

other things a,s, a robe becomes a prince. It becomes me so to speak of an excellent I'oet. Dry den BECOM'ING, jo;)r., but used rarely or never
;

an adjective. Fit suitable proper graccfid belonging to the character, or adajdcd to circumstances as, he speaks with becoming boldness; a dress is very becoming. Some writers formerly used of after this word. Such discourses as are becoming of {hem. Drydcn But this use is inelegant or improper. Shak RECOM'ING, o. Ornament. Ob.n.
e.xcept as
;

congruous
;

BECOM'INGLY,
proper manner.
propriety
;

adv. After a
ra.
;

becoming or

BECOM'INGNESS,
decency
t). ?.

Fitnes.s; congruity; grac(!fulness arising

BED'-L0THES, [bed clothes.] Blankets, or coverlets, &c., for beds. bed, or discubitory bed, among the Shak. ancients, a bed on which persons lay at BED'DED, p/). Laid in a bed ; inclosed as meals. It was four or five feet high, and in a bed. would hold three or four persons. Three BED'DER, } [from bed.] The nether of these beds were ranged by a square BEDET'TER, $ " .stone of an oil mill. table, one side of the table being left open, Todd. and accessible to the waiters. Hence the ppr. Layuig in a bed ; incloLatin name for the table and the room sing as in a bed. triclinium, or three beds. bed and its furniture ; a Encyc. BED'DING, n. From bed and board. In law, a separation of bed the materials of a bed, whether for man and wife, without dissolving the bands man or beast. Spen.ser. of matrimony, is called a separation from BEDECK', V. t. [be and deck.] To deck ; to bed and board, a mensa et Ihoro. In this adf)rn to grace. Shak. case the wife has a suitable maintenance BEDECK'ED, Adorned; ornamented. ;>/>. allotted to her out of the husband's estate BEDECK'ING, ppr. Adorning decking. called alimony. n. [Sax. bead, a prayer, and Blackstonc. Bacon. BED, i'. /. To j)lace in a bed. house.] 'i. To go to bed with. [Unusual.] Shak. Formerly, a hospital or alms house, where 3. To make partaker of the bed. the poor prayed for their founders and Bacon. 1. To plant and inclose or cover ; to set or benefactors. lay and inclose ; as, to bed the roots of a BE'DEL, J!. An officer in the universities
and

Dining

BEDDING,
;

BEDEHOUSE,

plant in soft mold.

from
lame

fitness.

Greic 5.

To

of England.
place, surrounded
beadle.]

[A peculiar orthography ^of

n.

lay in

any hollow
;

or inclo.sed as, to bed a stone. To lay in a place of rest or security, cov[Little used.] as a fish BEURL', V. t. To curl. [.Yot u.te,l.] ered, surrounded or inclosed bedded in sand, or under a bank. BED, 71. [Sax. bed ; D. bed : G. belt or beet Goth. hadi. The sense is a lay or .spread 7. To lay in a stratum to stratify to lay in from laying or setting.] order, or flat as bedded clay, bedded hairs. T. A place or an article of furniture to Shak. sleep and take rest on ; in modern time.=, and BED, I'. To cohabit to use the same bed. If he be married and bed witli his wife. among civilized men, a sack or tick filled Vi'^iseman. with (fathers or wool but a bed may be made of straw or any other materials. Tlit BEDAB'BLE, v. t. [be and dabble.] To wet to sprinkle. word bed includes often the bedstead. Bedabbled with the dew. Shak. 2. Lodging ; a convenient place fi>r sleep. 3. Marriage matrimonial connection. vp. Wet sprinkled.

BERIP'PLE,
;

[See Cripple.] Toniak.

BE'DELRY,
office.

The
[be

to cripple.

(3.

extent of a bedel's Blount.

BEDEW,

BEDEWED,
BEDEWER;
with

)'.

To moisten, as with dew; to moisten in a gentle manner with any liquid as, tears bedeic her face. Shak. pp. Moistened, as if \\nh dew; gently moistened. 11. That which bedews. Sherwood.
V. t.

and dew.]
;

BEDEWING,
dew
;

ppr. Moistening gently, as wetting.

a.

BEDABBLED,
t.

BEDEW'Y,
used.]

Moist with dew.

[Little

George, the eldest son of his second bed.

Clarendon 4. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually a little raised above the adjoining Bacon. groimd. 5. The channel of a river, or that part in which the water usually flows. Milton. 6. Any hollow place, especially in the arts a
;

BEDAB'BLING, n/)r. Wetting sprinkling BEDFELLOW, n. [bed and fellow.] Orie Wetting; BEDAFF', V. To make a fool of. [Ao< in who lies in the same bed. Shak, Chaucer. BED-HANGINGS, n. Curtains. Shak. u.ie.] To BEDI'GHT, V. bedi'te. [be and dight.] BEDAG'GLE, v. [be and daggle.]
'

f.

t.

as clothes, by drawing the ends in the ,To adorn to dress ; to set off with ornaments. [Little used.] mud, or spattering them with dirty water. More. BEDAG'GLED,;);?. Soiled by reaching the BEDI'GHTED, pp. Adorned; set off with
soil,
;

-7.

8.
,

ornaments. dare to BEDI'GHTlNG,jB;)r. Adorning. Peek. BEDIM', V. t. [be and dim.] To make dim ; darken. to obscure or darken. BEDARK', [be Sidney. Goiver. BEDIM'MED. /);). Made dim any thing, whether upon the earth or withobscured. [JVot tinted ] in it as a bed of sulphur a bed of sand BEDASH', !. t. [be and dash.] To wet, by BEDIM'MING, ;)pr. Making dim obscuror clay. ing darkening. throwing water, or other liquor upon; to Rev. ii. The grave. Is. I'ain, torment. bespatter, with water or mud. BEDIZ'EN, j^ t. bediz'n. [be and dizen.] To Ivii. The lawful use of wedlock. Heb. BEDASH'ED, pp. Bespattered with water adorn to deck a tow word. xiii. or other liquid. BEDIZENED, pp. Bedecked ; adorned.
;

hollow place, in which any thing rests as the bed of a mortar. A layer a stratum an extended mass of
;

mud in walking bespattering. BEDA'RE, r. [be and dare.] To

t.

defv.

[JVot used.]
V.
t.

and dark.]

To

BED
n.
;
.

BEE
[ie(/
;
;

BEE

A and <i)?ie.] The time to BEE'-GAJIDEN, n. [bee and gardeii.] iBED'TIME, in. BEBIZ'ENING, ppr. Adorning. garden, or inclosure to set bee-hives the usual hour of going to bed. o-o to rest Johnson. Shak. BED'LAM, n. [Cmrupted Irom Bethtehcm, '^ A soft, n. [bee and glue.] of a religious house in London, the name and duck.] To duck BEE'-GLUE, lor BEDUCK', r. t. [be unctuous matter with which bees cement afterward converted into a hospital to immerse to put the head under water the combs to the hives, and close up the Imiatics.] Spenser. also Encyc. A mad house a place appropriated for 1 To sprinkle, ceUs called n. propolis. A case, Spdman. BEDUST', V. t. [be and dust.] lunatics. [bee and hive.] Sherwood. BEE'-HIVE, soil or cover with dust. one who lives in a lunatic '2. A madman box, or other hollow vessel, which serves adv. [bed and ward.] Toward ''''"* BED'WARD, Hives are made as a habitation for bees. BedUim. '^'"'*bed of various materials, as of boards, the hol3. A place of uproar. and dwarf.] To make t. low trunk of a tree, and withes of straw, BED'LAM, a. Belonging to a mad house BEDVVARF', v. or [be Donne. hinder growth. iihiik to stunt Uttle house. or of glass. fit lor a mad ^Vork n. [bed and work.] BED'LAMITE, n. An inhabitant of a mad- BED'WORK, without toil of the hands or BEE'-MASTER, n. [bee and master.] One B. Jonson. tloiie in bed, Mortimer. who keeps bees. house a madman. *''"'" One BED'MAKEK, n. [bed and maker.] as in with ease. t. BEECH, n. [Sax. beee, hoc ; D. beuke, or To dye to [be and dye.] BEDY'E, Ger. buche, or buchbaum ; beukenboom whose occupation is to make beds,
;
; ; ; ; ;

I',

BED'MATE,

Spectator. a college or university. bed n. [bed and mate.] fellow. , ,^. S^"*and molding.] ii. BED'-MOLDING, [bed members of a cornice, In nrchitecture, the below the coronet, con which are

staiu.

Spenser.

Slav. 6oAu;

D. ii/e Ger.bienc ; Sw. [Sax. 6eo; Dan. bie ; Ir. beach ; It. pecchia ; Sp. 6?}' abeja. Class Bg.] An insect of the genus Apis. [tooe_ Apis.] placed a list, a large boultme, The species are numerous, ot which the sisting of an ogee, to man. and another list under the coronet. honey-bee is the most interesting earliest Enci/c It has been cultivated from the

BEDY'ED,;)p. Dyed

stained.
;

BEE,

gus\

71.

It. is probabee and boc is a book. ble that 6fecfcis properly the name of bark,

It. faggio;

Gr. ^layo;; L./Russ. 6m* Sp. haya; Vott.faia. In

,

Saxon
and

this

BEDO'TE,
.lote.

V.

t.

[be

and dote]

To make

to ot

periods, tor
in

BED

TOST,

[Xotinus(.] ?i. [bed and pos(.]

,,^'"''"''^'.i

The post

a bedstead.

BED'PllESSER,7i.
fellow
;

BEDRAG'GLE,

and draggle.] To in soil as garments which are siitiered, to sod by dirt walking^ to reach the Swift. drawing along on mud. UEDRAG'GLED, pp. Soiled by reachmg
v.
(.

one

who

[bed and press.] loves his bed.

[be

A lazy
Shak.

the

dirt, in

walking.
Soiling by drawing

BEDRAG'GLING, ppr.
along in dirt or mud:
;

,-,,,, liEDRENCH', I'. (. [be and drench] lo drench ; to soak to saturate with moistimbibe moisture applied to things which *^"*ure.'

BEDRENCH'ED, pp. BEDRENCH'ING,

ing.

;);>(.

Drenched; soaked. Soaking; drench

;

to a large size, whh branches forming a swarms or societies, of from 10,000 to beautiful heail, with thick foUage. The These sv/arms conbark is smooth and of a silvery cast. The 50,000 individuals. or tain three classes of bees, the females mast or nuts are the food of swine, and of males or drones, and the certain wild animals, and yield a good oil ipieen bees, the When eaten by man, they are neuters or working bees. Of the former, for lamjis. there is only one in each hive or swarm said to occasion giddiness and headach. whose sole oflice is to propagate the speEncyc. It is much larger than the other BEE'CH-OAL, n. [beech and coal] cies. The drones serve merely for im- Charcoal from beech wood. bees. after which they are BEE'CHEN, a.beechn. Consisting of the pregnating the queen, These last are wood or bark of the beech belonging to destroyed by the neuters. the laborers of the hive. They collect the the beech as a beechen vessel. Dryden. and feed the other BEE'CHMAST, n. The fruit or nuts of the honey, form the cells, bees and the young. They are furnished beech. with a proboscis by which they suck the BEECH-OIL, n. [beech and oil] mouth by which Oil or nuts of the honey liom flowers, and a expressed from the mast swallow it, and then convey it to the beech-tree. It is used in Picardy, and in they hive in theu- stomachs, where they disother parts of France, instead of butter The pollen of flowbut is said to occasion heaviness and pains gorge it into the cells. their ers "settles on the hairs with which Encyc. in the stomach.
its

wax and

hcjney.

It lives

material for writing, the word to signify a book.] tree arranged" by Liniie tinder the genu.^ the c'hesnut. The beech grows fngus, with
tors, as the

ancesbeing used, by our rude

came

BED'RID,

}
<>

BED'RIDDEN,
BED'RITE,
BED'ROOjM,
2.
)!.

and ride [bed "

rida.]

Sax. bed

Confined to the bed, by age or infirmity. Shak.

[bed

and

rile.]

The

privi-

covered, wlieiice it is collected iiitii body a brush on their second pair of jiellets, by in a hollow in the third legs, and deposited It is called bee bread, and is the fiiml pair. of the lanoe or young. The adult bee
is

BEE'CH-TREE,
beech.

n. [beech

and

tree.]

The
Ae-

BEEF,
rin
;

n. [Fr. bmtf, beuf,

It.

an ox
;
;

Arm.
;

bue
;

Sp. buey

Port,

bed. lege of the marriage n. [bed and room.] A room or intended or used for a bed a

feed on honey.
to

The wax was supposed

ascertained
tliat
it

buw; Corn, byuh, an ox

plu. bvaihh
1.

Ir. to,

boy W. a cow,

L. bos, bovis

Gr.

liovf.]

be formed" from pollen by a digestive

it is

apartment lodging room.

v.
I.

process, but

now

An

is

formed

Room in BEDROP',
drops
;

a bed.
[be

and

[jXot in use.] drop.]

Slwk.
sprinkle,

To

honey by a similar proThe females and neuters have a cess. barbed sting, attached to a bag of poison,
froiu the
A\hi'-h flows

ox, bull or cow ; but are full grown or nearly so. lu this, which a pluis the original sense, the word has
ral, beeves.
2.

animal of the bovine genus, whether lu^ed of those which

as with drops.

Chaucer
Sprinkled as will variegated with spots.
side of the bed.

into the
is

wound

inflicted

by

BEDROP'PED,
speckled
n.

pp.
;

BED'SIDE.

The
n.

Middleton.

BED'STAFF,
on either

on the sides ot bed pin anciently inserted from slipping steads, to keep the clothes
side.

[bed

and

staff.]

A wooden
I 1

Johnson

BED'STEAD, n. bed'sted. [bed and A frame for supporting a bed.

stead.]

BED'STRAW,
laid

n.

under a bed

[bed and straw.] to make it soft ; also the

btraw

name of a

BED'SWERVER,
vow.

of gcdium. plant, a species . [bed and swerve.] One that swerves from his bed ; that is, one who is false and unfaithful lo the marriage
onltfC.

often apjilied to the live animal; as, an ox In is good beef: that is, is well fattened. this sense, the word has no plural. BEE'-BREAD, n. [bet and bread.] Th< BEEF, a. Consisting of the flesh of the ox, Swift. collected by bees, as fi)od or bovine kind ; as a beef-steak. pollen of flowers BEE'F-EATER, n. [beef and eat.] One for tlieir young. [See Bee.] that eats beef. bit BEE'-EATER, n. [bee and eal.] There are several I2. yeoman of the guards, in England. tliat feeds on bees. in the genus merops, ot :j. The Biiphaga, an .'Vfrican bird that feeds species included on the larvas which nestle nnder the hides which the apiastcr of Eurojie is remarkaof oxen. ble for the brilhancy of its plumage. Encyc. 4. In popular use, a stout fleshy man.

the sting.

new

a hive is overstocked, a sent out under the direction coiony of a (lueen bee. This is called swarming. Cyc. Ed. Enyc.

When

The

flesh

killed.

of an ox, bull, or cow, when In popular language, the word is

BEE' -FLOWER,
plant
;

n.

[iee

and

flower.]

A BEE'F-STEAK,
I

n.
a.

[beef [beef
;

and

steak.]
int.]

a species of Ophrys or iwybladc whose flowers represent singular figures Encyc. of bees, flies and other uisccts.

steak or slice of beef for broihng.

BEE'F-WITTED,
ill

intellects

stupid

Dull heavy-headed. Shak.

and

BEE
BEELD,
toction
n. [Sax.
;

B E F
Pro-

BEG
and
head.]^

hM>idan, to cover.]
[jVni in use.\

BEE'TLE HEAD,
stupid li'llow.
like a beetle
;

n.

[beetle

A
I
I

He
me,
for

that

refugo.

Fair/ax..

Scot.]

Cometh after me is preferred before he was before me. John i.

;

BEEN,
BEEN,

[S.ix. fceoji.]

Part.

pert',

of 6c

nouncerl bin. In old prescut tense plural

n.

aiithoi's, ol'Ae.

it is

; proalso the

BEETLE-HEADED,
dull
;

a.

Having a
an<l

BEE'TLE-STOCK,
The handle of

(Vetted stringed instrument of music, of the guitar kind, having nineteen Jls. Researches. frets; used in India. BEER, 71. [W. Mr; Fr. biere ; -Ann. hyer,
liir,

stupid. n. [beeUe
;

Shak.j
stock.]

liead 10. Prior to; having prior right ; preceding in order as, the eldest son is before the
I

a beetle.

Spenser.

younger in succession. U. Previous to; in previous order;

der
to.
this treatise

in or-

BEE'TLING,
nent
;

being promippr. Jutting standing out from the main body.

Before
P2.

Thomson.

ber; D.

and Ger.
liquor
;

bier;

It.

birra.]

BEET-R.-VVE,

1.

A spirituous
ceous grain
whirl)
is first

made from any

farina-

BEE'T-RADISH,

"
S

for sallad.

kind of beet, used Ash.

;

points are necessary. Before the icind, is

can become of use, two Su^ift. [See No. 7.] to move in the direcits

tion of the

wind by
1

impulse.

hut generally from harloy, malted and ground, and its{ fermentable sidjstance extracted hy hot water. This extract or infusion is evaporated by boiling in caldrons, and hops or! .some other plant of an agreeable bitterness added. The liquor is then suffered! Beer is of different; to ferment in vats. degrees of strength, and is denominated! small beer, ale, porter, brown stoul, &.C., ac-' cording to its strength, or other peculiar,
qualities.
J.

BEEVES,

n. phi. of beef. Cattle quadrupeds of the bovine geims, called in En-

BEFO'RE,
You
;

eland, black cattle.

2.

BEFALL',

To

\et. befell; part, [Sax. befiellan, of be and fall.] happen to ; to occur to ; as, let

V.

t.

before. Dryden. In time preceding, to the present, or to this time hitherto as, tumults then arose
tell
;

me what

adv. In time preceding.

knew

befallen.
3.

whicli before were

unknown.
in place, in progress,

me know

Further onward
in front.

or

the worst that can befall me. It usually denotes ill. It is generally transitive in form, but there seems to be an ellipsis of to, and to sometimes follows it.

Reaching
fore.
4.

forth to those things

iii.

which

are be-

Phil.
;

In front
xiii.

BEFALL',
pass.
I

V. i.

To happen
this discord

to

come
befell.

on the fore part. The batUe was before and behind.

2 Chron

to

Eiicycl

In

Beer is a name nienting liquors made of various other materials and when a decoction of the roots of plants forms a pari of the com-j position, it is called spnng-beer, tiom the
;

given in .America to fer-1

have reveal'd

which

some of the examples of the use o{ before,

To befall of is not legitimate. BEFALL'ING, ppr. Happening

ring to
;

coming
prct.
t.
;

to pas.s.

season
beer.

in

which

it is

made.

BEFELL',
BEFIT',
V.

f befall.

BEE'R-BARREL,
BEE'R-HOUSE,
liquors are sold
;

n.

barrel for holding]

j

[be

suitable to

to

and fit.] become.

l>cfits tliee.

To

n.

house where

inalt:
j

That name best

which Johnson places under the adverb, the v\ord is a preposition governing a sen" tence as, Before the hills appeared." This is the real construction, however overlooked or misunderstood. BEFO'REHAND, adv. [before and hand.] to be suit In a state of anticipation or preoccupation often followed by with ; as, you are Milton
Milton.
to
;

occur

an

ale house.
It.

BEFIT'TING,
bietola
;

ppr. or
[be

a.

Suiting

becomcover

before
2.

hand with me.

;
;

BEKSTINCJS,

BEET,

n.

[See Biestiiin:^.] [D. bid; Ger. beetr ;

BEFO.AM,
\

V.

t.

and foam.]

To To

Antecedently by way of preparation or Math. xiii. 1 aforetime. preliminary

VV. httijsen ; L. beta ; Fr. beltt.'] plant of the genus Beta. The species cul-: tivated in gardens are the cicta and vulgaThere are maris, or white and red beet. ny varieties some with long taper roots,
;

with foam.

Tim.
3.

v.

[Little used.]

BEFOOL',
infatuate

Men

to fool V. t. [be and fool.] to delude or lead into error. Soiith. befool tlicmselves.
; ;

In a state of accumulation, so as that more has been received than expended. A man is beforehand. In this use it is more
properly an adjective. At first ; before any thing
is

BEFOOL'ED,
into error.
;

pp. Fooled

deceived

led
4.
ii

done.

and others

Avith

flat

roots, like turncps.

ppr. root furnislies a large portion of suBEFO'RE-TIME, adv. [before and time.] fool of deceiving; infatuating. gar, which has been recently manufacturFormerly of old time. 1 Sam. 0. Josh. BEFO'RE, prep, [he and/ore, tliat is byfore, ed in France on a great scale. 06*. C'l/c. XX. near the fore part. Sax. before, or beforan, n. [Sax. iW, or bytl, a. mallet; BEE'TLE, BEFOR'TUNE, t>. t. [be and fodune.] To retained by Chaucer in bifont.] betel, the insect, beetle.] ShaJi. happen to to betide. J. In fiont ; on the side with the face, at 1. A heavy mallet or wooden hammer, used 1-. /. [Sax. befylan, be and foul.] Milton. ;BEF01JL', any distance used of persons. to drive wedges, beat pavements, &c To make foul ; to soil. 2. In presence of, with the idea of power, called also a stampei', or rammer. BEFRIEND, i'. t. befrend'. [6c atid friend.] authority, respect. a genus of insects, the scara2. lu zoology, To favor ; to act as a friend to ; to counAbraham bowed before the people of the land. Shak. boeus, of many species. The generic chartenance, aid or benefit. Gen. xxiii. acters are, clavated antenna", fissile lonFavored; countenan; ; ;

The

BEFOOL'ING,

Fooling; making

L'Estrange.

AVherewithal sIl-vII I come before the Lord. gitudinally, legs frequeutly dentated, and Micah vi. wings which have liard cases, or sheaths. 3. In sight of; as before the face. The bones of these insects are placed ex- 1. In the presence of, notitig cognizance or ternally, and their muscles within. They jurisdiction. arc of different sizes, from that of a ))in's Both parties shall come before the judge. Some are head, to that of a man's fist. Ex. xxii.

BEFRIENDED,;)/).
ced.

BEFRIEND'ING,
ing as a friend
;

ppr.

Favoring;
[be
;

assistto.

showing kindness
befrinj'.

BEFRINGE,
To
furnish

r.

t.

with a fringe

and fringe.] to adorn as

produced in a month, and go through their existence in a year in others, four years are required to produce them, and they live as winged insects a year more. They have various names, as the may-bug,
;

5.

6.

the dorr-beetle, the cock-chuffer, the tumble-dung, the elephant-beetle, &c. The latter, liiund in South America, is the largest s|)ecies, being four inches long.

7.

Encyc.

BEE'TLE,
;

To jut to be proinV. i. bee'tl. inent to hang or extend out as, a cliff that bceiles over its base. Shak.
; ;

8.

BEE'TLE-BROW,
prominent brow.
nent brows.

n.

[beeUe
a.

and brow.]

a' Sfiak

Fuller. with friiiixe. In the jjower of, noting the right or ability BEFRINGED, pp. Adorned as with a choose or possess free to the choice. fringe. 'I'he world was all before them. Milton. word begh BEG, / " [The Turks write this My land is before thee. Gen. xx. or bek, but pronounce it bey.] In front of any object as before the house BgY, ^ In the Turkish dominions, a governor of a before the fire. town or country more particularly, the Preceding in time. a sangiac or banner. Every provlord of Before I was afflicted, I went astray. Ps. ince is divided into seven .sangiacs or bancxix. and ners, each of which qualifies a bey Before Abraham was, I am. John viii. these are conunanded by the governor of Here the preposition has a sentence folthe province, called begler-beg or lord of lowing for an object. Each beg has the command all the beys. In preference to. of a certain number of spahis, or horse, Arid he set Kphraim before Maoasseh. Gen.
to
;
-

xlviii.

JBEE'TLE-BROWED,

Poverty

is

desirable before torments.

Having promiSwijl. 9. Superior; preceding in dignity.

Taylor.

denominated timariots. In Tunis, the beg or bey is the prince or king, answering to the dey of Algiers. In Egypt, the begs are twelve generals

BEG
the militia, or standing for-i ces of the kingdom. Enajc.\ BEG, V. t. [In itahan, piccaro is a beggar. Tliis word is from some root in Class Bg, which signifies to make towards or to press, to urge, or to cry out. The Ger.
hegehren, to which Skinner refers this word, is a compound of be and gicren to desire D. begeercn, Sax. gienian, whence yearn. With this, beg has no connection.] To ask earnestly ; to beseech ; to entreat

BEG
tablished at

BEG
and so
in

who command

med fiom
They

Antwerp
St.

in 1228,

na-

Begghe, their

patroness,

In the beginning, and the earth. Gen.

God
1.

created the heaver

at first

employed themselves

ma-

lung linen cloth, united in bonds of charity, without any rule; but in 1390, they embraced that of the third order of St. Francis. The name has been transferred to all the other religious of the convent of

rudiments, first ground or materials. Mighty things from small beginnings grow. .^ Dryden. BEGIN'NINGLESS, a. That hath no beginning. [A bad word and not used.} Barrow,

The

Antwerp.

1.

BEGILT', n. BEGIN', V. i.

Gilded.
pret.

Enci/r. B.Jot^s'on.
;

BEGIRD,
1.

V.

t.

began

with humility. It implies more urgency than ask or petition. Math Joseph begged the body of Jesus.
xxvii.

or supplicate

pp. begun. [Sax

;

2.

3.

To ask or supplicate may yet be reduced to To take for granted

;

in charity; as, beg onr bread

we

gynnan, aginnan, beginnan, and onginnan, to begin, ongin, a beginning Goth, du ginnan Sw. begynna) Dan.'begynder ; D. and Ger. beginnen, to begin 1). and Ger
; ;

to

assume without
;

proof; as, to beg the question in debate, BEG, V. i. To ask alms or charity to practice begging to live by asking alms. I cannot I am ashamed to beg. Luke dig
;

xvi.

BEGET',
begotten.

V.

t. pret. begot, begat; pp. begot, [Sax. begetan, of be and getan, to

get.
1.

See
;

Get.]
;

2.

procreate, as a father or sire to gen erate as, to beget a son. To produce, as an effect to cause to ex
;

To

ist;

to

generate
n.
;

as,

BEGET'TER,
creates

One who"
Tliat

luxury begets vice. begets or pro

a father.
a.

BEG'GABLE,
BEG'GAR,
9.

may

be begged.

ppr. Binding with a girdle,surrounding besieging. BEG'LERBEG, n. [See Beg.] The governor of a province in the Turkish emjiire, next in dignity to the grand vizier. Each Eth. Tl(D^ plant, to confirm, to create has three ensigns or staves, trimmed witk Kon, to be, to become or be made Ar. a horse tail, to distinguish him from a ba ir to be or become, to make, to create, shaw, who has two, and a beg, who has one. His province is called to generate Heb. Ch. Sam. to make beglerbeglik. |D, Encyc. Sam. reaily, to adapt, prepare, establish BEGNAW', v.t. benaw'. [Sax. begnagan ; to create. The primai-y sense is, to throw, be and gnatv.] thrust, stretch forward, hence to set, or To bite or to eat away ; to corrode ; gnaw to produce, according to its connection or to
;
;

beginn, a beginning, origin W. cyciimu, to begin, cy, a prefix, and cwn, a head. The radical word is gin or gyn, to which are prefixed be, on, and du whjcli is to. This appears to be the root of the Gr. ywo^iai, yfwow, h. genero, gigno, coinciding with Kon, to begin to be ; in Aph. to Syr.
;

[be and gird ; Sax. begyrdan.] bind with a band or girdle. 2. surround to inclose to encompass. Milton. Begird the Almighty throne. 3. To Clarendon. besiege. To begirt, used by B. Jonson, is a corrupt orthography. BEGIRD'ED, ) "" Bound with a girdle

begurd'. pret. begirt, begirded;

pp. begirt,

To To

BEGIRT,

surrounded

inclosed

besiogefl.

BEGIRDING,

nibble.

Shak.

[See Beg-.] by asking alms, or makes

n.

One
it

Butler that lives

application.]
1.

To have an
;

his

business

to take rise
ets,

original or first existence to commence.

BEGONE. Go away;
of a participle.

to beg for charity. One who supplicates with humility ; a petitioner ; but in this sense rarely used as the word has become a term of conJohn.ion tempt. 3. One who assumes in arginnent what he does not prove. Tillotson. BEG'GAR, t>. t. To reduce to beggary to
;

As lie spake by Ifie mouth of his holy prophwho have been since the world began Lukel. Judgment must begin at the liouse of God
1

depart. These two words have been improperly united. Be retains the sense of a verb, and gone, that
a.

BEGO'RED,
with gore.

[be

and

gore.]

Besmeared

Pet. 4.

BEGOT',
created
to hiiry.
2.
;

BEGOTTEN,
generated.
I'.

Spenser. Propp. of get.

;

From Nimrod
And
2.

first

the savage race began.

Pope
tears

BEGRA'VE,
To

;.

To

deposit in the grave

impoverish.
2.

To

de])rive or

make
pp.
ppr.

destitute

Shak. to exhaust
to

To do the thing new

began
first

to flow.
;

Dryden.

act

to enter u|ion
;

some-

[JVot used.]
v.

engrave.

to take the first step

to repent. will also

as, begin.

my

muse.
Taylor
I

BEGRE'ASE,
To
snil or matter.

[.Vbf used.] f. s as z. '[be

Gower.

and

daub with grease, or other

V.
I.

grease.] oily

as, to ieffo-rrr description.

Begin every day

BEG'GAREI),
poverty.

Reduced
Reducing
n.
;

extreme

WTien
Sani.
iii.

begin,

make an
act

end.

BEGRI'ME,
with
ural
dirt

[be

and grime.]

To

soil

BEG'GARING,
beggarly
;

to indigence

BEGIN',
thing
;

v.t.

To do
;

the

first

of any

deep-impressed, so that the natShak.

or a state of beggary.

BEG'GARLINES'S,

The

state of being
Barret.
12.

Ye

to enter on to commence. nymphs of Solyma, begin the song.

hue cannot easily be recovered.

;?;.

meanness
a.

extreme poverty.
; ;

Pope.
Gen. xi. they begin to do. To trace from any thing, as the first ground ; to lay the foundation. .The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of
til's

BEGRI'MED,

Deeply

soiled.

And

BEGRUDGE,
To grudge
delude
fice
: ;

V.

t.

begrudj'. [See

Grudge.]

to
f.

BEGGARLY,

Mean poor

eiuT the possession of

begi'le.
;

in

the con-

BEGUILE,
The
iii.

V.

dition of a beggar; extremely indigent.

Shnk.
adv.
; ;

to deceive or craft.

to

[be and guile.] To impose on by artiI

Locke BEG'GARLY, Meanly indigently Hooker. To begin loith, to enter upon first to use or despicably. BEG'GAR-MAID, n. A maid that is a beg- employ first as, to begin with the Latin Grammar to begin business with a small Shak. gar. BEG'GAR-MAN, n. A man that is a beg- capital. Slmk. BEGIN'NER, n. The person who begins gar. BEG'GAR- Woman, n. A female begear. he that gives an original the agent who an author. is the cause Shak. BEG'GARY, n. A state of extreme indi- 2. One who first enters upon any art, scigence. ence or business one who is in his rudiSidney. ments a young practitioner often implyBEG'GED,p/). Entreated; supplicated ask eil in charity. ing want of experience. BEG'GING, ppr. Asking alms; supplica BEGIN'NING, ppr. First entering upon without proof. ting assuming commencing giving rise or original taBEG'GING, n. The act of^sohciting alms king rise or origin. the practice of asking alms as, lie hves BEGIN'NING, n. The first cause origin. am the beginning and the endinoj. Rev. i. bv begging. BEGHARDS', ) "' A religious order of St 2. That which is first the first state comBEGUARDS', S Francis in Flanders, es- mencement entrance into being.
God.
; ; ;
; ; ;

serpent beguiled

me and

did eat.

Gen.

2.

To

Wien
3.

elude by craft.
misery could beguile the tyrant's rage. Shak.

To elude anj' thing disagreeable by to pass amusement, or other means to amuse as, to beguile the tedious day with sleep. Shak. Deluded BEGUI'LED, pp. imposed on misled by craft eluded by stratagem
;

jileasingly

passed pleasingly.

BEGUI'LER,
<M-

He

or that

which beguiles
deceiving by

deceives.

BEGUI'LING, /)/)?. Deluding;

raft: eluding

by
(.

artifice

amusinff.

BEGUIL'TY,
barbarous

J>.

BE'GUIN,

ivord.] n.

The

render guilty. [^ Smtdir.mn. Beguins are a congrega-

To

B E H
(ion of nuns in Flanders, so railed from their founder, or from their head dress.

B E
BEHEAD'ING,
the
lieuil

H
Severingj
j

B E H
2.

Beguin, in French, is a linen cap. From this order sprung the Beguinages in Flanders. Encyc. Miison. BEGUN', pp. of begin. Commenced ori;

BEHEAD'ING,
BEHELD',

The act of" n. behed'ing. separating the head from the bo<ly by a cutting instrument : decollation.
pret.

ppr. behed'ing. from the body.

Backwards
behind.

on the back-part

as, to loolt

;J.

Past in the progress of time. Forgetting those things which arc behind.
Phil.
iii.

and pp. of

behold,

which

4.

Future, or remaining to be endured.

my n. behaf. [This word is probably BE'HEMOTH, n. [Heh. nran3, from nOHD,! a heast or brute from an Arabic verb,| .1. Kemainuig after a payment unpaid as, a corruption. If composed of 6c and half, there is a large sum behind. which signifies, to shut, to lie hid, to be but I take it is a word of modern origin G. Remaining after the ili'parture of; as, he dumb. In Eth. dumb.] or it to he the tiax. behefe, profit, need, departed and left us behind. convenience; O. behuf; U. behoef, neces- Authors are divided in opinion as to the animal intended in scrijuure by this name BEHINDHAND, a. [behind and luind.] Sw. be saries, business behoeve, behalf some supposing it to he an ox, others, an In arrear; in an exhausted state; in a state kof; Dun. beliov, need, necessity, sufficienin which rent or profit has been anticipaelephant and Bochart labors to prove it; cy, or what is required, sustenance or sup ted, and expenditures precede the receipt the hippopotamus, or river horse. The latport from the verb behoove., brhofwa, beof fluids to supply them. In popular use, ter opinion is most probable. The spelling is therefore hover, to need. [See Hipa state of poverty, in which the means of The original word in Arabic popotamus.] corrupt: it .should be ie/io/"or it/ioo/". Sec Al.so, living are not adequate to the end. signifies a brute or beast in general, esBehoof.] in a state of backwardness, in which a ], Favor; advantage; convenience; profit; pecially a quadruped. particular business hsis been delayed besupport defense vindication. The ad- BE'HEN, BEN, or BEK'EN, n. A plant. The white belien is a species of Cucuhal- yond the proper season for performing it vocate pleads in behalf of the prisoner. as, he is behindhand in his business. called Swedish Lychnis, or gum The patriot sufTers in behalf of his coun us, Behindhand urith, is behind in progress not sepungar. The empalcment of its flower try. upon equal terms in forwardness as, to be 9. Part; side; noting substitution, or the act resembles net-work, and its leaves have behindhand with the liishionable world. somewhat of the flavor of pease. of taking the part of another; as, the agent This woril is really an adjective, as it is apappeared in behalf of his constituents, and Family of Plants. Encyc. The behen of the shops, or white belien,! plied to t\ie person rather than to the verb; entered a clahn. but like BEHAP'PEN, r.i. [be and happen.] To is spatling pojipy. Red behen is sea lav- other adnft, aloft, ashamed, and several words, never precedes the noun. ender. to. Lee. Bailey. Coze happen Spenser. " " behindhand Sliakspeare's slacknes.s, BEHA'VE, v.t. [G.gehaben; Sax.gehabban, BEHEST', n. [be and Sax. hcese, a comtherefore, according to present usage, is and hehabban ; be and have.] mand Ger. geheiss, command, from heisnot a legitimate ])hrase. 1. To restrain to govern to subdue. [The sen, to call, tell, or command. See Heal.] Saxon sense of the word.] Command precept niandate. [Antiquated^ BEHOLD, v.t. pret. and pp. beheld'. [Sax. behealdan, beheoldan, gehealdan, gehaldan, He did behave his anger e'er 'twas spent. except in poetry.] from heatdan, to hold. The sense is, to Shah: BEHI'GHT, V. t. behite; pret. behot. [Sax. hold, or rather to reach with the eye, to This sense is obsolete. Yet it often behttan, to promise.] have in sifht, from straining, or extendseeu)s to be implied for to behave one^s To promise to entrust to call, or name In Saxon, the verb signifies not only ing. to command to adjudge to address to self, is really, to govern one's self; to have to look or see, but to guard ; so in Latin, inform to mean to reckon. The orthogin conunand. obscno, from servo, to kee]). This expli2. To carry to conduct used with the reraphy is corrupt it should he behite. Obs. cation leads us to an understanding of the Chaucer. he behaves

ginated.

And

till

up

tliat
ill

wliicli is

behind
Col.
i.
;

ul

the

afflic-

BEHALF,

tions of Christ

llcsh.

manfully.

ciprocal pronoun ; as, himself But the tendency of modern usage is to omit the pronoun ; as, he behaves well.
1'.
j'.

Spenser.

BEHIND,
;

BEHA'VE,

To

act

to conduct

gen
1.

erally applied to manners, or to conduct in any particular business and in a good or bad sense. He behaves well or ill.
;

'2.

prep. [Sax. bchindan, of be and hindau, behind ; Goth, hindar, beyond, hehind hindar-kilhan, to pass, priPterire Ger. hinter.] At the hack of another as, to ride behind a horseman. On the back i>art, at any distance in the
; ; ;

which retains the primsense of the verb, bound, obliged. retain the original sense in behalten, to hold or keep; as the Dutch do
participle beholden,
itive

The Germans
ill

gehouden, held, bound

and the Danes

;

in beholder, to keep, retain treat, refuge, reservation.

behold,

See

a reObserve

BEHA'VED, pp. Conducted. BEHA'VING, /)/;r. Carrying; conducting. BEHA'VIOR, n. behavyur. [See Behave.]
Manner of behaving, whether good or bad
;
:'

rear
3.

as, to

walk behind another.

;

and Regard.]
1.

Remaining

left

after

the departure of

To

fix
;

the eyes upon; to see with attenlainh of

conduct; manners; carriage of one's self, with respect to propriety, or morals deportment. It expresses external ap|)carance or action; sometunes in a ])articular

another, whether by removing to a dis tance, or by death ; as, a man leaves his servant behind him, or his estate at his

tion

to observe

Behold the
'2.

the sin of the world.

with care. Cod which taketh away John i.

Inferior to another in dignity and excellence. For I suppose I was not a whit behind the veiy chiefcst apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 6. On the side opposite the front or nearest word to qiudifj' it. part, or opposite to that which fronts a as behind a To be upon one\s behavior, is to be in a state person on the other side bed ; behind a hill behind a house, tree of trial, in which something important deor rock. on of conduct. The mod;

more generally in the connnon life as, our future destiny depends on our behavior in this life. It inay express correct or good manners, but I douht whether it ever expresses the idea of elegance of inanners, without another
character duties of
;

decease. Left at a distance, in progress or im provement as, one student is behind another in mathematics.
;

In a
to see.

less

intensive sense, to look

upon

When he beheld the serpent

Num.
x\i.
ti.

of brass, he lived.

5.

BEHOLD,
And
throne,
I

i.

To

look

to direct the

eyes

to ail object.
beheld, and lo, iu the midst of the a lamb, as it had been slain. Rev. 5.

To

fix
;

attend
Ro\'.

Behold,
iii.

the attention upon an object ; to to direct or fix the mind. I stand at the door and knock.

pends propriety ern phrase is, to be or good behavior.

to be

put, upon one's

Behind

the

hack,

in

scripture, signifies, out

; ;

This word is much used in this manner for exciting attention, or admiration. It
the imjierative mode, expressing command, or exhortation and by no means a mere exclamation. BEHOLDEN, pp. or a. behdldn. [The
is iu
;

BEHEAU', v.t. behed'. [be and head.] To cut oft' the head; to sever the head from
the body, with a cutting instrument propriately u.sed of the execution of for crimes.
;

of notice, or regard overlooked disregarded. They cast thy laws behind their backs. Neh
xix.
Is. xxxviii.
arfi).

ap-

men BEHIND,
maining
is behind.

[be

aud

hind.]

Out of sight;

participle of behold, to keep, guard, or bind.

not produced, or exhibited to view; re

;

See Behold.]
;

BEHEAD'ED,
head cut
off".

pp.

behed'ed.

Having the

as,

we know no what evidence Obliged bound

Little are

in gratitude
to

indebted.
Shak.

we beholden

your love.

B E
t;ili>r
;

K
iispt-

BEL
BE KNOW,
knowledge.
;

BEL
acChaucer.

BEHOLDER, n. One wlio beholds;

one

V.

t.

[be

and know.]

To

To

besiege

who
;

BEMO'LDING, ;)pr.
tention.
3.

looks upon, or sees. FLxhig the eyes upon

;

[JVot iised.]

an army,

to block up ; to surround wit'i so as to preclude escape.

BELABOR,
bor
;

looking on seeing. 2. Fixing tlie attention

ti. t. [perhaps from be and labut in Russ. bulava is a club.] To

;

BELEAGUERED, pp.
BELE'AGUERER,
n.

Dryden.

regariling with at-

beat soundly

to

thump.

One who

Besieged.
besieges.
;

Ajax belabors there a harmless ox.

4.

[AV used.] Obligation. Obliged. Baron on hove.

of the

Carrw. mistaken use

Dry den

BELE'AGURING,
ing up.

Sherwood. ppr. Besieging block

won

BEHO'LDINGNESS,
ol)liged.

for beholden. n. The state

BELA'CE,
'i.
;

v.

t.

[be

and

lace.]

To

fasten, as

with a lace or cord.

BELE'AVE,
[Not used.]

V.

I.

[be

and
lee.]

leave.]

To

leave.

of being

place on the lee, or in a position unfavorable to the [An error, and not in ii.te.] Beaumont. Shak. RElioN'EY, r. I. To sweeten with lioncy BEL'AMOUR, t!. [Fr. bel-amoxir.] A gal- wind. [Abi used.] Sherwood. BELEM'NITE, n. [Gr. lifUuvov, a dart, or lant a consort. [Ao/ used.] Spenser. liEHOOF'. n. [Sax. Jfi'iq^ir)), towant, to be arrow, from liiKoi, from the root of >ja>Au. BEL'AMY, n. [Fr. bel-aml] A good friend pello, to throw.] necessary, to be expedient hence, to lie an intimate. [.Vo< ii.'ff/.] Spenser. Arrow-head, or a duty D. behoeren, to need Ger. behuf, finger stone vulgarly called BELA'TE, 1'. (. [be and late.] To retard or thunder-bolt, or thunder stone. genus behoof; Dan. behorer, to need, to lack make too late. [.Vo( used.] of fossil shells, common in chalk an(i mainhehov, need, necessity, sufficiency, BELA'TED, a. [be and lafed.] Benighted Sw. hmestoue. These shells consist of an intenance, that is, things needed abroad late at night. terior cone, divided into partitions conbehofica, to need.] behof, need 5 Too late for the hour apjiointed or innected by a syphon, as in the nautilus, and 1. Rndieally, need, necessity whence, by tended later than the proper time. surrounded by a number of concentric layan easy analogy, the word came to signify BELA'TEDNESS, n. A being too late. that which supjilies want. ers, made up of fibers radiating from the Hence, ini Milton axis. These layers are somewhat trans])resent usage, BELA'VE, V. t. [be and lave.] To wash. parent, and when burnt, rubbed or scn.ped, 0. That which is advantageous ; advantage benefit. [JVot used.] give the odor of rasped horn. The speprofit cies are now e.xtinct. No mean recompense it brings to your behoof.' BELAW'GIVE, v. t. To give a law to. JUiiton. Milton. Barbarous and not used.] [ Encyc. Ed. Encyc.

Donne. Sidney.

To beat to whip. BELA'CED, a. Adorned

with

lace.

BELEE',

V.

t.

[be

and

To

May.

;;

BEHOOV'ABLE, o. Needful profitable. BELAY, V. BEHOOVE, V. behoov'. [Sax. hehnjiar., to be and lay.
;

t.

[This word

is

composed of BELEP'ER,
See

V.

t.

To

infect

t.

want, to be necessary, or expedient.

prrt.]

Sii-,
I.

to lay to, lay by, or close. Belea^ver.] To block up, or obstruct.

BEL'FRY,
dus.]
1.

[.Yot used.] n.

with leprosy. Beaumont.

[Fr. befroy; barb. L. belfre-

To

be necessary for
lor,

to be

fit

for

to

be
3. 4.
j

Dryden.

Oower.
Spenser.

meet

witli respect to necessity, duty,

it

or convenience.

And
x\iv.
It

thus

behooved Christ

to suffer.

Luke,

may perhaps be used

let

him behave as
such use
;

it

intransitively ; as.i behooveih ; but I be-'

adorn, surround, or cover. Spenser. In seamansltip, to fasten, or make fast, by winding a rojie round a cleat, kevil,or beIt is chiefly applied to the laying-pin.

To To

place in anihush.

lieve

is

rare.
o.
;

running rigging.
Needful
:'

Mar.

Diet.
2.

Among military writers of the middle age, a tower erected by besiegers to overlook the place besieged, in which sentinels were placed to watch the avenues, and to prevent surprise from parties of the enemy, or to give notice of fires, by ringEncyc. ing a bell.
in
larly,

BEHOOVEFUL,
useful
fiilly
;

behoov'fid.

])rotitable

advantageous.
adv. hehoov'/idly. Use-: {Obs. or nearly so.]

BEIIOOVEFULLY,
profitablv.

BELA'YEI)^ /;;?. Obstructed; ambushed; made fast. BEL,\'YING, ppr. Blocking up laying an
;

That i)art of a steeple, or other building, which a bell is hung, and more particuthe timber Avork which sustains it.
Encyc.
n.

ambush

making
t.

fast.

BEHOT',jO)f<. ol'tt/iig-Zi/. Obs. BEHOVE, and its derivatives.

hoove.']

BELCH,
is,

[See Beat.
1.

BEHOWL',
{.\'ot

V.

i.

[be

and howl] Tojliowl

[Sax. bealcan, to belch, that to swell or heave helgan, to be angry, that is, to swell with passion Eng. bulge, bilge, bulk; allied to VV.
V.

BELGARD',

[Fr. bel

and egard.]

soft

used.]
p;jr.

Shak:
[See Be.]
Existing in a cerPs. xlix.
is

BE'ING,

tain state.

BE'ING,
In
being.
'2.

Man, being in lienor, abideth not, n. Existence as, God

;

the au-

thor of our being.

look or glance. [Not used.] Spenser. BEL'GIAN, a. [See Belgic] Belonging to Belgica, or the Netherlands. BEL'tilAN, n. A native of Belgica, or the bale, prominent.] To throw or eject wind from the stom- Low Comitries. BEL't>Ie, a. [L. belgicus, from Belgae, the ach with violence. inhabitants of the Netherlands and the To eject violently from a deep hollow country bordering on the Rhine, from that place as, a volcano belches flames and The river to the Seine and the ocean.
to

push out,

lava.

God we
Acts

live,

and move, and have our

BELCH,
'3.

xvii.

particular state or condition. hardly a different sense.]

[This
the

is

n. The act of throwing out from the stomach, or from a hollow jilace eructation. A cant nann> for iiialt liquor. Dennis.

name may have been

inent, jnoud,

given to them from

their bidk or large statm-e;

W.

6/f,

prom;

from
Russ.
Lib.

6a/,

shooting out

Ena.
:

bulge

3.

person existing

applied

to

humane
I

BELCH'ED, /)/).

raee.
4.

An A

immaterial, intelligent existence,

or,
I

spirit.

Superior beings, when of late they saw mortal man unfold all nature's law

Ejected from the stomach, or from a hollow place. BELCH'ING, ppr. Ejecting from the stomach or anv deep hollow place.

Pope.
5.
; any living creature. Animals are such beings, as are endowed sensation and spontaneous motion.

Barret BELCH'ING, n. Eructation. BEL'DAM, n. [Fr. belle, fine, handsome

Tac. Agric Joseph. De Bell. Jud.2. 16 Herod. L.6: Strabo. L. 4. Owen supjmses the Welch name. Belgiad, to have been given them, from their bursting forth and ravaging Britain and Ireland. But they had the name on the continent, before their ir-

Pomp. Mela.

velikai, great. 3. 3, and 3. 5 :

:

See

.'\n

animal

will)
1

BE,IA'DE,
wsed.]

r.

(.

[6e

and jade.] To

tire.

[AW;

jMilton. v.t.

BE.)A'PE,
[J\iot

To
[be
t.

laugh at; to deceive.

Chaueer.
kiss.]

used.]
V.
t.

BEKISS',
lute.

and
[be

To

kiss or sa-

[JMot in use.]
V.

Jonson

BEKNA'VE,
luiavc.

and

knave.]

To

call

[Ab( used.]

Pope.

ruption into Britain.] Pertaining to the Belgae, who, in Cesar's time, possessed the country Ijetween the Spenser seems to have used the word in Rhine, the Seine and the ocean. They its true sense for good dame. were of Teutonic origin, and anterior to 2. A hag. Cesar's invasion of Gaul and Britain, colDryden. Shak BELE'AGUER, v. t. belee'ger. [Ger. tielagern. onies of them had established themselves The in the southern part of Britain. from if, by, near, and lagern, to lay D. counlry was called from its inhabitants belrgeren, to besiege, to convene, to belay was the town Sw. bela-gra, to besiege; Dan. beligger ; Belgica, not Belgium, which See Cluv. Germ. Ant. 2. 2. ofBeauvais. Buss, ohtrgayv.]

and dame, lady.

It

seems

to

be used

in

contempt, or as a cant term.]

1.

An

old

woman.

Shak.

BEL
Belgic
is

BEL
:
I

BEL
under instruction, as prejiaratory to bap, lism and admissiem to church jirivilege.s.

not so clear as to leave no douirt but the applied to the Netherlands, shades of strength in opinion can hardly called also Flanders, or that part of tin Low Countries wliicli Ibrnierly belonged be defined, or exemplified. Hence the use of qualifying words; as a. firm, full or to the house of Austria. BE'LIAL, n. [Heh. hy^h^-} As a noun, nn strong belief. The thing; believed the object of belief wickedness. As an adprotitableness wicked. In a roller .Superstitious prophecies are the belief of jective, worthless fools. Bueon. live sen.se, wicked men. Parkhurst. BELI'BEL, I'. I. [he and libel.] To libel or 0. A creed a form or summary of articles of faith. In this sense, we generally use Fuller. traduce. [JVot used.] Creed. Sax. heUcsrctn, ol' BELI'E, V. f. [be and lie. D. BELIEVABLE, a. That may be beheved he and leogan, to lie, lij^, or lyg, a lie credible. Shenvood. to belie. See heliegen ; Ger. beliigen BELIE'VE, V. i. To credit upon the authorLie.] to be per1. To ity or testimony of another f(ivc the lie to: to show to be false; suaded of the iruth of something upon to charge with falsehood as, the heart the declaration of another, or upon evibelies the tongue. It is rarely used of dedence furnished by reasons, arguments, clarations but of a|)pearances and fact and deductions of the mind, or by other which show that declarations, or certain circumstances, than |ier.soual knowledge. appearances and pretences arc false and When we believe ujion the authority of Hence, liypocritical. To counterfeit to mimic; to feign re another, we always put confidence in his When we believe upon the ausemblance. veracity. With dust, with horse's hoofs, that beat the thority of reasoning, arguments, or a con;
;

now

BELIE VING,
mony
ner.

JCncyr.

ppr. Giving credit to testior to other evidence than personaj

adv. In a believing

knowledge.

BELIE'VINGLY,
BELI'KE,
ikely
;

man-

adv.

[be

and

like.]

Probably;

BELI'KELY,
l.v.

perlia|)s. [Marli/ antifjualed.] adv.. I'lobably. [Ao/ used.]

Hall.
Live.] Speedily; quick' Spenser. BELL, [Sax. bell, bella, belle, so named from its sound ; Sax. bellan, to bawl, or belloir: W.ballaw; G. if W(;i ; I). ?V.,- coin-

BELI'VE, arfr. [See

Obs.
71.

1.

ground.

And
3.

uiaitial brass, belie

the tliuiider's sound

IJri/Jeti

To To To

give a false representation. .Should 1 do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak.

tell lies

currence of facts and circumstances, we rest our conclusions upon their strength or probability, their agreement with our
2.

own experience, &c. To ex])ect or hope

trust.

ciding with ,iav/.u and pello. See Peal.] A ves.sel or hollow body, used for in.-iking sounds. Its c(uistituent jiarts are a barrel or hollow body, enlarged or expanded at one end, an car or cannon by which it is hung to a Ijcam, and a clajiper on the inside. It is formed of a ccmiposition of metals. Bells are of high autiquitj-. Tlie blue tunic ol' the Jew ish High I'ricst was; adorned w ith golden bells and the kings of I'eisia are said to have the hem of their
;

witli

confidence

to

4.

concerning
Iiini,

to

calumniate by
Shali.

false reports. Thou do^t belie

5.
fill

I had fainted, unless I had believed to see the goodness of tlie Lord in tlie land of the living.

robe adorned with them in like manner. Among the Greeks, those who went the
nightly rounds in camps or garrisons, used to ring a bell, at each sentinel-box, to see that the soldier on duty was awake. Bells were also put on the necks of crimi-

Percy.

Ps. xxvii.

with

lies.

BELI'ED,
;

all comers of the world. Shak. pp. Falsely represented either by word or obvious evidence and iudicacalion counterfeited mimicked.

Slander doth belie

BELIE'VE, V.
more lowed by
ers,

[J\'ot legitimate.]

i. To have a firm persiuision of any thing. lu some cases, to have full per suasion, a|iproacliing to certainty; in oth

(ion ht

BELIE'F,
;

[Sax. geleitf, leave, license, permission, consent, assent, belief, faith or

;

n.

tures.

To

of faith. "

isim])lied. It is ol'ten fol in or on, especially in the scripbelieve in, is to hold as the object

Ve

believe in

God,

believe also in

truat gelenfan, gelefan, geliefdn, gebjfan, to believe leofan, to leave and to live. From tiicsc words, it ap))ears that belief is from the root of /raw, permission, as.sent; Sa.\. leaf, leave and belief, fides leofa, permission, license ; written also lif and luft ; lifan. to i)ermit; I), geloof, it. gUiuhe, belief,
;

me."
with

John
faith.

xiv.

To

believe on, is to trust,

in, to

to [ilace full

confidence
"

warn persons to move out of the of so ill an omen, as the sight of a criminal or his executioner also on the necks of beasts and birds, and in houses. In chinches and other public buildingfei, bells are now used to notify the time of meetingof any congregation or other asnals, to

way

rest

To them gave

upon

become

be power to

sembly.

Encyr.

the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name." John i. John son. But there is no ground for much dis
tinction.

In private houses, bells are n.sed to call servants, either hung and moved by a wire, or as hand-bells^ f^mall bells are also

used

geloovcn, glnuben, to believe Dan. 6e/oi>er, to |)romis<"; D. oorlof, verhf. lea\ e, permission G. urliuih, leave, furlow. The primary sense of believe is to throw or put to, or to assent to ; to leave with or to rest on ; to rely. See Leave
; ;

credit, faith

and
1.

Live.]

In theulng)/, to believe sometimes expresses mere assent of the understanding to the truths of the gospel as in the case of Si moil. .\cts viii. In others, the word im plies, with this assent of the mind, a yield ing of the will and aftections, accompanied with a humble reliance on Clirist for
;
;

3.

persuasion of the truth, or an assent of

salvation.

John

i.

12.

iii.

15.

Jiiind to the tnuli of a declarntion, proposition or alledged fact, on the ground of evidence, distinct from personal knowledge as tlie belief of the gospel belief of a witness. be founded Belief may also on internal impression.s, or arguments and reasons furnished by our own minds as the belief of our senses a train of reason;
;

In popular use, and familiar discourse, to believe (.fteii expresses an opinion in a vague manner, without a very exact estimate of evidence, noting a mere preponderance

of

o])inioii,

and

is

nearly equivalent
to,

t(

BELIE' VEli,
true.

think or .nippose.

BELL
as

pp. Credited; assented

or calix of a flower. bear the bell, is to be the first or leader, in allusion to the bell-wether of a flocly, or the leading horse of a team or drove, that wears bells on his collar. To shake the bells, a ])hrase of Shakspeorc, signifies to move, give notice or alarm. BELL, V. i. To grow in the form of bells, as buds or flow ers. -FASHIONED, a. Having the fi>mi of a liell. Mortimer.

A hollo >v body of metal, perforated, and containing a solid ball, to give sounds used on animals, as on horses or haw ks. Any thing in Ibrm of a bell, as the cup
when shaken
:

in electrical experiinent.s.

To

ing may result in belief Belief m opposed to knowledge and seience. In t'leologi/, faith, or a firm persuasion of . the truths of religion.
.

BELIE'VER, n. One who believes who gives credit to other evidence

BELL'-FLOWER,
;

n. [bell

and

flower.]

one than

3.

that of personal knowledge. 2. In theologij, one who gives credit to the truth of the scriptures, as a revelation from No man can attain [to] belief by the bare God. In a more restricted sense, a pro Hooker. contemplation of heaven and earth. fessor of Christianity one who receives Religion ; the body of teuets held by the the gospel, as unfolding the true way of| professors of faith. In the heat of |iersecution, to which christian salvation, and Christ, as his Savior.
;

plants, so named from the shape of the corol or flower which resembles a Campanula, a genus of monogynian pentandcrs, comprehending many

genus of

bell, L.

species.

BELL'-FOUNDER, n. [bell and founder.] A man whose occupation is to found or

cast bells.

belief was subject,

Lr

upon

its first

promulgation.

In some cases, the word is used for ])ersuasion or opinion, when the evidence is

In the primitive church, those who had been Hooker. instructed in the truths of the gospel and
in disbaptized, were called believers tinction from the catechumens, who were
;

BELL'-MAX,
thing

)i.

[ifrtandm.]

A man who
metal.]

rings a bell, especially to give notice of any ill the streets.

n.
[bell

BELL -METAL,

and

Vol.

mixture of copper and tin, in the proportion

21

B E h
parts of copper to one oi tin, or accorcliiia; to Tlioinson, three parts to one, and usually a small portion of brass or zink used for making bells.
(if alioiit

BEL
"2.

BEL
I

ten

a loud outcry to roar. In eontempt, to vociferate or clamor. To roar, as the sea in a temjiest, or as the wind when violent to make a loufl, holto
; ;

make

passes the belly of a horse, and fastens the saddle a girth. Sherwood. BEL'LY-BOUND, a. Diseased in the belly, so as to be costive, and shrunk in thef belly.
;

low, continued sound. Dryden. IJELL'-PEPPER, n. [bell and pepper.] A BEL'LOVV, n. A loud outcry; roar. name of the Guinea pepper, a species of BEL'LOWING, ppr. Making a loud hollow soimd, as a bull, or as the roaring of Capsicum. Tliis is tlie red pepper of the

Encyc.

BEL'LY-CHEER,
I

n.

Good

Johnson. cheer. [ATot

used.]

Chaucer.

BELLY-FRETTING,
I

gardens, and most proper for pickling. Encyc. BELL-RINGER, n. One wlio.se business is to ring a church or otiier bell.

billows.

BEL'LOWING,
roar.

n.

loud hollow sound or

Herbert.
I

2.

n. The chafing of a horse's belly, with a fore girt. violent pain in a horse's belly, caused worms. Diet. Ijy

BEL'LOWS,
hylig,

n.

.mg.
;
;

an<l phi.

[Sax. bilig or
i I

BELLYFUL,

BELL'-f^HAPED,
ing the lorm of a

a.

[bell

anA

shape.}

Hav-

hell.

Botany.
[hell

BELL'-WETHER,
BELL'-WORT,
n.

n.

and

loether.]

wether or sheep which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck.

A plant,
n.

bellows and bilig, bylg, a blown Goth, balgs, bylg, bylbladder, a bottle L. hxdga ; Ir. builg, ga, a mail or budget Ger. balg, a skin blasebotg, a bellows D. balg, a bellows, that is, a blow-skin
; ; ; ;

n. [belly and full.'] As nmch as fills the belly, or satisfies the appetite. In familiar and ludicrous language, a great

abundance; more than enough. [Vulgar.]

Johnson.

the Uvularia.

BEL'LADONNA,
BEL'LATRLX,

Muhlenberg. plant, a species of

Lee.
glitteringits

blaasbalg ; See Blaze.

Sw.

bUisbalg

Dan.

bla'.tehelg.

BEL'LY-GOD, n. [belly and ton one who makes a god

;

god.]

glut;

of his belly

The word

is

projierly in the

that
is

is,

whose great business or pleasure

Enlarging capacity; swel-

Atropa, or deadly niglitshade. 7i." [L.] A ruddy,

;

star of the second magnitude, in the left

singidar nmnber, Goth halgs, but is used also in the plural. It seems to be the same word as the L. follis, and probably from shooting out, swelling or driving, W.
bat.]

to gratify his appetite.

hE,h'hYWG, ppr.
ved
;

ling out, like the belly.

BELLY-PINCHED,

shoulder of Orion

so

named from

ima-

BELLE,
lo,

gined influence in exciting war. Encyc. n. bet. [Fr., from L. bellus, It. helSp.
hello,
;

\n instrument,
ing

handsome,
perha]is

fine,

whence
Huss.

to

embellish

allied

to

bielo,

In popular use, a lady of superior beauty and nuich admired. BELL'ED, a. Hung with bells.
lady.

A young

white.]

utensil or machine for blowfire, either in private dwellings or in It is so formforges, ftirnaces and shops. ed as by being dilated and contracted, to iidude air by a lateral orifice which is opened and closed with a valve, and to

propel

it

through a tube upon the

n.

fire.

BEL'LOWS-FISH,
whence
its

The

trumpet-fish,
;

a. [See Pinch.] StarShak. pinched with hunger. BEL'LY -ROLL, n. [See RoU.] A roller protuberant in the middle, to roll land between ridges, or in hollows. Mortimer. BEL'LY-SLAVE, n. A slave to the appetite. Homily. BEL'LY-TIMBER, n. [See Timber.] Food ; that which supports the belly. [ Vulgar.] Prior. Hudibras.

BELLES-LETTRES,
anglicised, hell-lttlers.
Letter.']

n. plu.

beV

letter,

or

about four inches long, with a long snout

[Fr.

See

Belle

and

name.
a.

BEL'LY-WORM,
BELOCK',
jj.

n.

Diet.

BEL'LUINE,
;

[L. helluinus,
like

ofMxt. Hist. from hellua,

;

[See Worm.]

A worm
Johnson.
loc,

that breeds in the belly or stomach.

t.

Polite literature ; a word of very nification. It includes poetry

;

a beast.] vague sigand orato- Beastly pertaining to or tal. ry but authors are not agreed to what [Little used.] particular branches of learning the term BELLY, n. [Ir. bolg, the
sluiuld bo restricted.

a beast

bru-

[Sax. bclucan, from

lock.

belly,
;

BELL'IBONE, n. [Fr.helle and bonne.] A woman excelling both in beauty and goodness.
[JVot in use.]
a.

Encyc.

budget, blister, bellows

W.

a bag, pouch,
holy,

Merhury. To lock or fasten as with a

the bel-

lock, with he.]

BEL'OMANCY,
and
rV

whence holiaw, Arm. hoelcH, bowels.

ly,
is 1.

to

belly,

to

gorge

The primary

sense

Spenser.
,

BELLIU'ERENT,
AfWiijero, to

wage

[L. belliger. warlike war ; from helium, wm;'

;
;

and gero, to wage part, gerens, gerentis, waging. Gr. rto^f^oj, war W. bel, war, tumult beta, to war, to wrangle.] Waging war carrying on war as a bel; ;
;

swelled, or a swell.] ])art of the human body which extends from the breast to the thighs, conIt is called also the taining the bowels. abdomen or lower belly, to distinguish it from the head and breast, which are sometimes called bellies, from their cavity.

That

[Gr. t3fXoj, ;iitti'T(ta, divination.] kind of divination, practiced cient Scythians, Babylonians nations, and by the Arabians.

n.

Shak. an arrow,

by the anand other

number

of arrows, being marked, were put into a bag or quiver, and drawn out at random ; and the marks or words on the arrow drawn determined what was to hajipen. See Ezek. xxi. 21. Encyc.

ligerent nation.

BELLlG'EP.ENT,
state carrying

n.
a.

nation,

power

or

2.

on war.

BELLIG'EROUS,
BELL'ING,
'2.

The same

as bellige-

3.
4.

[Sax. W/an, to bellow.] The noise of a roe in rutting lime a hunt.sn.

;

The part of a beast, corresponding to human belly. The womb. Jer. 5. The recejitacle of food that which
i.
;

Qnincy.
the

BELO'NE,

re-

n. [Gr. i3l^olr;, a needle.] The gar, garfish, or sea-needle, a species of Eso.x. It grows to the length of two or three feet, with long pointed jaws, the edges of which are armed with small

teeth.

man's term.
a.

Diet.
like a bell growused of hops from bell. Ash. a. [L. helium, war, and
; ;

.5.

Growing or forming
full

ing

and ripe

(i.

BELLIP'OTENT,
Powerful or mighty

potens, powerful, bellipotens.]

in war.
[Little used.] Diet.

7.

quires food, in opposition to the back. Whose god is their belly. Phil. iii. The part of any thing which resembles the human belly in protuberance or cavity, as of a harp or a bottle. Any hollow inclosed ])lace; as the belly of hell, in Jonah. In scripture, belly is used for the heart. Prov xviii. 8. XX. .'30. John vii. 38. Carnal lusts, sensual pleasures. Rom. xvi. 18.
Phil.
iii.

Encyc.

BELONG',
or

V. i. [D. belangcn, to concern, belong, concern, interest, importance, of if and lav g Ger. helangen, to attain to,
:

ti^; anlangen, to arrive, to come concern, toucli or belong Dan. anIn Sax. langer, to arrive at, to belong. gelavgian is to call or bring. The radical sense of long is to extend or draw out, and with be or an, it signifies to extend to,

come

to, to

BELLIQUE,
lilie.

a.

bellee'k.

[Old Fr.]

War-

la
II.

The whole man.

Brown,
;

Tit.

i.

12.
1.

to reach.]

BEL'LON,
els,

[JVut used.] n. disease,

Feltham. attended with lan-

BEL'LY,

t.

guor and intolerable griping of the bow- BEL'LY,

V. i.

To fill to swell out. To .^well and become

;

Cniden. Shak.
jirotu;

common

in places

where

lead ore

is

smelted.

Encye.

BELLO'NA,
BEI/LOW,
balldw;
1.

!. [from L. goddess of war.

!>.

i.

L. halo; D. Sax. btUan, to bawl.

[Sax. hulgian,bylgean ; W. hulken ; Sw. bbla

2. belluvi, war.] Jlnt. Mythol.

The

To strut. BEL'LY-AHE,
in

berant, like the belly bellying canvas.

n.

a.s,

Dryden.

bellying goblets Phillips.

Baileij.

2.

To be the projierty of; as, a field belongs Richard Roe ; Jamaica belongs to G. Britain. Tt) be the concern or proper business of ; to appertain ; as, it belongs to John Doe to prove his title.
to

[belly
i-olic.

and

BELLYACHE BUSH
BEL'LY -BAND,
spec es (f.latropha.
n.

the bowels; the

ache.] [Vulirar.]

Pain
n.

3.

To

be appendant
iato

to.

He went

a desert phice
ix.

belonging

to

or

WEED,

A
4.

Bcthsaida.

Luke

To make a

See Bawl.] hollow, loud noise, as a bull

baud that encom-

To be apni-t of, orcoimectcd with,tliough detached in place as, a beam or rafter

;

BEL
helongs to such a frame, or to such a placp ill the biiilcUn^. 5. To have relation to. And David said, to wliom belongest thou ? 1 Sam. XXX. C. To be ihc quuhty or attribute of. To the Lord our Cod bcloiig mercies and forDan. ix. giveness. 7. To be suitabh; for.
Stroni;

B E
ing mold on grease.
I.

M
tai'

BEN
and gooseKncyc.
ff'arton.
1.

it,

and applying

BENCH,
bene
;

n.

[Ir. bin.se

I'r.

banc.

BELT, V. To encircle. BELU'GA, n. [Buss, signifying

fish

The

Uelphinus,
tail is

white tish.] of the cetaceous order, and genus from 12 to IH feet in length.
,

divided into two lobes, lying horizontallj and there is no dorsal fin. In

meat btlongeth

to

them of

full

age

Heb.
8.

V.

To relate to, or be referred to. He careth for things that belong

1

to the Lord,

Cor.

vii.

9.

To have

a hiiral residence, settlement, or

inhabitancy, whether by birlli or operatimi of law, so as to be enlitled to maintonancc by the parish cirtown.
IJastards also
:)re

.settled

in the

parishes to

which the mothers belong.

Blackstonc.

Hence,

To be the native of to have original residence. There is no other country in the world to which the Gipeys could belong. Grellman. Prcf 12. 11. In common language, to have a settled residence to be domiciliated.
10
;
;

BELONG'ING, ppr.
; ;

I'crtainiiig

a|)pertain-

ing being the jimpcrty of; being a quality of; being the concern of; being appendant to being a native of, or having a legal or permanent settlement in.

BELONG'INU,

n.

A (pialitv.

[Xol in

use.] Shall.

BELOVED,

ppr. [he and loved, from love. Belove, as a verb, is not used.] Loved ; greatly loved ; dear to the heart.

Paul.

KEhOW, prep,
2. Iiderior in

[tf

and

?oiP.]
;

Under

in place;
;

in dHhrent manors, according to their resiiective customs. King's Bench, in England, a court in which the king formerly sat in per.son, and which goosefoot or wiltl orach, called scoparia or anThe court accompanied his householil. nual mock cyjiress. It is of a bcautiliil consists of the Lord Chief Justice, and three other justices, who have jurisdiction pyramidical Ibrm, and much esteemed in as a salad, and for other uses. over all matters of a criminal or jiublic naChina, ture. It has a crown side and a Encyc. jilea side ;. In Ilnliun architecture, a pavilion on tlie the fiirmer determining criminal, the latan artificial eminence Blaekstont. ter, civil causes. top of an edifice in a garden. i!. t. To (tirnish with benches. Encyc. BENCH, BELYE. [Sec Belie.] Drydeti. Shak. BE'MA, n. [Gr. liifta.] A chancel. [Alsf 2. To seat on a bench. in use.] Beaumont. 3. V. i. To sit on a seat of justice. Shak. In ancient Greece, a stage or kind of pul- BENCH'ER, n. In England, the benchers on which speakers stood when adin the inns of court, are ihi' senior mempit, bers of the society who ha\c the govern.Milford. dressing an assembly. BEMAD', iJ. <. [beumimad.] To make 'mad. ment of it. They have been readers, and ahak. [.Vot in use.] being admitted to plead within the bar, arc BEMAN'GLE, v. t. [be and mangle.] To called inner barristers. They annuallv elect a treasurer. mangle to tear asunder. [Little used.] Encyc. Johnson. Beaumont. The alderman of a corporation. BEBLASK, v. t. [he and mask.] To mask ^Ishmole. to conceal. Shelton. 3. A judge. Shak. BEMA'ZE, V. I. To bewilder. [See Maze.] BEND, V. I. pret. bended or bent ; pp. bended

swimming, this fish bends its tail under its body like a lobster, and thrusts itself along with the rapidity of an arrow. This li.sli is found in the arctic seas and rivers, ami is caught liir its oil and its skin. I'l nnant.
n.

long seat, usually of boiinl or plank, differing tiom a stool in its greater length. 2. The scat where the judges sit in court .seat of justice, ilence, .3. The persons who sit as judges; the court. Shak. Dryden. Free bench, in England, the estate in copyhold lands, which the wife, being esjioused a virgin, has for her dower, after the deccaM- (d" her hu.-^band. This is \arious
;

Corn, btnk ; See Bank.]

SaX.

BEL'VIUERE,
to see.]
1.

[L. teWus, fine,

and

rirfco,

A plant, a species of chenopodium,

licncath ; not so high below the knee.

as, below the

moon HEME'TE,
ure. Felton.

[Little used.]
V. t.

[he

and
[be

mete.]

To measShnk.
To;

Coivper.

or

beyit.

[Sax.
;

6eiirfi,
;

to

bend

Vr. bander,
;

rank, excellence or dignity.

[AJot in use.]
v. t.

BEMIN'GLE,
mingle
;

and mingle.]
used
]

to mix.
V.
f.

of; unbefitting. Drydcn. adv. In a lower place, with respect to any object as, the heavens above and the earth below, "2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. The fairest child of Jove below. Prior. 3. In hell, or the region of the dead ; as the realms below. Dryden. 4. In a court of inferior jurisdiction ; as, at the trial heloiv. IVhealon. BELOWT', V. t. [See Lowl.] To treat with
;5.

Unworthy

BELOW,

BEMI'RE,
throiiiili

incumber

To drag or [be and mire.] to soil by passing the mire mud or dirtv places. Swijt.i
ill
;

[Little

Ger. binden, to wind, bind or tie D. binden, the same Sw. Dan. binder, to bind L. banda, to bind pando, paudare, to bend in; pando, pandere, to open pandas, bent, crooked It. banda, sidewise benda, a fillet or band
;

to bend, bind or tie

BEMIST',

V. t.

[be aiid mist.]

To

cover

or!

involve in mist.

[.Yot used.]

Felton.l
;|

BEMOAN,

r.<.
;

to bev.ail

To lament [6e and morni.] to express sorrow for; as, to

.son.

bemoan the loss of a

BEMOANABLE, a.
.N'ot jt.vfrf.]

That may

The |)rimary sense is, to jutting out. Bend and bind are radstretch or strain. ically the same word.] be lamented. 1. To strain, or to crook by straining ; as, to
Jeremiah.

bendare, to crown ; i>\i. pandeetr, to bind or be inclined, to bulge out, to belly pundo^ pandeo, a bulge or protuberance
;

',

Sherwood.
/y;?.
?i.

benda bow.
2.

contemptuous languiige.

[.Voi in use.]

BEL'SWAGGER,
BELT,
Bl.]
1.

n.

Camden. lewd man.

Dryden.
;

BEMOANED, BEMOANER, BEMOANING,

BEMOCK',
V.

Lamented; bewailed.

To crook
to inflect
;

to

make crooked
bend the arm.
;

to

curve;

One who

laments.

as, to

ppr. Lameiitiiiir;
t.

bewaihng.

with mock^MV.

[he and mock.] [Little !(.sfrf.]

To

n.

[Sax.

belt

Sw. IMt
bull,

Dan. bwUe
welt.

BEMOCK,
BEMOIL',
to wet.]

J).

!.

To
[he

laugh

at.

direct to a certain point as, to bend treat our steps or course to a jiarticular place. Shak. 4. To exert ; to apply clo.sely ; to exercise to intend or stretch ; as, to laboriously
3.
;

To

L. balteus.

Qu.

Ir.

Class

V.

t.

and

moil.

Fr. mouiller.
5.

girtUe; a band, usually of leather, in

To

2.

which a sword or other weapon is hung. A narrow passage, or strait between the isle of Zc.d.ind and that of Fuiien at the

bedraggle to beinire her with mire and dirt.

;

to soil or
[J^Tot

incumShak.

in

tise.]

bend the mind to study. To prejiare or put in order for use to stretch or strain. He hath bent his bow and made it ready.
;

Ps.
6.

vii.

entrance of the I'allic, usually called tin Great Belt. The Lesser Belt is the jnissage isle of Eunen, and llie coast of Jutland. 3. A bandage or band used by surgeons for various purposes. 4. Ill astronomy, certain girdles or rings, which surround the jilanet .Uipiter, are

BEMOL, n. In musJc, BEMON'STER, v.

t.

a half note.
[be

Bacon: and monster.] To

Shak.
over.

make monstrous.

[JVot in u.w..]

To inchiie ; to be determined ; that is, to stretch towards, or cause to tend ; as, to be bent on mischief.
It expresses disposition or purjiose. To subdue to cause to yield to make submissive: as, to bend a man to our will. In seaman.'ihip, to fasten, as one rope to to fasten, as a another or to an anchor to fa.sten, as a cohle .sail to its yard or stay .Mar. Diet. to the ring of an anchor. To bend the hrow, is to knit the brow to Camden. sco 1 to frown.
;

between the

BEMOURN,

V.

t.

To weep
[be

or

mourn

[Little lined.]

7.

BEMUSED,
BEN
tempt.

a.
;

with musing
or

and mttse.] dreaming a

;

Overcome
wetrd of con- 8.

Johnson.

BEN'-NUT,
largest of

n.

A purgative fruit
a
ui

Pope. or
fil-

5.

called belts. disease among sheep, cured by cutting off the tail, laying the sore bare, then cast-

nut, the

which rcseiuhles
used

bert, yielding

an

oil

pharmacy.
Encyc.

9.

BEN
JSEND,
'i.
I'.
('.

BEN
'2.

B E N
The
practice of doing good ness, kindness, or charity.
a.
;

To

be crooked; to eiook, or be
Sandi/s.
;

Below, as opposed
supeiior region
in earfii beneath.
;

c-iirviiig.

to as, in

heaven, or to any heaven above, or

active good;

incline ; to lean or turn bends to the west.

To

as,

a road

BENEF'ICENT,
[L. benedictus.]

BEN'EDleT,
on.]

a.

Having

.'3.

4.

To jilt over as a hending To resolve, or determine.

;

cliff.

[Sec Bent

5.

To bow or be submissive. Is. l.t. BEND, 71. A curve a crook a turn

;
;
;

Dri/den.
in a

2.

road or river flexure incurvation. In marine language, that part of a rope which is lastened to another or to an anchor. [See To bend. No. 8.] 3. Bends of a ship, are the thickest and strongest planks in her sides, more gener ally called wales. They are reckoned from
;

mild and salubrious qualities. [JVot in Bacon. wsc] BENEDI'TINE, a. Pertaining to the order or monks of St. Benedict, or St. Benet. BENEDI'TINES, j!. Aji order of monks who profess to follow the rules of St. Benan order of great celebrity. They edict wear a loose black gown, with large wide sleeves, and a cowl on the head, ending in a point. In the canon law, they are called
;

Doing good performing acts of kindness and charity. It tliffers from benign, as the act from the dispobeneficence being benignity or kindness exerted in action. Johnson. adv. In a beneficent
;

sition

BENEFICENTLY,
manner.

BENEFI"CIAL,
;

a.

Advantageous
;
;

confer-

black friars.

BENEDI'TION,
bene,
1.

>!.

[L. benedictio,

4.

the water,_^re?, second or third bend. Thej' have the beams, knees, and foot hooktbolted to them, and are the chief strength of the ship's sides. Eneyc. Mar. Did. In heraldry, one of the nine lionorable ordinaries, containing a third part of the when charged, and a fifth, wjien field,
plain.
It
is

well,

and

dictio,

speaking.

Boon and

Diction.]

'2.

made by two

lines

drawn

across from the de.\ter chief, to the sinis ter base point. It sometimes is indented Johnson. ingrailed, &c. Encyc. band. [JVot in use.] Spe7iser. BEND, )i. BEND'ABLR, a. Tliat may be bent or incurvated. Sherwood. inciirvated Strained BEND'ED, ? ^^' made crooked uiclined BENT, S

giving praise to profitably helpfully. for his favors BENEFI"CIALNESS,n. Usefulness; profitableness. Hale. blessing pronounced hence grace before and after meals. BENEFI'CIARY, a. [L. heneficiarius. See Blessing, prayer, or kind wishes, uttered Benefaction.] in favor of any person or thing a solemn Holding some office or valuable possession, or affectionate invocation of happiness in subordination to another having a de;
:

The act of blessing; a God or rendering thanks

;

ring benefits useful profitable helpful ; followed contributing to a valuable end by to ; as, industry is beneficial to the body, as well as to the property. 2. Receiving or entitled to have or receive from advantage, use or benefit ; as the beneficial See owner of an estate. Kent. BENEFI'CIALLY, adv. Advantageously;
;

3.

thanks; expression of gratitude. The advantage conferred by blessing.

pendent and secondary possession.

Bacon
1.

BENEFI'CIARY,

n.

One who

Bacon. holds a
;

abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop.

Ayliffe.

The form of instituting an

The
exteniiil

benefice. beneficiary is not the proprietor of the revenues of liis church but he has the administration of them, without

subdued.

5.

BEND'ER,

n.

The person who

;

Church, an ecclesiastical is rendered BEND'ING, ppr. Incurvating forming into sacred or venerable. Encyc. a curve stooping; subduing; turning as BENEFACTION, i. [L. benefacio, of bene. a road or river leaning apwell, and facio, to make or do.] as the mind fastening. plying doselv, 1. The act of conferring a benefit. BEND'LET, n. In heraldry, a little bend, More generally, which occupies a sixth part of a shield. a charita'2. A benefit

makes crooked

also,

an instrument
;

bend.s, or for

ceremony ]ierformed by a priest in the office of matrimony is called the nuptial benediction. Encyc
In the
RoHa'.f/i

being accountable to any person. The word was used, in the middle ages, for a
2.

bending other things.

;

G.

ceremony by which a thing

feudatory, or vassal. Encyc. One who receives any thing as a gift, or maintained by charity. Blackstone. BENEFI'CIENCY, n. Kindness or favor
is

bestowed.

Brown.
a.

BENEFI CIENT,
BEN'EFIT,
1.

Doing good.

Mam Smith.

conferred, especially
n.

BEND'-WITH, n. A plant. In heraldry, th^ BEND'Y,

)7.

Bailei/.

ble donation.

Diet.
field

divided

BENEFACTOR,

He who

Atterbiiry

confers a

into four, six or

more

and varying

in

metal

parts, diagonally, and color.

BENE,

Encyc. Ash. Tiie popular name of the sesamiim orientale, called in the West Indies vangloe, an African ))lant. Mease. BENE'.-^PED, a. [be and neap.] Among seamen, a ship is heneapcd, wlien the water does not flow high enough to float her from a dock or over a bar. Encyc. BENE'ATII,;H-e;j. [Sax. beneath, bcneothan, benythan ; of be and neothan, below, under. See J^/ether.] (. Under lower in place, with something
n. hcn'y.
;

See Benefaction.] fice. Burke. benefit. 1. Literally, a benefit, advantage or kind- 3. In la^v, benefit of cleisy. [See Clergy.] But in present usage, an ecclesiast- BEN'EFIT, V. I. To do good to to advanness. ical living a church endowed with a reveto advance in health, or prosperity ; tage nue, fur tiie maintenance of divine service, as, exerapplied either to persons or things or tlie revenue itself. All church jirefertrade benefits a nation. cise benefits health ments are called benefices, ^xcept bish- BENEFIT, V. i. To gain advantage to But oprics, which are called dignities. make im()i'ovement as, he has benefited by ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to that is, he has been benegood advice directly over or on, as to place a cushbishoprics, deaneries, arcli-deacoiiries, and fited. ion beneath one; often with the sense of prebendaries and benefice, to parsonages, BENEFITED, />;>. Profited; having receipressure or oppression, as to sink beneath a vicarages, and donatives. Encyc. veil benefit.
; ; ;

benefit, especially one who makes charihis benefits. Ps. ciii. table contributions either for public insti2. Advantage ; jirofit ; a word of extensive tutions or for ])rivato use. use, and expressing whatever contributes n. female who conto promote prosperity and personal happifers a benefit. Delany. ness, or add value to property. BEN'EFICE, n. [L. benejicium ; Fr. beneMen have no right to what is not for their

n. [Primarily from L. beneficium, or benefaetum ; but perhaps directly fioin the Fr. bienfait, by corruption.] An act of kindness a favor conferred. Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all
;

BENEFACTRESS,

burden, in a

literal sense.

'i.

laider, in a figurative sense ; bearingheavy impositions, as taxes, or oppressive gov-

2.

3.

Shak. Lower in rank, dignity or excellence ; as, brutes are beneath man man is beneath angels, in the scale of beings. 4. Unworthy of; unbecoming; not equal to as, he will do nothing beneath his station or character. BENE'ATH, adv. In a lower place as, the earth from beneath will be barren. Mortimer.
;
;

ernment. Our coiintiy

sinks beneath the yoke.

Ill the middle ages, benefice was uscfl for a fee, or an estate in lands, granted at first for life only, and liekl e,r mero bemficio of the lienor. The estate afterwards becoi ing hereditary, took the appellation offend, and benefice became ajipropriated to churcl

BENEFITING, ppr.
ing
;

Doing good

to

profit-

gainhig advantage.

BENE'ME,
name.
2.

To [Sax. he and naman.] Spenser. [JVot in use.]

V.
t.
;

To promise

to give.
v.
t.

[JVot in use.]

livings.

Encyc.
a.

Spenser.

BEN'EFICED,

Possessed of a benefice
-lyliffc

BENEMP'NE,
bene, well,
|ilease.]

To name.
n.

[JVot in use.']

or church ])referinent.

Spensei".

BEN'EFICELESS,
[JVot used.]

a.

Having no benefice
Sheldon.
[L. bcneficentia,

BENEPLAC'ITURE,
and
Will
;

;)/HfiVi(Hi,

[L. bcncplacitum, from plaeeo, to

BENEFICENCE,

n.

from

the participle of te7if/urio.]

choice.

[J\ot in use.]

Glanvilk.

BEN
BENET',
net
;

BEN
To
catch in a Shak.

B E
Laurus Bentaste,

BENEVOLENCE,
1.

when rubbed or luxated, is extremely fragrant and of America, called aUospiceto the height of 15 or 20 agreeable. It is chiefly used in cosmetics and perfumes. feet, with a very branchy head. bene, well, and Encyc. Thomson. 3. A gum or resin, or rather a balsam. I fill.] [See BEI'A'INT, V. i. [be and paint.] To paint; to cover with paint. Shak. Tlie disposition to do good Benzoin.] Encyc. good will [TAttle used.] the love ot BEN'NET, n. The herb bennet, or aven.s, BEI'A'LE, v.l. [be and pale.] To make kindness charitableness known in botany by the generic term pale. [.Vo< in use.] Carew. mankind, accompanied with a desire to
I'.

/.

[be

and

net.]

BP>N'JAMIN,
htish.
It

n.

tree, the

but

its

smell, especially

to (Misnaio.

[J^ot used.] of n. [L. bemvolentia, See volo, to will or wish.

;

zoin, a native

grows

their happiness. benevolence of God is one of his that attribute which de; lights in the happiness of intelligent beings. " God is love." 1 Jolm iv. 2. An act of kindness ; good done charity

promote

Geum.

The

BEN'NET FISH,

n.

fish

moral attributes

length, caught in the African seas, having scales of a deep purple, streaked with gol(l.

Fam. of Plants. BEPINCH', V. t. with |>inches. of two feet in BEPIIVCH ED, I

Hist. inflected

[be

and pinch.] To mark

Markedwith
PP/.

pinches.

Did. of .Vat.

BKPliVCHT, BEPO\V DER,

jjowder
der.
;

\
!'.

[be

3.

A species of contribution or tax illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England.

Blackstone. a. [L. benevolcns, of bene

given.

BENEVOLENT,

and volo.] Having a disposition to do good; possessing love to mankind, and a desire to [iromote
their pros|)eritv
;

pp. of bend. Inciu-vated ; inclined prone to or having a fixed propensity ; determined. Bent on, having a fixed inclination ; resolved or determined on. BENT, n. The state of being curvin, crooked, or inclined from a straight line ; flexure ; ctirvity. 2. Declivity ; as tlie tfHf of a hill. [Umisual.]
; ;

BENT,

Chapman. and powder.] To

cover with powjn-aise.]

to sprinkle or
V.
t.

BEPRA'ISE,

[be

and

To praise
Golds7nith.

greatly or extravagantly.

BEPUR'PLE,

and purple.] To tinge or dye with a ])urple color. BEQIJE'ATM, v. t. [Sax. becwmthan ; bv and civethan, to say cu-ixl, a saying, opinV.
t.

[he

ion, will,

testament n/Man, to
;

testify

Eng.

and happiness
adu.

kind.

Dryden,
2.

quuth.]

BENEVOLENTLY, ner with good will. A thin stuff made BENGAL',

?!.

In a kind

man-

of silk and

hair, for

women's apparel,
in the E. Indies.
n.

so called from

Bengal

Inclination disposition ; a leaning or hi as of mind ; propensity ; as the bent of th( mind or will the bent of a people toward an object. This may be natural or artificial, occasional or habitual, with indefi
; ;

To

to devise give or leave by will species of property by testament lieqvcnth an estate or a legacy.
;

some
as. to

UKtillEATIIED, pp. Given o"r HKUUE' ATIIING, ppr. Giving

by testament.

left

by

will.

or devising
act
f

BENGALEE',
spoken
in

The

Johnson. language or dialect

Bailey.

nite
4.

Bengal.
n. sing,

BENGALE'SE,
BENI'GHT,
in
II. t.

and plu.
.4s.

degrees of strength. Flexion tendency particular direction as the bents and tiu-ns of a subject.
; ; ;

HEQUE'ATHMENT,
queathing
legacy.
;

n.

The
left

be-

a bequest.
n.

native

Locke.

BIXIUEST',
BER.\'IN,
V.

orthe natives of Bengal.

[be

Res.

vii.

darkness

to

and night.] To shroud with the shades of

Garth
as a benighted

a ttHrftng' ofthe 171. 5. Application of the mind mind in study or investigation. Locke. involve

Something

by

will;

I.

To
[be
t.

night.

BENT, BENT'-GRASS,
several species.

i S

A kind of grass, called "'i" botany, Agrostis, of

Encyc

rain upon. [Xol in use.]

BERATE,
hemently
;

V. t.

and
[be

rate.]

To

Chaucer. chide ve-

The
2.
3.

clouds benight the sky.

;

to scold.
v.

To To

overtake with night

BENT'ING-TIME,
BENUM',
.seize.

traveler.

involve in moral darkness, or igno;

n. The time when ])i geons feed on bents, betbre peas are ripe. Johnson. Dryden.

BERAT'TLE,
BERA'Y,
in use.]
berry.]
!'.

and
foul

rattle.]

To

fill

with rattling sounds or noise.

i.

Shak.
[.Yot

To make
/(.

to soil.

rance

to

debar from intellectual Ught

as

BENI'GIITED,

benighted nations, or heathen. pp. Involved in darkness, physical or moral overtaken by the night. BENI'GN, a. beni'nc. [L. benignus, tVom the ns bonus, bene, ancient L. bentis, same root,
;

1.

Eng. boon.] Kind of a kind

;

dis])osition

gracious

1.

favorable.

Our
'2.

Creator, bounteous and benign.

;

2.

[Sax. corruptly bcniman, benyman, ]){>. 6eMnifn, to seize, of 6e and niman, Sax. and Goth., to take or This root is retained in withernam. It is to be observed, that b after m, in numb, thumb, dumb, &c., is an arbitrary addition of modern writers.] To make torpid; to depiive of sensation as, a hand or foot benummed by cold. To stupify to render inactive as, to bet.
; ;

BENUMB',

v.

Milton.
[L. berheris.]

BERBERRY,
BERE,

[See Bar-

n. [Sax. ier, barley.] The name of a species of barley In Scotland. Gray. BERir.WE, V. t. pret. bereaved, bereft \)]>. bereaved, bereft. [Sa.x. hereof an, of be and renfnn, to deprive. See Rob an<l Reap.] 1. To deprive; to strip; to make destitute ;
:

with

o/'

Generous
tor.

hberal

Milton. as a benign benefac;

num

the senses.

BENUM'MED,
tion
;

Dryden depp. Rendered torpid

; ;

Mo
xlii.

before the thing taken away. have ye bereaved of my children. Gen.

3.

Favorable; having a salutary influence as the benign aspect of the seasons. The benign light of revelation. H'ashington. not pernicious as a benign 4. Wholesome Arbuthnot. medicine.
; ;

prived of sensation

It is

stupified.

BENL'M'MING,

ppr. stupifying.
n.

Depriving of sensa-

I)articularly
2.

sometimes used without of, and is apphed to express the loss of

friends by death.

BEN'ZOATE,

[See Benzoin.]

salt

To

take

away

from.

Shak.

formed by the union of the benzoic acid with any salifiable base.

BERE'AVED,
left destitute.

pp. Deprived; stripped

n.

and

5.

Favorable
disease.

not malignant
a.

as a benign
favor-

BENZOIC,

BENIG'NANT,
able.

Kind; gracious;
Goodness of
;

BENIG'NITY,
or heart
ness.
2.
;

n.

disposition

kindness of nature
;

gracious-

Pertaining to benzoin. Benzoic acid, or flowers of Benzoin, is a )(ecuUar vegetable acid, obtained from Benzoin and other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is a fiiie light white matter in snuill needles its taste pungent and bitterish, and its odor slightly aromatic.
a.
;

Deprivation, particularly by the loss of a triend by death. BERE'.WING, ppr. Stripping bare; de]niving.

BERE AVEMENT,

BERFjFT',
destitute.

;)/).

oi'bereave.

Deprived ; made

BERENGA'RIANISM,

Actual goodness
;

beneficence.
;

3. Salubrity

wholesome quahty
to

or that

BENZOIN',

Gum

Thomson. benjamin a con;

which tends

promote health.
beni'nely.

Wiseman.

BEN'J.\MIN, y''

BENI'GNLY,
kindly
;

adv.

Favorably

BEN'ISON,

graciously. n. s as z.
;

[Fr. henir, to bless

crete resinous juice flowing from the Styrax Benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, &c. It is properly a balsam, as it It flows from incisyields benzoic acid. ions made in the stem or branches. It is
solid and brittle, sometimes in yellowish white tears joined together by a brown! substance, and sometimes of a uniform! brown substance lilie resin. It has little'

n. The opinions or doctrines of Berengarius. archdeacon of St. Mary at .\njou, and of his followers, who deny the reality of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. Encyc.
.

BERG,

[Sax. beorg, beorh, a

;

hill,

from the root otbtne, henissant, blessing See JSoon.] bonus, boon. Blessing ; benediction. [Nearly antiquaJohison ted.]

borough a town that sends burgesses to ParUament a castle. [See Burg.] Obs.
;

a castle.]

Ash.

BERG'AMOT,
gamota.]
1.

n.

[Fr. bergamote; Sp. ber-

species of pexir.

B E R
a.

B E S
casually prografted a citron
1.

B E

tJ.

duced by an Italian, who on the stock of a berganiot pear tree The fruit lias a fine taste and smell, ami its essential oil is in high esteem as a per vane. This oil is extracted from the yellow rind of the fruit. Hence, An essence or perfume from the citron
thus produced. A species of snuff perfumed with berganiot.

species of citron, at

first

4.

5.

A
at

coarse tapestrj',

manufactured with

flocks of wool, silk, cotton, hemp and ox or goat's hair, said to have been invented

Bergamo

in Italy.

Ena/c.

BERG'ANDER,
A
under
clitf-i.

n. [berg, a cliff, and Dmi. and, G. enic, Sax. ened, a duck.] burrow duck; a duck that breeds in holes

Thomson.
bFrger,

BER'GERET, n. [Fr. A song. [jYot used.]

BERG'lMANITE,
a.

[from

a shepherd.] Chaueer. Bergman, the

mineralogist.] mineral classed with seapolite, in the fam-

containing na- If the abatement happened on the death of one's gi-andfather or grandmother, a ked seeds. Or in more technical language writ of ayle lietli a succulent pulpy pericarp, or seed vessel, if on the death of the without valves, coutaining several seeds, great grandfather, then a writ of hesayle ; which are naked, that is, which have no bin if it mounts one degree higher, to the covering but the pulp and rind. It is comtresayle, or grandlather's grandfather, &c, the writ is called a writ of cosinage, or moidy round or oval. This botanical def dc consanguineo. inition includes the orange and other hke Blackstone. fruits. But in popular language, berry ex- BESAT'TER, v. t. [be and scatter.] To scatter over. tends only to tlie smaller fruits, as straw [J^ol used.] Spenser. &c., containing seeds or BESeORN', V. t. [be and scorn.] To treat berry, gooseberry, with scorn to mock at. [JVot used.] gramdes. W. Browne. 2. A mound, Chaucer. [for brtrrow.] BER'RY, V. i. To bear or produce berries. BESRATCH', v. I. [be and scratch.] To BER'RY-BEARING, o. Producing berries. scratch to tear with the nails. [.Vo< in BERT. Sax. beorht, berht ; Eng. bright. use.] Chaucer. This word enters into the name of many BESRAWL', v. I. [be and scrawl.] To Saxon princes and noblemen as Egbert scrawl to scribble over. Milton. The Bertha of the northern na- BI^SCREE'N, 1!. t. [be and screen.] To covSigbert. tions was by the Greeks called Eiidoria, er witli a screen to shelter to conceal. Of the same .sort an equivalent word. Shak. were Pha:drus, Epiphanius, Photius, BESCREE'NED, pp. Covered sheltered ; concealed. Lampridins, Fulgenlius, Illustris. Camden.
fruit,
;

succulent or pulpy

It occurs massive, witli ily of felspath. gray and red quartz in Norway. Its colors are greenish and grayish white. Ci/c. BERG'MASTER, n. [Sax. beorg, a hill or

[See Bright.] BERTH, n. [from the root of bear.] 1. A station in which a .ship rides at anchor

BESRIB BLE,
BESCUM'BER,
encumber.

v.

t.

To

scribble over.

Milton.
v.
t.

comjirehendiug the space in which .she ranges. In more familiar usage, the word

[jVul legitimate
i.

castle,

and

The

the DerbyJohnson. BERG'MOTE, n. [Sax. beorg, a hill, and a meeting.] mote, A court held on a hill in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between the miners. Blount. Johnson.
bailiff or

master.] chief officer

among

shire miners.

2.

any situation or jdace, where a vessel lies or can lie, whether at anchor or at a wharf room or apartment in a ship, where a number of officers or men iness and resignifies

BESEE',
mind.
be

I',

[be

To [from cumber.] nor used.] B. Jonson. and see.] To lo( k ; to

tf'ickliffe.

[JS'ot

in use.]

BESEECH, v.t. pret. and pp. besought. [Sax.

and secan,
;

verzoeken

to seek, enquire, follow Ger ersuchen ; from seek,

;

D.
se-

BERIIY'ME,
tion in

V.

t.

[he

and
;

rhipne.]

To men-

quor, to ftdlow, with be, b}', near, about ; that is, to follow close, to press. See Seek 3. The box or place for sleeping at the sides and Essay. The Saxon has gesecan.] of a cabin tlie place for a hammoc, or a for chests, &c. To entreat to supplicate ; to implore : to repository
side.
; ;

ask or pray with urgency followed by a " I Paul beseech ; as, you by the BER'LIN, n. A BER'TRAM, n. [L. pyrcthrum, said to be meekness of Christ," 2 Cor. x. or by a sujjposed to have this name from Berlin, from its acrid quality.] thing ; as, I beseech your patience. from rti'p, fire, n. Cine who beseeches. the chief city of Prussia, where it was first Bastard BESEE'CHER, pellitory, a |)lant. maile, or from the Italian bcrlina, a sort BER'YL, >!. [I., beryllus Gr. firpvrKoi; Ch BESEECHING, ppr. Entreating. of stage or |)illory, and a coach. 1!. t. To beseech. Encyc. [JVot used.] Syr. Eth. a gem, beryl, and in Syr. crystal, BESEE'K, Chaucer. BERLUC'CIO, n. A small bird, somewhat and a pearl ; the latter word being a dif like the yellow hannner, but less and more V. t. [be and seem.] To become " ferent orthography of beryl probably BESEE'M, sle-.der. Dirt, of .Vat. Hist. to be fit for, or worthy of to be decent from the root of the Fr. briller, to shine, for. BER'-IE, n. In fortification, a space of Eng. brilliant, Eth. D C U bareah, to shine Wliat form of speech or behavior beseenieth ground of three, four or five feet in width, Hooker. ; l)etween the rampart and the moat or A mineral, considered by Cleaveland as a us, in our prayers to God ? 1 Its preva'din; BESEE'MING, ppr. or a. Becoming; fit; to receive the ruins of the of Emerald. foss, designed subspecies worthy of. color is green of various shades, hut al rampart, and prevent the earth i'roni fdling Barret. the loss. Sometimes, it is palisaded, and ways pale. Its crystals are usually longer BESEE'MING, n. Comeliness. suitable. ami larger than tliose of the iirecious em- BESEE'MLY, a. Becoming fit in Holland, it is generally planted with

rhyme or verse

used in contempt. Shak. vehicle of the chariot kind,

To

berth, in

seamen's language,
a place for his

is

to al

lot to

each

man

hammoc.

person

,-

BER'NALE. [See Barnacle.] BER'NARDINE, a. Pertaining

nard, and the

quick-set hedge.

Encyc.
to
St.

erald,
liateil.

and

its

structure

more

distinctly fo;

BESEE'N,
us:-d.]

a.

Ber-

monks of the
n.

order.

jJER'NARDINS,

order of monks, founded by Robert, abbot of Molemc, and The or<ler reformed by St. Bernard. originated about the beginning of the I'^lli century. They wear a white robe, with a and when they officiate, black scapulary tliey are clothed with a large white gown, with great sleeves, and a hood of the same
;

An

color.

BEROB',
u.<te.]

v.t.

[be

and

rob.]

To

Enct/c. rob. [.Vol in

Sj)enscr.

BER'OE,
nielnn.

n. A marine animal of an oval or spherical form, nearly an inch in diameter, and divided into longitudinal ribs, like a

harder than the apatite, with which it has been confounded harder The anfl less heavy than the pycnite. best beryls are found in Brazil, in Siberia and in Dauria, on the fronand Ceylon, tiers of China. They are found in many parts of the United States. SiUiman, Cleaveland. BER'YL-RYSTAL, n. A species of imperfect crystal, of a very ])ure, clear, and equal texture. It is always of the figure of a long and slender cohnnn, irregularly hexangnlar, and tapering at the top. Its color is a pale brown, of a fine transparenIt is

BESET',
1.

V.

t.

adjusted. [J^'ot Spenser. pret. and pp. beset. [Sax. I>e;

Adapted

scttan, to )ilace, of 6c and setlan, to set; See Set.] htzetten : Ger. be seize n.
;

D.

To surroimd to inclose; to hem in; to besiege as, we are beset with enemies^ a
;

city
2.

is

beset

with

troo|is.

Hence,
;

on all sides, so as to perplex to entangle, so as to render escape difficult or impossible. .Milton. Ailam sore iescl repHod.
])ress

To

3. 4.

To To
ing
;

waylay.
fall ujion.

Shak.
Spenser.

cy.

Enci/c.
a.

BESETTING,
BESET'T'ING,
jjressing
;

ppr.
o.

Surrounding

besieg-

BER'YLLINE,
1'.

Like a beryl
sirt<.]

of a light

wMylaving.
Habitually attending, or
shine npon.
[J^Tof u.ied.]

or bluish green.

/. BESA'INT, [6e and aint. BEIi'RIED, a. Furnished with bcrri.-s. [.N'ot in M.te.] BER'IIY, n. [Sax. beria. a grape or (duster BESA'YLE, n. [Norm,

Diet, of Mit. Hist.

To make a
Fr. aieul, a

as a besitling sin.
1'. f.

of grapes

herga, a grape stone, a berry.]

grandfather.]

A great

ayle

BESHI'NE, BESHRE^V',

To
t.

I',

[be

grandfather.

a curse to; to execrate.

^nd shrew.] To wish Dryden.

B E S
9.

B E
Slinlc.

B E

S
;

as, to bespeak a seat in a public coach. BE.SMIRCTl' V. t. [be shut up. [Ab( vstd.] Shak. to foul to discolor. [Little xised.] Chaucer. Shak. My lady is bespoke. To foul To forebode to foretell. BESI'DE, prep, [be and side, by the. side.] BESMO'KE, ti. t. [be and smoke.] with smoke to harden or di-y in smoke. 1. At the side of a person or thing; near; started fears, and bespoke dangers, to They [Little used.] as, sit down beside me, or beside the stream. scare the allies. Swift. distinct from. BESMO'KED, pp. Fouled or soiled with 2. Over and above To speak to to address. This sense is smoke dried in smoke. Be.iide all this, between u.s and you, there is mostly poetical. a prcat p;ulf fixed. Luke xvi. BESMUT', V. I. [be and smut.] To blacken He thus the queen bespoke. out of the regular course or 3. On one side with smut to foul with snot. Dryden. order not according to, liut not contrary. BESMUT'TEU, pp. Blackened with smut 4. To betoken to show to indicate by exIt is beside my present business to enlarge ternal marks or appearances; as, bis manor soot. Locke. this .(peculation. ners bcfpeak him a gentleman. upon BESNOW, V. t. [be and snoio. Sax. besniwed, 4. Out of; in a state deviating from as, to To scatter like snow. [Little BEf^PE AKER, n. One who besjieaks. participle.] put one beside his patience. Hence, Gower. BESI'E'AKING, /)/n-. Si)eaking liir or orused.] 5. VVitli the reciprocal pronoun, beside one's BESNOWED, a. or pp. [be and snow. dering belbrehand loreboding addressoutof the wits or senses out of the setf'iti Covered or sprinkled with snow, or with ing showing indicating. or of rational beings. order of reason, white blossoms. Hanbury. BESPEAKING, n. A previous speaking Paul, thou art be.iide thyself. Acts xxvi. or discourse, by Way of apology, or to enBESNUFF', v.t. To befoul with siniff. BESrUElS, prep. Over and above ; sepa BESNUFF'ED, pp. Foul with snufl". gage favor. Dryden. rate or distinct from. Young. BKSPECK'LE, i'. t. [be and speckle.] To Anil there was a famine in the laud, besides Milton. BE'SOM, n. s as z. [Sax. beam, a brush or mark with speckles or sjxits. the first famine. Gen. xxvi. broom besman, twigs. Orosius, 2. 3. Ger BESPI'CE, V. t. [be and spice.] To season the Note. Tliis word, though radically with spices. Tiie Shak. besen ; D. bezem; Arm. bezo, birch. same as beside, and a corruption of it, ought To spurt out, or over to besom was a little bundle of twigs used BESPIRT', I not to be confounded with it, for it is nevthrow out in a stream or for sweeping.] BESPIJRT', ^ er used in tlie senses explained under bestreams. [.Vo< used.] A broom; a brush of twigs for sweeping. Milton. side, except in tlie second. BESPIT', V. t. jiret. bespit ; pp. bespit, bespitI will sweep it with the desom of destruction more than BESI'DE, ) ""'' Moreover ten. [be and Sjtit.] To daub or soil with Is. xiv. saith the Lord of Ho.sts. that over and above BESI'DES, I Johnson. spittle. distinct from not included in the number, BE'SOM, V. t. To sweep, as with a besom. and pp. of bespeak. or in what has been mentioned. Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the BESPO'KE, pret. Barlow BESPOT', V. t. [be and spot.] To mark w itli Besides, you know not what is the fate of plain. .Mortimer. spots. your friend. BESORT', V. I. [be and soH.] To suit t( BESPOT'TED, 'ITie men said to Lot, hast thou here any bepp. Marked with spots. Shak. fit to become. with spots. Gcu. xix. sitles ? BESPOT'TING, BESORT', n. Company attendance train. BESPRE.\D', f. ppr. Markingpret. and t. To all beside, as much an empty shade, hrspred'. pp. Shak. Obs. An Eugene living, as a Cesar dead. Pope bespread, [be and spread.] To spread over These sentences may be considered as BESOT', v.t. [be and sol.] To make sottish to cover over to bespread with flowers. as, to make dull or to infatuate to stupify
ill
I.

To happen BESHUT', V.

to.

[JVot in use.]

BESME'ARING,
;

;)/>r.

To

Bedaubing; soihng. anA smirch.] To soil:

gage against a future time

."3.

elliptical.

BESID'ERY,
BESIE'(5_E,
V.

n.

species of pear. Johnson.

senseless.
2.

Milton.
to dote.

BESPRINK'LE,

v.

t.

To make

[be and siege ; Fr. siege, Besotted on, assieger, to besiege. See Siege. J tion. 1. To lay siege to ; to beleaguer ; to beset, or surround with armed forces, for the ner. purpose of compelling to surrender, either
I.

BESOT'TED,

and

Shak. pp. Made sottish or stupid. infatuated with foolish affecadv.

n.

sprinkle over ; to sprinkle with dust.

and spriitkle.] scatter over as, to

[be
;

To
6e-

BESPRINKLED,
BESPRINK'LER,
over.

BESOT TEDLY,
folly
;

Dryden. In a fooUsh manMilton.

pp. Sprinkled over. n. One that sprinkles

'i.

by famine or by violent attacks siege a castle or city. To beset to throng round.

;

as, to be-

BESOT'TEDNESS,
infatuation.

Stupidity

arrant Milton.

BESPRINK'LING, ppr. Sprinkling over. BEST, a. superlative. [Sax. bc-it, contracted

betest, from bet, more, or better; betre also used ; betan, to amend, or restore, correct, heal ; 4o(e, reparation, compensation ; Eng. boot, to boot ; Goth, botyan, to but
is
;

from

BESOTTING,
BESOUGHT',
is

ppr.

Infatuating; making

BESIE'6ED, ;);). Surrounded

hostile troops.

or beset with

sottish or foolish.
besaut'. pp.
;

BESIE'GER,
employed
in

;i.

One who

lays siege, or
siege
;

treated

implored
v.
t.

.sought
[be
;

a siege.

BESPAN'GLE,

of beseech. Enby entreatv. and spangle.] "To

BESIE'tiING, ppr. Laying ing with armed forces.

surround-

adorn witii s|iangles to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant; as, tlie heavens
bespangled witli stars.

G. bass, good, ; profit, aid, assist Eng. bcsscr, better, beste, best ; D. beter, best ; Dan. beste ; Sw. btist. This word has no
connection in origin with good.
ter.]

See Bet-

BESIE GiNG,
manner BESIT',
come.
;

Sin-rounding in a hostile employed in a siege as a besiega.

;

BESPAN'GLED,
gles or

pp.

Adinned with span-

Literally,
1.

ing army.
V.
t.

something shining.

[be
V.
t.

and

sit]

To

suit

to

he-

BESPANGLING, /)/. Adorumg with spangles or glittering objects.

[.Yot used.]

BESL.V'VE,
[.Vot used.]

To

Speyiser.

subjugate; to enslave.'

BESPAT'TER,
;

v.

t.

[be

m\A

spatter.]

To soil

BESLI'ME,
[JVot
u.?erf.]

.<.

To daub with slime;

t.

Bp.

Hull.] to soil.
2.

B. Jonson.
[be

by spattering to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and water. To asperse with calumny or reproach.
Siinfl.

most advanced. Hence, Most good having good qualities in the applied indifli'rently to highest degree as, thi! best physical or moral sulijects man the best road the 6e*/ cloth the best abilities. Thi.s, like most, and other
; ;

attributes, is often

used without

its

noun,

Spattered over ; pp. with dirt and water ; aspersed calumniated. gar.] and smear.] Tobedaub;! BESPAT'TERING, ppr. Spattering with BESiME'AR,t).<. [6e to overspread with any viscous, glutinonsj water soiling with dirt and water asmatter, or with any sotY substance that persing. adheres. Hence, to foul to soil. BESPAWL', V. t. [he and spawl.] To soil or Milton. BESMEARED,/);?. Bedaubed; overspread! make foul with spittle. with Emy thing soft, viscous, or adhesive BESPE'AK, r. t. pret. bespoke; pp. bespoke,

BESLUB'BER, v. To soil or smear

and

the noun is obvious; as, men are all sinners the best of them fail in the per;

when

slubber, slabber.]

with

spittle,

running from the mouth

or any thing or nose. [Vul-

BESPAT TERED,
soiled

2. 3.

formance of duty. Most advanced most accurate

;

as the

best scholar.

Most correct or complete

as the 5e(

view of a landscape, or of a subject. The best. This phrase is elliptical, and

variously interpreted as, the utthe most, the highest perfection as, let a man do his best ; let him do a thing to Me best of his power. At best, in the best manner in the utmost
;

may be

most power the strongest endeavor

; ;

soiled.

BESME'ARER,

n.

One that besmears.

1.

bespoken, [be and speak.] To speak for beforehaad

to order or en-

B E
To make
the best of, to
;

S
;i

B E
Though
poor.
1 I

S
my
goods
to feed the

BET
BESTUD'DING,
ppr.

degree or extent, applicable to the case as, lile is at best very short.

bestow
xiii.
.3.

all

SettLng with studs

Cor.

cany

improve perlcclion to make the best of a sum of money, or a piece of land. Also, to permit the least possible inconvenience us, to make the best of ill fortune or a bad bargain.
;

to

to its greatest to the iitiuost ; as, 2.

To

This won! should never be followed by to. to dispose of give in marriage

;

adorning as with bosses.

BESWIKE,

V.

t.

beswik'.

3.

ertion, or use

The

best

of

the teay.

We

had made

the best

of our
the
all

ivai/ to

the greatest

primary
adv.
;

BEST,
best
;

In the highest degree

as, to love

the city ; that is, the most, IThisis ]iart of the distance. sense of the word.] 5.
;

beyond

other
the
;

one
;

best

to like this

% To
-3.

to please best.

case use ?"

most advantage with the most " which instrument can yon best as,

BESTOWAL,
ferred
V
;

that which is laid, staked or pledged in a contest, to be won, either by force upon an object. the victorious party himself, or by another To lay out, or dispose of; to give in payperson, ui consequence of his victory. At ment for as, to bestow money for.what we a race, a man lays a bet on his own horse, desire. Deut. xiv. 2C. or on the horse of another man. To lay up in store to deposit for safe BET, V. t. To lay a bet to lay a wager ; to to stow to place. kee])ing stake or pledge something upon the event I liave no room where to bestow my fmits. of a contest. Luke xii. BET, the old participle oibeat, is obsolete or
;

I could have bestowed her upon a fine genTatter. tleman. To ap])ly ; to place for the purpose of ex-

To allure. [.Wot used.] BET, 11. [Sax. bad, a pledge

[Sax. heswiean.] Cower.

;

badian, to give

as,

to

bestow our whole

A wager

or take a pledge.]
;

11.

conferring

disposal.
;

[lAllle used.]

ilgar.

profit or success ; as, money fces/eni]iloycd in manidactures this med;

With most

BESTOWED,;);). Given
liiid

out
n.

gratuitously conapplied ; deposited for a giv-

BETA'KE,
and
1.

icine will
4.

answer
;

best in

Most intimately or as, what correct!}'

kind or mild temper.

the ])resent case most particidarly

;

safc-keei)i]ig.

BESTOAVER,
er
;

One who bestows;

is

expedient

is

best

a disposer.
ppr. Conferring gratuitous;

known to himself BEfiT-TEM'l'ERED,

BESTOWING,
ly laying store.
;

a.

Having the most

stain.]

out

applying

dejiositing in

BESTA'IN,

V.
;

t.

[be

and

To mark
bested,
.Milton.

BESTOWMENT,
;

with stains to discolor, either the whole Shak. surface of a thing, or in spots.

ji. The act of giving graa conferring. tuitously God the father had committed the bestow-

V. t. pret. betook; pp. betaken, [br take. Sax. betwcan.] lake to to have recourse to to apwith the reciprocal proto resort ply noun as, to betake ourselves to arms, or to action. It generally implies a motion to ards an object, as to betake ourselves to a shady grove or an application of the mind or faculties, corresponding with such motion, as to betake ourselves to study or

To

to vice.
2.

BESTEAD,
[be
f2.

I',

t.

besteii. \net.

and pp.

ment of the

blessings purchased, to his son.

Formerly, to take or seize.

Obs.
Spenser.

and

How little you bestead. To accommodate.

They
Is.

stead.]

To

profit.

shall pass

through
;

it,

hardly bestead

fCdwards on Redemp. .372. If we consider this bestuwment oi' gifts iu tliis view. Chaunceif, U. Sal. \^5. Whatever may be the secret coimsel of his
w'ill

BETA'KEN, part, of betake. BETA'KING, ppr. Huvmg recourse

(ilving; resorting.

to

ap.

8.
is,

That
3.

respecting his grace.

own

bestottment of saving Smaltey, Serm. p. 3

;

BEtAUGHT',;)re<.

ofieteA-e. [JVot used.]

Chaucer.

distressed

perplexed.

To dispose. BES'TIAL, a.
1.

That which
Spenser
tion.

is

confeircd, or given
his

dona-

BETEE'M,
forth
;

V.

I.

[be
;

to
?

produce

[from

beast.]

Belonging
beasts.

to a beast, or to the class of

They strengthened

hands by

bestowmcnts on him and

their liberal his fanuly. Christ. .Wag. iii. 66-5

[JVot used.]

BIC'TEL,

A
'

bring to shed to bestow. Spenser. Shak.

teem.]
;

and

To

.species

of pepper,
East Indies.

the
It

BE'TLE,
by the
is

')

leaves of

which are chewed

'3.

Having the qualities of a beast brutal below the dignity of reason or humanity
;

The

free

and munificent bestowment of the

iidiabitants of the

Sovereign Judge.

Thndey.
r.
I.

Skak. as a bestial appetite. BESTIAL'ITY, . The quality of beasts the state or njaimers of man which re seinble those of brutes. 2. Unnaturnl connection with a beast. BES'TIALiZE, v. t. To njake like a beast. BES'TIALLY, adv. Brutally; in a manner l)elow humanity.
carnal
;

a creeping or

BESTRAD'DLE,
Straddle.]

To

bestride.

[See
[.\~ot

ivy, the leaves

chmbing plant like the somewhat resembling those

of the citron.
a.

BESTRAUGHT',
used.]

Distracted

mad.
;

Shak.
r.
I.

BESTREW',

pret. be.itreived
.f/p'ciw.]

}>]i.

be-

strewed, bestrown. [be and ter over ; to besprinkle ;

To

scat-

to strow.

Milton.

BESTICK',
and
.stick.]

V.

t.

"pret.
|

and

pp. beslitck.
;

[be

BESTREWED,
BESTRl'DE,
1.

pp. of bestrew.

To

stick over, as \v\tU sharp points to mark by infixing points or sjjots here and there.

V. t. jiret. bestrid ; pp. bestrid, bestridden, [be and stride.] To stride over ; to stand or sit with any

It is planted by a tree, or by props. In India, betel is taken after meals; during a visit, it is offered to friends when they meet, and when they se))ariite in shoit, nothing is to be done without betel. To correct the bitterness of the leaves, a little areca is wrapped in them with the chinam, a kind of burnt lime made of shells. Enei/e.

supjiorted

BETHINK',
To

!;.

t.

pret.

and pp. bethought,

Truth

shall

retire,

bestuck with slamlerou>

darts.

Millon
t.

BESTIR',
with
life

V.

bestur'. [be

and

stir.]
;

To
to

put

into brisk or vigorous action

;

move

ciprocal
selves.

and vigor usually with the repronoun as, rise and bestir your;

BESTIR RED,
action
:

;);;.

Roused
in action.

uito vigorous

quickened

BESTIR'RING,

BEST'NESS,
[.Vo(
i(.sf(/.]

ppr. Moving briskly ; putting into vigorous action. n. The state of being best.
t'.i.

thing between the legs, or with the legs extended across as, to bestride the world, to bestride a horse. like a colossus Shak. To step over; as, to bestride a threshold. Shak. Bestriding sometimes incluiles riding, or defending, as Johnson remarks but the ]iarticulflr purposes of the act, which depend on the circmnstances of the case, can
; ;
:

[he and think.] c;dl to mind

to recall or bring to recol;

lection, reflection, or consideration generally followed by a reciprocal pronoun, with o/' before the subject of thought.
I

liave

bethought myself
V.
i.

q/*

another

fault.

Shak.

BETHINK',
to consider.

To have

in recollection

hardly be reduced to definition.

BETHLEHEM, or bread.] 1. A town or village

2.

Spenser. n. [Heb. the house of food

in .Tndca,
;

about six

BESTlil'DING,

ppr.

Extending the legs

BESTORM',
to rage.

[be

and

stoi-m.]

Morion. T.. storm:

[jYot used.]
V.
t.

over any thing, so as to include it between them. Young. BESTROWN, pp. of bestreiv. Sprinkled

miles south-east of Jerusalem fiimous for its being the place of Christ's nativity.

bospitid

i'or

lunatics
n.

corrui)ted into

bedlam.

BESTOW,
Stow.
1.

[be

and

stow, a jilace.

See

over.

BETH'LEMITE,
lehem
;

An inhabitant

of Beth-

with the sense of gratuity, and followed by on or

gi\ e

To

Literally, to set or place.] to confer ; to impart ; ;

BESTIICK',
o\ts

pp. of bestick. Pierced in variplaces with sharp points.

V. t.

a lunatic.

BESTUD',
with

[be

and

.itud.]

To set

with

upon.

studs; to adorn with bosses; as, to hestud

stars.

may bestow on you

Consocrate yourselves to the Lord, that he a blessing, Ex. xxxii.

BESTUD'DED,

Milton pp. Adorned with studs.

In church history, the Bethlemites were a sortof Moidvs, introduced into England in the year 1257, \vho were habited like the Dominicans, exce|>t that they wore a star \vith five rays, in memory of the comet or

BET
star

BET
Toon
Shak
Ix-at
3.

BET
for a luture wife, as the

which appeared over Bethlehem at the nativity of our Savior. There is an

Encyc. bethaut', pret. and pp. of
<.

order of Bethlemites also in Peru.

BETHOUGHT',
bethink.

BETHRALL',
slave
;

V.

[be

and

thrall.]
;

1.

to

reduce to hondage
[Little tised.]
v.
/.

to bring into

The word confidence rejioscd. does not in itself import to deliver up; but by usage, either with or without the word deliver up, in breach enemies, it signifies to of trust.] To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust
late tlic
;

intended husband

espousing.

BETROTH'IMENT,
;

n.

or contract between two parties, for a future marriage between the persons betrotlicd espousals. Encyc.

mutual promise

BETRUST',
to

V.

t.

[be

and

trust.]

To

entrust

sid)iection.

as,

BETHUMP',
sounilly.

[if

and thump.] To

an officer betrayed the city. The son of man shall be betrayed

xvii.

commit
;

to

into the

BETI'DE,
betid,

V.

[Little tised.] t. pret. betid,

[be

and

tide.

Shak. or betided ; \i\>. Sax. tidan, to happen

to

hands of men. Matt.

fidelity entnist.

to confide.

another in confidence of This is less used than

Hall.

To

violates

by fraud, or unfaithfuhiess

as,

to betray a trust.
If the people of ^Vmerica ever betray their trust, their guilt will merit even greater punishnations have suffered, and the /. Adams. indignation of heaven. violate confidence by disclosing a se3. cret, or that wliich was intrusted ; to ex-

BETRIST'ED,
committed

;)/).

Entrusted; confided;
;

in trust.

See

To happen

Tide.]
;

BETRUST'ING,
ting in trust.
;

ppr. Entrusting

commit-

to befall

come
?

to

used of
Jirdton.

good or evil. What will betide

ment than other

the

few

BETI'DE,
pen.

V.

i.

To come

to

pass; to hap-

To

n. The act of entrusting the thing entrusted. Cliipman. BET'SO, n. The smallest Venetian coin.

BETRLST'WENT,

Mason.

Shak. What news else brlideth here ? Shakspeare has used it with of. What would
betide

pose
as,
4.

my

followed by the person, or the thing friend betrayed me, or betrayed the

BET'TER,
bet,

a.

more,
biUter
;

camp, of bet. See Best. [Sax. better; bctere, betera, better;

of thee proper.
)

.'

but this
[he

is

unusual or imtime, that

is,

secret.

Sw.

D.

beter

G.

To

disclose, or permit to appear,

what

is

BETl'ME, BETI'MES,
1.

and

by
be

P'^"- tlietime.] Seasonably; in good season or time

it

intended to be kept secret, or what prudence would conceal. Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue
lest

profit

baaten,

to

boot,

besser ; D. to avail ;

baai,

Sans.

fore

is late.
life

To measure
2.

leam thou betimes.

Milton.
5.

you betray your ignorance.

H'alts.

Hence,

Soon in He tires
;

a short time.
betimes, that spurs too fast betimes

Shak

BETO'KEN,
Sax.
1.

V.

t.

beto'kn.

[be

and token
;

6.

To
by

6ctecfln.]

cloud, and in the cloud a bow Jtilton. Betokening pence from Ood. 8. To foreshow by present signs to indi;

A dewy

signify signs.

by some

visible object

to

show

To mislead or expose to inconvenience not foreseen as, great confidence betrays a man into errors. To show to discover to indicate what is not obvious at first view, or would otherwise be concealed.
; ; ;

1.

bhadra, good. The |)riniary sense is, more, or advanced further and in America, this is a common popular signification. This vessel contains better than half, that is, more than half; he walked better than a mile, that is, more than a mile.] Having good qualities in a greater degree
;

than another ajipiied to physical, acquired or moral qualities as a better soil, a better man, a better physician, a better house,
;

a letter
2.

air,
it

a better harvest.
'

The

Nor, after length of years, a stone betray place where once the very ruins lay.

More advantageous.
Were
Ex.
not better for us to return to Egypt
xiv.

Tliis river betrays its origiual iu its

cate something future by that which is All the names in the country betray great an- 4. More safe. seen or known as, a dark cloud ollen beIt is better to trust in the Lord, than to put tiquity. Bryant. tokens a storm. confidence in man. Ps. cxviii. Thomson.] 7. To fail, or deceive. But when I rise, I shall find my legs betrayBETO'KENED, pp. Foreshown previIni))roved in health; le.ss affected with Johnson, Boswell. ously indicated. disease as, the patient is better. ing me. BETd'KENING, ppr. Indicating by previ-' BETRA'YED, pp. Delivered up in breach 6. To be better off, to be in a better condioils signs. tion. Beddoes, Hygtia. This is a verj' comof trust; violated by unfaithfulness exBET'ONY, n. [L. betonica.] mon phrase but ought not off, to be off genus of posed by breach of confidence disclosed The pmple or contrary to expectation or intention made It is not elegant. plants, of several species. wood betony grows in woods anil shady To hare the better, is to have the advanknown discovered. places, and is deemed useful as a mild cor-, n. One who betrays a traitage or superiority, followed by of before roborant. him or that over which the advantage is tor. EncycJ BETOOK', pret. of betake. enjoyed as, the English had the better of ppr. Delivering up treach BETO'RN, a. Torn in pieces. the Spaniards. erously violating confidence disclosing BETOSS', V. t. [be and toss.] To toss; contrary to intention exposing ; discov- 8. To get or gain the better, is to obtain the to agitate to disturb to put in violent ering. advantage, superiority or victory as, to
;
; ;
1

Addison name. Holwell

3.

More

acceptable. To obey is better than

sacrifice.

Sam. xv.

BETRAYER,
;

BETRAYING,

motion.

Shak.

BETRAP',

V.

t.

[from

trap.]

To

entrap

Shetton. to ;
Occleve.

BETRIM',
;

V.

t.

[be
;

and

ensnare. [JVot used.]

dress to adorn to grace to beautify to decorate.

;

trim.] to ;

To deck

to
9.

embellish

get the better of an enemy. For the better, is for the advantage or im-

Shak

BETRA'Y,
trahir, to

V.

t.

[Chaucer wrote
is

betrass, be-

BETRIM

provement.
;

traiss, and of traistre ;

the Fr. traitre

a contraction
;
;

BETRIM'MING,

Arm. traygza, to betray Norm. embellishing. draw in, to betray treitre, a trai-i BETROTH', V.
1.

alED, pp. Adorned; decorated. BET'TER, adi'. In a more excellent manner with more skill and wisdom, virtue, ppr. Decking; adorning;
advantage or success
t.
;

\he

and

troth, truth, faith.

better

to

plan a scheme
;

as, to perfonii work better ; land better

tor; Fr. trahir, which seems to be tlie L.^ traho. From trahir, is formed trahissant,'

\f traho is the root,' trahison, treason. the sense is, to draw aside, to withdraw,! or lead away which would agree with the D. bedriegen, G. bttriegen, Sw. he-\ draga, Dan. bedrager, to deceive and; treachen/, Fr. tricherie, is from the root ofi trick. I do not tiiid helrogan in the Sa.\on,f but bedrog is rendered fefdiit, and this is from dragan, to draw. Betray then seemsj to be a compound of be and dragan, to' draw and betrass, supra, may be from aj different root. In strictness, to fail in du-i to be guilty of breach of trust to vio-l tv
; ; ;
;

and

ment better administered. More correctly, or fully a., to understand a subject better than another. " The father 3. With sex. fiance used of either superior excellence as, to write or betroths his daughter." speak better than another. 4. With more affection ; in a higher degree ; 2. To contract with one for a future spouse to espoiisi' as, to love one better than another. as, a man bcti-oths a lady .3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to It is not easy to specify and exempUfy the various appUcations of better. In general, consecration. Ayliffe. it im]>lies what is more excellent, advanpp. Contracted for future marriaire. tageous, useful, or virtuous, than someto any thing else. BETROTH'ING, ppr. Contr.xting one, in order to a future marriage, as the BET'TER, V. t. [Sax. beterian, hetrian. See father or guardian contracting with one BeUer.]
; ;
;

See Truth, and Troth.] To contract to any one, in order to a fu ture marriage to promise or pledge one:j2. to be the future spouse of another; to af"I

cultivated

laws

better

executed

govern-

BETROTHED,

Vol.

I.

B E V
1.

B E
;

W
;

B E
hibit, fortify,

W
;

To improve
tJie

to meliorate

to increase

BEVEL, V.

good
;

land
2.

To

qualities of ; as, manure betters discipline may better the morals. surpass ; to exceed.

3.

The works of nature do always aim at that which cannot be bettered. Hooker. Qu. is not the sense, made better ? To advance; to support; to give advanto belter a as, to better a party tage to
; ;

curve to incline towards a point, or from a direct line. BEV'ELED, pp. Formed to a bevel angle, Kinvan. BEVELING, ppr. Forming to a bevel
i.

To

bewaaren
to
1.

keep, Wary.]

Sw. bevara ; D. Ger. bewahren ; Dan. bevarer, See IVare, guard, preserve.

be cautious

angle.

BEVELING,
right line.

a.

Curving

bending from a

BEVELING,
mold
laid
2.

n.

hewing of timber with

guard one's self with caution to from any thing that may be dangerous, injm-ious or improper; to
from.
;

Literally, to restrain or Hence, to regard

.self

restrain one's

avoid

to take care

cause.
n. A superior one who has a claim to precedence on account of his rank, age, or office as, give place to your belters. It is generally or ahvuys used in the plural. BET'TERED, pp. Improved meliorated

BET'TER,

made

hetter.

BET'TERING,
proving.

ppr.

Making
bet.]

better;

im-

BET'TOR,
BET'TY,

n.

[from

One who

lays a wager.
n.
;

bets or Addison.

[Supposed to he a cant word from the name of a maid but qu. is it not from the root of beat or L. peto ?] An instrument to break open doors.

BETUM'BLED,
about
;

a.
;

[be

and

tumble.]

Arbuthnot. Rolled
S/iak.

tumbled

disordered.

BETWEE'N,;7(f;?. [Sax. betweonan, bclwi/nan ; of be and twain, two. Sax. twee^. The Saxons used, in tlie same twegen. See sense, bettih and betweoh, betwo.
Twain,
I.

Ttirin.]

In the intermediate space, without regard as, New-York is between Boston and Philadelphia the Delaware river runs between Pennsylvania and New-Jerto distance
;

sey.
'i.

the thing that is to be Beware of all, but most beware of man. or bevel of timber. Pope. Encyc. Beware of false prophets beware of the leavn. In mineralogy, bevelen ol the Pharisees beware of the concision. ment supposes the removal of two confrom the edges, angles Scripture. tiguous segments 2. To have a special regard to. or terminal faces of the j)redomiiiant form, Behold, I send an angel before thee beware thereby producing two new faces, inclined of him, and obey his voice. Ex. xxUi. to each other at a certain angle and form\_This is unusual and hardly legitimate.'] Cleaveland. This word ing an edge. though here admitted as a verb, BEV'ER, 71. [It. hevere, to drink.] A colla- from the Saxon, is rarely used as a verb tion or small rei)ast between meals. [JVot in fact or if a verb, is now never used exMonson used.] It is a comce])t in the imperative mode. BEV'ER, ii. i. To take a small repast bepound of be and the Old Eng. ukire, nowtween meals. Wallis wan/. i?c icon/ of danger. Hence it cann. [It. bevere, or here, to drmk; not be used with did, like a regular verb, beverctggio, driid? S|). beber, from L. bibo ; nor with be, in any of its inflections, he i.s Fr. buveur, a tipler buvette, a tavern bubeware ; for this would be to use the subArm. beuvrauh, votter, to sip, to tipple stantive verb twice before ivare and wary, beverage.] is and be. Ben Jonson however has used Drink liquor for drinking. It is generally the word in the third person. He bewares used of a mixed liquor. Nectar is called to act. But it has no past tense or jiarticithe beverage of the gods. ple, and therefore, if admitted as a verb, it In the middle ages, heveriige, beveragium, is defective, and used only in the imperaor biberagium was money for drink given tive nioile, or after an auxihary. to an artificer or other person over and We must beware of excess. above his liire or wages. The practice BEWEE'P, V. t. To weep [be and weep.] has existed, to a certain extent, in America, over; to bedew with tears. [Little tised.] within my memory, and I know not but it Shak.

a proper and regular curve, according to a

followed by o/ before avoided.

on one side of its surface.

The curve

BEVELMENT,

BEVERAGE,

passing from one to another, noting exchange of actions or intercourse ; as, things go well betweenthe
to

From one

another

still

exists in

some

A
"2.

person

who had

parts of this countrj'.

new garment, was

is,

BEWEE'P,
tears.

v.i.

To make

called on to ;w)/ beverage, that

to treat

parties.
3.

Belonging to two or more,

;

in

common

or

nish. D. verioilderen ; G. venvildern ; from tcild.] In England, water-cider, a mixture of| To lead into perplexity or confusion ; to lose cider and water, made by putting water in pathless places ; to confound for want ; into pumice before it is pressed. of a jrlain road ; to perplex with mazes ; Mortimer. Johnson. "i. or in general, to perplex. BEVILE, n. [See Bevel.] In heraldry, a Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search. thing broken or opening, like a carpenAddison. and wrong. right ter's bevel. Encyc. BEWIL'DERED, pp. Lost in mazes ; perBETWIXT', prep. [Sax. bttuyr, betwyrt, n. [I know not the origin or affiniplexed with disorder, confusion, or intribetweox, betweoh ; be and tweg, two.] ties of this word. The etymologies I have 1. Between; in the space that separates two cacy. seen are not worth notice.] ppr. Losing in a pathpersons or things ; as, betwixt two oaks. A flock of birds; hence, a company; an as- less place ; perplexmg with confusion or 'I. Passing between ; from one to another, or collection of persons ; usually intricacv. sembly noting intercourse. [See Between.] w. [Fr. buveau. applied to females. BEWIN'TER, v. I. To make like winter. Q.u.It.biecalive}X.

partnership as, two soul between them own a tract of land between them. observe that between is not restricted to two. Having mutual relation to two or more as, discords exist between the families. Noting difference, or discrimination of one from another; as, to distinguish between
friends
;

have but one twenty proprietors

A treat on wearing a new suit of clothes, or on receiving a suit from the tailor also a treat on first coming into prison a gar; ;

with liquor.

Hence,

BE WEPT', pp. Wept over; bedewed

[Little used.]
V.
t.

[lAttle used.]

lamentation. Shak.

with
;

BEWET',
moisten.

[be
V.
t.

and

rvet.]

To wet

to
;

[JVot used.]

We

BEWIL'DER,

[Dan.fonilder, vUder

BEVY,

BEWILDERING,

BEVEL,
la,

.<mong masons, carpenters,

9.

oblique level.] joiners, &c., an instrument, or kind of square, one leg of which is frequently crooked, according to the sweep of an arch or vaidt. It is movable on a point or center, and so may be set to any angle. An angle that is not square is called a bevel angle, whether obtuse or acute. Bailey. Johnson. Enn/e. A cin"ve or inclination of a surface from a right line ; as, the proper bevel of a piece
oftiniber.

BEWAIL,
to

j>.

<.

[be

and
;

wail.]

To bemoan;
for. It

[JVot used.]

lament

to express

sorrow

ex-

BEWITCH',
cinate
;

t;.<.

[he

and
;

witch.]

To

Cowley.
fas-

presses deep sorrow of a child.

as, to bewail the loss

liis

The
God.

true

penitent bewails
i.

ingratitude to

Jlnon.
V.

BEWA'IL,

To
a.

BEWA'ILABLE,

,A-. express grief That may be lamented. Shenvood.

;

BEWA'ILED, pp. Lamented bemoaned. BEWA'ILING, /)/)r. Lamenting; bemoaning; expressing grief
for.

an ascendancy over by charms or incantation an operation which was furnjerly supposed to injure the person bewitched, so that he lost his flesh, or behaved in a strange unaccoimtable manner ignorant people being inclined to ascribe to evil spirits what they could not account for.
to gain
;

Look, how

am bewitched
to fascinate

beliold,

mine arm

Eneyc.

Is like a blasted sapling

BEVEL,

a.

Crooked
t.

BEWA'ILING,

n.

Lamentation.
[be

BEVEL, V.

To

awry oblique. Bailey. cut to a bevel angle.

; ;

Raleigh.

BEWA'KE,
awake.

r.

t.

and

jvake.]

To keep
Goner.

To charm;
resistance.

withered up. Shak. to please to such ;

a degree as to take

away

the

power of
Drydert,

[A'ot used.]
V.
i.

BEWA'RE,

Moxon

[Sax. hewerian, bewarinn, gcivarian, to guard, defend, restrain, pro-

The charms of poetry our

souls bewitch.

BEY
3.

B E Z
ceed
in research, or in anyj thing else; hence, in a bad sense, to dein ingenuity,

BIB
of a dusky blue color, nearly of the size of of a herring. iJict. ofjVat. Hist. BEZ'ZLE, t'. t. To waste iii riot. [.VV used. MiUon. [See jEniiezz/c]

mislead by juggling tricks or imposture. Acts viii. 9. BEWITCH'ED,;)jj. Fascinated; charmed.

To deceive and

BEWITCH'ER,
fascinates.
resistless

n.
n.

One

that bewitclies or
Stafford.

er in

ceive or circumvent. Let no man go beyond and defraud his brothSt. Paul. any matter.

BEWITCH'ERY,
BEWITCH'FUL,
ing.

Fascination

ctiarm

BEYOND', arfu. At a distance;

BEZ'AN,
n. n.

BHLC1I.\.MP'AC,

n.

yonder.
Spenser.

power of any thing

a.

that pleases, South.

and champac, a
beautit'ul plant

I^llindu, t/iu,

ground,

plant.]

cotton cloth

Alluring; fascinating.
Milton.

white or striped.

BEZ'ANT,

from Bengal, Encyc. gold coin of Byzantium.

[from
antler.]

BEWITCH'ING, ppr.
BEWITCII'ING,
;

Fascinating

charm-

[See Bt/zant.]

BEZANT'LER,
brow
Sw.
antler.
n.

n.

The

a. That has power to bewitch or fascinate that has power to control by tlie arts of pleasing. BEWITCH'L\GLY, adv. In a fascinating
-.

branch of a deer's horn, next above the

BEZEL,
The upper

[Qii.

Ch. hu,
;

limits,

Encyc. confines;

of India, knoii in Linne's system, under the name of Kampfcria rotunda. The blossoms rise from the ground with a short scape, and scarce five a whole day. As. Res. iii. 254. BI'A, 71. In commerce, a small shell called a cowry, much valued in the East Indies. Encyc.

manner.
I

Hallywell.

^EWITCH'MENT.n. of
charming.

/BEWON'DERED, a. zed.
[.Vo< used.]
V.
I.

[be

Fascination; power Shak. and wondtr.^ AmaFairfax.

[be

a rein betzta, to cuih.] part of the collet of a ring, which encompasses and fastens the stone.
betzel,

BL\N'GIJLATE,

ri
^

^
i,

CI

BE'ZOAR,
sipator

n.

[Pers.

-iij
venftis,

f' 1'"! ""^'"'"*' '" ""e''-"-J S Having two angles or corners. [Little used.] a. Noting a race of Finns in Bailey. BIARM'IAN, Pernie, in the north of Europe, on the badzhar, Dvina, and about the White Sea written

BIAN'GULATED,

ia-

'"'"'

!bian'gulous,

BEVVRAP', wrap up.

berap'.

and wrap.] To
rvraie,

which Castle interprets "

veneni,

i.

e. dis-

BEWRA'Y,

V.

t.

beray.

[Chaucer has

wreye, wray, and in the infinitive, beicrien, to discover, as if from Sax. wrecan, to tell. In Sax. aiereon, onwrcon, signify to reveal, as if the negative of ivrif^an, to cover.] To disclo.se perfidiously ; to bctraj' ; to show

alexipharmiciim omno, quod venenum pellit, et spirituum facultates retinet,

also Permian. The Biarmians or I'ermiaiis are said to be the most wealthy and

BI'AS,

Tooke. powertiil of the Finnish tribes. n. [Arm. bihays or vies; Fr. biais, a
;

from

itj wind,

breath,
j j

slope
'1.
I

biaiser,

to

use

shifts,

evasions or

o
spirit,

tricks.]

and

poison

Others make

it

or

make

visible.

pazahar, against poison, an antidote for

1.

2.

Thy speech
[This word
betrayed
;

beturaytth thee.

Matt,

xxiii.

is

BEWRA'YED,
BEWRA'YER,
discoverer.

nearly antiquated.] pp. Disclosed ; indicated

to view.
n.

exposed

divulger of secrets

BEWRA'YING,
known

ppr. Disclosing; or visible.

making

V. t. bereck'. [be and icreck-] to destroy. [JVot used.] ; a. berauV. [be and it>or/t.] Worked. [.Vbi used.} B. Joiison. BEY, n. In the Turkish dominions, a gover-

BEWRECK',
To
ruin

BEWROUGHT',

nor of a town or particular district of country also, in some places, a prince tlie same as the Araltic Beg. [See Beg.]
;

a general name for certain animal substances supposed to be eflicacious in preventing the fatal effects of poi- 3. son. Bezoar is a calcarious concretion Ibiind in the stomach of ccrtan ruminant particular object or course. animals, composed of concentric coats BIAS, I', t. To incline to one side; to warp: surrounding each other, with a little cavity to give a particular direction to the mind in the middle, containing a bit of wood, to prejudice to prepossess. The judgstraw, hair, or the like substance. There ment is ofVen biassed h\ interest. are two sorts the oriental, from Persia and This word is used by Sliakspeare as an adthe East Indies, of a shining dark green verb, bias and thw art, i. e. aslope ; and as or olive color, with a smooth surface; and an adjective. the occidental, from the Spanish West InBlow till Inas cheek
; ; ;

poison.] All antidote

weight on the side of a bowl which turns it from a straight line. A leaning of the mind inclination prcjiossession propensity towards an object, not leaving the mind indifferent; as, education gives a bias to the mind. That which causes the mind to lean or incline from a state of indiflerence, to a
;

dies,

Eton.

Encyc.

BEYOND',
of

prep. [Sax. begeond, begenndan,

be and geond, yond, yonder. This is the participle of the verb gan, to go, to It coincides with the D. gartnde, the pass. participle of the present tense of tlie same

green, much heavier, more brittle, and of a looser texture. The oriental is generally less than a walnut; the occidental is larger, and sometimes as large as a goose egg.

which has a rough

surface,

is less

thy Oulswell the cholic of puft

n.

.\quiloii.

BIAS-DRAWING,
used.]

Partiality.

[Xot Shak.
;

BI'ASED,
warped
;

pp.

Inclined from a right line

jirejudiced.

The

(ic^c. oriental bezoars are generally of a

resinous composition and combustible.

verb gaan, to go
rally, then,
it

Dan. gaaende.

Lite-

Thomson.

past
1.

2.

or as we now say, past by, gone ; by.] the further side of; on the side must distant, at any indefinite distance from that side ; as beyond a river, or the sea, either a mile beyond, or a hundred miles beyond the river. Before at a place not yet reached.

signifies by-jiassing, or by-

On

3.

A thing beyond us, even before our death. Pope. Past; out of reach of: further than any BiBAC'ITY,^ called Sicilian earth. given limit fiirtlier than the extent of any much. [j\'ot used.] Encyc. else as, beyond our power thing a man given to beyond Bezoar-mineral. This preparation is an oxyd BIBBER, n. A tippler of antimony, produced by distilhiig the nicomprehension beyond dispute beyond drinking chiefly used in composition, as our care. trous acid several times to dryness from winebihber. 4. Above in a degree exceeding or the sublimated muriate of antimony. BIB BLE-BABBLE, n. Idle talk prating surpassing proceeding to a greater degree, as in J\^cholson. to no purpose. [A low word, and not used.] dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind; BEZOAR'Dl, a. Pertaining to or comShak. as, one man is great or good beyond anpounded of bezoar. BIB'IO, n. A name of the wine fly, a small other. medicine compounded insect found in empty wine casks. BEZ0AR'DI, ji. To go beyond is a phrase which expresses an with bezoar. Johnson. Dirt. ofXat. Hist. excess in some action or scheme to ex- BEZ'OLA, n. Afish of the truttaceous kind. BIBLE, 71. [Gr. liiSuop, (SiSXoj, a book.}
;
;

In a more general sense, any substance A formed, stratum upon stratum, in the stomach or intestines of animals. Encyc. This name is also given to the biliary calcidi of certain animals. Cyc. BIB, V. t. [L. bibo ; Sp. beber ; It. berere ; Fossil-bezoar is a figured stone, formed, lilte Gypsey, piava, to drink Slav, pibo, piba, the animal bezoar, with several coats drink.] round some extraneous body, which serves To sip to tipple to drink frequently. [Litas a nucleus; found chiefly in Sicily, in tle iiscd.] Locke sand and clay pits. It is of a jiuqile color, BIBA'CIOUS, a. [L. bibaz. See Bib.] Adand of the size of a walnut. It seems to ilicted to drinking disposed to imbibe. be of the nature of bole armenian, and is 71. The quality of drijiking
; ; ; ;

ppr. Giving a bias, particular direction or propensity warping prejudicing. small piece of linen or other cloth BIB, n. worn by childjen over the breast. 2. fish about a foot in length, the back of a light oUve, the sides yellow, and the Diet. of.Yat. Hist. belly white.

BI'ASING,

C
;

BID
And
it

B
Mat.
3. xiv.
;

THE BOOK, by way of eminence the sacred voluiue, in wliich are contained the revelations of God, the principles of ChrisIt tian faith, and the rules of practice. consists of two parts, called the Old and New Testaments.
Tlie
as well as of faith.

about five feet in length ; its back and sidesi of a brown color, and its belly white. Diet. o/Mtt. Hist. BICE or BISE, n. Among painters, a blue color prepared from the lapis arnwnus, Armenian stone. Encyc. Bice is smalt reduced to a fine powder Bible should be the standard of language
Jinon.
n.

Peter answered him and said, Lord, if be thou, Ind me come to thee on the water.
offer
to

To To

propose
;

as, to bid

a price at
public

an auction.
4.

proclaim
Obs.

to

make known by a

voice.

BIB'LER,
drinker.

[See Bib.]
a.

by levigation.

tipler

a great

BIB'LICAL, Pertaining to the Bible, or to the sacred writings ; as biblical criticism.

BICIP'ITAL, ? [L. biceps, of bis, BICIP'ITOUS, S and caput, head.. Having two heads. Applied to the muscles, or origins it signifies having two heads

Cyc. twice,

Our bans
5.

thrice bid.
;

Shak.
as, to

To pronounce or declare welcome.

bid

0.

To denoimce,
ance.

or threaten

as, to bid defi-

BIBLIOG'RAPHER,
and
ypttt'*',

n.

[Or.

/iiS^of,

a book

to write.]

BICK'ER,
er
;

and any such muscle is denominated biceps. V. L [W. bicra, to fight, to bickbicker, to fight by tlirowing stones, to move quickly, to skirmish allied perhaps to It. picchiare, to beat ; picchiarsi,

7.

One who composes or compiles the history of books one skiUed in literary history Johnson. Ash. a transcrilier. Bailey.
;

Scot,

To

pray. Neither bid him good speed. 2 John 10. bid beads, is to pray with beads, as the CathoUcs ; to distinguish each bead by a

To wish or

BIBLIOGRAPHIC, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL,
bnoks.

{ "
J

Pertaining the history

toj

of|

Keil.

BIBLIOG'RAPHY,
tion of

?i. A history or descrip the perusal of books, and manuscri|its, with notices of the diflijrent editions, the times when they were printed and other information tending to illustrate the history of literature. Encyc. Pinkerlon. BIB'LIOLITE, 11. [Gr. 3ie>.ior, a book, and called also phytobiblia anil !ii0o5, a stone

books

lithobiblia.]

a species of shistous stones, Bookstone mostly calcarious, which present, between their lamens, the figures of leaves, or some;

times simple dendrites.

BIBLIOM'ANCY,
\

[Gr. /3iiS?.o;, a book, and fiavrna, divination.] kind of divination, performed by means of the bible consisting in selecting passages
n.
;

of

scrijiture at

hazard, and drawing from

indications concerning things future Encyc. Southey. BIBLIOMA'NIA, n. [Gr. f3ie^tov, book, and
fiavM,

them

Johnson. prayer. armed with a Also, to charge parishioners to say a or stroke, a wood number of paternosters. Encyc. pike ; picchio, a blow is Iron To bid fair, is to open or offer a good prospecker beccare, to peck. This verb the root of beak, peck, pike, and primarily pect; to ai)pear fair. to thrust at, or BID or BIDDEN, signifies to beat, to strike, pp. of bid. Invited offered commanded. to make at by repeated tlirusts or blows.] to fight oft" and on; that is BID, n. An oflier of a price 1. To skirmish a word much to make repeated attacks. used at auctions. [But in this sense I believe rarely used.] BID'ALE, n. [bid and ale.] In England, an to contend in words ; to invitation of friends to drink ale at some 3. To quarrel scold to contend in |)etulant altercation. poor man's house, and there to contribute in charity an ancient and still a local [This is the usual signification.] to quiver to be tremucustom. 3. To move quickly Encyc. lous, fike flame or water; as ihe bickering BIDDER, n. One who offers a price. the bickering stream. flame Bidders at the auction of popularity. Thomson. Milton. Burke BICK'ERER, n. One who bickers, or enga- BID'DI\G, ppr. Inviting offering com ges in a petty quarrel. manding. contend- BID'DING, n. Invitation command order BICK'ERIiVG, ppr. Quarreling; a proclamation or notifying. Shak. ing (juivering. BICK'ERMENT, n. Contention. [.Vo/ BIDE, V. i. [Sax. bidan. See Abide.] To dwell to inhabit. Milton. Spenser. used.] n. [of W. pig, a beak, or beak 2. To remain to continue or be permanent, BICK'ERN,
to fight
;

picchiere, a soldier

and

iron.]

An
A

in a place or state.

[JYearly anfiqunted.]

iron ending in a
n.

beak or
bis,

point.

Shak.
a

madness.
;

BI'CORN,
for possessing rare

whose anthers have the appearance BI'DENS, 7!. A plant, bur marigold. Milne. BIBLIOMA'NIAC, n. One who has a rage of two horns. Muhlenberg. two horns. for books. BIDENT'AL, a. [L. bidens, of Ms, twice, aiid BI'CORN, \ " Having Broume. dens, a tooth.] BIBLIOP'OLIST, )?. [Gr. /SiSxiw, book, and BICORN'OUS, \ Having two teeth. or bade pp. bid, bidden. A bookseller. BID, V. t. ]iret. bid, TfuXfu, to sell.] Sun/I. A small horse, formerly BIBLIOTH'ECAL, a. [L. bibliolhcca, a U[Sax. biddan Goth. bidyan,io ask, request BIDET', n. [Fr.]
plant
; ;

Book-madness a rage and curious book:

[L. horn, bicornis.

twice,

and comu,

BIDE,

ji.

t.

To endure

to suffer.

Abirle.]

[See Shak.

brary

fitSxoj,

and

theca,

Sr^xr,,

a reposito

BIBLIOTH'ECARY, n. A librarian. BIBLIOTHE'KE, n. A library.

BIB'LIST,
n.

Belongmg

to a lihrurv.

manists, one
2.

who makes

[from

bible.]

Hnll. Bait. With the Rothe scriptures the

Sax. beodan, to command bead, allowed to each troo]>er or dragoon for persuades or exhorts Sw. bidia, carrying his baggage. B. Jonson. Encyc. to ask or entreat; D. bieden, to oft'er, or bid gebieden, to connnand G. bieten, to BI'DING, ppr. Dwelling contiiming ; reoffer maining. [See Abiding.] gebieten, entbietcn, to command Dan. beder, to pray, or desire byder, to BI'DING, n. Residence ; liabitation.
or pray
; ;

one

who

sole rule of faith.

Encyc
Doubly bracteate. Eaton bibulus, from bibo, to
of imbibing

One who

L. bid, to offer, to invite command, to ask, to desire, peto, to drive at, to attack,
to
;

Roive.

BID'ON,
men.

n.

is

conversant with the bible. Ash.

a.

BIBRAC'TEATE,
BIB'ULOUS,
drink. ^
a.

to beseech, anciently beto; Ir. impidhim, to beseech Sji. Poit. pedir, to ask or beg Sans, badi, padi, pelir, bottl, a commander;
; :

five quarts,

measure of liquids, of about wine measure, used by seaEncyc.

[L.
biennis, of bis, twice,
;

BIEN'NIAL,
1.

a.

Ch.

t!'3,

to

[L.

pray or beseech

Etii. (<'t'(D

Spungy

that has the quality fluids or moisture.

;

Thomson

BICAP'SULAR,
sula,

a. [L. 6is, double, and ca/i a little chest, from capsa, a cliest See Capsular.] In botany, having two capsules containing as a bicap.ndar seeds, to each flower
;

1.

pericarp.

BIC*ARBONATE,

n.

Martyn. Supercarbonate a
;

carbonate containing two primes of carUre. bonic acid. fish of the sword-fish kind, BICAU'DA, n.

The primary fatho, to desire. to press forward, to drive, to mge biennial election. hence, h. impetus. A[)plicd lo the voice, it 2. In botany, continuing for two years and denotes utterance, a driving of sound then perishing as plants, whose root and which is applied to asking, prayer, and leaves arc formed the first year, and which conmiand. Class Bd.] Martyn. produce fruit the second. To ask ; to request; to invite BIEN'NIALLY, adv. Once in two years ; at the return of two years. Go ye into the highways, and as many as ye shall find, Ind to tlie mairiage. Math. xxii. BIER, n. [Sax. tnr ;"l). baar ; Ger. bahre ; This sense is antiquated, but we have Dan. baare ; Ir.ficr ; from the same root as the same word from the Latin, in invite, bear; \j.feretrum, (nt\nfero. See ifear.]
fato, or
;

and annus, a year.] Continuing for two years or happening, or taking place once in two years as a

sense

is,

[in

and

bid.
;

A
to order or direct.

2.

To command

carriage or frame of wood for conveying dead human bodies to the grave.

B
BIE'R-BALK,
als.

G
tor buri-

BIG
BIG' AMY,
to
n.

B
and Gr. yafnu,
In Ar.
ed.
If the
1

L
is

n.
n.

The church road

America.]

[L. bis, twice,

French cagot

connected with

[JVot used in
;

Homilies.

bigot, the first syllalile in

BIE'STING.S,
D.
^165/

The

Ger. biestiiulch.] is to collect to come together ; to agree, milk given by a cow after calving. or he in accord to sleep together ; tol B. Jonson. bind.] o. [L.bifarius; bis awijiro riie crime of having two wives at once. But to go.] or Teutoni<%/run, the term is ordinarily used as synonymous In butany, pointing two ways, as Two-1'okl. with Polygamy, anci may be more justly! leaves that grow only on opposite sitles ot delined, the crime of having a jdurality oil a branch. Mnrlyn. wives. Black.ilone.l adv. In a hilarious manBIF.'V'RIOUSLY, In the canon law, bigamy was the marrying ner. A stem or branch is hilariously hairy, a second wift^ after the death of the first, when the hairs between any two joints or once a widow. Thisdisqual-' marrying come out on tlie Iront anil back, anil in died a man for orders, and holding ecclethe two adjoining internodes, on tlic right
;

or bi/ating; plu. [Sax. byst,

marry,

yofioj,

marriage.

i^s*

But

am

both is a prefix. not able to ascertain the real

tirst

origin and primary sense of the word. The etymologies 1 have seen are not
1.

BIFA'RIOIIS,

satisfactory.] jjerson who

A is obstinately and unreasonably wedded to a particular religious The creed, opinion, practice or ritual. word is somctiines used in an enlarged sense, for a person who is illiberally attached to any opinion, or system of belief ; as a bigot to the jMuhammedan rehgion a
;

bigot to a l()rm
2.

if

siastical oflices.

and

Bluckstone.
belly

A Venetian li(|ui(l measure containing the fourth part of the amphor, or half the
l>o'>t.

government.

left side.

BIF'EROUS,

a.

[L. bifer, biferus;

Marhjn. of bis,

twice, andjTero, to hear. Bearing fruit twice a year, as j)lants do in warm ciimales. Miiiii/n.

BIF'ID,

I I

BIF'IDATE,

"

[h.bifidu.i, bijidalus,(>nns twice, aud jindojidi, to split

or cleave. See Divide and Wide.] In Wrtny, two-cleft divided; opening with divided by a hnear sinus, will a cleft Martyn. straight margins. BIF'LOROUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and/orto.] two flowers. Marlyn. Rearing
;
;

BI'FOLD,
fidd
;

a. [L. bis,

twice,

and fold.] Two-

BI'FOKM,

double; of two kinds, degrees, &,c. a. [L. bi/onnis, of bis, twice, and

) Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, ^ opinion, practice or ritual ; unreasonably Herbert. devoted to a system or party, and illiberal RIG'CORNED, a. Having large grains. towards the opinions of others. Dry den. BIG'OTEDLY, adv. In the manner of a RltiEM'INATE, a. [L. Ws, twice, and ^emi bigot pertinaciously. nus, double.] n. Obstinate or blind attachTwin-forked ; used of a decompound leaf BIG'OTRY, ment to a particular creed, or to certain a forked petiole, with several leafhaving tenets unreasonable zeal or warmth in lets, at the end of c^acli division. Jilariipi. favor of a p.nty, sect or opinion ; excessBICr'GEL, n. A (|iia<liuped of the East It ive ])rejiidice. dies, somewhat like a raiie or rein-deer, 2. Thejiractice or tenet of a bigot. Pope. biM that horse.

HIG'RELLIED,
advanced
in

a.

Having a great

Encyc.

pregnancy.

BIG'OT,

lilGBO'NED,

a.

Having large bones.

BIG'OTKD,

forma, form.]

Having two forma, bodies or shapes.

Croxall.

its heail resembles of a It has two horii.s, cloven feet and a mane like an ass. Diet. of^Vat. Hist PiIG'GIN, >i. [Fr.beguin; Sp. teca, a tippet,

BIG'SOUiNDING,
.sound.

a.

HaWng

a pompous
Hall.

BIG'SVVOLN,
Swell.]

a.

[big

and swoln.
;

See

or cap.]
1.

Bl'FORiVIED, a. Compounded of two forms.

Johnson.

child's cap, or

something worn about

Swelled

the head.

to a large size ; turgid swelled ; ready to burst.

a.

greatly

Addison.

"2. A building. Obs. [Sa.x. byggan, to build.' More. or udders swelled with Shak Having large udders, milk. BI'F1JRATE, ) [L. bifurcus, of bU, Pope. n. [D. bogt, a bend, a turning, a n. A double hydroguBI'FURCATED, (,"' twice, and furca, a lilGHT, Dan. biigf, a bend, a bow BIHYDROG'URET, coil, a bay ret, or with two atoms of hydrogen. fork.] a bay. It is the participle of boogen, buiForked divided into two branches. Thomson. VV. bac, bacu. See gen, Imgan, to bend " Johnson. BIJU'GOUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and jug^tm, a a pair.] BIFURA'TION, n. A forking, or division 1. Bow.] A bend, or small bay between two points yoke, two into two branches. Brown. of leaflets ; used of pinnaHaving pairs of land. ted lea\ es. BIG, a. [In W.baie is a load beiciaw, to a. The double Martyn. part of a rope when folded, and load, or lay on BILA'BIATE, a. [h.bis, twice, and Zaitum, beiciawg, pregnant in distinction from the end that is, a is a a lip.] iio/Sf swelling huciaw, to bellow Dan. round, bend or coil any where except at the two as the corols of flowers. These words seem to be

BIFORM'ITY,

n.

BIG-UDDERED,

[big

and

udder.]

double form.

bug,
ill

belly.

allied to big, but

1.

have not found

;

this

word

females.

2.

3.

any other language.] Bulky protuberant pregnant, applied to Big, in the sense of pregnant, is followed by with ; as, big with child. The use of of, big 0/ child, is not good English. Great; large; in a more general sense applied to any body or object. Full; fraught, and about to have vent, or be brought forth.
;
:

3.

Hps, the ends. Mar. Diet, Having Martyn. Tlie inward bent of a horse's chanibiel, BILASI'ELLATE, a. [L. Ms, twice, and and the bent of the fore knees. Bailey. lamella, a plate.] BIG'LY, adv. [from big.] In a tumid, Having the liirm of a flatted sphere, longituswelling, blustering manner haughtily. bifid ; used of the stigma of plants. BIG'NAMED, a. Having a great or famous dinally
;

name.

Crashaw.
n.

Martyn.

BIG'NESS,

Bulk

BI'LANDER,
belandre
;

n.

size

largeness

di

The iiiiportaut day,

A. Distended
;

big with the fate of

Rome.
.

Addison
full,
is

as with grief or passion.

Thy
5.

heart

big, get thee apart and H'eep.

Shak Swelled tumid inflated, as with pride hence, haughty in air or mien, or indica ting haughtiness; proud; as big looks; big words to look big. Great in spirit lofty brave. Have not I a heart as big as tliine Shak.
;

6.

.'

BIG,

n.

kind of barley.

BIG'AM,

n.

bigamist.

[Afot used.]

Bp. Peacock.

land; Ger. binnenlander.] A .small merchant vessel with two masts, distinguished from other vessels of two masts, by the form of the main-sail, which is bent to the whole length of a yard, hanging fore and aft, and inchned to the horiis always some reference in the mind to zon in an angle of about 45 degrees the known measure. VVe also say, one thing foremost lower corner, called the tack, is as in which case we big as another being secured to a ring-bolt in the deck, and the aftermost or sheet, to the tafTerel. give the idea of unknown size, by a known and bigness always imply Few vessels are now rigged in this manobject. Big ner. expansion, more or less, in breadth, and Encyc. Mar. Diet. are thus distinguished from tall and tall- The bilander is a kind of hoy, manageable ness. by four or five men and used ciiiefly in the canals of the Low Countries. Johnson. BIG'OT, n. [Fr. bigot, and cagot, a bigot or
; ;

inensions. It is used of any object, ani mate or inanimate, and with or without comparison. Thus we speak of the bigness of a tree, of a rock, of a house, without instituting a comparison with other Yet in this case there objects of the kind.

S]i.

[D. hylander ; Fr. belande, bilandra ; from be, by, and

BIG'AMIST,
at once.

n. [See Bigamy.] One who has committed bigamy, or had two wives

hypocrite; Avm. bigod. In Itahan, iaccAc< is a hypocrite. In Spanish, bigote is a whisker; hombre de bigote, a man of tener bigotes, to be ni-m or undaimt spirit
tone
;

BILATERAL,
Having two

a.

[L. bis
[I

and

latus, side.]

sides.
71.

Diet.

BIL'BERRY,
of6t7 in this

know not the meaning word. The Dutch word is

B
heath-berry.]

L
heidelbeere.

B
to the bile ary duct.
;
;

L
bile
;

B
as a
hili-

Uaauwbes, blue-berry ; the Ger.

conveying the
n.

[from a place of this The name in London frequented by low people of Vaccinium or whortle-berry. who use foul language.] name with us is given to the taller slirub and its fruit whicli is of a bluish color. Foul language ribaldry. Pope. BIL'BO, n. [from Bilboa, in Spain.] BILIN'GUOIJS, a. [L. bis, and lingua, A rapier a sword so named, it is said, tongue.] from Bilboa in Spain, where the best are Having two tongues, or speaking two Ian made. Jlsh. Johnson guages. BIL'BOES, n.phi. Onboard of ships, lonn BIL'IOUS, a. [L. biliosus, from bilis, the bars or bolts of iron with shackles shding bile.] on them, and a lock at the end, used to Pertaining to bile consisting or partaking of bile caused by a redundancy, or bad confine the feet of prisoners or offenders. as a bilious fever. state of the bile Hence the punishment of offenders in this
its fruit

The name of a shrub and

a species

BIL'INGSGATE,

4.

5.

6.

bills ; but usually they are qualified by some description, as a bill of attainder. A paper written or printed, and posted ui some public place, advertising the proposed sale of goods, or particular things; an advertisement posted. An account of goods sold or delivered, services rendered or work done, with the price or value annexed to each article. Any written paper, containing a statement of particulars as a bill of charges or expenditures a physician's bill of prea bill of fare or provisions, scriptions

ses, statutes

are called

&c.

manner
BILD,
V.

is

called by the

same name.
Diet.
E:ici/e. id. [G.

BILIT'ERAL,
letter.]

a.

[L. bis, twice,

and

litera, 7.

Mar.
t.

Consisting of two letters; as a biliteral Tool in language. Sir W. Jones. To construct to erect to set up and finish BILK, V. t. [Gcith. bilaikan, to mock or deThis Gothic word appears to be ride. as, to bild a house or ship ; to bild a wall compound, hi and laikan, to leap or [This is the true orthography the compret. bilded, bill ; pp. bitden; Dan. bilder ; Sw. bitda.]
; ; ;
;

mon spelling BILD'STEIN,

is

incorrect.

See Build.]
shape, and
stein,

n.

[G.

bild,

To

exult.] frustrate or disappoint

A bill of exchange is an order drawn on a person, in a distant place, requesting or directing him to pay money to some person assigned by the drawer, or to his order, in consideration of the same sum received by the drawer. Bills of exchange are either foreign or inland ; foreign, wlien drawn by a person in one country upon
one residing in another inland, when both the drawer and drawee reside Ln the same country. The person who draws the bill is called the drawer ; the person on wliom the request or demand is made, is called the drawee ; and the person to whom the money is directed to be paid,
;

stone.] .\gahnatolite, or

massive figure-stone. mineral, with sometimes a slaty structure ; of a color gray, brown, flesh red, sometimes spotted, or with blue veins. It fuses into a transparent glass. Brongniart call;*
it

to deceive or defraud, by non-fulfilment of engagement as, to bilk a creditor. Dryden.

;

BILK'ED, /)jo. Disappointed;

frauded.

deceived

de-

BILK'ING,
BILL,
1.

n.

ppr. Frustrating ; defrauding. [Sax. bile, a beak, that is, ;

8.

China

steatite pagodite, in grotesque

from

its

coming from
Ure.

shoot.]

is

called the payee.

figiu-es.

This mineral resembles

steatite in its pliysi- 2. cal characters, but differs from it essenIt is soft, easily tially in its composition. cut with a knife, and reducible to a fine

The beak of a fowl. An instrument used by plumbers, basket makers and gardeners, made in the form
of a crescent, and
fitted witli a handle. short, it is called a hand-bill; wlien It is used for pnini long, a hedge-bill.

When
trees,

unctuous powder.

Cleaveland.

BILE,

71. yellow bitter [L. 6!7(.s ; Fr. bile.] liquor, separated from the blood in the liver, collected in the pori biliarii and gall

&c.
[Sax.
;

BILL,
et
;

n.

bit

G.
bile

beil,
;

an ax or hatchbwyell
;

D. byl
bil,

Dan.

W.

Pers.

and thence discharged by the common duct into the duodenum. Eneyc.
bladder,
n.

A. A J

a mattock, or pick-ax, and a

BILE,

All inflamed tumor.

[See Boil,

the correct orthography.]

BI'LEDUeT,
duit.]

n. [bile and L. ductus, a convessel or canal to convey bile.

shovel.] pick-ax, or mattock ; a battle-ax or hatchet with a crooked point.

n.

an ax
;

BILL,
billet,

[Norm,

bille,

a label or note
billete
:

Fr.

A bill of entry is a written account of goods entered at the custom house, wliether imported or intended for exportation. 1). A 6(7/ of lading is a written account of goods slii])ped by any person, on board of a vessel, signed by the master of the vessel, who acknowledges the receipt of the goods, and promises to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea excepted. It is usual for the master to sign two, three or four copies of the bdl ; one of which he keeps in possession, one is kept by the shipjier, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods. 10. A bill of parcels is an account given by
the seller to the buyer, of the several articles purchased, with the price of each.
1

Dariciii.

BI'LESTONE,
cretion of

n. [bile viscid bile.

and

stone.]

bil;

Arm.

con-

bilked; Sp.

It.

bigl-

Darivin.

BILgE,
and
1.

?i.

[A

different oi-thography of iu/g'f,

a protuberance.] The protuberant part of a cask, usually in the middle.

belly,

which

is
1.

2.

a ship's bottom, or that part of her floor wliich approaches to a horizontal dii'ection, on which she would
rest, if

The breadth of

aground. Hence, when this part of a ship is fractured, she is said to be Encyc. Mar. Diet. bilged. BILGE, v. i. To suffer a fracture in the bilge to spring a leak by a fracture in the The term is used also when a ship bilge. has some of her timbers struck off by a rock or an anchor, and springs a leak.
;

a bill, if the money is not repaid at the appointIn law, a declaration in writing, expressed time with interest. Encyc. ing some wrong the conii)lainant has sufIn the United States, a bill of sale is a fered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law. It writing given by the seller of personal to the purchaser, answering to contains the fact complained of, the damproperty, a deed of real estate, but without seal. age sustained, and a ]ietition or process It is 12. A bill against the defendant for redress. of mortality is an account of the used both in civil and criminal cases. number of deaths in a place, in a given In Scots laiv, every summary applicaIn these bills it is not unusual to time. tion in writing, by way of |)etition to the insert registers of births and christenings, court of session, is called a bill. as in London. Encyc.
oliligation

Tlie primary sense probably is a roll or folded paper, Sp. boleta, a billet, a ticket, and a pajier of tobacco, coinciding with bola, a ball or it is from cutting off, and signifies a piece.]
ietto, bulletta, bollettino.
;

V.

bill

of sale

is

when a person borrows

money and
security,

delivers goods to the lender as at the same time, gives him empowering him to sell the goods,

and

2.

BILG'ED,

Encyc. Mar. Diet. pp. or a. Having a fracture in the This participle is often used, as if bilge. the verb were transitive ; and perhaps it
is

In law and in commerce, in England, an or security given for money

13. Bank-bill. 14.

[See Bank.]

sometimes so used.
n.

BILgE-PUM P,
to

burr-puinp

under the hand, and sometimes the seal of the debtor, without a condition or forIn the latter feiture for non-payment. circumstance, it differs from a Ijond. In

and

pump
3.

BILgE-WATER,

the bilge-water from a ship. n. Water which enters a ship, and lies upon her bilge or bottom. BU.'IARY, a. [from L. bilis.] Belonging

draw

the United States, this S])ecies of security is usually called a note, a note of hand, or the several states. a promissory note. bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, was a form or draft of a law, presented to a 15. In some cawriting irivcn hv the husband to the wife. legislature, but not enacted.

by a people. Such presented by the and commons of England to the and princess of Orange hi 1688. prince In America, a hill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most of the constitutions of

bill of rights is a privileges, claimed

summary of

rights

was

tlie

declaration

lords

B
solved. 16. [See Indictment.]

M
relation

B
was
dis-

N
We
C.

BIN
are

by which the marriage

BILL, BILL,
word.
;

V. i.
;

as doves
V.
t.

[iroin liill, a beak.] To join bills, to caress in Ibiidiiess. Dryden.

[IVoiii hill,
bill

C, commeusurabk; only in power, and comcontaining a rational rectangle, are C will be irrapounded, the whole line tional, and is called a first bimedial hue.

bound by

tlie

laws of kindness, of

nature, of a state, kc.

To To
ity.

confirm or
ill

ratify.
shall

Whatsoever thou

bind on earth,

shall

be

vertise by a

To ada writiiis-] or public notice; a cant

L'Eslrange.

Encyc. Belonging to a quantity arising from a particular combination of two other quantities.

bound
7.

lieaven.

Mattli. xvi.

distress, trouble, or confine

by infirm-

-Osh.

Wlioiii

Satan hath bovnd

xiii.

these eighteen

BILL'ARI), 71. A bastard or im|iert'ect ca- BIN, n. [Sax. binn, or binne.] A wooden box or chest used a.s a repository of corn A.<ih. pon also a tish oftlie cod kind.

years.
8.

Luke

BILL'ET,

rt.

[fliin.

of biU;

Fr. billet;

It.

or other eommodities.
to

bulletta.]

BIN'ACLE,

small paper or note in writing, used for various purposes sometiines it is a short soiik^hotter, iiddressed to some person; timcs a ticket directing soldiers at wliat
;

II. [Formerly ti'Hac/e, supposed be a corruption of Fr. habitacle ; but i).

constrain by a powerful influence or persuasion. I ^0 bound in tlie spirit to Jerusalem. Acts

XX.

To

more probahly, hoile d^nig-uille, needle box wooden case or ho.\ in which the compass
and lights are kept on board a ship. It is sometimes divided into three apartments, with sliding shutters; the two sides contain each a compass, and the middle divis
ion, a

house
In

to lotlgc. heraldry, bilUU is a bearing in the

ibrm

ol

a long square.
Biilet-doux, bil'k-doo. [Fr.]

BILL'ET,
wood.

n. [Fr. billot.]
V.
I.

A love billet. A small stick

a
ticket.]

Eiicjc.

To restrain the natural discharges of the to make costive as, certain kinds of food bind the body or bowels. 10. To form a border; to fasten with a band, ribin, or any thing that strengthens the edges ; as, to bind a garment or carbowels
; ;

lump or candle.
a.

of

BI'NARY,
Binary

[L. biniis,

two and two.]

pet. 11.

To

cover wiUi leather or any thing firm ;

;

BILL'ET,
to lodge

[iroiii

hillct,

To

aritlimeiic, the invention of Leibnitz, and 1, is that in vvhicli two figures only,
;

to

sew together and cover

as,

to bind

book.

direct a soldier by a ticket or note

where

hence, to (piarter, or pl.ice in ; lodgin<fs, as soldiers in private houses.

BILL'ETING,

ppr. Uuartering, as soldiers

in private houses.

BILL'IARD, a. biVijnrd. game of billiards.

Pertaining to the
bil'yards.
;

BILLIARDS,

n.

plu.

[Fr.

bill-

It. higliurard, a mace or liilliard-tabic do ; Sp. viUar. According to the an lent orthography, halyard, this wcud is composed of ball and yard, a ball-stick.] game played on a rectangular table, covered with a green cloth, with small ivory ba" which the players aim to drive into hazardnets or pockets at the sides and corners

are used, in lieu of ten thi; cypher mul- 12. To cover or secure by a band ; as, to bind a wheel with tire. tiplying every thing by two, as in common 10 is 13. To oblige to serve, by contract as, to arithmetic by 10. Thus, 1 is one two 11 is three 100 is four 101 is five bind Ml apprentice; often with out; as, to 110 is six; 111, is seven; 1000 is eight bind out a servant. 1001 is nine 1010 is ten. It is said this 14. To make hard or firm as, certain substances hind the earth. species of arithmetic has been used by the Chinese for 4000 years, being left in enig- The uses of this word arc too various and ma by Fohi. numerous to be reduced to exact definiEncyc. in music, is that used in tions. Binary measure, common time, in which the time of rising To bind to is to contract ; as, to hind one's in beating, is equal to the tune of falling. self to a wife. Encyc. TV) Innd over is to oblige by bond to appear at a court. Binary number is that which is composed of two units. Encyc. BI.ND, r. i. To contract; to grow hard or
; ; ;
;

BI'NARY,
BI'NATE,

oftlie tables, by impelling one ball again; another, with maces, or cues, according to certain rules oftlie game.

BILL'ION,

)i.

bil'yiin.

[his

and

million.

million of millions; as many millions as there are unit.s in a million.

n. [Dan. iu/gf, Sw. bolja, a. swell, or rolhng swell, allied to bilge, bul/xe.] or surge of the sea, occasioned It can hardly usually by violent wind. be applied to the waves of a river, unless in poetry, or when die ri\er is very

BIL'LOW,

A great wave

Mortimer. heat. constitution of two. stifl'; as, clay binds by Fotherby. 2. To grow or become costive. 3. To be obligatory. [L.WiiMj. See JSniaiT/.] Bestalk of hops, so called from its n. ing double or in couples growing in pairs BIND, winding round a pole or tree, or being A binate leaf has a simple petiole, connectbound to it. two leaflets on the top a species of ing is a quantity consisting of Martyn. 2. A bind of eels, digitate leaf. 10 strikes, each containing 2.5 eels, or 250 BIND, !'. t. pret. bound; pp. bound, and obs. in the whole. Encyc. hounden. [Sax. bindan, gehindan, pret. 3. Among miners, indurated clay, when band, buml, or bunden ; Goth, hindan, ga much mixed with the oxyd of iron. bindan ; D. hinden, verbinden ; Ger. the
n.
o.
;

The

same

large.

BIL'LOW,

To swell; to rise and roll in Prior. large waves, or surges.

v.i.
a.

BIL'LOW-BEATEN, BIL'LOWING, ppr.

waves or
surges.
a.
;

Tossed by billows. Swelled into large

binda, forhinda ; Dan. binder, n. A person who binds one and bind, a band also baand, a BI'NDER, whose occupation is to bind books ; also, band Hindu, bandna ; Gypsey, bandopen ; one who binds sheaves. oV ^ (J ^ o.* 2. Any thing that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, Pcrs. aIj bandan, and Xj>Xaj band.
;

Sw.

A'l'riraii.
;

to bind,
;

o*^*^

or

BIL'LOWY,
BILO'BED, BILO'BATE,

To tie together, or confine w itli a cord or any thing tliat is flexible to fasten as with a band, fillet or ligature. To gird, iiiwrap or involve; to confine by Marti/n. BILOC'ULAR, o. [L. bis, twice, and lo'cti- a wrapper, cover or bandage sometimes with up ; as, to bind up a wound. from locus, a place.] lus, as with a chain, Divided into two cells, or containing two 3. To confine or restrain, fetters or cord as, bind him hand and foot. as a hilocular cells
I " I

large waves surges.

Swelhng, or swelled into wavy full of billows, or

;

bandidan, to bind the former signifies also, to a])ply, to bend the mind ; and the latThe sense ter, to shut, close, make fast.
;

BI'NDERY,
bound.

71.

place where books are

BI'NDING,

is,

to strain.]

[L.
;

bis,

XoSof.

twice, and Or See Lobe.] Divi

leaf.

1.

band ; ppr. Fastening with confining: restraining; covering or wrapa promise or other morjiing : obliging by al tie ; making costive ; contracting ; maa
kins hard or stiff.
a. That obliges; obhgatory; as the binding force of a moral duty or of

ded into two lobes

as a bilobale

BI'NDING,
a

2.

command.
; ;

BINDING,

internally
n.

pericarp.
plant,
iii.

BIL'VA,

The Hindu name of a

n.

Martyn.
tlie

4.

To

restrain in
xxviii.

any manner,
floods

He
Job

binJeth the

from

overflowiog.
2.

Crata^va Marmelos of Linne. As. Res.

25(5. 5.

BIMA'NOUS,
two hands.

Man
a.

[bis
is

and manus.] Having

himanoiis.

To oblige by a promise, vow, stipulation covenant, law, duty or any other moral
tie
;

n. The act of fastening vmh a a bandage the cover of a book, with the sewing and accomany thing that binds panviiig work something that secures the edge of cloth. In the art of defense, a method of securing or crossing the adversarj''s sword witli a pressure, accompanied with a spring of

band or obliging
;

Lnwrence.

to

BIME'DIAL, [L. i?*, twice, and medinl.]\ In mathematics, if two medial lines, A B aud|

If a

with a bond.

engage man shall swear an oath Numbers xxs.

the wrist.
lo bind his soul Binding-joists, in architecture,

Encyc.
are the joists

of a

floor into

which the trimmers of stair-

B
BI'ND-WEED,

P
and chimEncyc.
2.

R
;

11. genus of plants, called a. [L. bis, twice, and Gr. Convohulm, comprehending many species, BiPET'ALOUS, nira'Kov, a leaf] as the white, the blue, the Syrian bind &c. The black briony or Tamus is Consisting of two flower leaves ; having two weed, petals. railed black hind-weed ; and the Smilax is BIPIN'NATIFID, ? [L.bis, twice, pinna, called rough bind-weed. a wing or feather, Encyc. Fam. of Plants. BIPEN'NATIFID, S and/(irfo, to divide.] a heap of alum BING, n. In alum works, ; having pinnatifid leaves thrown together in order to drain. Encyc. Doubly-pinnatiiid the each side of on Martyn. petiole. BIN'0LE, n. [binus, double, and ocxdiis, an BIQUaD'RATE, n. [L. bis, twice, and quad eye.] ratus, squared.] tubes (hoptric telescope, fitted with two In mathematics, the fourth power, arising from enable a person to view joining, so as to the multiplication of a square number or an object with both eyes at once. which quantity by itself Thus 4X4=16, Harris. is the square of 4, and 16X 1(3=256, the bi a. [See Binoclc] Having quadrate of that number. two eyes ; also, having two apertures or n. The same as biquadtubes, so joined that one may use both rate. Encyc. eyes at once in viewing a distant object BIQUADRAT'Ie, a. Pertaining to the hi as a binocular telescope. Encyc. or fourth

of the stairs cases, or well holes ney ways, are framed.

In botany, having pinnate leaves on each side of the petiole, as a leaf or frond. Martyn.

gest species is two feet fotu- inches iu length. The head and back part of the neck are lemon-colored the neck of the brightest emerald green, soft like velvet the breast is black the wings of a chesnut color. The back part of the body is covered with long straight narrow feathers, of a pale brown color, similar to the plumes of the ostrich. These are spread when the bird flies, for which reason he cannot keep long on the wing. From the rump proceed two long stiff' shafts, feathered at the extremities. Encyc.
; ;

BIRD'BOLT,

n. [bird and bolt.] .\n arrow, broad at the end, for shootuig birds. Shak. n. [bird and cage.] A box or case with wires, small sticks, or wicker,

BIRD'-AgE,

BINOCULAR,

BIQUADRATIC,
'

forming open work, for keeping birds.

BIRD'CALL,
leaf of
birds.

n.

stick, cleft at

[bird and call.] one end, in which

A
is

little

put a

some plant

BINO'MIAL,
name.]

a.

[L. bis, twice,

and nomen,

In algebra, a root consisting of two members connected by the sign plus or minus 3. as a b, or 7 Encyc.

BINOMINOUS,
men, name.]

a.

[L. bis, twice,

and

no-

Having two names.

BINOT'ONOUS,

a.
;

ing of two notes

Johnson. [bis and note.] Consistas a binotonovs cry.

Montague.

BIOG'RAPHER,

[See Biography.] One who writes an account or history of the a life and actions of a particular person writer of hves, as Plutarch.
n.
;

power. quadratic is an equa Biquadratic equation, in algebra, tion raised to the fourth power, or where the unknown quantity of one of the terms has four dimensions. is a curve Biquadratic parabola, in geometry, line of the third order, having two infinite legs tending the same way. Biquadratic root of a number, is the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the square root of 81 is f>, and the square root of 9 is .3, which is the biquadratic root of 81. Encyc. BiaUIN'TILE, n. [L. bis, twice, and quin
tus, fit\h.]

for imitating the cry

of

of lapwings

laurel leaf counterfeits the voice a leek, that of nightingales : ;

&c.

Encyc.

BIRD'-ATCHER, n.
whose cniidoytnent
(c)wler.

[Urd and
is

catch.]

One
;

to catch birds

BIRD'-ATCIIING, n. [bird The art of taking birds or wild

tion,

and

catch.]

fowls, either

for food, for pleasure, or for their destrucwhen pernicious to the husbandman.
n.

BIRD'-CHERRY,
tree, a

[bird

and

cherry.]

species of Priunis, called padits ; there are other si)ecies called by the same name. Encyc. Fam. of Plants.

An

BiOGRAFH'Ie,

Pertaining to bio^ "' BIOGRAPHICAL, S raphy, or the histocontaining ry of the life of a person biography.
?
;

are disaspect of the planets, when they tant from each other, by twice the fifth part of a great circle, that is 144 degrees or

BIRD'ER, n. A bird-catcher. BIRD'-EYE, ) " [bird and eye.] Seen from BIRD'S-EYE, S above, as if by a flying
liird
;

as a bird-eye landscape.

Burke.

twice 72 degrees.

BIOG'RAPIIY,
to write.]

n.

[Gr.
life

jito;,

hfe,

and

ypo^.^,

BIRA'DIATE, BIRA'DIATED,
herkeboom

\
\
;

The

history of the particular person.

n.
ralist.]

Havina two rays and character of a BlRCH,\i. iiiccA. [Sax.

;

ra[L. his, twice, and diatus, set with rays.] as a biradiale fin. Encyc. hirce ; D.herken, or
;

BIRD'EYED, a. Of quick sight. BIRDING-PIECE, w. [bird &nA piece.]

BIRD -LIKE,

fowling-|)iece.
a.

Shak.

BIRD'-LIME,

n.

Resembling a bird. [bird and lime.] A viscous

BIOTINA,

[from Biot, a French natu

newly discovered Vesuvian mineral, whose primitive form is that of an obtuse

rhomboid.
Journ. of Science.
a.

BIP'AROUS,
bear.]

[L. bis, twice,

at a birth.

and pario,

to

Bringing

fortli

two

BIPART'IBLE, ? [L. bis, twice, and parBIP'ARTILE, S"' tio, to divide.] That mav be divided into two (larts. Martt/n. a. [L. bis, twice, and parBIPAR'TIENT,

BIPARTITE,

partiens, to divide.] Dividing into two ^sh. parts. a. [L. bis, twice, and paHitus, divided.] 1. Having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract or writing, one for each party. 3. In botany, divided into two parts to the
tio,

biise,

as "a leaf

Marlyn
of dividing "inJohnson. twice, and jhs.

BIPARTI"TION, n. The act

to
parts, or of dent parts.

two

making two corresponof

bis,

BI'PED,

An animal

n. [L. hipes, pedis, a foot.]

substance, usually made of the juice of holly-bark, extracted by boiling, mixed with a third-])art of nut od or thin grease, mon birch, the dwarf birch, the Canada used to catch birds. For this purpose, the of which there are several varieties birch, twigs of a bush are smeared over with tlus and the common black birch. viscid substance. Encyc. Birch of Jamaica, a species of the Pistacia or BIRD'-LIMED,n. Smeared with bird-lime ; Fnm. of Plants. Howell. turpentine tree. spread to ensnare. fowler Made of birch consistin, BIRD'-MAN, n. [bird and man.] BIRCH, } or bird-catcher. BIRCH'EN,*;"" of birch. BIRD, n. burd. [Sax. bird, or hridd, a chick- BIRD'-PEPPER, n. [bird and pepper.] a en from the root of hear, or W. bridaw,to species of Capsicum or Guinea-pepper break forth.] shrubby plant, bearing a small oval fruit, 1. Properly, a chicken, the young of fowls, more biting than the other sorts. and hence a small fowl. Encyc. 2. In modern use, any fowl or flying animal BIRDS'EYE, ?!. [bird and eye.] A genus of It is remarkable tliat a nation should lay knovFn plants, called also pheasant's eye, aside the use of the proper generic name in botany by the generic term .Idojm. of flying animals, fowl, Sax. fugel, D. voThere are several species, some of which and substitute the name of gel, the 'flyer, Encyc. produce bcautifid flowers. the young of those animals, as the generic BIRDS'FOQT, n. A plant, [bird and foot.] term. The fact is precisely what it would the Ornithopus, whose legumen is articuname of be to make lainb, the generic form of lated, cylindrical, and bent in the sheep, or colt, that of the equine genus. a bow. Encyc. Shnk. BIRD, II. t. To catch birds.
; ;

Ger. Ijirke Dan. birk.] which there genus of trees, the Betula, of are several species as the white or com-

Bird of paradise, a genus of birds, found

the "Oriental
isles,

in
;

BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL,
BIRDS'NEST,
in

n.

genus of
Enn/c.

having two
a. feet.
a.

feet,

as man.
feet,

BIP'EDAL,
wing

Having two

or the

and in New Guinea some of them remarkably beautiful. The

covered with a belt or collar of downy feathers at the base, and the feathThe larers on the sides are very long.
lieak
is

of several species. plants, the Lotus,

n. [bird and nest.] The nest which a bird lays eggs and hatches her

length of two

BIPEN'NATE,

or feather.]

[L. bis, and penna, a Having two wings.

young.

B
2.

R
;i

BIS
night in which a person is boni and the anniversary of that night in succeeding
;

BIS
ohispo, Port. bispo,W. esgoh,

a species of Oplir) s or ivvyblade also a species of Orchis. Enci/cJ 3. In cookery, the nest of a small swallow, of^ China, aiifi tlie neiglihoriiif.' coniitrics, del tasted, and mixed with soups. Tlii; icately nest is found in the rocks it is of a hem a goose ispheriral figure, of the size of egg, and in suhstance resembles isinglass. In tlie East, these nests are esteemed a and sell at a very higli price. great luxury,
;

A plant,

and

Ir.

easgob.
ti-

O J O J
In Ar. and Pers.
tle

years.

BIRTH'PLACE,
;

and place.] The town, city or country, where a person is born more generally, the particular town,
;i.

,_ix^\

oskof.

This

[birth

city,

or other local district.

n. [birth

BIRTHRIGHT,
titled
birtii,

right or privilege, to

and right.] Any which a jjerson is en1.

the Athenians gave to those whom they sent into the jjrovinces subject to them, to inspect the state of aflairs and the Romans gave the title to those who were inspectors of provisions.]
;

Encijc.

BIRDSTARES
BIRD -WITTED,
of attention.

and
a.

BIRDSTONGUt:

names of plants.

such as an estate desby cendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a fice constitution. Esau, for a morsel, sold his birthright. Hcb.
xii.

overseer; a ruler or director

An

s|)iritual
;

superintendent,
to Christ.

applied

Ye were
souls. 1

returned to
2.

Not having the

faculty
liticon. It

as sheep going astray, but are now tlie .<hcpherd and biihop of your Pet. ii.

may

be used

in the

sense of primogeni-

BI'REME,

n. [L. hiremis,bis

and remus, an
of oars.
Milford.

oar.]

ture, or the privilege of the first born, but is ap[ilicable to any right which results

vessel with

two banks or
jj.

tiers

from descent.

BIRTH-SONG, n. A
of a. person.
gle.]

song sung

at the birth

BIRG'ANDER,
sroosc.

The name of a
. [bis

wild

(lu. Brrfrandcr.
an<l r}wml,oid .]

BIRTH-STRANGLED, a.
born.

[biiih

and stranin

BIRIIOAIBOID'AL,

Strangled or sufibcated
n. [birth

Having a surface composed of twelve rhombic faces, which, being taken six and six, and prolonged in idea, till they intercept each other, would form two difleretit
rhombs.
Cleavelnnd.
t.

being Shak.

In the primitive church, a spiritual overseer an elder or presbyter one who liad the pastoral care of a church. The same persons are in this chapter called elders or presbyters, and overseers or bishops. .\cxs xx. Scott, Cotnm. Till the churches were niulliplicd, tlie liishops and presbyters were the same. /*. Phil. i. I.
;
;

Tini.

iii.

I.

Tit.

i.

7.

BIRTH'WORT,
nus of

ge of many spe cies. Of these an- the snake root of! America, and the contrayerva of Jamaica.!
wort.]
jilants, Aristolochia,
)

and

Both the Greek and Latin fatliers do, with one consent, declare, that ln.ihop.s were called presbyter?, aiid presbyters bishops, in apostolic times, the name being then coininon.
Whitby. and some Protestant churches, a jirelate, or person consecrated for the spiritual government .-ind direction of a diocese. In Great Britain, bishops are nominated by the king, who, upon re-

birch or rod. Obs. Ch. liclig. Appeal. BIROS'TR.VTE, ? "' [L. bis, twice, and roslnwi, a l)eak. BIROS'TRATi:i), S Having a double beak, or process resembling a beak. The capsule is bilocular and biroxirated.

BIRK'EN, V. To beat with a

[from

birch,

Sax.

birce, bip-c]

BISA,

AcoinofPegu,ofthe value of half

Encyc.l 3. In the Greek, Latin,

BIZA, ^ 'a ducat; also, a weight. Kncyc. BIS'COTIN, H. [Fr.] A confection, made
BIS'UIT,
L.
1.

of flour, sugar, marmelade and e 71. bis'liit. [I'r. comjiounded of

It. biscotto; bis, twice, and cuit, baked Sp. bizcochn.] A kind of bread, formed into cakes, and
;

BIRT,

11.

hurt.

Eneyc.
fish, called also turbot.
;

baked hard

for

seamen.

BIRTH,
1.

freboortc

berth. D. [Sax. bi/rd, btorth Ger. geburt ; Ir. beirlhe ; L. partus, the participle of pario, to bear.] The act of coming into hfe, or of being

n.
;

cake, variously made, for the use of private famihcs. The name, in England, is given to a composition of flour, eggs and sugar. With us the name is given to
a composition

born.

Except

in

applied to

human

poetry, it is generally beings; as the birth o(

;

of flour and butter, made

and baked

a son.
2.

3.
4.

Denhttm. 3. The body of an earthern vessel, in distinction from the glazing. used of high or low extracticui hut Thomson. way of distinction tiir a BISECT', V. t. [L. Ijis. twice, and seco, secdescent from noble or honorable parent lum, to cut. See Section.] To cut or divide into two ])arts. In geomeof birth. and ancestors as a man The condition in which a person is born. try, one line bisects another when it crosses! A foe by birth to Troy. it, leaving an erpial part of the hne on each Dryden. That which is born that which is pro side of the point where it is crossed. whether animal or vegetable. duced, BISECTED, pp. Divided into two equal
cian birth.
It is
;

Lineage

extraction

descent

as,

Gre-

in private families. But the com]iositions under this denomination are very various.

is

often used by
;

whom he would have The election, by the chapter, made within twelve days, or the has a right to appoint "whom lie king pleases. Bishops are consecrated by an archbishop, with to assistant bishops. A bishop must be thirty years of age and all bishops, exce])t the bishop of Man, are j)eers of the reahn. Btackstone. By the canons of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States, no diocese or state shall proceed to the election of a bishop, unless there are at least six
inating the person

quest of the dean and chapter, for leave to elect a bishop, sends a conge d'elire, or license to elect, with a letter missi\ e, nom-

chosen. must be

officiating presbyters residing therein, who shall be qualified, according to the canons, to vote for a bishop ; a majority of at least must concur in the election. But

whom

Milton.
5.
;

Mdison.

))arts.

6.

7.

The act of bringing forth as,shehadtwo children at a birth. In o IheologicaJ sense, regeneration is called the new birth. as the birth of an Origin beginning
; ;

BISECT'ING,
parts.

ppr. Dividing into

.
;

two equal

BISECTION,
BISEG'MENT,

The

two equal parts

act of cutting into the division of any fine

[bis

empire.

or quantity into two equal parts.

n.

BIRTH, BERTH,
ship rides.

n.

station in

which a

and segment.]

One

[See Berth.]
n. [birth

BIRTH'DAY,
in
2.

and day.]

which any person is born. BiSEX'OUS, a. Consisting of both sexes. The same (lay of the month, in which a: Brown. person was born, in every succecdingi BISH'OP, n. [L. epi.icopus Gr. iranxono;, of year often celebrated as a joyfid anniveriru, over, and nxoxog, insjjector, or visitor; It sometimes has the form of an sary. Bxontu, to view, or insjiect V\'hence tniattribute as a birth-day ode. axf jtTo^uoi, to visit or inspect also udaxomu, BIRTH'DOM, n. [birth and dom. See Dom to iew. This Greek and Latin word acand Doom.] Privilege of birth. [JVut used.] companied the introduction of Christianity Shak. into the west and north of Europe, anil BIRTH'ING, Ji. Any thing added to raisel has been corriipied into Saxon blscop, bisBishop Broicnelt. the sides of a ship. Ash. Bailey.' ceop, t^w. and Dan biskoi iskop, D. b, bisschop,mi'Y\'OV, n. A cant word for a mixture of BIRTH'NIGHT, i. [birth and night.] Tile! Ger. bischof, It. lescor'0, Fr. ei'^01 evique, Sp.jl wine, oranges, and
; ;
;

The day

of the parts of a equal parts.

line,-

divided into two

-i

the conventions of two or more dioceses, or states, liaving together nine or more such presbyters, may join in the election of a bishop. convention isconij)osed of the clergy, and a lay delegation, consisting of one or more niembei-s from each parish. In every state, the bishop is to be chosen according to such rules as the convention of that state shall ordain. The mode of election, in most or all of the states, is by a concurrent vote of the clergy and laity, in convention, each body voting separately. Before a bishop can be consecrated, he must receive a testimonial of approbation from the General Convention of the church or if that is not in session, from a majority of the standing committee in the several dioceses. The mode of consecrating bishops and ordaining priests and deacons differs not essentially from the practice in England.

sugai-.

Vol.

I.

23

Su-ifl.

BIS
BISII'OP,
2.

BIT
;

BIT
pistareen, about ten cents, or five pence
sterling.
4.

confirm to admit i<olJohnson. ciiinly into tlie church. Aniniig liors'-deaters, to use arts to mal<e an old liorse look hke a young one, or to give a good appearance to a bad horse.
i:
t.

To

the legs
its

and tail shorter, and the hairs of head and neck longer than in the latter. Regne Anim.
bissejrtris,

The
bite.

point of an auger, or other borer

is

the

BISSEXTILE,
from

[L. bisseititis, leaji year, [his and sfrdts] the sixth of

>i.

This word

the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the intercala- BITCH, 71. [Sax. bicca,bicce, bice; Dan.bikkr. tion of a day. Ainsworth.] Qu. Ger. betze Basque, potzoa. This word BISH'OPRI, n. [bishop and rk, jinisdicprobably signifies a female, for the French tion.] Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day the district over which tlie biche is a hind.] 1. A diocese is added to the month of February, on acof a bishop extends. In Hffcount of the excess of G hours, which the I. The female of the canine kind, as of the jinisdiction This civil year contains, above 36.5 days. knid, arc twenty-four bishoprics, besi<les dog, wolf, and fox. excess is 11 tninutes 3 seconds too much i2. A name of reproach for a woman. that of Sodor and Man; in Ireland, cigh

BISirOPLIKE,

a.

.Ish. EncycJ Resembling a bishop;!

J<\ilke.'

used, like jot and ivhit, to express the smallest degree ; as, he is not a bit wiser or better.
;

belonging to a bisliop.

teen.
ii.

sary to retain the bis.sextile day, and to suppress it at the end of those centuries which 1. To break or crush with the teeth, as in are not divisible by 4. Ammi. Encyc. eating to pierce with the teeth, a.s a sern. BISH'OPSWORT, BISSEX'TILE, a. "Pertaining to the leap pent to seize with the teeth, as a dog. plant. 2. To pinch or pain, as with cold vear. as a BISK, n. [Fr. bisque.] Soup or broth, made the frost bites. biting north wind by boiling several sorts oi"flr>li together. BIS'SON, a. [Sax. fc^sen.] Blind, [^rotused.] Shak. 3. To reproach with sarcasm to treat with King. n. A biscuit. This orthograpliy BIS TER, 11. [Fr. bistre, from his, brown.] words or writing BFSK'ET, severity by as, one is adopted Ijv many respectable writers. Among painters, the burnt oil extracted jjoet praises, another bites. I'rom the so<it of wood a brown pigment. 4. To pierce, cut, or wound ; as a biting BJS'MUTll, ji'.sas:! [G.wissmvlh.] A metal To prepare it, soot [that of beach is the faulchion. of a jellowish or reddish wliite i^olor, and Shak. a lamellar texture. It is somewhat liarder best] is put into water, in the proportion of 5. To make to smart as, acids bite the two pounds to a gallon, and boiled half mouth. than lead, and scarcely, if at all, malleaan hour after standing to settle, and while To cheat to trick. ble, being so brittle as to break easily unjG. The rogue was bit. der the lianuner, and it is reducible to hot, the clearer i)art of the fluid nmst be Pope. [JVot elegant, but comtnon.] poured ort' from the sediment, and evapopowder. Its internal face or fracture exdisrated to dryness the remainder is bister. \7. To enter the ground and hold fast, as the iiibits large shining plates, variously bill and palm of an anchor. Mar. Diet. It melts at 476 Fahr. and may Encyc. ))Osed. be fused in the flame of a candle. It is BIS'TORT, n. [L. bistorta, his and tortus, ;8. To injure by angry contention. If ye bite and devour one anotlier. Gal. 5. often found in a native state, cryst.dized in twisted.] rlioiubs or octahedrons, or in the Ibrni of A plant, a species of polygonum, or many BITE, n. The seizure of any tiling by the teeth of an animal, as the bite of a dog ; knotted or angled. In popular language, dendrites, or thin lamens investing the or with the mouth, as of a fi.sh. it is called snuke-ieeed. ores of other metals, particularly cobalt. A'irhotson. Enci/c. BIS'TOURY, n. bis'tury. [Fr. listouri, fron i2. The ound made by the teeth. 3. A morsel as much as is taken at once by BIS'MUTHAL, a. Consisting of bismuth, or Pistoia, a city.] Cleaveland. A surgical instrument for making incisions. biting; a mouthful. containing it. a trick a fraud. [A low word.] It is either straight and fixed in a handle 4. A cheat BIS'MUTIIle, n. Pertaining to bisnuith as one who cheats. like a knife, or its blade turns like a lan- 5. A sharper Lavoisier. bismuthic acid. BISON, n. [L.] A quadruped of the bovine cet, or it is crooked, with the sharp edge BI'TER, n. One who bites that which bites a fish apt to take bait. on the inside. Encyc. geinis, usually but improperly called tlje 3. One who cheats or defrauds. The buffalo is a distinct BISUL'OUS, a. [L. bisulcus, of bis and buffalo.

instructing and governing in s|)iritual concerns office. Acts i. 20. RISIl'OrSWEED, n. [bishop and weed.'] genus of plants, witli the generic name
;

The charge of

that is, it exceeds the real year, or annual revolution of the earth. Hence at the end

Pope.

Arbuthnol.
[Sax.
beissen,

BITE,

V.

t.

pret.

bit
;

pp.

bit,

bitten.

of every century, divisible by

4, it is

neces-

bitan ; Sw. hita to bite.]

;

Dan. bider ; Ger.

proper

wanner climates sulcus, a furrow.] Cloven footed, as swine or oxen. of the Eastern Continent. The bison i; Brown. wild animal, with short, black, rounded BISUL'PHURET, n. [his and sulphuret.] horns, with a great interval between their In ckimistry, a sul))huret, with a double proOn the shoulders is a large hunch, portion of sulphur. bases. Sillimnn. The BIT, n. [Sax. hitol, gebaite, gebcetel, a bit consisting of a fleshy substance. head and luincli are covered with a Ion batan, to bit or curb.] undulated fleece, of a rust-color, divided The iron part cf a bridle which is inserted In winter, the whole body is in the mouth of a horse, and its appendainto locks. It covered in this manner but in summer, ges, to which the reins are fastened. includes the bit mouth, the branches, the the hind part of the body is naked, and wrinkled. The tail is about a foot long, curb, the sevel holes, the tranchefil and cross chains. Bits are of various hinds, naked, exccjit a tutl of hairs at the end. as the musrol, snatHe, or watering bit The fore parts of the body are very thick the canon mouth, jointed in the middle and strong the hind i)arts are slender the canon or fast moiuh, all of a piece, weak. These animals inhabit the in and kneed in the middle the scatch-mouth terior parts of North America, and some the masticador, or slavering bit &c. of the mountainous parts of Europe and Pennant Asia. Johnson. Encyc. Pennant alledges that the bison of America BIT, V. t. To put a bridle upon a horse to is the same species of animal as the bi.soi l)Ut the bit in the mouth. and aurochs of Europe, the bonasus of BIT, pret. and pp. of bite. Seized or wound ed by the teeth. Aristotle,theMrusof Cesar, the bos ferus or wild ox of Strabo, the bison of Pliny, and BIT, n. [Sax. l/ita, a bite or mouthful bitan, to bite the }nston of Oppian. D. ftit ; G. hiss.] A small piece a mouthful, or morsel Cuvicr has not separated the bi.son of Ameri a bite. ca from that of Europe. He considers 2. A small piece of any substance. their identity as doubtful. The former has 3. A small coin of the West Indies, a half
species, peculiar to the
; ; ; ; ;
;

BITERN'ATE,
BI'TING, ppr.

a.

[L. his

and temus,

three.]

In botany, doubly ternate, as has three ternate leaflets.

when

a petiole

Martyn.

Seizing, wounding, or crushing with the teeth piuchiiig, paining, causing to smart with cold reproaching with severity, or treating sarcastically ;
;

cheating.

BI'TING, . Sharp; severe: sarcastic. Bl TINGLY, adv. In a sarcastic or jeering

manner.

BIT'LESS,

a.

Not having a
.
[hit

bit or bridle.

BIT'MOIJTII,

Fanshaw. and mouth.] The bit, or that part of a bridle which is put in a horse's mouth. Ash. Encyc. Bailey.
n.

BIT'TACLE,
needle box.]

[Qu. Fr.

hoite

d'aigui'tte,

The box

for the

compasses and

lights

on

board a ship.

[See Bimiacle.]
;

BIT'TEN, pp. of bite, bit'tn. Seized or wounded by the teeth cheated. BIT'TER, a. [Sax. Ijittr Sw. D. Ger. and
;

Dan.
I.
i

bitter;

from

bite.]

Sharp, or biting to the taste; acrid; like

worunvood.
.

Sharp
Ileb.
i.

cruel

severe

as

bitter

enmity

BIT
'i.

BIT
I

B L A
to aposbitter

Sharp, as words
Sliarp to
t}iat
tlie

1.

rcproacliful ; sarcastic. feeling pic^rriiijr ; [lainful

;
; ;

schism, tending to
tasy,

draw persons
liciuor

BI'V.\LVE,

n. [L.

6w, twice, and

ro/i-f ,

..

makes

to

smart

as a

bitter

cold <lay,
;

BIT'TERS,

lleb. xii. n.

in

which
;

An

vulva.]

5.

nant
0.

or a bitter blast. Painful to the miud; calatnitous as a iiHer fate.

;

poigI

herbs or roots are steeped generally a spirituous li(|uor, the bitter cause of intemperance, of disease, and of premature death !,

aniujal having two valves, or a shell consisting of two j)arts which open and shut. ALso a pericarp in which the seed-case
splits ij)to
-)

opens or

Afflicted

distressed.
niadt! their lives l/itter.

The Egyptians
7.
8.

Ex.

i.

BIT'TER-SALT, BIT TER-SI*AR,

n.

Epsom

salt.

BI'VALVE,
BIV.ALV OLS,

n.

Rhombspar, a mine- BIVALV'IJI.AR,

\ a. valves

Hurtful
It
i-**

very sinful.
Jer.
ii.

an evil and bitter thinp.

distres.sing
;

Mournful;

expressive of mis-

ral that crystalizes in rhomboids. It is the crystalized variety of magnesian limestone. Ure.

) the seed cases of certain plants.

two parts. Encyc. Having two shells or which open and shut, as the oyster and

ery ; as a bitttr complaint or lamentation, .lob .x.xiii. Jer. vi. x.\xi. substance that is bitter. BIT'TEK, n.

BIT'TER-SWEET,
plant,

n. [6i7/(r

and

sweet.]
i

A BIVAULT'ED,
Ihniugtwo
Having two

species of Solnnum, a slender

liuibiiig

Martyn. Coxe. a. [L. 4w, twice, and vault.] vaults or arche.s. Barloir.
a. [L. ii'^ and ie)i/er, bellv.) bellies ; as a biventral nuiscle.

whose
a

root,

when chewed, produ- BI VENTRAL,

taste.

[See

BI F'TER,

Bitters.] n. [See Bitta.]

ces

first

bitter,

then a sweet
n.

In marine lanis

Enci/c.
'

guage, a turn of the cable which

round

the liius. species of Ervum, or lentil, cultivated for Bitter-end, that part of a cable which is fodder. Encyc. abaft the bitl.*, and therefore within board, 2. genus of plants, known by the generic when the ship rides at anchor. name Orolnis, remarkable for their beauMar. Did. tiful i)a|)ilionaceous flowers. The tuberBIT'TER-GOURD, n. [bitter and gourd.-i cles of one species are in great esteem plant, a species of Ciicumis, called Col among the Highlanders of Scotland, who chew ihom, wlien dry, to give a better ocynthis, Colocynth, Colmiuiutada. The fruit is of the gourd kind, having a she relish to their liipiors.

BIT TERVETCH,

[hitter au.l retch.]

lOUS, a. [L. bivivs Ijis and via, way.J Having two ways, or leading two ways. Brown BIVOUA, n. [Fr. This word is probably composed of be and the Teutonic root of Sax. wacian, to wake, to wake, watch watih L. vigilo ; G. wache, a guard wa;
.

BIV'

Bailey.

The guard
tack.

ehoi, to watch.]

inclosing a bitter pulji, which is a very drastic purgative. It is brought from iht Levant, and is the bitter apjjle of the shops
a.

or watch of a whole army, as in cases of great danger of surprise or at-

BIT'TEK-WURT,
[

n.

[IMer and woH.]

The

pliuit called

gentian,

GVniiana, which has

n.

BIVOUAC,

a
I

BIT'TERISH,
in a

Somewhat
n.

Knei/c. bitter; bitter

I

BIT'TOUR
BITTS,

remarkably
or

bitter taste.

BIT'TOR,

The

billern.

V. t. To watch or be on guard, as a whole army. [This word angliciscul would be bewatch.]

i.

moderate degree.

Dnjden
[from the same root as 6?7e.]i A frame of two strong pieces of timber fixed perpeu<licularly iu the fore jiart of a on which to fasten the cables, when shijt, she rides at anchor. There are also topn. phi.

BIX'WORT,
!.

plant.

(luldsmitti.

BIT'TERISHNESS,
RIT'TERLY,
3. 3.
;

The

.pialily

of be-

BIZANTLN'E. [See Byzantine.] /. BLAB, [W. llavaru, to speak

bery, ])rattle
;

D.

lab-

ins moderately bitter. Encyc. adv. With a bitter taste. In a severe maimer in a manner express;

ing poignant grief; as, to weep bitterly. In a manner severely reproachful sharply
;

sail sheet bitts, paut-bitts, carrick -litis, &i-.

severely

angrily
[I),

as, to

censure
Fr.

Mar.

Diet.

bit-

terly.

BIT'tERN,

n.

butoor

butor

Corn, klubitttr.] fowl of the grallic order, the Ardea stellaThis fowl has ris, a native of Euro|)e.
long legs and neck, and stalks among reeds and sedge, feeding ir|)on tish. It makes a singular noise, called by Dryden

put roimd the bills as, to in order to fasten it or to! out gradually, which is called .Mar. Diet. veering away. BITU'ME, n. Bitumen, so written for the sake of the rhyme. May.

BITT,
liitt

V.

t.

To

the

cable,
it

slacken

BIT'UMEN,
BITU'ME.\,

"
^

[L.

Fr. bitume

Sp. betun

Ir. clahaire, a babbler; labhraim,U> speak Chaucer, labbe, a blabber.] To utter or tell in a thoughtless manner to publish secrets or trifles without discretion. It implies, says Johnson, rather thoughtlessness than treachery, but may be used iu either sense. Dryden. To tell, or utter in a good sense. Shak. Shak. BL.VB, I', i. To tattle to tell tales. BL.\B, n. A babbler a telltale one w ho betrays secrets, or tell things which ought to be kept secret. BLABBER, n. A tattler; a tell-tale.
;

1.

It.hitume.]

This name is used to denote various inflambumping, and by Goldsmith booming. ought to be concealed tattling. mable substances, of a strong smell, and of" BL.\CK, a. [Sax. blac, and blcec, black, Encyc. pale, ditierent consistencies, which are found BIT'TERN, 71. [from bitter.] In salt worh, wan, livid blacian, blcecan, to become pale, in the earth. the brine remaining after the salt is conThere are several varieties.! to turn white, to become black, to blackmost of which evidently pass into each' creted. This being lailed otf, and the salt en bla-c, uik Sw. blek, pale, wan, livid taken out of t!ie pan, is returned, and beother, proree<ling from Naphtha, the most bleck, ink ; bleka, to insolate, to expose to the sun, or to bleach also to lighten, to fluid, to Petroleum, a viscid fluid. Maltha, ing again boiled, yields mme salt. It is more or less cohesive, elastic bitumen or used in the pre))aration of Epsom salt, flash D. bleek, pale bleekcn, to bleach the sulphate of magnesia, and of Glauber's mineral caoutchouc, and .Asphalt, which G. bleich, pale, wan, bleak bleichin, to is sometimes too hard to be scratched salt, the sulphate of soda. Johnson. Encyc. bleach; Dan. i/?A-, ink bleeg, pale, wan, by .\'icholson. Cleaveiand. It is reBIT'TERNESS, n. [from bitter.] A bitter the nail. bleak, sallow bleeger, to bleach. taste or rather a quality iu things which BITU'iMINATE, v. t. To iujpreguate with markable that black, bleak and bleach are excites a biting disagreeable sensation in bitumen. all The primary radically one word. the tongue. BITU'MINATEU, a. Impregnated with sen.se seems to be, pale, wan or sallow, 2. In a Jlgurafive sense, extreine bitumen. from which has proceeded the present vaenmity, grudge, iiatred or rather an excessive de- BITL'MINIF' EROUS, a.- [bitumen and fero, riety of significations.] to produce.] 1. Of the color of gree or implacableness of passions and night destitute of light; dark. Kirwan. emotions; as the ti//erness of anger. Eph. Producing bitumen. iv. t. To form into, or iin- 2. Darkened by clouds ; as the heavens BITU'.AliNIZE, 3. Sharpness; severity of temper. with bitumen. Lit. .Mug. black with doud.s. preffuate 4. Keenness of reproach having a cloudy look or countepi(juaiicy; biting BITU'MINOUS, a. Having the qualities of 3. Sullen bitumen sarcasm. nance. Shak. couijiounded with bitumen .Miltoit. 4. 5. Keen sorrow vexacontaining bitumen. painful affliction Atrociously wicked ; horrible as a black Bituminous Limestone is of a lamellar struction deed or crime. distress of mind. deep Dryden. Hannah was in bitterness of soul. 1 Sam. i. ture, susceptible of polish, of a brown or 5. Disirial mournful calamitous. Shak. .lob vii. l>la(k color, and when rubbed emitting an Black and blue, the dark color of a brniso In the gall of bitterness, in a state of extreme in the flesh, which is accompanied with a unpleasajit smell. That of Dalmatia is so mixture of blue. impiety or enmity lo God. Acts viii. charged with bitumen, that it may be cut Soot of bitterness, a dangerous error, or like soap. Ure. BLACK, )i. That which is destitute of light
;
;

BL.VB'BING,

ppr. Telling indiscreetly

what

!'.

B L A
or whiteness tlie darkest color, or rather; a destitution of all color as, a cloth has a
; ;

B L A
Scotland, a name given to the Faleo fulvus, the white taded eagle of Edwards. BLACK'-EARTH, n. Mold ; earth of a dark color. PVoodivard.

B L A
BLACK'-MONKS,
the Benedictines.

a denomination given to Encyc.

[black

good
2.
3.

black.
;

BLACK'-MOOR,
negro
;

n.

ne<;ro
lilack

a person whose skin

dross,
t.

and moor.]

is

black.

a black man.

or

mourning
black
;

as,

to

be
;

clothed in black.

BLACK'ED, BLACK'EN,
1.

pp.
V.
t.

Made

black; soiled.

BLACK'-MOUTHED.o.
rilous language.

Using foul or scurKillingbeck.

;

[Sax. blwcan. See Black.]

of slaves that has blackened

BLACK,
to soil.

I',

To make
n.

to

blacken

BLACK'-ACT,

Boyle.
[black

and act.] The Enslish statute 0. Geo. I. which makes it felony to appear armed in any park or
warren, &c., or to hunt or steal deer, &c., with the face blacked or disguised.
Blackslone.

BLACK'-BALL, BLACK'-BALL,
in choosing,

n. [black
v.
t.

and

ball.]

A com-

position for blacking shoes.

To

reject or negative

by putting black balls into a

ballot-box.

BLACK'-BAR,

n. [black and bar.] A plea obliging the plaintiff to assign the i)lace of Ash. trespass. n. [Sax.

n. The quality of being black black color darkness atrociousness or enormity in wickedness. to darken ; 2. To make dark n. A kind of food BLACK'-PUDDING, :i. To soil. made of blood and grain. Johnson. 4. To sully reputation to make infamous BLACK'-ROD, n. [black and rod.] In Engas, vice blackens the character. land, the usher belonging to the order of BLACK'EN, V. i. To grow black, or dark. the garter so called from the black rod BLACK'ENER, n. He that blackens. which he carries. He is of the king's chamber and usher of Parliament. BLACK'-EYED, . Having black eyes. Cowel. Dryden. BLACK'-FACED, a. Having a black face. Black row grains, a species of iron stone or Sliak. ore, found in the mines about Dudley in

To make

black.

BL.VCK'NESS,
;

The importation
America.
;

lialf

Franklin to cloud.

BLACK'-FISII,

n. [black nnd fsh.] fish in the Orontes, about twenty inches long in shape resembling the sheat-fish. Its

BLACK' SEA,
ine Sea,

Staffordshire, England.

BLACK'-BERRY,
and
berry. ]

blachenan, black
;

The berry of the bramble or rubns lar name applied, in ditfereut

a popu-

3. places, fo opotamia. Encyc. n. [black and smith.] ditferent species, or varieties of tliis fruit. n. [black and forest.] smith who works in iron, and makes iron BLACK'-BIRD, 7i. [black and bird.] In forest in Germany, in Swabia; a part of utensils more properly, an iron-smith. J^ns'and, the merula, a species oC tardus, a the ancient Hercynian forest. Black' -strokes, in a shi]), are a range of planks singing bird with a fine note, but very loud. In .iinerica, this name is given to BL.\CK-FRIAR, n. Black-friars is a name immediately above the wales in a ship's to the Dominican Order, called also given different bird.?, as to the gracula fpiiscula, side, covered with tar and lamp-black.

eyes are placed near the corners of itt moutu on the edge of the lower jaw. Did. ofjYat. Hist. In the U. States, a fish caught on the rocky shores of New-England.

n. [black and sea.] The Euxon the eastern border of Europe. BLACK'-SHEEP, n. [Mack and sheep.] In

Encyc,

oriental histort/, the ensign or

standard

of

a race of

Turkmans

in

Armenia and Mes-

BLACK-FOREST,

BLACK'SMITH,
;

or

crow

black-bird,

and

to

the

oriolns
[.S'/j(r-

and guard but is it not a corruption of BLACK'-BOOK, [black and book.] The black-ard, black-kind ?] Black Book of the Exchequer in England, is a book said to have been composed in A vulgar term applied to a mean fellow, who uses abusive, sciuTilous language, or It contains a 1 175, by Gervais of Tilbury. treats others with foul abuse. description of the Court of Exchequer, its black. officers, their ranks and privileges, wages, BLACK'ING, ppr. Making n. A substance used for perquisites and jurisdiction, with the reve- BLACK'ING, nues of the crown, in money, grain and! blacking shoes, variously made any factitious matter for making things black. cattle. Encyc.l Encyc. Ash. 'i. Any book which treats of necromancy, a. Somewhat black modeEncyc.\ BL.XCK'ISH, A book compiled by order of the visitors rately black or dark. ;i. of monasteries, under Henry VIII., con- BLACK'-JACK, n. A name given by min.
;
;
j

phaeniceiis, orred winged black-bird, nus predatorius, Wilson.]

BLACK'-GUARD,

Predicants and preaching friars in France, Jacobins. Ency n. [said to be of black

;

BLACK'-TAIL,

n.

[black

and

tail.]

Encyr.
fish,

a kind of perch, called also a ruff or pope.

Johnsoit.

BLACK'-THORN,

71.

[black

and
also

thorn.]
sloe.

A
It

species of prunus, called

grows ten or twelve feet high, very branchy, and armed with sharp, strong spines, and bearing small, round, black
cherries.
es.

It is

much

cultivated for hedg-

Encyc.
J!,

BLACK-TIN,
when

and tin.] Tin ore, dressed, stamped and washed ready for melting. It is the ore comminuted by beating into a black powder, like fine sand.
[black

taining a detailed account of the enormi-'

ties practised in religious

houses, to black-\ en them and to iiasten their dissolution.

Eiicyc.
a.

ners to blend, a mineral called also false galena, atu\ blend. It is an ore of zink, in combination with iron and sulphur, sulpluu'ct

Encyc.

BLACK'-VISAgED,
age or appearance.

a.

Having a dark
and wadd.]

vis-

Marston.
[black

of zink.
n.

BLACK'-WaDD,
in paints.
It is

n.

An

JVicholson.

KLACK'-BROWED,
;

[black
;

Having black eye-brows mal tlireatening; as a black-browed

n.

and brow.]^ gloomy dis;

"2.

leathern cup of old times.

BLACK-LEAD,
steel-gray color,

ore of manganese, found in Derbyshire, England, and used as a drying ingredient

mineral of a dark

gust.

Drydeti.^

BLACK-BRY'ONY, [black bryony.]' A plant, the Tamus. Encyc. BLACK-CAP, n. [black and cap.] A bird,'
and
the Motacilla atricapUla, or mock-nightingale so called from its black crown. It
;

and of a scaly texture, composed of carbon, with a small ])ortion of iron. This name, black-lead, is improper, as
it

when mixed
proportion.

remarkable for taking fire, with linseed oil in a certain

Encyc.

BLACK'-WORK,
sinilhs.

contains.no lead.

It is called

BLACK'-LEGS,
legs

is
}.

Encyc. Pennant.'] In cookery, an apple roasted till black, to be served up in a dish of boiled custard.

common

in

Europe.

])Iunibago, and technically graphite, as it is used for pencils. Cleaveland. n. In some parts of England, a disease among calves and sheep. It is a sort of jelly which settles in the

)i. [black and luork.] Iron wrought by black-smiths; so called in distinction from that wrought by white-

Encyc.
?i.

BLAD'-APPLE,
a species of
it.

In

toteni/,

the cactus or

Fam. of Plants.

and sometimes

BLADDER,

in the neck.
;

Encyc.

Mason.

BLACK'-ATTLE,

n.

[black

and

cattle.]

BLACK'LY, adv. Darkly atrociously. BLACK'-MAIL, n. A certain rate of money,

corn, cattle or other thing, anciently paid in the north of England, to certain men,

allied to robbers, to be by them Cowel. Encyc protected from pillage. Black rent, or rents paid in corn or flesh Ure. Bailey. Encyc. argillaceous slate. BLACK'-COCK, n. [black and cock.] A BLACK'-MONDAY, n. Easter Monday, in 34. Ed. III., which was misty, obscure, fowl, called also black-grous and blackand so cold that men died on horseback. game, the Tetrao letiir of Linne. Stowc^ BLACK'-EAGLE, ii. [black and eagle.] In

Cattle of the bovine genus, asbidLs, o.xen Johnson.] and cows. [English.]
n. A mineral ofabluish| black color, of a slaty texture, and soiling fingers when handled a variety of
;

BLACK-CHALK,
the

who were

n. [Sax. bla:dr, bladra, bleddra, bleed, a puft" of wind, also W. a goblet, fruit, the branch of a tree pledren, a bladder; Sw. and Dan. blad, a page, a leaf, Eng. a blade ; D. blad, a leaf, page, sheet, a board, a blade, a plate; G. blatt, a leaf; blatter, a blister, which is our The Germans express bladder by bladder.

a bladder, and

2.

blase,

we

swelling,

D. blaas, which is our blaze. Hence observe that the sense is taken from extending, dilating, blowing ; Sax. blawan, to blow W. blot or blwlh, a
; ;

puft'or blast

W. ;j/f(/, extension,

(romlled,

breadth

L. talus.]

B L A
animals, whicli serves as llie receptacle of some secreted fluid, as the urinary bladder, tlie gall bladder, &c. Hy way ofoiniiicnce, the word, ill common language, denotes the urinary or when bla<l<l(M-, either within the animal, taken out and inflated witli air. Kncyc. Johnson. 2. Any vesicle, blister or pustu'le, especially il'tilled with air, or a thin, watery Uquor. 3. In botany, a distended membranaceous
1.

B L A
BLA'MABLY,
arfr.

B L A
1.

thin

membranous bag in

Culpably; iu a manner
for blasmer ; It. biasmo, for blasmo, the root of this

deserving of censure.

whiten make white

To

BLAME,
blame.

!'.

t.

[Fr. bldmer,

2.

To
To

to take out the color, and to obliterate. Drydm.

;

slin-

to balk

to pass

over

that

is,

biasmare, to

blame

to avoid
3.

to

The Greeks have

make empty.
;

word

strip or peel
V. i.

as, to

in ^tan^r^fiiu, to blaspheme, and it seems to bo of the same family as Fr. See blesser, to injure, that is, to strike.

Obs. Bacon. blanch almonds. fViseman.

to
sliift
;

BLWNCH,

To evade

to

speak
;

Johnson. softly. Blemish. But it is not clear that the noun Rather, to fail or withhold ; to be reserved to remain blank, or empty. ought not to be arranged before the verb.]
1.

To
;

pericar|>.

Martyn.
a.

BLAD'DERED,

Swelled
?!.

like a bladder.

Drydcn.

BLAD'DER-NUT,

[bladder and

nut.]

renus of plants, with the generic name of Tlicy have three capsules, Staphyliea. inflated and joined by a longitudinal suture. Encyc.

3.
3.

The The
of

Jlfriran bladder laurel-leaved bladder-nut

is

nut

the Royena. is a species

//cr,

holm or

holly.

Fam. of Plants.
or
in

BLAD'DER-SENNA,
The joinled-podded
ronilla.

bastard-senna, a

genus of plants, called

botany Colutea. Fam. of Plants.

is

bladder-senna

the Co-

blanch. Bacon. or commend, and applicable most properly pp. Whitened. to persons, but applied also to things. BL'ANCHER, n. One who whitens; also, I withstood liiiii, because he was to be bla one who anneals, and cleanses money. med. Ci}. ii. BLAN(;HI.M ETER, n. [blanch, and Gr. I must \blame your conduct ; or I must fiiTpov, measure.] blame you/or neglecting business. Legiti- .\n instrument for measuring the bleaching mately, it cannot be followed by of. of oxymnriate [chloride] of lime, To bring reproach upon to blemish to ])ower and potash. Ure. injure. [See Blemish.] BIVANCHING, ppr. Whitening. In coi'She had blamed licr noble blood. [ Obs.] age, the oiieration of giving brightness to Spenser of them on a peel, BLAME, Jt. Censure reprehension impu- pieces silver, by heating and afterwards boiling thcni successively tation of a fault disapprobation; an ex in two pans of copper, with aqua forti.s, prcssion of disapprobation for something connnon and tartar of

of

to express disapprobation to find fault with ; opposed to prai.'e

;

censure

Books

will

speak plain,

when

counselors

BLANCHED,

Fam. of Plants.
Resembling a bladder

BLAD'DERY,

a.

deemed to be wrong. Let me bear the blame

; ; ;

salt,

Monlpelier

;
:

containing bladders. BLADE, n. [Sax. 6/iirf, bkd, a branch, fruitherbs, goblet, a ])hial, the broad part or Gr. ^fkarvi, broad. The blade of an oar radical sense is to shoot, extend, dilate. See Bladder.] 1. The stalk or spire of a plant, particularly but apphcable to the of grass and corn
; ;

forever. Gen. xliii. sin that which is deserFault crime ving of censure or disapprobation. That wc sliould be holy and vvilliout blame before hini in love. Eph. i.

3.

Hurt
.i\nd

injury.

stalk of
"2.

any herbaceous
In this sense

plant,

whether
in the

glancing down his shield, from blame him fairly blest. Spenser. sense of this word, as used by Spenser, proves that it is a derivative from the

The

green or dry.

To
much used
the leaves

fies blamahle, to be blamed. Southern States of JY. Jlmeiica, for Blame is not strictly a charge or accusation of a fault but it implies an opinion in the of maize, which are used as fodder. 3. The cutting part of an instrument, as the censuring party, that the person censured blade of a knife, or sword, so named from is faulty. Blame is the act or expression of it is made or breadth. its length Usually, disapprobation for what is supposed to be of iron or steel, but may be of any other wrong. metal, cast or wrought to an edge or point. BLA'JMED, /iip. Censured; disapproved. Also, the broad part of an oar. BLA'MEFUL, a. meriting blame
;

root of blemish. blame, in the phrase, he

is to

blame, signi

a towel. Encyc. The r-overing of iron plates with a thin coat of tin is also called blanching. Encyc. Blanch-ferm, or blank farm, in ancient law, a wliite farm, was one, where the rent was in silver, not in cattle. paid Encyc. Blanch-holding, in law, a temne by which the tenant is bound to pay only an elusory jearly duty to his superior, as an acknowl-

then sand over with

oil" the water in :i sieve and fresh water are then thrown them, and when dry, they are rubbed

draining

leaf

edgment

to his right.

Ennjc.

BLAiN'C-MANGER,
white food.]

pron. blomongc. [Fr. In cookery, a preparation of

dissolved isinglass, milk, sugar, cinnatnon, &c., boiled into a thick consistence, and garnished for the table with blanched

almonds.

Encyc.
[L. blandus

BLAND,

a.

4.

lindern ; D. lindcren ; reprehensible. en or mitigate Dan. lind, soft, mild, genBLA'MELESS, a. Without fault innocent It is the broad upper bone of the shoulder, not meriting censure. guiltless so called from its resemblance to a blade A bishop then must be blameless. 1 Tim. iii. tle L. lenis, lentus ; Ar. J) lana, to be or leaf. Sometimes followed by of. We will be blameless of this thine oath. mild, soft, gentle, placid, smooth, lenient. brisk man ; a bold, forward man ; a 5. See Relent.] Josh. ii. rake. BLA'MELESSLY, </r. Innocently; with- Mild soil gentle as bland words bland BLADE, r. t. To furnish with a blade. Milton. Thomson. Hammond. zephyrs. BLA'DE-BONE, n. The scapula, or upper out fault or crime. n. Innocence a state BLANDIL'OQUENCE, n. [L. blandus, mild, bone in the shoulder. BLA'MELESSNESS, and loquor, to speak.] Fair, mild, flatterBLA'DED, pp. Having a blade or blades. of being not worthy of censure. Hammond. ing speech. It may be used of blade in the sense of a v.t. [L.blandior; It. blandire ; leaf, a spire, or the cutting part of an BLA'MER, )!. One who blames, finds fault iBLAND'ISH, or censures. Sp. blandiar, blundir; Old Eng. blandise. instrument. n. The quahty Chaucer.] 2. In mineralogy, composed of long and narto caress to flatter by kind iTo soften of deserving censure. row plates, like the blade of a knife. Milton. words or aft"ectionate actions. a. [blame and worthy.] Cleaveland. n. One that flatters with BLA'DE-SMITH, n. A sword cutler. Deserving blame ; censurable; culpable: BLAND'ISIIER, soft words. Martin. reprehensible. BLAIN, n. [Sax. fc/egeHc; D. 6Zei'n.] fault. iBL.\ND'ISHING, ppr. Soothing or flatterpustule a botch; a blister. In farriery, a BLAMING, /)r. Censuring: finding ing w ith fair words. bladder growing on the root of the tongue BLANC'ARD, n. [Fr. blanc, white, and ard, BLANDISHING, n. Blandishment. kind.] against the wind piiie, which swells so as n. Soft words kind manufactured in Nor to stop the breath. Encyc. A kind of Unen cloth, caresses ; expression of kindspeeches BLA'IMABLE, a. [See Blame.] Fnvdty mandy, so called because the thread is half ness words or actions expressive of afblanched before it is wove. Encyc. culpable reprehensible deserving of cenfection or kindness, and tending to win the sure. Dry den BL'ANCH, V. t. [Fr. blanchir ; It. bianchire Milton. heart. the / suppressed as in blame ; Sp. blanDryden. BLA'MABLENESS.n. Culpableness iault It bianco ; Sp. the state of being worthy of censure. quear ; Port, branquear, I changed into r ; BLANK, a. [Fr. blanc ; bianco ; D. and Ger. blank ; Dan. blank. blank. See Bleach.] Whithck
; ; ; ;

blade of the shoulder, shoulder-blade, or blade-bone, is the scapula, or .scapular bone.

The

Faulty;

linde, gelinde, mild, soft

Fr. blond ; G. lindra ; (J. Dan. lindrer ; to soft;

;

Sw.

BLAMEWORTHINESS,
BLA'MEWORTHY,

BLANDISHMENT,
; ;

Eng.

13

L A
;

B L A
blan-

B L A
discipline of the 1.

shilling ; Sw. blanck, white, shining See Bleach.] Jiia, to shine.

1.

man, he administered the

blanket.
9.

gust or puff of wind

Void;

eiii]>ty;

consequently white
;

as a

To

Encyc.
2.

of wind.

or a sudden gnst

cover with a blanket.

n.

The sound made by

instrument.

blajik paper.
3.

BLANK'ETING,;);)r. To.ssingin a blanket

as the blank

blowing a wind

Wliite or pale

moon.
Milton.

BLANK' ETING,
2.

The

punisluncnt of

3.

Any

Shak. pernicious or destructive influence

plants.

3.

Pale from fear or terror

hence confused

tossing in a blanket. Cloth for blankets.

nrft'.

upon animals or

coiifouiidoil (Us|iirited; dejected. Adam astonished stood, and blank. Milton.

BLANK'LY,

In a blank

manner

The infection of any

;

with

4.

Without rhyme as blank which riiyiiie is wanting.

;

verse, verse ui

5.

C.

Pure; entire; complete. Not containing balls or bullets

cartridges.

Beddoes. as blank

Tliis

applied to various other objects, usually in the sense of di-stilution, emptiness; as a Waiiir line a Wu/ii space,
is
;

word

paleness or coid'usion. BLARE, V. i. [Old Belgic blaren ; Tent. blarrcn ; L. ploro, to cry out, to bawl, to weep Ir. bloi; or glor, a noise, or voice (i. The radical soiise is to shoot or drive forth or to spread.] /. 1. To roar; to bellow. [Little used.] Johnson. 2. To sweal or melt away, as a candle. 8,
;

blight on plants. A" sudtlen compression of air, attended

thing pestilential

BLANK,
S.

3.

Any void space a void space on paper, or iii any written instrument. A lot by wliich nutliing is gained a ticket in a lottery which draws no )!rize. A paper unwritten a paper without
;
;

in a book, n.

(Sec.

This

is, I

BLARE,
And
2.

n.

Roar

Bailey. believe, usually caW'A fare noise. {Little used.]

;
'

with a shock, caused by the discharge of cannon. A forcible stream of air from the mouth, from a bellows or the like. A violent explosion of gunpowder, in splitting rocks, and the explosion of intiammable air in a mine. The whole blowuig of a forge necessary to melt one supply of ore a common use of the word among worluneu in forges in America.
;

Barlow. A small copper coin of Bern, nearly of the same value as the ratz. Enci/c.
sigh for battle's blare.

BL'AST,

V. t. [Literally, to strike.] To make to wither by some pernicious influence,

marks or
4.

ciiaracters.

BLASPHE'ME,

pa]>er containing the substance of a legal instrument, as a deed, release, writ or execution, with vacant S))aces left to be tilletl with names, date, descriptions, &c.

5.

Tlie piiiut to

which an arrow
jiaper.

is

directed,
1.

marked with white

6. 7.

[Little used.']

The [Gr. iSTio^^^^fu. first syllable is the same as in blame, blasme, denoting injury probably, Fr. bhsser, to hurt, that is, to strike ; L. lado, Ice.tns. Hence in Sp. btasfcmahle is blamable. The last syllable is the Gr. ip);^[, to speak.] To speak of the Supreme Being in terms
v.
f.
;

as too much heat or moisture, or other destructive cause or to check growth and
;

jirevent

from coming
fruit
;

to

maturity and proviolence,

ducing

To

to blight, as trees or plants.

affect

with some sudden

jilague, calamity, or destructive influence, which destroys or causes to fail ; as, to blast

Shak.

Aim

shot.
to

Ohs.
is

Sliak.
2.

of impious irreverence to revile or speak reproachfully of God, or the Holy Spirit

;

8.

P.

which any thing directed. ,%ak. small copper coin formerly current in at the rate of 5 deniers Tuurnois. There were also pieces of three blanks, and of six but they are now become moneys of account. Encyc. Ill coinagr, a plate or piece of gold or silcut and shaped, but not stamped. ver,
Object

Kings xxi. Mark iii. To speak evil of to utter abuse or

;

from the blasting of and all express the idea of checking growth, preventing maturity, impairing,
plants,

]iride or hopes. this verb are taken

The

figurative senses of

calof.

umny
He

against

to
v. i.

speak reproachfully

injuring, destroying, or disappointing of the intended effect ; as, to blast credit, or

France,

BLASPHE'ME,
that
shall
shall not

To utter blasphemy.

Pope.
3.

reputation

blaspheme against the Holy

4.

be forgiven. Mark iii. Spiiit 2. To arrogate the jirerogatives of God. This man blasphemeth. Who can forgive sins but God ? Math. ix. Mark ii.

To conlbund, or strike with force, by a loud blast or din. Shak. To split rocks by an explosion of gunpowder. They did
not stop to blast this ore. Forster's Kalm's Travels.

to blast designs.

Blank-bar, in law, a common bar, or a plea in bar, which, in an action of trespass, is put in to obhge the plaintiff' to assign the] place where the trespass was committed.
|

Encyc.

BLASPHE'MER,

One who blasphemes one who speaks of God in impious and BL\\STED, pp. that checks
n.
;

Affected by some cause

irreverent terms.

Tim.

i.

BLASPHE'MING, /)^r.

Uttering impious or

growth, injures, impairs, destroys, or renders abortive ; spht by an ex

plosion of gunpowder.
n.

Encyc. Point-blank, in gunnery, tlie shot of a The distance giui leveled horizontally. betwei'ii tlie piece, and the point where the shot tirst touches the ground, is called the point-blank range ; the shot proceeding on a straight line, without curving.

BLAS'PHEMOUS, my calumnious
;

reproachful words concerniiiir God. a. Containhig blaspheimpiously irreverent ori

;

BL'ASTER,
destrovs.

He

or that wliich blasts or

reproachful towards God.

BLAS'PHEMOUSLY,
impious irreverence

Sidney.^ adv. Impiously with!

;

to

God.
;

BLAS'PHEMY,

BLANK,
2.

!'.

t.

To make

Encyc.
void
;

to annul.
Spen.'icr.

indignity offered to Gotl by words or writing reproachful, contemptuous or irreverent words uttered impiously against .Tehovah.
n.

An

ppr. Affecting by a blast ; preventing from coming to maturity frustrating sphtting by an explosion of gunpowder. BL'ASTING, n. A blast destruction by a

BL>AStlNG,
;

pernii'iiiiis

BL'ASTMENT,
some
blast

deprive of color, the index of health and spirits to damp the spirits to dispuit or confuse as, to blank the face of
:
;

To

Blasphemy an injury otlered to God, by denying that which is due and belonging to him, or attribuling to liim that which is not agreea])!e to
is

cause; explosion. n. Blast; sudden stroke of destructive cause. [Superseded by

blasting.]
a.

and

BLA'TANT,
a calf.

[See Bleat.]

his nature.

Linwood.

[.Wot used.]
v. i.

joy.

Sliak.
;

Tillotson

BLANK'ED, pp. Confused dispirited. BLANK'ET, n. [Fr. blanchct, the blanket of

a printing press.] A cover for a bed, made of coarse wool loosely woven, and used for securing against cold. Blankets are used also by soldiers, and seamen, for covering. 2. A K'iiiil of pear, sometimes written after the French, blanqnei. 3. Among printer.<s, woolen cloth or white baize, to lay between the tyuifians. Prir.t. Guide. BLANK'ET, v. t. To toss in a blanket In an uiirienl custom. way '.f puni-^hiaent The Emperor Otiio used to sally forth in
1.
;

In the middle ages, blasphemy was u.<ed; to denote simply the blaming or condemn-j
ing of a person or tiling.

BLAT'TER,
To make
boaster.

Shak. Bellowing as Dn/den. [from the root of bleat.]

a senseless noise.
n.

Among

the

BLAT'TERER,
BLAY,
71.

noisy

dark nights, and

if

[See Bleak.] A small ri\cr fish, the bleak. Ainsworth. Jolinson. Encyc.'. BLAZE, n. [Sw. bl&sa ; G. blasen ; D. blaa2. That which derogates from the preroga-j zen ; Dan. blwser, to blow, and Dan. btusfives of God. Mark ii. BI;AST, n. [.Sax. blo'st, a puff of wind, aj sc}-, to burn, blaze, glisten Eng. to blush Sax. blaze, a lamp or torch Dan. bias : Svv. bltist ; Dan. bla:st ; Ger. blowing Fr. blaser. The word seems primarily to blaseti ; D. blnazen ; Dan. blaser ; Sw. whence Ger. bla.<ie, D. blaas, express rushing or flowing, or violent hliisa, to blow Sw. hlfwia, a bladder, lieiice Eiig. blitze,\ agitation, and expansion.] which is primarily a bloimng or sioelli.'g.'l !. Flame the stream of light and heat Ice. blocs, to blow. Qu. Fr. blnser, to burn trom any bodv when burning, proceeding The primary sense is to] from the combustion of inflammable gas. up. to consume. he found a" drunken rush or drive Ik'Hc^ to strike. 1 In '3. Publication; widcdiftusion of rc])ort.
ill
;

Greeks, to bla.sphcme was to use words ofi omen, which they were careful to avoid.

[JVot used.]

blustering Spenser.

!;

B L E
observe the radical sense of dilatnlion, as well as tliat nf light. A white ppot on the forehead or face of a
this sensp,
; ;

B L E
To make
sheej).

B L E
the noise of a sheep
n.
;

blank and blanch are this same word, with a nasal sound casually uttered and afterwards written be/'ore the final consonant.] 3. To whiten to make white or whiter; to horse, deseeiuling nearly to the nose. take out color applied to many things, but as the blaze of 4. I^if{lit expanded light

we

to cry as a

day.

tumult. BLAZE, V. i. To flame as, the fire blazes. 2. To send forth or show a bright and ex5.

Noise

agitation

panded hght. The third fair mom now blazed upon the main. Bleaching
Pope.
.*?.

particularly to cloth and thread. ing is variously perforULcd, but in general by steeping the cloth in lye, or a solution of pot or pearl ashes, and then expo.sing it to the solar rays.
is

The cry of a sheep. BLE'ATINfJ, pjir. or a. Crying as a sheep. BLE'.ATING, n. The cry of a sheep. Bleach- BLEB, n. [This word belongs to llic root

BLEAT,

of

blab, blutjber.] httle tumor, vesicle or blister. Arsenic abounds with air blebtt.
bled.

Kirwan.
[Sax.
:

To be conspicuous. To make pubhc far and BLAZE, V.

t.

To
2.
3.

blaze fliose virtues

hide.

wide. which the good would

i^ope.

generally performed, on the large scale, by means of chlorine or the oxymuriatic acid, which has the property of whitening vegetable substances.
I'.

now

BLED, pret. and pp. oi' bleed. BLEED, V. i. pret. and pp.
bledan
1.
;

D. blocdtn
;

G. bluten; to bleed

allied i)erliaps to (Jr. (3?.i^u.] To lose blood to run with

blood, by
bleeds.

To

blazon.
set

To

See Blazon.] Peacham. a white mark on a tree, by paring

[JVul used.
i)p.

BLEACH,
ner.

I.

To grow
Ji.

Cyc.

whatever means
2.

as,

the

arm

white
;

in

any manShak.

To

die a violent death, or

riot

by slaughter.
Pope.

The lamb thy

;5.

dooms

to bleed to day.

otf a |)art of the bark.

BLA'ZEU, BLA'ZER,
spreads

n.

Todd. Published far and wide. One who publishes and

BLE'ACHED, BLE'ACHER,
as a

pp. Whitened
is to

made

One who

white. whitens, or
cloth.
;

whose occupation

whiten

BLE'ACHERY,
wax
;

n.

bleachery.

place for bleaching Tooke.

To issue forth, or drop as blood, from an incision to lose sap, gum or juice ; as, a tree or a \ ine bleeds.
;

For

iric llie

balm
is

shall bleed.

Pope.
pity.

re|)orts.

BLA'ZING,
and wide.

ppr.
a.

Flaming

publishing far
;

BLE'ACHING,

ppr.

Whitening

makuig

The

heart

bleed.i,

a jihrase used to denote

let

BLA'ZING,
a blazing
is

Emitting flame, or light

?i.

as

white becoming white. BLE'ACHING, h." The act or art of whiten-

extreme pain from sympathy or

star.

BLA'ZING-STAR,
light.

comet; a

accompanied with a coma

v.t.
;

star that or train of

BLEAK,

BLA'ZON,
blasonare
1.

[Fr. blasonner ; It. Sp. blasunar, to blazon ; blason,

bla'zn.
1.

heraldry. It is a derivative of blaze.] To explain, in proi)er terms, the figures on Addison. ensigns armorial. to adorn. 2. To deck ; to embellish She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form.
;

"blood ; to take blood .from, bv opening a vein. ing, especially cloth. blood ; letting a. [Sa.\. W((c, hlizc, black, and pale, BLEE'DiNGj ppr. Losing blood losing sap or juice. or wan niger, pallidus, fuscus, pullus. DING, n. running or issuing of It appears that originally this word did as from the nose ; a hemorrhage blood, not ilenote perfect whitencs.s, but a wan the oj)eration of letting blood, as in surgeThis is from the same or brown color. ry ; tlie drawing ol' sap from a tree or See Bleach.] root as black and bleach. plant. I'ale. [But not often used in this sense, in BLEIT, / [Ger: blSde ; D. bloode.] BashAmerica, as far as my observations ertcnd.]

BLEED,
;

V.

t.

To

BLEE

Gower.
2.

BLATE,

3.

To

display

to set to

show

Garth. to celebrate

4.

by words or writing. To blaze about to make public

;

Shak.
far

and

wide.
display ; to exhibit oonspicuously. There pride sits blazon'd on th' uninoauiiio; TrumbiiU. brow. BLA'ZON, n. The art of drawing, descri5.

To

exposed to a free current of air as a bleak hill or shore. This is till" true sense of the word hejice cold A bleak wuid is not so and cheerless. named merely from its coldness, but fron its blowing without interruption, on a wide waste at least this is the sense in America. So in Addison. " Her desolation presents us with nothing but bleak and

Open

vacant
;

BLEMISH,
])ale,

used in Scotland and the ful Johnson. northern counties of Enirland. v.t. [In Fr. WcmiV, is to grow pale, and hleme, from the ancient blcsme, is
\, ;

"

wan Arm.
;
;

blem

l)lamed

blemish,

and

blesmys,
;

Noiinan, blasme, broken

bing or explaining coats of arms perhaj>s a coat of arms, as used by the French.
;

BLEAK,
It

barren prospects." )i. A small river fish, five or six inches long, so named from its whitene
belongs to the geiuis Cy]iriiuis, and
to the
It is
is

blcmisS7nent, blemishment, infringement, prejudice blcsme, pale, \\ an from hlesser, to injure, or its root, from which was formed the noun blesnie, pale, wan, or black and blue, as we shoidd now say and the s being dropped, blamer and blcmir,
; ;

1.

Peacham.
2.

Publication

show

celebration

])orn-

known
blay.

Londoners by the name of

called also by contraction

were formed. See DIame.] To mark with any deformity to injure or imi)air any thing which is well Ibrmcd, or
:

pous disi)lay, cither by words or by other means. BLA'ZONED, pp. Explained, decyphered
published abrond displayed jjompously. BLA ZONER, n. One that blazons a herald an evil speaker, or propagator of
in the
; ; ; ;

ivhite bait.

manner of heralds

BLE'AKNESS,
exposure
to the
a.

n.

Encyc 2. defame. Openness of situation wind hence coldness. BLEM'ISII,

; ;

excellent; to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind. Sidney. To tarnish, as reputation or character to
;

n.

Any mark

Dryden. of deformity;

Addison

BLE'AKY,
cold
;

Bleak

open

unsheltered

any scar or defect that diuiinislies beauty, or renders hnperfect that which is well
formed.
disgrace that which impairs taint turpitude ; deformity. Hooker, BLEMISHED, pp. Injured or marred by any mark of deformity; tarnished; soiled.

chill.
a.

scandal.

Dryden.

BLA'ZONING,
;

Explaining, describ ppr. ing as heralds showing publishing bla- Sore, with a watery rheum apjilied only to zing abroad displaying. the eyes as the Wear-eyed owl. BLA'ZONRY, n. The art of describing L''Estranfre. coats of arms, in proper terms. BLEAR, V. t. To make sore; to affect withj BLF>A, n. The part of a tree, which li soreness of eyes, or a watery humor; to under the bark. [/ believe not immediately make dim or partially obscure the sight. Chambers. used.] Raleigh. Dryden. BLEACH, V. t. [Sax. bla:can D. bleeken ; BLE'AREDNESS, n. The state of being G. bleichen Sw. hleka Dan. bleegcr ; to bleared, or dimmed with rheum. whiten or bleach ; D. blykcn, to ap]iear, to Wiseman. show Dan. hlik, a white ])late of iron, or BLE'AR-EYED, a. Having sore eyes ; hatin plate bleeg, pale, wan, Eug. bleak ; ving the eyes dim with rheum ; dim-sight;

BLEAR,

[D. blaar ; Dan. hlane, a blister, 2. a bladder or bid}ble.]

; ;

Repioach

reputation

BLEMISHING,
mity
;

ppr. tarnishing.
a.

Marking with deforWithout

blemish;
[Little

BLE5I'ISHLESS,
spotless.

BLEMISHMENT,
tised.]

n.

Disgrace.

Morton.
v.i. [This evidently is the

BLENCH,
of Bacon

[see Blanch,]
to start
r.
t.

WancA and perha])s the

wav.

modern_^!Hc/i.]

to shine. Ar. ^JiXj balaka, to open or be opened, to shine

blek, id.; blekxt,

Sw.

eil.

BLEAT,
blaeten
rer.
;

V.

i.

[Sax.

bMan

Butler. L. Wa^cro ; D.

To

shrink

back

to give

S Xj

balaja, id.

It is

not improbable that

It

bladra, pluddra : Dan. pludcoincides in elements with L.

Sw.

BLENCH,
Johnson.

To

Shak. hinder or obstruct, .says

plaudo.]

But the etymology explains the passage be cites in a different man-

B L E
uer.

B L E
And Jesus
took the five loaves and the tivo

B L
BLEYME,
BLICE'A, German
n.

hay

" TliC rebels caiiied great trusses oi before them, to blench the defendants

fight."

Carew.
tlie

combat blank
break
the shot.

and looking up to heaven he blessed fishes, them. Luke ix. That is, to render the to render it ineftectual ; to 6. To praise ; to glorify, for benefits re; ceived. force of the attack ; to deaden Bless the Lord, Obs. my soul, and all (hat is

An

inflammation in the foot

Farrier's Diet.

of a horse, between the sole and the bone.

J!.

small fish caught in the

seas,

somewhat resembling the

BLENCH,

n.

start.

BLENCH'EIi, n. That BLENCH'-110LDL\G,

upon the payment
ver, blanch, ll)at
is,

Shak. whicli frustrates. tenure of lands of a small sum in si

n.

within me.

Ps.

ciii.

7.

To

praise; to magnify; to
Ps. civ.

e.xtol, for

ex-

BLIGHT,
ro.sy.]
1.

Diet, of Mil. Hist. English sprat. n. [Qu. Sax. Ucectha, scurf, lep-

cellencies.
8.

To esteem or
The
Jer. iv.

account happy

with the re-

white money.
Btackston'
;

ciprocal pronoun.
nations shall bless themselves in him.

)!. [Ger. blenden, to blind bknik, i). To pronounce a solemn prophetical bena bUnd or skreen.] An ore of zink, called also mock-lead, false ediction upon. Gen. .xxvii. Deut. xxxiii. 10. In this line of Spenser, it may signify to galena and black jack. Its color is most throw, for this is nearly the primary sense. There are ly yellow, brown and black. His sparkling blade about Ids head he blest. several varieties, but in general, this ore Johnson supposes the word to signify to contains more than half its weight of leave or brandish, and to have received this zink, about one fourth .sulphur, and ususense from the old rite of blessing a field, In chiniical ally a small portion of iron. by dii-ecting the hands to all parts of it. language, it is a suljihuret of zink. Bless in for be so

BLEND,

disease incident to plants, affecting them variously. Sometimes the whole plant perishes ; sometimes only the leaves and blossoms, which will shrivel, as if scorched. 2. Any thing nipping or blasting. In America, I have often heard a cutaneous eruption on the human skin called by the

name ot blights. To BLIGHT, V.

blast
;

to

t. affect with blight prevent growth, and fertility

to
;

to

frustrate.

BLIN,
Obs.

r.

t.

[Sax. blinnan.]

To stop

or cease.
Spenser.

BLEND,

Hiss, may Sjienser Ckavdand. Thomson. ten, not for rhyme merely, but because t. [Sa.v. bhndian, to blend and bless and bliss are from the same I'oot. gcUendan, to mix, to stain or BLESS'EJ), ;)y). Made happy or prosperous dye; blindan, lo blind; D. blinden ; Ger. extolled pronoimced happy. Dan. blander, to I>lentl llenden, to bhnd BLESS'ED, a. Happy prosperous in worldor nii.\ to

writ-

Founroy.
V.
;

BLIND,
blind.

to blind

blinder,

\.

To mi.x or mingle together; hence to confound, so that the separate things mixed
;

2.

enjoying sjiiritual happiness and the favor of God; enjoying heavenly felicity. cannot be distinguished. Blessed-thistle. A plant of the genus To pollute by mixture to spoil or cor Cnicus, sometimes used in decoctions, for Obs.
;

blind.]

ly affairs

1.

CI. [Sax. blind; Ger. D. S^v. and Dan. blind Sax. blendan, to blend and to This is the same word as blend, and was so written by Spensei'. See Blend. Obscurity is from mixture.] Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by natural defiict, or by deprivation not ha;
;
,

2.

riipt.

3.

To

Spenser.

blind.
V.
i.

Obs.

a bitter.

ving sight. Not having the faculty of discernment destitute of ititellcctual light unable to understand or judge ignorant as, au;

BLEND,

To
pp.
)!.

be mi.xed

to

be united.

BLESS'EDLY, adv.
manner.

Happily

in a fortunate

thors

are

blind to

their

own

defects.

There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that blendu with our convivialiLy. Jnnng.

BLESS'EDNESS,
heavenly joys "
2.
;

BLEND'ED,
mixture.

Mixed; confounded by
that mingles or con-

Happiness the favor of God.

:

n.

felicity

Sanctity.
n.

S/;ak.

Blind should be followed by to ; but it i.s by of, in the jihrase, blind of an eye. Unseen out of pidjlic view private dark sometimes implying contempt or
fi)llowed
;

BLEND'ER,
founds.

One

BLESS'ER,
;

BLEND'ING,

ppr.

Minghng together; con

founding by niixture.

BLEND'OUS, a. Fertaining to blend. BLEND'-WATER, n. A distemper hicident BLESS'ING,'

BLEN'NY,
to cattle, called also more-hough. Enctjc. n. [Sax. blinnan, to cease.]

that blesses or pros. one who bestows a blessing. ))prs BLESS'ING, ppr. Making happy ; wishing hapjiiness to jiraising or extolling ; con secrating bv jiraver.
;

One

censure as a blind corner. Hooker. Dark obscure not easy to be found not easily discernible ; as a blind path. Heedless inconsiderate ; undehberating. This plan is recommended neither to blind
; ; ; ; ;

A
2.

genus of tishes, of the order of Jugulars in Ichthyology called Blennius. There are several species the size from five in
;

chcs to a foot

in length.
3.

BLENT,
BLESS,

Encyc. Did. o/JVai. Hist. the obsolete participle of blend. Spenser. V. t. pret- and ])p. blessed or blest

71. Benediction; a wish of happiness pronoimced a prayer imploring hap])hiess upon another. A solemn pro]ihetic benediction, in which hap|)iness is desired, invoked or foretold. This is the blessing wherewith Moses blessed [he children of Israel. Deut. x.vxiii. Any means of hapjiiness a gift, benefit or advantage that which promotes tem])oral prosperity and welfare, or secures
;

approbation nor blind reprobation. Federalist, Jay. In scripture, blind implies not only want

of descernment, but moral depravity.

BLIND,
sight.
2.

r.

t.

To make
;

blind

to deprive

of

3.

immortal
gistrate
is

telicity.

[Sax, bledsian, bletsian, bletsigari and We.?sian ; whence, hletsung, bledsung, a ble: W. Had, a gift, a sing or benediction.
1.

just and jiious maa iniblic blessing. The diviue

;

4.

to obscure to the eye. Such darkness blinds the sky. Dryden. To darken the understanding; as, to Wtn^ the mind. To darken or obscure to the understand-

To darken

ing.

favor
4.

the greatest blessing. Among the Jeivs, a present a

is
it

He
5.

endeavored

to

blind

and confound the

Stillingflcet.

gift

either
it

controversy.

favor, a blessing.] To pronounce a wish of happiness to one to express a wish or desire of happiness. And Isaac called Jacob and blessed him.

because

was attended with kind wishes

of the giver, or because was the means of increasing ha]ipiness.

for the welfare

Take,
to thee.

pray thee,

my

blessing that

is

To eclipse. BLIND, or BLINDE, See Ble7id, BLIND, n. Something to hinder

Civility casts a blind over the

Fletcher.

an ore.
the sight.

brought

Gen.
'I.

x.wiii.
;

tien. xxxiii.

duty.

To make happy

to

make

successful
;

to

prosper in temporal concerns as, we are blest with jieace and plenty. Tlie Lord thy God shall bless thee in all thou
doest.
3.

BLEST, BLEST,
2.

pp.
a.

ui' bless.

L'Estrangc.
2.

Made happy.
;

Making happy

Dent. xv.
tlie

cheering. While these blest sounds my ravish'd ear as sail. Trumbull.

'i.

to mislead the eye or the unas, one thing; serves as a derstanding blind for another. skreen; a cover; as a blind for a win-

Something

To make happy
Blessed are Rev. xiv.

in a future life. dead who die in die Lord.

BLE'TONISM,

n. The faculty of perceiving and indicating subterraneous springs and currents liy sensation so called from
;

dow, or

BLINDED,

4.

5.

possessed this facultv. es Encyc. And God blessed the seventh day and sancti- BLE'TONIST, n. One who possesses the fied it. Gen. 2. faculty of perceiving subterraneous springs To consecrate by prayer to invoke a by sensation. Encyc. blessing upon. BLEW, pret. oi' blow.
;

To

set apart or consecrate to holy to make and pronounce holy.

purpos-

one Bleton of France

who

for a horse. pp. Deprived of sight ved of intellectual discernment dark or obscure.
a.

depri-

made

BLINDFOLD,
darkened.

[blind
;

the eyes covered

and fold.] Having having the mental eye

cover the eyes: to

BLINDFOLD,

v.

t.

To

hinder from seeing.

B L
BLINDFOLDED,
ered
;

t
the eyes cov
;

B L O
gratulate, to
rejoice.
;

B L O
bliihsian,
to 2.
;

pp.

Having

applaud

also

See Bless and Blithe.] highest degree of hajipiness blessed ness felicity used of felicity in general, hindeiing from seeinj;. BLINDING, ppr. Depriving of siglit, or of when of !ui exalted kind, but a])proi)riately of licaveidv joy.s. Hooker. Pope. iiii<h'rstantling olisi'uring. BLINDLY, adv. Without sight, or under BLISS'FUL; a. Full of joy and felicity happv in the highest degree. .standing. Spenser. 8. Without discerning tlie reason iniphcitly BLISS"'FULLY, adv. In a bhssful manner.
hiiidereil tVotn .seeing.

BLINDFOLDING,
;

ppr. Covering the eyes

The

turgid with water, or other means ; as a bloated limb. It is used to denote a morbid enlargement, often acconi))anied with softness.
V.
i.

To

swell or

make

BLOAT, BLOAT,

To

grovx' turgid

to dilate.

Arbidhnot.

Swelled turgid. [Xot used.] BLOATED, pp. Swelled grown turgid

u.
; ;

inflated.

witliout examination
3.

as, to

be

blindli/ led

Shencood.

BLOATEDNESS,

n.

turgid state

fur

BLINDMAN'S BALL,
gu.s,

by aniither. Without judgment or direction.

n.

Dryden
Dryden.
fiin-

BLISS'FULNESS,
felicitv
;

n.

Exalted

JiaiMiiness

species of

BLISS'LESS,

fulness of joy. Barrow. a. Destitute of bliss.

gidness; dilatation from inflation, debility, or any morbid cau.se. Arbuthnot.

Lycoperdon, or

puff-ball.
n.

BLINDMAN'S BUFF,
BLINDNESS,
rance.

one person is blindfolded, the rest of the company. n. Want of bodily want of intellectual discernment
n.

Hawkins BLOB'BER, n. [Ir. plub, or pluibin, from Fam. of Plants. BLIS'SOM, V. i. [W. bh/s, hlysiaw, to crave, swelling, pushing out, as in bleb, blvbber; that is, to reach forward.] W. llivi), a bulging out. Qu. bulb, by iransplay in which and hunts out To be lustful to caterwaul. [Little used. See Blubber.] po.sition. Johnson BLIS'TER, n. [Ger blase, and blatter. It A bubble ])ron<junced by the common peo;
:

BLOATl.XG, ;?/. Swelling;

inflating.

sight
:

is

radically the sami-

word

as bladder, in a
Blast,

ple in

ignoLocke.
1.

tlifferent (iialect.

See Bladder,

am

America, blubber. word, but not elegant.

It is

a legitimate

Carew.

BLINDNETTLE,

Blaze.-i

plant.

BIjINDS, n. In the viilitan/ art, a defense made of osiers or branches interwoven, and laid across two rows of stakes, four or
five feet asunder, of the highth of a man to .shelter the workuien, and prevent their

a thin bladder on the skin, pustule containing watery matter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn, or other injury or by a vesicatory. It is formed by rais
;

BLOB'BERLIl',
thick
lij).

n.

[blobber
a.

and

lip.]

A
lips.

Dryden.

BLOB'BERLIPPED,

Having

thick

L' Estrange.

ing the cuticle. the separation of the film or skin, as on |)lants; or by the swelling of the substance at the surface, as on

BLIND SERPENT,
scales,

being overlooke<l by the enemy.

n.

rei)ti"l(;

of

Eiiryc the

Cape of Good Hope, covered with black

but spotted with red, white an(
n.

brown.

BLINDSIDE,

[blind

Did. o/Mit. Hist. and side.] The

side which is most easily assailed ; or the side on which tin" |)arty is least able or
dispo.sed to see weak part.

danger weakness
;

foible

BLIND VESSEL,

Sieifl.

with chimists, a vcsse" with an opening on one side only.

Johnson.
n.

BLINDWORM,

[blind

and

tcoi-m.]

small reptile, called ;dso slow worm, a species of .'Ingnis, about eleven inchc long, covered wilh scales, w ith a forked tongue, but harmless. Diet, of A/. Hist. BLINK, V. i. [Sax. hlican, to shine, to twin kle bliciend, clothed in white nblican,
; ;
;

block, to /)/ug- ; Russ. u/c/i, a block. The prin1a17sen.se i.s, set, hxed, or a mass.] L heavy piece of timber or wood, usually steel. with one ])lain surface ; or it is rectangu'i. lar, and rather thick than long. vesicatory ; a ])laster of flies, or other 2. Any mass of matter with an extended surmatter, applied to raise a vesicle. face as a block of marble, a piece rough BLIS'TER, i<. t. To rise in blisters. Dnjden. from the quaiTy. BLIS'TER, V. t. To raise a blister, by any hurt, burn or violent action upon the skin :1. .\ massy body, solid and heavy : a mass to raise a blister by a medical application, of wood, iron, or other metal, with at least or vesicatory. one plain surface, such as artificers use. 2. To raise tumors on iron bars in a furnace, 4. The wood on yvhich criminals are bein the process of converting iron into steel. headed. BLIS'TERED, pp. Having blisters or tu- i). Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction : mors. a stop ; hindrance ; obstacle. a blister ; ap 6. BLIS'TERING,;j/jr. Raising piece of wood in which a pulley rims ; used also lor the pulley, or the block itplying a blistering plaster, or vesicatory. self and the sheaves, or wheels. ELITE, n. [L. btitiim ; Gr. /JiiiToi-.] "genus of plants, called strawbeiTy spinach. 7. blockhead ; a stupid fellow.

Any

tunii>r

made by

BLOCK, n. [D.blok; Ger. Woe*; Fr. Woe W. ploc, from Hoc, a mound ptociaw, to
;

A
A

Among cutters in wood, a form made of hard wood, on which they cut figures in to appear, to whiten D. hlikUen, to relief yvith knives, chisels, &c. Encyc. glance, to twinkle, and hlinken, to shine, BLITHE, a. [Sax. blithe and blealha, blenthe, 9. In falconry, the jierch whereon a bird of to ghtter 6/(/A-eri, to appear or show Sw This is ]irobably the same gaj', joyful. prey is ke])t. Encyc. to wink, to coimivc to word as bliss ; L. la-tus ; Eiig. glad. See BLOCK, V. t. [Fr. bloquer; Port, and Sp. hlincha, hleka, Bliss and (Had. The Ir. lilh, happiness, shine, to twinkle ; Ger. blicken, to look, bloquear ; It. Woccre.] to glance btinken, to glance, to shin seems to be the original word w itiiout the To inclose or shut up, so as to hinder egress
2.

Encyc.

species of amaranth, or flower gentle Fam. of Plants.

to twinkle, to wink; J):\u. blinker, to blink, to glance, to wink, to shine, to glitter.

prefix.]

This contains the same radical

light]
1.
;

Gay; merry joyous

;

sprightly

mirthful.

letters as

For

that fair female tioop thou sawest, thai

or passage to obstruct, by to stop up placing obstacles in the way often followed by up as, to 4/ocA- up a town, or a
; : :

2.

To wink to twinkle with the eye. To see obscurely. Jidn}son. Is it not

?

seemed

road.
so blithe, so smooth, so gay.

Of goddesses,
to

BLOCKA'DE,n.
do,

[It.

Woccofo

Milton.

see with the eyes half shut, or with frequent winking, as a person with weak

eyes

One eye was

n.

BLITHENESS,
blinking and one leg was lame.

BLI'THEFUL, a. Gay; fldl of gayety. The siege of BLI'THELY. adv. In a irav, joyful manner. ing it with
n.

blocked up

Sp. bloqueo

Port, bloqueaFr. blocu.i.]

Gayety; sprightliuess
; :

the quahtv of being blithe.

a])lace, fonned by .surroundhostile troops or ships, or by posting them at all the avenue.s, to prevent escape, and liinder supplies of pro-

Pope. Hull. BLINK, glimpse or glance. BLINK, n. Blink of ice, is the dazzling whiteness about the horizon, occasioned by the reflection of light from fields of ice

BLI'THESOME, a. Gay merry

cheerful.

Ph Hips.
n. The quality of being blithesome gayety. BLOAT, V. t. [This woVd may be allied to bladder, from the sense of inflating, .swelling W. bbrth, a puff, a blast blythae, a fat pauncli, a bloated person.] 1. To swell or make turgid, as with air to inflate to pnft' up hence, to make vain folloyvcd by up, but without necessity. To Woof \ip with is less elegant than to jiraise

BLI'THESOMENESS,
;

To

visions and anununition from entering, with a view to compel a surrender, by hunger and want, without regidar attacks.

at sea.

Mar.

Diet.

BLINK'ARD,
person

who

n. [blink and ard, A! kind.] blinks or has bad eyes; that

constitute a blockade, the investing power must he able to api)ly its force to every point of practicable access, so as to ren;

which twinkles, or glances, as a dim star, which appears and disap])ears. Hakewill. BLINK'ING, ppr. Winking; twinkling. BLISS, n. [Sax. bliss, joy, alacrity, exultation
;

Uissian. to rejoicej to exult, to conJ.

bloat yvith [jraise.

Vol.

der it dangerous to attempt to enter and there is no blockade of that port, where its force cannot be brought to bear. Kent's Commentaries. BLOCKA'DE, v. t. To shut up a town or fortress, by posting troops at all the aveDryden. nues, to compel the garrison or inhabi;
;

24

B L O
tants to surrender by

B L O
10.

B L O
BLOOD-LET,
v. t.

means of hunger and

;

sacramental symbol of the blood of

is is

To
n.

bleed

want, without regular attacks also, to sta tion ships of war to obstruct all intercourse with a town or nation.

Christ.
Tliis

to let blood. Jlrbuthnot.

lets blood,

which
xxvi.

blood of the New Testament, slied for the remission of sins. Matt,

my

BLOOD'-LETTER,
as in diseases
;

One who

a phlebotomist.

BLOCKA'DEU,
an enemy.
ade.

;);).

Shut up or inclosed by
Besieging by a block

11.

The death and

sufferings of Christ.

Wiseman.

BLOCKADING, ppr.
BLOCK'IIEAD,
pid fellow
;

Being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved trom wrath through him. Rom. v. iii

BLOOD'LETTING,

n. [hlocit
;

a dolt

understanding.

and head.] stu a person deficient in 12. The price of blood that tained by shedding blood,
;

n. [blood and let.] The act of letting blood, or bleeding by opening a vein.

Eph.

i.

BLOOD'PUDDING, n.
which is ob and seizing

[blood

])udding

made with blood and

n.

and pudding.;]
other

materials.

BLOCK'HEADED,

a.

Stupid

dull.

goods.

BLOCK'HEADLY, a. BLOCK'HOUSE, n. [block

house or
fortress,

Shak. Like a blockhead.

Wo

to
ii.

him
Acts

BLOOD-RED,
that buildeth a
i.

Red
i.

as blood.

town with blood

;

Hab.
13.

BLOOD'-ROOT,
its

color

and

house.]

plant so named from a species of sanguinaria, called

erected to block up a pass, and defend against the entrance of

Temper of mind .state of the passions but in this sense, accompanied with cold or ivann, or other rjualifying word. Thu
;

also puccoon, turmeric

and red
and

root.

Bigelotv.

BLOOD'SHED,
;

n.

[blood

shed.]
;

The

an enemy.

BLOCK'ISH,

a.

Stupid

dull

deficient in
Shitk.

understanding.

coW blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden passion. ff'urm blood denotes a temper inflamed or
to

commit an

act in

shedding or spilling of blood slaughter; waste of life the crime of shedding blood.

BLOCK'ISIILY,

adv. In a stupid
n. Stujiidity
; ;

manucr. Harinar
dullness
stupid.

irritated
14.

to iminn or heat the blood, is to

BLOOD'SHEDDER,
blood
;

n.

One who sheds

Spenser.

excite the passions.

a nmrderer.
n.

BLOCK'ISIINESS,

hot spark

man

of

fire

or spirit

BLOOD'SHEDDING,
blood
;

The shedding
and
shoot.]

of

Hakeinll. 15. The juice of any thing, especially if red " the blood of grapes." Gen. .xlix. and tin.] Tin which as, Whole blood. In law, a kinsman of the u^iole is pure, uiniiixed, and unwninght. blood is one w ho descends from the same Johnson, jlsh BLO'MARY, n. [See Bloom, a mass of iron. cou])le of ancestors of the half blood, one who descends from either of them singly, The first forge through which iron passes, after it is melted from the ore. by a second marriage. Enct/c. BLoOD, V. t. To let blood; to bleed by BLONK'ET, o. Gray. [.Vol used.] opening a vein. Spenser. BLOOD, n. [Sax. Sw. and Dan. Woi/ , 3. To stain with blood. Addison. Dri/den. Ger. 6/u?, blood Wi(/fH, to bleed D.btoed, 3. To enter to inure to blood; as a hound. blood bloeden, to bleed allied perhaps to Spenser. i. To beat the blood to exasperate. Gr. )3>.nCw.] [UnBaco7i. 1. The fluid which circulates through tlie usual.] arteries and veins of the hiniian body, and BLOOD-BESPOT'TED, a. Spotted with blood. Shak. of other animals, which is essential to tlie preservation of life. This fluid is gene- BLOOD-BOLTERED, a. [blood and bolter.] If the blood of an animal is Si>riiikled with blood. [.Vol used.] rally red. Macbeth. not red, such animal is called e.rsangul;

BLOCK'LIKE,
BLOCK'-TIN,

a.

Like a block

rake.

the crime of shedding blood. Homilies.

a.

n. [block

BLOODSHOT,

and inflamed by
blood vessels, as

[blood a turgid

Red
GaHh.

in diseases

state of the of the eye.

BLOOD'SNAKE, n. A species
ha^morrhus.

of snake, the
Jlsh.

BLOOD'-SPAYIN,

n. [blood and spavin.] dilatation of tlie vein that runs along the inside of the hock of a horse, forming

a soft swellinff.

BLOOD'-STAINED, a.
also, giiiltv

Encyc. Stained with blood ;

of murder.
n.

BLOODSTONE,

and stone.] A if worn us an amulet, to be a good preventive of bleeding at the nose. [See Hematite.]
[blood

stone, imagined,

BLOOD'-SUCKER,

n.

[blood
;

and

suck.]

'2.

the blood beingor white-blooded white, or while tinged with blue. Kindred; relation by natural descentfrom a common ancestor consanguinity. God hath made ot" one bloody all nations of
!>.?,
;

BLoOD-ONSU'MING,
blood.

a.

Wasting the
Shak.
;

Any animal that sucks blood, as a leech, a A cruel man a murderer. flv, &:,c. BL6t)D'-SUCKING, a. That sucks or
draws blood.
Shak.
a.
:

BLOOD'ED,

pp. Bled

stained with blood

[blood

inured to blood.

BLOOD'-THIRSTY,
n.

[blood

and

thirst]

BLOOD'-FLOWER,
the

and

Jloicer.]

T)f

sirous to shed blood

tnurderous.

(he earth.

Acts

xvii.
;

'i.

Hence the word is used for a child a a kindred descent family lineage &.c. l>rogeny descendants as a prince Royal lineage blood royal
; ; ; ; ;
; ;

Haemanthus, a genus of plants, natives of Cape of Good Hope. Encyc.

a.

BLOOD'-VESSEL, n. [blood and vessel.] Any vessel in wliich blood circulates in an

animal bodv
;

BLOOD-FROZEN,
chilled.

Having the blood

Spenser.
i^idlt.]

BLOOD'-WARM,
warm.

an artery or a vein. a. Warm as blood

n.

juke

BLOOD-GUILTINESS, n. [blood and

The
Ps.
Ii.

Jlddison.
[blood

1.

of tlie blood. Honorable birth high extraction as a Shak. gentleman of blood.

;
;

guilt

or crime

of shedding blood.

BLOOD'-WITE,

and

wite, a fine

5.

Life.
Shall
I

not require

liis

blnod at your hands

2
6.

Sam.

iv.

Slaugliter ; murder, or bloodshedding. 1 will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu. Hosea i. The voice of tby brother's blood crieth to me from the ground. Gen. iv.

or penalty.] BLOOD-HOT, n. [blood and hot.] As warm In ancient hnv, a fine or amercement, paid as a com))ositoii for the shedding of blood. as blood in its natmal lem|)erature. BLOOD'-HOUND, n. [blood and hound.] BLOOD'-WQOD, n. [blood and wood.] luimc ffiveii to log-wood, from its color. sjiecies of canis or dog, with long,j

A A

cars, remarkable: for the acuteness of its smell, and emjiloy-' ed to recover game which had escaped]

smooth and pendulous

BLOOD'-WORT,
jdaiit,

n.

[blood

and

wort.]

a species of
a.
;

Rumex.
;

BLOOD'Y,
2.

Stained with blood.

;

7. Guilt,
xviii.

and punishment.

Your blood be upon your

8.
;

own

heads. Acts

Fleshly nature the carnal part o man as opposed to spiritual nature, or divine
life.

the Inuiter, by tracing the animal by the blood it had sjjilt the name of the dog. Enci/c. BLOOD'ILY, adv. In a bloody nuiinier cruelly with a tlisposition to shed blond.
lost
;

wounded from
whence

Cruel murderous given to the shedding of blood or having a cruel, savage

disposition
;

applied to animals.
;

3.

Attended with bloodshed

cruelty
tle.
;

marked by

applied to things
V.
t.

as a bloody bat-

Shak.

BLOOD'INESS,
bloody
;

n.

The

state

of being

BLOOD'Y,
BLOODY',
drunk.

To
is

stain with blood.

were horn, not of flesh and blood, nor ol the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. John i.
V.

Who

BLOOD'ING,
with blood
;

disposition to shed blood. ppr. Letting blood; staining iiuiring to blood, as a hound.
n.
; ;

adv.

Very

[This

Overhury. as bloody sick, bloody ven/ vulgar.]

;

VVitbout blood dead. 9 Without shedding of blood or slaughter Man, or human w isdoni, or reason. as a bloodless victory. Shak. Jf'allcr. Flesh and blood hath not revealed it to thee, but my Father who is in licaven. Matt. xvi. 3. Without si>irit or activity. ShaJk.

BLOOD'LESS,

BLOOD'Y-EYED,
cruel eves.
I

a.

Having bloody

or

iBLOOD'V-FACED, a. Having
or appearance.

a bloody face Shak.

B L O
BLOOD' Y-FLUX,
dysentery,

B L O
; ; ;

B L O
an eruption, usually

TUr n. [blood iiiidy/wr.] disease in wliirli the dis-

blostmidn, to blossom D. bloe^stm, ;i bios Ajiusiiilc up<in the skin; of a large kind. som G. blitthr, a blossom allieil perhaps to

cljarges from the bowels have a mixture Arhuthnnt. of blood.

ULOOD'Y-HAND,

and hand.] A hand stained with the blood of a deer, whieli, in the old forest laws of England, was sudlcient evideiire of a man's tresn. [blood

Dan. blot, naked G. bliissen, Dan. micover W. bloden, a flower blottir, blodiuaw, to blossom, from blawd, meal bloom Gr. \i>.a.^r^ito., a bud, probably from the same root; Syr. _.i.ii '" gTG.
blos.s;
;

to

BLOTCH, V. BLOTE, V.
in

t.

To

blacken.
affinities

Harmar.
of this word are

t.

[The
;

not clearly ascertained.

to sacrifice
in

Goth, to
;

lnSax.Wo(a7i is serve or worship;

;

Arm.

bloda

is

to soften

plyznw, to soften
to soften.]

Dan

VV. plyz, soft

blodtr,

Sw.

biota,

pass

in

the forest against venison.

BL0OD'Y-HUNTlNG,a.

Ash. Hunting for blood. Shak.

niinate, to flourish, to put Tbrth

1.
;

leaves.]

BLOOD'Y-MINDED,
Having a
barous
;

a.

[Wood

an<l mind.']
;

cruel, ferocious disposition inclined to slied blood.

a.

bar-

The flower or corol of a jdant a general term, applicable to every species of tree or i>lant, but more generally used than flower or bloom, when we have reference Thus we to the fruit which is to succeed.
u.se y?ou'ers,

To

drv and smoke

/;;;.

HLO'TKI),
book.

Smoked and

as, to blole herrings.

dried.

BLOT TKD,
BLOT'TEK,
literating
;

;)/>.
71.

Stained; spotted; era.sed. In counting houses, a waste

;

Drydnx.

when we speak
;

i>f

shrubs culin a

BLOT'TING,

BLOOD'Y-RED,
blood.

Having the color of

tivated for

ornament

and bloom,

more

ppr. Spotting with ink staining.

ob-

BLOODY-SCEP'TERED,

a. Having a 2. scepter obtained by blood or slaughter. Shak.

BLuOD'Y-SWEAT, n. A sweat, accompanied

blood
;

[Wood and sweat]

general sense, as flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers. Tills word is used to denote the color of a lior.se, that has his hair white, but inter mixed with sorrel and bay hairs; otherwise, i)ff /i-co/orerf.
1'.

BLOW,

also

by a discharge of a disease, called sweating

in

BLOS'SOM,
flowers
2.
;

t.

To
;

Encyc. put forth blossoms or

to flower.
llie

sickness,

which formerly prevailed

Eng-

BLOOjM,

1.

land and other countries. n. [Goth, bluma ; U. hlwm ; G. blume ; Sw. blmnmc ; Uan. hlonisltr ; W. f*ax. bloden, blmvd, from the root of blow bloroan, contracted from btnddii, or blothan. Blossom is a dialectical form of the word, from the same root. See Blossom.] Blossom the flower of a plant an e.\panded bud. While opening blooms difl'usc their sweets
; ; ;

bloom to blow; To flourish and prosjier. The desert shall blossom as

to

[This prolialily is a contracted word, and the primary sense must be, to that is, strike, thrust, push, or ihmw, I have not to drive. found it in the cognate dialects. If g or other ]>alatal letter is lost, it corresponds in elements with the L. plagn, Gr. n'/.rjyr;, L. figo, Eng. flog. But blow, a stroke, is written like tlic verb to blow, the Latiny/o, and Woic, to blossom.
n.

rose.

Is.

The

xxxv.

IBLOS'SOMING,
ers
;

ppr.

Putting forth flow-

letter lost is probably a dental, and the original was blod or bloth, in which case, the word has the elements of loud,
1.

blowing.

BLOSSOMING, n. The
iiig

blowing or flower
:

of plants.
V.
t.

BLOT,
tero,]

[Goth, blauthjan

Dan. plet, a
or stain
;

s])ot, stain, blot ; L. lilura, [whence

plotlra ; pleller, to blot 2.

Sw.

urouiid.

Pope
;

without the

jirefix

and

2.

The opening of flowers in general flowwith a different one.] ers open, or in a state of blossoming ; as, 1. To spot with ink ; to stain or bespatter blows, is to engage in combat, whether by the trees are clothed with bloom. with ink; as, to blot a paper. individuals, armies, fleets or nations ; and .). The state of youth, resembling that of 2. To obliterate writing or letters with ink, when by nations, it is war. blossoms a state of opening maidiood, so as to render the characters invisible, or sudden calamitj' ; a sudden or severe a state of healtl not distinguishable; generally with out; evil. In like manner, plaga in Latin gives life, beauty, and vigor; and growth, promising higher perfection ; blol out a word or a sentence. rise to the Eng. plague. as, to as the hloo)ii of youth. to cause to be un- 5. 3. To eflace ; to erase as, to gain single act ; a sudden event 4. The blue color upon ])lunis and grapes or lose u province at a blow, or by one blow. seen, or forgotten ; to destroy ; as, to blot Johnson. out a crime, or the remembrance of any At a stroke is used in like manner. newly gathered. To produce or yield bios V. i. 6. An ovum or egg dejiosited by a fly, on thing. soms ; to flower. 4. To stain with infamy ; to tarnish ; to disflesh or other substance, called a fy-blow. 2. To be in a state of healthful, growing J', i. grace to disfigure. pret. blew ; jip. blown. [Sax. Slot not thy innocence with guiltless blood. youth and vigor; to show the beauty of blawen, bloioan, to blow as wind ; blowan, Rowc. as blooming graces. to blo.ssom or blow, as a flower ; D. blotyouth ; 5. To darken. V. t. To put forth as blossoms. yen, to blo.ssom ; G. bliihen, to swell or inCharitable affection bloomed them. He sung how earth blots the moon's giWcd to blow. This word flate ;
;

laudo, claudo, lad, &c.] The act of striking more generally the stroke ; a violent application of the hand, fist, or an inslrunient to an object. The fatal stroke ; a stroke that kills ; liluro, oblihence, death. D. /itatWeH, 3. An act of hostility ; as, the nation which strikes the first blow. Hence, to come to
;

BLOOM,

BLOW,

BLOOM,

IJM'ot in use.']

Hooker.
blomrt, a

BLOOM, n. [Sax. W. plwm Arm.

;

mass or huiip

6.

wane. In scripture, to
life, is

h.fo,

probably

blot

Cowley. one out of the book of

of 1.

Fr. plomb

S[).

plom, ploivm, or bloiim plomo ; It. piombo ; L.

pliiiiibum, lead,

properly a lump.]

mass of iron that has jjassed the blomary, or undergone the first hannnering. BLOOM'ING, ppr. Opening in blossoms;
flowering; thriving in the health, beauty, and vigor of youth ; showing the beauties of youth. fiis blooming laurels graced tlie muse's seat. Trumbull BLOOM'INGLY, adv. In a blooming manner.

who are to he saveil. To blot out a name, a person or a nation, is to destroy the person or nation to exterminate or consume. To blot out sins, is to forgive them. .Sui* are compared to debts, which are recorded in God's book of rememthose
;

to reject

him from the number

from the same root as bloom, blossom, W. bloden. See Blossom.] To make a cmrent of air to move as air Often used with it ; as, the wind blows.
is

blow, a flower

as,
2.

it

To

blows a gale. to puff jiant

;

to breathe

hard or

quick.

Here

is

Mrs. Page
;

at the door,

blowing.

sweating and Shak.

brance, and cancelled.

when

paid, are crossed or 3.

\.

To

breathe

us, to bloto

hot and cold.

BLOT,
2.

71.

A spot

or stain on paper, usually

To sound with
or trumpet. To flower
plants.
;

L'Estrange. being blown, as a liorB

Milton.

ajpi)lied to ink.

An

obhteration of something written or

5.

to

blossom

to

bloom

as

BLOOM'Y, a. Full of bloom flowery flourishing with the vigor of youth ; as a

; ;

printed. 3. spot in reputation ; a stain a reproach a blemish.

Dryden.
;

a disgrace Shak.

How blows the

over, to

citron grove.

Milton.
eflect
;

To blow

BLOKft,

bloomy spray bloomy beauties. n. [This is a difl'erent orthography of Wart, which see.] The act of blowing a blast. [.\o( used.]
;

4.

Censure

scorn

pass

away without
;

He
Prov.
5.

that rebuketh the

ix.

reproach. wicked getteth a

blot.

Chapman.

In backgammon, when a single man lies Johnson. open to be taken up.

7!.

as, the storm or the clouds are blown over. To blow up, to rise in the air also, to be broken and scattered by the explosion of gun-

to cease or be dis.sipated

powder.

BLOS'SOM,
bloslma,

71.

and

blosan,

[Sax. blosm, blosmn, blostmi a blossom; blosmianj

BLOTCH,

[Sax. bla:cthu, a scab or lep-

BLOW,
air

V.

t.
;

rous affection.]

upon

or drive a current of also, to fan. as, to blow the fire

;

To throw

B L O
2. 3.

B L U
jets to produce flames of different sizes. Its ottice is to produce instantly a furnace

B L U
color
;

by a current of air; to impel as, tlie tempest blew tlie sliip ashore. To breathe npon,fortlie purpose of warmilrivc

To

to

make

&c.

blue by heating, as metal.-.

ing
4.

as, to blow the fingers in

To sound

wind instrument

a cold day. Shak. as, blow the

heat, on minute fragments of mineral substances, supported on charcoal, by platiua forceps, &c.

BLU'E-BIRD,.[Mue and bird.]

blue, red.
tree.

A small bird, a sjiecies of Motacilla, very common in the U. States. The upjier part of the is
body and the throat and breast, of a dirty It makes its nest in the hole of a

Compound Blow-pipe of Dr. Hare, invented

in
18"21,

r>.

trumpet. To spread by report.

an instrument
]iro])elled

in

which o.xygen

And through
(j.

the court his courtesy

was blown

7.
8.

To deposit egajs, as flies. To ibrni bubbles by blowing. To swell and inflate, as veal
;

Dryden
a practice of

by hydrostatic or other pressure, coming from separate res-! ervoirs, in the pro|)ortious requisite to form
water, are made to unite in a ca]>illary orifice, at the moment when they are kindled. The heat produced, when the focus is formed on charcoal or any non-conducting substance, is such as to melt every thing but the diamond, to bmii the metals,| and to dissijjate in vapor, or in gaseousi forms, most known substances. The blow-pipe of Newman, Clarke, &c., is the compound blow-pipe of Dr. Hare, with

and hydrogen,

BLUE-BONNET,
BLU'E-BOTTLE,

n. [blue and bonnet.] plant, a species of Centiiurea. n.

butchers.
it.

glass into a particular shape by the breath, as in glass manufactories. 10. To melt tin, after beuig first burnt to
;

To form

Fam. of Plants. and bSttle.] A plant, a species of Centaurea, called CyaThis and nus, which grows among corn. the former plant receive their names from
[blue

2.

their blue fiuinel-shaped flowers. Johnson. fly with a large blue belly.

destroy the mundic. Kiicyc. To blow awiiy, to dissipate to scatter with wind. To blow down, to prostrate by wind. To blow off, U> shake down by wind, as to blow off li-uit from trees; to drive from land, as to blow off' & ship. To blow out, to extinguish by a current of
air,

BLU'E-CAP,

n.

[blue

and

some unimportant

modifications.
Silliman.

the salmon kind, with blue spots on its head. Did. of J^at. Hist. BLUE-EYED, a. Having blue eyes.

cap.]

fish

of

BLOW-POINT,
of plav

as a candle.
up, to
;

To blow
to blow
'.!

fill

with
;

air

to swell

as,

To
To To
ter,

inflate

up a bladder or a bubble. to pulf up as, to blow up one

;

with
3.
4.

flattery.
as, to

kindle

blow up a contention.

burst, to raise into the air, or to scat-

by the explosion of gunpowder. Figuratively, to scatter or bring to naught suddenly as, to blow up a scheme.
;

To

blow upon, to
n.

make
;

stale

as, to

upon an author's works.

blow Addison.

BLOW,
-

A flower

a blossom.

This word

species of Cor} phajiia, of the order ofthoracics, found about the Bahamas, and on blossom D. bloeizel ; Ger. bliUhe.] the coast of Cuba. Encyc. Bloom, or blossom, or that which is expand- BLUE-HAIRED, a. Having hair of a blue ed. It signifies bloom or blo.ssoms in genc(;lor. Milton. Thus we BLU'E-JOHN, H. Among mrncra, fluorspar, eral, or the slate of blossoming. a mineral, found in the mines of Derby.say, trees are now in their blowlh, or they have a full blowlh. shire, and fabricated into vases and other H. blowz. [From the same root ornamental fisures. Encyc. as blusli, which see.] BLU'ELY, adv': With a blue color. Smfl. .\ ruddv fat-faced woman. Hall. BLU'ENESS, n. The quahty of being blue a blue color. BLOWZ'Y, a. Ruddy faced fat and ruildy Boyle. high colored. liLU'E-THROAT, n. [blue and throat.] A liird with a tawny breast, marked with a BLUB, !'. f. To swell. [Md in use. See

among
n.
;

[blow a\v\ point] A kind children. Johnson.

BLU'E-FISH,

n.

[blue

andf^h.]

Dniden. fish, a

BLOWTll,

[Ir. blath, blaith,

a flower or

BLOWZE,

Bleb.]

is in general use in the U. States, and le- BLIIB'BER, n. [See Blobber, Blob and Bleh.] blobber, or bidjble ; o common vulgar gitimate. In the Tatler, it is used for blos- I. soms in general, as we use blowlh. teorj, but legitimate. >. Among seamen, a gale of wind. This The fat of whales and other large sea anialso is a legitimate word, in general use in mals, of which is made train-oil. It lies t)ie U. States. inunediately under the skin and over the SLOW-HALL,)!. [hlowMiAball.] The flow- nniscular flesh. er of the dandelion. B. Jonson. 3. Sea nettle, or sea blubber, the medusa.

BLU'K-VkINED,

sky-blue 'lescent, inhabiting the northern parts of Europe and Asia. a. Having blue veins or streaks. Shak.
a. [Perhaps aflied to W. lluf, Eng. from shooting forward.] Big surly Dryden.
;

BLUFF,
leap,

blustering.

BLUFF,

7!.

A high bank, almost perpendicu;

BLOWER,
employed
'.'.

n.

One who blows

one who

is

BLOWING,
ing
tin.

plate of iron for drawing up a fire in a stove chinniey. Mason. ppr. Making a current of air; breathing quick ; sounding a wind instrument ; intlating ; impelhng by wi]id melt;

in melting tin.

ULOWLVG,

n.

The motion of wind

;

Encyc. To weep in such a man!'. (. ner as to swell the cheeks. Johnson. If I mistake not, this word carries with it the idea of weeping, so as to slaver. BLUB'BER, V. t. To .swell the cheeks or disligure the face with weeping. BLUB'BKRED,/)/}. Swelled; big; turgid;

lar, projecting into the sea presenting a steep front.

a high bank

BLUB'BER,,

Mar. Diet. imd bow.] HavMar. Dirt. BLUFF'-HEADED, a. [bluff and head.] Mar. Did. Having an upright stem.
Belkitap.
[bluff

BLUFF'-BOWED,
ing broad and

a.

flat

bows.

BLUFF'NESS,
ness
;

n.

swefling or bloatedff'orld.

surliness.
a.

or act

us a blub! ered

lip.

of blowing.

BLUB'BERLN'G,
; ;
;

ppr.

Weeping

so as to

BLU'ISH,

Blue

in a small degree.

fanned swell the cheeks. pp. r)ri\en by wind BLU'ISHNESS, n. A small degree of blue sounded by blowing spread by report BLUD'tiEON, n. [Goth, blyggwan, to strike.] clor. Boyle. swelled inflated expanded as a blossom. A short stick, with one eml loaded or thicker BLOW-PIPE, n. [blow and pipe.] An in- and heavier than the other, and used as an BLUN'DER, V. i. [This word seems to be allied to the Gr. rt^xwcuj, to err, and to ;?ojt7ioffensi\e weajiou by low persons. strument by which a blast or current of der. The sense of the latter is to move air is driven through tlie flame of a lamp BLUE, a. blu. [fiax.bleo, bkoli,bleow, color; with sudden jerks, and irregular motions. Ger. blati Dan. blaae ; Sw. D. blaauiv or candle, and that flame directed upon a Sw. bly, Dan. blye, Ger. blei,' In Dan. blunder is to wink, twinkle or dismineral substance, to fuse or vitrify it. bla, blue semble allied to Fr. loin.] lead, so named from its color Slav, plavu Blow-pipe of the artist, a conical tube of brass

BLOWN,

Pope.

;|

glass or other substance, usually a quarter

of an inch
illary

in

diameter at one end, andcaj)

One

or nearly so at the other, where it is bent nearly to a right angle. This is used to jiropel a jet of air from the lungs, through the flame of a lamp or candle, upon the Kirwan. Kncyc' substance to be fused. liloW'pipe of the mineralogist, the same in- Prussian blue, a combination of the oxyd of iron with an acid called ferro-prussic. .stiument substantially as the foregoing, bnt usually fitted witli an ivory or silver Ure. mouth-piece, and with Rcvcral movable BLU'E. V. t. To make blue to dye of a blue
:

Fr. bleu ; Corn. Won.] of the seven colors, into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism. There are various' shades of blue, as sky-blue, ov azure, Prus-\ ^an blue, indigo blue, smalt hive, &.c.

1.

To

mistake grossly

to err

widely or
Johnson.

stupidly.

without direction, or steady to plunge at an object to guidance move, speak or write with sudden and
; ;

To move

blind precipitance ; as, to blunder yjion a reason ; to blunder round a meaning.

3.

To

stumble, as a horse
?i.

Pope. a common use of

the word.

BLUN'DER,

mistake through precipi-

B L U
tance,
;

BOA
blushing D. Wos, ablush Sw. 6/om; Dan. Dan. blites vcd, to l)lusli or be blun, a tench
;
; ;

BOA
BOAR-SPEAR,

ment BJ-HN'IJERBUSS,
a tube
;

or without due exercise of judga gross mistake.

Dan.

short

gun

[btunder, and D. bus, ; bossa, a gun.] or fire-arm, witlj a larj;e bore,

n.
hOssi:

Hw.

capable of holding a number of balls, and inttMidcd to do execution without exact aim.

BLI'N'DKRER,
der, or to

n.

One who
n.

is

make

gross mistakes

apt to bluna careless

;

person.

BLUNDERHEAD, A stupid fi'llowjone who

BHIN'DERI!V(i,
;

[blunder and

head.]

blunders.

L'Jistrange
ppr.

Moving or acting

with blind precipitance; mistaking gross ly stumbling. BI.UN'DERINGLY, adv. In a blundering

manner. BLlIiNT, a.
to dull.]
1.

Leuis. [from the root of Gr. auS^wu,

as an instru-

Having a thick edge or point, ment dull not sharp.

; ;

Dull iu understanding; slow of discern Sliak. ment. unceremom 3. Abrupt in address plain ous wanting the forms of civility rough Bacon. in inainiers or speech.
2.
; ; ; ;

n. .spear used in liimting boars. Spenser. It implies BuAR, I', i. In the It: loise,loisi, tiumc. manege, a horse is said to a throwing out, or spreading. Flash may wlien he ^loots out his nose, raising buar, be from the same root. See Blaze.] it as high as his ears, and tosses his nose iu 1. To redden in the clieeks or face to be the wind. Encyc. suddenly suftiised with a red color in the BO.'\RD, . [Sax. lor(/ and bred, aboard, or cheeks or tiice, from a sense of guilt, shame table Goth, baurd ; Sw. bord, anil brbde ; D. board, a board, a hem, border, margin conliisimi, modesty, dithdence or sur|)rise followed by iit or for, before the cause of Ger. bord, a board, a brim, bank, border ; and bret, a board, or plank blusliing as, lilusk at your vices ; blush/or Dan. bord, a board, a table; brcede, a board, or plank; your degraded country. and bred, a border ; \V. burz, a board or In the presence of the shameless and unblushtable Ir. bord. a table, a border. This ing, the young otfcnuer is ashamed to lilush. Buckntinster word and broad seem to be allied in origin, 2. To bear a blooming red color, or and the primary sense is to open or spread, any soil color as the blushing rose. whence broad, dilated.] bright He bears his blushing honors thick ui)0ii him. 1. A piece of timber saw ed thin ;ind of consid.SViu/r. erable length and breadth, compared with the thickness, used for building and other Shakspcarc has used this word in a transitive sense, to make red, and it nniy be purpo.<es. allowable in j)oetry. 2. table. The table of our rude ancestors BLUSH, n. A reil color suffusing the checks was a |)iece of board, perhaps originally " Laiiti cibuin laid upon the knees. oidy, or the. face generally, and excited by capiwhich may spriiig from shame, unt separata singulis sedes, et suaciiique confusion, inensu." The Gemians wash before they guilt, modesty, dilhdence or suri)rise. The rosy liluxh of love. Trumbull. eat, and each has a separate seat, and his 2. A red or red<lish color. own table. Tacitus. De .Uor. Germ. 22.

ashamed;

4.

Hard

Bl.UNT, making
2.

to penetrate. [Unusual.] Pope. II. t. To dull the edge or point, by it thicker.

.'!.

To repress or weaken any appetite, desire or power of the mind to impair the force of any passion which aflccts the iniml, or of any evil or good wliich affects tl body as, to blunt the edge of love, of pain,
; ;

Sudden appearance a glance a sense taken from the sudden sufiusion of the face as, a proiiosilion app(!ars ah surd at lirst blush. Locke.
;

3.

in blusliing

BLUSH'ET,
used.]

n.

4.

young modest

girl.

[Ao/
cheek:
i>.

BLUSH'ING, ppr. Reddening

or face
;

in the

Entertainment liiod diet as, the price of botird is two, five, or seven dollars a week. A table at which a council or court is held hence a council, convened for business, or any authorized assembly or meet; ;
:

ing

as a ioorrf of directors.
;

bearing a bright color.

a.

orof suftering.

BLUSH'LESS,
BLUSH'Y,
blast
1.
;

Unblushing; past blush

Marslon.
;

BLUNTED,
impaired
;

Your ceaieless endeavors will be exerted to blunt the slings of pain. Dwight. Made dull ; weakened; ;jyj.
reiircssed.

ing; impudent.
a.

Like ablush
V. i.

having the color

Hancij.

of a blush.

BLUS'TER,
;

To be Dryden as a turbulent or to swagger To fall ot'cr board, that is, over the side boasting person. To roar, and be tumultuous, as wind; to the mast went by the board. abruptly pluitdy coar.sely Board and board, side b\- side. be boisterous; to be windy; to hurry. cacy, or the usual forms of civility. BLUNT' NESS, n. Want of edge or point BLUS'TER, n. Noise tumult ; boasting; 7. The line over which a ship runs between tack and tack. To make a good board, is want of sharpness. boisterousness turbidence roar of a temdullness; obtuseness to sail in a straight line, when close hauled. 2. Coarseness of address; rouglincss of manany irregular pest violent wind hurry To make short boards, is to tack frequently. ners rude sincerity or plainness. noise and tumult from wind, or from Mar. Diet. BLUNT'WITTED, a. [blunt a.nd wit] Dull; \anitv. C. A table for artificers to sit or work on. Shale. BLUS'tERER, ji. A swaggerer; a bully stupid. !>. A table or frame for a game as a chess BLUR, n. [I have not found this word in a noisy, tumultuous fellow, who makes board, &c. any other language, but probably it is algreat pretensions from vanity. 10. A body of men lied to the W. llur, black and blue, livid, BLUSTERING, ppr. Making'a noise; puffconstituting a quorum in session a coiut, or council as a board of L. luridus.] ing; boasting. trustees a board of ollicers. A dark spot a stain a blot, whether upon BLUS'TERING, a. Noisy tumultuous BO.\RD, V. t. To lay or spread with boards ; jjaper or other substance, or upon repuwindy. to cover with boards. tation. tumultuous South. BLUS'TROUS, a. Noisy Hudibras. 2. To enter a ship by force in combat, which BLUR, JI. t. To obscure by a dark spot, or by boastful. answers to storming a city or fort on land. BO, exclam. [W. hw.] A word of terror a any Ibid matter, without quite cti'acing. 2. To sidly to stain to blemish to sound uttered by children to 3. To attack to make the first attempt upon as, customary a man. In Spenser, to accost, [t r. aiorblur reputation. Butler. frighten their fellows. Bacon. Shak. BLURRED, yj/?. Darkened or stained ob- BO'A, 71. A genus of serpents, of the class der.] Obs. To place at board, for a compensation, aa scm-ed. Ainpbibia, the characters of which are, 4. a lodger. the lielly and tail are furnished with scuta. BLUR'RING, ppr. Darkening or staining 5. To furnish with food, or food and It includes the largest species of serpent, lodging, spotting. BLURT, V. I. [Allied probably to flirt, to the constrictor, sometimes 30 or 40 feet for a compensation as, a man boards ten
impairing.

BLUNT'ING,

ppr.
ji.

Making dull repressing;

Taylor.
;

Dan.

[Probably allied to blaie, G. blusser, to blaze, to rage.] loud, noisy or swaggering ; to bully ;
;

ship the interior part of a ship or boat used in the phrase, on board, aboard. In this phrase however the sense is inimarily the side of the To go ship. aboard is to go over the side. The side of a ship. [Fr. bord ; Sp. borda.] Now board to board, the rival vessels row.
;

The deck of a

BLUNT'ING, BLUNT'LY,
;

Restraint. adv. In a blunt

; ;

to puft";

manner

without

deli- 2.

throw.]

To throw

out, or
;

throw

at

random,
out,

hastily, BO.'VR, n. [Sax. bar

or unadvisedly
vertently
to words.
;

to utter

suddenly or inad-

commonly with

and applied Young.

:

Cyc Corn, bora, a boar D. beer, a bear or boar ; Ger. eber, a boar, and a gimlet or auger; also, eberschwein, boarswine. Qu. L. aper, and verres ; Sans.
long.
;
;

students.

BOARD,

V. i. To receive food or diet as a lodger or without lodgings, for a compensation as, he boards at the moderate price of two dollars a week.
;

BLUSH,
Dan.

[D. bloozen ; Sw. Wi/as,to blush blusser, lo blaze or glisten ;

!'.

i.

varaha.]

BO.VRDABLE,
as a ship.

a.

That may be boarded,

6/uss/,[i

The male of swine

not castrated.

BOA
BOARDED,
pp. Covered witli boards; entered liy armed men, as a ship furnished with food for a compensation.
;

BOB
1.

BOD
3.

BOARDER,
ward.
ii.

n.

One who.

lias

food or diet

and lodging

in another's family for a re;

One who boards a ship in action oiicj who is selected to board shijis. Mnr. Did.\
Covering with boards furnisliing or, entering a ship by force
ppr.
;
;,

BOARDING,

BOARDING-SCHOOL,

receiving boartl, as a lodsrer, for a reward. n. A school, the scholars of which hoard with the teacher.
w.

BOARD-WAGES,
BOARISH,
tal
;

Wages

allowed

to

servants to keep themselves in victuals. Drydtn.

o.

[from 6oar.]

Swinish ;"bruShah.
to

cruel.
V.
i.
;

BOAST,
toss or

[W.
to

hostiaiv,

boast,

to

throw G. paustcn, to blow, swell, bounce; Sw. posa, Dan. paster, id. Qu.
Gr. ^vaoM,
inflate
;

Russ. chvasluim,

to lioast
\.

ii.fdstus.] brag, or' vaunt one's self; to make an ostentatious display, in speech, of one's own worth, property, or actions. Not of works, lest any man should boasl.
;

To

Johnson. 6. A bob-wig. Shenstone. pinnace, BOB, V. t. To beat; to shake or jog. Shak. 8. To cheat to gain by fraud. Shak. yawl, fin-y-boat, wherry, jolhi-hoat, Ainsworth. Moses-boat, punt, felucca, fshing-hoat, pe- 3. To mock or delude. 4. To cut short. rogue, &c. A small vessel carrying a mast and sails BOB, J). ?'. To play backward and forward: to play loosely against any thing. but usually described by another word Dryden. as a packet-boat, passage-boat, advice- 2. To angle, or fish for eels, or to catch eels with a bob. Johnson boat, &.C. Encyc. BOAT, V. t. To trans])ort in a boat as, to BOBANCE, )i. bobans'. A boasting. [JVot in use.] boat goods across a lake. Chaucer. on Canals. Ash. IBOB'BED, pp. Beat or shaken cheated Report BOAT.VBLE, a. Navigable for boats, or eained by fraud; deluded. small river craft. Ramsay. B6B'BIN,'. [Fr. bohine; D. bahyn.] A BOAT-BILL, n. [boat and bill.'] A genus small ])in or cylindrical piece of wood, of birds, the Cancroma, of two species, the with a head, on w Inch thread is wound for crested and the brown hut by some ornimaking lace. A similar instrument, bored thologists, they are considered as varieties through to receive an iron pivot, and with of the same species. They are of the gral a border at each end, is used in spinning, lie order, with a bill four inches long, not to wind thread or silk on a spool. unlike a boat with the keel uppermost, or BOB'BING, ppr. Playing back and forth like the bow Is ol' two spoons, with the holstriking; el eating angling for eels.

open vessel, or water craft, usualThe forms, ly moved by oars, or rowing. dimensions and uses of boats are very various, and some of them carry a light sail. The different kinds of boats have different

A small

blow

a shake or jog

Jlinsworth.
4.
5.

The ball of a short pendulum. A mode of ringing.

a jeer or flout, Ascham. Encyc.

names

as, long-boat, lanch, barge,

cutter,

low

2.

and ostentation of meritorious persons or

things. I boast of you to

3.

ge nus of insects, hemipters, known in zool- BOB'-CHERRY,?!. [hob mA cherry.] Among children, a pla.\ in which a cherry is hung ogy by the generic term Notonecta. so as to bob against the mouth. Johnson. Encyc. St. tliein of Macedonia. BOAT-HOOK, n. [boat and hook.] An iron BO'BO, n. A Mexican fish, two feet long, in Paul. 2Cor. ix. hook with a jioint on the back, fixed to a high esteem for food. Clavigero it is followed by of; sometimes Usually, BOB'STAYS, n. [boh and stay.] Ropes to long pole, to pull or push a boat. Mar. Diet. by in. confine the bowsiait of a ship downward To exalt one's self. to the stem. Mar. Diet. BOATING, ppr. Transporting in boats. With your mouth you have boasted against of trans- BOB'TAIL, n. [bob and tail.] )). The act or A short BOATING, practice
ii.

Eph.

9.

BOAT-FLY

]>ar(s

placed tosetlier.
or

Encyc.
n.

BOAT-INSECT,

BOB'BINVVORK, n. [bobbin and Work wo\(n with bobbins.

ivork.}

Grew.

To

glory

to

speak with laudable

jiride

me.

Ezek.

BOAST,
guage
tion.

V. t. To display in ostentatious lanto speak of vvitli pride, vanity or ; exultation, with a view to self-commenda-

2.

porting in boats. In Pec^ia, a punishment of cajjital offenders by laying them on the back in a boat

tail,

or a

tail
;

cut short.

Shetk.

2.

The rabble used in contempt. Braynston. BOB'-TAILED, a. Having the hair cut
short.

which

is

covered, where they

n.

jierish.

'i.

should boast their specious deeds. Milton. To magnify or exalt. They boast Ihemsclves in the multitude of

Lest

men

BOA'TION,
roar.

[L. two.]

Encyc. crying out a

;

BOB-WIG,

H.

[bob

and

ivig.]

UEstrange.
short wig.
Spectator.

[.Wot used.]
}
(,

Derham.
;

BOATM.AJV,

their riches.

Ps. xlix.

BOATSMAN,
BOAT-ROPE,

"'

A man [boat and man.] who manages a boat a

Dnjden.
Prior.

BOCAQUE
shorter,

or BOAKE, n. An animal foiuid on the banks of the Nieper, resembling a rabbit, except that its ears are

H.

exult in confident expectation. Boast not thyself of to-morrow. Prov. xxvii, BOAST, n Expression of ostentation, pridf or vanity; a vaunting.
'I'hou Jnakest ihy baast of the law.

To

rower of a boat.

and

it

has no
[Fr.]

tail.

n. [boat and rope.] rope to fasten a boat, usnallv called a painter.

BOC'ASiNE,
or buckram.

n.

BOAT-SHAPED,

Rom.

ii

'i.

The cause of boasting;

Trial
tion.

occasion of pride

Having the shape of a boat; navicular; cymbiform hollow like a boat; as the valve of some pericarps.
a.
;

BOCE,

n.

The

Dict.of.Xat. Hist. sort of fine linen Johnson. spams, a beautiful fish.

vanity, or laudable exultation.

by peers
11.

is

the boast of the British na-

BOATSWAIN,
bosn.
sivein,

n.

In

seamen's

Marlyn. language,

BOCK'ELET, BOCK'ERET,

?
<,

A kind " liawk.

Ash. of long-winged
Johnson.

F$OASTER,

One who

boasts, glories or
Boi/Ie.
;

vaunts ostentatiously.

BOASTFUL,
BOASTING,
glorying
;

a.

tatious of personal

Given to boasting ost'en worth or actions.

Shak.

[Sax. batstveiii, from bat, boat, and swain, a boy or servant.] An officer on board of ships, who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables and cordage. His office is also, to

BOCKLAND.
BODE,
(1.

sunmion the crew

to their <luty, to relieve

ppr.

Talking ostentatiously;

vaunting. BOASTING, i. Ostentatious display of personal worth, or actions a glorying or vaunting.

;

the watch, assist in the necessary business of the ship, seize and punish offenders, &c. He has a mate who has charge of the
long-boat, for setting forth and weighing anchors, warping, towing and mooring.

Encyc. [See Bookland.] [Sax. bodian, bodigan, to forebod, an order, tell, to utter or announce a messenger, or mandate or edict hoda, preacher Sw. hod, a message, an embassy ieiorfiJ, to tell or relate Sa.x. gebodian, to offer or hid, to relate, tell or announce,
t.
; ; ; ; ;

to

command,

to

show,

to promise.

Radi-

cally, this is the same word as hid, which see. The radical sense is, to utter, to drive

Where

is

bnastini; then

Ronj.

out the voice.]

iii.

Mar.
?!.

Diet.

Encyc.

Johnson

To

BOASTINGLY,
BOASTIVE,
n.

adv.

In

an ostentatious BOB,

manner; with boasting.

Presiunptuous.
a.

BOASTLESS,
BOAT,
n.

[Unusual.' Shenstone Witliout ostentation.

Thomson
[Sax. and Sw. hat ; Dan. hand \V. had : h. bad ; D. hoot ; G. hot, a boat It. dim. hatteUo, a little boat, whence Fr. bateau ; Sp. Me, a boat.]
;

round thing, that plays loosely at the end of a string, cord, or movable machine a little ornament or that hangs so as to play loosely pendant Dryden Our connnon people apply the word to a knot of worms, on a string, used in fish

Any

little

to presage ; to i)ortend ; to foreshow indicate something future by signs ; to be the omen of; most generally applied to things ; as, our vices bode evil to the coun;

try.

BODE,
i

1'.

i.

To foreshow

to presage.

This bodes well to you.

Dryden.

ing
;i.
t

f(jr

eels.

The words
za.

repeated at the end of a

UEstrunge.

Chaucer. BODE, n. An omen. 2. A stop. [See ./Ihide.] stanjBO'DEMENT, An omen; portent; propShak. a Ohs.
ri.
I

jiostic

fore-showing.

BOD
UODliE,
stop.
I),

BOG
To
boggle to Shak.
;

B O
;

i.

[See Boggle.]
botch.

a systent
divinity.

as a body of laws
;

a body ot

BOG'-L.\ND,

[Ab< used.]
n.

II. .Strength as wine of a good body. Dryden. or BOG'GLE, n. [W. iug-, a imUoclc. V2. Among painler.s, itolors bear a body, when bugbear or goblin.] A bugbear. BOD'ICR, n. Stays a waistcoat, quilted they are capable of being ground so fine and of being mixed so entirely with oil, as BOG'-ORE, . An ore of iron found in bogwitli whalebone worn by women. to seem only a very tlilck oil of tlte same Johnson. gy or swampy land. rush BOD'IED, a. [from body.] Having a body. color. Eneyc. BOG'-RL'SII, )i. [bog and rush.] SImk. V^. The unrenewed part of man, or sensual that grows in bogs, the Scbceaus. Pennant. BOD'ILESS, a. [See Body.] Having no afli'ctions. But I keep laidcr my body. 1 Cor. ix. 2. A bird, a species of warbler, of the size of body or material form incorporeal. a wren, of a testaceous brown color, seen DaviesJ 14. The extent the hmits. Cause to come here on such a day, twelve BOD'ILY, n. Having or containing a body among the bog-rushes of Schonenin Swefree and lawful men from tlie body of your <l!n. or material form; corporeal as bodili/ diPennant. Form of a venire facias. BOG'-SPAVIN. n. county. South. mensions. In [bog and spavin.] 2. Relating or pertaining to the body, in dis-^ BODY, ti. /. To |irodnce in some form. horses, .in ency.-te<l Imijor on the inside of the hough, containing a gelatinous matbodies iorlh the forms of things. as bodily defects tinction from the mind Imagination Shak. ter. Encue. bodili/ pain. Locke.^

BOD(iE,

[bog and land.] Living ni or iiurtaining to a marshy country.

a.

[ATot used.]

BOGLE

3. Rea"l

Shak.' actnal; as bodily a.ct. BOD'ILY, adv. Corporeally united with a' body or matter. It is liis human nature, in which the GoHhciid
;

BOD'Y-LOTHES,
BOD'Y-GUARD,
BOG,
71.
Ji.

n.

Clothing or covering lor the body, as t<)r a horse. Mdison.

^lu. [body

and

cloth.]

BOG'-TROTTER,

The guard
;

n. [bog and trot.] One who lives in a boggy country. Johnson. HOG'-WllOKT, n. [bog -dnd u-hort.] The

that
lilt'

pro-

dwells bodily.

Jl'ntts.]

BO'DING,
BO'DING, BOD'KIN,
1.

pi>r.

[from bode.] Foreshowing

;|

tects or defends the person Ilencc, security.

soft
; ;

hilliciry or wliortleberry

the

growing

in

low

guard.

lands.

Porleus. a
;

BOIIE'A,
is

n.

presaging.
n.
7!.

point, a shoot,

A like infor making holes by piercing. strument with an eye, for drawing thread, An tape, or ribin through a loop, &:c. Johnsoyi. instrument to dress the hair.
2.

Bp. Hard.' bod, ahnib, tliat i.s, a, with the tciniination kin, used as a diminutive Gr. (Jaro;, a thorn.] An instrument of steel, bone, ivory or tiie hke, witli a small blade, and a sharj) point,
[Jr.
;

An omen.

gan
1.

[Ir. bog, bogach, bogha, a bow boghaim, to bend D. boogen, to bend. Soft ;

marsh
Sax.
ii;

named from

Fam. of Plants. [Grosier infornjs ns that this a moimtain in China, call-

is

flexible

A dagger.

[J^ot in use]
a.

Chaucer.
Ubrary^
2.

BOD'LEIAN, Bodley, who

BOD'Y, n.
boily
1.

Pertaining to Sir Thomas founded a celebrated

See Bow.] yielding to pressure, bending. A quagmire covered with grass or oti It is defined by marsh, and moplant.s. rass, but difl'ers from .a marsh, as a jiart from the whole. Wet grounds are bogs, which are the softest and too soft to bear a man marshes or fens, which are less and sivamjts, \\hich are soft, but very wet soft spongy land, upon the surface, but sustain man and beast, and are often
; ;

mowed.

in the IGth century.

little

[Sax. bodig, stature, trunk, spine,! that which is .set or fi.xed.] ; Tlie frame of an animal; the material
i

marshes and swamps,

grass. [This is a in .Vew- England.]

elevated spot or clump of earth, in filled with roots and

ed I'ou-y or Voo-y. \'ol. i. -ki/.] species of coarse or low priced tea from China a species of black tea. or BOj'AR a BOY'AR, i. In the Russian nobleman a lord a person of Empire, a soldier. This word answers quality nearly to Baron in Great Britain, and other countries in the west of Europe. Tooke. Eton. BOI'ARIN, JI. In Rus.iia, a gentleman; a the master of a famjierson of distinction Tooke. Russ. Diet. ily. BOIGU'ACU, n. The largest of the serpent kind, and said to be forty feet long.

common

use of the word

BOIL,
lire
;

substance of an animal, in distinction from BOG, V. t. To whelm or plunge, as in mud the living j)rinciple of beasts, and the sold and mire. Jonson. of man. HOG'-15E.\N, n. [bog and bean ; called bxickBe not anxious for your bodi/. beun.] Matthew. Luke. Menyanthes, a plant, the marsh-trefoil, Hooker. Matter, as opposed to spirit. which grows in moist and marshy j)laces A jH'rson a hmnan being sometimes Fam. of Plants. al<)n(! more generally, with sovie or no ; BOG'-BERRY, n.. and Vaccin;

Bailey. [Fr. bouillir ; L. iu//ro ; It. 6o/Sp. bullir, to boil L. btdla, a bubble Russ. but, the noise of boiling water; It. bubble or blister; Eth. <jj^^ bolla, a
r.i.
;

Amh.
1.

(^

to boil

W. balau, to spring.

Qu.

as,

somebody

nobody.
[

imn, a
is
!

name of

Reality, as opposed to representation. A shadow of things to come, but the body

of Christ.
Col.ii.

[hog berry.] the cranberry growing in

low lands and

niiU'shy places.

BOGGLE,
ing.]
1.

V. i.

[Qu.

W.

Fam. of Plants. bugwl, a terrify

collective

mass; a number of
;

iiidividu-,

als or ))articulars united

as the body of mankinil. Christians united or the Church is called the body, of which each Christian is a member, and Christ the head. 1
(^>r. xii.
1-2.

To(loid)t; to hesitate; to stop, as if afraid to proceed, or as if imi)eded by unforeseen difiiculties to jday fast and loose.
:

We
3.

boggle at every unusual appearance.

Granville.

27.
j

(J,

The main army, in distinction from the wings, van or rear. Also, any nnnd)erof
forces under one

To dissemble. BOG'GLE, V. t. To embarrass

a popular or vidgar the United States.
ties
;

Howell.

with

difficul-

7.

c()r|)or:iti<in

commander. Clarendon.' a number of men, imited

;

use of the

word

in

Sax. weallan, to well, to boil.] To swell, heave, or be agitated by the action of heat; to bubble to rise in bubbles ; In a chimical sense, to as, the water boils. pass from a liquid to an aeriform state or vapor, with a bubbling motion. 2. To be agitated by any other cause than heat as, the boiling wa^ es which roll and foam. 3. To be liot or fenid ; to swell by native as the boiling heat, vigor or irritation blood of youth his blood boils with anger. 4. To be in boiling water; to suffer boiling heat in water or other hquid, for cookery or other purpose. To bubble; to effervesce; as a mixture of acid aiul alkali.
; ; ; ;

To

boil
boil

by a common tie, by one form of government, or by occupation as the legislative^ body the body of the clergy ; body corpo;

BOG'GLED, pp.
sudden

Perplexed and impeded by To

;

diflicidties

endtarrassed.

BOG'GLER,
man.

A
I

doubter

rate
8.

body
;

politic.
;

tunorous Shak.

vessel, as liquor when thrown into violent agitation by heat or other cause of

away, to evaporate by boiling. oier, is to run over the top of a

The main
a tree

the bulk; as the body of jiart the body of a coach, of a ship,

solid

BOGGLING,
difiiculties
;

ppr. Starting or stopping at

lesitating.
(/.

BOIL,
;

effervescence. To dress or cook in boiling waI', t. to extract the juice or to seethe ter
; ;

&c.
f).

BOGGLISH,
substance
;

Doubtful.

[.Vot used.]

Any extended
ers
;

matter
;j

Taylor. 2.

any substance or mass

as a metalinc body
:

distinct from otha floating body ; ;

; ;
;:

BOG'GY,
full

a.

[from bog.]
Ji.

Containing bogs
/lOKse.]

of bogs.
[6og'

a movins body ; a light body a heavy body. 10. A pandect a general collection a code

BOG'HOUSE,
of oflice.

and

A house

quahty of any thing by boiling. To prepare for some use in boihng liquor To form as, to boil .silk, thread or cloth. This word by boiling and evaporation. is applied to a variety of processes for different purposes as, to boil salt, or su;

B O h
In gcnera.],boiling is a violent heat to boil a agitation, occasioned by liquor is to subject it to heat till it bubbles, and to boil any holid substance is to subject it to heat in a boiling liquid. BOIL, n. [D. buil ; Ger. beiUe ; Dan. bylde ; Sax. bile; Arm. btiU, a bUster Sw. bula, a j)rotuberance D. 60/, plump Ger. hoik. a bud, a gem; Ir. bvile, rage, madness; Pers. pallo, a wart, an ulcer, a boil W. 6a/, a prominence.] V tinnor upon tlie flesh, accompanied witb soreness and inflamiiiation a sore angi-yj
sar, &:c.
; ; ;
;

B O L
fearless ; applied to as, bold as a lion.
2.

B O L
;

men

or other animals

smooth, a

little

unctuous, and receives a

Requiring courage in the execution executed with spirit or boldness; planned with courage and spirit as a bold enter; ;

It adheres to polish from the finger nail. the tongue, melts by degrees in the mouth, and impresses a slight sense of asCleaveland. tringency.

prise.
.3.

Confident not timorous. We were bold iu our God

;

to

speak to you.

Thess.

ii.

4.

(i.

swelling.

In 071 ill sense, rude, forward, impudent. Licentious; showing great liberty of ficas, the figures of an author are bold. Standing out to view striking to the eye
tion or expression
; ;
;

BOIL'ED, pp. Dressed or cooked by boil-| subjected to the action ol" boiling ing
;

7.

li(|Uor.

BOIL'ER,
'i.

H.

land without danger. large pan, or vessel of iron, cojijjcr or VVheie the bold cape its warning forehead rears. brass, used in distilleries, ])0t-asb worL TrttmbuU. and the liUe, for boiling large quantities of To make bold, to take freedoms; a common, liquor at once. bm not a correct phrase. To be bold i for boiling and the BOIL'ER Y, ji. better. i)lace

person

\\ liu

boils.
is

vessel in

which any thing

boiled.

as hold figures in painting, sculpture and architecture. as a bold abrupt prominent Stee|) shore, which enters the water almost perpendicularly, so that ships can approach
; ;

near

to

a])paratus.

BOLD,
ppr.
;

1'.

(.

To make
/.

daring.

[.Vo( used.]

Bubbling; heaving in being agitated as boiling liquor .swelhng with heat, ardor or passion or preparing for some pmpose dressing bv hot water. BOIL'ING, )!. The act or state of bubbling the act of agitation by heat ebullition dressing by hot water the act of preparing by hot water, or of evaporating by

BOIL'ING,
bubbles
;

BOLD EN,
fidence.

r.

To make

bold

Hall. to give con;

bole is of a bright red color, with a tinge of yellow, harder than the other kinds, and of a rough dusty surface. Bole of Blois is yellow, lighter than the other kinds, and it effervesces with acids. Bohemian bole is of a yellow color, with a cast of red, and of a flaky texture. French bole is of a pale red color, variegated with sjiecks of white and yellow. Lemnian bole is of a pale red color. Silesian bole is of a pale yellow color. Encyc. BOLET'It, a. Boletic acid is the acid of Boletus, a genus of mushrooms. IBOLE'TUS, n. [L.] A genus of niushrooms, conlaining many species. BO'LIS, n. [L. from Gr. t3oJ.i5, a dart; ^o^7.U, to throw.] A fire-ball darting through the air, followed by a train of light or sparks. BOLL, n. [W. hit, a seed vessel ; Sax. bolla, a bowl.] The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax; a
1 i

Armenian

This is nearly di.sused being Ascham. superseded by embolden. BOLD-FACE, n. [bold and /ore.] Impua term of reprehendence sauciness sion, and reproach. L'Estrange.
; ;

])ericar]i.
is

sometimes
I',

Bole, a measure of six bushels, Avritten in this manner.

BOLL,

i.

To form into

a pericarp or seedthe flax

vessel.

The
bolted.

barley was in the ear and E'xodus ix.

S>':iJ,

wis

BOLD-FACED, a. Boldly, adv. in

Iniijudent.
;

Bramhall.

Hell.

Gr. artfp^oTtJor, as translated

heat.

BOIO'BI,
ica,

71.

an

ell

green snake, foimd in Amerin length, called by the Portu-

provoked
blast
;

BOIS'TEROUS,
puster,
;

guese, cobra de verb. It is harmless, unless but its bite is no.xious. Encyc. a. [Dan. p.< a puff, a
;

W.
1.

D. byster

and Sw. pusla, to Ijlow Dan. bister, furious, raging

bivyst,

Loud; roaring;
boislerons wind.

wild, savage, whence, beast] violent; stormy; as a

a bold manner; courageby till' seventy. ously; intrejiidly without timidity or fear; Bollard timbers, in a ship, or knight-heads, with confidence. Sometimes, ])erhai)s, in are two timbers, rising just within the a bad .sense, for imjnulently. stem, one on each side of the bowsprit, to Mar. Diet. BOLDNESS, n. Courage bravery intre- secure its end. pidity spirit fearlessness. I cannot, with In docks, bollards are large posts set in the Johnson, interpret this word by forlitude ground on each side, to which are lashed or magnnnimily. Boldness does not, L large blocks, through which are reeved think, imply x\\c firmness of mind, which the transporting hawsers for docking and constitutes I'ortitnde, nor the elevation and undocking
; ;
; ;

1.

Turbulent; furious; tumultuous; noisy

as a boisterous

man.
;

unwieldy huge ; clumsily vio as a boisterous club. Obs. Spenser painting, sculpture and architecture. as a boisterous heat. Woodward} 3. Freedom from timidity liberty, 4. Violent (treat my boldness of speech towards you. BOIS'TEROUSLY, adv. Violently; furi2 Cor. vii. ously with loud noise tuniultuously. confident trust. 4. Confidence BOIS'TEROUSNESS,. The state or qualWe have boldness and access with confiity of being boisterous; turbulence; disiii. dence.
3.

Large
;

generosity of magnanimity. Prominence ; the quality of exceedhig the ordinary rules of scrupulous nicety and caution ; applied to style, expression, and metaphors in /((Hguogc ; and to figures in
;

BOLO'GNIAN STONE,
;

ships.

Eneyc.
stone.

bolo'nian
;

Radiated sulphate of barytes found in roim,disli masses, composed of radiating fibers first discoA ered near Bologna. It is phosphorescent, when calcined.

lent

BOLSTER,
polster
;

n.

Dan.

fSax. and Sw. bolster ; Ger. bolster-dyne, a feather bed

In Dutch, bolster

i>^

Pers.
is

ILj balisht.

BOITLAPO,

a husk, cod or shell.] long ]iillow or cushion, used to support the head of persons lying on a bed generally laid uniler the jiillows. G. Prominence steepness as the boldness 2. A pad, or quilt, used to hinder pressure, of the shore. supjxirt any part of the body, or make 7. Excess of freedom, bordering on iinpiia bandage sit easy upon a wounded part Hooker. BO'LARY, a. [See Bole.] Pertaining to dence. a comjiress. bole or clay, or partaking of its nature BOLE, re. [Sw. bol; Dan. iu/.] 3. In Sadler}!, a part of a saddle raised upon and qualities. Brown. 1. The body, or stem of a tree. [JVot in use.] the bows or hinder part, to hold the rider's Dryden. BOL'BITINE, a. An e|iitliet given to one Farrier's Diet. thigh. of the channels of the Nile, by which its 2. A measure of corn, containing six bush In ships, a cushion or bag, filled with tarMortimer \i. els. waters are discharged into tlie Mediter red canvas, used to preserve tlie stays ranean. It is the second from West to BOLE, n. A kind of fine clay, often highly from being worn or chafed liy the masts. colored by iron. Its color is reddish yelEast, but nearly filled with sand. Mar. Diet. D\4nvitle. low of various shades, often with a tinge BOLSTER, V. t. To support with a bolster, Enryc. of brown, sometimes passing to reddish, or quilt. a. [Sax. bald, beald ; D. bovt, conBOLD, pillow or any sofi (lad or blackish brown, flesh red, or 2. To tracted It. baldo, bold baldanxa, ])reyellowish, support to hold up to maintain. It is opake or a littl Hooker. South. yellowish white. imiialdanzire, to emboklen. suniptioii The sense is, open, forward, rushing fortranslucid, especially at the edges, in tlie i3. To afford a bed to. [Unusual.] Shak. red and yellow varieties. It is compact ward.] [BOLSTERED, a. Swelled out. L During courageous; brave; intrepid; and its fracture conchoidal. It is brittle JBOLSTERER. n. A supporter.

order

tumultuousness.
n.

Eph.

Brazilian serpent, about eight feet long, covered with triangular scales, of an olive or yellowish color, whose bite is mortal. Diet. ofjYat. Hist.

5.

Freedom from
;

1.

ba.shfulness

assurance;

confident njien.

Bacon

B O L
BOLSTERING,
BOLT,
is

BOM
BOLTING-HUTCH,
Hour.
;

BON
tub
for bidtcd

n.

A
:

prop or support.
Tdi/lor.

n.

Hence, high sounding words; an

; ;

infla-

n.

[Dan.
;

holt

Uiiss.

Ml

D. hout
,>3a?.>.u,

BOLTING-MILL,
machine or

n.

[boll

and

mill.]

G. bolzen
pello.]

.Sa.\. bolta,

catapulta,

lliat wliicli

(hiveii,

from the root of Gr.

;

L.

BOLTING-TUli, BOLT-ROI'E, 71.

to

a dart; a pohitccl shaf>. Dnjiltn. 3. A strong cyliiKlrical pin, of iron or oilier metal, used to fasten a door, a jiiank, a In ships, bidts are used in chain, &n\
1.

An

arrow

n. A tub to sift meal in. A rope [bolt and rope.] which the edges of sails .'ire .sewed to That part of it on the strengthen them.

ensjine for sifting meal. Encyc.

ted style fustian a serious attempt, by strained descri|)tion, to raise a low or familiar subject beyond its rank, which, instead of lieiug sublime, never fails to bn
ridiculous.

BO .MB A.ST,
bombast.

Encyc.
a.

High-sounduig
a.

inflated;
Su-iJ1.
;

big without meaning.

perpendicular side is called the leech-rope that at the bottom, the foot-rope; that at
the
to]),

BOMBASTIC,
BOM'BASTRY,

Swelled

high sounding

the head-rope.
n.

Mar. Did.
the
universal

the sides and dock.s, and have dirterent names, as rag-bolts, eye-bolts, ring-bolts, In gwmery, there are chain-bolts, &c.
prise-bolts,
3.

BOLT-SPRIT,
doultt
it.

[From

much meaning

Shajlesbury. n. Swelling words withoiit

;

fustian.

popular pronvinciation of this word, this may have been the original word but I
;

BOMB'-CHEST,
chest
filled

transom-bolts, traverse-bolts,
:

See Bowsprit.]
;

n. [Immb and A chest.] with bombs or only with gun jiowder, jilaced under ground, to make

Swift.

and bracket-bolts.

thunder-bolt

a stream of lightning, so
darting like
a bolt.

BO'LUS, n. [L. to/its Gr. A soft mass of any thing

than boiK^y.

/JoJiOf,

a mass.] mediiinal to be

destruction

liy its

BOM'BLVT,
bic acid

ii.amt'd
4.

from

its

The quantity of twenty-eight ells of canvas. Encyc. V. (. To fasten or .secure with a bolt, or iron pin, whether a door, a plank, fetters or any thing el.se. to restrain. Sliak. to shackle 2. To fasten to utter or throw out pre3. To blurt out

swallowed at once, liki^ a pill. It inay be of any ingredients, made a little thicker

n. A salt tijriiied by the bomand any base saturated.

displosion.

iMVoisier.

BOLT,

cipitately. I hate when

ice

can boll

liei'

aiguinonts.

Milton.

often followed by out. 4. [Norm, bitltrr, a bolting sieve. Qn. Fr. biuter.l To sift or separate bran from flour. In .Inicrica thi.t term is applied only to the in milh. operation performed 5. Among sportsmen, to start or dislodge,

In this sense

it is

used of coneys.
(i.

sifting to open or sepaparts of a subject, to find the "Time truth; generally followed by oiti. and nature will bolt out thetruth of things."
;

To examine by

rate the

7.
8.

L'Estrange. [Unusunl.1 Stiak. as at Gray's irm, where cases are privately discussed by students and barristers. Encyc. BOLT, V. i. To shoot forth suddenly; to spring out with speed and suddenness to start forth like a bolt; commonly followed by out; as, to bell out of the house, or otit of a den. Bryden.
[Inelegayit.]

Encyc. BOM'BlC, a. [L. bombyx, a silk worm.] JI. A large serpent found in Amcric;a, Pertaining to the silk worm as bomhic of a harndess nature, and remarkable for acid. a sound like bom. BOMBILA'TION, rt. [L. bomhilo.] Sound; uttering Did. ofJVat. Hist. noise. Brown. report [Little used.] A small ship or vcsBOMB, n. [L. bombus ; Gi: liofxeoi.] A great BOMB-KETCII, I noise. lincon. liOMB -VESSEL, p- sel, constructed (or 2. A large shell of cast iron, round and holthrowhig bombs into a fortress from the low, with a vent to receive' a fusee, which sea, and built ivmarkably strong, in order is made of wood. This being filled with to sustain the shocks jirodiiced by the disgunpowder and the fusee driven into the charge of the mortars. They generally are rigged as ketches. Mar. Did. vetit, the fusee is set on fire and the bomb is thrown from n mortar, in such a direcBOMBY(;'INOU.S a. [L. bombycinus, from tion as to fall into a fort, city or enemy's bombyr, a silk worm.] ctmip, when it bursts with great violence 1. Silken; made of silk. and often with terrible effect. Tlie in- 2. Being of the color of the silk worm ventor of bombs is not known they transparent, with a vellow tint. Darwin. came into common use about the year BO'NA-FIDE, [L.] With good faith with1(>?4. out fraud or deception. Encyc. 3. The stroke ujion a bell. Bo.N.i-RoBA, n. [It. a fine gown.] .A showy BOMB, V. I. To attack with bombs; to bom- wanton. Shak.

BOM,

B. Jonson. Complaisant vielding. [.Vol used.] [bomb and ard, kind. Fr. BON,\'SUS, n. [L.] A species of Bos, or bomharde ; Sp. It. bombarda.] wild ox, with a long mane a native of 1. A Asia and Africa. It is of the size of a piece of short thick ordnance with a bull. large mouth, formerly used; some of them Encyc. a ball of three hundred pounds BoN Chretien, n. carrying [Fr. good christian.] It is called also ba.Hlisk, and A species of pear. weight. by the Dutch, donderbuss, tliundcr-gim. But BOND, n. [Sax. bond. See Band and Bind.] the and the name arc no longer in 1. Any thing that binds, as a cord, a chain, BOLT-AUGER, n. [holt and auger.] A use. thing a rope a band. Encyc. .'}sh. large borer, used in ship-buildinir. 2. An attack with bombs bombardment. 2. Ligament that which holds things toBOLT-BOAT, ?!. [bolt and boat.] A stroi Barlow. gether. boat that will endure a rough sea. .ish. 3. A a drinking vessel. barrel Obs. 3. Union connection a binding. BOLTED, pp. Made fast with a bolt shot Johnson. Ash. Let walls be so constructed as to make a good forth sifted examined. BOMB' ARD, i>. t. To attack with bombs bond. jMortimer. BOLTER, n. An instrument or macliine thrown from mortars. 4. In the plural, chains imprisonment capfor separating bran from flour or the coar 'BOMB'ARDED, pp. Attacked with bombs. tivity. ser part of meal from the finer. BOMBARDIE'R, n. One whose business is He liath (lone nothing worthy of death or 3. A kind of net. Johnson. to attend the loading and firing of morof bonds. Acts. BOLT-HEAD, n. [bolt and head.] A long tars. 5. Cause of union cement which unites straight-necked glass vessel for chiniical 2. Carabus, a genus of insects of the beetle link of connection as the bonds of afl<;cdistillations, called also a matrass or re kind. tion. Encyc. ceiver. Johnson. BOMB'ARDING, ppr. Attacking with shells is the bond of Col. 3. Charity perfcctncss. with a bolt, or BOLTING, ppr. Fastening or bombs. 6. An obhgation imposing a moral duty, as bolts blurting out n. An attack with shooting forth sud by a vow, or jiromise, by law or otlier bombs the act of throwing bombs into a means. denly separating bran from flour sill ing examining discussing dislodging. Addison. 7. In laiv, an obligation or deed by which a town, fort or ship. BOLTING, ji. The act of fastening with a BOMB ARDO, )i. A musical instrument of person binds liimself, his heirs, executors, bolt or bolts a sifting discussion. the wind kind, much like the bassoon, and and administrators, to pay a certain sum, BOLTING-CLOTH,?!. [6o and c/o(/i.j A used as a base to the hautboy. on or before a future day ap])ointed. Encyc. linen or hair cloth of which bolters are BOMBASiN, Ji. as z. A name This is a single bond. But usually a congiven to made for sifting meal. two sorts of stiifl"s, one of silk, the other dition is added, that if the obligor shall do Encyc. BOLTING-HOUSE, n. [bolt and honse.] crossed of cotton. a certain act, or pay a certain sum of moEncyc. The house or place where meal is bolted. BOM'BAST, n. Originally a stuff of soft ney, on or before a time specified, the Johttson. loose texture, used to swell garments. obligation shall be void ; otherwise it shall
i.
; ; :
;

To To

purify ; to purge. discuss or argue

bard.

[J\l'ot

used.]

Prior.

BOMB, V. To BOM'BARD, n.

BONA'IR,

a.

[It.

bonario,

from L. bonus.]

sound.

BOMBARDMENT,
;

Vol.

I.

25

BON
If the condition is ieinain in full force. not peiloinu'd, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable 10 the payment of the whole sum. Blackstone.
at

BON
The flat bones are compact externally, and cellular internalThe bones in a fetus are soft and ly.
the
extremities.
a central cavity occupied by a network of plates and fibers, and cellular or spongy

BON
BOjSTET'TA,
)!.

sea fish.

Qu.

bonito.

Herbert.

BON'FIRE,

n.

fire

made

joy and exultation.

[Fr. hon, good, and fire.] as an expression of public

BOND,
we

a.

[for bound.]
;

In a state of servior Gentiles

xii.
;

tude, or slavery
Wjietlier

captive.

we

t)e

Jews
1

whether

be bond or
V.
t.

free.

Cor.

BOND,
On

give bond for, as for duties or customs at a custom house to secure payment of, by giving a bond.
;

To

cartilaginous, but they gradually harden with age. The ends of the long bones are larger than the middle, which renders the articulations more firm, and in the fetus are distinct jiortions, called epiphyses.

BON'GRACE, n. [Fr. bonne, A covering for the forehead.

BO'NIFY,
used.]
v.
t.

and grace.]
[JVot used.]

Beauvi.

Bones are su])plied with blood vessels, and in the fetus, or in a diseased state, are
veiy vascular. They are probably also fmiiished with nerves and absorbents, though less easily detected in a sound state. They are covered with a tliin, strong membrane, called the periosteinn, which, together with the bones, has very little sensibihty in a soimd state, but when
is Their extremely sensible. cavities are occupied by a fatty substance, called the medulla or marrow.

and exportation, official clearances were given, in which no meution

their rcsliipiiient

was made

that the cargo consisted of bonded or War in disguise. debenturcd goods.

it

In the U. States,

is

which the customs

applied to the goods on arise, and to the duties

convert into good. [JVot Cudworth. BONITO, n. [Sp.] A fish of the tunny kind, to the length of three feet, and growing tbinul on the American coast, and in the It has a greenisli back, tropical climates. and a white silvery belly. Hawkswoiih. Pennant. Diet. JVat. Hist. BON'MOT, n. [Fr. bon, good, and mot, a

To

secured by bond. BOND'AuE, n. Slavery or involuntary servitude captivity im])risonnient restraint of a ]ierson's liberty by compidsion. In ancient English law, \ illeuage.
; ; ;

A jest

word.]
;

a witty repartee.
n.

inflamed,
cells

and

anglicized,

BON'NET,
fminead
1.
;

This word is not and mav be pronounced bomo. [Fr. bomiet Sp. bonete ; h:
;

Arm.

They
than

consistof earthy matter, rather more

half, gelatin,

\l.

3.

Obligation; tie of duty. He must resolve not to be brought under the Houlh. bondage of observing oaths. In scripture, spiritual sid)jcctioii to sin and or to the yoke of the corrupt passions, ceremonial law servile fear. Heb. ii. Gal.
;

ii.

Rom.

viii.

2. pp. Secured by bond, as duties. Bonded goods are those for the duties on adhering to it. which bonds are given at the custom To be upon the bones, is to attack. [Little used, and vulgar.] house. BOND'M.\ID, n. [bond and viaid.] A fe- To make no bones, is to make no scrujile a metai)hor taken from a dog who greedily male slave, or one bound to service with swallows meat that has no bones. to a hired serin out

BONDED,

one sixteenth, and carThe tilage, about one third of the whole. earthy matter gives them their solidity, and consists of phosphate of lime, with small i>ortion of carbonate of hme and phosphate of magnesia. H'islnr. Thomson. Cyc. A piece of bone, with fragments of meat

A covering for the head, in common use before the introduction of hats. The word, as now used, signifies a cover for the
woni by females, close at tlie sides, jirojecting over the forehead. In jhrtijicntion, a snjall work with two faces, having oidy a parapet, with two rows of pahsades about 10 or 12 feet distant. Generally it is raised above the salient angle of the counterscarp, and communicates with the covered way.
head,

boned.]

and

"2.

wages,

opposition

vant.

Johnson.

3.

BOND'MAN,
slave, or

wages.

a sort of bobbins, 71. [bond and man.] A man Bones, bones, for weaving lace one bound to service without In old English law, a villain, or

made of
;

trotter

Encyc. Bonnet a preire, or priest's bonnet, is an outwork, having at the head three salient Johnson. and two inwards. angles In sen language, an addition to a sail, or an additional part laced to the foot of a
sail,

also dice.

in

small vessels,
t.

and

in

Johnson
Johnso)i

winds.

moderate Mar. Diet.

tenant in villenage.

BONE,
To

V.

t.

To

take out bones from the

into stays.
.ish

BONNET-PEPPER,
BON'NIBEL,
liandsorne
n.

species of Cap-

BOND'SERVANT, A slave one who

;

n.
is

[bond and servant.] subjected to the au-

flesh, as in
"2.

cookery.

|uit

whale bone

sicum, or guinea pepper.

[Fr. bonne,
n.

the highest BOND'SERVICK, n. [bond and sennce.] card turned up to him, wins the bone, that is, one half the stake. Encyc The condition of a bond-servant; slavery BOND'SLAVE, n. [bond and slave.] A \ier- BO'NE-AHE, . Pain in the hones. Shak one whose BO'NED, pp. Deprived of bones, as in son in a state of slavery cookery. person and liberty are subjected to the BO'NED, a. Having bones used in com authoritv of a master. slave. position; as high-boned ; strong-boned. BONDS'MAN, n. [bond and man.] lace Derham. BO'NELACE, n. [bone and lace.] 06s. made of linen thread, so called because one wlio is boinid, or who '2. surety made with bobbins of bone, or for its stitigives security, for another. ness. Obs. ) [bond and tooman.]
; ;

thority of another, or libertv are restrained.

whose person and BO'NE-ACE, n. [hone and ace.] cards, in which he who has

A game

at

Fam. of Plants. and belle.] A

Spenser.
lass.]

girl.

BON'NILASS,

[bonny and

A
:

BON'NILY,

beautifid girl. adv.

Spenser.

handsomely
plimi|iness.

[See Bonny.] plumply.

Gayly

BON'NINESS,
BON'NY,
1.

n.

Gayety

handsomeness
;

a.

[Little used.] [Fr. bon, bonne,

good L. bonus-

See Boon.]

Handsome
Till

beautiful.
across the plain.

BONDS'WOMAN, BOND'-WoMAN,
n.

bonny Susan sped

;

"'

^ON'DUC,
nickar

climbing yellow plant, a native of the West Indies, bearing a pod containing two hard seeds of the size of a child's marble. Encyc. BONE, n. [Sax. ban ; S\v. ben ; D. been bone or leg; Ger. bein, a leg; Dan. been. The sense probably is, that leg or bone.
tree, tlie
I.

Shak bones; as boneless jiums. B. Jonson. To set a V. t. [bone and set.] species of Guilandina, or BO'NE-SET, dislocated bone to unite broken bones. nickar, a
;

(,

A woman

slave.

BO'NELESS,

a.

Without bones

wanting

2.

Gay
blithe.

merry

frolicksome

Gay. cheerful
Shak.

Blithe and bonny.

'.i.

Jl'iseman.

BO'NE-SET,

n. A plant, the thoroughwort, a species of Eupatorium. n.

is

In familiar language, plump, as plump and healthfid persons are most inclined to mirth.
tvord is nmch ttsed in Scotland.] n. Among miners, a bed of ore, from a sijuat in being round, whereas a squat is flat or a distinct bed of ore, that communicates with no vein.

BONE-SETTER,

[bone

whose occupation

to set,

and set.] One [This and restore BON'NY,

broken and dislocated bones. BO'NE-SETTING, n. That branch of sur which is set or fixed.] A firm hard substance, of a tlull wliit( gery which consists in replacing broken and luxated bones the practice of settin color, composing some part of the frame bones. of an animal body. The bones of ati ani mal support all the softer jiarts, as the BO'NE-SPAVIN, n. [bone and spavin.] A flesh and vessels. bony excrescoice, or hard swelling, on the They vary in texture inside of the hock of a honsc's leg usuin ilifferent bones, and in different parts of the same bone. The long bones are ally cured by blistering and firing, or caustic blisters. Encyc. compact in their middle portion, with
; ;

differing

BON'NY-CLABBER,
Ir.

ji.

Bailey. Encyc, [Qu. bonny, or

;

baine,
;

milk,

and
D.

clabber

Ar.

LaI

biestings

G.

lab,

leb,

word used

in Ireland for

rennet.] sour buttermilk.

Johnsoi}^

BOO
It is used, in

BOO
millt thai
is

BOO
BOORL
Spenser. boom, a tree, a pole, a beam, a Goth, bngins ; Ger. haum ; Eng. beam ; D. boomen, to push forward with a pole Dan. 60m, a rail or bar.] long |)ole or spar, run out from various parts of a ship, or other vessel, for the jiurpose of extendiiig the bottom of particular sails; as the jib-boom, studding-sail boom, main-boom, square-sail boom. &c.
.
[I),

liOOK'TiD, pp. Written in a book; registered turned or become thick in the jirocess of BOOK'FUL, ft. [book and fuU.] Full of notions gleaniMl from hooks ; crowded with souring, and applied only to that part
America, for any

settled habitation, but wanders liom placu to place, with his flocks and herds, living on their milk, like the Tartars.

undigested learning. Pope ppr. Registering in a book. BOI.)K'ISH, a. Given to reading; fond of Johnson study more acquainted with books than Shak. BO'NY, a. [fromftone.] Consisting of bones; willi men. full of bones BOOK'ISIILY, adv. In the way of being pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or addicted to books or much reading. prominent bones; stout

which

is

thick.

BON'TEN, n. A narrow woolen .stuff. BoNUM MAGNUM, [L.] A SpCcicS of plllUl.

;

BOOK'IN(;,
;

bar, a rafter

.strong.

Thurloiv.
bon'zy.
in

BON'ZE, n. name used

An

Indian priest

BOOK'ISHNESS, n.
fondness for study.

Addictedness to book.*
filxitlock.

China, Tunkin and

tlie

In China, tlic Bon neiglioring countries. zes are the priests of the Fohists, or sect of Fohi. They are (Ustinguishcd from the In Japan, they are tlioir dress. liiity by In Tunkin, every genllcnieii of family.

BOOK'-KEEPER,
who
;

n. [600A:

and

keep.]

One

2.

keeps accounts, or the accounts of another the officer who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in a
:}.

public office.

pagoda has at least two bonzes belonging to it, and some have thirty or forty. In China, the number of bonzes is estimated at fifty thousand, and they are represented us idle dis.solute men. Encyc. BOO'BY, n. [Sp. 6060, a dunce or ideot, a ruff for the neck, a buffoon, the bird
6060.1
1.

BOOK'-KEEPING,n.
art

[book

anA

keep.]

The

Mar. Did. A strong iron chain, fastened to spars, and extended across a river, or the mouth of a harbor, to prevent an enemy's ships from jiassing. A pole set up as a mark to direct seamen how to keep the channel, in shallow
water.
V.
;

dunce a stupid fellow ; a lubber; one void of wisdom, or iiUcllect. Prior. A fowl of the pelican genus, of a brown color, nuich varied in diffen lit individuals. This fowl is found amoii llie B.ihama isles, feeds upon tish and lays its eggs on the bare rocks. It has a joint in the upper mandible, by which it can raise it witlioul opening the moutli. Encyc. and arranged under proper titles. BQQK, n. [i^iix. hoc, a book and tlie beech- In addition to these, several others are used tree Goth. Imka ; Icelandic book ; D. boek, as cash-book ; book of charges of merchana book, and the mast of beech beuke, a dize ; book of house-expenses ; invoice-book; beech tree G. buck, a book, and huche, a sales-book ; liitl-book ; receipt-book ; letterbeech Dan. bog; ; Sw. bok ; Russ. buk ; Gy pbook ; pocket-book ; the use of which may be understood from the names. sey, buchos. Like the Latin liber, book sigEncyc. nifies ])rini;uily bark and beech, the tree BOOK'LAND, ) and land.] In old "" [book being i)robably named from its bark.] BOCK'LAND, S English laws, charter land, held by deed under certain rents and general name of every literary composition which is in-inted but appropriately, a free-services, which differed nothing from a volume free socage lands. This species of tenure printed composition bound The name is given also to any number of has given rise to the modern freeholds. WTitten sheets when boimd or sewed toBlackstone gether, and to a volume of blank paper, BOOK'LEARNED, a. [book and learn.] intended for any species of writing, as for Versed in books acquainted with books for accounts, or receipts. and literature a term sometimes itnplymemorandmns, '2. A particular part of a literary composiing an ignorance of men, or of the comtion a division of a subject in the same mon concerns of life. Dryden.
;

2.

and white

of recording mercantile transactions in a regular and systematic manner the art of keeping accounts in such a manner that a man may know the true state of his business and property, or of his debts and <'redits, by an inspection of his book; The books for tliis purpo.se are, 1. a If'aste Book, or blotter, in which are registered all accounts or transactions in the order in which they take place 2. the Journal, which contains the accounts transferred from ihe waste book, in the same order, but expres.sed in a technical style 3. Ihe Legrr, in which articles of the same kind are collected together, from the journal,
; ; ;

i. [Sax. byma, byme, a trumpet to blow or soimd a trunqiet D. a drum; bommen, to dnmi W. bwmp, a hollow sound. We see the senses of sovnding, uttering the voice, swelling and rushing forward, are connected.] 1. In marine language, to rush with violence, as a ship under a press of sail. 2. To swell to roll and roar, as waves. The hoarse waves booming to the ocean sliore.

BOOM,

bymian,
boiiime,

Hillhuust
3.

To

Goldsmith. cry as the bittern. The Dutch use 60m for the sound of an
barrel,
n.

empty

and bommen

is

to

drum.

[L. bonus ; Fr. 6o7! ; Norm. 6oo)i ; ; Sp. iitf no ; Port. 60m, good.] a grant a benefaction a present a favor granted. Mdison. 2. [Dan. 66(!, Sw. ban, a petition.] Ash. prayer, or petition. BOON, a. [Fr. bon ; L. bonus.] Gay merry kind bountiful as a ioo?! companion. Milton.

BOON,
It.

buono
;

gift

A
;

BO'OPS,

)!.

The pike-headed

whale, with a

doublt! pipe in its snout, and a hard liorny ridge on its back ; so named from its sharp pointed nose. Encyc. BOOR, n. [Sax. gebur, a countryman or farmer; D. boer, a rustic, or fanner: G. hauer, a countryman and a builder, from bauen, to build, to cultivate; Sax. byan, or

bugian, and gebugian ; D. bouwen ; Dan. hygger ; Sw. byggia, to build. Boor is a
; ;
;

volume.

3.

or collection of sheets in which accounts are kept a register of debts and

; ;

A volume

credits, receipts and expenditures, &c. In books, in kind remembrance in favor. I was so much in his books, that at his decease hf left inc his lainp. Addison. JVilhout book, by memory without reading; without notes; as, a sermon was delivered without book. This phrase is used also in the sense ofuithout authority ; as, a
;

contracted word.] Learning acquired by reading acquaintance with books and A countryman a peasant a rustic a plowman a clown hence, one who is rude in literature sometimes implying want of manners, and ilhterate. Dryden. practical knowledge. Sidney. BOOK' LESS, a. [book and less.] Without BOOR'ISH, a. Clownish rustic awkward Shak. ilhterate. in manners books unlearned. Shenstone. BOOK'MAKING, n. The practice of writmg BOOR'ISHLY, arff. In a clownish manner. BOOR'ISHNESS, n. Clownishness rustiand publishing books. BOOK' MAN, n. [600* and man.] A man city coarseness of manners. whose i)rofession is the' study of books. BOOSE, n. [Sax. bosig, bosg ; Heb. Ch.

BOOK'LEARNING,
;

n.

man

asserts without book.

V. t.

Shak.

BOOK,
book.

To

enter, write or register in a

BOOK'MATE,
fellow.

7^.

[book

and mate.]
oath

A schoolShak.
the Shak.

Oiax, a stall or crib

Ar.

LT J

abasa, to

BOOK-ACCOUNT', n. [book and account.] book, or Bible. An account or register of debt or credit in BOOKSELLER, a book.
BOOK'BINDER,
BOOK'BINDING,
;

BOOK'OATII.

n.

The
n.
is

made on

shut up or imprison.] stall or inclosure for an ox, cattle. [.Yot used or local.]
} \

cow

or other

n.

[book
is to

and

whose occupation

bind.]

bind books.

One BOOK'WoRRI,

whose occupation

[book and sell.] to sell books.

One BOOSE,

BOUSF

"'
;

t"to guzzle.

r-

"Ozt, to

immerse.]

H. [iooA-

and

icorm.]

A worm To

drink hard

n.

The

art or practice of 2.

binding books or of sewing the sheets, and covering them with leather or otiier
material.

or mite that eats holes in books. A student closely attached to books, or addicted to study; also, a reader without

BOO'SY,

a. boo'zy.
t".

A httle intoxicated
rulga'r

[Vulgar.]

mer;

ry with liquor.

BOOST,

t.

To
[.i

lift

[Vulgar.] or raise

judgment.

BOO'LEY,

)i.

In Ireland, one

who

Pope.

push up.
)ig'/a)!rf.]

common

by pushing

to

word in AC

has no

BOO
JiOOT,
V. I.

B O
reparation,
;

R
and
/eg'.]

B O
Leather cut
.^sh.

if^tUctioii,

a making good, amends

prolit or help
; ;

[Sax.

hot,

bole,

GothJ
a fine;

sat-j

BOOT'LEG,
BOOT'LESS,

n.
a.

[boot

out for the leg of a boot.

holi/aii, to
'

Sw.

hot,

[from

boot.]

Unavailing;

D.6o(/f, fine, penalty, repentance; boeten,] G. basse, boot, line,! to amend, or repair

unprofitable; useless; without advantage Shak. or success.

penance ; biissen, to amend ; Dan. b6dder,\ lo repair, or requite ; boder, to expiate, or,

make atonement
lo profit.
I

We

buz, profit; buziaw,' observe this word is from

;

W.

BOOT'LESSLY, adv. Without use or profit. BOOT'-TOPPING, n. [boot and (o;;.] Tht
o|)eration of cleansing a ship's bottom near the surface of the water, by scraping oft" the grass, slime, shells, &c., and daub

irregularly crystalized, and of a dirty white. 3. Dutch or purified borax, in portions of transparent crystals, which is the kind generally used. It is an excellent flux in docimastic operations, a styptic in medicine, and useful in sodering metals. Encyc. Cleaveland. Hooper.

BORDAliE,
bordello

re.

[See Bordlands.]
I

1.

denoting more, or ad-! \ ance Eng. but. The primary sense of the root is to advance, or carry forward.] To profit; to advantage.
better,
;
| I

he root of

It

shall not tiuol

them.
it

Hooker.]
it,

Hnt more generally followed by

buots
in
f*.

what

it

.-'

Indeed

is

seldom used, except

the latter |)hrase.

To
I

enrich; to benefit.
will hoot thee.

Shak. JtOOT, advantage that gain which is given to make the exchange' etpuil, or to supply the deficiency of valuej Sluik., in one of the things exchanged. 'J. To boot, in addition to; over and above:; besides; a compensation fir the ditt'erence of value between things bartered as, I
Obs.
n.

Profit

will give my house for yours, with tiundreil dollars to boot. [?^ax. lo bole.

one The!
|

J,.

Saxon.] [See Boolt/.] Shnk.\ BOOT, n. [Fr. botle, a boul', a liunch Ir.; bulais ; W.botdstn, botcis : ii\}. bota, a boot,' a bull, or cask, a leather bag to carry

phrase
Spoil

is

piu'e

plunder.

1.

boots, a cask.] A covering for the leg, made of leather, This garmenti anil united with a shoe.
li(piors
;

I'ort. bold

It. bolte,

was
is

originally intended for horsemen, but^

foot.

now generally worn by gentlemen on The different sorts arefslitng-boots,'

;

worn

i.

in water; huniiHs;-boots, a thinner a strong, kind for sportsmen jtick-bools, kind liir horsemen and hitlf-boots. A kind of rack for the leg,' formerly used This was made of to torture criminals. boards bound fast to the legs by cords or a boot or buskin, made wet and drawn upon the legs and then dried by the fire, so as to contract an.d squeeze the legs.
;

S"' bordeel ; Ger. bordell ; It. Sp. burdel ; Arm. bordell ; from ing it This is the Eng. brothel.] bord, a house. Mar. Did. and rosin. A brothel a bawdy-house ; a house devoBOOT-TREE, or -LAST, n. An B. Jonson. ted to prostitution. instrument to stretch and widen the leg of re. The keeper of a brothel. a boot, con.sisting of two pieces, shaped BORD'ELLER, Gower, like a leg, between which, when put into BORD'ER, re. [Fr. bord ; Arm. id Sp. borthe boot, a wedge is driven. Encyc. do ; Port, borda ; It. bordo. See hoard.] Dan. bylle ; D. re. [Sw. byte ; The outer edge of any thing the extreme G. bente ; It. boltino ; Sp. botin ; liuit ; part or surrounding line the confine or Fr. butin ; D. bidlen, to rove. See But.] exterior linnt of a country, or of any region 1. S])oil taken from an enemy in war; plunor tract of land the exterior ])art or edge der pillage. Milton of a garment, or of the corol of plants ; 2. That which is seized by violence and rob the rim or brim of a vessel, but not often Shak. bery. applied to vessels the exterior part of a To play booty is to play dishonestly with an garden, and hence a bank raised at the intent to lose. Johnson. side of a garden, for the cultivation of BOPEE'P, re. [bo, an exclamation, ixm\peep. in short, flovvers, and a row of plants The act of looking out or from behind the outer part or edge of things too nusomething and drawing back, as children merous to be specified. in play, for the jiurposeof friglitening each BORD'ER, V. i. To confine; to touch at the Shak. Dryden. other. edge, side or end to be contiguous or adBO'UABLE, a. [See Bore.] That may be jacent with on or upon ; as, Connecticut bored. [Little used.] on the uofthborders on or upon MassachuBORAC'H'IO, n. [Sp. borracho, drunk.] A setts. drunkard. Congreve. 2. To approach near to. 2. A bottle or cask. [.Vo/ used.] Dryden. Wit, which borders upon profaneness, deo. [See Borax.] to BORACTC, Pertaining Tillotson. serve^ to be biaiideii as folly. or produced fnim borax. BORD'ER, v.t. To make a border; to Boracic acid, a compound of a peculiar base, adorn with a border of ornaments as, to It is generally obboron, with oxygen. border a garment or a garden. tained from borax, by adding sulphuric 2. To reach to; to touch at the edge or end acid. It it also found native, in certair to confine upon to be contiguous to. IVcbster mineral springs in Italy. Sheba and Raamah border the Persian

BORD'EL, BORDEL'LO,
;
;

[Fr.

fcorrfe;,

a brothel

D.

with a mixture of tallow, sulphiu'

BOOT

BOOTY,

BO'RACITE,

Borate of magnesia mag nesian earth combined with bi^racic acid It is generally of a cubic fm"in, and remark
n.
;

gulf.

3.

To

confine within bounds

pp.
re.

Raleigh. to limit. [JVot

able for its electrical properties

ed.

ilncyc. \. box covered with leather in the fore part of a coach. Also, an ajtron or leathern cover for a gig or chair, to defend

BO'RACITED,
acid.

a.

Combined
the

heatCleaveland. with boracic

when

used.]

Shak.

BORD'ERED,
with a
liorder.

Adorned or furnished

BORDERER,

One who

dwells on n
;

BO'RAOUS ACID,
BORAGE,
71.

base of boracic

border, or at the extreme part or confines

persons from rain and mud.

This

latter

acid, partially saturated with

bur' rage.

oxygen.

BOOT, V. To ptu on boots. lJOOT'ATCIIER, n. [boot and

f.

application is local

and improper.
catch.] is to

])Iant

Th
pu

nus Borago.

of a country, region or tract of land one who dwells near to a jjlace. Bacon. Lavoisier. BORDERING, /);)r. Lying adjacent to; of the geforminir a border.

person at an inn whose business

oft"

BO'RATE,

re.

BORD-HALFPEiNNY,
sait

re.

boots.

Obs.

Swift.

tion of boracic acid with

formed by a combinaany base satura-

Money

paid for

setting

up boards or a

stall in

market. Burn.

1500TEE',

boots on. ted. See Fourcroy. BORD-LAND, re. Dryden. /);;. Having [hard and land. word sometimes used for re. A Board.] BORAX, re. [Pers. ^ ,^j Ar. a half or short boot. "jyi >y-; In old laic, the demain land which a lord n. A northern constellation, for the maintenance of BOO'TES, kept in his hands his bord, board, or table. borakon, from OjJ baraka, to shine; consisting, according to Flamstead's cata Spelman. BORD-LODE, ) "' [bord and load.] The Iluss. bura.] logue, of fifty-four stars. BOOTH, n. [W.bwih; h: boilh nr both; G. Sub-borate of soda a salt formed hy the BOARD-LOAD, ^ service required of a bnde ; Russ. budka Ch. ri'3, bith, a house, tenant to carry timber from ihe woods to combination of boracic acid willi the maand to lodge for a night also in the Ar. the lord's house also, the quantity of proIt is brought from ll rine alkali or soda. Sam. Syr. Eth. and Heb. beth, a house or vision paid by a bord-man for bord-land. East Indies, where it is said to be fnund booth, a nest for birds. Probably the at the bottom or on the margin of certain Bailey. sense is, a dwelling, from lodging, abiding.] BORD-MAN, re. [ion/ and rem?!.] A tenaiit It is said t lakes, particularly in Thibet. A house or shed built of boards, boughs oi be artificially prepared in Persia, like niter. of bord-land, who supplied his lord v.'ith trees, or other slight materials, for a temIt comes in three .states. 1. Crude borax, Encyc. provisions. Camden re. Bible. An incursion upon porary resilience. tinkal, or chrysocolla, from Persia, ii BORD'-RAgING, BOOT'-HOSE, n. [boot and hose.] Stocking- greenish masses of a greasy feel, or in the borders of a countrv. Obs. Spenser. re. kose or spatterdashes, in lieu of lioots. [board and service.] opakc crystals. 2. Borax of China, some- BORD'-SERVICE, The tenure by w hich bord-land was held, Shak what purer, in small plates or masses

BOOT'ED,

B O K
wliicli
lity

IJ

O R
;

B O K
mitted in their district, they were bound to have the oftender forthcoming. The association of len men was called a tithing,

was

the

payment of a

150KD'UIIE,

of provisions to the piercer, a genus of sea tlie tenant now pays six pence an Vj. Terebella, worms, that pierce wood. Encyc. n. In /teraWn/, a tract or com BORiX, pp. of bear, baurn. Brought forth, as an animal. A very useful distinction es pass of metal, color or fur, within the is observi'd by good authors, who, in the ciiti'hcori, and aruunil it. Bailey. sense of produced or brought forth, write BOKE, V. I. [rtax. burian ; f?w. bora; V.boo this word born ; bur in the sense of caren ; Oin\ bohren Dan. borer, to hore ; 1). This dilference of boor ; Gt'.r. bohrer ; Dan. burre, a borer ried, write it borne. orthography renders obvious the diflcr L./oro and perj'oro, to bore, to perforate ; ence of i>roiiunciation. Russ. buruv, a borer; Gr. fi(jw, to pierce 1. To be born, is to be jirodnced or or transti.x also, to pass over, in whu brought " Man is into life. born to trouble." A sense it coincides witii ferry. Tlie Celtic man born a |irince or a beggar. It is follow ber,bear, a spit, L. vera, iiom thrustini;o ed by if, belore the mother or ancestors. piercing, coincide in elements with thi
this,

rertaiii (]uan the lonl. In lieu of

BORER,

One who bores also au in strnmenf to make holes with by turning.

(1.

aire.

or dece_nary; the jiresiiling man was called the tithing man, or head-liorough ; or in some places, borslwUhr, liorongh's elder. This society w as called also friburg, free burg, frank pledge. Ten tithings formed a hundred, consi.-tiug of that number of
sureties, and this denominatiou is still given to the districts, comprehended in the a.ssociation. The term seems to have been
ty.

'

used both for the society and lor each sureThe word main, hand, which is attached to this socieiy, or their mutual assurance, indii-ates that the agreement was ratified by shaking hands. Spelnwn. Blackstone. Cowel. Some writers have suggested that the application of this word to towns sprung from these associations, and of cour.se

Man

that

is

root.
1.

Pers.

j.aj borer.]

anil lull of trouble.

born of woman Job xiv.

is

of few days

To perforate or penetrate a solid body and u round hole by turning an auger Hence, to gindet, or otiicr instrument. make hollow to form a round hole ; as, to
make
;

2.

To be born, or born again, is to be regenerated and renewed to receive spiritual .lohn iii. life,
;

BORNE, BORNE,

pp. of bear.
;

Carried;

conveyed;

tore a
2.

camion.

supported
n.

defrayed.
limit

base of hora- In Connecticut, this word, borough, is used fora town or a i>art of a town, or a village, Ure. with certain BOROUGH, 71. iHr'ro. [Goth. ftoiVg-s ; Sax. incorporatedthose of other privileges, distinct tVom towns and of burir, burh, beorh, beorg, byrig ; Ir. brog ; as the Borough of Bridgeport. cities l'"r. bourg ; It. Imrgo Sp. burgo ; I), burg and berg ; Dan. 6org' ; Arm. bourg ; G. In Scotland, a borough is a body corporate, ger bores well. consisting of the inhabitants of a certain 3. To push tbrxvard toward a certain point. district, erected by the Sovereign, w ith a burg and berg; Gr. Jtupyo;; Ar. _ -j certain jurisdiction. Boring to the west. Drydeii. Sans. bura. This word, in Saxon, is in- Boroughs are erected to be held of the 4. With horsemen, a horse bores, w hen In: carries his nose to the ground. Did. ter])reted a hill, heap, mountain, fbrtifica sovereign, as is generally the ca.se of royal 5. In a transitive or intransitive sense, to tion, castle, tower, city, house and tomb. boroughs or of the superior of the lands Hence Perga, in Paiuphylia, Bergen, in included, as in the case of boroughs of repierce the earth with scooping irons, which, w hen drawn out, bring with them Norway, Burgos, in Spain, and probably Royal boroughs are gality and barony. Prague, in Bohemia. In W. bwr, bwrc, generally erected for the advantage of saiii|iles of the different stratuius, through w hich they jiass. This is a method of dis- signifies a wall, rampart, or work tor de irade. Encyc. and bwrdais is a burgess. But the BoRouciii English, is a customary descent veins of ore and coal without fense, covering of lands and tenements to the youngest original sense probably is found in the verb, opining a mine. Encyc. BOKE, 71. The hole made by boring. Ilenee, Sax. beorgan, D. and G. bergen, Russ. son, instead of the eldest; or if the owner leaves no son, to the youngest brother. the cavity or hollow ol' a gun, camioii, jiisberegu, to keep, or save, that i.s, to make clo.se or secure. Hence it coincides witi tol or other fue-arm Blackstone. the caliber; whethCowel. See the next Borough-head, the same as head-borotigh, the er formed by boring or not. park, and L. parens, saving. word. If the noun is the primary word, chief of a borouifh. for making lioles by 8. Any instrument Ash. A head-boor turning, as an auger, gimlet or denoting hill, this is from throwing to BOROUGH-HOLDER, ii. boring wimble. ,ish. gethcr, collecting ; a sense allied to that of rough a borsholder. BOROUGH-MASTER, 71. The mayor, BORE, n. A. tide, swelling above another making fast or close.] tide. Burke. Originally, a fortified city or town hence Ash. governor or balifl'of a borough. A sudden influx of the tide into a river hill, for hills were selected lor places of BORRACH'IO, 71. The caoulchouc, India defense. But in later times, the term city or narrow strait. rubber, or elastic gum. [See Caoutchouc] Cyc. was substituted to denote an episcopal BOR'RELISTS, ?;. In church history, a BORE, pret. of bear. [See Bear.] in wijich was the see of a bishop, sect of Christians in Holland, .so called BO'RE-OLE, 71. A species of Brassica town, and that uf borough was retained for the from Bond, their founder, who reject the or cabbage. Fain, of Plants. rest. At the name is use of the public prayer BOREAL, a. [h. borealis. See Boreas.] jiriately present, towns andgiven appro- ;ill externalsacraments, They lead a and to such worshij). villages as veiy Northern; pertaining to the north or the send representatives or burgesses to Par austere life. Encyc. north wind. Pope. V. t. [Sax. borgian, to borrow lianient. Some boroughs are incorpora ; BO'REAS, 71. [L. borcas; Gr. Jop-as, the ted, others are not. Btackstonc. Enryc. D. borgen, to borrow, lend or trust Ger. nortli wind Russ. boria, boreas, and 6i(BOROUGH, 71. burro. [Sax. tocAoe, a sure- borgen, the same Dan. borger, to borria, a storm or tciiJi)est; buran, a tempest row borgen, bail, surety, pledge, warborg, interest ty borgian, to borrow with snow. The Russ. gives the radical ranter, main-pcrnor borg, trust, credit; Sw. borga, a debtor, a surety borgwed, a pro sense.] niise or bond for appearance, a pledge borgan, a giving bail borg, a fortress. The northern wind; a cold northerlv wind. violation of pledge The primary sense is, to make fast or seborg-bn/ce, burg-break, 'Milton. borghand, borhhand, a surety or bail beorcure.] BO'RED, pp. Perforated by an auger or gan, to keep, guard or preserve G. bor- 1. To take from another by request and conother turning instrument; made hollow. sent, with a view to use the thing taken gen, D. id., to borrow. See the preceding BOREE', n. [Fr.] A certain dance, or movefor a time, and return it, or if the word.] thing ment in common time, of four crotchets In Saxon times, a inain pledge, or associataken is to be consumed or transferred in in a bar tion of men, who were sureties or free the use, then to return an equivalent in always beginning in the last quaver or last crotchet of the measure. kind as, to borrow a book, a sum of money, pledges to the king for the good behavior of each other, and if any oflense was comor a loaf of bread. It is opposed to ?7irf. Busby.
71.
;

3.

To eat out or make a hollow by gnawing or corroding, as a worm. To penetrate or break through by turning or labor as, to bore ihrough a crowd. Oiiy. BORJ'i, t'. i. To be pierced or i)enetrateil by an instrument that turns as, this timber does not bort well or is hard to bore, To pierce or enter by boring as, an an; ;

The more

of bourn, a Bourn.]

correct orthography or boundary. [See

was posterior to them in time. See Encyc. Art. Borough. But the word was u.-^ed for a town or castle in other nation.^, and in Asia, doubtless long before the origin of
l\ie frank

pledge.

BORON,

The combustible

cic acid.

BORROW,
;

BOS
2.

/
1.

BOS
;

B O T
D.
boss
XI13,
1.

To take from anotlier, for one's own use BO'SOiM, >i. s as :. [Sax. bosm, bosum boezem ; G. busen. Qu. Ch. nr3 or to copy or select from the writings of
as, to borrotu a passage to borrow a title. take or adopt for one's own use, sentiments, principles, doctrines and the hke

another author

from a printed book

3.

the breast, uber, mamma.] The breast of a human being

and the parts

To

adjacent.
2.

as, to iorroKi instruction.

4.

folds or covering of clothes about the breast.

The

'2.

take for use something that belongs another to assume, copy or imitate to borrow the manas, to borrow a shape ners of another, or his style of writing BOR'ROVV, n. A borrowing the act of
to
;

To

Put thy hand

.3.

in thy

bosom.

Ex.
;

iv.
;

Embrace, as with the arms inclosure compass; often implying friendship or affection
;

3.

a protuberance, either from shooting, projecting, or from collecting and forming a mass.] A stud or knob a protuberant ornament, of silver, ivoi:y, or other material, used on bridles, harness, &c. A protuberant part a prominence ; as the boss of a buckler. A rounder swelhng body of any kind a
is
; ; ;

a boss of wood.

Moxon.

4.

borrowing.

[J^ot iised.]
I'll

The borrow

Biitof your royal presence of a week.

adventure Shak.

BOR'ROWED,
;

pp. another, to be returned or kind copied assumed.

;

Taken by consent of
its

equivalent in
5.
;

as, to hve in the bosom of a church. 4. water-conduit, in form of a tun-bellied Ash. Bailey. breast, as inclosing the heart ; or the figure. interior of the breast, considered as the BOSS'AGE, n. [from boss ; Fr. bossage.] seat of the passions. 1. stone in a building which has a projecresteth in the ftosoni of fools. Eccles. Anger ture, and is laid rough, to be afterwards vii. carved into moldings, capitals, coats of Their soul wa5 poured into their mother's &c.

The

BOR'ROWER,
posed
'J.

n.

One who borrows

op-

to lender.

One who

[See the verb.] takes Avliat belongs to another

Encyc. bosom. Lam. ii. 2. Rustic work, consisting of stones, which The breast, or its interior, considered as a advance beyond the naked or level of the close place, the receptacle of secrets. building, by reason of indentures or chanIf I covered my transgressions as Adam, by nels left in the joinings ; cliiefly in the
hiding

arms,

my iniquity

in

my
;

to use as one's

own.
ppr.

t).

Any

inclosed place

bosom. Job xxxi. the interior as the

; ;

BORROWING,

Taking by consent

to
;

use and return, or to return itserjuivalent taking what belongs to anotlier to use as one's own; copying; assuming; imitating.

7.

bosom of the earth or of the deep. The tender affections kindness favor as the son of his bosom ; the wife of thy
;

corners of edifices, an<l called rustic quoins. The cavities are sometimes round, sometimes beveled or in a diamond form,

bosom.

He
8.

shall

BOR'ROWING,
[Sec the
iiir/i's

n.

The
n.

act of borrowing.

The

cany the lambs in his bosom. Is. xl. arms, or embrace of the arms. Ps.
;

BOSS'ED,
bosses.

sometimes inclosed with a cavetto, and sometimes with a listel. Encyc. pp. Studded ornamented with
;

Shak.
f(.
;

i^erb.]

cxxix.

BORS'IIOLDER,
eaidor,

[A contraction of 0. Inchnation desire. [JVol used.] borough's elder, the elder Bosom, in composition, implies intimacy,
;

BOSS'I VE, Crooked deformed. Osboiiie. Shak. BOSS'Y, a. Containing a boss; ornamented
with bosses.
His head reclining on his bossy
shield.

or chief of a borough.]

The head orchief of a tithing or hurg men the head-borough.

;

of ten

lover, bosom-inleresi,

atiection and confidence as a bosom-friend, an intimate or confidential friend bosomIn bosom-secret, &c.
;

Pope

B0S'TRYHITE,
foot.

n.

[Gr.

l3o;pvxos.]

Lumberl.

Spelman.

BOS, n. [L.] In zoology, the technical name of a genus of quadrupeds. The characters are, the horns are hollow within and turned outward in the form of crescents there arc eight fore teeth in the under jaw, but none in the upper there are no dog teeth. The species are, the nurus or common ox, the Urus, aurochs or bison of Europe, the fiisoft or buffalo of North America, the Bnbalus or proper buffiilo of the Eastern continent, the Caffer or Cape buft'alo, the Gruniiiens or yak of Thibet, and the JMoschutus or musk ox of Arctic America.
; ;

such phrases, bosom may be considered as an attribute eipuvalent to intimate, confidential, dear.

Jlsh. gem in the form of a lock of hair. BOS'VEL, )i. A plant, a species of crow-

Johnson.

BO'SOM,
7Joso!
"2.

V.

t.

To

inclose in the

bosom

150T.
;

ti

[See Bats.]
)

keep with care.

up

To

my counsel.
;

<S'AaA-

BOTAN'Ie, BOTAN'ICAL,

conceal to hide from view. To happy convents bosom'd deep

pp.

in vines

Pope

BO'SOMED,
concealed.

Inclosed in the breast

;

[See Botany.] PertainS ing to botany relating to plants in general also, containing plants, as a botanic garden. BOTANTCALLY, adv. According to the sy.stem of botany.
"'
;

BOT'ANIST,
a popular, but

n.

One

skilled in

botany

one

BO'SON,

)i.

boatswain

corrupt pronunciation.

versed in the knowledge of plants or vegetables, their structure, and generic and
specific differences.

The merry boson.

Dryden

BOSPO'RIAN,
The Al.ms
them
tribute,

Encyc.

Cuvier.
bocage, a

a. [from Bosporus.] Pertaining to a bosporus, a strait or narrow sea between two seas, or a sea and a lake

The botanist is he who can affix similar names to similar vegetables, and different names to different ones, so as to be intelligible to evei-y one.
Linne.

BOSCAGE,
;

J!.

[Fr. boscage,

now

grove It. bosco ; Dan. busk ; Ger. busch a wood, or jirojierly a thicket or under-

forced the Bosporian kings to pay and exterminated the Taurians.

n. [Gr./Sov;,

BOT'ANIZE,

wood
1.

Wood under-wood perhaj)?, sometime; lands covered with underwood also, a

;
; ;

Eng.

bxish.l

BOS'PORUS,

Tooke an ox, and Ttopoj, a

2.

which
13.

thicket. In old laws, food or sustenance for cattle is yielded by bushes and trees.

passage.] narrow sea or a strait, between two seas or between a sea and a lake, so called, it is supposed, as being an ox-passage, a

v. i. To seek for plants ; to investigate the vegetable kingdom ; to study plants. He could not obtain pennission to botaniie JViebulir, Trans. upon mount Sabber.

B0TAN0L'06Y,
and
>.C705,

n.

[Gr.

discourse.]

jiotavr!,

a plant, discourse upon

)ict.

Cowel.

BOS'HAS,

With painters, a landscape, rejiresenting thickets of wood. Encyc. n. The conunon wild duck, or mallard, belonging to the genus Anas.
;

over which an ox may swim. So our northern ancestors called a strait, a sound, that is, a swim. The term Bosporus has been ]iarticularly applied to the
strait strait

[dants.

BOTANOM'ANCY,
and
^uoi'T'na,

between the Projiontis and the Eux-

BOSH, ri. Outline figure. BOSK'ET, } [It. boschetto, a little wood, See BosBOS'QUET, > n. from hosco.
Bl'SK'ET,
!>

Encyc. Todd.

ine, called the Thracian Bosporus; and to the strait of Cafia, called the Cimmerian

n. a plant, [liotar^,,, divination.] An ancient species of divination by means of and fig leaves. Per]ilants, especially sage sons wrote their names and questions on

Bosporus, which connects the Palus Ma'otis or sea of Azof, with the Euxine.
D'.'lnvilte

leaves, which they exposed to the wind, and as many of the letters as remained in their places were taken up, and being joined together, contained an answer to

cage.-]
;

BOSS,
to fancy.

In gardening, a grove a compartment formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregidarly disposed, according

n. [Fr. basse ; Arm. fcof;. In D. bos i.a bimch, a bundle, a truss, a Inft, a bush, a sheaf, whence bosch, G. busch, a bush, or thicket. In W. both is the boss of a buckler,

the question.

Encyc.
[Gr. (ioroir, a
;

BOT'ANY,
AJ
,J

n.

[)lani

PeVs,

" shrub

j)robahly allied to bud, to

Encyc.

BOSK'Y,

a. [See Boscage.] ered with thickets.

Woody

cov-

Milton

the nave of a wheel, and a bottle, ami shoot.] hence W. bothel, a rotundity, a bottle or That branch of natural history which treats a science which treats of of vegetables any round vessel, a wheal or blister. A
;

B O T
the
ilift'erent

B O T
is

B O T
nouns
public-

plants,

and of thedistinguUli- This word

often placed before the

it is

ing marks by which each individual species may be known from every other. Marlyn. Encyc. Or, botany is the science of the structure,

with which

He
It is

uiiderstiinds

coimected. how to manage both

a bag, and tVoin the sense of swelling, bulging, or collecting into a

bollle is iirimarily

functions, properties, habits and arrangement of plants, and of the technical charc'ovfiiant. (en. xxi. acters by which they are distinguisheil. Both often rejireseuts two members of a sen Cyc. tence. relishing sort of BOTAR'GO, n. [Sp.] He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate ; but he will food, made of the roes of the mullet, much bear both, l)Ocause he is prepared for both. used on the coast of the Mediterranean, as an incentive to drink. lioUiigbroke on Exile Chambers. Both often pertains to adjectives or attriJohnson.
:

and private concerns. Guth.Quinlilian, p. 4 often used as a substitute for nouns. And Abrabaiii look sheep and oxen, and gave and both of them made a thciii to Ablniclech

bunch if so, the word was originally applied 10 the bags of skins used as bottles in Asia. Yet the primarj- sense is not
;

easily ascertained.

The Arabic

as Jaj

ipio
1.

n duck, Sp. pato, and urceus coriaceus in circumfcrunt viatores. liipiidiora

Cast.]

and in this case generally precedes in construction as, he endeavored render commerce both disadvantageoui Mickle's Lusiad. a large ulcerand infamous. J. ous affection. BOTll'l'-K, the vulgar pronunciation of Botches and blaius must all his flesh iinboss. [See Pother.] pother. Milton. BOTlI'Nl, ) Pertaining to Bothnia, a 9. A patch, or the i>art of a garment patched BOTH'NIAN, an( S'^- province of Sweden, or mended in a chniisy manner ill-finisli to a gulf of the Baltic sea, which is so ed work in mending. called from the province, which it |)ene a part 3. That wliicli resembles a botch Pinkcrton uses Bollmic, as a nonn trates. added clumsily adventitious or ill-applied for the gulf, and Barlow uses Bothnian, in words. the same manner. If those words are not notorious botches, I am Pink. Alt. Sweden. Cohimb. 9. 5G4. deceived. Dryden BOTO'TOE, 71. A bird of the parrot kind, BOTCH, j>. t. To mend or patch with a neeof a fine blue color, found in the Philippine dle or awl, in a clumsy manner, as a garHist. Did.

BOTCH,

n.

[It.

hozza,

[botza,]

or rather nezzo, a piece ; Kug. palm.] A swelling on the skin

a swelling, the latter is the

butes,

them
to

A hollow vessel of glass, wood, leather or other material, with a narrow mouth, lor holding and currjing liquors. The oriental nations use skins or leather for the con and of this kind are veyance of hquors the bottles mentioned in scripture. " Put
;

new wine
;

into

new

bottles."

In Euro|ie

and America, glass is used for liquors of all kinds and farmers use small cags or hollow vessels of wood. The smiJI kinds of
2.

glass bottles are called vials or phials* The contents of a bottle ; as much as a but from the size of botbottle contains tles used for wine, porter and cyder, a bottle is nearly a quart ; as a bollle of wine or
;

of ]iorter.
3.

(piantity

of hay
t.

in

a bundle

a bundle
as, to

of hay.

BOT'TLE,
bottle

V.

To

put into bottles;

or repair awkwardly, as Hudihras. system of government. 2. To ].ut together unsuitably, or unskilfully to make use of unsuitable pieces. For treason botched in rhyme will be thy li.ine.
;

ment

to

mend

isles.

BO'TRYOID, BOTRYOI'DAL,
form
;

Fr. botte,

of.Val. [Gr. /Jorpvs, a bunch of grapes, and ^605, S bundle Arm. a bunch or
I
;

wine or porter. This includes the stopping of the bottles with corks. Shak. Bt)T'TLE-ALi;, 71. Bottled ale. BOTTLE-COMPANION, ) A friend or

bod, hot, a grape.]

BOTTLE-FRIEND,
in drinking.

"

companion
;

3.

To mark

Diydcn
with botches.

Having the form of a bunch of grapes;

;

like

BOTCHED, pp.
unskilfully;
;

Young Hvlas botched with stains. Patched clumsily

Garth.
;

grapes as a mineral presenting an aggre gationof small globes. Kirwan. Phillips.

n.

BOTTLED,;);?. Put
in bottles.
2.

into bottles

inclosed

mended BO'TRYOLITE,
?.i9o5,

[Gr.

,3orpij,

supra, and

Having a protuberant belly.

n.

Shak.

marked with botches.

BOTTLE-FLOWER,
BOTTLE-SCREW,

stone.]

A clumsy workman at Literally, grape-stone. BOT("II'F,ll, n. in mammillary or botryoidal concretions n. screw to draw mending a mender of old clothes, whethin a bed of magnetic iron in gneiss, near er a tailor or cobler. corks out of bottles. E!i/ot. Areudal in Norway. Its colors are pearlfull of a. Marked with botches into bottles. JiOTCH'Y, or reddish white, and pale BOT'TLING,/!;)!-. Putting gray, grajish botches. BOT'TLING, 71. The act of putting into form concentric stripes. bottles and corking. BOTE, ti. [The old orthography of loo(, but rose-red, and Cyc. BOT'TOM, ?!. See retained in law, in composition. Sw. botn ; D. [iivix. botm ; is a variety of siliceous borate of bodem ; G.boden. It seems to be allied to Botryolite Boot.] is found near the Passaic falls in lime. It amends satisfac1. In law, compensation Gr. /ia9o5, and to the Russ. pad, a valley, Cleaveland. tion ; as manbote, a compensation for a New-Jersey. padayu, to fall. The sense is from throwman slain. Also, payment of any kind. BOTS, 71. generally used in the plural. [Qu. ing down, setting, layingor beating down ; Pers. pot, teredo, a worm that eats wood.] 2. A privilege or allowance of necessaries, a dialect perhaps of basis. Class Bd.] A species of small worms foiuid in the intes- 1. The lowest part of any thing as the botused in composition as equivalent to the tines of horses. French estovers, supplies, necessaries as tom of a well, vat or ship the bottom of a They are the larvas of a hill. species of Q^slrus or gad-fly, which deposhouse-bote, a sufficiency of w;ood to repair its its I'ggs on the tips of the hairs, gener a house or for fuel, sometimes called j?rc2. The ground under any body of water as hote ; so plow-bote, cart-bole, wood for maally of Uie lore-legs and mane, whence the bottom of the sea, of a river or lake. king or repairing instruments of husbandthey arc taken into the mouth and swal- 3. The foundation or ground work of any lowed. This word is also applied to the ry hay-bole or hedge-bole, wood for hedges thing, as of un edifice, or of any .system or or fences, &c. These were privileges enlarvas of other species of CEstrus, found moral subject the base, or that which supunder the hides of o.xen, in the nostrils of joyed by tenants under the feudal system. ports any superstructure. Blackslone. low ground a dale a valley ; applied Cyi 4. sheep, &c. BO TELESS, a. In vain. [See Boolh.^s.] BOT'TLE. n. [Fr. bouteille Arm. boulailh ; in the U. States to the Jlnl lands adjoining BOTET'TO, H. A small thick tish of Mexico, Ir. boid, buideal ; \V. both, a boss, a bottle, rivers, Sfc. It is so used in some parts of the nave of a wheel about eight inches long, with a flat belly, hot, a round body England. Mitford. and convex back. When taken out of the bolwm, a 5. The deepest part ; that which is most rebolas, from bol, a boot, a buskin and from both, the ^V. has also water it swells, and if kicked, will burst. butt<ni mote from the view as, let us examine Its liver is deadly poison. this subject to the bottom. bolhdl, a bottle, a round vessel, a wheal or Clavigero. BOTH, a. [Sax. bitlii, bulwu, or balwa, (qu. blister; Sp. boUtla, a bottle, and botilla, a 6. Bound limit. (loth, hayolhs ;) (r. bfit : Sw. bada ; Dan. small wine bag, from bota, a leather bag There is no bottom in my voluptuousness. Shak. haiule ; 1). and Gcr. beide ; in Ancient Affor wine, a butt or <ask, a boot ; It. bottigl1. The utmost extent or depth of cavity, or Burl. 180(5.] ia, a bottle botte, a butt, a cask, and boots rican, n3 bet, beth, two. of intellect, whether deep or shallow. Russ. bulilka, a bottle. In G. beutel, a bag, Two, considered as distinct from others or In a purse, seems to be the Sp. bolilla. I do see the bottom of Justice Shallow. by themselves the one and the other Fr. Fr. toHc is a boot, a bunch or bundle, botte Shak. tons les deiii ; P un et C autre ; as, here are two books, talie them both. defoin, a bottle of bay. It woidd seem that '8. The foundation, considered as the cause.

This mineral occurs

plant, the cyanus, or blue bottle, a species of Centaurea. Fam. of Plants.

B O U
the first moving cause spring or origin ; is at the bottom of the !is, a foreign prince
coiifederacy. 9. ship or vessel. Goods imported in foreign bottoms pay a liighor duty, than those
;

B O U
BOUgE,
i.

B
BOUN'CER,
n.

O U
A
boaster
;

Provisions.

[JVot in use.]

a bullv

BOUGH,

imported in our own. Hence, a state of but in tliis sense hazard, chance or risk it is used chiefly or solely in the singidar. say, venture not too nnich in one bottom ; that is, do not hazard too much at a
;

Jonson. [!ia.\. bog, boh or bogh, thf shoulder, a branch, an arm, the body of a ,Sw. tree, a stake, a tail, an arch, or bow bog ; Dan. bov ; liom the same root as bou',
n. bou.
;

mtliar language.

in fa-

'Johnson.
;

BOUNCING,

We
A

Sax. bugan.] The branch of a tree applied to a branch of size, not to a small shoot. BOUGHT, ia/, prt/. and pp. o( buy. [See
to bend, to
; ;

throw

single risk. hall of thread. 10.

Buy.]
hotwm, a button
;

11.

a. Imw'ty. Bending. Sherwood. of beer, or other liquor, is the BoUgIE, n. booget'. [Fr. a wax-candle S]i. bugia.] grouniis or dregs. 13. lu the lans;u(ige. of jockeys, stamina, na- In Surgery, long slender instrument, that is introduced througli the urethra into the as a horse of good liottom. tive strength It is bladder, to remove obstructions. BOT'TOM', v. I. To found or build upon to fix upon as a support followed by on : usually made of slips of waxed linen, coiled into a slightly conical form by rolling them as, sound reasoning is bottomed on just on an\ bard smooth su7'face. It is also premises. made of catgiu, elastic gum and metal a. To furnish with a seat or bottom as, to but those of waxed linen are generally bottom a chair.

is the low- 1. A This phrase sniijioses a declivity but if is often used fur tiie most remote '2. BOl'GHT'Y, part, wlien tliere is very little declivity.

Corn.

/.

[W. SeeCoWf.]

BOUGHT,

The

bottom of a lane or alley,

est end.

bawt. [D. bogt, a bend, a coil: from l/oogen to bend. See Bight.] twist ; a link ; a knot ; a flexure, or bend. Milton. Brown. The part of a sling that contains the stone.
n.
;

thum](ing with a loud noise boasting ; moving with force, as a lieavy bounding body. BOUN'CING, o. Stout strong large and heavy a customary sense in the States ; as a bouncing lass. BOUN'CINGLY, adv. Boastingly.
;

Leaping; bounding with violence, as a heavy body springing out ;

;:;?/.

BOUND,

[Norm, bonne, boune, a bound bond, limited; bundes, limits; from hind, or from French bond, that which binds bondir, to s])ring, and denoting the utmost
;

n.

extent.]
1.

12. Tlic bottom

A limit the line which comprehends the whole of any given object or space, [t difiers from boundary. See the latter.
;

-,1

Bound is applied

to kingdom.s, states, cities,

towns, tracts of land, and to territorial

jurisdiction.
a.

limit
;

by which any excursion

is re;

3.

strained the limit of indidgenee or desire as, the love of money knows no bounds. A leap; a spring; a jump; a rebound:
[Fr. bondir, to spring.]

3.

To wind round
a b;dl of thread.
V. I.

something, as

in

making
fihaL
its ulti-

preferred.

Bouillon,
See
Boil.]
wall.

[Fr.
;

BOT'TOM,
mate
toms.

To

rest upon, as

Broth

supi)ort.
a proposition

BOULDER- WALL,
botLiicke.

Hooper. Dorscy. from bouUUr, to boil. sonp. n. [rather bowlder-

4.

In dancing, a spring other.

V.
t.

from one foot

:

to the to fix

BOUND,

To

limit

to terminate

FinJ on what foundation

See Bowlder.]

BOT'TOMED,
;

pp.

Furnished with a bot-

wall built of round flints or pebbles laid in a strong mortar, used where the sea has a

tom having a bottom. This word is often used in composition, as

beach cast up, or where there

of flints.
n.

BOT'TOMLVG,
upon
;

bound. Shaks. bowl ; Fr. boule.] BOUND, V. i. [Vr. bondir ; Ann. boundit,-za.] To lea]i; to jump; to spring; to move Founding; building In the nuniegc, a horse is so called, when the with a bottom. fetlock or pastern Joint bends forwaril, and ibrwaril by leaps. oiu of its luitural ]iusit)on. Befori- his lord the ready spaniel bounds. BOTTOMLESS, a. AVithout a bottom Encyc. applied to water, caverns &c., it signifies BOULT, ail incorrect orthography. Pope. [See 2. To rebound but the sense is the same. fathomless, whose bottom caimot be found Bolt.] l)y sounding as a liottomlcss abyss or ocean. BOULTIN, n. [from the root of 6o/<; Sp. BOUND, pret. and pp. of bind. As a paiiiBOT'TOMRY, n. [from bottom.] Tlie act bulto, a protuberance.] ciple, made fast by a band, or by chains or fetters oldiged by moral ties confinof borrowing money, and pledging the In architecture, a molding, the convexity of] ed restrained. keel or bottom of the ship, that is, the ship which is just one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the plinth in the 2. A a paiiiciple or perhaps jnore properK itself, as security for the repayment of the an adj., destined tending ; going, or inTuscan and Doric capital. money. The contract of bottonn-y is in Encyc. the nature of a mortgage the owner of a BOUNCE, V. i. [D. bnnxen, to bounce bons. tending to go with to or for; as, a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. a bounce allied probably to bound ; Ann. ship borrowing money to enable him to The application of this word, in this use, carry on a voyage, and pledging the shi]) boundi'.za ; Fr. bondir.] is taken from the orders as security lor the money. If the ship is 1. To leap or spring; to fly or rush out sudgiven for the liut if the lost, the lender loses the money government of the voyage, implying oblideidy. Out bounced the ma'^lilf. So gation, or from tending, .stretching. Swift. ship arrives safe, he is to receive the nioney destined implies being bound. lent, with the interest or premium stipula- 3. To sjiring or leap against any thing, so as to beat or thump by a spring. Bound is used in conjposition, as in iceto rebound ted, although it may exceed the legal ratp of interest. The tackle of the ship also is bound, wind-bound, when a ship is confihis Itosoni 6(;?/rf(/liislieavinglieart. Against ned or j)revented from sailing l)y ice or answerable for the debt, as well as the perJJryden. bv contrarv winds. son of the borrower. AVhen a loan is maile 3. To beat hard, or thump, so as to make a BOUND'ARY, n. A hmit a bound. Johnupon the goods shipped, the borrower is sudden noise. This word is thus used as synonyson. said to take up money at respondentia, as Anotlier bounced as hard as he could knock mous with bound. But the real sense is, to answer the conhe is bound personally Swifl. a visible mark designating a limit. Bound Blackstone. Park. tract. -1. To boast or bully used in familiar speech. is the limit itself or furthest BOT'TONY, point of exten[from the same root as Johnson. but sion, and may be an imaginary line turf, button.] To be bold or strong. Shak ,5. In heraldry, a cross bottony terminates at boundary is the thing which ascertains the BOUNCE, n. A heavy blow, thrust or thunii limit Thus by a statterminus, noffmis. each end in three buds, knots or biutouf with a large solid body. ute of Connecticut, it is enacted that the resembling in some measure the three The bounce burst open the door. iidiabitants of every town shall procure Drydcu. leaved grass. Encyi: its bounds to be set out by such marks and 2. .\ loud heavy sound, as by an explosion Bf)ljeMET', n. [Fr.] A sort of pear. boundaries as may lie a jilain direction for Shak. BOUD, )i. An insect that breeds in malt or Gay which nutrks and boundaries a threat in low language. the future other grain called akso a weevih Diet. 3. A boast shall be a great heap of stones or a ditch Johnson, BoUtiE, II. i. booj. [Fr. !)owge, a lodge, the of six feet long, &i-. This distinction is from the root of bow, 4. A fish; a species of squalus or shark. bilge of a cask observed also in the statute of Massachuwhich see.J To swell out. [Little n.sed.] Encyc.
to

in wliirh case the a.jl.at-tiotlomed boat, pound becomes an adjectivi'.

com- BtiULET',

is a plenty Builder's Diet. [from the root of bull, or 2.

the furthest point of extension, whether of natural or moral objects, as of land, or empire, or of passion, desire, indulgence. Hence, to restrain or confine as, to bound our wishes. To bound in is hardly legitimate.
;

To make

ppr.

fin-nisliing

B O U
setts.

BOY
are, in ordinary

B O
See

But the two words

nosegay; Arm. boged

Bush.]

h. boschcilo.

uso, cont'oiinded.

BoUM>-iiAii,rFf, n. An ofiicer appointed by u slieritriD execute process; so deiionii Dated lioni the bond given for tlie faithful
discharife of his
trII^it.

somewhat shining. It is brittle, burns with ;i weak flame, and exhales an odor,
which
is

nosegay; a bunch of ilowcrs.

!.

B6UR1),

Btackalone.
;

BoURD'ER, . A jester. Obs. BOURGEOIS', n. burjois'. [It

A jest.

Obs.

Spenser.

BO'VINE,
to

n.

BOUNU'KD,
trained.

pp.

Limited

confined

res

BOUNU'EN,
pp. liouird.]

pp. of bind.
n.

[See Bind, and

Hniits;

BOUND'ER,
dary.

One

that

a bounHerbert.

BOI'ND'IiNG-S'i'ONE,

bur'jun. [Fr. bourgeon, BOUND'ING, ppr. Limiting; confining;, a bud : Arm. bourgeon, a button, or a bud.] restraining ; leaping ; springing ; rebound- To S])rout to put forth buds ; to shoot forti ing advancing with leaps. as a
; ;

BOUR'gEON,

W. Int. buw, bur, buwg, and boris, appears be a French word, but I know not the the verb, bw,iaw, to bellow.] reason of its ap])lication to types.] Pertaining to oxen and cows, or the quadsmall kind of printing types, in size berupeds of the gemis Bos. tween long primer and brevier. The This animal tlie strongest and fiercest of the bovine genus. type on which the main body of this work Barrow's Trav. is printed. The ox-bom souls mean nothing more
an ox
;

generally disagreeable. Ckaveland. [Low L. borinus, from bos,

i.s

v.

i.

than the eight living souls, who issued (iom llieir allegorical iiiollier, the bovine ark. Faber.

BOUNJV-STONE, BOUND'LESS, a.
innneasnrahle
sjiacc
;

stone to play Dryden. Unlimited; uncoiitined as boundless illimitable

}

A
;

^"-with.

BOURN,
limit
:

branch. rather

BORNE,

n.

[Fr.

Goldsmith. ionic, a

BOW,

bnrner, to

stream, Sa.\.
;

bound. In the sense of a burn ; Sw. brunn ; D. bron ;

V. t. [Sax. bvgan, bygan W. bwan, and bacu, to bend, to grapple; G. biegen, beugen ; D. boogen, buigen ; Sw. 66ya ; Dan. biiyer, to bend.]
;

1.

boundless ]iower
n.

BOCfND'LErJSNESS,
ing without limits.

The

quality of be-

I.

G.brunnen Dan. brand.] A bound; a limit.

That undi.scovered

2.

To bend To bend
;

to inflect

;i.s,

to 4oic vines.

the

Soidh.

BOUN'TEOUS,
in charity
; ;

Liberal a. [See Bounty.] disposed to give freely generous; numiticent; beneficent; free in be stowing gifts as Imunteous nature. It is
;

No

counlrj', from traveller returns.

;

whose bourn Shak

civility
3.

as, to

body in token of respect or bow the head.

To bend
sion.

or incline towards, in condescenthine car to the poor.

;

used chiefly in poetry for bountiful,

Johnsvn.

A brook ; a torrent a rivulet. [In this sense obsolete ; hut retained hi many natnes 4. of towns, seated on the banks of streams. In Scotland, it is still used in the sense of a but they write it burn.] brook,
BoURNONlTJE,
lead.
n.

Bow down To dej)ress

His
grave.

Eccles.
to

to crush to subdue. ; heavy hand hath bowed you

to his will.
;

the

He
;

botv.t the nations

;

BOUNTEOUSLY,

adv. rously; largely; freely.

'n.
;

Liberally; geneLiberality in be;

Antimonialsulphuret of
Ure.
.

BOW,

BOUN'TEOUSNESS,
ness.

B6USE,

} S

stowing gifts or favors munificence kind-

BOOZE,
bozi

, ^-

J *"<"'"

[Arm.
flow,

beuzi, to overto drown; \V.

BOUN'TIFUL,
vors
;

a.

[hount>)

to give; liberal in

and full.] Eree bestowing gifts and fagenerous.

author of our being.

To

nmnificent

D. buysen. In Russ. busa is a ; Old drink brewed from millet. Tooke.] drink freely to tope to guzzle. [Jl vulgar word.] Spenser.
;
;

V. i. To bend to curve to be inflected to bend, in token of reverence, respect or civility often with down. This is the idol to which the world bows. To stoop; to fall upon the knees.
;

Tlie people
3.

To
iah.

bowed upon

their knees. Judges.

sink under pressure.

stooj): tliey

BOUS'Y,

God, the
It is

6o!(ii(i/"w/

Lucke.

BOUT,

turn as much of an action as is performat one time a single part of an action carried on at successive intervals essay n. The quality of beattempt. BOUN'TIFIJLNESS, Sidney. Dryden. ing bountifid liberality in the bestow- BOUT, ;i. [It. beuita, or bevuta, a drinking, from here, or berrrc, to drink L. libo ; Fr. ment of gifts and favors.
;

and

followed by of before the thing given, to before the person receiving.

a. boot'y. Drunken ; [I'ulgar.] n. [Fr. bout, end, or stroke.]

They

bow down

together.

Isa-

intoxicated.!

Dn/den.
It.

BOW,
BOW,

n.

An

inclination of the head, or a

botta,

bending of the body,

respect, civility, n. [See bow, to

token of reverence, or submission.

in

bend.]

An

instru-

BOUN'TIFyLLY,
in a bountiful
;

adv. Liberally; largely;

ed

ment of war, and hunting, made of wood,

or other ela.stic matter, with a string fastened to each end. The bow being bent by drawing the string, and suddenly returning to its natural state by its elastic force, throws an arrow to a great distance, and with force sufficient to kill an animal. It is of two kinds, the /ona--6ou', and the cross-bow, arhalet or arbalest. The use of the bow is called archery. Any tiling bent, or in form of a curve; the rainbow the doubling of a string in a knot; the part of a yoke which embraces the neck Scc. A small machine, formed with a stick and hairs, which being drawn o\er the strings of^an instrument of music, causes
;

manner.

BOUN'TIHEDE, BOUN'TIHEAD,

)
(,

" Goodness.
honle,
bontii
;

boire

Obs.

We

BOUNTY,
1.

n.

[Fr.
It.

goodness, excelL. bonitas, ti-om

B6UTADE, n. [Fr. from bouter, Sp. botar, ll. buttare, to thrust; Eng. ptit ; alhed to and favors; bud.] munificence. The word ina start hence, a whim. [,\'ot Enor favor and tlie kindness Pro]ierly, gift gll.ih'] Smfl of disposition with which it is bestowed n. [Fr. from houter, to throw, or a favor l)rstoweil w ith a benevolent B6UTEFEU, and feu, fire or according to Thomson This distinguishes it fi-om a disposition. from boute, a match. Qu. from the root of mere gift. It is also observed by Johnson, Eng. bate or better.]
Liberality in bestowing gifts
;

lence, favor ; bonus, good.]

; Sp. bcbe use this word tautologically in the jihrase, a drinking-lo?; or the word is the same as the preccdinsr.

generosity cludes the

ihat

it

(lifters

from

charit}/,

as a present

Irom an alms, in not being bestowed upon This is persons absolutely necessitous. often the case but botinlij includes char;

An

incendiary

a niake-bate. [JVot English.

Bacon

BOUTISALE,

n.

ity,

as the genus

charili/

comprehends the species; however does not necessarily in-

clude bounlfi, tor charity or an alms be given with reluctance.

;

may

according to others, a sale by a lighted match, during the burning of|

;

boute, a match. cheap sale or

[Qu. sale, of Thomson.]

booty,

or tion

it to sound. A beam of wood or brass, with three long screws that direct a lathe of wood or steel used in forming drafts of to any arch shijis, and projections of the sphere, or wherever it is necessary to draw large ar;

ches.

Harris.

which a man may

n.

bid.

[.Yot used.]

The word triay be used also for a free 2 Cor. i.x. 5 or a disposition to give, gift, without the gift goodness in general.
;

BO'VATE,
bovis,

[In

Law

Hayward. L. bovata, from bos,

An

2.

A premium
men
to

Spen.ier. offered or given, to induce to enlist into the public service ; or

ox-gate, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year Cowell says 28 acres.

;

an ox.]

I).

BO'VEY-CO.AL,
flanmiable

n.

Brown

lignite,

an

in-

encourage any branch of industry, as husbandry, manufactures or conjmerce. Bouquet, n. booka'y. [Fr. a plume, a

fossil,

resembUng,

in

many

of
7.

its proj)ertie.s, bituminous ture is a little slaty ; its cross

wood.

Its struc-

fractm'e,

even

or

conclioidal,

with a resinous

luster,

An instrument for taking the sun's altitude at sea, consisting of a large arch of ninety degrees graduated, a shank or a side-vane, a sight-vane, and a staft", horizon-vane now disused. Encyc. An instrument in use among smiths for turning a drill with turners, for turning wood with hatters, for breaking fiir and wool. Bows of a saddle, are the two pieces of wood laid archwise to receive the upper
;

Vol.

I.

26

BOW
jiail
;

BOW
pity.

BOX
of pebbles or bowlders of flint or other siU ceous stones, which have been rounded by the action of water. Builder's Diet. BOWLER, n. One who jilays at howls.

8.

of a horse's back, to give the saddlelBOW'EL, v. t. To take out the bowels; to eviscerate to penetrate the bowels. its due form, and to keep it tight Ainsxvorth. Jish. Farmer's Did Bom of a ship, is tlie rounding part of hei BOWELLESS, a. Without tenderness or
side forward, beginning
arcli

narrow close, at the stem or prow. bow is called a lean bow ; a broad one, a hold or hluff bow. 071 the how, in navigation, is an areh of the

[from bow.] An anchor carof a shi|). There are generally two bowers, called first and second, and little, or best and small. great Encyc. BOW'ER, 7). [Sax. iur, a chamber or private apartment, a hut, a cottage W. horizon, not exceeding 45 degrees, combwr, an inclosure.] prehended between some distant object, and tliat point of tlie compass wliicli isj 1. A shelter or covered ])lace in a garden, made with boughs of trees bent and twined Mar. Did. right ahead.

where the planks inwards, and terminating wlicre tliey

BOVV'ER,

n.

BOWLINE, "
houline,

11.

[Sp. and I'oit. bolina;

Arm.

ried at the

bow

voile de biais jjoiir ret^evoir le vent de c6t6," a slanting sail to receive a side wind, Gregoire ; Fr. bouline, a tack bouliner, to tack, to turn one wav and the other, to dodge or shift. But iii Dainsh it is bougline, the line of the bow
;

BOW-KEARER,
B0\V-15EiVT,

n.

[botu

under officer of the forest, inform of trespasses. . [how and htiid.]

n.

and bear.] whose duty

An

is

to
2.

Cowel.

Cn.oked.
Milton.

BOW -DYE,

kind of scarlet color, superior to nunhler, but inferior to the true scarlet grain for ti.xedness, and dm'alion first used at Bow, near l.,on<loii. Eiicyc.
n.

3.

from arbor in that it may be round or square, whereas an arbor Milton. is long and arched. Encyc. A lied-clianiber any room in a house ex- ed. Mar. Did. cept the hall. Spenscr. Mason. Bowline-bridles, are the ropes by which the A comitry scat a cottage. bowline is fastened to the leech of the sail.
together.
It differs
; ;

or bend.] rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perjiendicular edge of the square sails, by subordinate parts, called bridles, and used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is close haul-

4.

!s shady recess

B. Jonson. Shenstone. a plantation for shade.

/r.

Encyc.

Broivn.

BOW-GRACE,
them from
that

In

sect

or coni|)osilion sides, stem, or

of junk, laid out

languas^e, a frame at the

BOWER,
BOWER,

!'.

t.

To embower To

to inclo^e.

Shaks.
V.
I I
{.

BOWLING, ppr. Playing at bowls. BOWLING-GREEN, [boid and greeTi.] A level piece of ground kept smooth for
7!.

bowling.

bows of
ice.

ships to

secure

injury by
11.

BOW-IIAND,

[bow and hand.]

a.

BOWRS, The bam

Spenser.
leg.]

Encyc.

I'.OWERS,

"

[from

lodge. Spenser. 2. Ill gardening, a parterre in a grove, laid bow.] Muscles that with fine turf, with compartments of dibend the joints. with dwarf trees and other vers

draws a bow.
[how and

Spenser.
a.

BOW-LEGGED,

Ha

BOWERY,
bower
;

shading as a also, containing bowers.

Covcri'.ig
;

ving crooked legs.

Johnson

BOWMAN,
uses a

n.
;

[hoiv

and man.]

A man who
iv.

boirery

maze

that shailcs the

may be used for bowhng and Italians have such greens for ornament. Eneyr. Thomson. BOWSE, v. i. In seaman's language, to ])ul! or haul as, to l.owse upon a tack to bowse purple ^<trcanis.
.

Mason

figures,

It decorations. but the French

bow

an archer.
7!.

Jerem.

29.

Tnimbull.
;

BOWMAN,

begins to get out of the nest a term in Ash. BOWNET, n. [how and net.] An engine BOWGE, falconry. swell out. Encyc. v.i. To [Bee Botige.] for catching lobsters and crawfish, called V. t. To perforate as, to bowge a It is made of two round BOWOE, also boiv-wheel. Atnsworfh. ship. wicker baskets, ]>uinted at the end, one of [I do not find this leord in any other author.]

Tlie man foremost oar in a boat.

who rows
Mar.

the
Diet.

BOWESS, BOWET,
when
it

n.

away,

to pull all together.

V.
I.

young hawk,

BOWSS'EN,
[Ao/ used.]

To
bouse.

drink

to

Encyc. drench.

Qu.

BOWYER,
An

which mouth

BOW-PIECE
BOW-SHOT,

marim bent inwards. Encye. BC)W'ING, ppr. Bending stooi)ing king a bow. [bow and piece.] A piece BOWTNGLY, adv. In a bending manner. of ordnance carrie<l at the bow of a ship. n. holla. In vola is the
is

is

thrust into the other,

little
71.

and

at the

BOWL,

n. [how and shot.] The space which an arrow may pass w hen shot from a bow. Gen. xxi, \(>. Boyle. BOWfjPRlT, H. [how and sprit D. boegspriet Dan. boui^-sprid (i. hiigspriet. See
; ; ;

Encyc.

il.

Latin, [Sax. hollow of the hand.] A concave vessel to hold lir|uors, rathe wide tlian deep, and thus distinguished from a cuji, vihich is rather dceji tliaii

n. [from bow, a corruption of sawyer.] archer; one who uses a bow; one who Johnson. [Little used.] BOX, n. [Sax. box, a cofl'er and the boxLat. buxus, the tree, and ])y.ris, a tree box Gr. jtv^i;, a box, and rtiloj, the tree Ir. bugsa, huksa ; Sw. hurrtti, the fist bom ; Ger. Imchsbaum ; Dan. bu.ilmm, the box tree Ger. hiichse, a box It. bosso, the box tree hossolo, a box Sp. box, the Port, bnxo, the tree buxa, a stoptree

hoivcr, like

makes bows.
;

wide.

Sprit..]

large boom or s]iar, which projects over the stem of a ship or other vessel, to carry sail forward. [This is probably the true orMar. Diet. thography.]
;i.

The hollow part of any thing of a spoon.

.'?.

as the howl

])|e

Pers.

/j^ij

buxus, box tree;

Ar.

basin

a fountain.

Bacon
Fr. houle
:

IbOWL,
Arm.
ball

n.

BOW-STRING,
string of a

[how and string.]

The

bow.

W. pel.] hovl, a ball of wood used for play on a level plat of ground. BOWL, 1'. To play with howls, or at bow;
('.

[D.

bol;

Sp. bola;

jilied to

BOW-WINDOW. [See Bay-window.] BOWABLE, . Of a flexible disposition.

[J\l'ol

ling.

BOWL,

1'. t.

To

roll as

a bowl

also, to pelt
i.

the same. Box may be from closeness, apthe slind), the fist and the case.] cofier or chest, either of wood or metal. In general, the word box is used for a case of rougli boards, or more slightly made than a cliest, and used for the conveyance of goods. But the name is applied to cases of any size and of any materials; as a woollen box, a tin box, an iron box, a

in

iise.]

BOW'ED,
hiik

BOWED, BOWELS,
;

pp. Bent; crushed; subdued. like a bow. pp. Bent

;

BOWLDER,

71.

plu. [G. bauch

D.
;

Iniil^

S\v.
is

Dan. hug ; Fr. boynu ; swelling bogel, the navel. protuberance.]

1.

W.

The
;

bog sense

Shak. with anv thing rolled. Ji. [from hoid.] A small stone of a roundish form, and of no determinati on the sea shore and on the size, found banks or in the chaimels of rivers, &:c.

strong box.

worn smooth or rounded by

water
for
;

tlie

action of

The
12.

intestines of

an animal

especially of
2.

man.

The

the entrails heart. 2. Cor. vi

The term

as the' interior part of any thing bowels of the earth. 3. The seat of pity or kindness ; hence, tenderness, compassion, n scriptural sense.
;

The

Gecdogy rounded masses of any rock, found out of ])lace, and ap|)arcntly transported frtJio Bowlders ol their original bed by water.
Granite, often of great size, are very common on the surface of the most recent formations.

a jiebble. bowlder is

Johnson.

Eniyc.

3.

now

The ([uantity that a box contains ; as a box of ((uicksilver ; a box of rings. In some cases, the quantity called a box is fi.xed by custom ; in others, it is uncertain, as a box of tea or sugar. A certain scat in a play-house, or in any
public room.

used

in

4.

The

case which contains the mariner's-

comjiass.
.5.

).

A money chest. A tree or shrub,

constituting the genus

Uoivel, in the singular, is

sometimes

tised for

BOWLDER-STONE. [See Bowlder.] BOWLDER-WALL, n. A wall constructed

7.

used for bordering flower-beds. African box is the myr.'^inc. A blow on the head with the hand, orou the car with the open hand.
buxiis,

The

BOY
3.

BRA
;

BRA
the sides of and snares.
j

H'arlon. 2. The state of a boy. cylindrical hollow iron used in wheels, in wliicli the axle-tree runs. Also, a hoi BOYS-PL,\Y, n. Childish amusement any low tulid in a piuiij), closed with a valve. thing trilling. BOX, V. i. To fight with the list to conihat BOYli'NA, n. A large serpent of America, black and sh^nder, having an intolerable with tlie hand or list. BOX, V. I. To inclose in a box also, to fur- smell. Also, a harmless reptile. Did. of.Xat. Hist. nish with boxes, as a wlioel or block. 2. To strike with the hand or fist, especially BP. All abbreviation of Bishop. X\n: car or side of the head. BRABANT'INE, a. Pertaining to Brabant, a jirovince of the Netherlaiid.s, of which 3. To rehearse the several points of the comBrussels is the capital. Encyc. pass in their propter order. State Papers, V. ii. 4. To make a hole or cut in a tree, to procure the sap as, to box a maple. BRAB'BLE, !. [D. brabbekn, to stanimer.] A broil a clamorous contest a wrangle. 5. To sail round. [Sp. hoxar.] Shak. struck on Obs. in a box BOX'KI), pp. Inclosed to contest the head with the fist or hand furnished BRAB'BLE, v. x. To clamor Beaum. and Fletcher. noisilv. Obs. With a box or hollow iron, as a wheel. BO,VEi\,rt. IMade of box-wood; resembling iBR.'VB'BLER, Ji. A clamorous, (|uarrelsonie, Shak. Obs. box. noisy fellow a wrangler. Drydin. Guij. BO.V'KR, n. One who fights with his fist! BRAB'BLING,/)pr. Clamoring; wranghng. Ob.t. BOX'-IIAUL, V. t. To veer a .ship in a par ticular manner, when it is iinpractical)le BRACE, 71. [Fr. bras ; Sp. brato ; Port. Ir. brae and Chamhers. to tack. bra;o ; Ann breach, or breh BOX'ING, ppr. Inclosing in a box striking raigh ; VV. braic ; ('orn. breck, or breh ; L. This brachium ; Gr. f3|jttj;iui', the arm. witli the list; foniishing with a box. BOXTNG, n. The act of fighting with the word furnishes clear and decisive evidence of the change of a palatal letter into a sibfist; a comhat with the fist.

it,

for tightening the

heails

.BRACIO,
I

V.

t.

To draw
;

to bind or tie close firm.

2.

tight; to tighten to make tight and

;

To make
a drum.

tense; to strain up

as, to l/race
bra/:e

|3.

To

furnish

with braces
;

as, to

building.
4.

To

str'ngtlien

to increase tension

as, to

brace the nerves.

I

In marine language, to bring the yards ta either .side. brace about is to turn the yards round for the contrary tack. To brace sliurp is to cause the yards to have the smallest possible angle with the keel. \To brace to is to check or ease olf the lee braces, and round-in the weather ones, to assi.st in tacking. Mar. Diet.
5.

To

BRA'CELET,
Brace.]
1.

BR.\'CE1), pp. Furnished with braces; drawn close and tight made tense. J). [Fr. lirasselet, and bracelet; It. bracciale, braccialelto ; Sp. brazatete. See
;

dies.

BOX'-THOKN,
BOY,
Ji.

[box and thorn.] the Lyciuin, or a species of it.

(I.

plant,

ilant.

The change comes through the

Pam. of Plants. AV. burgen, ihin: Arm. iusrue/, a child, bugiilv. b(ir, little; boyish ; Sw. poike, a yoinig hoy ; Dan. pog ; Fr. page. See Beagle and Pug. Boy is a contracted word, and probably the L puer for puger, liir we see by puclla, that r So the Gr. rtais ])robably js not radical. is contracted, for the derivative verb, The radical ^at?w, forms rtai^u, naix9iii. letters jirobably are Bg or Pg.] A male cliild, from birth to the age of pu berty ; but in general, applied to male: under ten or twelve years of age a lad. Sometimes it is used in contempt for a
[Pers. bach, a

boy

Spanish or other Celtic dialect, hrach, 2. brazo, the Sp. z being originally a palatal or guttural ; thence to the Fr. bras, and Eng. brace. In like manner, Dunizzo is,

An ornament for the wrist, worn by laThis ornament seems anciently to have been worn by men as well as women. A piece of defensive armor for the arm.
Johnson.

The Greek fornuMl liom Dyrnichium. verbs furnish a multitude of similar changes.

This word fiirnishes also a proof

that A is a prefi.x, fiir in Irish brae is written also raigh. The sense of arm is, that which breaks forth, a shoot. From bras,
to embrace, braces, and bracear is to brace, and to swing the arms. Brace, in naval afl'airs, is in D. bras; Dan. bras, and braser, to brace. Qu. is this the same word as the Fr. bras, an arm.] I. In architecture, a jiiece of timber framed in with bevel joints, to keep the building It extends from swerving either way. like an arm from the post or main timber. a cinc9. That which holds any thing tight ture or bandage. The braces of a drum are not bands. 3. A pair a couple as a 5rce of ducks. It is used of persons only in contempt, or in the style of drollery. 4. In music, a double curve at the beginning

the

French have

etnbi-asser,

and

in

Sp. brazas

is

JI. That which braces, binds or firm ; a band or bandage also, for the arm. Chaucer. 2. An astringent medicine, which gives tension or tone to any part of the body. BRACH, 11. [Fr. braque ; D. brak ; It. bracco. a setting dog; Sp. traco, pointing or setbitch of the hound ting as a pointer.] kind. Shak. BRAII'IAL, a. [L. brachium, from the Celtic braic, brae, the arm.] Belonging to the arm as the brachial arterv. Hooper.

BRA CER,
makes armor

BRAtlPIATE,

yoimg man, indicating immaturity, want

BOY,

of vigor or judgment. Johnson. t). t. To treat as a boy. Rather, to act as a hoy to imitate a boy The passage in Shakspeare, in in action.
;

n. [See Brachial.] In botany, having branches in jiairs, decussated, all nearly horizontal, and each ]iair at right angles with the next. Martyn. BRAll M.'\N, } An ancient idiilosopher

BRAM'IN,
mans

"

of India.

The

brach-

which

sup])osed to allude to the practice of boys acting women's parts, on the stage.
this
is

word

found,

is

opliists, and remarkable for their lives and mannirs.

are a branch of the ancient gymnosthe severity of

BRACHYG RAPHER,
word.]

Encyc.
the

shall see

some squeaking Cleopatra boy my

n. [See writer in short hand.

n.

next

greatness.

BOY'AR,
Boiar.]

n.

See Alaiton^s Sup.

to

Johnson.

BRACIIYG'RAPHY,
and
yfOL^t;,

Gai/lon. [Gr. lipaxvi, short,

Russian nobleman.
[Fr. boyav, a gut,

[See

a writing.]
\\

of stave.
n. boy'o. of a tree.]

The

art or practice of

riting in short

hand

BOY'AU,
branch

and

.5.

thick strap,

which

sujjports a carriage

in forlijicalion, a ditch covered with a i)ara- 6. line in printing, connecting two >/)yo5, exjiression.] In rhetoric, the exjiressing of any thing in the pet, serving as a communication between or more words or lines thus, i 'i two trenches. ( most concise manner. Enryc. Encyc. BOY-BLIND, a. Blind as a boy undiscernIt is used to connect triplets in poetry. BRACK, n. [G. brvch ; Dan. brcek; Norm. Obs. Beaum. 7. In marine language, a rope reeved through from break, which see.] brck ing. Flemish sloop, with a castle BOY'ER, n. a block at the end of a yard, to square or An opening caused by the jiarting of any at each end. a breach a broken part. solid hodv The name is given Encyc. traverse the yard. 7i. Fern. [See Brake.) BOY'lIOOD, n. [hoy and hooil.] The state also to pieces of iron hicli are used as of a boy, or of immatin-e age. Ii. Swifl. [Fr. braquer, to bend. Qu. supports such as of the poop lanterns, &c. BRACK'ET, Oriental "[in, Ar. Ch. Heb. Syr. Sani. and Mar. Dirt. BOYTSII, o. Belonging to a boy childish; Eth., to bend the kuee ; hence it signifies a boy in maimers or 8. Brace, orbrasse, is a foreign measure antrifling resembling the knee.] Shnk. swering to our fathom. opinions puerile. warlike preparation ; as we 1. Among workers in timber, an angular adv. Childishly; in a trifling 0. Harness BOY'ISHLY, '' wooden stay, in form of the knee bent, to Shak. Sherwood. manner. f^ay, girded for battle. Holder. n. Childishness; the man- 10. Tension support shelves, scaffolds and the like. BOV'ISHNESS, lightness. II. Braces. /)/h., suspenders, the straps that 2. The cheek of a mortar carriage, nia'e of ners or behavior of a hoy. sustain pantaloon.s, &c. strong plank. BOY'ISM, n. Childishness; puerility. Encyc. Dryden. 12. The braces of a dnim, are the cords on 3. In printing, hooks ; thus, [ ]
; ;

n wheels. A crooked

BRACIIYL OtiY,

stenography.

B. Jonson.
n. [Gr. lipaxif, short,

and

BRACKEN,

BRA
[D. brak, overflowed qii. Per-' iVoni break or Gr. i3ptj;ui, to water. to land on which salt waterl li;i|js applied has flowed.] or salt in a moderate degree it is ap-^ Salt, plied to any water partially saturated with

BRA
;

BRA
os-

BRACK'ISH,

a.

BRAG'LESS,
tentation.

a.

Without bragging, or
;

[Unusual.l
adv.

Shak.

BRAKE, pp. BRAKE,

1!.

of break.

Obs.

[See Break.]
Port.

BRAG'LY,

bragged of

BRAHMAN'I, its roughness or mans or Bramins of India. broken aj)])earance.] Vallancey. BaconJ BRAID, r. I. [Sax. bredan, to braid Old L Brake is a name given to fern, or rather to the female fern, a species of Eng. hrede Dan. brtider, to upbraid.] cryjjtogambrackish 1. To wea^e or infold three or more strands ian plains, of the genus Pteris, whose to form one. fructification is in lines under the margin Cheyni To reproach. Obs. [See Upbraid.] '2. of the leaf or frond. BIl.VCK'Y, a. Brackish. [.N'ot jised.] Ainsworth writes, BR.\1D, J(. .\ string, cord or other texture, Fam. of Plants. Encyc. l!R.\e'TEA, } " [L. formed by weaving together different 2. A BKACTE, S hradea, or braltea.] place overgrown with brake. Encyc. In botany, a tioral l(.'af", one of the seven fulstrands. 3. A thicket a place overgrown with shrubs crunis or props ot" plants. It differs Croni '2. A start. Sackville. and brambles. Johnson. other leaves in shape and color, and is gen- BRAID, a. Deceitful. Shak. 4. In the U. States, a thicket of canes, as a Chaucer used the Saxon word brede, to erally situated on the peduncle, so near the cane-brake Init I believe used only in comdeceive. This is the figurative sense of corol, as easily to be mistaken for the Ellicott.
;

so as it may be P'inely [JVot used.] Spenser. a. Pertaining to the Brach;

[W. bnvg; h: fraoch ;

brejo ; Sp. brezo ; Dan. bregne ; G. breche ; L. e7^ca ; Gr. tpixu,, tpftxw, to break. So

named probably from

salt.

BRACK'ISHNESS.n.
;

Tlie quality of bein saltness in a small degree.

calyx.

Marti/n.

braid.

Obs.
71.

In the Asiatic Researches, iv. 354, this word is anitlicized, and written brad. BRAC'TEATE, o. [from irarfea.] Em-nished with bractes. Barlon.

BRAIL,
I.

[Fr. hrayer

brail,

or truss, a

BRAKE,
break
'2.

IX'sition. n.

[See Break.]

An

instrument to

flax or

BRA'TED,

a.

Furnished with bractes.

n.

fiRA'TEOLE,
teoles.

Marl>in
littl.'

bract.

De CandMe.

BRA TEOLATE, a.
BR.Vn,
in Sax., is broad,

Furnished with brae

and occurs in names

as in Bradford, hroadford. BR.'VI), n. [.'Vrm. broud, a point ; Ir. brod, or braid ; Dan. brand, a goad or sting ; Oh. U13 a dart, a borer.] .A particular kind of nail, used in floors and

Fni/fax. large heavy harrow for "breaking clods BRAIL, V. t. To brail up, is to liaul up into after jilowiug called also a drag. the brails, or to truss up with the brail BR.\'KY, a. Full of brakes ; abounding with .Mar. Did.
7.

contracted word.] A piece of leather to bind up a hawk's wing. Bailey. In navigation, brai are ropes passing through pulleys, on the mizen mast and and fastened to the aftmost leech of yard, of the sail in difterent places, to truss it up close. Also, all ropes employed to haul up tlie bottoms, lower corners and skirt* of the other great sails, for the more rendy Mnr. Did. furling of them.

3. 4. 5.

or lever by which a pump is worked tiiat is, brae, bi-achium, an arm. A baker's kneading trough. A sharp bit, or snaffle.
;

The handle

hemp.

A machine for confining refractory horses,

is

while the smith

0.

shoeing them.
Johnso7i.

That part of

the carriage of a

movable
to turn.

battery or engine

which enables

it

BRAIN,
1.

other work, where it is deemed proper to drive nails entirely into the wooil. For this purpose, it is made without a broad head or shoulder over the shank.

Moxon.

BRAD'YPUS,
BR.\(i', t'. up, to
J.

i.

[W.
;

sloth, which see. hragiaiv, to swell, to .shoot

The

malt bran;, a sprouting, brag bragu, to malt. It coincides with Dan hemisphere, and below into six lobes. It is composed of a cortical substance, which crackle, Gr. /3pa;tu, Eng. to many other v.ords signifying to is external, and a medullary, which is inbreak or shoot forth. See Brave.] ternal. From the brain proceed nine pair Vo boast to disjjlay one's actions, merits or of nerves, which are ilistributcd princiadvantages ostentatiously; to tell boastful pally to the head and neck. stories; followed by of; as, to brag of Hooper. Encyc. Hale. good horse, or of a feat. Sidney. Shak. 1. The understanding. To brag on is vulgar indeed the word itself 3. The affections fancy imagination. [Unis become low, and is not to be used in elShak. Sandys. ustial.] egant composition. BR.\IN, !'. t. To dash out the brains; to kill I?RAG, n. A boast, or boasting ; ostenta by beating out the brains. tious verbal display of one's deeds, or adPope. Dryden. vantages the thing boaste<l. 2. To conceive to understand. [.Vo/ used.] Milton. Bacon. Stiak. has used this w ord as an adverli Spenser BR.VINISH, a. Hot-headed; furious as for proudly. L. cerehrosus. Shak. BRAG,)!. A game at cards. Chesterfield.
bragcr, to brag, and
;
;

[Sax. bra;gan, bregtn, bragen ; D. brcin ; Gr. fjpfyiia, properly the tore pai t of the head or sinciput, also the brain.] That soft whitish mass, or viscus, inclosed in the cranium or skidl, in which the nerves and spinal marrow terminate, and which is supposed to be the seat of the soul or intelligent principle in man. It is divided above into a right and left
7J.

brambles or shrubs

rough

thorny.

B.

Jonsoji.

BRAM'A,
Bream.]

The bream, a
tus,

fish.

[See

BRAiM'A,

BRUM' A, BRAH MA,

The
frum.

[B/oum,Piromis.
tin.

HerodoIr.

L. pT^inus,
chief,

priomh,

first,

Goth.

origin, beginning.]

chief deity of the Indian nations, considered as the creator of all things. As. Researches.
n. [Sax. iremte/, tremtr, bre/nel, a brandile, rubus, vepres D. braam, traamGer. hro7nbraamstruik, bramble
;

BRA3I BLE,
bosch,
bcer, ble.

bramThis plant probably is named from its berry or its prickles. See Bi-oom.] The raspberry busli or blackberry bush a general name of the genus 7-ubus, of which there are several species. They are armed with priclvles; hence iu common languat'e, any roui;h, pricklv shrub. BRAiNI'BLEBLISH, n. [bramble and bush.] The Inamble, or a collection of brambles Ash. growing together. BR.\M'BLED, a. Overgrown with brambles.
blackberry
;

brombecrstaitde,

BRAM'BLE-NET,

BRAGGADO'CIO,
tellow.

n.

puffing, boasting

BRAINLESS,
.silly
;

a.

Without understanding
;

[bra/nble

and

7iet.]

hallier, or

a net to catch birds.

?
i;

RRAG'GARDISM,
ostentation.

n.

Dryden. Boastfulness vain

;

thoughtless
71.

witless. Tickel.

Shak.

BRAM'RLING,

.\

BRA'INPAN,
art, ard, kind.]

[bra.in

and
brain.

pan.]

The

BRAM

bird,

Encyc. Ash. a sjiecies of

E7icyc.

BLE,
I

tringilla, the nioinitain

[See Brarhman.] [b/-ain and sick.] "DisBRAHMIN, S understanding giddy V jtricst among the Hindoos and other naShak. Knolles. thoughtless. tious. Donne. There are several orders tions of India. with a BRAG'GER,?!. One who brags a boaster.' BR A'INSICKLY, arfi'. We.akly of Bramins, many of whom are very corShak. BRAG'GET, n. [W. bragawd. See Brag.' disordered imderstanding. rupt in their morals; others live sequesA liquor made by fermenting the wort of BRA'INSICKNESS, n. Disorder of the untered from the world devoted to superstiale and mead. Owen tion and iii(iiilcn<'e. They are the only derstanding giddiness indi.scretion. BRAG'GING, ppr. Boasting. BRAIT, n. Among jewelers, a rough dia- persons who understand the San.scrit, or mond. ancient language of the country, in which BRAG'GINGLY, adv. Boastingly.
;

BRAG'GART, A boaster a BRAG'GART,

[brag and vain fellow.

n.
a.

skull

which incloses the

a.

Dryden.
;
:

finch.

Shak.

BRA'INSICK,
ordered
in

BRAM'IN,

Boastful

vainly ostenta
;

the

BRA
>lieir
;
j I

BRA
I

BRA
a hot iron
reproach.
;

MiLlun. and to |4. To have horns shooting ouu sacred books are writ((;n them are European nations in(lol)teil lor IBR'ANCII, r. <. To divide as into branch their knowledge ot' the lan','uage. e.s; to make subordinate divisions. Tlicy Bacon. worship Brania, the supposed creator ol the world, but have many subordinate de- 2. To adorn with needle work, representing ities. branches, flowers, en' twigs. Spenstr. BR'ANCHEU, pp. Divided or spread into subdrdinatc branciics into separated adorned with branches furnished parts BRAMIN'ICAL, a. Pertaining to the Bra with branches. as niins, or their doctrines and worship the Braminical system. BR-ANCHER, n. One that shoots forth branches. Aitiai. Researches. BRAM'INISM, n. The religion, or system 2. A young hawk when it begins to leave the nest and take to the branches. of doctrines of the Bramins. BRAN, n. [W. bran, composed of b and BR'ANCHERV, n. The ramifications or ratnified vessels dispersed tiiruugli the rlian, a piece, (i-orn rluiiiu, to rend or tear Arm. brenn ; Ir. and Er. brim. In Italian puljiy part of fruit. Encyc. Ash. Arm. ranna; Ir BR'ANCfllNESS, n. Fulness of branches. brano, is a piece or bit.
; ; ;
;

fixing a stigma or
\

mark of

BRAND -IRON,

iron to brand with. BRANDING-IRON, \ BRANDISH, v.t. [Fr. brandir: Port, irandir ; Sp. blandir, r changed into / ; It. brandire ; probably allied to Fr. hrankr, to
"

An

shake.] To move or wa\e, as a weapon to raise, and move in various directions to shake or riourish as, to brandish a sword or a cane. It often indir-ates tlireutening. 2. To play ith to llourish ; as, to brandish
1.
; ; ; ;

syllogisms.

Locke.

BRANDISHED,

pp. Raised and the air with a flourish.

waved

in

BRAND

ISIIEK,
;

n.

One who

brandishes.

The

rannuin, to tear.] outer coat of wheat,

grinding.

Johnson.
r_ve

BRANDISHING, ppr.
in the air

Raising and waving

or other fariflour by
a.

BR'.\NCHING, p;)r. Shouting

in

branches;

BRANDLING,
brand of fire.

fiourishing. n. kind of

worm.
Ifalton.

naceous grain, separated trom the

diviiling into several subcirdinate parts.

BR'ANCHING,a.
[O.
;

Furnished with blanches;

a.

BRAND'-NEW,
jBRAN'DY,
to distil
;

o.

Quite new; bright as a

Tatler.
;

BRAN-NEW,
new,
[fire

properly brand-new, brennen, to burn brand, burning.]

shooting out branches.

Quite

BRANCHIOS'TEGOL'S,
gills,

new]

bright or shining.

BRANeARD.n.
in use.]

[Fr.]"

horse htter. [.Vol

BR'ANCH,

W.
1.

[Fr. branche ; Arm. hrnncq If re is not radical, this word coincides will This is probbraic, the arm, a shoot.
n.

ably the fact.] The shoot of a tree or other plant; a limb; a bough shooting from the stem, or from anoilier branch or bough. .)ohns<ui
restricts the ord to a shoot from a main bous^li ; but the definition is warranted neither by etymology nor usage. A division of a main stem, supporting tlie leaves and fructification. Afartyn. All arm of a tree sprouting from the stem.

branden, to boil brtnner, a disG. branntwcin ; Fr. brandevin, brantiller See Burn.] dy. membrane. The brnnctdostegi An ardent spirit distilled from wine. The cliiosli'gotis are an order of fish in the laiincan system, same name is now given to spirit distilled the raysof whose fins are bony, but whose from other liipior.s, and in the U. States gill-covers are destitute of bony ravs. particularly to that which is distilled from n. A leaf growing on a cyder and peaches. BRANCH-LEAF, branch. ffiseman. JMarlyn. BRANDY-WINE, n. Brandy. IBUANCHLESS, a. Destitute of branches, iBRAN GLE, n. [Russ. iraJi, war, strife, or shoots ; without any valuable product noise, broil branyu, to hinder, to scold barren luiked. Shak. Qii. wrangle. Biangle, in ScotI^.frendeo. Fr. tisiti, signifies to shake, or to threaten BR'ANCHLET, re. A little branch a
ffyoj,
; ;
I

[Gr lifxyxta., a covering.] Having gill covers, or covered gills, as a branchio.ite gous fish; covering the gills, as iIk^ bran

7i.

[D.branden

Gcr. brennen,

and

twig

the subdivision of a branch.

branler.]

Matiyn.

Asial. Researches. (A
n.

wrangle
disjiute.

a squabble
r. i.
;

a noisy contest or
Su-ifl.
;

Encyc
2.

iBR
I

ANCH-PEDUNLE,
!.

peduncle
.Marti/n.

branch or public commission. Laics of .Massachusetts and .N". York. |BR'A\CHV, a. Full of branches having Gallia; ()uoque suunj joints, breaks. wide spreading branches. Popi farris dedere quod illic brance vohorn an antler. BRAND, n. [Sax. brand; B. brand ; G. genus cant, apud nos sandalum, nitidissimi brand; Dan. brccndc ; !^w. brand; from ;{. Any member or pun of a body, or sys Plin. 18. 7.] grani." See dm!.] bi'anna, brennen, to hunt. teui a distinct article a section or sub 1 a Buckwheat, a species of polygonum or a stick or division as, charity is a branch of christian |1. A burning piece of wood grain cultivated mostly lor beasts and piece of wood partly burnt, whether burnduty. but in the U. States, the flour is poultry 4. Any individual of a famil)ing or after the fire is extinct. descending in much used for making breakfast cakes. a collateral line; any descendant from a ,2. .\ sword, either from brandishing,- Fr. 2. In some parts of Englaud and Scotland, a common parent or stock. brandir, or from its glittering brightness scolding-bridle, an instrument for c-orrect(loic obsolete, unless in Milton. ~>. Branches of a bridle, two pieces of bent poetry. ing scolding women. It consists of a headA tliunder-bolt. Granville. iron which bear the bit, the cross chains piece, which incloses the head of the of4. A iiiaik made by burning with a hot iron, and the curb. Eno/c. fender, and of a sharp iron which entere as upon a criiiunal, or upon a cask a In architecture, branches of ogives are tlie the mouth and restrains the tongue. arches of Gothic vaults, traversing from stigma: any note of infamy. Plott. Encyc. Bacon. Dryden. one angle to another diagonally, and formBRANK'URSINE, n. [brank and ursus, a ing a cross between tlie other arches, BR.\ND, V. t. To burn or impress a mark bear.] which make the sides of the square, of with a hot iron as, tohrand a criminal, by Bear's-breech, or acanthus, a genus of plants, which these arches are diagonals. way of punishment or to brand a cask or of'several s|)ecies. The leaves of the comHarris. any thing el.se, for the purpose of fixing a mon sort are said to have furnished the 7. A warrant or commission given to a niarU U|iou it. pilot. model of the Corinthian capitals. Jjaics of .Massachit.telts. 2. To fix a mark or character of infamy, in A species of fish of the 8. A chandelier. .^sh. allusion to the branding of criminals to BRAN'LIN, n. BR'ANCH, r. i. To shoot or spreail in stigmatize as infamous as, to brand a vice salmon kind, in some places called the branches to ramify, as a plant, or as with infamy. Rowe. Addison. flngry, from five or six black lines or marks on each side resembling fingers. liorns. It is BRAND' F>D, pp. Marked with a hot iron foimd ia rapid streams. 2. To divide into separate ]iaits, or subdi.stigmatized. Did. of Mtt. Hist. visions, as a mountain, a stream, or a mor- BRAND -GOOSE, n. A species of Anas, or al subject to ramify. the goose kind usually called in Ainerica BRAN'NY, a. [from bran.] Having the 3. To speak diffusively to make many disbrant or Inent. appearance of bran consisting of bran. tinctions or divisions in a discourse. Wiseman. BRAND'ING, ppr. Impressing a mark witi;
'^
;
i

or extended part shooting or extended from the iiiaiu budy of a thing as the branch of a candlestick or of an ar Hence, from similitude, a smaller tery. .stream running into a larger one, or pro cecding from it. Also, the shoot of a stag's
;

Any arm

springing from a brancli.

jBRAN'GLE,

To wrangle

to dispute
Su-ijl.

BR'ANCH-PILOT,

pilot

who

has a

contentiouslv

to squabble.

IBRAN'GLEMENT, n. Wransle brangle. Ji hillock. BRAN'GLING, n. A quarrel. BRANK, n. [So named probably trom its "
;

'i.

.).

BRA
BRAN''SLE,
used.]
n.

BRA
[Ao(
generosity and dignity of mind
;

BRA
qualities

brawl, or dance.

Spenser.
?!.

often united.

Bacon.
will not deliberately

BRANT,

A species
a.

ot'anas or
Steej).
a.

also hrent

[Qii. hrancl, Ijnrnt or brown.] tlio goose kind called and brand-goose, wliich see.
;

The brave man

injury to his fellow

man.
graceful
; ;

15RANT,

Todd.'

Gallant mien.
'.).

lofty
;

having a noble
Shah.

1. The flesh of a boar, or the animal. do an 2 The fleshy, jirotuberant, muscular part of JInon. the body. Peacham.

BRAWN,

n.

[L. ajrrugnus, caro apnigtm.]

3. 4.

Bulk

The arm, from

a.

BKA'SEN,
BKA'SIER,
works
2.

hnizn.

Made

of brass.
artificer

[See

3Iagnificent

grand

as a brave place.

muscular strength. Dryden. its muscles or strength.

Shak.

Brass and Brazen.]

11.

Denham.
4.

bra-Jmr.

An

who

in brass.

Franklin.

ern usage,
ill

Excellent; noble; dignified. Bntin modit has nearly lost its uppticalion to
ings.

BRAWN'ED, BRAWN'ER,
brawny
;

Brawny

.strong.

n.

Spenser. boar killed for the table.

John.ion.

|ian for
n.

BRASIL.
BR' ASS,

W. pyes ; Corn. [Sax. bra:s In Welsli, prts signifies bresl ; Ir. pras. brass and what is quick, ready, sliar|i, smart, ,ilso haste, fuel, and presu, to rend
;

holding coals [See Brazil.]

[See Brass.]
>.

Gaudy

showy

in

dress.

[Ar.

3 yj

BRAWN'INESS,

n.
;

strength
a.

The quality of bemg hardiness. Locke.

;

King.

BRAVfj,

ininiinent, to hasten, to render present. Hot braves like these may figlit. Dryden. The latter sense indicates tliat it is from 2. A boast ; a challenge ; adetiance. Shak. the Lathi. BiU I see no connection beto challenge; to en]>./. To dely tween these senses and brass. This w ord counter with courage and fortitude, or may be named from its bright color, and without being moved to set at defiance. be allied to Port, braza, Sp. brasas, live The ills of love 1 can brave. Tile lock tliat braves the tempest. coals, abrazar, abrasar, to burn or inflame ; Dryden. but the real origin and primary sense are 2. To carry a boasting appearance of; as, to

Ohs. II. hector; a discretion or decency.

to adorn.]

man

Spenser.

BRAWNY,
BRAY,
V.
t.

Musculous

daring beyond

having large, strong muscles

fleshy ; bulky ; strong.

Dryden.
[Sax. bracan ; Fr. broyer, to pound, or bruise braire, to roar, or bray as an ass Arm. hregui, to roar; N%rm.
;
;

BRAVE,

Gr. |.3pa;tw ; bribrair, to cry, to brag waw, to break in pieces, to rub, or grind ; breyan, a quern ; Ir. bra, a handmill. See
;

W.

1.

1.

not evident.] An alloy of copper and zink, of a yellow color; usually containing about one third of its weight of zirdc, but the proportions are variable. The best brass is made by cementation of calamine or the oxyd of zink with granulated copper.

brave that

which they beUeve

;

not.

Bacon.

2.

Brag and Break.] To ])Ound, beat or grind small as, to bray a fool in a mortar. Prov. xxvii. To make a harsh sound, as of an ass.
;

BRA'VED./jp. Defied

set at defiance;

met

Thomson.
2.

without dismay, or being moved. ff(/i'. Courageously; gallantly splendidly in a brave manner heroically. In Spenser, finely gaudily. Enci/c BR A' VERY, (I. Courage heroism; undaun-

To make
sound.

Dryden.

BRAVELY,

BRAY,
ass
;

?!.

The harsh sound

a harsh, disagreeable grating Milton. or roar of an

Fairfax. a mount or peak.] Obs. Herbert. that brays like an ass.

harsh grating sound.

n.

Shelving grf'und.

Impudence
n.

a brazen face.

BR'ASSE,

pale spotted perch, witl two long teeth on each side ; the liieio.fish. perca.
n. [L.]
i.

The

BRASSIA,

BR'ASSINESS,

Cabbage.
quality of brass

Pope
;

gallantry fearless ness of danger; often united with generosity or dignity of mind which despises meanness and cruelty, and disdains to take advantage of a van(|nished enemy.
;

ted sjarit

intrepidity

BRAY,

[W.
n.

hre,

bank or mound of earth.

BRA'YER,
2.

One

Pope.

instrument to temper ink

ppr. roaring.
n.

in printing

The

tluellist,
it

in

the
2.

pro\

iiig

his bravery,

shows
.,1non
.

otiices.

Bailey.

Johnson.

that

he thinks

suspected.
;

apfjearance of brass.

BRA'YING,
mall
;

Pounding or
;

grinding

BRASS-PAVED,

a.

Hard

Splendor; magnificence
auce.

as brass.
Spenser.

showy

apjiearIs.

BRA'YING,
of their tinkling ornaments.

Roar

noise

clamor.
Smi(/i.

The bravery
iii.

BRASS-VISAgED, a. Impudent. Todd. BRASSY, a. Pertaining to brass partaking

;

Spenser.
;

BRAZE,
brass.
2.

!'..

3.

Show

[Fr. 6raMr.]
to

To
;

soder

whh

ostentation
;

fine dress.

Bacon.
Sidney.

J\lo.T07i.

A showy person. with brass. Shak. Spen-ier. 0. brazn. Made of brass as [In the last four senses, this word is nearly a brazen helmet. antiqunted.] Dryden. BRA'VING, /)/. Setting at defiance; chal 2. Pertaining to brass ; jiroceeding from Shak. brass; as a irrcfii din. 2. Ot^spring lenging. progeny. daring villain 3. Iiij]iudent having a front like brass. BRAUL, n. Indian cloth with blue and white BRA'VO, 71. [It. and Sp.] a bandit ; one who sets law at defiance Brazen age, or age of brass, in mythology, stripes, called turhants. Eneyc. an assassin or murderer. the age which succeeded the silver age, BRAVA'DO, n. [Sp. bravata ; Fr. bravade.
5.

of brass of brass.

hard as brass

having the color

4.

Brava<lo

boast.

Bacon.

To harden

impudence

to

harden as
;

2.

Impudent; impudently

bold.

BRAZEN,

BRAST, a. hurst. BKAT, n. A child,

:

[.Yot in use.] Spenser so called in contempt.

See Brave.]
boast or brag an arrogant menace, tended to intimidate.
;

in-

BRAWL,
rraaler

BRAVE,

a.

[Fr.brave

Arm.

brao

Sp. Port.

Ix. bravo : D.braaf; fiw. braf; T)n\i.brav; ; Ger. brav, whence brariren, to look big, to In Sp. and Port, bravo 1. To bully or hector. quarrel noi-sily and indecently. signifies fcraj'e, valiant, strenuous, bullying,^ fVatts. fierce, wild, savage, rude, unpolished, ex-l 2. To Shak. speak loud and indecently. cellent, tine ; brnvear, to liidly, to menace 3. To roar as water to make a noise. in an arrogant maimer; brava is a swell of| Shak. the sea ; bravezn, valor, and fury of the V. t. To drive or beat away. elements. The word brave expresses also Shak. a showy dress ; Arm. br(is:at, to be well n. [Norm, braxil.] Noise ; quardressed, fine, spruce, of which brao seems! rel Hooker. scurrility ; uproar. to be a contraction. The word bears the 2. Formerly, a kind of dance. sense of open, bold, expanding, and rushShak. B. Jonson.
;

Cov''t of the Tongue. when men had degenerated from primitive purity. [G.bnillen; D.'brullen Dan. Sw. vrCila, to roar or Brazen dish, among miners, is the standard ; bellow Fr. braiUer ; Arm. brailhat, to by w hicli other dishes are guaged, and is brawl or be noisy L. pmlior ; W. hrokept in the king's hall. England. liau\ to boast, to brag brawl, a shooting Brazen sea, in Jewish antiquity, a huge vessel of brass, cast on the plain of Jordan, out, a boast.]
V. 1.
;

and

broler

and
ten

])lai'ed

cubits

in Solomon's temple. from brim to brim,

It

was
in

five

BRAWL,
;

height, thirty in circumference, and contained 3000 baths. It was designed for the priests to wash them.selves in, bcfiire they pertinnied the service of the temple.

BRAWL,

BRA'ZEN,
bully.

II.

i.

briizn.

To
(Uie

Encyc. be impudent to
;

Arbuihnot.
n.
;

BRA'ZEN-FACE,
impudent persmi
eflionterv.

[brazen

ing, vaunting.
1.

It is

doubtless contracted,

and jirobably trom the root of ira^.] Courageous bold daring intrepid fearless of danger: as a brave warrior. It
; ;
;

BRAWL'ER,
ghr.

n.

Gray.

and fare.] remarkable

An
for

noisy fellow

a wran.4i//ije.

BRAZEN-FACED,
excess
;

a.

Shak. Impudent; bold to

BRAWLING,
manner.

ji.

The

BRAWL'INGLY,

usiudly unites the sense of courage with

act of quarreling. adv. In a quarrelsome Huloei.

shameless.
adv.

BRA'ZENLY,
manner.

In

Dryden. a bold impudent

B
In
2.
tliis

R E
like brass. Cassuda-hread.
is

B R E
;

B R E
;
I

BRA'ZENNESS, n. Appearance
sense, brassineas

the

more corrcrt

Word.

BRAZIER.

Impudence; excess of assurance.

[Hee Brasier.]
[Port, braza, a live
i'0"'>

BRAZIL', I " BRAZ1]/-W001>, S This name was fire.

try in

for its color, and it is said that King Emanuel of Portugal gave this name to the coun-

<" glowing given to the wotjd

America on account of its producing tliis wood. It was first named Santa Cruz, by its discoverer, Pedro Alvares Cabral.
Lindlei/\f ATarralive

To tame to train to obedience to make [See Cassada.] p. BKEAD, V. t. [Sax. brwdan. Sec Broad.] tractable; as, to ij-eo/.- a horse. Addison. To spread. [Ao< used.] South. Ray JO. To make bankrupt. -CHIPl'ER, n. [bread and chip.] 1 1 To discard, ilismiss or cashier as, to break an officer. One who chips bread a baker's servant Su-ijt. 12. To crack, to part or divide, as the skin iSTiaA: an imdi r butler. to open, as an apostenie. liREAD'-tDKN, n. [bread and com.] ('orn of which bread is made. This in most 13. To violate, as a contract or promise, cibut in some ther by a jiositive act contrary to the countries is wlieat and rye countries bread is made of other grain, as promise, or by neglect or non-fulfilment. 14. To infiini;i> or violate, as a law, or of maize in some parts of America. any BREAD'EN, a. Made of bread. [Little moral obligation, either by a positive act or by an omission of what is required. used.] Rogers

BREAD

of a voyage
.3.

to Brazil.

BREAD'LESS, a. Without bread

ot' t'ood.

destitute
15.

Mfd. Rep. Hex.

a. vol.

WO.]

Brazil, or hra/.il-wood, or hraziletto, is a very heavy wood of a red color, growing in It is Brazil, and otljer tropical countries. used in nianulactines for dyeing red. It
is

BREAD'-ROOM,j!. An apartment in a ship's

hold,

To stop:

Dryden.
to interrtipt
;

as, to break

conversation

where the bread

n.

to cause to cease to 6reaA: sleep. ;

is

kept

Shak.
intercept ; to check ; to lessen the of; as, to break a fall, or a blow. Bacoti. separate ; to part ; as, to break comor triendship. Atlerbvry. dissolve any union; sometimes witli off ; as, to break off' a. connection. 19. To cause to abandon ; to refoi-m or cause to reform ; as, to break one of ill habits or practices. Grew. to propound :20. To open as a purpose ; something new to make a fir.st disclosure of opinions; as, to break cue's mind.
;

BREAD'-TREE,

a species of ('tBsalj)ina.
n.

BRAZILET'TO,
wood.

The same

as Brazilas,

BRAZIL'IAN,

a.

Pertaining' to Brazil
\

'I'lie l(i. To [bread and tree.] force bread-fruit tree, or Artocar|ius, a tree which grows in the isles of the Pacific ocean, of the size of an apple-tree, producing a fruit 17. To shaped liki' a heart, .uid as large as a small pany 18. To loaf of bread, which is eaten as food.

BREACH,
1.

9.

Brazilian strand. Barlow. C.n: n. [Yr. hreche ; D. hreuk bruch ; Sw. brUck ; Dan. hra'k ; Sp. and Port brecha. See Break.] The act of breaking or state of being a gap; the broken; aru|)ture; a break S])ace between the severed parts of a solid body parted by violence as a breach in a garment, or in a wall. The violation of a law the violation or non-fidfihnent of a contract tlie non-perfi)rniance of a moral <luty non-performance of duty being a breach of obligation, as well as a positive transgression or vio; ; ;
;

BREADTH,

The measure

Encyc. n. bredth. [Sax. bra:d and bred. See Board and Broad.] or extent of any plain surface tiiim side to side a geometrical dimen
;

5X3=
BREAK,

sioii, wliich, niultiphcd into the length, constitutes a surface ; as, the length of a table is five feel, and the breadth, three ; 1.5 feet, the whole surface. 21.

Bacon.

To
To To

frustrate
design.

to prevent.

jBREADTlI'LESS,

a.

Having no breadth.
More.
22.
'23.

If plagues or earthquakes

lation.

Every breach of the public engagements

hurtful to [jublic credit.
3.

is

Hamilton.

V. t. pret. broke, [brake. Obs.]; p|). broke or broken. [Sax. braican, brecan, to break, and bracan, to bray, as in a mortar Sw. br'uku ; Dan. brakker ; D. braaken, breeken ; G. brechen ; W. bregu, to break ; breg, a rent or rupture ; brer, a breaking
;

take

away
;

a.s,

break not heaven's Pope. to break the whole

;

staff

of bread.
stret<-h

Ps. cv.
to rack
;

to strain

as, to break

one on the wheel.

An opening
enmity
;

in

a coast.

[Ml

usual.]

Spenser.
4.

break the back, to strain or dislocate the vertebers with too heavy a burden also, to disable one's fortune. Sliak. out, a freckle ; Goth, brikan ; Ir. bracaim, To break bulk, to begin to unload. to break, to harrow Sp. and Port, brecha,
; ;
; ;

To

5.

C.

Separation between friends by means of difference quarrel. Clarendon. Infraction; injury; invasion; na a breach Clarendon. upon kingly power. Bereavcnieiu loss of a friend and its con;

a breach Arm. L._/(Tnig'o,_/'re^!, i casual fricga; Vr. fracas ; Heb. ( 'h. Syr. Sam. Ar. to break, to free or deliver, to sepa p13 Gr. ^fianau, ^pay.ua. These words rate seem also to be allied to "jlS and lljj. If
;

Mar. Diet.

To To

break a deer, to cut

it

u\> at table.

sequent
7.

aflliction.

violation of the public peace, as by a aflray, or any tumult which is contrary to law, and destructive to the public tranquillity, is called a breach of the peace.
riot,
Vt.

BREACH,

a breach, or openLife of ]f ellington. ing. BREAD, n. bred. jSax. bread ; G.broi; D. brood; Sw.brod; Uan.hrod. Qu. Gr. iJpurof, any thing esculent. If the w ord signifies food in general, or that which is eaten, probably it is the Heh. and Ch. nnj, fronj ni3 barah, to eat or feed. But in German, it signifies loaf as well as bread. " Zolicn It may therebrot," ten loaves. fore signifv prirndrily a lump or portion]
j.

To make

first consonant is a jjrefix, which is probable, then connected with these words are theGr. pjjyiau, and tpstxio, W. rhuygaw, Arm. roga, rega, to rend. Wreck is j)robably of the same family. The primary sense is to strain, stretch, rack, drive hence, to strain and burst or break. It shoiikl be noted that the Greek fiyr;, in the jEolic dialect, is fjpjjyj;.] 1. To part or divide by force and violence, as a solid substance to rend apart as, to break a band to break a thread or a cable 2. To burst or open by force.

the

Johnson. breakfast, to eat the first meal in the day, but used as a conqround word. To break ground, to plow. Carew. To break ground, to dig to open trenches. Encyc. To break the heart, to afflict grievously to cause great sorrow or grief; to depress with sorrow or despair. Dryden. To break a jest, to utter a jest unexpected. Johnson. To break the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck. Shak. To break off. to put a sudden stop to to in; ; ;

terrupt
iv.
j2.

to discontinue. ; Breali off tliy sins by righteousness.

Dan.

The
3.

fountains of the earth were broke open.

To

sever

to

divide

as, to

A mass of (longh, made by moistening and kneading the flour or meal of some species of grain, and baked in an oven, or pan.
Food
Gen.
in general.

'?.

In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.

iii.

Give us
3.

this

day our daily bread. Lord's Player.

Support of
Is

life in general : maintenance. the reward of virtue, bread? Pope.

Bee-bread.

[See Bee.] Ship-bread, bread for ships

hard

biscuits.

twig. To divide by piercing or penetrating to To break sheer, in marine language. When a burst fi)rth as, the hglit breaks through the ship at anchor is in a position to keep clouds. clear of the anchor, hut is forced by wind Dryden. 4. To make breaches or gaps by batteiing, or current out of that position, she breaks as in a wall. Shak. her sheer. Mar. Diet. 5. To destroy, crusli, weaken, or impair, as To break up, to dissolve or put an end to the human body or constitution. JMiUon. as, to break up house-keeping. to appall or subdue G. To sink as, to break 2. To open or lay open to break up a as, the s])irits, or the passions. bed of earth. Philips. 7. To crush to shatter to dissipate the 3. To plow groinid the first time, or after strength of, as of an army. Dryden. Iving long unplowed ; a common use in the 8. To weaken, or impair, as the faculties. V. States. Shak. 4. To separate ; as, to break up a company:

Burnet

break off u

n R E
5.
'J'd (li.sbaiid

R E
the
filth,

B
BREAST, n.
D.
borst,
bresl.

R E
[Sax. breast
;

army. defect, and '/?and break firmiti/. To break upon tlie bones by torture upon tbe wheel. BRE.\fc, n. A state of being open, or the To break wind, to give vent to wind from the act of separating an. 0])ening made by It is the .same an open |)lace. force body backward.
as, to brertk up all the ivkeel, to stretoh
;

quential senses of injury,

such as grass, sea weed, ooze. Mar. Diet. &e., from a ship's bottom.

Sw.

brbsl

IiREAK,
breaks.
'i.

V.

i.

To
;

vide in t>vo

part; to separate; to dias, the ice breaks ; a band

2.

vord as brack, differently written and iioimced.

3.

jjro-

To To

biirs-t

as,

a storm or deluge breaks.

Dry den.
burst,
:

l).

4.

by dashing against something as, a wave irtaAi upon a rock. Pope. To open, as a tumor or apostenic.

))ause; an interruption. line in vvritiiig or printing, noting a siis ])cnsioii of the sense, or a stop in the sentence.

A A

the breast, a lad, a notch ; G. breast, and briisten, to hold up the head, to look big; Dan. brost, breast; also defaidf, defect, blemish ; also, in/si, breast, pap ; bry.'iter sig, to strut ; brisler, to burst.
brust,
1.

The sense seems to be, a jjrotuberance.] The soil, protuberant body, adhering to
the thorax, which, in females, furnishes

4.

In a ship, the break of

where

it

ternjinates,

and the descent on

the deck is the part to

2.

milk

fi>r

iidants.

5.

To To
To

Harvey.

the next deck below

commences.

first light

0.

open, as the morning to show the to dawn. Addison. burst forth to utter or exclaim.
; ; ;

The
ing
<?
;

first

the

dawn

ajipearance of light in the mornas the break of day. Ar.

;

^ id.

3.

Shak.
trade or other occupation ; to become bankrupt. Pope, 8. To decline in health and strength ; to beto lose the natural vigor. gin Swijl. 9. To issue out with vehemence. Pope. 10. To make way with violence or suddenness; to rush often with a particle; as, to break in ; to break in upon, as calamities ; to break over, as a flood to break nut, as a fire to break forth, as light or a sound.
7.
fail in
; ; ;

0.i farakon,
0.

In architecture, a recess.
.

UREaKAGE,
lowance
tation.

4.
;

for things
n.

breaking broken,

also, an al in transpor-

His breasts are full of imlk. Jol) x,xi. 24. fore part of the thorax, or the fore ]iart of the human body between the neck and the l>clly. The ])art of a beast whicli answers to the breast in man. This, in quadrupeds, is between the fore legs, below the neck. Figuratively, the heart; the conscience the disposition of the mind the afii'ections the seat of the aflfections and passion.s.

The

BREAKER,

The person who

Cowley.

Dryden.
Tusser. front ; to

breaks

5.

Formerly,
V.

tlie
t.

11.

To come

to

an explanation.

12.

I am to break with thee upon some afiairs. Shak. [/ beliire, aiiliqualed.] To sufler an interruption of friendship to fall out. 4. Be not aliaid to break vvitli tiailors.
;

any thing; a violator or transgressor; as a breaker of the law. South. rock which breaks the waves; or the wave itself which breaks against a rock, a satid bank, or the shore, exhibiting white foam. Mar. Diet. Johnson. A pier, mound or other solid matter, placed iii a river, to break the flouting ice, and prevent it from injuring a bridge be-

BREAST,

Irest.

power of singing. To meet in

Goldsmith.

oppose breast

to breast.

Dunght.

BREAST'BONE,

The court breasted the popular current by JVirt. sustaining the dt'murrer. n. [ireast and tone.] The
Pea^:ham.

bone of tlie breast; the sternum.

BREAST'->ASKET,
et.]

n.

low

[breast

and cask-

B.
13.

Ji>7ison.

To faint, flag or pant. My soul brcaketh for longing to thy judgments. Ps. c\ix. To break away, to disengage itself from ; to rush from also, to dissolve itself or dissipate, as fog or clouds. To break forth, to issue out. To break from, to disengage from ; to depart
;

abruptly, or with vehemence.

largest or strings on the mi<ldle of the yard of a n. Johnson. brckfasl. [break and ship. [I do not find this word ir), the JMariner^s Dictionanj.] fast.] 1. The first meal in the day ; or the thing BREAST'DEEI', a. Breast high ; as high eaten at the first meal. as the breast. 2. meal, or food in general. Dn/den. BREAST'ED, a. Having a broad breast; v. i. Fiddes. brekfast. To eat the having a fine voice. first Tiieal in the day. BREAST'F'AST, n. [breast and fast.] BREAK'FASTING,";;^))-. Eating or taking large rope to confine a ship sidewise to a the first meal in the day. wharf or key. Mar. Diet.
.5.

One

A BREAK'FAST,

called also ice-breaker. that breaks u]> ground. destroyer. Micali ii.
;

One of the

and longest of the caskets

A BREAK'FAST,

Ro.wommon.
break in, to enter by force ; to enter unAddison. ; to intrude. To break loose, to get free by force to escape from contincment by violence to shake oft' restraint. Milton. Tillotson. To break off, to part to divide also, to de-

BREAKFASTING,
fiist.

n.

party at break"

BREASTTIIGH,
as the breast.

a.

[breast

and

To

high.]

High

Chesterfield.

Sidney.
n.

expectedly

BREAKING,

ppr.
;

rending asunder

Parting by violence becoming bankrupt.

BREAST'HOOK,

[breast

and

hook.]

BREAKNECK,)!,

sist

To To

Bacon. suddenly. break offfrom, to part from with violence.

;

fall [break nnix neck.] that breaks the neck ; a steep place endunShak. gerini; the neck.

thick piece of timber placed directly across the stem of a sinp to strengthen the fore jjart and unite the bows on each side.

Mar.

Diet.

BREAKPROMISE,
One
!!.

n.

[break

and promise.]

BREAST'ING,
breast
;

ppr.
n.

Meeting
[breast

with
knot.]

the

break out, to issue forth

its

to

self by

to arise as, a lire breaks out ; a sedition breaks oitf

elTects
, ;

BREAKVOW, [break and vow.] or spring up; who habitually breaks his vows.
;

Shak. discover it-

Vvho makes a practice of breaking his Shak. promise. \JVot used.]

BREAST KNOT,

opposing

in front.

and

One

[AV

knot of ribins worn on the breast. Addison.

'i.

a fever breaks out. Dryden. Milton. To appear in eruptions, as pustules to have pustules, or an efflorescence on the
the skin, as a child breaks out. Hence we ha.\e freckle from the root of break ; Welsli
hrer.

used.]

BREAKWATER,
hull of

Shak. n. [break and leater.] The an old vessel smdc at the entrance of a harlior, to break or diminish thetlirce of the waves, to secure the vessels in harbor. Mar. Diet.
.\

BREAST'PLATE,
1.

n.

[breast

and

plate.]

Armor

2.

fijr the breast. Cowley. strap that runs across a horse's breast.

3.

y.

To throw
lute.

ofl'

restraint,

and become dissoDryden.

:

when

To

break up, to dissolve itself and separate as a coni|)any ict/.s vp; a meeting breaks up; a. foii breaks up; but more generally we say, fog, mist or clouds lireak away. To break with, to part in eimiity to cease to' be friends as, to break with a friend or!
;
;

enough

small buoy fastened to a large one, the rope of the latter is not long to reach the surface of the water.

Ask. In Jewish nnliijuity, a part of the vestment of the high priest, consisting of a folded piece of the rich embroidered stufl^ of

Mar. Did.
mole, Ht the mouth of a harbor, intend to break the force of the waves. BREAM, n. [Fr. bremc ; C\i. nan^N, abru

which the ejihod was made. It was set twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the names of the twelve
with
tribes.

Encyc.
n.

BREAST'PLOW,
BRFAST'ROPE,

[breast

ed

and plow.]

mah
A
fish,

plow, driven by the breast, used to cut or Johnson. pare turf.

n. [breast and rope.] In a ship, breast ropes are used to fasten the yards to the parrels, and with the parrels, to hold the yards fast to the luast now
;

companion. This verb carries

sense
ins;,

Pope.

with

it

its

primitive

oi' .itrainin^;, parting, sei'erins;, burstoftcu will) violence, with the conse-

Sp. brcma.] tbe Cyprinus brama, an inhabitant of lakes and (lee]* water, extremely insipid and littli' valued. fi'cdtun. Encyc.
;

BREAM,

1'.

^ In sea language, to burn

ofl'

called parrel ropes.

B
BREAST'-WORK,
a ])ara[)ot,

R E
n. [Lrcnst

B
and work.] In up for defense
2.
!3. [4.
; ;

R E
Prior:

B R E
unfold
1.

fortification, u \v<k tliriiwii

wliir-li st>.
t>r<-tli.

Aspiration ; secret prayer. Breathing-place vent.

Dnjden.

Accent

as|)iration.
tr.

BREATH,
l)reath
1.
;

[.Sax. liralh, odor, .sreiit, G. broilon, stoani, vapor, breatli.^ Tlie air inlialcd and expelled in tln^ resof animals. piration

n.

'2.

BRE'ATHING-PLACE, A vent.

jiause.

BREATHING-TIME,
i

n.

Pause; relaxaHall.
2.

bncd, warm hrydiaw, to to heat. Class Rd. See Uroad.] generate; to engender; to hatch; to the young of any species of aniproihice mals. 1 think it is never used of plants, and in animals is always applied to the
;

\\'.

warm,

To

tion.

mother or dam.

2. Life.

IBREATH'LESS,
Ii.is

No man
.3.

more contempt than

of Ineath.
lyrifiten
.
!

of breath
tion.
2.

a. brtth'less. Being out spent with labor or violent ac-

To To

to breed teeth
3.

jiroduce within or upon the to breed worms.

;

body

as.

cause

to occasion

to

Tlie state or

power of
.state

brcatliinj; freely

Dead

iiroduce

to

as a breathless body.
n.

Shak
Hull.

opposed
scarce
4.

to

lent action

Sliak Ros|>ite ; pause ; time to breatlio ; as, let nie take breuik give me some brmth.
;

; as, I in lireath.

am

of exhaustion frnni vioout of breath : I am

BREATH'LESSNESS,
BRE'CL\,
7!.

The state of beIn mineralogy,

frag4.

originate.

ing exhausted of breath.

[It.
a.

Intemperance

iiud

lust

breed intirmilies.
Tilloteon
.

breach.]

an aggregate comiiosed of angular

To

Amhilion breeds factions. contrive to hatch

;

Anon.
;

to

ments of the same mineral, or of

produce by

different

Shak
5.

jilotting.

Breeze; air in gentle motion. Calm and iinrufilcil .is a summer's sea, Wlien not a bnath of wind flies o'er its
face.

minerals, uniteil by a cement, and presenting a variety of colors. Sometimes a feiv of the fragments are a little romnh^d. The
varieties are the siliceous, calcarioiis anil Cleaveland. trap breccias.

.5.

sur-

G.

resjjiration ery breath.

A single
An
He

as, lie

swears

Addison. at ev-

When

7.

tion

instant ; the time of a single respiraa single act. ; smiles and lie frowns in a breath.

rounded stones and angular fragments are united by a cement, the aggregate is usually called coarse conglomerate.
a.

a heart and a brain to breed it in ? Shak. give birth to to be the native place a northern of; as, a pond breeds fish country breeds a race of stout men.

Had he

To

ti.

3.

Dry den
word.

BRECCIATED,
BREH'1TE,
cyons.
n.

Consisting of angular
7.
fos.sil

to form by eduoften, but imnccessarily. (i)liowed by V]); as, to breed a .son to an occupation a man bred at a university. To breed up

To

educate
;

to instruct

cation

is

fragments, cemented together.

breath can

make

llicm, as a
1><-

breath has
(!ol(ls7nilh.

allied

to the Al-

made.

BRE ATHABLE.rt. That may hnathed. BREATHE, i\i. To respire; to inspire and
2.

It is cylindrical, .striated, and its thick end conical, pierced with holes, and crested. Fr. Dirt. A'at. Hist.
;

bring up care of in infancy, and

:

To

vulgar.
to

mirse and foster

liir,

to

take

of youth
duct
;

to pro\ide

through the age train and con-

to instruct the

mind and form the

with pain, with
care to

Hence, to live. Pope. Shak. exjiire air. To tak<^ lireath ; lo rest from action ; as,
let tlicin

BRED,

pp. of breed. Generated contrived e<liicatcd.

;

produced

manners in youth. To bring thee forth

breed.
i.

have time
air.

to breathe.
air

3.

To

pass as

BREDE, n. A braid. [.Xol vsed.] Addison. BREED, V. To produce, as a fetus; to BREECH, n. brich. [&i;v Breach M\d Break.] bear and nourish, as in pregnancy as, a
The lower
Breeches
;
;

Dryden.

To

nliose
v.

foul

mouth no wholesome

breatlies in.

Shali. 2.

BREATHE,
0.

I.

To
it;

inhale as air into the

as, to breathe vil.il air.

lungs and ex[)el

Drijden.

BREECH,
2.

To

inject

bybrcathing; to infuse; followinto his noshils 3.

ed by into. And Ihe Lord God breathed

the breath of
3.
life.

part of the body behind. female breeds with pain. but rarely used in the singular. 2. To be formeil in the to jiarent or dam Shak be generated, or to grow, as young before The hinder part of any thing. Johnson. birth as, children or young breed in the V. t. To put into breeches. matrix. Job nso7i 3. To have birth; to be produced ; as, fish To whip on the breech. Massinger. breed in rivers.
; ;

See

Britch.
n.
6ro(A-

4.

To

(jcn.

ii.

BREECHES,
brcrccw
;

plu. brich'es.
;

[Sax

brcec,
;

To expire;
ed by out
;

to eject by breathing followas, to breathe out threateniiigs

and slaughter.
4.

Acts.

To To

exercise

to

keep

in breath.

The greyhounds
5.

are as swift as breathed stags.

Shak. into ; to cause to sound by breathing as, to breathe the flute. Prior. G. To exhale; to emit as breath; as, the flowers breathe odors or perfume. 7. To utter softly or in private; as, to breathe
inspire or

braga, brages It. brace, brachesse or braghesse ; Port. Sp. bragas ; Fr. braies; Ir. hrog ; Low L. hracece ; Dan. brog, breeches, and broged. of various colors, mixed, variegated W. bryran, a spotted covering, scotch plaid
;
;

D.

Arm.

be increased by a new production. But could youtli last and love still breed.
Raleigh.
;

To raise a breed as, to choose the best species of swine to breed from. race or ])rogeny from the BRP^ED, n. same parents or stock. 2. A cast a race of men or other a kind
5.

blow

variegated with colors. "Sarmatoe totimi 4ravr/i corpus." Mela, 2. L See Plin. .-{ I. Herod. Lib. 7. Str.abo, Lib.
bryc,

15.

Ovid.
K,.

Tri.-t.

.').

7.

Cluv. Germ. Ant.

word seems
and

The Pelloutier, Hist. Celt. L 30. to be from the root of break, 3.

See
Freckle.]
4.

a vow.
^.

Shak.
air

To

to denote, diver.se in colof; variegated,

animals, which have an alliance by nativity, or some distinctive (puilities in common as a trtfrfof men in a jiarticular country ; a breed of horses or shee]). Applied use race. to men, it is not elegant. ajiplied to other Progeny oflsjiring Shak. things than animals.
;

We

give

or vent to

breathe a vein.

[W.

to open ; as, to ; brathu, to pierce.]

Grew. V. To express but the word BREED-BATE, n. One that breeds or loose garment, now called trowsers, taxa; Shak. Other articles breathe Uie same severe spirit. originates quarrels. [A'ot in use.] Ovid. BREE'DER, n. The female that breeds or braecae. Jllilner. BRE'ATHED, pp. Inhaled and exhaled; To wear the breeches is, in the wife, to usurp produces, whether human or otlier aniuttered. Johnson. the authority of the husband. mal. res|iired BRE'ATHER, n. One that breathes or BREECHING, ppr. brich'ing. Furnishing 2. The person who educates or brings up ; with breeches, or with a breech. [See that which brings up. lives; one that utters; an inspirer, one who animates or infuses bv inspiration. Britch.] Italy and Rome have been the best breeders of worthy men. Ascham. BREATH'FyL, o. hrethful. Full of breath 2. Whijiping the breech and as a noun, a Marlow. 3. That which produces. lull of odor. whipping. Spenser. Time is the nurse and breeder of all good. BRE'ATHING, /i/ir. Respiring ;Jiving ut- jBREECIHNG, in gunnery on board of Shak. tering. ships. [See liritching.] 2. . Exhibiting to the life as hreathins: BREED, v.t. pret. and pp. ircrf. [Sax. fcre 4. One who raises a breed one who takes care to raise a particular breed, or breeds, dan,breedan,t()\\a\m, todilate, to open, to paint. Pope. BRE'ATHING, n. Respiration; die act of spread; D. Iirocden, to brood; Ger. britten, as of horses or cattle. Temple. Dan. breder, to spread, dilate, BREE'DING, ppr. Bearing and nourishing, to brood inhaling and exhaling air.
Dryden.
; ;
' :

Johnson. to manifest.

\ garment worn by men, and thigh.s. It is now

like freckled.

number proiluced
;

at

once
is

a hatch

covering the hips a close garment formerjy was used for a

a brood used.

but for

this,

brood

generally

Vol.

I.

27

B
as a fetus
atin<;.
;

R E
;

B
;

R E
used
in

B R E
tween bourgeois and minion.
It is

engendering
n.

TiREE'DING,
'i.

The

:l.

of producing. Ti.e raising of a breed or breeds; as, the farmer attends to the breeding of slieep. Nurture education instruction formation of manners.
; ; ;

[Sax. hrennan, to burn.] To Obs. burn. Spenser. act of generating or BREN'NAgE, 11. [from bran.] In the middle ages, a tribute or composition which

producing

cdu-i
I

BREN,

I'.

/.

much

printing marginal notes. a. [L. brevis, short, and pes, foot.] Having short legs, as a fowl. fowl having short legs. tenants paid to their lord, in hen of bran BREV'IPED, n. n. which they were obUged to furnish for his [L. brevitas, from brevis,

BREVTPED,
BREVITY,
short.
1.

hounds.

BRENT
;

Encrjc.

See Brief]

or

BRANT,

a.

[W.

bryn,ji

hill.]

She had her breeding

t.

at

my

father's charge

Shak

manners; knowl By way edge of ceremony deportment or behavior in the external offices and decorums of social life. Hence good breeding is politeness, or the qualifications which con
of eminence,
;

BRENT,
9.

BREST or BREAST,
member

Jlscham. Steep high. Obs. n. A brant, or brand-goose, a fowl with a black neck and a white collar or line round it. [See Brant] Biu-iit. [See Dren. Obs.] Spenser.
n. In architecture, the

2.

Shortness; applied to time; as the brevity of luiraan life. Shortness; conciseness; contraction into

few words
tings.

applied

to

discourses or ivri-

Dryden.
v.t.
;

BREVV,
broth
to

[Sax. briioan, to

brew;

briw,

stitiite

'15REEZE,

genteel deportment. i. [Sax. briosa, from

its

resembling a breeze.]

of a colunm, more usually called torus or tore. Encyc. Encyc. [See Torus.] sound, BREST'-SUMMER, n. In architecture, a piece in the outward part of a wooden
building, into which the girders are framed. This, in the ground floor, is called asi7/, and in the garret floor, atcam. Encyc. BRET, n. A loiaf name of the turbot, called
also hurt or brut.

\ genus of flies or insects, technically called Tabanus. There are many species, but the most noted is the bovinus, great horse is armed witli two hooks lly, whose mouth which penetrate the skin of an animal,
while with a proboscis, like a sting, it sucks the blood. BREEZE, )i. [It. brezza, a cold, windyinist Sp. brisa, a breeze Sw. bnisn, to be fervid
; ;

Chaucer a. Brimful. Obs. It is used n. plu. of brother. almost exclusively in solemn and .scriptural language, in the place of brothers. to boil, to nnirmur Dan. bruser, to rush, [See Brother.] roar or foam, to rise in waves; brimsen, BREVE, H. [h. breve; L. brevis; Sp. breve, the rustling of the wind, a humming or See Brief] Fr. bref short. In French sea 1. In music, a note or character of time, fermentation. buzzing, language, brise, a breeze Gr. iSpa^u, and equivalent to two semibreves or four niin W. ims. When dotted, it is equal to three to brew fSpaffSu, to boil ; Fr. brassei; from rliys, a rushing. These semibreves. brijs hasty, words seem all to have a conunon root. 2. In law, a writ directed to the chancellor, See Rush.] judges, sheritt's or other oflicers, whereby a gentle gale. 1. A a person is .summoned, or attached, to an light wind swer in the king's court. From land a gentle breeze arose at night. Encyc. JJryden This word, in the latter sense, is more genthat blows from the sea "2. A shifting wind, erallv written brief. or from the land, for a certain time, by BREVET', n. [from breve.] In the French customs, the grant of a favor or donation night or by day. Such breezes are com mon in the tropical regions, and in a good from the king, or the warrant evidencing the grant a viinrant a brief, or commis degree regular. Tlie wind from the sea More particularly, a commission sion. is called a sea breeze, and that from the In general, the sea land, a land breeze. given to a subaltern officer, written on breeze blows in the day time, and the land Encyc. parchment, wiihout seal. The like breezes are 2. A commission to an officer which entitles at night. breeze him to a rank in the army above his pay conmion, in the summer months, in the Thus a brevet major serves as a cajitain temperate latitudes. BREEZE, V. i. To blow gently a icora and receives pay as such. Such commis.sions were given to the officers of the common among seamen. American Army at the close of the war, For now the breatliing airs, from ocean born Breeze up the bay, and lead the lively morn. giving them a grade of rank above that Barlow whicii they had held during service. destitute a. Motionless BREE'ZELESS, Eniyc. Marshall's Life of Jf'ash. Shenstone. BRE'VIARY, ")i. [Fr. breviaire ; h. breviaof breezes. BREE'ZY, a. Fanned with gentle winds or rium, from brevis, short. See Brief] an epitbreezes as the breezy shore. Pope. 1. An abridgment ; a compend ome. 'lyWeJ. Sidiject to frequent breezes. Gray. BRE'HON, n. In Irish, a judge. In an- 2. A book containing the daily service of the Romish church. It is composed of matins, cient times, the general laws of Ireland lauds, first, third, sixth and ninth vespers, were called Brehon laws, unwritten like and tlie compline or post communio. The the common law of England. These laws Greeks also liave a breviary. Encyc. were abolished by statute of Edward III. Breve and Brief] A Encyc. Blackslone. BRE'VIAT, Ji. [See BRE'ISLAKITE, n. A newly discovered short compend ; a summary. a brownish Decay of Piety. Vesuvian mineral, resembling or reddish brown down, which lines the BRE'VIATE, v.t. To abridge. [Xot used.] small bubbles found in the lava of Scalla, [See .Wibreriate.] and is found in cavities of the lava of Oleba- BRE'VIATURE, n. An abbreviation. [See Johnson. no named from Breislak, a celebrated Brief.] Italian naturalist. Journal of Science. BREVIE'R, n. [Fr. breviaire; so called, 6rf ;rtman, to nnirnuir, to a. says Johnson, from being originally used

BRET'FUL,

BRETHREN,

D. broutven, to brew, to contrive, G. brauen. These seem to be contractions of the Gothic; Sw.briggia: Dan. brygger, to brew. The Russ. has burchu. The Welch has bnvc, a boiling, stir, tumult, from rhivc, something rough and it has also bertei, to boil, or bubble, whence berwezu, to brew, from bar, fury, Our word brew seems to be diitnpulse. The sense is, to rectly from the Saxon. stir, boil, or agitate with violence.] 1. In a general sense, to boil, and mix hence in Saxon, it signifies broth or pottage Old Eng. brewis. 2. In a more restricted sense, to make beer, ale or other similar liquor from malt or to prepare a liquor from malt and ht>ps, and in j)r!vatc families, from other matefermentarials, by steeping, boiling and

mix

,-

tion.
.3.

To
To

mingle.
nie a pottle of sack.
;

Brew
4.

Shak.

contrive chief

to plot

as, to

brew mis-

5.

BREW,
tion

2.

put in a state of preparation. Qu. V. i. To be in a state of preparato be mixing, forming or collecting; ; as, a storm brews in the west. In this sense I do not recollect the use of the verb, in a transitive sense, and generally the particias, a storm is brewing. ple only is used To ])erform the business of brewing or making beer as, she can brew, wash and bake.
; ;

To

BR EW,
that

71.

The mixture formed by brewing

is

which

brewed.

Bacon.
;

drink brewed. Shak. pp. Blixed, steeped and fermented made by brewing. BREW'ER, n. One whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors one who brews.

BREW'AtiE,

n.

Mah

liquor

BREWED,
;

BREWERY,
and
on.

n.

brew-house; the house

is

api>arat\is

where browing
n. [brew

carried

BREW-HOUSE,
brewery
ing.
;

a house

house.] ajipropriated to brew-

and

BREWING, ppr. Preparing malt liqUor. 2. In a state of mixing, forming or preparPope. ing; as, a storm is breuring. 3. Contriving; preparing; as, a scheme is
brewing.
IVotton.
n.

BREWING,
2.
3.

The

act or process of pre-

paring li(|Uors frotn

malt and hops.

Bacon. The quantity brewed at once. Among seamen, a collection of black Mar. Diet. clouds portending a storm.
n.

BRI'.ME,
fret
;

[Sax.

2.

BREWTS, A piece
pottage,

Broth

pottage.

Obs.

of bread saaked in boihng fat

L. fremo.] Cruel

sharp. [J^ot nsed.^

in

Chaucer

printing a breviary.] small kind of printing types, in size be-

made of saUed meat.

Bailey.

Johnson.

B
BRIAR,
BRIBE,
[See Brier.}
n.
[Ir.

B
BRICK'EARTH,

B R
and earth.] Clay BRI

1
[See Bridegoom.]

n. [brick

DEGROOM,

n.

brfah.

In Pers.

g^L

parah

is a bribe, a half, ])iece, bit, segment, a morsel. Fr. bnbe, a piece of bread.] A price, reward, gifV or favor bestowed or promised with a view to pervert the judgment, or corrupt the conduct of a judge, witness or other person. A bribe is a consideration given or promised to a person, to induce him to decide a cause, give testimony, or peribrm some act contrary to what iio linovvs to be truth, justice or rectitude, it is not used in a good sense, unless in familiar language. 2. That which seduces. Not tlie bribes o( sordid wealth can seduce to leave these ever blooming sweets. Metiside. BRIBE, II. t. To give or promise a reward or consideration, with a view to pervert the judgment, or corrupt the conduct. To biro for bad purposes to purchase the decision of a judge, the testimony of a witness, or the performance of some act contrary to known truth, justice or rectitude. 9. To gain by a bribe. 1.
;

woi or earth used, or suitable for bricks. BRI'DEMAID, n. [bride and maid.] A kiln, man whoatterids t,n a bride at her wedding. n. [brick and kiln.] or furnace, in which bricks are baked or BRI'DEMA.N", n. [bride niul man.] A man who attends ijjion a bridegnom and bridoburnt, or a pile of bricks, laid loose, with at their marriage. I have generally heard arches undciiicath to receive the wood or these wolds jironounced bride's man and fuel. BRICK'LAYER, n. [brick and lay.] One bride's maid. whose occupation is to build witli bricks BRI'DESTAKE, n. A stake or post set in the ground to dance round. B. Jo7ison. a mason.

BRICKKILN,

n. A house of correction, for the confinement of disorderly per.sons; so called from the ))alace built near St. who makes bricks, or whose occupation Bride's or Bridget's welt, in London, w hicb was turn<d into a workhouse. is to make bricks. Johnson. BRICK'WORK, n. The laying of bricks, BRlDuE, n. [Sax. brie, brieg, brigg, or bri/c. or a wall of bricks. bri/cg; Dau.irof ;^\\,brijggia,bro;D.brug BRICK'Y, a. Full of bricks, or formed of Ger. briickc ; I'rus. brigge.] bricks. Spenser. 1. Any structure of wood, stone, brick, or BRIDAL, a. [See Bride.] Belonging to a iron, raised over a river, pond, or lake, foi' the passage of men and other animals. bride, or to a wedding nuptial comiubias bridal orname|its. al Among rude nations, bridges are sometimes f()rmed of other materials and Milton. Pope sometimes ihey are I'ormcd of boats, or BRI'DAL, i. The nuptial festival. Drjdcn BRIDAL'ITY, n. Celebration of the nujitial logs of wood lying on the water, fastened

BRICKLE,
ly

n.

[from break.]
?i.

Brittle

easi-

BRIDEWELL,

broken.

[JVol used.]

Spenser.

BRICK'MAKER,

\_brick

and make.] One

feast.

[J^'ot

used.]

\\\

familiar language,

it is

sometimes used

in

BRIDE, n.

a chihl to take a medicine. Dryden has nscd the word in a good sense, in solemn language ; but such use is rare, and hardly legitimate. BRIBE-DEVOUR ING, a. Greedy of bribes or presents as bribe-devouring kings.
;

a good sense

as, to bribe

[Sax.bryd; Sw. brud ; Ger. braut ; Dan. brud ; Arm. pn/ed, pried priod-verch, priodns-vcrch, a bride Ir. brideog ; W. priodi o verch, to be married Ar. prietaat, to marry Corn, benen-priot, a bride-; W. priod-vnh, a bride-mab, bride goom Arm. pridoliith, wedlock. It seems,

Jonson D. bruid ;
;

W.

together, covered w ith planks, and called A bridge over a niarsk floating bridges. is made of logs or other tnaterials laid upon the surface of the earth. Pendent or hanging bridges are not supported by posts, but by the pecidiar structure of the frame, resting only on the

abutments.
drato t>ridge is one which is made with hinges, and may be raised or opened. Such bridges are constructed in fortifications, to hinder the passage of a ditch or moat and over rivers, that the passage of vessels need not be interrupted.
;

BRl'BER,

n.

One who

Milford.
bribes, or

pays for
South.

corru]it practices.

BRI'BERY,
;

n. The act or practice of giving or taking rewards for corru])t practices the act of ])aying or receiving a reward tor a false judgment, or teslimony, or for the performance of that which is known to be illegal, or unjust. It is applied both to him who gives, luid to him wlio receives the compensation, but ap-

dialects, that bride is prima an adjective used with the name of maid or woman, as bridegoom is the same word with the name of a man. In W. jiriawd, the root of priodas, signifies a]) priodi, to render pro|iriate, proper, fit

by the Celtic
rily

ap])ropriate, to esjiouse, to marry.]

1.

2.

BR BE- WORTHY,
I

propriately to the giver.

a.

[bribe

and

Worth BRICK,

tvorthy.]

n.

bribing to obtain. brir/ue, a brick,

[^Fr.
;

Ma.ion.

and a
;

little

Johnson. A woman new married. But the name is applied to a woman at the marriage festival, befiire she is married, as well as after the ceremony. A woman es])onsed, or contracted to be married. The case of Lewcllyn, prince of Wales. Henrifs Hist, of Britain, B. iv. ch. i. sect. 2. [This is tlie true original sense of
the word.]
n.

A flying bridge is made of |VJntoons, light

loaf; Ir. brice, or brike

Ann. brigen

boats, hollow beams, empty casks or the like. They are made, as occasion requires, for the passage of armies. flying bridge is also constructed in such a manner as to move from one side of a river to the other, being made fast in the middle of the river by a cable and an anchor. Encyc. 2. The upper part of the nose. Johnson.

su|)-

j)osed to be a contraction of L. imbrex, n gutter-tile, from imbcr, a shower, which is

BRI'DEBED,
riage
lied.

[bride
n.

and

bed.}

The mar
Prior.

3.

The
sic,

part of a .stringed instrument of

mu-

probably a compound, of which the

last

BRI'DECAKE,
cake which

2.

A loaf shaped like To lay BRICK,

I'.

syllable is from tifiix'^, whence It. imbriaSee Ebiiety.] carsi, to get drunk. mass of earth, chiefly clay, first moistened and made fine by grinding or treading, then formed into a long square in a mold, drietl and baked or burnt in a kiln ; used in buildings and walls.
(.

[bride and cake.] The is made for the guests at a 4.

wedding;
ding cake.
ment.

called, in the U.
n.

States, wed-

over which the strings are stretched, and by which they are raised. In gunnery, the two pieces of timber which go between the two transnms of a
iCt.

gun-carriage.

BRI DECHAMEER,
Matt.
;

The

nuptial apart-

BRIDGE,
over
;

To

Encyc.
build a bridge or bridges
;

\x.

BRIDEGOOM,
brudgumme
;

n.

[Sax. bn/dguma;
;
;

Sw.

2.

D. bniidegom
a

Ger. brauti-

a brick. or pave with brick.s.

Swift.

gam Dan. brudgom

compoimd of bride,

2.

imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on plaster, by smearing it with red Ocher and making the joints w ith an edge-tool, fdling

To

and gum, guma, a man, which, by oiu" ai This cestors, was pronounced goom. word, by a mispronouncing of the last syllable, has been corrupted into bridegroom,

as, to bridge a river. to make a passage erQCt bridges on Milton. by a bridge or bridges. BRIDG'ED, pp. Covered or furnished with a bridge. BRIDG'ING, ppr. Erecting a bridge ; building a bridge over. BRIDG'Y, a. Full of bridges. [.Vol used.]

To

w hich

signifies

bride''s

hostler

Sherwood.

them with

fine i>laster.
n.

groom being a Persian word,

signifiying a

BRI'DLE,
bride;
1.

BRICK'BAT,

[brick
o.

and

bat.]

Enri/c.
].ie'ce

or fragment of a brick.

Bacon.

BRICK-BUILT,
BRICK'CLAY,
BRICK'DUST,
)i.

Built with bricks.

Dn/den. [brick and c/oy.] Clay

used or suitable for making bricks. Uoodward.

n.

has the care of horses. Such a gross corruption or blimder ought not to remain a reproach to philology.] man newly married or a man about to be married. The passage of Shakspeare cited by .lolmson proves that the last defi;

man who

nition

is

just.
2.

As

[brick

and

dust.]

Dust

are those dulcet sounds in break of day,

of pounded bricks.

SpectcUor.

And siuomon him

Tliat creep into the dreainino; bridegroom's ear, 3. to marriaKe.

The instrument with which a horse is governed and restrained l)y a rider conof a head-stall, a bit, and reins, witii other appendages, according to its particular form anil uses. A restraint ; a curb a check. If'atts. A short piece of cable well served, attached to a swivel on a chain, laid in a
;

n. [Sax. bridl, or bridel ; Fr. Arm. brid; D.breidel,a bridle; Sp. Port, brida.] brida, the reins of a bridle
;

sisting

B
li.ii'bor,

1
end drawn into a
I

B
ble contribution

B
BRIG'ANTINE,
n.

and die

iippei'

of money for any public

or private purpose. and sceuicd to tlic bitts. The use is J^etD-England. enable a sliip, when moored, to veei Shak. J\Iar. Diet. 4. A writing in general. with the wind and tide. Bowline bridles are short legs or pieces of In music, the word, if I mistake not, is written breve. now rope, ruiuiing tln-ougli iron thimbles, by wliich th<; bowline attaches to ditlerent BRIE T'LY, adv. Concisely in few words Bacon places on the leech or edge of a large sail. Mar. Diet. BRIE'FNESS, n. Shortness conciseness Camden. ill discourse or writing. ISRt'DLE, V. t. To put on a bridle as, to bridle a horse. BRI'ER, n. [Sax. brcer ; Ir. briar, a prickle 'i. To restrain, Fr. bruijere, heath Arm. brug. The latter guide or govern to check curb or control as, to bridle the ])assions; shows this word to be from the root of " to bridle a muse." Pope. roi(.g/i.] Bridle tlie exclusions of youth. or Divig;lit 1. In general sense, a ])rickly plant BRIDLE, V. i. To holdiip the head, and shrub. Is. V. (i. Judges viii. 7 draw in the chin. 2. Ill a limited sense, the sweet-brier and reBRI'DLED, pp. Having a bridle on the wild-brier, species of the rose. strained. BRI'ER Y,. Full of briers; rough thorny Johnson. 15RI'DLE-HAND, n. [bridle vind hrmd.] The hand which holds the bridle in riding. BRIG, the termination of names, signifies a
sliip

to

[Fr. brigantin ; Ann. bringnntine ; It. brigantino ; Sp. bergtntin ; Port, barganlim ; D. berkantyn. tiu. from L. apliractum, Gr. a^jjoxroj, a vessel withiiut a deck, uncovered. It is usually derived from brigand.] [Se.^ l^>'ig-] BRIGHT, . iii/e. [Sax. be'orht, brifit, byrhl, or bryht, clear, shining, whence beorlitnes, brightness, beorlitian, Goth, bairtiyan, to shine or be clear, or to manifest Ar. Ch. Heb. Syr. Eth. to shine, or more
;

pna

probably, Eth.
the

(1

CU

bareali, to shine, a

Sidneij.

BRI'DLER,
restrains

n.

One

that bridles

one
Milton.] re:
in the thiuj

bridge, or perhaps, in

some

cases, a

town

Eth. participle fl^iy'^ berht or bereht, corresponds exactly with the Saxon. I have not found this word in any other Teutonic or Gothic language, and the original verb is lost in the Saxon. In Sa.xon, beorhlhivite, or brihthufile, signifies a moment, the twinkling of an eye. This directs us to the primary sense of the verb
to shine,

and governs.
;

or burg.

BRI'DLING,
straining
;i.

ppr. curbing.

Putting on a bridle
an<l

BRIG,

Holding up the head,

chin.

drawing

[from brigantine.] A vessel with two masts, square rigged, or rigged nearly like a ship's mainmast and foremast. The term however is variously apphed by the mariners of different nations.
n.

we have
which
is

glance.

which is, to shoot, to dart, to That this is the primary sense, evidence from the Sax. bryhtm, a derivative from brylii, and which

The

bridling frown of wrinkled brows.

a. [Fr. bref;
It.

BRIEF,
brevis, viate.

brevio, to shorten, abbreBretiis, in Latin, is d.oubtless contracted from the Gr. ii^)axvi, whence to

whence

Trumbull. BRIG.'V'DE, n. [Fr. bris:ade ; Sp. Port, breve; L. and Poll, brigada perhaps from Ar.
;

signifies a moment, that is, the time of a shoot, or darting, hke glayice.] 1. Shining; lucid ; luminous ; splendid; as a Mar. Did. bright sun or star ; a bright metal. 9. Clear ; transparent ; as liquors. It. 6n>to

Thomson.
3.

Evident

clear; manifest to the mind, a

is

i_XJj.3

farikon,

agmen, turba houiinum

4.

hglit is to the eyes. The evidence of thi<; truth

abridge.
;

The Greek word

bright.
;

fVatl.'i.

coincides in

elements with break.] Short concise ; it is used chiefly of language, discourses, writings and time as a brief space, a brief review of a bo(.)k.
;

major,

that

is,

division,

from
o.

Shakspeare applies
ture, sic.

it

to

irars,

to
is

little

brief authority,

naau-

BRIEF,"

thority very limited. n. [ill this sense the word has been received into most of the languages of

I.

Europe.] An epitome a short or concise writing. This is the general sense of the word, as explained by Zonaras on the council of Carthage. It was thus used as early as
;

the third century after Christ. Spelman. Ill modern times, an apostolical brief is a letter which the pojie dispatches to a jirince or other magistrate, relating to public affairs. Irifis distinguished from a bull, in being more concise, written on paper, sealed with red wax, and im|iressed with the seal of the fisherman or Peter in a bull is more amiile, written on boat. parchment, and sealed with lead or green

wax.
i.

made

Encyc. In law, an abridgment of a client's case, out for the instruction of council on a tri.al at law. Encyc. Johnson. Also, a writ summoning a man to an swer to any action or any precept of the king in writing, issuing ironi any court whereby he commands a thing to be done.
;

This word comes to us faraka, to break. ; from the south of Europe, and may have G. Illustrious; glorious; a.s ih& brightest pebeen introduced into Spain by the Moors. riod of a kingdom. Cotton. If this conjecture is not well founded, I 7. In popular language, ingenious ; possessword. See know not the origin of the ing an active mind. Cast. Hepi. Col. 30'84.] or success ; as bright 8. Promising A party or division of troops, or soldiers, pros|)ects. good whether cavalry or infantry, regular or Sparkling; animated; &s bright eves. It militia, commanded by a brigadier. BRIGHT-BURNING, a. Burning' with a consists of an indeterminate number of bright flame. A BRIGHTEN, v. t. brdn. To make regiments, squadrons, or battalions. bright or of horse is a body of eight or ten brigade brighter ; to make to shine ; to increase or six squadrons ; of infantry, four, five, luster. battalions, or recimeiits. 2. To make hmiiiioiis by light from withV. t. To form into a brigade, or out, or by dispelling gloom ; as, to brighten into brigades. sorrow or Philips. An 3. To cheer;prospects. n. [See Major.] BRIGA'DE-MAJOR, to make gay or cheerful. ofiicer appointed by the brigadier, to assist JUilton. Joy brightens liis crest. him in the management and ordering of 4. To make illustrious, or more distinguishhis brisade. ed as, to brighten a character. Swifl. n. [Fr. from brigade.] The 5. To make acute or BRIGADIE'R, Johnsnri. witty. general ofiicer who commands a brigade, BRIGHTEN, p. i. britn. To grow bright, wlietiier of horse or foot, and in rank or more bright to clear up ; as, the sky

as b bright Resjilendent with charms beauty the brightest fair. Pope. Illuminated with science sparkling with wit as the brightest of men. Pope.
;
;

BRIGADE,

BRIG'AND,

next below a major-seneral. !. [Fr. brigand; W. hrigant, a mountaineer, a iilunderer, from W. brig. a top or summit.] a lawless fellow a tree hooter .\ robber
; ;

brightens.

To become
prospects

less

dark or gloomy

as,

our

BRIGHT-EYED,

brigliten. a.

Having bright eyes.

Gray.

;"!.

who lives by plunder, or who belongs to a BRIGHT-HAIRED, a. Having bright hair. Warliurton. liand of robbers. Milton. Cowel. BRIG'ANDAtiE, n. Theft robbery plun- BR1GHT-H.\RNESSED, a. Having glitIf'arburton. iler. Milton. In Scots law, a writ issuing from the tering armor. n. [da. the origin of this imiGHTLY, adv. brltely. Splendidly; with chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, BRIG'ANDINE, word. In Pers. praghe is a helmet.] luster. ciiiiim;inding and authorizing that judge The name has BRIGHTNESS, n. briteness. Splendor ; to call a jury to intprire into the case, and Anciently, a coat of mail. South. lu^ter ceased to be used, with the disuse of the glitter. u|)on their verdict to |)ronounc.e sentence. It consisted of thin jointed scales 2. Acuteness, apphed to the faculties; sharpthing. Encyc ness of wit; as the brightness of a man's A letter patent, from proper authority,! of plate, pliant and easy to tlic body.
;

authorizing a pidilic collection or charita-'

Encyc.

parts.

Prim'.

B
dor.

I
Shining with splenSpenser.

B
comes negatively

I
process
cau.scs.
is

JJRfOHT-SHiNING.a.

BRIGO'SE,
[J\iol

a.

[from brigue.] Contentious.

Puller.

electric by heat and friction, ft is found, in great quantities, and sometimes pure, in the neighborhood

effected

by custom, and other

HRiGUE,
A
cabul
II f
;

used.] n. hrerf^.

[Fr. in/^ue
;

It. Iirigii,

strife, ilisqniet

Ir.

; Sp. 6g-a; hreaghean,to

deltati', to qiiarri'l.]

of volcanoes. It is an ingredient in a vaThe sidphur riety of minerals and ores. of commerce is procured from its natural beds, or artiticially extracted from pyrites.

Habit brings us to relish things at first disagreeable; reflection brings u man to his senses, and whether the prois

intrigue
I'.

faction

used.]
I.

contention. [LdtChaucer. Chesterfield.

;

BRIM'STONY,
cojitaining
it
;

BRlGUK,
dor
;

hreeg.
n.

To

canva.ss

to solicit.

cess is slow or rapid, the sense of the verb the same. To inng- to the mind any thing before and forgotten, is to recall ; but the sense of bring is the same. Hooper. JVicholson. a. Full of brimstone, or The primary sense is to lead, draw or cause to come ; tlie sense oi' reserabhng brimstone sulconveying or bearing
;
'

[Lillle Mserf.]

Hurd.
[Sec BrUliitnt.]

phurous.

BRILLIANCY,
jiflitter;

Splen-

BRIND'ED,
ed
colors.

a.

[It.
;

great brightness.
a. brillant, .sparkling, [Fr. to sliine or sparkle ; It. hril;

with spots
n.

irinato, spotted.] Marktabby ; having different

The use'of this

' j

BRILL'IANT,
from
hriller,

Milton.

BRIN'DLE,
The

[from brind, the root of

;

lanlt, sparkling

brillo,

joy, gladness, also

;

tipsey

Sp.
;

brillar,

to glitter
;

britlndor,

brinded.] state of being brinded

spottediiess.
!

Richardson. Gcr. and Dan. brilliant brillo, splendor hence Eug. BRIN'DLED, a. Spotted; variegated with brilte, a pair of s])ectacles Addison. spots of different colors. heri/l and pearl.] 1. Sparkling with luster glittering ; as a BRINF', n. [Sax. bn/ne, brine, and a burning, from brennan, to burn.] briUiant gem a brilliant dress. 2. Sj)len(lid shining; as a 6riWta?i< achieve- 1. Water saturated or strongly impregnated with sail, like the water of the ocean. Arment. tificial brine is used for the preservation of Washington was more solicitous to avoiJ fatal than to perform briUiant exploits. the flesh of animals, fish, vegetables, iScc. iui:ttakes, Ames. 2. The ocean or sea. Milton. BRILL'IANT, ?i. A diamond of the finest 3. Tears, so called from their saltness. cut, formed into angles, so as to refract the Shak. which it is rendered more glit- Leach brine is brine which drops from corned light, hy Dn/den. Encijc. salt in drying, which is preserved to be tering. "3. In the manege, a brisk, high-spirited horse, boiled again. Encyc. with a stately carriage. Encyc. BRINE, i\ t. To steep in brine, as corn to BRILL'IANTLY, </('. Splendidly. prevent smut also, to mix salt with, as to IVarton. brine hay. Encyc. BRILL'IANTNESS, 71. Brilliancy splen- BRI'NE-P.\N, n. [brine and pan.] A pit'of Joltnson. ilor; glitter. salt w.Uer, where, by the action of the 15RILLS, ?i. The hair on the eyelids of a salt is formed crvstalization. sun,
; ;
;

secondary. verb is so extensive, and incorporated into so many |ieculiar idira-^es, that it is not easy to reduce its significations within any precise limits. In general, the verb bring iin|)lies motion from a place remote, either in a literal or figura live sense. It is used with various modi lying words. To bring back is to recall, implying previous departure, either in a literal or figurative
sense.

is

To bring
to

accomplish
forth
also,

about, to bring to pass ; to effect ; to bring to the desired ;

is

issue.

To bring
fruit
;

to

produce, as young or
;

make manifest To bring forward,

to bring to light to disclose. ; to cause to

that

is,

to
to

advance
:

[)roduce to view. To bring in, to import

to introduce

to liear

fi'oni a remote place within a certain precinct ; to place in a ])articular condition; to collect things dispersed to reduce
;

horse.

by

BRIM,
I.

n.
;

[Sa.\.

bnjmm

Sw. brum; Dan.

BRI'NE-PIT,

n.

[brine

aiul pit.]

within the limits of law and goverinnent ; to produce, as income, renter revenue; to induce to join &.c. To bring off, to bear or convey fi-om a dis;

brine-

I.

probably the extent or extreme.] The rim, lip or broad border of any vessel or other thing as the brim of a hat, or of a vcs.sel. The upper edge of a vessel, whether broad or not ; as the brim of a cup or
;

bramme

pan, or a salt spring tVom which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for making salt. Encyc.

tant place, as to bring off men from an isle also, to procure to be acquitted ; to clear from condemnation to cause to es; ;

BRI'NE-SPRING, n.
spring of salt water.

[brine

and spring.]

Encyc.
pp. brought.
;

BRLVG,
bringan brengen

V.
;

t.

glass.
3.

The top of any liquor the edge or that next the border at the top.
;

Dan. bringer ; D. ; G.bringen ; Goth, briggun. VV'e see by brought, D. bragt, and the Gothic

pret. and Sw. bringa

[Sax.

cape. To bring 071, to cause to begin, as to bring on an action also, to originate or cause to exist, as to bring on a disease also, to bear or convey from a distance, as to bring on a quantity of goods also, to attend, or to aid in advancing, as to bring
;

4.

The feet of the priests were dipped brim of the water. Josh. iii. The edge or brink of a fountain
verge.
;

in the 1.

the

Dntijton.

BRIiM,n. [Sax. bn/mc.] Public

celebrated.

well

known

BRIM,

V.

t.

To

Ifarner. [.Ynt in use.] till to the brim, u|)per edge,

or top.

Milton.

BRIM,

V. i.

To be

To fetch ; to bear, convey or lead from a distant to a nearer place, or to a person ; as, bring me a book from the shelf; bring me a morsel of bread. In this sense, it is opposed to carry, and it is applied to the pei'son bearing or leading, in opposition to .^ending or transmitting by another. 2. To produce; to procure as a cause; to
draw
to.
tlian to I)c

briggan, that

is

not radical.]

one on

Ins

way.

To bring

over, to bear across, as to bring over dispati-hes, to bring over passengers

in a boat

also,
;

or other
to

means

to convert by persuasion to draw to a new party ;

;
:

full

to the brim.

Philips.
a. [brim ami full. ^ Full to the top completely full as a glass brimful ; a heart brimful of tears. n. Fulness to the top. BRIM'FULNESS, Shak. [.Vo< used.] BRIM'LESS, a. Having no brim.
; ;

BRIM'FUL,

Nothing brings a man more honor

invariably
3.
jiiat.

-I.

BRIM'MER,

n.

A
a.

Mdison.
the top. Dri/den. Full to the top or brim
full to

bowl

attract or draw along. In distillation the water brings over widi it another substance. To cause to come ; to cause to [iroceeil fiotn a distant place, in company, or at the same time as, to bring a boat over a river ; to bring a horse or carriage ; to bring a
;

To

cause to change sides, or an opinion. To bring out, to expose to detect to bring to light from concealment ;is, to bring out an accomplice or his crimes. To bring under, to subdue to repress to restrain to reduce to obc<licnce : also, to bring beneath any thing. To bring up, to nurse to educate to in; ; ;
;

BRIM'MING,

as a brimming pail. Dn/den. BRIM'STONE, n. [Sax. brrjue, coinbu,stion, and stone, burn-stone, or burning stone. See

Brand and Burn.]

;

Sulphur

a hard, brittle, imflanimahle substance, of a lemon yellow color, which has no ginell, unless heated, and which be

cargo of dry goods. 5. To cause to come to a point, by moral In navigation, to cast anchor. influence; used of the mind, aud implying previous remoteness, aversion, alienation, To bring down, to cause to come down or disagreement as, to bring the mind to also, to humble or abase, as to bring down assent to a proposition or to bring a man high looks. to terms, by persuasion or argument. In To bring to, in navigation, to check the course this sense, it is nearly equivalent to of a ship, by arranging the sails in such a persuade, prevail upon, or induce. The same manner, that thev shall counteract each
:

to feed and clothe to form the manners, and furnish the mind with The i)lirase may conqjreknowledge. hend all these particidars. Also, to introduce to practice, as to bring up a fashion or ceremony also, to cause to advance near, as to bring up forces, or the body of reserve also, to bear or convey upwards.

struct

B
otlicr,

I
2.

B
To
raise the
;

R O
strut,

B R O
as in anger 2.
3.

and keep her nearly stationary

head and

The plirase is is then said to lie to. used also in applying a rope to the cap
She
Stan.

or defiance as, a man bristles up to another. In this sense the word is common in the U. States, but generally pronounced
brustle.

To bring

by the lee, to incline so rapidly to leeward of the conrse, when a ship sails large, as to hring the lee side suddenly to the windward, and by laying the sails aback, expose her to the danger of over
settuig.
n.

4.

BRIS'TLE-SHAPED, a. [bristle am] shape.] Of the thickness and length of a bristle, as BROACH,
a
leaf.

mstrimient played by turning a handle. Johnson. A clasp or small utensil to fasten a vest. [See Brooch.] A start of the head of a young stag. Johnson,
V.
t.

A musical

[W. prociaw,

to thrust or

Martyn.
a. bris'ty.

stab.]
1.

BRIS'TLY,
tles,

Thick

set vvitli bris;

URING'ER,

One who

Mar. Diet. brings, or con-

to give out to publish fu'st ; to public what was before unknown ; n. The water of a as, to broach an opinion. persuading causing to come. Swift. BRING'ING FORTH, n. Production. warm spring near the city of Bristol in To broach to, in navigation, to incUne sudShak. Jlsh. denly to windward, so as to lay the sails Encyc. England. a. Like brine BRIT, n. oraback and expose the Vessel to the danger fish BRI'NISH, [from brine.'\ probably a dift'ereiu saltisli. of o\ersetting. Mar. Diet. Carew. salt; somewhat salt tliOgra|)hy of ire/, or burt. BRI'NISHNESS, n. Saltness the quaUty BRITAN'NIC, a. Pertaining to Britain or BROACHED, pp. Spitted tapped opened ; uttered first pubhshed. of being saltish. in its present use, to Great Britain. It is Sw. brink ; W. bi-yneyn n. n. one who broaches, BRINK, [Dan. spit applied almost exclusively to the title of BROACHER, Ir. breach, bruach ; from break.] In opens or utters a first publisher. the king ; as his Britannic Majesty. The edge, margin or border of a steep i)lace, the Encyclopedia, article Jlrgo Mtvis, it Dryden. UEstrange. as of a precipice, or the bank of a river. BROAD, a. hrawd. [Sax. brad; Sw. bred; is applied to catxdogue, the Britannic catD. breed ; Ger. breit ; Dan. breed, broad ; BRI'NY, a. [from brine.] Pertaining to alogue. Arm. brudi, brudein, to publish. This brine, or to the sea partaking of the nan. [G. britsche, a club or mace.] the BRITCH, as a briny taste word and spread seem to be formed on the ture of brine ; salt The large end of a cannon or of a musket or to open, expand, spread ; root briny flood. Dryden. .Mdison. the club or thick ]iart of the stock of a a. [This word may be of the same in Syr. to go, L. gradior a root of extenBRISK, musket or other fire arm. sive use.] family with yrjsA, and fresh, which see. extended in breadth, or from side W. brysg, from brys, quick brysiaw, to BRITCII', V. t. To fasten with britcliing. 1. Wide n. strong rope, fastened to side, as distinguished from long, or exhasten, coinciding with press ; from W, BRITCH'ING, to the cascabel or pummelion of a cannon, a rushing. See Rttsh.] tended from end to end. It is opposed to rhys, a thimble, and clinched to ring bolts in by narroiv ; as a broad street a broad fable. 1. Lively; active; nimble gay; sprightly; the ship's side, to prevent it from recoiling vivacious Dryden. Temple. applied to animals ; as a brisk Mar. Diet. 2. Wide extensive ; vast ; as the broad extoo much in battle. young man a brisk horse. as BRITE, or BRIGHT, v. i. To he or become 2. Full of spirit or life ; effervescing, panse of ocean. as a broad iriixture of falsehood. over ripe, as wheat, barley or hops. 3. Large liquors; as brisk c}'dcr. Johnson. Liockc. 3. Lively burning freely as a brisk fire. clear ; not covered, confined or 4. Vivid as, a glass makes an ob bright [I know not that this word is used in the U. 4. Open 6mA:. JVewton. concealed as in broad sunshine. [JVot used.] Stales.] ject appear as broad mirth broad coarse BRISK IIP, V. t. To make lively to enlito Great Britain 5. Gross a.
4.

veys to. Bringer in, the person who introduces. Bringer tip, an instructor; one who feeds, clothes, and educates ; also, one who is in Ascham. the rear of an army.
;

rough. Bacon. .species of or catch fiy. Lychnis, bachelor's button Fam. of Plants BRISTOL-STONE, n. Rock crystal or crystals of quartz, found in a rock near the

or with hairs like bristles

n.

2.

BRIS TOL-FLOWER,

3.

with a spit. Shak. Hakeudll. To tap to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor ; hence, to let out. Hudibras. To open, as a store. [ Unxisual.]
spit
;

To

to pierce as

Knolles.

To

utter

BRING'ING, joyjr. Bearing to; conveying

city

of Bristol

in

England.

make

BRISTOL-WATER,

in
;

rm

nonsense. Pope. Dryden. It is sometimes applied 6. Plain tending to obscenity ; as a broad language of the Welsh. to take an erect, or bold attitude. comment. Dn/den. speed BRITON, n. A native of Britain. not delicate not reserved ; as broad 7. Bold BRISK'ET, )t. [Qu. Fr.6rcc7ie(.] The breast BRITON, a. British. Spenser. Shak. of an animal or that part of the breast that BRITTLE, a. words. [Sax. brittan, brytan, to The fore part of the lies next to the ribs. Dan. bryder, iil.; W. 8. Comprehensive. break; Sw.bryla; neck of a horse, at the shoulder down to It may be urged that the words in the cona breaking Sam. A'\S;Ch. ni3; Irarf, the fore legs. stitution are broad enough to include the case. Bailey. D. Daggett, Wheaton's Rep. BRISK'LY, adv. Actively vigorously w ith life and spirit. Ar. c. vi Syr. Z. va H<='^- ""'3. fopart, to Broad as Boyle. Ray. long, equal upon the whole. Ji. Liveliness vigor in acBRISK'NESS, L'Estrange. break. See Part.] effertion quickness gayety vivacity )!. [broad and ax.] Formerly, South. Dn/den Easily broken, or easily breaking short, with- BROAD-AX, vescence of liquors. In modern usage, an a military weapon. rent from the or loose
;

ven

to animate.

BRIT'ISII,
or
its

Pertaining

BRISK

UP,
;

V.

i.

To come up

inhabitants.

with

life

and

to the

BRIS'TLE,
Svv. borst

n.

liris'l.

iJ.

borstel,
;

[Sax. brisU, and byrst a bristle, a biush

G.

borste,

bristle

Dan.
1.

bryster,

to

borslen, to bristle u]) strut. The sense is, a

;

shoot.]

The
that

brushes
2.

A
in

stiff glossy hair of swine, especially growing on the back, used for makinj similar hair on other animals. .species of pubescence on plants, in forn
;

out splinters parts not tdugh or tenasubstance fragile as brittle stone or glass. cious Arbuthnot. BRIT'TLELY, adv. In a brittle maimer. Sherwood.
;
;

ax

for

hewing timber.
a.

BROAD-BACKED,

Having a broad back.

BROAD-BLOWN,
Full blown.
Ijreast.

a.

[broad and back.] JBarlow. [broad and biota.]

Shak.
a.

BRIT'TLENESS,
fragility "
city.
;

n. to

opposed

Aptness to break toughness and tenaBoyle.

BROAD-BREASTED,
BROAD-BRBIINIED,
Having a broad brim.

Having a broad
[broad and brim.]

a.

of stiff roundish

hair.

Martyn. BRIZR,n. Thegadfly.

;

[See Brfeje.]
;

Bramslon.

BRIS'TLE,
bristle

i>.

/.

To

erect in bristles

to erect
;

2.

defiance or anger, like a swine as, t Shak. the crest. fix a bristle ; as, to bristle a thread. Johnson. BRIS'TLE, V. i. To rise or stand erect as, the hair bristles. Dryden

BROACH, n. [Fr. broehe, a spit, W. proc, a thrust, a stab quill

;

faucet or
It.

a peg
drill, "a

brocciare, to prick

S)).

To

tack.

It

denotes a shoot, a sharp

n. [broad uud ea.'sl.] Among farmers, a casting or thmwing seed from brocco, the hand for dispersion in sowing. broca, a adv. By scattering or throwBROAD-CAST,

BROAD-CAST,

1.

]ioiiued thing.] spit, and in

ing at large from

broad-cast.

tlic

hand

as, to

sow

A some parts of the English dominions, an awl, and a bodltin. Encyc.

BROAD-CVST,

a.

Cast or dispersed upon

B R O
the ground with the hand, as seed in sowing; oi)posed to planting in hills or rows. BROAD-LOTII, ?!. A species of woolen cloth, so called from its breadth. BROADEN, V. i. brawd'n. To grow broad. Thomson [ Unusurd. ]
.

R O
of

B R O
enjoy; to eat or chew ; to brook to profit; broce, use ; brec, use, gain bryce, gain, profit, i'ruh,fructus ; a violation, or breaking Sw. bruka ; G. brauchen ; Dan. bniger ; I), gebruiken, to use or employ; L.
; ; ;

cies of marble, composed of fragments four colors, white, gray, yellow and red.
2.

Ihurcroy. j\/'icholso7i. Sp. DictJ A kind of coarse brocade, used chiefly fori Newman says it is made of: tapestry.

henjp and

silk.

fruor, for frucor,

whence

fructus, fruit

BROAD-EYED,
a wide
\

a.

lew or survey

[broad and eye.] Having as broad-tyed day. Shak.

;

Encyc.

J^ewman's Sp. Diet.

sprouts; Fr.

BROceOLI,
brocoli.]

n.

[It. broceolo,

To

Having a broad liont amilitd to cattle. Chapman. BROAD-HORNED, a. Having large horns

BROAD-f'RONTED,
;

a.

A variety of cabbage or Brassica. BROCHE, the true, but not the common
orthography of broach.
I

Gr. itfo.'jau, |)o|u, npay^a. See Practice.] transact business for another in trade to act as agent in buying and selling, and other coimiiercial business to transact business by an agent. Bacon. ShaJc.
;

Huloit

BROCK,
W.

BROAD'ISH,
leaves.

a.

Rather broad.
)

Rvssel.
lea/.]

BROAD-LEAVED, BROAD-LEAFED,

"'
^

[broad and

Having

broad Woodward.

[Sax. broc ; Ir. broc ; Corn, id a badger, and noise, din, tunudt,i foam, anger broi^i, to chafe, fume, wax fierce, from rhoc, a rough soimd ; rhocain,
n. broc,
;
;

;i

ica
it

[This word is little used, at least in Amer; and English writers seem to have used
o{ break. of break, bro'kn. Partrent asunder infirm
; ;

in a low sense.]

BROKEN,

BROKE, pret. an<l pp.

pp.

BROADLY, BROADNESS,

adv. In a broad manner.

n.

to grunt.

Breadth

extent from

savage and a hadger.l [See Brock.] A red deer! two years old. Bailey writes this irocA or piece of gold coin broader than a guinea The French write it brocard. brocket. Encyc. BROAD-SEAL, n. The great seal of Eng BRO'DEKIN, n. [Fr. brodequin.] A busland as a verb, not used. kin or half boot. Echard.
breeh
is

side to side; coarseness; grossness; fidsoineness. Dri/dcn.

n.

Owen.] an animal of the genus Ursus, badger found in the northern parts of Europe and In Ir. Asia. The Russians call it barsuk.
a woli', a wild
?!.

ed by violeiK^e m.ide bankrupt.

ship

BROKEN-BACKED,

a.

broken-backed

BROAD-PIECE,

[broad and

piece'.]

A BROCK'ET,

is one which is so weakened in her frame as to droop at each end. Mar. Diet.

BRO'KEN-BELLIED,a. Having a
ed belly.

rupturSandys.

BROKEN-HEARTED,
heart.]

BROAD-SHOULDERED,
shoidder.]

a.
tlie

Broad across
n.

[broad and shoulders.

Spectator.

BROG'GLE,
used.]

V. i.

To

fish for eels.

[JVot
;

BROKENLY,
;

a. and [break Having the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or despair. adv. In a broken interrupted manner without a regular series.

BROAD-SIDE, [broad and side.] A dis chaige of all the giuis on one side of aship above and below, at the same time. Mar. Did 2. The side of aship, above the water, from Mar. Diet. the how to the (piarter. 3. In printing, a sheet of paper containin one large page, or printed on one side
oidv.
-/Ish.

BROGUE,
1.

n.

brog.

[Ir.

irog-,

a shoe, a

Hakeivill.

2.

3.

" Clouted brogues," in Shaks])eare, signify shoes whose soles are stud-' ded with nails, or clouts. A cant word for a corrupt dialect or manner of pronunciation. Farquhar. Brogues is used by Shenstone for breeches) from the Irish brog.
, i

bouse.] A shoe.

BRO'KENNESS,
ken
2.
;

n.

state

of being bro;

unevenne.s. ('ontrition as brokenness of heart.

;

BRO KENWIND,

!.

[break

and

u-ind.]

disease in horses, often accompanied with a preternatural enlargement ol" the lungs and heart, which disables them from bear-

Johiison.

BR0GUE-3IAKER,
BROID, V. To BROID'ER, V.
t.

n.

BROAD-SPREADING,
ly.

a.

Spreadmg wideShak.

A maker of brogues. BRO'KENWINDED, Johnson)

breath, as a horse.
;

ing fatigue.

Encyc.
a.

Having

short

D. bordnuren, to embroider W. brodiaw)' make compact, to darn, to embroider brwyd, a broach, an embroidering frame.] 'in To adorn with figmes of needle work. arfr. BROAD-WISE, wise.] [broad A ro()e, a ^ro/dt^ef/ codt, and a girdle. Exod. the direction of the breadth. Boyle. BROCA'DE, n. [Sp. brocado ; probably from BROID'ERER, n. One that embroiders. broche, the instrument used in embroidery BROID'ERY, n. Embroidery; ornamental needle work wrought upon cloth. [See so Fr. brochure, a pamphlet or stitched
;

[broad and sword.] A sword with a broad blade, and a cuttingJlsh. Wiseman. edge. BROAD-TAILED, a. Having a broad tail.
n.

BROAD-SWORD,

braid. Obs. [See Braid.] t. [Fr. broder ; Sp. and Port.i bordar, to embroider; Arm. brouda, to prick
to
;

BRO'KER, n. [from broke.] 1. An agent or negotiator, who is eiuployed by

merchants to make and conclude bargains for them, for a fee or rate per cent., or who
transacts other business lor his employers. Brokers are of several kinds. 1. Exchange-brokers, who make and conclude bargains for others in matters of money or merchandize, learn the rate of

mi

Sandys.

',

exchange and notify

book.]
Silk stuff, variegated with gold and silver, or raised and enriched with flowers, foliage

Embroider.]

Ticket.

BROIL,
mult
verb, Roil.
tate.
;

n.

[Fr. broiiiUerie,
;

from
It.

mix, confound, embroil

broitiJler, to^ broglia, tu-,

and other ornaments.

BROCA'DED,
8.

a.

En eye. Span. Diet. Woven or worked, as bro

Johnson.

cade, with gold and silver. Drest in brocade.

From this brogliare, to embroil. we have roil, to distiu-b, as lees. Seej The primary sense is, to stir, to agi-t It may be allied to trail'/ and thel
bruler.]
;

the stocks, whether of the public funds, of banks or of other corporations. 3. Pawn-brokers, who make it their business to lend money ujion pawns, that is,

and

2. Stock-brokers, sell shares in

who are employed to buy

their employers.

property deposited in pledge.

4.

French

BROADE-SHELL, n. The trivia! name of A

BRO
1.

but more generally' 2. The hire given for any unlawful office. Dryden. upon a gridiron over coals. Bacon. BROIL, I', i. To be subjected to the aclioui to be! 3. The trade of a broker ; a dealing hi old of heat, like meat over the fire things. greatly heated or to sweat with heat. Shak. Where have you been broiling? 4. The business of a broker ; the transactions of connnercial business, as buying BROIL'ED, pp. .\gitated or dressed by heat. and selling, for other men. [See Broke, BROIL'ER, ji. One that excites broils; that which dresses by broiling. Broker.] 5. The act of pimping. ^ish. BROIL'ING, ppr. Agitating by heat sweatcoals, before the fire
; ;

the Conus s;eographicus. C'yc. CAGE,^t.' [See Broke, Broker.] The premium orcommission of a broker; or profit derived from transacting the gain business for other men, as brokers, either in a good or bad sense. Spenser.

contention; dis-l cord, either between individuals or in the Gran ville.state. Shak.
V.
t.

tumult; a noisy quarrel

to

Insurance-brokers, whose business is procure the insurance of vessels at sea

or

bound on a voyage.

BROIL,
is

[Qu. Fr.
;

hruler.

beheve

tliis'
I

In the U. States, the business of a stockbroker and an insurance-broker is often or generally carried on by the same person. One who deals in old household goods. Johnson. A ])imp or procurer. Shak. Johnson. [In the two latter senses, tlie word, I believe, is never used in America, unless ia cant

from

broiiillcr.]

To

agitate with heat

to dress or

cook oven
3.

language.]

BRO-^KERAgE,

ji. The fee, reward or foi:, transacting business as a broker. Anderson's Comm.

commission given or charged

BRO ATEL. BROCATEL'LO,

"'
^

[Sp. brocafel,]

cal-

ing-

BRO'KERLY, BRO'KERY,
JVot used.]

a.

ji.

Mean; servile. The business of a

Jonson. broker.
Hall.

carious stone or spe-

BROKE,

I',

i.

[Sax. brucan, to use, employ,!

B
BRO'KING, ppr.
;

R O

B
and semi-metallic that of bronze.

R O
luster,

B R O
approaching
to

[Sax. hrdcan, to i;.vp, einj)loy or perform, to eat or chew breecan, brcDiet. broker can, to break; Gr. |3pi';tu, to eat, to grind BROJIE, 71. [Gr. j3pu/jo?, fcptor.] A li- Bronzite is regarded by Cleaveland as a the teeth.] of diallage. subspecies quid oCa deep red-brown color, very volaill smell, obtained from BROOCH, n. broche. [Slav, obrutsh, or ob- Literally, to chew or digest, as the Fr. digetile, and having an

Transacting business as a Shak. practical by brokers.

BROOK,

V.

t.

the motlirr-watcr of salt-works, and from flie lixivia of the ashes of sea plants, by It treating these solutions with clilorine. has three times the density of water. journ. of Science.

1.

ruch, a ring, a circle, a bracelet.] An ornamental utensil for fastening the

vest, or the bosom used in America.
silver, often
its

rir.

Hence,
;
;

of a
It is

shirt,

as formerly usually made of

To bear to endure to support men cannot brook restraint.

as,

young

Hooker.

Dri/den.

BROME-GRASS,
BRONH'IAL,
The
a.

n.

plant, the

Bromus. Muhttnberg
the

[Gr.

(ipoyjro;,

iiid-

pipe.] Belonging to the broncliia, or rami- 2. fications of the winfl-pipe in the lungs
S.

round, \\\l\\ a tongue crossing diameter, sometimes with two tongues formerly was used in England, as it was in America, and is still in the highlands ofj Scotland. Encyc.
It

BROOK-LIME,
s])ikes.

n. [brook and lime.) plant, a species of Veronica, called becabunga, with blue flowers in loose lateral
)!.

BROOK-MINT.

The water

Encyc.
mint.

jewel.
nainte's, a paintins
all

BROOK -WEED,

n.

plant,

bronchial arteries are branches of the Diet. BROOK'Y, a. Abounding with brooks. superior descending aorta accompanying Dyer. BROOCH, n. t. To adorn or furnish with the bronchia, or branches of the trachea. D. hrem,braam ; Slink. BROOM, n. [Sax. brum; brooches or jewels. Bronchial glands, glands at the division of Ir. brum. This is the simple root of brama brood and Core. BROOD, 1'. i. [Sax. brod, the bronchia. Qiiinci). ble.] broedan, bredan, to dilate or extend, to BRONClI'l, a. The same as bronchial. 1. plant of several species, called dyer's D. BRONH'OCELE, n. [Gr. lifoyxo^, the warm, to dividge, to spreadbiooflbroeden, weed, being used by dyers to give a yelbrut Ger. briiten, to to brood wind-pipe, and xr^T-r;, a tumor.] low color, wood, or broom, An enlarged thyroid gland a tumor on the brood W. bru-d, warm brydiaw, to warm. wood waxen,dyers iroom,green belonging all dwarf The sense is, to tvarni, or to cover, to spread fore part of the neck, called goiter ; tl to the genus Genista. Broom rape\>- Oroover.] Derbyshire neck. Quincy. Coxc. hanchc, and with large purple fliwers, her eggs To BRONCIIOT'OMY, n. [Gr. lip^xoi, the 1. for sit on and cover, as a fowl on Lathrern. Fam of Plants. the ]inrpose of warming them and wind-pipe, and routj, a cutting.] Broomis a species of Spartium, and An incision into the wind jiipe or larynx, be- hatching chickens, or as a hen over her Spanish Butcher''s broom is the Riiscus. chickens, to warm and protect them. tween the rings called also tracheotomy, besom, or brush with a long handle for on to spread over, as with wings Coxe. 2. To sit (^iiinci). so called from l>eing sweeping floors as, to sit brooding over the vast abyss. In BROND, n. sword. [See Bra.n'il.] originally made of tlie broom-plant. Milton. BRONTOL'OtiY, n. [Gr. jSpoir,, thunder, 3. To remain a America, brooms are made of the fops of in anxiety or solong time aiifl >.oyo5, iliscourse.] broom-corn, or of some species of wood A discourse or dissertiition upon thunder, licitous thought to have the mind nnin- sphntered, chiefly ash. The latter speferruptedly dwell a long time on a subcies of broom is tinnished by the natives containing an explanation of its cause;: ject as, the miser broods over his gold. and phenomena. of the coimtry. The original broom, made Encyc. Drijden BRONZ, I " [Fr. bronze; Arm. bromz: 4. To mature any thing with care. Bacon. of slirubsor twigs, is still used in stables. BROOM. |Sce Br<:m.] Ii It. bronzo ; Sp. bronce. BRONZE, I BROOD, V. t. To sit over, cover and cherish BROOM'ORN, n. [broom and corit.] Ital. bronzino is sun burnt. It may take its as, a hen broods her cliickens. name from its color, from burn, brown.] species of Holcus or Guinea-corn, with a 2. To cherish. 1. A compound of copi)er and tin, to which jointed stem, like a reed, or the stem of throne. You'll brood your sorrows on maize, rising to the highth of eight or ten other metallic substances are sometime; Jh'yden. feet, bearing a head of which brooms are added, especially zink. It is brittle, hard made. and sonorous, and used for statues, bells BROOD, n. [Sax. brod.] Offspring proge a ship. ny formerly used of human beings in el and cannon, the [iroportioiis of the respec[See Bream.] egant works, and we have brother, from BROOM'LAND, n. [broom a\\(\ land.] Land tive ingredients being varied to suit tht but it is now more generally this word Mortimer. A''icholson. ]iroi!ucing broom. particular jmrposes. Encyc. used in contcnjpt. BROOM'RAPE, n. [See Broom.] 2. .\ color pre[)ared tor the pur|)ose of iuiithe young birds hatched at BROOM'STAFF, ? 2. A hatch [See Staff an(\ Stick.] bronze, of two kinds, the yellow tating once as a brood of chickens or of ducks. BROO!M'STICK, ^ The staflT or handle and the red. The yellow is made of fine bred species generated .3. That which is Shak. Su^ft. of a broom. copper-dust; the red, of copper-dust with that which is produced. BROOM'Y, a. Full of broom containing a little pulverized red oclier. Encyc. Addison .Mortimer. broom. Lj hia".< broods of poison. Swijl. 3. Among aniicjuaries, any figm-e of men, 4. The actof covering the eggs, or of broodBROTH, n. brauth. [Sax. iro//i ; It. brndo ; beasts, urns, or other piece of sculpture, Shak. ing. [Unusual.] ir. broth : S|>. brodto: Ir. bruifhim, to boil. which the ancients made ol' bronze. Covered with the wings; BROOD'ED, pp. Qu. D. brnaden, to roast W. bnth, a stirEncyc. cherished. ring cr tunudt.] 4. Any statue or bust cast of bronze, whethBROODING, ppr. .Sitting on; covering 1. Liquor in which flesh is boiled and maer original or a copy of an ant)(|ue. and warming; ilwelliiig on with anxiety. cerated, usually with rice and herbs, or Encyc BROOD'Y, a. In a state of sitting on eggs some ingredient to give it a better relish. 5. Among medalists, any copper medal. for hatching; inclined to sit. {Unusual.] 2. In .America, the word is often apjilied to
; :

With

of onecolor.

liernel, the Samolus.

water \mMuhlenberg.

:i

BROOMING

"

Ray.

BRONZE,

i\ t. To imitate bronze, by means of copi)er-dust or leaf fastened on the out side, as gold-leaf is in gilding. Ena/c. 2. To harden, or make like brass. Yonng. BRONZ'ING, ppr. Imitating bronze. BRONZ'ING, 71. The act or art of imitating bronze, by means of copper-iUist or

BROOK,

n. [Sax. broc, or hrooc. As the sense is a stream or flowing, it may be the D. broek, G. bruch, a marsh, and allied to Gr. fn'ix'^, or ,i3pvw, to rain, to p<iiu', ti Near the site flow, Eolic t5pva?, a brook. of ancient Troy is a stream called Thymbrec,

foaming water, and especially to a mixtine of snow and water in tlie highways which is called snoic-broth. BROTHEL, n. [A dialectical orthography oi'bordel, which .see.] A house of lewdness; a house appropriated
to the purposes of prostitution
;

bawdy

leaf.

Encyc

BRONZ'ITE,
allied

?(. [frf)m njineral bronze.] called by Ilady diallage melallo'idr, nearly to Labrador hornblend, or hyper

stcne.

It

has a vellovvish brown coloi

Tliymbrius.] small natural stream of water, or a current flox\ingfrom a spring or tiumtain l(s> than a river. In some |)arts of America run is n;ed in a like sense lint run is also applied to larger streams than brook.
;

house

a stew.
?!.

BROTII'ELER,
brothels.

One
n.

that

frequents

BROTH'EL-HOrSE,
jBROTH'ELRY,
)i.

brothel.
; obscenity. Hall. Jonsov.

Luwdness

B
BROTHER,
n.
plii.

R O
brothers
1.

R O

or brethren. [Goth, brothar ; Sax. brother, or brether ; few. and Dan. broder ; D. broeder, from broeden, to iroorf, to Ijreed ; G. brudtr ; Sans. brader ; Riiss. brat ; Dudnatian brath L.
;

probably contracted from brg, and signi fies an edge, border or projection.] The prominent ridge over the eye, forming an arch above the orbit. The skin of this arch or ridge is moved by muscles which contract it in a frown and elevate
joy or surprize. Hence, to knit the brows, is to frown. Encyc. The hair that covers the brow forming an arch, called the eve brmv. The forehead. Hence, the general air of the coimtenance. Shak. Holler. The edge of a steep place, as the brink of a river or precipice as the brmo of a
it

with his congregation and settled at Middlehurgh in Zealand. He was the head of a party of Independents in Church government. Encyc.

BROWN'NESS,

n.
n.

brown

color.

Sidney.

frater

Gr.

4'pa"'7p,

t('"7up

Pers.

in

^.i 5j.j
;

BROWN-SPAR,
calcite.

Pearl spar, or sideroUre.

boradar; Corn,

bnnvd

Sam.

fcrerfar; a/ir( ; Fr. frire,

Ir.

tirnthair

2.

from L.
3.

BROWN'-STL'DY,
Gloomy study;

n. [hroim and study.] dull thoughttulness; med-

frater; Sp. frayle, a friar: It. fratello, brother, and /;a<e, friar; Arm. breiizr. By the Dutch, it ajipeiirs that this word signiTlie comfies one of the hrood or breed. mon phn-al is brothers ; in the solemn style
1.

itation directed to

no certain object.
JVorris. n. [frroum

4.

BROWN'- WORT,
plant, prunella.
2.

and icort.]

2.

rents only is called a half-hmther, or Blackstone. brother of the hall'blood. Any one closely imited an associate as a band of brothers.
; ;

A.species of Scrophtdaria, the vernalis, or brethren is used.] 5. A fringe of to the hedge yellow figwort, with brown stalks. A Iiuman male born of the same father of a field. coppice, adjoining Mason. Encyc. Fam. of Plants. ami mother. A male by one of the pa- BROW, V t. To bound to limit to form BROWN'Y, a. Brown. Shak. [.Vol used.]
hill.

Bacon.

the edge or border

BROW'-ANTLER,
The
2.

Milton. [brow and antler.] fust start that grows on a deer's head.
of.

BROWSE,

n.

3.

One that He th.it

him
that
is

is

resembles another slodilul in liis work

a {jreat waster.
is

in
is

manners.
brother to
.wiii.

Bailey.

V. t. s as :. [Gr. 3puaxu, to eat or browse, f3p({, food, but probably these worils may be from sprouts ; Arm. iroitz, brouez, or liroust, sprouts, buds Fr. brout,
;

Proverbs

In scripture, the term brother

applied to a

kinsman by bloorl more remote than a son of the same parents; as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob and Laban.
Persons of the .same profession call each other brother, as judges, clergymen, j)rofessors of religion, members of societies
united in a
like.

of a deer's horn next the tail. Ena/c. BROW'-BEAT, v. t. [brow and beat.] To dei)ress or bear down witli haughty, stern looks, or witli arrogant speech and dog matic assertions or in general to bear down by impudence. BEATEN, pp. Overborne by mi;

The branch

brouter

Arm.
;

broiista, orfcroi/za,
;

tobrowze.

It is allied to brtish

growth

brwys, luxin-iant rhwys, vigor, luxuriance, wanton-

W.

To

ness.] cat the

BROW

ends of branches of trees and shrubs or the young shoots, as cattle, or deer. Spenser. Shak.
V. i.

BROWSE,

])udence.

der branches or
trees, as cattle,

common
to

BROWBEATING,
sertions.

cause,

monks and

the

ppr. Overbearing with severe brows, stern looks, or positive asn. A bearing down with stern looks, supercilious manners, or

BROWSE,

n.

as z. To feed on the tenshoots of shrubs and sheep and goats. Arbuthnot. Shak. brows. The tender branches
s

Kings give
brother.

each other the

title

of

BROWBEATING,

Clergymen address their congregations hy the title of bretliren. In a more general

confident assertions.
a. [broiv and bound. having the head encircled as Shak. BROW'LESS, a. Without shame.

BROWBOUND,
Crowned
;

sense,
in

brother or brethren
;

is

used for

being children of general the same primitive ancestors, and forming one race of beings. Brother-german is a brother by the father's and mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, or by the mother only.
all

man

men

w itli

a diadem.

Mdison.

BROW'-POST,
builders, a

n.

beam
a.

[brow and post] Among that goes across a build-

ing.

Encyc.

BROW-SICK,
ed
;

[brow and sick]

Encyc. DejectSuckling.

or twigs of trees and thrub.s, fit for the food of cattle and other animals. BROWvS'ING, ppr. s as :. Feeding on branches, shrubs, or shoots of trees. A new vegetable alkali, exBRU'CIA, } tracted from the bark of BRU'CINE, S the false angustura. Ure. BRU CITE, n. A mineral, the chondrodite of Berzelius, which sometimes occurs in or imperfect crystals, sometitnes grains in four-sided prisms with rhombic bases. It is so named from the late Dr. Bruce, a

"

BROTH'ERHOOD,
The
2.

!. [brother and hood.] state or quality of being a brother.

hanging the head.

a.

[JVot used.]
;

distinguished mineralogist of

New

York.

Lorke.

An

as.ociation

of men
;

as a society of monks
3.

for any purpose, a fraternity.

Da vies.

class of men

of the same kind, profesAddison.

a.

sion, or occupation.

BROTH'ERLESS,

Without a brother.
Shak. Becoming a brother. Shak.

BROTH'ERLIKE,

a.

D. bruin ; Ger. braun ; Dan. bruun ; Fr. brun ; Sp. and It. bruno ; from the verb, to bum.] Dusky of a dark or dusky color, inclining to redness ; but the shatles are various, as Spanish brown, London brmvn, clove broum tawny brotni. Brotmi residts from a mixtine of red, black and yellow. Kincayi. BROWN, V. t. To make* brown or dusky.
[Sax. bntn
;

BROWN,

BRCISE, V.
Fr. briser,
bruise
;

t.

Cleaveland. [Sax. brysan, to bruise ; to break or bruise ; froisser, to

s as
:.

Arm.

brousta.]

To crush

by beating or pounding with an instrument not edged or pointed. When applied to animal flesh or to vegetables, a

A trembling

to a coarse powder. a hurt upon the Ji. A contusion of animals, upon plants or other bodies, with a blimt or heavy instrument BRUISED, pp. Crushed; hurt or broken by a blunt or hea^y instrument. BROWN'ISH, a. Somewhat brown; in BRnSER, n. A concave tool for grinding Kincan the specida of telescopes. clined to brown. Chambers. BROWN'ISM, n. The doctrines or reli 2. In rnlsrar language, a boxer. gious creed of the Brownists, who main- BRriSEWORT, ti. [bruise and teort.] nounced braut. [See Bring.] that any body of professing Christained Johnson. plant comfrey. BROW, n. [Sax. breeu; bruwa ; D. braauw : tians vmited under one pastor, or com- BRCISING, ppr. Crushing ; breaking or G. braue ; Riiss. brov ; Ir. brn, brni, eyemuning togethei;, constitute a church in-' wounding hy a bhmt or heavy instrument. brow, and abhra, the eyelid Sans, bruwan, d(-|icu(lent of any other. BRnSING, )!. In popular language, abealEnnjc. n. A follower of Robert ing or boxinff. bnt Gr. o^ipwj, o4)pj{ ; Pers. , j or . j 1 BROWN'IST, j. j, Brown, a puritan, or dissenter from th<> BRflT, n. [Fr.] Report; rumor; fame. and the last syllable of L. palvebra. It is Church of England, who left England Shak. Obs.
a. Pertaining to brothers such as is natural for brothers; becoming brothers kind affectionate as brotherly love. Bacon. Shakspeare uses this word as an ad" I verb. speak but brotherly." But the use is not authorized. BROUGHT, prtt. and pp. of fcnng- ; pro; ; ; ;

BROTH'ERLOVE,
BROTII'ERLY,

n.

Brotherly affection. Shak.

BROWN'-BILL,
;

A [brown and bill] the English foot soldiers. The origin of the name is not stated but from it brown tnusket is said tc have derived its appellation. Johnson.
n.

twilight o'er the welkin moves, Bromiis the dim void, and darkens deep the Barlow. groves.

bruise is a contusion that impairs the natural solidity and textin-e of the part, but When often without breaking the skin. applied to minerals and similar substances, it signifies to break them, and of\en to re-

duce them
flesh

BRUISE.

weapon formerly used by

Vol.

I.

28

B R U
BRDIT,
V.
t.

B
noise abroad.

B U C

so hglitly as scarcely to be perceiv- BRU'TIPV, I.. /. To make a person a bfute; Prior. to make senseless, ed as, to brush by. Obs. Raleigh. stupid or unfeeling. n. [h. bruma, winter, brumcdis ; 3. To move or skim over, with a slight conCongreve. BRU'TISH, a. Like a brute or beast as a tact, or without much impression. Span, bruma, winter, tog or mist.] brutish form. Brown. Milton. Drijden. Beloii;>ing to the winter. BRUME, n. [Fr. brume; Sp. bruma. See BRUSH'ED, pp. Rubbed with a biush; 2 Insensible stupid as brutish men. Grew. struck lightly. 3. Unfeeling; savage; ferocious; brutaL lirumat.] 4. Gross carnal bestial. Barlow. BRUSH'ER, n. One who brushes. Mist; fog; vapors. [Little used.] Shak. South. BRUN, BURN. A river or stream. Obs. BRUSH'ING, ppr. Sweeping or rubbing 5. Ignorant uncivihzed untaught. Hooker, from brun, brown. with a brush; striking gently; moving BRU'TISHLY, adv. In the manner of u BRUNET', I " [Fr. brute See Brown.] woman nimbly in haste skimming over liglitly. BRUNETTE, grossly irrationally stupidly witli a brown or dark complexion. South. BRUSH'ING, a. Brisk light as a brush- savagely. i sort of BRUN'ION, n. [Fr. brugnon.] Encyc. BRU'TISHNESS, n. Stupidity ; insensiing gallop. BR fruit between a plum and a peacli. the qualiItUSH'LIKE, a. [brush and like.] Resem bility brutality savageness a lirush Asial. Res. ties of a brute. Trevoiii: bling Spratt. Brunsivick green. An ainmoniaco-nmriate of BRUSH'WQOD, n. [brush and u'ood. BRY'ONY, n. [h. bryonia Gr. tifwiMM.] a genus of plants of several copper, used for paper liangings and in oil Brush a thicket or coppice of small trees White jalap The root of the rough or white and shrubs also, branches of trees cut off". Ure. species. painting. BRUNT, n. [Dan. brynde, and brunst, ardor, Dryden. bryony is a strong irritating cathartic. ardency, burning heat. It is the Dutcl BRUSH'Y, a. Resembling a brush rough Encyc. Coxe. brand, fire, flame, ardor, from the com shaggy having long hair. Boyle. Black-bryony is a genus of plants, called Tamoil root of burn, brennan, brand. This BRUSK, a. [Fr. brustjue.] Rude rough. mus. Encyc. H otton BUB, n. cant word for strong malt liquor. .shows the radical sense of burn. See report
;

To

to

move
;

BRUMAL,

(,

V. i. brus'l. [Sax. brastlian, to G. brausen Dan. bruser ; Sw. crackle brusa ; from the root of rustle.] tion as the brunt of a battle. To crackle to make a small crackling 2. Tlie force of a blow violence shock of noise to rustle, as a silk garment to va Hudibras. any kind. ])or, as a bully. 1.

Burn.]

an onset the strength or violence of any contenheat, or utmost violence of

; ;

The

BRUS'TLE,
;

Prior.

BUB,

V.

t.

To throw
n.

out in bubbles.

[Ao(
;

used.]

Sackvllle.

BUB'BLE,
1.

[D. bobbel;

Sw. bubla

tioin

swelling, inflation.] A small bladder or vesicle of water or

A sudden BRUSH, n.
3.

I.

BRUS'TLING, ppr. Crackling rustling Sp. vaporing, brusca, bruza ; probably allied to browze, BRUT, v.i. [Fr. brouter.] To browse. [Md W. brwi/s, thick, branching, from rinvi/s, in use.] Evelyn vigor, luxuriance, or prys, brushwood. 1!RU TAL, a. [See Brute.] Pertaining to a A brush is primarily sprouts, shoots.] brute as brutal nature. An instrument for cleaning any tiling of 2. Savage cruel inhuman brutish im dust and dirt by light rubbing, as floors, merciless as brutal feeling like a brute
;
;

effort.

Bp. Hall.
;

other fluid inflated with

2.

air.

J\'eivton.

[Fr. brosse

It.

brusca

Any
ty
;

thing that wants firmness or solidia vain project that whii h is more
;

3.

specious tlian real. Hence, a false show a cheat or fraud. Bacon. Dryden. A delusive scheme of speculation an
; ;

eiiiiity project to raise

;

ry grounds Brushes originally furnitiu'e, boots, &c. Swift. courage brutal manners. 4. A person deceived were made of shrubs or small branches of BRUTALTTV, n. Inhumanity by an empty project. savagetrees tied together, and such are yet used Prior. ness churhslmess insensibility to pity But the materials for coarse purposes. or shame. Locke. BUB'BLE, V. i. To rise in bubbles, as liquors when boiling or agitated. Shak. Dryden. most used are bristles set in wood. Paint- BRU'TALIZE, v. t. To make brutal, churl2. To run with a ers use a small brush to lay colors on their as a ish or inhuman. gurgling noise
; ; ; ; ; ; ;

money on imaginaas the South Sea bubble.

'I.

Silver smiths use a wirelarge pieces. brush for scrubbing silver, copper or brass, and there is a method in order to gilding of staining leather by rubbing the color on the skin with a brush. Encyc. Branches of trees lopped ofi"; brush;

All cruel punisluuents brutalize the heart.

bubbling stream.

Z. Swift

BUB'BLE,
pose on.

V.

t.

To

BRU'TALIZE,

v.

i.

To become
beastly.

brutal, in-

Pope. cheat; to deceive or imAddison.

Digby.
as bubbreast.

human, or coarse and

Addison.
;

BRU'TALLY,

3.

from L. brutus. A tumor or abscess with inflammation, which and Sp. bnito. rises in certain glandular ]iarts of the body, This word may be the Ch. ii^l\^^2 foreigi as in the groin, or armpit. Encyc. Coxe. strange, as the ancients expressed wild- BU'BONOCELE, n. [Gr. ^m8<^v, the groin, ness and savageness bj' verbs wliich .J. and xrfliirj, a tumor.] nily to depart or be distant.] electric matter issuing in diverging rays Hernia inguinalis, or inguinal rupture a 1. Senseless unconscious as the brute from a point. tumor in the groin, formed by a prolapsus Encyc. cartli. 6. A tail ; as the brush of a fox. Bcnlley. of the intestines or omenliini or lioth, BRUSH, V. t. To sweep or rub with a brush 2. Irrational ferine as a brute beast. through the processes of the peritoneum South and rings of the abdominal muscles. as, to brush a hat. To strike as with a brush to strike lightly, 3. Bestial in common with beasts as brute Encye. violence. Milton. by passing over the surface, without inju BU'BUKLE, n. A red pimple. [.Vot .9f(/.]
a.
t.

a sense common in the U. Stales. The small trees and shrubs of a wood or a thicket of small trees. Encyc. skirmish a slight encounter also, an a shock, or rude treatment, from assault as we say a scouring, a rub. collision In electricity, the luminous apjiearance of|

wood;

Cruelly; inhumanly in a coarse, churlish, or brutal iiiaiiher. Arbuthnot

arft'.

BUB'BLER, n. One who cheats. BUB'BY, n. [from the same root

ble

and

bubo.]
n.

A woman's

BRUTE,

BU'BO,

Arbuthnot. [Gr. \iovSuv, L. bubo, a swelling.]

senseless,

[Fr. brut, irrational ;

It.

_J.

ry,

or impression as, to brush the passing to brush the briny flood.

;
;

arm

in d.

3.

To
xip

Dry den. BRUTE,

;

paint with a brush hence, to brush is oflen used for cleansing in general.

4.

With

Pope.
off,

to

remove by brushing,
;

as to
ai

brush off dast

also, to

carry

away by

act like that of brushing, or by passing over liglitly, as by wind. Benthy. 5. To move as a brush ; to pass over with a light contact.

BRUSH,

V.

i.

To move nimbly

Dryden
;

in haste

to

as a Shak. Pope. BUBUL'CA, !i. flat fresh-water fish, of a beast any animal destitute circular form and a silver^' color. of reason, and of course the word com Did. of . Vat. Hist. prehends all animals except man, but is BUCANEE'R, } [Fr. boucaner, to broil applied mostly to the larger beasts. BUANIE'R, I "-fish or flesh, to hunt 2. brutal person a savage in heart or oxen for their skins.] manners; a low bred, unfeeling man. Primarily, a bucancer is said lo be one who dries and smokes flesh or fish after the BRU'TE, V. t. for bruit, to report. [.Yot The name was manner of the Indians. used.] adv. In a rude manner. first given to the French settlers in Haiti BRU'TELY, or Hispaniola, whose business was to luini Milton BRU'TENESS, n. Brutahty. Obs. Spenser. wild cattle and swine. It was afterwards

Rough;

uncivilized;

insensible;

brute )>hilosopher.
n.

B U C
glish and French, who combined to make depredations on the Spaniards in America. Encyc. BUCA'O, n. A species of owl. in tlie I'lii" ippine isles, of a beautiful phunage, an<l size of a peacock, but remarkable for a hideous nocturnal scream. Did. ofJVat. Hist.

B U C
Enused to convey water by hand for extin
guishing
fires.

BUD
BUCKSKIN,
The skin of a buck. A an adjective, made of leather prepared from the skin of a buck. Ash.
n.
71. [buck and or net to take deer.

applied to the piratical adventurers,

BUCCAL,

o.

[L.

bucca,

the cheek

hoc] Portaininp to the cheek. The buccal glands are the small glands of tlie mouth, under the cheek, whicli secrete saliva. Hooper. BUCCELLA'TION,n. [L. buccdla, buecea, a
moulliful.] The aiT of breaking into large pieces. n. Fossil riijiains or petrifactions of the shells called buccinum.

ppr. Soaking in lye, in the pro cess of bleaching; washing. BUCK'ING, n. The act or process of soaking cloth in lye for bleaching also, the Ive or liquor a washing. Encyc. Jlxh BlfCK'IN(i-STOOL, n. A washing block. BUCK'LE, n. [Fr. bouclc, a bnckle, a ring, a knocker; boucler, to curl, to ring, to VV. buckle Ir. bucia ; Arm. boud. In Sp. bucle is hair curled. In W. barn, bacettu
; ; ;

BUCK'ING,

BUCK'STALL,

stall.]

toil

BUCKTHORN,

n. A [buck and thorn.] genus of plants, called Rhamnus, of many species. The common purging buck-thorn grows to the height of 12 or 14 feet, and

Encyc.

and bnglu
ple.
1.

BUCCINITE,

Jameson.

An instrnnu^nt made of some kind of metal, for fastening together certain parts of dress, as the straps of shoes, kneebands &c., or other stra|)s and band.s, as in harness. The forms are various, but it cotisists of a ring or rim with a chape and
tongue.
curl, or a state of being curled or crisped, as liair. Spectator. In coals of arms, a token of the surety
faith

signify, to bend, hook or grapSax. bvgan, to bow.]

bears a black berry, which, when green, is used to dye yellow, and when ripe, The green. The bark also dyes yellow. sea huck-thom is a genus of plants, called

a. [Gr. jjovxoxo;, a herdsman pastoral; L. buculus, an ox; pertaining to cattle, pastoral; Encr/c W. and Corn, bugail or hygel ; Ir. buachail, Indies. iBUCK'LE, V. t. To fasten with a buckle, a shepherd. See Bovine.] or buckles. Pastoral relating to country affairs and to BUell'OLZlTE, n. newly discovered mineral, whose colors are white and black,! 2. To prepare for action a metaphor, taken a shepherd's hfe arul occupation. from buikling on armor. Ckaveland.\ Spenser. Johnson. appearing in spots. BUCK, n. [G. bnuche, beunhe; S]i. bu<^n(ta.]\ 3. To join in battle. Hayward. BUCOL'I, n. A pastoral poem, representLye in whicli clothes are soaked in the 4. To confine or limit. ing rural affairs, and the life, manners of bleaching A span hueklps in liis sum of age. the licpior in Shak operation and occupation of shepherds as the bttwhich clothes are washed. IbUCKLE, v. i. To bend to bow as, to colics of Theocritus and Virgil. Johnson. Enci/c. buckle under life. Skak. Dryden. Encyc. 2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed To buckle to apjdy with to, to bend to; U'arton. 2. writer of pastorals. iu lye. ShaJi. Locke. vigor to engage w ith zeal. BUCK, V. I. [G. beuchen ; Dan. iog-cr ; Sw. To buckle in, to close in to embrace or BUD, n. [D. hot ; Fr. boulon ; It. bollone, a hud or button ; Ir. abaidh, a l)ud Sp. baton ; byka ; Arm. bvgad ; Norm, btier. Thi seize the body, as in a scuffle a popular Arm. bouton, literally a push Sp. botar, to verb is retained in the h.iinbuo, for imbtico use in America. or imbugo, to steep, tinge, imbue.] push or thrust, to vow Gr. ifurw; ^vu, to To buckle with, to encounter with embrace To soak or steel) in lye, a process in bleach plant or beget, contracted from ^Tu Ch. to join in close combat. Dnjden. ing to wash or steep in lye or suds. BUC'K'LER, n. [W. bwccled; Fr. houelier allied to pout, U3J Ar. (I^A J nabata Ir. buicleir.] Encyc. SJiak. BUCK, n. [Sax. hue, hucca ; D. bok Ger. Sw A kind of shield, or piece of defensive armor, Fr. bonder. See class Bd, No. 34.] bock ; Sp. boque ; W. bivr ; It. becco. This It was composed anciently used in war. A gem; the shoot of a plant a small protuItalian word signifies a bill or beak, the of wood, or wickers woven together, covberance on the stem or branches of a mouth, the helm of a ship, the pipe of' ered with skin or leather, fortified with plant, containing the rudiments of future a still and a hxtck. see it is the' plates of brass or other metal, and worn leaves or a flower. It is called by botasame word as beak, from thrusting on the left arm. On the middle was an nists the hyhirnacle, the winter lotlge or Dan. huk, whence bukker, to ram or umbo, boss or prominence, very useful in receptacle of the leaves or flowers of thrust piles. Ir. hoc or poc ; Corn, byk ; causing stones and darts to glance ofl'. and is an epitome of a flower, or plants, Fr. bouc ; Arm. bouch ; Kalmuc, bugn, a The buckler often was foiu- feet long, and of a shoot, which is to be unfolded the covered the whole body. Encyc\ Qu. Eth. n(t>Tlbahak, the male stag. succeeding summer. It is covered with BUCK'LER, v. t. To support to defi^nd. scales, which are intended to defend the of sheep or goats.] Shak. The male of the fallow deer, of the goat, [M>t jwfd.] inclosed rudiments from cold and other n. Christ's thorn. the sheep, the rabbit and hare. It is apexternal injuries. Johnson. plied only to the smaller quadrupeds. Buds are of three kinds that containing the BUCK, V. i. To copidate as bucks and does. BUCK'MAST, n. [buck, that is, beach, and flower; that containing the leaves; and Mortimer. mast.] that containing both flower and leaves. The mast or fruit of the beach tree. Milne. Marty n. BUCK'-BASKET, n. [buck and basket.] A Johnso7i. basket in which clothes are carried to the BUD, V. i. To put forth or produce buds or It. buchen.

BITCENT' AUR, n. The state barge of Venice. BUCEPH'ALIIS, n. An animal of the gaof the size of a hind. The horididl or hidian raBU'CEROS, ven a genus of birds, common in the East
zelle tribe,
n.
;

2.

Fam. of Plants. Enci/c. Hippopbae. n. [D. boek-weit ; Ger. buchweitzen.] A plant and a species of grain ; called also brank. It belongs to the genus polygonum, or knot-grass. It is cultivated as food for beasts, and the flour is much used in America for breakfast cakes.

BUCKWHEAT,

BUCOL'IC,
fiouxoXixof,

3.

and service of the bearer.

bucolicus,

We

BUCKLER-THORN,

wash.
bean,

Sliak

BUCK'RAM,

BUCK'BEAN,
which

n.

This

is

properly

bogJ}sh

see.

rame; qu. from

BUCK'ED, BUCK'ET,
huiccad
1.
;

pp.

Soaked

in Ive.
;

n. [Sax.

biic

Fr.

baquet

Ir.

The
pail.

vessel in
;

Sw.tf; Dan. bak.] which water is drawn out

it

coarse linen cloth, .stiffened with glue, the used in garments to keep them form intended, and for wrappers to cover Enci/c. cloths, and other merchandiie.

[Fr. hougran ; It. bucare, to make holes.] 2.

gems.

Job

xiv. 9.

To put forth shoots ; to into a flower or shoot.

grow

as a bud

X To

of a well
2.

is

nearly in the form of

BUCK'RAM, a. Stiff; precise. BUCK'RAMS, n. The same as

Fulke.

wild garhe. Johnson.

4.

Dryden. begin to grow, or to issue from a the manner of a bud, as a horn. stock Dryden. To be in bloom, or growing like a young Shak. plant.

"

A vessel or pail used at sea to draw waup at the side of a ship, for washing the decks, &c. .Mar. Dirt. 3. vessel made of leather, nenrly in the form of a pail, but narrower and deeper,
ter

n. A {buck and horn.] plant, a species of Plantago, or plantain, called crcropus. The wirted buck.ihorn is a species of Coch-

BUCKS'HORN,

BUD,

learia, or

scurvy grass.

Fam. of Plants.

To inoculate a plant to insert !'. /. the bud of a plant under the hark of another tree, for the purpose of raising, upon any stock, a species of fruit different from that of the stock.
;

B U F
BUD'DED,
ted.
(Ihists in
/)/'

B U F
buds
;

BUG
BUFFOON',
of a buff'oon
V.
t.

Put forth
n.

in

inocula-

than the

common

ox,

and is fond of marshy

To make
71.

BUD'DIIISM,
IJUD'DING,
idatirig.

The doctrines

of the
;

Bud
iuoc-

Asia.

ppr. Putting forth buds

n.

BUD'DLE,

In mining, a large
in

square
tin

frame of boards, used

washing
Ash.

ore.

Encyc.

BUD'DLE,
ore.

V.

i.

Among

miners, to
Bailey.

wash
Ash.
to

places and rivers. The name is also applied to wild oxen in general, and particularly to the Bison of North America. [See Cuvier. Bison.] Cyc. BUFF'EL, n. Bufl'el's head duck, anas hu-i cephala, a bird with a short blue bill, and a head whose apparent size is greatly increased by the fulness of its feathers, found in winter in the rivers of Carolina.
Catesby.

ridiculous. Glanville.

BUFFOON'ERY,
;

The

arts

and practices

low jests; ridiculous pranks; Johnson. vidgar tricks and postures. Dryden has placed the accent improperly on
the
first syllable.

BUFFOON'ING,
BUFFOON'ISH,
sisting
ill

n.

Buff"oonery.
;

Guthrie's Quint. Dryden. a. Like a buft"oon con-

Pennant.
;

low

BUDliE,
stir

V.

t.

[Fr.
to stir
;

and Norm, bouger,

to

BUFF'ET,

n. [Fr. buffet

It. 'buffetto

Sp.

BUFFOON'ISIVI,
buffoon.
foon.

jests or gestures. n. The practices

a.

of a

or wag.]
oft";

In America, icag is mucli used as equivalent to budge ; but tlie use of both words is vulgar. Shak. BUD6E, n. The dressed skin or fur of lambs. Bailey. BUDGE, a. Brisk jocund. Bailey. Johnson. 2. Surly; sfitt"; formal. Ohs.

To move

wag.

bufete.]

BUDGE-BACHELORS,
men

company

of|

cupboard, or set of shelves, for plates, It glass, china and other like furniture. was formerly and is still in some parts of the country, an apartment erected on one side of a room but in more fashionable houses, it has been laid aside, and a side board substituted, which is now considered as the buff'et. But as far as my knowledge extends, the name has become, in a
;

BUFFOON-LIKE,
BUFFOON'LY,
tricks.
I

Resembling a bufSherwood.

a.

Consistingof low vulgar

BU'FONITE,

Little used.] n. [L. iu/o,

a toad.]

Toad-

clothed in long gowns lined will lamb's fur, who acconqiany the Lord Dlay or of London at his inauguration.
n.

great measiu-e, obsolete, the conuuon people, by

whom

e.xcept
it

among
is

stone, or fossil-teeth of the anarrhicas or sea-wolf", formerly much esteemed for its imaginary virtues and worn in rings. It was named from an opinion that it was found in the head of a toad. Encyc.

pro-

BUG,

n.

[Qii.

W.

nounced

BUD6E-BARREL,
;

Bailey. small barrel with

Jlsh.

BUFF'ET,
to

bofat. n. [It. buffetto

common language, the name of a

titude of insects,

bar, bygan, small.]

infest

blow, to puff; Norm,

only one head on the other end, a piece of leather is nailed, whii-li is drawn toa purse. gether upon strings used for carrying powder, with a
like
It is

pafau',ir)

thump.
fist

blow with the

face
;

W. buffe, a blow See Buffoon and Puff.]\ a box on the ear or

; ;

Sp. Port, hifir,

which

In vast mulhouses and

In zoology, this word is applied to plants. the insects arranged under the genus dmex, of which several hundred species are described. Bugs belong to the order of hemipters. They are furnished with a rostrum or beak, with antennae longer than the thorax, and the wings are folded together crosswise. The back is flat, the throat margined, and the feet are formed for running.

a slap.
i'.
;

mortar.

t. gun or BUFF'ET, fist to box Encyc

;

Milton. To strike with the hand or to beat.

BUDgENESS,
tised.]

/!.

Sternness

severity. [JVot

They spit
xxvi.
2.

in his face

and buffetted
;

liim.

Math,
;

BUDG'ER,
his place.

i.

One who moves

[Fr. bnvgeite
boxige
;
;

or stirs from

BUDG'ET,
1.

n.

den ; Norm, of bag.']

;

perhaps from the root

Shak as, to buffet Arm. bougeBUFF'ET, V.

inff.

To beat in contention

to

the billows. i. To exercise or play at

;

contend against Otway)

biix-j

Some

sjiecies

house-bug, or bed-bug,

Shak.'

and disgusting

insect.

A bag a little sack, with its contents. Hence, a stock or store as a budget of inventions. UEstrange.
;

BUFF'ETED,;;>. Struck
iv. 11.

beaten.
;

Cor.

BUG,

or

BUG' BEAR,

have no wings. The is a troublesome Encyc. n. \yV.hug, a hob;

;

IPet.
n.

ii.

20. a boxer.

BUFF'ETER,
boxing
2.
;

One who buff"ets

3. respecting the tiuances of the Britisli nation. To open the budget, to lay before a legisla live body the papers of the Ejiecutive Price. Government.

The papers

BUFF'ETING,

Johnson. ppr. Striking with the hand

goblin or scarecrow Inigadu, to terrif"y lluss. buka, a sprite or gobUn. In Pers. o -

^\_j

is

fear.]
;

;|

BUFF'ETING,
;

contending against. ji. A sinking with the hand Contention attack opposition.
;

frightful object
frightfiil.

thing imaginary

HUDG'Y,

BUD'LET,

a. Consisting of fur. \.Yot used. A little bud . [from bud.] springing from a parent bud. We have a criterion to distiiiguisli one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets wliich are its ofi'sprin^.

He

seems

to

but formed

for

have been a plant of slow growth duration, and fitted to endure the

BUGBEAR,
idle

!'.

t.

a walking specter any that is considered as Locke. Pope. To alarm or fiighten with
;

BUFF'IN,
ftn

IVirt. buffetings of the ruilest storm. n. sort of coarse stuff'; as, buf-

phantoms.

A
i.

BUgEE',

n. species of India, of a beaver color. n.

ArchVp. King.

monkey found

in

gowns.
n.
v.

Massinger.
[Fr.]

BUFF'LE, Darwin BUFF'LE,

or

The

buff'alo.
;

To

puzzle

to

be at a

loss.

BU'GELUGEY,

Did. ofJVat. Hist. large species of liz-

BUFF,
I.

n.

[contracted

fi-om

buffalo,

Swift.

buffskin.]

This

is

probably the same word as baffle

BUGGER,

Buffskin; a sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oi It is used for making banlike shammy. doliers, belts, pouches, gloves and other The skins of oxen, elks and articles. dressed in like manner, are other animals,
also called

BUFF'LE-HEAD, . [baffle and head.] One One guilty of the crime against nature. A who has a large head. o term of reproach. vile wretch BUFF'LE-HE.\DED, a. Having a large BUG'GERY, n. The unnatural and detestable crime of carnal intercourse of man or head, like a buff'alo dull stupid foolish. BUFF'ON, n. The Nuinidian crane, an woman with a beast or of hmnan beings
; ; ;
;

Diet. of.Mat. Hist. ard, four feet long. n. [Fr. bougre ; Sp. bujarron ; D. boggeren, verb.]

African fowl.

a.
3.
4.

A military
lar leather.

buff's.

Encyc.

BUFFOON',

coat

made of buff-skin
;

or simi-

Shak

The

A yellow
diseases.
V.
t.

color of buff" a light yellow. viscid substance formed on the

surface of blood

drawn

in inflanunatory

Parr.
;

To strike. [See Buffet.] BUFF, BUFP'ALO, n. [It. and Sp. bufalo Fr.
fie
;

Encyc. n. [from buggy.] The state of being infected \\nth bugs. a. BUGGY, [from bug.] Abounding vrith or puff with anger, to snort Port. id. Johnson. buss. The.se verbs indicate the origin of buft'oon- BU'GLE, [W. bugail, a shepI The root of buffet, puff] signifies to BU'GLE-HORN, ^ "" herd. See Bucolic. ery.
It. beffare and buffare, to triffe, joke, play the fool ; Sp. befar, to mock or ridicule ; bufar, to blow,
;

[Fr. bouffon; hufon, a buff'oon, comical

n.

Diet. ofA'at. Hist. It. buffo : Sp.

unnaturally with each other.

Sodomy.

BUG'GINESS,

buf-

1.

The

L. bubalus,] Bubalus, a species of the bovine genus,

originally from India, but now found in most of the warmer countries of the Eastern Continent. It is larger and less docile

2.

A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures and postures, jokes and other vulgar pleasant ries. A droll a mimic. Johnson. Encyc. He that uses indecent raillery. Garth
;

drive, to push, to strike.

See

Puff.]

2.

shepherd's horn, or from the same root as the Fr. beugler, to bellow, from its A hunting horn. sound.] Shak. Spenser. A military instrument of music.

The

BU'GLE,

71.

A shining

bead of black glass.

B U L
BU'GLE,
ge[L. bugula, or bugillo.] nus of plants, Ajuga, of several si)ecies.
n.
n.

B U L
A
bulbo,

B U L
;

an onion, or bidbous root

W.

bul,

tition in

a ship

made with

bol, |)rotul)erance.]

BU'GLE,

JJU'GLE-WEED,
BU'tiLOSS,

an ox.] Philips. plant, the lycopus valued as a remedy for haemopvirginicus, tysis, or spitting of hlood.
[L. bucutus,
n.

A sort of

Encyc.

wild ox.

n. [L. buglo.isus

Gr.

/3y>.uff(jo5.

of )3oi)5, an ox, and yj.uj(jTO, tongue.] geuus of ])lantb, called alkauet ; in botany,
anchusa.

The small wild bugloss, is the Aspenigo. The viper's bugloss, is the Echium. BUG' WORT, n. A plant, the Ciniioifuga

BUIIR'STONE,

n. A suhspecies of sUex or quartz, occurring in aiiiorplious masses, partly compact, but containing many irregular cavities. It is used for mill-stones. Cieaveldnd. This word is often written burr-stone.
)

MuhUnberg.

body, a|)plied to many objects. But it is appropriately a bud formed under ground, upon or near tlie roots uf certain herbaceous plants, which are hence called bulbous planls, ;is the tulip, onion and lily. The bulb under ground is what the bud is ujion tlie .stem or branches, a liybi made or winter receptacle of a future plant, containing the |>lant in embrv' covered uitli a bark or rind, generally consistiiig of scales placed over each other, to defend tlie tender ludiments of the plant frcim cold and other external injuries, A bulb is sc;i!y in tlie lily, solid in the tulip, coated in the onion, and jointed in the tuberous moschatel. Milne. Marty n. BULB, V. i. To bulb out is to project or be
in liotaiiy,

Around

BULK' i.\' ESS,

stature.

se[iarate a|)artinents.
n.

boards, to form Encyc. Mar. Diet. Greatness inbidk, size or

'

Locke.
a.

of great dimensions; Dryden. BULL, 11. [G. bull; W. bwla Russ. vol. from his sex, or from Qu. Sw. l;liOwing Dan. boter.] bola, or biila 1. The male of the Bos, or bovine genus of quadrupeds, of which cow is the female. 2. In a scriptural sense, an enemy, powerful, fierce and \iolent.

BULK'Y,

Large

of great

size.

Many
3.

bulls have

compassed me.

Psalms.

Taurus, one 'of the twelve signs of the

zodiac.
71. [h. bolta, a bubble, a blister, a seal or stamp, the Pope's bull Fr. bulk ; L. bulla, a boss, and an ornament worn on a child's neck. This name was given to the seal which was ap])endod to the edicts
;

BULL,

protuberant.
used.]

BULB.VCEOUS,

[Little used.] o. Bulbous.

Evelyn.
[I believe, not

BUILD,
BILD,

V.

I.

bild

pret. built
bill.

pp. built,

Johnson.
1.

pronounced

Tlie

regular

pret. ami pp. buitded, is sometimes useil. [sjax. byldaii, to coiitirm ; byld, bylde, bijidu,

BULB' ED, a. Round headed. BULBIF'F,ROUS, a. Producing bulbs;

Eaton. BULB'OUS, n. Containing bulbs or a bulb: growing from bulbs; round or roundish. Marlyn. Miln 2. Containing a knob, or protuberant part swelling out presenting rounded eleva
bulbijerous
;

and briefs of the J'upe, and in process of time, applied to the edict itself. Spelman.] letter, edict or rescript of the Pope, pubUshed or transmitted to the churches over

as

stems.

constancy, firmness; biiilh, a model, an Sw. bitda ; D. a/beclden, verbeeldimage en ; Gcr. bitden, dhbitden ; Dan. bilder, afbilder, to shape, form, design, ilehneatc, ; represent, counterfeit Sw. and Gcr.
; ;

Md

1.

D. Intld, image, statue, figure, rejiresentaThe primary sense is to set, fix or tioii. make, and tlie true orthography is bild.] To frame, construct, and raise, as an edifice or fabric of almost any kind, as a house, barn, shop, ship or vessel, a wall, or other structure of art; to unite materials into a regular structure for use or

tions.

Kirwan
Ji.

BULCHIN,
BULCiE,
bilge.

A j'oung A

male calf
Dekker.

n.

different
;

Marston. orthograjihy of
(jroniinent
;

[W.

bwlg, bulk

bale,

convenience.
2.

Sax. bulgian, to bellow, from sicelling out.' The bilge or protuberant part of a cask ; protuberance. BUL(5E, V. i. To swell out to be protuber
;

To To

raise

by art

to

frame or shape

into a
2.

ant.

Moxon.
bilge as a ship.

particular tbrm dress in a cone.

'3.

as, to build

up a head
Spectator

To

[See Bilge.]

is head, containing some decree, order or decision. It is u.*ed chiefly in matters of justice or of grace. If the former, the lead or seal is hung by a hempen cord; if the latter, by a silken thread. The lead or bull is impres.sed on one side with the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul ; on the other with the name of the Pope and the year of his pontificate. The writing is in the old, round Gothic letter; and the instrument has about it a cross with some text of scripture, or religious motto. Lunier. Encyc. The Golden BuU, so called fromitsgolden seal, is an edict or imperial constitution, made by the Emperor Charles V., containing the fundamental law of the German

which he

Dryden

4.

any thing oi>a support or fouu dation as, to build our hopes on air. In scripture, to increase and strengthen
raise
;

BULti'ING,
gi'ig;

ppr. or a.

Swelhng out

bil-

As an

adjective, iirotuberant.
n.

to

establish 1 ii. 33.

cement and knit together to and preserve. Acts xx. Sam. ii. 35.
;

settle or

BU'LIMY,

[Gr.

(3?.ijuca,

|3s,

great,

and

Empire. Leaden Bulls were sent by the Emperors of Constantinople to patriarchs and princes and by the grandees of the Empire, of France, Sicily, &,c., and by patriarchs
;

32.

Eph.

BUILD,

To exercise the art, or V. i. bild. practice the business of building. To build, to plant, whatever you intend.
Pope.

3. To construct, rest or dation ; as, to build

depend on as a founon the opinions of

Addison.

hunger.] voracious a])petite ; a disease in which the patient has a perpetual and insatiable ap petite for food, and often faints, if not inIt is attended with various sympdulged. toms; sometimes with heart burn; sometimes with vomiting or convulsions.
"Kijioi,

and bishops.
JVaxen bulls were in frequent use with the Greek Emperors, who thus sealed letters
to their relations.
2.

BULL,

Encyc. blunder or contradiction. Pope. a prefix, signifies a bull, or large, or having a large head.

others.

BUILD'ER,
3.

?!.

bild'cr.

One who builds

is

BULK,
to

whose occupation

to build

one an archi;

tect, a slii])-wright, a

mason, &c.
is

Wiose
erecting

creator. builder and maker

;

Ood.

Heb.

xi.

1.

BUILD'ING,
BUILO'ING,

ppr. bild'ing. Framing and restin;; on. n. bild'ing. fabric or edifice

Encyc. Coxe. n. [W. bieig, bulk balciaw, to swell, be ])ioud Ir. bide, great, strong Russ. D. bulken, to buUkayu, to boil, to bubble low or bellow Dan. bulk, a bunch on the back Sax. bulgian, to low.] of material substance ; whole Magnitude dimensions; sizeof athjng as an ox or a ship of great bulk.
; ; ; ; ; ; ;

BULL'-BAITING,
jiractice

dogs.

n. [bxdl mdbait.] The of baiting or excituig bulls with Addison. n. [Indl

n.

BULL'-BEEF,
Something

and

beef.]

The

flesh

of a bull; coarse beef

Shak.
[hull

ByLL'-BEGG.\R,
BULL'-C^ALF,
calf; a stupid
n.

and

fceg-^ar.]

terrible,

or frightful.

[bull

and calf]

A maleShak.

Ayliffe.

f(,'Ilo%v.

constructeil lor use or convenience, house, a church, a shop, &c.

as a

BUILT, /)fi.
structed.

bill.

Framed and

raised
;

config-

3. 4.

BUILT,
2.

n. hilt.

Form

the main mass gross; the majority the bulk or body as the bulk of a debt Addison. of a nation. Swift. Shak. Main fabric. The wliole content of a ship's hold for the

The

shape

general

ure of a structure; as the built of a ship. Drydtn. Mar. Did. Species of building. Temple.
)!.

stowage of goods.

Apart of a building jutting

out.

Encyc. Shak.

BUL,

The common
[Gr.
;

BULB,

n.

(So^eoj

break bulk, in seamen's language, is to Mar. Diet. begin to unload. flounder. Laden in bulk, having the cargo loose in the Chambers. hold, or not inclosed in boxes, bales or L. bulbus, a bulb or casks.
;

To

round root

Fr. bulbe

It.

bulho

Sp.

BULK'-HEAD,

Ji.

[bulk

and

head.]

par-

and dog.] A species of dog of a particular form and of remarkable courage so named probably from being employed in baiting bulls, or from the size of the head. BULL'S-EYE, n. [butt and eye.] Among seamen, a piece of wood in the form of a ring, answering the purpose of a thimble. Mar. Did. 2. Aldebaran, a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Taurus. Ash. 3. A small obscure cloud, ruddy in the middle, portending a great storm. Encyc.

BULL'-DOG,

?i.

[bull

B U L
BULL' -FACED,
a.

BUM
face.
2.

B U N
com
with sureties for a faithful discharge a{ his trust. [A vulgar word.]
Blackstone.

Having a large

An

ofiicial

report of a physician respeet-ii

Dryden.

BULL'-FEAST,
BilLL'-FIGlIT,

n.
n.

[See Bull-fight.]
[lnLlls.m\ fight.']

3.

A comthe
4.

ing the king's health. little note given by a banking

pany.
It is
lic

Spaniards and Portuguese. A horseman, called a toreador or picador attacks a bull in a circus or inclosed arena, in presence of multitudes of spectators, irritating him with a spear, till the bull rushes upon tlie liorseman, and perhaps dismounts the After the bidl has been tormented rider. a long time, the horseman leaves him, and
;

bat with a bull; an aimisemeiit

among

sometnnes used
;

for a notice, or pub-

announcement

as

a bibliographical

BUM'BARD, BUM'BAST,
1.

n.

[See Bombard.]

bulletin.

n. [Fr. billon, base coin.] Uncoined gold or silver in the mass. The precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bais, ingots, or in any form uncoined, as in plateEncyc. some persons on foot attack him anil ByLL'ISH, a. Partaking of the nature of a darts mto liis neck and at a signal bull or blunder. Milton. plunge writer of papal bulls. given by the president, the barbarous sport BULL'IST, n. Harmar. is eniled by the dagger of a matador.

BULL'ION,

71. [A diflTerent orthography of bombast, which see.] A cloth made by sewing one stuff upon

2.

another; patchwork. Linen stuffed with cotton

ding.

Grew.
;

stuffing

wadShak.

BUM'BLE BEE, n. [L. hombus, a buzzing.] A large bee, sometimes called humble
bee
;

BULL'-FINCn,
rubiciUa.

Encyc. n. [hill and finch.] A bird of the Sparrow kind, whose breast, cheeks and throat are of a crimson color the
;

BULL-FLY,

or

BULL'-BEE,

Diet. ofJVat. Hist. n. An insect.

BULL'-FROG.

Philips. n. [bull and/rog-.] The rana ocellata, a large species of frog, foiuid in North America, of a dusky brown color,

mixed with a yellowish green, and spotted with black. These frogs live in stagnant water, and utter a loud ci'oaking sound, from which they probably received their name. BULL'-HEAD, n. [hdl and Jiead.] A genus of fishes, the Cottus, with a head broader than the body, whence the name. This fish is called l)y some the Miller's thumb.
2. 3.

BULL'-TROUT,

Philips trout.] A large [bull species of trout, called also sea-trout, thicker than the common sort, and weighing about three pounds. Its back has a bluish green gloss, and there are several black Diet, ofj^/at. Hist. spots on the sides.
n.

A stupid fellow; a lubber. A small black water vermin.

and

Encyc. Johnson.

so named from its sound. i. small boat, for carrying provisions to a ship at a distance from shore. Mar. Did. BUM'KIN, n. [See Bumpkin.] A short boom BUL'LITE, n. A petrified shell, or the fo.ssil projecting from each bow of a ship, to exremains of shells, of the genus Bulla. tend the clue of the foresail to windward. Jameson. 2. A small out-rigger over the stern of a boat, Mar. Diet. BULLF'TION, n. [L bullio, to boil. See to extend the mi/.eu. BUMP, n. [W. ptvnip, a round mass ; pwmpBoil.] iaw, to thumj); allied to L. bombus, and The act or state of boiUng. Superseded by Eng. pomp, from swelling, thrusting out.] ebullition. Bacon. BULL'OCK. n. [Sax. bidluca : G. bullochs.] 1. A swelling or protuberance. Dryden. An ox, or castrated bull. In America, it 2. A thump a heavy blow. BUMP, V. i. To make a loud, heavy or holis applied to a tiill grown ox. low noise, as the bittern. It is also writBULL'Y, n. [Sw. bbla, to bellow buller, a ten boom. [W. hw?np.] Dan. bullcn, swelled, puffed up Dryden. tumult or more directly from Sax. bulgian, to BUMP, I', t. To strike as with or against any tiling large or solid, as to bump the head bellow.] against a wall to thump. \. noisy, blustering, overbearing fellow, more BUMP'ER, n. A cnj) or glass filled to the distinguished for insolence and empty mebrim, or till the liquor runs over. naces, than for courage, and disposed to Dn/den. Addison. provoke quarrels. ByLL'Y, 1). t. To insult and overbear with BUMP'KIN, n. [bump, large, swelling, and kin. Sax. ryu, kind, genus.] noise and blustering menaces. King. An awkward hea\-y rustic a clown, or coun ByLL'Y, V. i. To be noisy and quarrelsome. trv lout. Locke. Johnson.

BUM'BOAT,

BUL'RUSII,

and rush.] A large kind of rush, growing in wet land or water, and without knots, says John.son, but Dryden calls it, the knotty bulrush. It is not a technical word.
71.

[bole,

or

BUMP'KINLY,

n.

Clownish. [AWuserf.]
Richardson.
;

boll,

BUNCH,
1.
;

n.

[W. pumg
;

Dan. hunke, bynke,

;

BULL'-WEED, n. Knap weed. BULL'-WORT, n. Bishopsweed.

John.ion.

BULTEL,
ing cloth

n.
;

Johnson. BlJLL'ACE, n. The bidly-Uec, or Cliry sophyllum, a plant of two species, natives of the West Indies. Fam. of Plants. Encyc. 3. The wild plum, a species of Prunus.

BUL'WARK,
Ger.
bol,

bolter or bolt[See Bolt.] also, bran. [J\/'ot used.] n. [Sw. bolvarck D. hohcerlc : 2.
;

a heap or heaped measure.] A protuberance a hunch a knob or Imnp as the bunch on a camel's back.
Isaiah.

bollwerk

Dan.

bolvcerk

from D.
3.

plump and a ball, Sw. bula, \V. bal, a protuberance, and work a projecting or outwork. Fr. boulevard; Sp, and Port.
;

A cluster a number of the same kind growing together; as a bunch of grapes. Dryden, A number of things tied together as a bunch of keys; a bunch of rods. Locke.
;

Fam. of

Plants.

Encyc.
1.

BULLAN'TIe,

a.

[from

hull.]

Designating

B JLL'ARY,

resisting cannon shot, and formed with bastions, curtains, &c. Encyc. Fry. fortification ; also, any means of decollection of Papistical 2. fense as, a navy is the bulwark of a nabulls. South. BUL'LATE, a. [L. biillatus.] Having eleva- tion. 3. That which secures against an enemy or tions, like blisters ; as a bidlate leaf external annoyance ; a screen or shelter Martyn.

Apostolic bulls.
n.

certain ornamental capital letters, used in It is used also as a noun.

collection of things; a knot; as a bunch 4. balunrte ; It. baluardo.] of hair ; a bunch of trees. Spenser. In fortification, a bastion, or a rampart ; a rnoimd of earth round a place, caj)able of BUNCH, V. i. To swell out in a protube-

rance

to

be protuberant or round.
t.

BUNCH,

!'.

To form
a.

or

tie

If'oodward. in a bunch or

bimches.

BUNCH -BACKED,
BUNCH'INESS,
BUNCH'Y,
bunch
;

[bunch
;

and

back.]

Having a bunch on the back

n.

crooked. Shak.

BULL'ET,
ball.

n. [Fr. hoxdd, dim. of bouk, a See Ball.] of iron or lead, called also shot, used guns for killing man or beast. Balls for cannon are made of iron ; mus ket-balls are made of lead.

means of protection and

warks.

ball

safety. Salvation will God appoint for walls and bulIs. xxvi.
V.
t.

The
in

bunchy, or growing
.

quality of being bunches.

Johnson.

to load

BUL'WARK,
part
tect.
;

To

to secure

by

fortify a fortification

with a ram;

Growing
tufts.

in

bunches; hke a
;

to pro-

Addison.
;

Burlaw

BUN'DLE,
bond.]
1.

BULL'ETIN,
;

n.

[Fr.

hidldin,

a ballot, a

packet, a certificate; Sp. Weho, a ticket or warrant holeta, a ticket, a billet ; Port.

boUin
roll.]

It.

bulleUa, bnlleUino

properly, a

BUM, n. The buttocks the part on wliicl we sit. Johnson. Marston BUM, V. i. To make a noise. BUMBA'ILIFF, n. [A corruption of fcounrf
baUiff.]

Grew. G. n. [Sax. l/ndel ; D. bondd bund,bundel; Sw. bmdel and bunt. This word is formed from the root of bind, band,

having

2.

A Fnnch
I.

A number of things put together. A roll; anything bound or rolled

;
;

into

ofHcial report from commander or superior.

An

word denoting
an
officer to his

In England, an under-bailift"; a subordinate

civil officer, apjtointeil

to

and make arrests and executions, and bound

to .serve writs,

convenient form for conveyance bundle of lace a bundle of hay.

as a

Spectator.

BUG
BfJN'DLE,
;

BUR
end culk-buoys, empty casks, employed to buoy up the cable, in rocky anchorage. Buoys are used also as marks, to point
;

B U
5.
;

li

or bind in a bunille or roll often followed by up; iis, to hmulle Locke. Su-ijl. up clothes.
V.
t.

To

tie

6.

out the situation of rocks, shoals, or channel. \V. biong, a buiif{ hole.] 1. The stopple of the orifiee in the bilfte of a To stream the buoy, is to let it iail by the Mortimer. cask. ship's side into the water, before letting Mar. Diet. H. The hole or orifice in the bilfje oi'u cask. go the anchor. liUNG, V. t. To stop tlje orifice in the bilge BUOY'ROPE, ri. f buoy and rope.^ The rope which fji.stens a biiov to an anchor. of a cask with a bunf; to close iij). and hole] The BUOY, V. t. To keep afloat in a fluid; to n. BUNG'-IIOLE, [hun^ bear up, or keep from sinking in a fluid, The hole or orifice in tlie bij-^'cof a cask. H'oodward. BUNG'LE, V. i. bung'gl. To perform in a as in water or air with up. to keep from us, to binigte "2. To snp|>ort, or sustain clu)nsv, awkward maimer in niakinf; shoes. Ori/iltn. sinking into ruin or despondency. BUING'LE, V. t. To inake or mend chnnsily King Charles. witli to manage awkwardly to botch To fix buoys, ns a direction to mariners.

UlINO,i. [Fv.bondon

G.spund

D.spotids;

7.

8.

A clul). [.\'ut in use.] BURD'EN, V. burd'n. To

t.

In commoft language, tliat which is ollen repeated a sul)ject on which one dwells. A fixed c(uantity of certain commodities J as a burden of gad steel, 120 pounds. The contents of a shij) the quantity or number of tims, a vessel will carry as a ship of a hundred tuns burdtn.
; ;

Spenser.

load

to lay

on

a heavy load

to incundjcr

with weight.
;

Hence,
2.

To

oppress with any thing grievous

;

as,

3.

to burdin a nation with taxes. To stncharg*' as, to Iturden the memorj'.

BURD'ENED, pp. Loaded with

ciimhi led
pressor.
:

weight

in-

oppresseil.
n.

'^^.

BURD'ENER,
borne
2.
:

One who
a.

loads; an op;

Dryddi. BUNG'LE, n. A botch inaccuracy {cross blunder; clumsy performance. Ray. BUNGLER, n. A ckimsy awkward workman one who performs witliout skill.
up.
; ; ;

BUOY,

V.

i.

To

float

to rise by specific

BUOY'ANCY,n. The
specific lightness.

lightness. Pope. quality of floating on the surface of water, or in the atmosphere

a. Floating; light; that wil lia\ing the quality of rising or Thomson. floating in a fluid.
;

BURD'ENOUS,
Cumbersome
borne
; ;

Grievous

heavy to bo
Sidney. Milton.

oppressive.
useless.
;

BURD'ENSOME, a. Heavy

Pea chain. BUNG'LING, ppr. Performing awkwardly. BUNG'LING, a. Clumsy; awkwardly done.

BUOY'ANT,
not sink

grievous to be causing uneasiness or fatigue oppressi\e. Dn/dtn.

:

BURD'ENSOMENESS,
Ijeing burdensome iveness.
;

n.

The
;

quality of

BUNG'LINGLY, adv.
ly.

Clumsily

awkw.irdBenlk>i.
;

hrijdcn. 2. Bearing up, as a flind

sustaining another

heaviness
dock.]

oppress-

body.

'

Unusual.]
n.

BUNK,

BUNN

[Dan. hi/nke, of a nauseous scent, and biting severely. miuUi-buHck, a milk pan.] Diet, of Mil. Hist case or cabin of boards for a bed; a ivord BITR, ) Sa.\. used in some imrts of America. bur, signifies a chamber or u BOUR, } or BUN, ?i. ^Scot. bun, bunn ; L-. BOK, ) cottage. bunna ; Gr. Sovroi, a bill, and a cake (dBUR, 71. [Sax. burre, burdock W. bar, a fered to deities. It signifies a mass or head or bunch Ir. a bunch or
;

n.

a meal tuh

Sw.

BUI'RES'TES,

A species

Dryden. of cantharides,

BURDOCK,

n. [bur

and

genus of

plants, called .iretium.

some weeds. The lesser burdock

71.

They

are trouble-

small cake, or a kind of sweet bread. Gay. at the Cape fiirrct, but twice as large. When imrsued, it emits an intolerable stench. Diet, of .Vat. Hist. HUNT, n. The mitldle part, cavity, or belly of a sail. Mar. Diet. V. i. To swell out; as, the sail bunts. BUNT, In popular language, to push with the 'i.

collection.]
1.

BUN'SING,?!. An animal found

of Good JIopc, resendiling the

BUNT'ICR,

BUNT
ri/a.

[See Point.] cant word for a woman picks uj) rags in the streets hence, a low vulgar woman. Johnson. ING, 7!. A bird of the genus End)en.

horns; to

butt.

who

BUNTING

applied to dill'erent species, as the English bunting and the rice bimting. or BUN'TINE, n. [Gcr. bunt, D. bont. streaked, or of diflerent colors.] V thin woolen stiifl", of which the colors or Hags and signals of ships are made.
is

The name

Mar.

Diet.

BUNT'LINES,
them up

n.

Ropes fastened

to crin-

gles on the bottoms of square sails, to draw to their yards. Mar. Diet. BUOY, n. [Fr. bouce, a buoy ; D. boei, a buoy, a lodge or but, a fetter, or shackle, a handcuff ; bonjen, to fetter, to buoy; Ger. boy ; Dan. Imy : Russ. bui ; Sp. boi/a, a buoy ; probably from the root of Sax.

An embassador's or .secretary's office. 2. A broad ring of iron behind the place for In Spanish, this wordiureo is a court of justice for the trial of persons belonging to the the band on a spear, used in tilting. king's household. Encyc. nUR'BOT, n. [from L. barbatus, so named BURG, 71. [This is the same word as borough, the only difference behig in the pronuncifrom its beard.] A fish of the genus Gadiis, shaped like an ation of the final letter.] A borough originally a fiirtified town, but eel, but shorter, with a flat head, and on now a city or town, which sends members the nose it has two small beards, and anto ))arliament, whether incorporated or other on the chin. It is disgusting in a\)not. [See Borough.] pearance, but delicate fiiod. It is called BURG'AtiE, 71. [fi-oin burg.] In English also eel-pout. Encyc. law, tenure in burgage, or burgage tenure, n. sort of grape. BURD'ELAIS, is tenure in socage, applied to cities or Johnson. or lands which BURD'EN, n. burd'n ; written also burthen. toM ns, or where houses, were formerly the site of houses, in an an[Sax. byrden, byrthen : Sw. borda Dan cient borough, are held of some lord in G. liirde ; Ir. heart or beirt ; Gr, byrde ; common socage bj' a certain established Fr. fardeau ; Arm. fard ; from fopros rent ; a remnant of Saxon liberty. Blackstone. bear ; L. fero, or porto ; Pers. BURG'AMOT, n. species of pear. [See burdan, to carry. See Bear.] Bergamot.] That which is borne or carried a load. 2. A kind of perfume. [See Bergamot.]
dock.
2.
;

iorr, bushy knob; Fr. tourrce, bush.] A rough iirickly covering of the seeds of certain plants, as of the chesnut, and bur;

a species of xanthiiim, BU'REAU, [Fr. bureau, an oflice, a table, a court, a chest of drawers Sp. bureo, a court of justice Ann. burell ; Fr. Tlie primary sense is a cloth bure, a ch)tli.
is

6uro.

1.

covering a table, like exeheiiuer. Lunier.] chest of drawers, lor keeping papers or clothes.

Hence, That which

is

byan, to dwell, ihat is, to set, be fixed, or l)an. boe, boende-] stationary close empty cask, or a block of wood or cork, fastened by a rojie to an anchor, and floating on the water, to show where the anchor is situated. Buoys are of various kinds, as can-buoys, in the form of a cone nun-buoys, which are large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each
; :

Milton Shuk. A birth. The verse re [Fr. bourdon, a drone.] return of the ))eated in a song, or the theme at the end of i^ach verse the chorus so called from the application of this word to the drone or base, and the pipe or string which plays it, in an instrument. A chord which is to be divided, to perform the inters als of music, when open and undivided, is also called the burden.
; ;

culty ; that which or oppressive.

borne with labor or difliis grievous, wearisonie

BURG'ANET, BURG'ONET,
A

? [Fr. bourguignote, from S burg, in the sense of covering or guarding.] Idnd of helmet, the Spanish nnirrion. Spender. Shak.

BURgEOIS',
boorzlnvd,

n. [Fr. bourgeois,

from bourg, burg.]

I

pronounced
burgess. species of

BURGEOIS', BOURtiEOIS;

"

"'"''"'^

type, or print-

ing letter, smaller than long primer, and larger than brevier. [See Bmirgeoji.] BURGER-MASTER, n. An aquatic fowl which builds its nest on clifls near the water. Did. ofj^at. Hist. Encyc,

BURGEON.

BUR
<BUR(i'ESS,
1.
J!.

BUR
;

BUR
; ;

3.

3.
4.

from bourg, BUR' GRAVE, n. [burg and G. graf, D noisy, to swell as sound. Qu. W. broliaw. See Burlesque.] graaf, an earl.] burg.] An inhabitant of a borough, or walletl In some European countries, an hereditary Great iu size bulky tumid falsely great ; town or one who possesses a tenement boisterous. governor of a town or castle. Dryden. Cowley. This word is obsolete or therein a citizen or freeman of a bor- BUR'GUNDY, n. A kind of wine, so called nearly so iu tiom Burgimdy in France. Shensto7ie. Blackstone. America; but hurly-burly is common in ough. A representative of a borough in parHa- Burgundy pitch is turpentine boiled down to vulgar use, for noise, coiifusion, uproar. a firmer consistence. ment. 76. BURN, V. t. pret. and pp. burned or burnt. A magistrate of certain towns. [Sax. bernan, bcernan or byman, to burn Encyc. BURH, is the same as burg, burgh, with the It is Sa.\on, and signifies a city Before the revokition, the representatives aspirate. 6n/)!c, a burning, fire, ardor; Sw. brinna, a castle, a house, or tower. Hence in in the popular branch of the legislatiu'e of hrhnna ; G. brennen ; D. branden ; Dan. composition it signifies defense, protection brander, from brand ; L. pruna, and perVirginia, were called burgesses, as the as cwenburh, (cjucen-burh) a woman ready House of Burgesses. It is now called the The priha\is, furnus,fornax, a furnace. to assist House of Delegates. Cuthburh, eminent for assist mary sense is, to rage, to act with violent
[Fr. bourgeois,
; ; ;
;

BURG'ESS-SHIP,
of a burgess.

n.

The

state or quality

ances.

Gihso7i's
n.

Camden

South

BURIAL,

BURGH,

n.

burg.

of burg, borough, which

different see.

orthography

BURGH'-BOTE,

n. [burgh and bote.] In old Imvs, a contribution towards the building or repairing of castles, or walls, for the defense of a citv or town. Encyc.

2.

BURGH'-BRECH,
fine

n.

imposed on a burgh,
n.

[burgh and break.] A for a breach of

English. inhabitant
thei

3.

ber'rial. [See Bury.] The act of burying a deceased person sepulture interment the act of depositing a dead in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or body in the water. The act of placing any thing imder earth or water as, to bury seed in the earth. The church service for funerals. Johnson
; ; ;

excitement.]
1.

j2.

3.

BURIAL-PLACE,
to the burial

n.

the peace.

of the dead

BURGH'ER,
of a

[from burg.] An burgh or borough, who enjoys

BURIER,
BU'RIN,
liuc]

ji.

ber'rier.

One who
;

place api>ropriated a grave-yard. buries a de;

with fire to reduce to ashby the action of heat or fire ; frequentwith up ; as, to bwn up wood. To expel the volatile parts and reduce tij charcoal by fire; as, to burn wood into coal. Hence, in popular language, to hum a kiln of wood, is to char the wood. To cleanse of soot by burning to inflame an extensive use of as, to burn a chimney
;

To consume

es

ly

the word.
4.

To harden
: ;

in the fire

to

bake or harden
;

ceased person.
n.

Shak
Port, boril
;

privileges of the borough of wliich he is a| freeman. In Jlmerica, it is applied to anyj native citizen, especially in the state of

[Fr. burin

It.

6m- 5.

graver
V.

an instrument for engraving.

f.

New-York.

BURGHER-SHIP,
lege of a burgher.

n.

The
an

state or privi

BURL,
2.

[See Burly.]

To

Johnson. dress cloth as

(i.

by heat as, to burn bricks or a brickkiln. To scorch to affect by heat as, to burn the clothes or the legs by the fire to burn meat or bread in cookery. To injure by fire to affect the flesh by
;
;

heat.

fidlers do.

Johnson
Jlsh
n.

BURGH'-M'ASTER, n.

A burgomaster
who

mines,

[burgh and master. officer in the tin also, directs and lays out tlie meers
;

To

pick knots and loose threads off from

cloth.

BUR'LACE,

lor the

workmen,
n.

called also bailiff and

bar-master.

Encyc.

BURGH'MOTE, [burgh and mote, meeting.] The court of a burgh or borough.

BURG'LAR, n.
Arm.

Johnson. dresser of cloth. U. burlesco, fron [Fr. BURLESQUE,^

[A contraction ofburdelais.]

BURL'ER, n. A

sort of grape.

BURLESK',

"

^nrUire, to ridicule
;

bur

Port, anil Sp. burlar, la, mockery, raillery Encyc. to jest or scoft'; burlesco, a wag, a jester. the phrase burnt to. [burgh or burg, a house, and The termination esque answers to Eng. 11. To calcine with heat or fire; to expel laer, a thief; whence Fr. larron.] One guilty of nocturnal house breaking one ish.] the volatile matter from substances, so who breaks and enters a mansion house, Jocular tending to excite laughter by ludi- that they are easily pulverized as, to bum crous images, or by a contrast between the with intent to connnit a felony. Coke. oyster shells, or lime-stone. and the manner of treating it, as 12. To affect with excess of heat as, the feto btn-ga. subject BURGLA'RIOUS, Pertaining when a trifling subject is treated with ver burns a patient. lary constituting the crime of burglary. To come down a chimney is held a burglari13. To subject to the action of fire ; to heat gravity. ous entry. Wackstone. BURLESQUE, ? Ludicrous representaor dry as, to 6urn colors. Encyc. a contrast be- To bum tion BURGLA'RIOUSLY, adv. With an intent BURLESK', I up, to consume entirely by fire. to commit burglary; in the marnier of a tween the subject and the maimer of To burn out, to burn till the fuel is all conBlackstone. burglar. sumed. treating it, which tends to excite laughter BURG'LARY, n. The act or crime of noc- or ridicule. BURN, V. i. To be on fire to flame as, turnal house breaking, witli an intent to 2. Exodxis. the mount burned with fire. composition in which a trifling subject commit a felony. To constitute this or low incident is treated with great grav- 2. To shine to sparkle. crime, the act must be connnitted in the ity, as a subject of great dignity or imporO prince wherefore burn your eyes ? tance or a composition in which the night, or when there is not day-light Rowe. contrast between the subject and the manenough to discern a man's face. It must 3. To be inflamed with passion or desire as, be in a mansion house, or in an adjoining ner of considering it renders it ludicrous to burn with anger or love. Thomson. or ridiculous as in Virgil Travestie, the building which is a part or parcel of the \. To act with destructive violence, as fire. mansion. There must be an actual breakLutrin of Boileau, Butler's Hudibras and Sliali tliy wrath burn like fire ? but an opening made Trumbull's McFingal. ing and an entry Psalm Ixxxis. the offimder, as by taking out a pane of BURLESQUE, } To turn into ridicule by , " ' or to make ludicrous 5. To be in commotion to rage with deglass, or lifting a window, raising a latch, BURLESK', \ structive violence. picking a lock, or removing any fastening, by representation as by treating a low or amounts to a breaking and a jiutting in The groan still deepens and the combat bums. trifling subject with srreat gravity. of the hand, after such breaking, is an en- BURLESQ'UER, I Pope. One who burlesques, "' The act must also be done with an BURLESK'ER, or turns to ridicule. To be heated to be in a glow as, the face (j. try. intent to commit felony. Blackstone. BURLET'TA, n. [Italian. See Burlesque, hums. 7. To be affected with a sensation of heat, BURG'OM'ASTER, n. [burg and master.] Burly.] A bmgh-master a magistrate or one em- V comic opera a mtisical entertaimnent. ])ain or acidity; as, the heart 6w)-?!s. plojed in tlie government of a city. The Bl'R'LINESS, n. [Sec Burly.] Bulk blus- 8. To feel excess of heat as, the flesh hums ter. burgomasters are tlie chief magistrates of Johnson. by a fire; a patient 6i/n!,'! with a fever. the great towns, iu Holland, Flanders and L'Y, a. [The sense probably is sicelUd. To burn out, to bmii till the fuel is exhauBtGermanv. Hence it accords witli Russ. burlyu, to be cd and the fire ceases.
; ; ; ;
;

To dry up or dissipate with up ; as, to burn up tears. Dn/den. To dry excessively to cause to wither by heat as, the sun bums the grass or plants. 9. To heat or inflame to affect with excessive stimulus as, ardent spirits burn the stomach. 10. To affect with heat in cookery, so as to give the food a disagreeable taste. Hence
; ; ; ; ;

"

(,

BUR

BUR
or injury of tiic flesli caused by the action of (ire. 3. The operation of burning or baking, as in brickniaking; as, they liave a good burn. BIJRN'ABLli, a. That may be burnt.

BUR
ed also
burnt-sacrifice.

BUR
bills

BURN,

n.

liui-t

The offerings of the

;

Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a or some species of calfj a goat, or sheep

of exchange.

This

is

in

many

and America, such building

cities in Eurojie,

the name used but in England

is

called

an

BURN'-OW
nus of

[Little used.]

or

BURST
;

tihform teclers, of 2. The round knob of a horn next a deer's head. Encyc. very obnoxious to cattle. Did. of Mil. Hist. ;). The sweetbread. bilge-pump. BURNED, BURNT, pp. Consumed with Burr-pump, or 7 or ti fiiet A pump,ahaving a staff' of (), bar of long with fire scorched or dried witli fire or iicat wood to which the leather is nailed, whicli baked or hardened in the fire. serves instead of a box. Tliis staff" is BURN'ER, n. A person who burns or sets worked by men w ho pull it up and down, fire to any thing. with a rope fastened to the middle <jf it. BURN'ET, n. A plant, Poterium or garden Enryc. burncf. X. A plant, Piin- BUR'RAS-PIPE, )!. An instrument or vesBURNET-SAXIFRAgE, sel used to keep corroding powders in. pinclla. Johnson with
insects, witli

-0\V,

i.

BURR,
ge-

vegetable substance, as bread and ears of wljeat or barley. liroivn. n. The lobe or lap of the ear.
Diet.

2.

exchange. The new liurse in Paris is one of the most elegant buildings in the city. In France, a fund or foundation for the maintenance of poor scholars in their studies. In the middle ages, it signified
college, or a hall in a university. Enci/c. t: i. prcl. and pp. burst. The old participle bursten is nearly obsolete. [Sax. byrstan, bvrstan ; 1). barsten ; G. bersten ; Dan. bri.^ter ; Sw. brista, to burst. The word bristle seems to belong to burst, delittle

several species

BURST,

1.

noting a shoot.] To ffy or break open with force, or with sudden violence to suffer a violent dis;

ru])tion.
is,
ill

The

|)eculiar force

of

this

word

BURNING,
flaming
ing.
;

ppr.

Consuming
; ;

fire;
;

scorching calcining charring

;

hardening by fire raging as fire glow;

;

BUR'-REED,
BUR'REL,
soft
iiul|>.

n.

plant, the

Sparganium.
Muhlenberg.

n.

BURN'ING,

Coml)Ustion the act of expelling volatile matter and reducing to ashes, or to a calx ; a fire inflammation the heat or raging of passion. In surgery,
n.
;

red butter pear, from

Asort of pear, called also the its smooth, delicious,

n.

expressing a sudden rupture, witli violence, iyr expansion, or both. Hence it is generally used to signify the sudden rupture of a thing by internal force, and a
liberation

from confinement
;

BURREL-FLy,
breeze.

The
n.

Philips. ox-fly, gad-bee, or

from a

pri.son

tlie

heart bursts

as, to burst ith grief.

Milton.

Johnson. 2.
[Fr.
bourreler, to tor-

ment, an<l shot.] 3. To come or fiill upon suddenly or with BURN'ING, a. Powerful vehement as a violence to rush upon unexpectedly ; as, a burninf:; scent. Shak. Small shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, l)U7-iiitig .liame ; &c., put into cases, to be discharged among a sound bursts upon our ears. 3. Much heated ; very hot ; .scorching. enemies. Tlic burning |)lain3 of Iniliu. V. Smith. .S'. 4. To issue suddenly, or to come from a n. A small wirr or where n. hidden or retired place into more open [Imrn and glass.] wheels are laid in a river, for catcljing fish. convex glass wiiich, when exposed to view ; as, a riv er bursts from a valley ; a the direct rays of the sun, tollects them Philips. spring bursts from the earth. n. different orthograjjhy of 5. into a small space, called a ybcus, produbreak forth into action suddenly ; as, to burgh, borough, which see. bur.it into tears. cing an intense heat. Tiic name is given
; ; ;

actual cautery

cauterization.

BURREL-SHOT,

break away to spring from tnirst from the arms.

;

To

as, to

Pope.

BURN'ING-GLASS,

BUR'ROCK,

dam

BUR'ROW,

To To

also to a

concave mirror which condenses

Encyc.

BUR'ROW,

BURNING-THORNY-PLANT. A

the .sun's rays.

species of Euphorbia or spurge. Fam. of Plants. BURN'ISII, I'. /. [Fr.6HiV; D. bruineeren ; It. brunire; Sp. brunir. This word un-

[Sax. hyrgen, a sepulcher, byrian, to bury, or beorgan, to keep.] hollow place in the earth or in a warren, where small animals lodge, and sometii7ies
n.

().

of .secondary formation, from tlie color of flame. See Burn.] To polish by friction to make smooth, bright and glossy as, to burnish steel.

doubtedly

is

Drijdtn.

BURN'ISH,
BURN'ISH,

V. i.

To grow
Gloss
;

bright or glossy.
Swift.
lu.ster.

7!.

brightness
;

Christ. Observ.

BURN'ISHED, BURN'ISHER,
es,

pp. Polished
n.

made glossy. The person who polish-

2.

instrument used in pcdishing, of difIt may be a piece of round polished steel, a dog's or wolf's tooth, a piece of copper, agate or pebble, &c. It is used for giving a gloss or smoothness to metals, to the edges of books, &c. BURN'ISHING, ppr. Polishing; making smootli and glossy.
ferent kinds.

An

or njakes glossy.

BURN'OOSE,
BURN'OS,
bernoz
runn.]
^'''^'

I"-

,c ,t i^V- albornoz
;

D
;

Port, al-

Lj^ij-i

i^y- ljoi.A3 bi-

An upper cloke or garment. Parkhurst. BURNT, pp. of burn. Consumed scorch;

ed

heated

deposit their provisions. Some animals 1'. excavate the earth, by scratching, and form these lodges. BUR'ROW, V. i. To lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as coneys or rabbits. In a more general sense, to lodge in any The word deep or concealed place. seems to include the idea of excavating a passion. hole for a lodge, as well as lodging in it 2. A ru])ture, a hernia, or the unnatiu-al but the verb is not often used transitively, protrusion of the contents of the abdomen. as toburroiu the earth. or BURST'EN, pp. or a. Aflfected BUR'ROWING, ppr. Lodging in a burrow. BURST, with a rupture or hernia. BURS'.\R, n. [See Burse.] A treasurer, or BURST, pp. Opened or rent asunder by viocash-keeper, as the bursar of a college, or lence. of a monastery a purser. BURST'ENNESS, n. The state of having 2. A student to whom a stipend is paid out a rupture the hernia. of a burse or fund appropriated for that BURST'ER, ?!. One that bursts. purpose, as the exhiliitioners sent to the or parting by universities in Scotland by each presbyte- BURST'ING, ppr. Rending violence exploding. ry. Encyc. Johnson. The Ilerniaria, a n. BURS' AR-SHIP, n. The office of a bursar. plant said to be good against hernia or Hales. ruptures. BURS'ARY, n. The treasury of a college, BURT, n. A flatfish of the turbot kind. or monastery. Johnson. 2. In Scotland, an exhibition. Encyc. BURSE, n. burs. [Fr. bourse, a purse, tlie BURTHEN.n. [See Burden.] A small tackle formed by two or skin of BUR'TON, vesicle of the gall, the hull blocks or pulleys, used to set up or tightI), bcurs, a purse, seeds, an exchange en the tojmiost shrouds, and for various an exchange, scrotum; Ger. borse, a purse, other purposes called .ilso top-burtonan D. the same It. borsa
; ;
;

break or rush in ^vith violence as, to house or a room. often followed by an intensive particle as, out, forth, away, from, or asunder. BURST, t. To break or rend by force or violence to open suddenly as, to burst a chain or a door; to burst a cannon. BURST, n. A sudden disruption a violent rending more appropriately, a sudden explosion or shooting forth as a burst of thunder a burst of ajiplause ; a hurst of
;

burst into a
It is
;

BURST-WORT,

subjected to the action of

n.

fire.

BURNT-OFFERING,
Vol.
I.

bars, ; exchange Sp. and Port, bolsa, a purse or bag, r being changed into I.]
; ;

[burnt and
;

offer.]
."iltar.
;

1.

BURY,

Something offered and burnt on an as an atonement for sin a sacrifice

public edifice

in certain cities, for the

call-

ters

meeting of men-luints to consult on matof trade and money, and to negotiate

Mar. Diet. This word is a different orthography of burg, burh, borough. It signifies a house, habitation or castle, and is retained in many names of places, as in
tackle.
n. ber'ry.

29

BUS
Ifihrewsburi/,

BUS
Tlie

BUS

BUSH'MENT, n. [from bush.] A thicket a cluster of bushes. metaphor[A/ot used.] of American Indians, is Raleigh to lay aside the instruments of war, forget BUSII'Y', a. [from bush.] Full of branches thick and spreading, hke a bush; as a injuries, and make peace. Bacon. BURYING, ppr. Interring hiding cover- bushy beard or brier. 2. Full of bushes overgrown with shrubs. ing with earth; overwhelming. BURYING, n. The act of i'literring the Dryden. dead sepidture. John xii. 7. BUSIED, }rp. of bi'sy; \non. biz'zied. BURYING -PL 4CE, n. A grave-yard; a BUSILESS, a. bi-J-Jless. [See Busy.] Without business at leisure imemploved. place appropriated to tlie sejiidlure of the dead a church-yard. Shak. BUSH, 71. [D. boscti ; G. busch Dan. busk ; BUSILY, adv. biz'zily. With constant ocIt. bosco ; Sw. buska as, to be Sp. bosqiie ; Port. cupation actively earnestly
as, to

whale bone, worn by women to strengthes their stays; a word U. States. word is dependent on fashion. Bushel signifies both the quantity or ca Donne. BURY, V. t. ber'ry. [Sax. byrian, burgan, to allipacity, and the vessel which will contain BITSK, n. A bush. [.Vo< used.] bury byrgcn, a tomb or sepulcher V. i. To be active or the quantity. to save.] ed to beorgnn, BUSK, busy. This is a deceased person iti the 2. In popular language, a large quantity in1. To deposit probably the Saxon word bysgian, to busy, Johnson or the Sp. buscar, to search. Busk is still definitely. grave to inter a corpse; to entomb. used in America. [See Busy.] Fairliix 3. The circle of iron in the nave of a wheel 2. To rover with earth, as seed sown. in America, called a box. uses it in the sense of prepare, transitivelv. to conceal to overwhelm to 3. To hide Bush.] [See " to busk h. a duty payable on com them for the battle." cover with any thinfr as, to bury any one BUSH'ELAgE, modities by the bushel. [JVot used in the BUSK'ET, n. A small bush, or a compartin the rnins of a city. ment of shrubs in a garden. U. States.] 4. To withdraw or conceal in retirement Spenser. to bttry one's self in a monastery or in BUSH'INESS, n. [from Imsh, bushy.] The BUSK'IN, n. A kind of half boot, or high as, solitude. shoe, covering the foot and leg to the midquality of being bushy, thick or iiuerniix dle and tied underneath the knee, worn to deposit in the 5. To commit to the water ed, like the branches of a bush. ocean as dead liodies buried in the deep. BySH'-MAN, n. [D. bosch-man.] A woodsby actors in tragedy on the stage. The man a name which the Dutch give to btiskuis of the ancients had very thick G. To place one thing within another. Shak. name so buried in her. the wild and ferocious inhabitants of Afsoles, to raise the actors and actresses to Tfiy the stature of the persons they represent7. To forget and forgive to hide in oblivion rica, near the Cape of Good Hoj)e.
Danbury, Aldermanbury. used by Grew, for burrote.
is
;
;

The English bushel

used also in the

bury an injury.

ed.
2.

To bury
ical

the hatchet, in the striking

In classic authors, the

tragedy.
a.

word

is

Encyc. used for

language

BUSKTNED,
BUSK'Y,

Dressed in buskins.
Milton.
;

Pope.

a. Bushy wooded shaded or overgrown with trees or shrubs generally

;
;

written bosky.

[See Bush.]

Shak.
Ar.

BUSS,

Ji.

[Per.

^^^^ yi
;

bosidan
;

[^ L J bausa, Norm, beser

baclare
;

to kiss
;

L. basio
;

Fr. haistr

1.

boscage, I'r. bocage, busily enq>loyed. or cluster of trees. 2. With an air of hurry or imjiortance with It. boscata, a grove too nmch curiosity ; ini])ortunately ; oliiQu. Gr. i3oaxu, L. pasco, originally, to feed on S])routs.] ciously. Dryden. shrub with branches a thick shrub BUSINESS, n. biz'ness. [See Busy.] EmWith hunters, a also, a cluster of shrubs. ployment ; that which occupies the time, Il'aller. ,')sh. attention and labor of men, for the ])ur foxtail. lineyc. Spenser.

bosquc

whence Sp.

2.

All assemblage of branches interwoven.

;"!.

Encyc. A branch of a tree fixed or Inmg oiu as a tavern sign. Hence, since the branch has been discontinued, a coroiuued frame of wood hung out as a tavern sign, is so called. Hence the English proverb, " Good wine needs no bush." Encyc. [I know not (/in/ this word is thus used in
,

word pose of (irotit or of extensive H.se and indefinite signification. Business is a particidar occupation, as
agriculture, trade, fession, and when
ral
2.

improvement a
mechanic

The verb poezen ; to kiss. may be from the noun, and perhaps from the name of the lip; at any rate, from the same radical sense, to ])Ush Per. ^i:, the D. poes, a lip; W. and Ir. bus, the lip Sp. besn, a kiss, a jiuss, a fur-tijipet, a girl It. kiss Port, beico, the lip beijo, a kiss bncio. This word, so venerable for its an1).
; ; ; ; ;

S]).

besar

Port, beijar ;

It.

tiquity

and general

use, has fallen into

art,

or pro-

used of a jiarticidar employment, the word admits of the pluluimber, businesses.

;

disrepute.] kiss a salute with the lips. [D. buis ; G. buse ; Russ. busa.]
;

A small ves-

sel,

from 50

to

70 tons burthen, carrying

\.

the U. States.] circle of metal let into

the sheaves of A such blocks as have iron jiins, to prevent Mar. Dirt. their wearing. This word when applied to sheaves is called bush, but when applied to the circular iron of a cart wheel is, in America, called a box. Qu. It. bosso, the box-tree Johnson writes il bossolo, a little box.
bushel.

3.

4.

5.

BUSH,
BUSH,

V. i.

To grow To
;

thick or bushy.
"

.1/!7/0?l.

V.

t.

furnish a block with a bush

; :

Arm. boesel BUSFi'EL, n. [Fr. boisseau Norm, bussel ])robably from boiste, boite a box It. iosWo, that is, a little box.]
;

cabins, one at each end used in the herring fishery. any temporary employment. Encyc. Mar. Did. Afiairs concerns a,*, a man leaves his BUSS, I', t. To kiss; to salute with the lips. business in an unsettled state. Shak. The sidjject of emjiloyment that whicl BUST, n. [It. and Sp. busto ; Fr. bustc L. engages the care and attention. Vou are so inucli the hu.'iiness of our souls. bustum.] Zh-ydcn In sculpture, the figure of a jierson in relief, Serious engagement important occupa showing only the head, shoulders and stomach ordinarily ))laced on a pedestal tion, in distinction from trivial afiairs. It slioiild be the main business of life to serve or console. In speaking of an antique, Goii, and obey bis connnamis. we say the head is marble and the bust Concern right of action or interjiosing. porphyry or bronze that is, the shoul" What business has a man with the disders and stomach. The Italians use the jiutes of others r" word for the trunk of the body from th(^ A point a matter of question something neck to the hijis. Encyc. to be examined or considered.
Bttsijiess
is

also

two masts, and two sheds or

;

Fitness to govern
7.

is

a perplexed business.

BUST'ARD,

71.

[bus

ar.<.\

tarda

It.

otarda

Bacon.

Fr. outarde.

Ancient Celtic, tarda.

Plin.

dry measure, containing eight gallons, or four pecks. The standard English bushel, by Stat. 12. Henry VII., contains eight gallons of wheat, each gallon eight jmund: of wheat, troy weight, the pound, twelve ounces troy, the ounce, twenty sterlings, and the sterling, thirty two grainsof wheat clients. growing in the middle of the ear. The contents are 2145. 6 sidid inches, equiva- To do the business for a man, lent to 1131 ounces and 14 pennyweights troy or ruin him.
;

10. 22.] be done; employment of The tarda, a species of fowl of the gralimportance to one's interest, opposed to This fowl Otis. lic order, and genus anmsement as, we have no business in grows to the weight of25or27 pounds, town. with a breadth of wing of six or seven Tliey were far from the Zidonians and had feet. It inhabits no business with any one. England, feeding on Judgt 8. DiUy, or em])loyment that duty enjoins. green corn and other vegetables, and on takes It runs fast and A lawyer's business is to do justice to his earth-worms.

Something

to

flight
is to kill,

with

difficulty.

Encyc.

des-

BUS'TLE,

V. i.

busi. [This

word may be
to

troy.

Encyc.

BUSK,

n.

[Fr. busque.]

piece

of

steel or

To

allied to busy, or to h. festino.] stir quick; to be very active;

bt

BUT
very quick in motion, often or usually with the sense of noise or agit.ition.

BUT
And but
he

B U T
ify the sense of the preceding jiart of a sentence, or of a discourse, or lo continue the discourse, or to exhibit a contrast.

And

leave

t)ie

world

for nie to bustle in.

Lycon being separated, or excepted, who |More; further; noting an addition to sup can it be ? ply what is wanting to elucidate, or modWhich
infirmity.

Shak

BUS TLE,

n. hus'l.

Hurry great
; ;

stir;
;

rapid

waits upon worn times, hath something seized

ability, liad

motion with noiso and agitation tutnult from Stirling or agitation combustion.
All woulil

His wish'd

himself

The
that

lands and waters measured.

is,

Shak

Now
bill,

have been well

n. busier.

witliinil this bustle

BUS'TI.ER,
person.

An

Spectator. active stirring

BIJS'TLliVG, ppr.

hns'ling.
;

Stirring;

mo-

BUST'O,

used for a statue. BT'SV, a. hiz'zy. [Sax.

zig, l)u.sy

ving actively with noise or agitation. n. A bust sometimes perliaps Ashmole.

hysi, bysig
;

except, unle.ss, separate this fact, had seized his ability, he had measmed tlie lands and waters. In this use but, butan, is a participle equiv alent to excepting, and may be referred to the person sjjeaking, or more naturally, it
infirmity
is

That

of another kind. Tlie house of representatives were well agreed in but the senate dissented. pa-ssing the bill
;

hen pride cometh, then comeih shame but with the lowly is wisdom, Prov. xi. Our wants are many and grievous but quite
; ;

abide faith, hope, charity, these three ; the greatest of these is charily, I Cor. ,\iii,

whence,

equivalent to excepted, and with "the This word is in fact a noun equivalent to adfollowing worrls, or clause, forming the dition or supply but in grammatical concase absolute.
;

word
see,

huseg, business, bysgian, to busy ; D. beThis ; bezigen, to busy, to use. a()pears, from the Dutch, to be com-

Who
And

can it be, Lycon being excepted but my noble Moor is true of mind,
.'

struction,

considering
it

were enough
It

to put

him

to

ill

BUT,

n. [Fr.

thinking.

no inconvenience results from it to be a connective. bout, end. extremity, and but,

;

posed of Ac, the

in the pret. zag,

contracted in

prefix, and zig, the root of Inf. to zien, but retained

in the derivatives, zigt, visible. find hezigti-

Shak.
cannot
lie

end, aim, design

Arm.

but or haul.

It is

and

inlinitc

power,

but nature bath some director, of to guide her in all her ways.

sometimes written butt, especially when It coinapplied to the end of a plank.

cides, in

gen

sight, ziglhaar, signifies to

We

Hooker.
is no question but the King of Spaiji most of the abuses. .4(Wisu;i. not impossible but I may alter the complexion of my play. Dryden In the last three examples, that'is omitted after but. It is not impossible but that I may alter the complexion of my play.

Tliere
It is

view.

correct, the primary closely inspecting.]

1.

sense

If this opinion is is seeing, or

attention
;

Sp.

bote,

will reform

sense anil ehuncnts, with L. peto, a thrust, hotar, to cast. It. bolta,

1.

Employed with constant

inconvenient in j)osting his books.
ruption
;

enga
inter
is

ged about something that renihn's

as,

man

busy

My
2.

nii^itiess

is

busy and cannot come.

8.
;

Shak Actively employed occupied without ces sation as a busy constantly in motion
;

In these and all similar phrases, but de notes separation, exception. Only.
formidable man, but to his friends. There is but one man present.

botnrc, Fr. botte, bonder, Eng. pout, and many other word.s. See Hull.] An end; a limit; a boimd. It is used particularly for the larger end of a thing, as of a piece of timber, or of a fallen tree; that which grows nearest the earth. It is not often applied to the bound or limit of land yet butted, for bounded, is often
botto,
;

used.
2.

bee.
3.

Shak
in that whicli

4.

does not concern the person ; meddling with or prying into the affairs of others; officious; im[)ortunate IVuller. hence, troublesome vexatious, Much occupied with employment as a
Active
; ;

busy day.

BUSY,

D. t.

biz'zy.
;

To employ

with con
;

slant attention

to

keep engaged

to

make

or keep busy; as, to busy one's self witi books.

tom, which unites with another gencralh written butt. This use of but is a modern innovation but perhaps too firmly establisheil to bi BUT, V. i. To be bounded by to lie contiguous to a word used in America. [See corrected. In all such phrases, a negative not, nothing, or other word, is onutted. lit: Abut.] is not a fiirtnidable nuni, but to his eneBUT-EiVD, )!. [but and end.] The largest mies, that is, except. Tliere is not but one or blunt end of a thing as the but-end of one man present, that is, there is not ex a musket or of a piece of timber. This So also, " Our cept or besides one present. word is tautological, but and end signifylight atHiction is 4u< for a moment." 2 Cor. unless 6i(Ms considing the same
;

Dryden

The end of a plank

in a ship's side or bot-

iv.

Our

affliction is not,

except for a

movii.

thing;

To be

biisied with

genus and species.

ment.
Locke
If they kill us,

BUTCHER,
we
shall btit die.

ered as equivalent to swelling, protuberant.

n.
;

2 Kings

a butcher

[Fr. bourher; Fr. boucherie ;

Arm.
It.

boczer.

bcccheria,

BUSY-BODY,
A
boily.]

n.

biz'zy-body.
;

[busy

and

one who officiously meddling person concerns himself with the affairs of others.

Taylor. BUT, part, for butan. [Sax. butaii, buion, buta, bulc, without, on tlie outside, abroad hence, except or excepting, besides; tliat The verb is is, separated, not included. not in the Saxon but in Dutch we have the ve)-b in its primary sense, buiten, to! rove, or wander, to go freebooting ; buitl booty buiten, out, without, abroad, besides, except ; buiten board, over board buiten deur, out of doors; buiten huis, ani out-house ; buiten man, an out-man, a
; ; ;
;;

people in America retain the original and correct phrase usually employing a negative. Tliey do not say, I have but one. On the other hand, they say, I have)io< but one, that is, I have not except one except one, and I have none This word but for butan is not a conjunction, nor has it the least affinity to that l)art of sjieech.
;
;

The common

butchery, shambles. The primary sense probably is to stick or stab, as the Fr. boucher signifies thrust.]
to stop, that
is,

to

set,

to

One who slaughters animals for market or one whose occupation is to kill animals for the table. The word may and often does include the person who cuts up and
:

sells

meat.

BUT,
tiun,

cohJ.

[Sax. bote, reparation, satisfac com]>cusation, and adverbially, morethat

is,

One who
to
kill

them
shed
to

stranger
bytti,

G.

beute,

booty
;

Sw. byte, booty

bytte,
;

to

exchange

Dan.

booty, a

jiart,
It.

parting, division, distribution bytter, to divide, exchange, barter : S\t. bolin ; boltino ; Fr. butin, booty. The primary
;

sense of booty is to rove or wander, to or separate from applied to persons, part it is lo wander applied to things, it may include .stripping. But then is a contraction of butan, and ])rimarily a participle.]
;

1.

Except; besides;

Who

can
is,

it

miless. be, but perjured Lycon

Smith.

That

removed, separated, excepted.

but emphatically applied to murder committed with unusual cruelty, or circumstances of uncommon barbarity. In Danish, profit baader, to gain or profit W. buziaw; Goth, botyan, id; G. busse BUTCH ER-BIRD, n. The shrike a gem]s of birds, called Lanius. One species of use this word as a noun, biissen. this genus is called in the phrase, he gives a guinea to boot. king-bird, from its courage in attacking hawks antl crows. that is, to make good, to satisfy, or by way of addition and as a verb, in the phrase, Encyc. what boots it, what gain or profit is it. The king-bird is now arranged under the It is radically the same word as bet in Ed. Encyc. genus Muscicapa. '^'^'^ aA cruel, better; and the radical sense is to adERLIiVESS. savage. butcherly manner. vance.] Johnson,
2.
; ;
:

something added to make good, to supply what is wanted from betan, to make better, or more, to amend, that is, to advance D. boete; Sw. bote; Dan. baade ; W. buz, advantage. So in Ger. aber, but, is the Eng. over. In some of these languages it denotes a fine or penance, that which makes satisfaction
over, further,
;

to he

applied

men, or commands troops one who sheds, or causes blood in abundance princes and conquerors who dekills
;

human

light in war, or are remarkable

ing human life. BUTCH ER, V. t. To

for destroy-

kill

Locke. or slaughter ani-

mals for food, or for market.

To murder

We
;

BUTCH

'

8 U
BUTCHERLY,
savage
;

T
Cruel
;

BUT
BUTT,
('.

B U
cinerea
;

a.

[from batcher.]
;

i.

[W. pwtiaw,

It. buttare ; Sp. botar ; or throw; Fr. botte, a thrust; from the same root jjrobably as but, bout, L. peto.] thrust the head forward to strike by thrusting the head against, as an o.\ or a Wollon. Dnjden. ram. BUTCH'ERY, n. The business of slaugh-i BUT'TER, n. [Sax. buter, butera D. bottr Ger. butter ; L. butyrum ; Gr. ftovtvpop.] tcring cattle for the table or for market. An oily substance obtained from cream or Poj>p.\

barbarous.

BUTCH'ER'S-BROOM,

murderous grossly and clumsily Ascham. Shak. n. Ruscus; a ge-

to butt, to thrust ; I'ort. botar, to thrust,

nus of plants, called also knee-holly. It is used by butchers for brooms to sweep! their blocks. jEno/r.!

To

so called from the oil it contains. The tree bears a resemblance, in its general appearance, to the walnut, or black walnut, so called. It is sometimes called oilnut and white walnut. The tree is called also butternut or butternut-tree. Dr.

'i.

Murder, especially murder committeil with unusual barbarity great slaughter.

;

Shak.
i.

place where anunals are killed for Butter, in the old chimistry, was applied to various preparations as. market; a shambles, or slaughter-house Shak. Butter of antimony, now called the sublima also, a place where blood is shed. BUT'LER, n. [Fr. bouteiltier, from bouteille, ted muriate of antimony, and made by a mixture of corrosive subhmate biiita bottle, that is, the bottkr ; Ir. distilling and the regulus hii; a butler, from hiddd, boide, a botButter of arsenic, sublimated muriate of tle.] A servant or officer in the houses of princes arsenic, made by a like process. and great men, whose principal business Butter of bismuth, sublimated muriate of bismuth. is to take charge of the liquors, plate, &c. Formerly, anoflicer in the court of France, Butter of tin, sublimated muriate of tin. being the same as the grand echansou or Butter of zink, sublimated muriate of zink of the present times. Fourcroy. great cup-bearer is an oily concrete white EncijC. Butter of cacao, matter obtained from the cacao nut, made BUT'LERAgE, n. duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into Engby bruising the nut and boiling it in waAficholson. ter. land by fireigners or merchant strangers. It was a composition for the privileges Butter of war, the oleaguious ]iart of wax, obtained by distillation, and of a butyragranted to them by king John and Ed ceous consistence. JYIcholson. ward I., and originally received by the crown but it has been granted to certain BUT'TER, i'. t. To smear with butter. noblemen. It was called iuWemgf, be 2. To increase the stakes at every throw or cause originally paid to the king's butler every game a cant term among gamesters. Johnson for the king. Btackstone. Enci/c. BUT'LERSIIIP, n. The office of a butler. BUTTER-BUMP, n. The bittern. Johnson. Gen. .\1. 21. n. A plant, a species of BUT'MENT, n. [Old Fr. aboutement, from BUT'TER-BURR, Tussilago, or Colt's-foot, called petasites,

Drydcii.

Juglans Cathartica. Belknap. > piece of carved BUTTER-STAMP, ^"^- wood, used to mark cakes of butter. milk by churning. Agitation separates A broad fore tooth. the fat or oily i)art of milk from the thin BUTTER-TOOTH or serous part, called butter-milk. Johnson.
it
; ;

M. Cutler

calls

BUT'TER-PRINT,

The

BUTTER-WIFE

BUT'TER-WoMAN..1

A woman who
sells butter.

BUT'TERWORT,

Johnson. n. A species of Pinguicula, a iilant growing on bogs or soft grounds. The leaves are covered with
soft pellucid [irickles,
;

which secrete a glutinous li(iuor and milk, in which these are steeped, or washed, acquires, in a day or two, consistency, and is an agreeable food, used in the north of Sweden. Encyc.

BUT'TERY,

bout, but, end.]

1.

buttress of an arch; the supporter, or that part which joins it to the upright pier

growing

in

wet land, with large leaves. Fam. of Plants. Encyc.

ra.

a. [from butter.] Having the quahties or appearance of butter. Harvey. BUT'TERY, n. An apartment in a house, where butter, milk, provisions and utensils arc kept. In some colleges, a room where liquors, fiuit and refreshments are kept for sale to the students. n. The rump, or the protuberant part behind. 2. The convexity of a ship behind, under " the stern. Mar. Did. BUT'TON, n. but'n. [Fr. bouton, a button, a bud; W. buttun, or botwm; Corn, bottum; It. bottone ; Sp. baton, a button or bud ; fmni the root of bud, that is, a push or protuberance. See Butt.} A knob a small hall a catch, used to

BUTTOCK,

Johnson.
2.

The mass of stone or solid work end of a bridge, by which the extreme arches are sustained. The mass of stone at the end of a timber bridge, without arches, is called by the same name. It
i

Encyc. at the

BUT'TER-CUPS,

given to o species of Ranunculus or crow-foot, witli bright yellow flowers called also goldenFam. of Plants. Lee cup.
;

A name

fasten together the different parts of dress, made of metal, silk, mohair, wood, &c.

Any knob
body
;

or ball fa.stened to another a small protuberant body.

;

BUTTER-FLOWER,
BUT'TERFLY,
n.

n.

yellow flower. 3.
4.

written also abutment.

Gay. [from the color of a

UUT'SHAFT,
BUTT,
n.

n.

[but

and

shaft.]

to shoot at butts with.

[See But.]

Literally,
to
is set

thest point.

Hence, a mark

the point where a be shot at.

'2.

mark

or fixed to

An arrow yellow species.] B. Jonson. Papilio, a genus of insects, of the order of lepidopters. They have four wings imend, fur bricated with a kind of downy scales the be shot at tongue is convoluted in a spiral form and
; ;

5.

Dryden
effort is

the body

The point to directed. The

which a purpose or
;

merous.

Shak.
is dii-ected.

3.

object of aim

which an attack Hence,

4.

the thing against Clarendon.

The person at whom ridicule, jests or contempt are directed; as the butt of ridicule.
Spectator.

is hairy. The species are iiu Bulter-fiies proceed from the crysalids of caterpillars; caterpillars proceed from eggs dejiosited by butterflies they then change into crysalids, which produce butterflies, which again deposit their eggs.
;

Boyle. Pope. a gem of a plant. Shak. button of the reins of a bridle, is a ring of leather, with the reins passed through, which runs along the length of the reins. Encyc. A flat piece of wood, turning on a nail or screw, to fasten doors. A small round mass of metal, found at the bottom of a crucible, in chimical experiments. A''icholson.

hud

The

The

sea-urchin,

an animal which has

.flinsworlh.

BUT'TON,

])rickles instead of feet. 0. t. but'n.

BUTTERFLY-SHELL,
lar shell
;

n.

genus of tes2.

To fasten with a button, or buttons: to inclose, or make secure with buttons; often followed with j, as to button up a waistcoat. To
dress or clothe.
?!.

taceous molluscas, with a spiral unilocucalled volula.

n.

[JVot used.]

Enci/c.

BUT'TON-HOLE,
which a button
pation
is

The
n.

5.

push or thrust given by the head of an also, a animal, as the butt of a ram
;

instrument of steel set BUT'TERIS, in wood, for paring the hoof of a horse.
Farrier's Diet

An

hole or loop in

is

caught.

BUTTON-MAKER,
to

One whose

occu-

thrust
6.

ill

fencing.

make

buttons.

cask whose contents are 126 gallons of wine, or two hogsheads called also a pipi A butt of beer is 108 gallons, and from 1.500 to 2200 weight of currants is a butt. Johnson. [Sax. butte or bi/tt ; Sp. bola.] 7. The end of a plank in a ship's side or hot
;

BUT'TER-MILK,

n.

Themilkthat remains

BUT'TON-STONE,

after the butter is separated from it. Johnson calls this tohey ; but whey is the thin part of the milk after the curd or cheese
is

n. sjiecies of figured stone, or hard flint, resemfjling a button, consisting of two bodies which appear to be the fllhng up of holes in a shell.

Butter-milk in America separated. not called whey.

n. [butter anil nut.]
fruit

is

torn.
8.

Mar.

Diet.

A particular kind of

BUT'TERNUT;
The

hinge for doors, &c.'

of an American tree, the Juglans

species has been found finely striated, like a mohair button. Tiiis name is given also to a species of slato found in the maniuisate of Bareith. Encyc.

BUY
BUT'TON-TREE,
n.

B Y
of'

B Y
1.

The Conocarpiis, callplants,

ed also button-wood, a ^^etiiis natives of the West-liidies.

purchase stock in any fund or partnership, is to buy in. To buy on credit, is to purchase a tiling, on a
as,

A buys

out

B.

To

Near;

close;

Fam. of Plants. Encyc. promise in fact or in law, to make pay BUTTON- WEED, n. A penus of plants, ment at a future day. the Sperniacoce. Fam. of Plants. To buy the refusal, is to give money for the

2.

8UT'TON-W00,
a.

n. The Cephalanthus, a right of purchasing at a fixed price at a future time. shrub of N. America, growing five or six fe(!t iiigh. Encyc. To buy the small pox, in South Wales, is to receive it by inoculation. The Platanus Occidentalis, Western Encyc. plane-tree, a large tree growing in N. In po](ular language, to buy is to pay dear as in Chaucer. America, producing rough balls, from

which it is named. The wood is hard, BUY, V. i. To and used for windlasses, wheels and purchase.
blocks.

for,

stands by a presso, from L. pressus ; Fr. pres, aupres. Near, in motion as, to move, go or pass a church. But it seems, in other phraby ses, or with a verb in the past time, to sig" The nify past, gone beyond. procession " is gone by ;" the hour is gone by ;" " John went by." now use pa.'st as an equivalent word. The procession is gone past. Gone by is in strictness tautology, as now used but I apjuehend by signifies prima;

as, sit by me; river. So in It.

that house

We

negotiate, or treat about a

3.
sell

rily near.

Belknap.
n.

BUT'TRESS,
composed of word of that
1.
;

[This

word appears
and
truss,

Mease. to be

I will

buy with you and *

n.

with you.

Through, or with, denoting the agent, means, instrument or cause; as, " a city is
destroyed
liy

Shak

but, end,

or

some BU^ER,

One who buys

Purchasing.
buzzicare, to

a purchaser.
fVotton.

commerce
answers

;"

A prop a wall or abutment built archwise, serving to support another wall on the outside, when very high or loaded with
a

family.]

to that

fire ;" profit is made by " to take by force." This use of the Latin per, through,
iii-

"

BUYING, jypr.
BUZZ,
o ,

denoting a passing, acting, agency, or

V.

I.

[It.

whisper ; Pers
4.
;is

heavy superstructure.
or support.
V.
t.

Encyc.
South.

2.

Any prop
to prop.

Js A y J

bazidan, to blow

wind.]
to ol 5.

BUT'TRESS,
tress,

To support by

a buttress

1.

BUT'TRESSED,
BUTTS,
rows.

a.

Supported with a butll'ard.

To make a low hissing sound, as bees; make the sound oft, with an expiration

stnnnentality. " " " Day by day ;" year by year " article by article." In these phrases, by denotes ])assing from one to another, or each particidar scjiarately taken. " By the space of seven years." In this
jihrase, by

n. plu. [from butt.] place where archers meet to shoot at mark. Also, short

pieces of land in arable ridges and fur-

" to 8. On as, Having pass by land or water ;" also, a whisper. BUZZ, n. The " In the qualities of l)utter; resembling butter. South. Bacon. great battles by sea and land." latter phrase, at or on might be sid)stituted Encyc. J\pichnlson. Floyer. BUZZ'ARD, n. [D. huzaard ; G. bussaar, BUX'OM, a. [Sax. bocsum, from bog, a bow, busshard ; It. bozzago ; Vv. buze, buse or for by. 9. It is placed before words denoting quanbugan, to bend, and sum, sonie.J o ^ 1. Obedient as, to sell by ready to obey obsequious tity, measure or [iroportion busard; Pers. j a hawk.] Obs. Milton the pound to work by the rod or perch 2. Gay brisk. Milton 1. A species of falco, or hawk, the huteo ; a this line is longer by a tenth. lively the breast 10. It is used to 3. Wanton; jolly. rapacious, but sluggish bird Dri/dtn represent the means or instrument of swearing, oraflirming; as, to BU.K'OMLY, adv. Obediently. Obs. usually of a yellowish white; the upper In some parts of 2. Johnson. swear by heaven, or by earth to aftirni tjy parts of a deep brown. Wantonly amorously. America, it is called the great Hen-hawk, all that is sacred. BUX'OlVlNESS, >i. Meekness; obedience. Obs. from its feeding on poultry. Chaucer. 11. In the phrase, " he has a cask of wine by Pennant. Encyc. 2. Briskness am(>rousncss. him," by denotes nearness or presence. Johnson. 12. " To sit a dunce. V. t. pret. and pp. bought, pron. baict, 2. A block-head BUY, by one's self," is to sit alone, or .Milton. without company. stupid. [Sax. bigan, or bycgan, bygan Goth, bug- BUZZ'ARD, a. Senseless BUZZARDET', n. A species of Falco or 1.3. " To be present by attorney." In this yan, to buy.] 1. To hawk, resembling the buzzard in most resacquire the property, right or title to phrase, by denotes means or instrument ; but its legs are ui proportion rather any thing, by paying a consideration or an pects through or in the presence of a substitute. Pennant. 14. In the phrase, " North by West," the equivalent in money. It dirtcrs from barter longer. sense seems to be north passing to tlie oidy in this, that in barter the consideration BUZZ'ER, n. A whisperer one who is busy or equivalent is some species of commodiin telling tales secretly. Sltak. west, inclining or going westward, or near in purchase, the consiih-ration is money BUZZ'ING, ppr. west. Making a low hissing ty sound whispering tatthng in secret. paid or promised. To pm-chase to acquire As an adverb, hy denotes also nearness, Goth, ii; Sw or presence by (laying a price to the satisfaction of the By, j)rep. [Sax. le or 6% as, there was no person by, and Dan. be ; D. by; G. bei; all contracted seller; opposed to sell. But some noun is imderstood. at the time. 2. To from big. This wgjxl in composition is So in the phrase, " to pass or go i^," there procure by a consideration given, or that is deemed worth the In often written be, as in because, besiege. is a noun imderstood. by something Sw. and Dan. it is used only in com])o- By and hy is a phrase denoting nearness ill thing bought to procure at a ))rice as, to to buy favor sition. The Sw. and Dan.^, and Russ. time; in a short time after; presently; biiy i)lea^ure with praise with flattery. Denkam. soon. po, may be from a ditferent root, although 3. To bribe to corrupt or pervert the judgWhen persecution arisetli, because of the they are nearly allied in signification, and a consideration. be the same word differently written. word, by and by, he is offended. Math. xiii. ment, by paying may To buy off, to influence to compliance to This preposition occurs as a jirefix in all By the by signifies, as we proceed or pass, cause to bend or yield by some considerathe Sheniitic languages, contracted indeed [Fr. en passant,] noting something interpoThe pri- sed in the progress of a discourse, which to detach See the Litroduction. into 3. tion, as to buy off conscience is distinct from the main subject. The old by a consideration given, as to tui/ o^ one mary sense \s, pressing, clo-'e, near, at ; but " from a party. in Goth, and Sax. it signifies also, about, phrase, on the by," on the passage, is now obsolete. To buy out, to buy off, or detach from. Shak. according to, on, leith, against, after. Sec. 2. To purchase the .'ihare or shares of a In some of these senses, it coincides with To stand by, is to stand near, or to support. the Russ. po. The original verb to which By, in lullaby, and in the nursery, a word, person in a stock, fund, or partnership, by used in lulling infants to sleep, is evidently which the seller is separated from the comthis word belongs, most probably signifies allied to words foiuid in many languages, to pass, to go, or come, to drive, to press.]! pany, and the purchaser takes his place
the

A bird. BUTYRA'CEOUS, [from BUT'YROUS, P' ter.]

BUT'-WINK,
i.

Enct/c. Johns'on.

bulyrum, but-

breath between the totigue and the roof of the mouth or upper teeth. 2. To whisper to speak with a low hissing voice to make a low hissing sound. Shak. Hayward. BUZZ, 1). t. To whisi)er ; to spread, as report, by whispers, or to spread secretly.
;

denotes through, passing or con-

G.

tinuing, during. " By this time, the sun

had

risen."

The

word here seems

come
7.
to.

to denote, at, present or

own

According to ; account ;"

;

" this as, appears by liis " these are good rules to

Bentlcy.

live by.

noise of bees

'

c
signifying to rest, or be quiet, or to appease that is, to press, to stop, as tiie Gr. L. paco. It is used in Russia, as rtcwjw,
;

CAB
BY'-INTEREST,
ad\antage.
n.

CAB
private Atterlmry.
:

Self interest
lane, or

iBY'-WIPE,

n.

BY'-LANE,

)!.

A private

/Jy or bye, in by-law,

with us, bayu, bai. Tliis probably is the the usual road. as the foregoing. BY'- LAW, n. A town law; the law of a Sax. bilagc, is probably Bacon. city, town or private corporation. the Sw. by, Dan. bye, a village, town, BY-MATTER, n. Something incidental. Bacon. borough or city, from Sw. byggia, Dan. an incidental bygger, G. bauen, D. bouwen, to build, BY-NAME, n. Nickname Camden. Sa.x.byan, to inhabit that is, a town-law, appellation. a municipal law. BY'-PAST, . Past; gone by. (Scots dia-

one out of BY'WORD,

secret stroke or sarcasm. Milton.

same word

bi, or big, and word, as Either a passbigcund, and bigspell. ing word, or a town-saying.] connnon saying a proverb a saying that has a general currency. Bacon. BYE, n. [Sax.] Gibson. dwelling".

n.

[Sax.

BYS'SIN, BYS'SUS,

)
^^

A silk [Gr. ,3^,3905, infra.] or linen hood. [JVot in use.]

Gotver.

In the

phrase, good-bye, bye signifies passing, going. The phrase signi fies, a good going, a prosperous passage and it is ])recisely equivalent to fareivell, Sax. /aro, to go, go well, may you have a good going, equivalent to good speed, in the phrase, " to bid one good speed." [Not God speed, as is generally read and imderstood.]
is

common

lect.)

BY'-PATH,
wav.

n.

private path
n.

an obscure BYS'SINE, a. Shak BYS'SOLITE,

X1S05,

Cheyne.

Made of silk.
n.
/it^asof,

Coles.

BY-RESPECT',
BY'-ROAD,
n.

Private end, or view.

stone

[Gr. so called

and from its resemblance

fine flax,

Bacon. Dryden. private or obscure road

to moss.]

BY-ROOM,

n.

A private

Swift.

room or

apart-

By

used in

most of which we observe the sense of nearness, closeness, or a withdrawing or

seclusion.

many compound

words,

ni

BY-SPEECH,
BY'-SPELL,
[J\'ot

ment. Shak. n. An incidental or casual speech, not directly relating to the point. Hooker.
n. [Sax. bigspelL]
n.

rare mineral, occurring in very delicate filaments, short, flexible and elastic. Their color is olive green, or brownish yellow, and their luster a httle silky. Jameson
])laces

byssolite
it

arranges

under actinoUte under amianthoid.

Saussure.
;

Hauy
fine

A
;

Hausman.

Cleaveland.
f3vaaoi,

proverb.
Coles.

BY-COFFEE-HOUSE,
in

n.
n.

coffee house

used.]

BYS'SUS,

an obsciu'e place.

Addison.

BY'-STANDER,
standby.] tator one
;

BY-ONCERN'MENT,
tinct

An

afiair dis

from the tnain business.

[Sax. big.itandan, One who stands near a spec- The asbestus, composed of parallel fibers, is JVicholson. by some called by this name. who has no concern with the
separate,

to

n. [L. byssus linen, or cotton.]

Gr.

BY-ORNER, n. A private corner. BY'-STREET, n. A BY-DEPENDENCE, n. An appendage; ohscm'e street.

that
is

Dryden

business transacting.

Locke. private or

BYZ'ANT,

BYZANTINE,

distinct

which depends on something else, or BY'-TURNING, from the main dependence.

Shalt.
H.

Gov.

n.

An

obscure road.
Sidney.
;

BY-DESIGN,
inu-pose.

An

BY'-VIEW,
pm-pose.

n.

Private view

self interested
Atterbiiry.

of gold offered by the king on certain festivals. Johnson. Camden, .ish.

? " [from Buzantimn.] \ gold coin of the value of fifteen pounds sterling, so called from being coined at Byzantium. Also, a piece

incidental dei^ign, or

BY-DRINKING,
BY'-END,
led.)
71.

n. A private drinking. Private end secret purpose

;

or advantage.

BY'-GONE,"a. Past

secluded or private walk. Dryden. BY'-WAY, secluded, )irivate or obL^ Estrange. scure way. Addison. to the west gone by. {Scots dia- BY-WEST', adv. Westward
n.
)!.

Hudibras.

BY'-VVALK,

BYZAN'TINE, BYZAN'TIAN,
year
3.30,

Thrace situated on the Bosporus.

session of Byzantimn, enlarged

Pertaining to Byzantian ancient city of In the Constantine the Great took posI "'
(,

urn,

and em-

belhshed

it,

and changed

its

name

to

Greiv.'

of.

Davies.

Constantinople.

D'Anville.

Encyc.

c.
U,
In EngUsh, C has two sounds, or rather it represents two very different articulations' of the organs one close, like K, which occurs before a, and m ; the other, a sibilant, precisely like s, which occurs before e,i and )/. The former is distinguishin [ironunciation, between the aspirate n ed in this vocabulary by C, which may be and the palatal j. It is a Roman characcalled Ac. In Russ. C is precisely the ter, borrowed from the Gr. x, or from the oriental 3, which was used in English s, as it was in the old Greek allanguages written from right to left, and when inphabet. verted and the corners rounded, becomes CAB, n. [Ileb. Ch. 3p kab.] An oriental dry C. In the old Etruscan, it was written 5 measure, being the sixth part of a seah or with the corners rounded, but not inverted satum, and the eighteenth of an epliah in Arcadian, C, as now written. That its containing two pints and five sixths Engsound in Latin was the same, or nearly lish and American corn measure. the same, as that of kappa, may be known from the fact, that the Greeks, while the CxVBAL', re. [Fr. rabah, a club, society or Latin was a living language, wrote kapj)a condjination It. cabala, knowledge of selor the Roman C. Perhaps tlie same charcret things Sp. cabala, secret science the third letter

articulation or consonant, a palatal, nearly corresponding in sound with the Greek x, kappa, and with the Hebrew 2, caph. It bears a middle place
is

and the second

the English alphabet

to be surety

to give hail. See Class BI. This word seems to include the significations of several biliteral roots. Qu. W.
;

to get or oljtain or gavaelu, to The primary sense of the root to be to catch or seize by rushing or in general, to ])ress, to drive hence on, the sense of collection, combination and
cafael,
;

hold.

seems

accusation.]
I.

A number
;

design

close usually to promote their private

of persons united

in

some

church or state by intrigue. It is sometimes synonymous with junto. faction, but a cabal usually consists of fewer men than a party, and the word genein rally implies close

views

trigues.

union and secret inThis name was given to the

II.,

ministry of Charles

Clifibrd, Ashley,

acter

may

be the basis of the Arabic

As an

abbreviature,

stands for Caius, Car-

for conolus, CiBsar, condemno, &c., and sulibus. As a muneral stands for 100; for 200 &c. In nmsic, after the cliff,

CC

CC

perfect, just, exact Heb. '^2p to take, receive, accept ; Ch. to cry out, to liawt ; also to take or receive ; also to be dark, to obscure Syr. to accuse, oppose, or censure, to cavil ; Eth. to accept, to pour
caljal,
; ;

Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, the initials of whose names compose the
word.
3.
;

is

the

mark of common

time.

Enci/c.

out; Sam. to acce])t, and to darken to admit or accept, as agreeable to come

; ;

secret artifices of a few men Intrigue united in a close <l('sign. Dryden. [See the preceding word. I Ar. CABALA, J It is from the sense of re-

CABAL',

ception.]

CAB
Tradition, or a mysterious kind of science among Jewish Rabbins, pretended to have been delivered to tl]e ancient Jews by revelation, and iransniilted by oral tradition; serving for the interpretation of difficult passages of srri|)tiire. This science con
sists chiefly in
v.

CAB
ka-\ CAB'BA6E, [D. kabassen, to steal Old Fr. cabasser.] bas, a hand basket To purloin or embezzle, as pieces of cloth, Jlrbuthnol. after cutting out a garment. small net to boil CAB'BAuE-NET, ii. Shenstonc. cabbage in.
t.
; ;
;

CAB
CAB'INET-OUNCIL,
n.

council held

with privacy the confidential coimcil of a prince or executive magistrate. Bacon.

;

nation of certain letters, words and numbers, which are alledgeil to be significant. Every letter, word, number and accent of the law is supposed to contain a mystery, and the cabalists pretend even to foretell future events by the study of this science.

understanding the conibi

AB'BAliE-TREE,

n.

u species of Areca, the oleracea, a native of warm climates. This tree grows with a or 200 straight stem to the higlith of 170 Its branches grow in a circular manfei't. ner, and the lowermost ones spread hori-

2. The members of a pri^'y council a select number of coididential counselors. Gay. The cabbage-palm, C'AB'INETEI), /)/). Inclosed in a private

apartment, or
cupation
niture.
is

in a cabinet.

CABINET-MAKER,
to

make

A man whose occabinets, tables, bun.

reaus, bed-steads,

and other similar

fur-

Encyc.

Buck

CABAL',
trigue
;

V. i.

To

unite in a small party to

;

promote private views by intrigue

to in-

to unite in secret artifices to efii-ct

11.

some

design.

When this is cut out, the tree is destroyed. a lord, and in some languages, a giant. It Jewish doctor who pro Eiicyc. is common to all the Shemitic dialects. fesses the study of the cabala, or the mys- CAB'BAOE-WORM, n. An insect. Perh.'ips L. vir, with a prefix.] Johnson. teries of Jewish traditions. Pertaining to the Cabiri, certain deities .\B lAI, n. An animal of South America 2. In French commerce, a factor or agent. greatly venerated by the ancient Pagans, resembling a hog, living on the margins of The accomits nci/c. in Greece and Phenicia. It lakes and rivers, and feeiling on fish. to the i ABALIST'I, of these deities are confused and contra"' Pertaining is a species of Cavy, calh^d also thickcabala, or mysteriCABALIST'leAL, ^ Some authors limit their mundictory. Diet, of .Vat. Hist. nosed tapir. ous science of Jewish traditions; containEncyc. ber to four; some to three others to two; C.\B'IN, 71. [Fr. co/k/hc, a cabin, a cottage while Sanchoniathon makes them to be ing an occidt meaning. ABALIST'IALLY, adv. In the manner of Cuban, a cloke It. capanna, a cottage Sp. eight. They were worshiped with jiartiand Port, cabana, a hut or cottage Ir. Ikrhirl. tlie cabalists. cular honors in the isle of Samothrace CAB'ALIZE, 1'. i. To use the manner or raban ; W. caban, from cab, a hut, cot, or and their worship and mysteries are said booth made in the form of a cone, with to have been introduced into Greece by language of the cdialists. [.Vo( miirli used.] ABAL'LER, n. One wliu unites with oth- roils set in the ground, and lied at the top: the Pelasgians. They were supposed to Gr. xartavr;, from xan?;, a stable or inclosed ers in close designs to cflect an ol)jc<:t by have a particidar influence over the sea place.] intrigue one who cabals. and maritime affairs. CAB'.VLLINE, a. [L. cnballinus, from ca- 1. A snuill room an inclosed place. In truth, the name which signifies ^rf a?, Russ. kohila, kobiela, a Spenser. ballus, a horse or the mighty ones, seems to have been a])cabalists.

eAB'ALISM,
eAB'.ALIST,

The

Dn/den. secret science of the

zontally with great regularity. The fd>ers CAB'IN-M.'VTE, n. One who occupies the of the leaves are used for making cordage same cal)in with another. Beaum. and nets. On the top grows a substance CABIRE'AN, n. [See the words below.] called cabbage, lying in thin, snow-white, One of the Cabiri. Faber. brittle flakes, in taste resembling an al13: to be .strong CABIR'IAN, j) [Oriental mond, but sweeter. This is boiled and CABIR IC, > 0. or powerful, to be great Uke other vegetables. CABIRIT eaten with flesh, whence it
IC, )
signifies

man,

n.

cacnpull ; Fr. cheval, a horse It. cavcdlo ; Sp. cahatlo.'] vale, a mare Pertaining to a horse as eiihaltine aloes, so called from its being given to horses as a
;

mare

Ir.

2.
3.

purge.

CAB.\L'LING,

/)/)r.

Encyc. Uniting in a cabul; in-

CAB'ARET,

triguing in a small partv. n. [Fr. allied

cabin.]

probably

to

tavern
tailed.

a house
?i.

where

liquors are re;

cottage a hut, or small house. Sufifl. tent a shed any covered place for a Fairfax. temporary residence. An aiiartnient in a ship for officers and In large ships there are sevl>asscngers. eral cabins, the principal of which is ocIn small vescupieil by the commander. sels, tliere is one cabin in the stern for the accommodation of the officers and passenThe bed-places in ships are also gers.
;
;

A A

plied to the supposed beings that presided over the more striking operations of naHerod, ii. 51. Pans. ix. 25. ture.

Bryant.

Faber.

.Isiat.

Researches.

CABLE,
kabel
;

Fr. cable ; D. Dan. G. chabl ; Ir. rabla or gabla ; Russ. kahala, a bond ; Heb. Ch. Syr. Ar.
n. cubl. [Sp.

Arm.
;

S33 a chain

as a verb, to

tie

or bind
ro])e.

or
If

S^n
the

to tie or
first

make

fast,

and a

CABBAGE,
Ir.

[It.

cappucclo

Bramhalt. Corn, kavatsli

;
;

called cabins.

CAB IN,

I',

i.

To

live in

Encyc. a cabin

Mar.
;

Diet.

to lodge.

of the oriental word is a prefix, this coincides with bale, a package,

letter

cajHiccio, a

^abaisde, gahaiKti. This word is probably from the root of caput, a head It. head Sp. ciibeza Fr. caboche. a head. Hence D. kabui.'i-kool, head-cole, or headed-cole. In Fr. chnuT-cabu.i, is cab See Cap, bage-headed, or cabbage-head.
;

Shak.

that

is,

CAB'IN, V. t. To confine in a cabin. Shak. A large strong rope or chain, used to retain a vessel at anchor. It is made usually of AB'IN-BOY, n. A boy whose duty is to wait on the officers and passengers on hemp or iron, but m.iy be made of other
board of a ship.

tie.]

e.\BTNED,
gabinete. closet

pp.

Inclosed

covered.
.Milton.

Cope.]

genus of plants, called in botany Brassica, of several species; some of which are cultivated for food. The leaves are large and fleshy, the pods long and slender, and the
seeds globular. The kinds most cultivated are the common cabbage, called with us the drum-head, the Savoy, the broccoli, the cauliflower, the sug'or-Zoff/", and
the
cole-irort.

CABTNET,i.
1.

[Fr.cabinet; It.gabinctto; Sp.

materials. Cables are of different sizes, according to the bulk of the vessel for w hich they are intended, from three to twenty cable is cominches in circumference.

ment.
2.

See Cabin.] a small room, or retired apartBacon. private room, in which consultations
;
'

each strand of posed of three strands three ropes and each rope of three twists. A shi|>'s cable is usually 120 fathom, or Hence the expresin length. 720 feet,
:

3.

Dog's cabbage, a name given to the Thelygo Fam. of Plants. nitm cynocrambe. Sea-cabbage, n. The sea-beach kale, or sea
colewort, a geiuis of plants, called crambe. They are herbaceous esculents, with perennial roots, ](roducing large leaves like those of cabbage, spreading on the grotu)d.

are held. sion, a cablets length. Dryden. The selector secret council of a jirince or Stream cable is a hawser or rope, stnaller than the bow er cables, to moor a ship iu executive government so called from the a place sheltered from wind and hea\-y in which it was originally held. apartment
;

Encyc.
4.

seas.

5.

f).

A piece of furniture, consisting of a chest or box, w ith drawers and doors. private box. Su-ift. Any close place where things of value are Taylor. reposited for safe keeping. a cottage a small house. Obs. hut

To pay
en

out,

or

to veer otit the cable, is

to slack-

To

it that it may run out of the ship. serve the cable, is to bind it round with ropes, canvas, &c., to i)revent its being

worn or To slip the

end.

galled in the hawse.

cable, is
a.

to let

it

run out end for

.Mar. Diet.

< \B'BA6E,
ing
;

!'.

i.

To form

Encyc.
a head
in

Spem^er.

grow\

CABINET.

II.

t.

To

inclose.

[Little used.]

CA BLED,

Fastened with a cable.

Dyer.

as,

a plant cabbages.

Johnson

HowclJ

C A C
Mar. Did OAB'l-KT, )i. A little cable. where the ca r,A'BLE-TlER, n. The place Mar. Did. bles are coiled away.

CAD
A
fish

CAD
;
;

CABO'CHED, ABO'SHED,
have uo neck

\ left.

heraldry, having head cut close, so as to

111

the

CACK'LE,

Gr. >ca6o a cask; . excrements||eADE, a [L. cadm;, which xaStoi', purse or Uttle cask allied per wlien pursued. Others say, a fish haps to W. cadtv, to hold, to keep.] lax bowels. eaten inoduces is the Skinner. Johnson. A barrel or cask. A cade of herrings of sprats, a of five hundred

which

is

said to void

i^'f'-

CABOOSE',
;

little room or [G. kabuse, a hut Dan. kahjsc, a cook's room in a ship. or Heb. Ch. Qu.'ch. K^aO to hide or cover, a kihi or furnace. In Dutch, kombuis

n.

tty3D
is

and giggle ; gelen, to chatter ; Eng. gaggle Dan. kagler, to cluck, as a hen ; Sp. cucarenr, to cackle or crow.] a goose or 1. To make a particular noise, as
a hen.
2.

V. i. [D. kaakekn, to chatter Ger. gackern, to cackle, to gaggle; D.^a^-

quantity thousand.

Encyc.

CA'DE-OIL, 77. In the materia medica, an oil used in Germany and France, made of the
fruit

of the oxycedrus, called in those Encyc. countries, coda.

77.

1.

an oven, furnace or cook's room.] The cook-room or kitchen of a ship. In smaller vessels, it is an inclosed fire-place, main hearth or stove for cooking, on the is deck. In a ship of war, tlie cook room Mar. Did. caUed a

Drydcn.

Shak.

To laugh whh a broken noise, like tlie wliich is a cackling of a goose; to giggle, Arbiithnot. word from the same root.
To
a
prate
;

The same as caddis. IcADE-WORM, CA'DENXE, ? " [Fr. cadence; Sp. Port. cadencia L. cadens, from CA'DENCY, W. cwyzaw Corn, kodha fall cado, to
<,

; :

3.

to prattle

to tattle

2.

A box that covers the

A species
?

galley.

silly

manner.
71.

to talk in Johnso7i.

Ann. kuedha,
It.

cadere

or kueza ; Sp. caer ;

Ir.

cadam, cudaini
cahir
;

Port,

Fr.

clnmney

in a ship.

CACK'LE,
or hen.

The broken

noise of a goose

eAB'OS, n.

Encyc. of eel-pout, about two feet long, whose flesh is well tasted. Did.ofJVat.Hist.

[Fr.
briole,

Dnjden.

1.

cheoir.] fall: a

decline; a state of sinking. Milton.

Johnson. 2. Idle talk; silly prattle. io fowl that cackles. n.

CACK'LER,
2.

tell-tale

tattler.

CAB'RIOLE, AB'R10LET,
cupra.]
"-ig
;

cabriotd,

from ca-

CACK'LING,

a goat-leap; L.
,.
,

ppr. goose or hen.

7!.

Making

IcACK'LING,

The

Johnson. the noise of a Johnson. lirokcn noise of a

tin

a one horse chair, a light carnage. ovv CAB'URE, 71. A Brazilian bird of the of a beautitui a kind, of the size of thrush, umber color, spotted with white.

was saved by goose or hen. Rome cackling of a goose.

'
(,

ACOCHYM'IC, ? [See Cacochymy.] Having the fluid CACOeHYM'ICAL,

the blood.
>

\B'URNf',
"varn, to
"like

"

bmd
or

Ae'AO

0'OA,

of the body vitiated, especially Did. ofJVat. Hut. Encyc. Small lines made of spun FAC'OCIIYMY 77. rGr.!caxo;t:i,'> of '="""'. < t,At utii X lu 1 71. Lv^i seize tackles, and the cables, ill, and xvf^i, jui''^-] Enajc. vicious state of the vital humors, espe
,
,

n.

The

tree a species of the Theobroina, about of the West Indies. This tree grows

chocolatea native

of the voice in reading or speaking, also, the fallas at the end of a sentence modulation intr of the voice in the general In reading or speakof"tones in reciting. a certain toneis taken, whicii is called ing, tlie the key, or key-note, on which most of words" are pronounced, and the fall of the voice below this tone is called cadence. Eneyc. The ordinary cadence is a fall of the ast syllable of a sentence only. of reading verse. Th -3. The general tone that .j.,. line cadence of one fine must be a rule to tha of the next as the sound of the former
fall
; ;

cially

winch are twenty feet high, bearing pods or seeds are oval and pointed. The nuts white pithy numerous, and lodged in a
substance.

of the blood, arising fi-om a disorder of the secretions or excretions, or from Encyc. contagion.
71.

must
4.

slide sently into that

which

follows. Dry den.

Tone

sound

as,

hoarse cadence.
Milton.
;

CACODE'MON,
Jaificor,

i"f.Vn.
n.

CAOONS',
Flerillea.

plant called in botany

CACH'ALOT,

Encyc. cetaceous fish, the whale. The prinphyseter or spermaceti headed with a the black cipal species are, withdorsal fin, and the round-headed, ii out a fin on the back, and with a fistula snout. From this whale is obtained the

of a music, repose the termination on a harmoiiical phrase on a repose or CACOE'THES, Encyc. perfect chord. vicious, and rfioj, manners.] manner of closing a song ema bad dispositini Also, the 1. A bad custom or habit Co.re. Busby. bellishment at the close. 2. In medicine, an incurable ulcer. measure or CACOPH'ONY, )i. [Gr. xaxoi, ill, and fuvr,, \6. In horsemanship, an equal in all his promoijortion observed by a horse
a

demon.]

An

[Gr.

xaxo?, evil, and Shnk. 5. In evil spirit.

;

71.

[Gr. xaxorfina
;

xaxof,

voice.]

1.

2.

In rhetoric, an uncouth or disagreeatilc sound of words, proceeding from the meet or syllables. Encyc ing of harsh letters In medicine, a depraved voice an altered
;

tions.
7.

IcA'DENCE,
'

Encyc. In heraldry, the distinction of families. Todd. V. t. To regulate by musical

Sniith.

the spermaceti.

AHE'TI, ^^. CACHEC'TICAL,

;

Encyc. [See Cachexy.] Havof "habit ing _^ ^ S of a deranged or vitiated state of body Core the body without fever.
\
' ,

3.

CACHEX'Y,

from xaxoj-, [Gr. >:a;tfim, and f|"5, habit, from f^u, to liavc] vicious state of the powers of the body
77.

Coxc. Encyc. In music, a combination of discordant sounds. CAD'AVER, 71. [L.] A corpse CADAVEROUS, a. [L. cadaver, a dead
state of the voice.
c.irc.ase.]
1.

measure.

CA'DENCED,
lar

cadence

a particupp. or a. Having as well cadenced music.

Rousseau.

CADE'NE, CA'DENT,
sinking.

ill

deranged state of the constitution, Encyc. fever or nervous disease.

without

CACHINNA'TION,
Loud
laughter.

7i.

Core. 2. [L. cachinnatio.

of a dead Having the appearance or color as a pale wan ghastly ; cadaverous look. Having the qualities of a dead body.

71. A species of inferior carpet Encyc. imported from the Levant.

a.

[L. cadens.]
7!.

FalUng down

human body

Johnson.
fall

CADEN'ZA,

[It.

See Cadence.] The

CACH'OLONG,

n. [Qu. of tape or ribin. A kind of worm or irrub found in a case Johnson. lon, of straw. A variety of chalcedony, which is a subspe- CAD'DOW, 71. A chough ; a jack daw. somecies of quartz, usually milk white, Hay or yellowish white; opake times grayish tea. Its CAD'DY, 77. A small box for keeping or slightly translucent at the edges. CADE. a. [Qu. VV. carf7r, to keep or guard fracture is even, or conchoidal with large sometimes pearly cavities, sometimes dull, chalor Ar. vis to lead or govern, to b or glossy. It often envelops common united by cedony tlie two minerals being led, to be submissive.] It also associates with as a insensible shades. hand domesticated bred

from Cach, [said to be and chothe name of a river in Bucharia, a Calmuc word for stone.]
77.

[Little used.]

CAD'DIS,
2

"or modulation of the voice in singing. Jlrbuthnot. CADET', 77. [Fr. cadet ; It. cadetto ; Sp. kind In French properly the second cadele. L. cadus, a cask.] Shak. son. Gehelin. But in general, the younger

1.

son or brother, or the youngest.] The younger or youngest son.

2. '

Brown. A gentleman wlio carries arms in a regia view to acmcnt, .as a private man, with and obtain a commisquire militarv skill, His seivice is voluntary, but he resion. and thus is distinguished from
ceives pay, a volunteer.
77.

Encyc.
in

i.

CADEW,
1

A young man,

a military school.

straw worm.

[See Cad-

flint

and semi-opal.
[L. caco.]
7i.

CACK, V. i.
stool.

To

Cleaveland. ease the body by

Tame

by

dis

]
7'.

cade lamb.

'CAD(';E,
1

t.

To

carrv a burden.

[Xot rn
^"'

CADE,
I

CACK'EREL,

L. caco.J [said to bo from

PP<-;

bring up or nourish by hand, or with tenderness to tame.

11. t.
;

To

use

'cADG'ER,

71.

One who

brings butter, eggs

C A F
and
try
;

C A
from the coun
Johnson.

K
A
Persian or TurkJohnson. Dan. tag-; alUed

C A L
1.

poultry to the market,

a huckster.

CAF'TAN,
ish vest
n.

n. [Persic]

in the U. Stutes.] [I bdieve not used

AG,

A'DI,
i
I.

n.

[Ar. jvjLi'

a governor, from
;

i'

to lead, rule or

govern

Eng. guide.

or garment. [Kr. caque; probably to cage, that which holds.] small cask, or barrel, differing from the barrel only in size, and containing a few gallons, but not of any definite capacity. It is generally written Keg.

2.

A(;E, n. [Fr. cage; M. kouw and Aooi. See Cag.] 1. A box or inclosure, mad(^ of boards, or alliiirs with lattice work of wood, wicker or wire, villus";, For the is called Moulu. for confining birds or Ijeasts. Encyc. Johnson. confinement of the more strong and feroCADlLLAe, n. A sort of pear. ADME'AN, f " Relalin'; to Cadmus, a rc- cious beasts, a cage is sometimes made of

Hence

JUcaide.]

In the Turkish
;

dominions, a judsje in civil town or usually tin- ju(li,'e of a '" the judge of a city or i)n)\incc

3.

sense seems to be, a mass ^aoiior lump.] A small mass of dough baked or a comjmsition of flour, butter, sugar, or other ingredients, baked in a small mass. The name is ap]>lied to various compositions, baked or cooked in ditierent shapes. Something in the form of a cake, rather flat than high, but roundish ; as a cake on a tree. Bacon. mass of matter concreted as a cake of
;

The

ice.

Dryden. In .Yew England, a piece of floating ice

;

in a river or lake.
4.

CAD'MJAN, S puted prince who introduceil into Oiecce,

simple letters of the alphabet
I,

ol'

Thebes,

iron.

Encyc.

the sixteen 2.
a, , y, b,
!,\

X, >., fi, v, 0, , p, d, r, V. These are called Cadniean letters. Bn/ani.\ This personage may he a faliulous lie-'

ing, or if

may have
tell

such a person ever existed, lie been named from his knowledge,
;

of letters, for in the ancient I'ersian, ka-\ deem signified language Ir. ctiadham, to
or relate
;

inclosure made with palUsades for Johnson. confining wild beasts. Johnson. .3. A prison for petty criminals. 4. In carpentry, an outer work of tiiidjer, inclosing another within it as the cage of a wind mill or of a stair case. Encyc. A0E, v.t. To confine in a cage; to shut Donne. u)), or confine. A'(jiIT, n. A beautiful green parrot of the
;

An

CAKE, CAKE,
CAKE,

A hard swelling on the flesh or rather a concretion without .juch swelling. V. t. To t'orin into a cake or mass. V. i. To concrete, i>r form into a hard mass, as dough in an oven, or as flesh or any other substance. Addison.
11.

t.

"To cackle.
;

[.Vo<

i/serf.]

Ray.

CAL'ARASII,
1.

ceadaeh, talkative

ceadal, a
to

Or he may have been story. his eminence or antiquity,

.sense

named from CAG'UI,

vvheiKC the or his
;

Philippine
n.

isles.

A monkey

Dirl.of N'at. Hist. of Brazil, of two

2.

Dip kadain,
;

species,

precede of

Arabic, to
])riority

excel

other

an<l

anticpiity

They

one of them called the pongi, tin not more than six inches long. are called also jacchus and redipns.
Encyc. Diet, of .Vat. Hist. n. [Fr.] skiff belong-

)!. [i^]). calabaxa, apum|)kin, a gourd, a calabash Port, calahaca. Qu. Or. xa'Artr;, a water-pot or pitcher.] A vessel made of a dried gourd-shell or of the shell of a calabai-h tree, used for containing liquors, or goods, as pitch, rosin

and ihc

like.

Encyc.

])opiilar

name of

Cucurbita.

the gourd-plant, or Earn, of Plants.

n.

name may denote a man (iom the East. eAD'MIA, n. An oxyd of ziid< which col- AI
on tlie siiles of furnaces where zink sublimed, as in brass limnderies. This substance is readily volatilized on charle ts
is

[See Cayman.] CAIRN, n. [Welsh, cam.] A heap of stones or CAISSOON', n. [Fr. from coal, by the oxy-bydrogen blowpipe, and CA'ISSON, See Case.] caisse, a chest. it burns with the usual beautiful combustion of zink. Pulverized, mixed with char- 1. A wooden chest into which several bombs are put, and sometimes gunpowder, to be coal powder, wrapped in sheet copper, and laid in the way of an enemy, or under heated with the compound blowpipe, it some work of which the enemy intend to SiUiman. readily forms brass. AD'MiUM, )!. A metal discovered by M. possess themselves, and to be fired when Encyc. they get possession. Stroineyer, in 1817, in carbonate of zink, at 2. A wooden frame or chest used in laying Hanover. Its color is a fine white, with a the foundation of tlie pier of a bridge. shaile of bluish that of
gray, reseiidding tin. Its texture is compact, its fracture hackly, and it is susceptible of polish. It is ductile and malleable, and ulien fu.sed, It melts becrystalizes in octahedrons. low a red heat, and suffers no change in air. Ure. CIcaveland.
71.
.3.

AIMAN.

or CAIQUE, ing to a galley.

CAL'ARASH-TREE,
cies,

tree of

two spe-

known in botany by the generic name Cresctntia. The cujete has narrow leaves, but a large roimd or oval fruit. The latifolia has broad leaves. The shell of the fruit is used lor cups, bowls, di.shes and other utensils. Encyc. CALA'DE, i. The slope or declivity ot a
rising

manege-ground.
n.

CALA'ITE,
mande
amaco.

A name
n.
;

Encyc. given to the turcallimanque, cal; Sp. cal-

quois; which see.

CALAMANCO,
;

[Fr.

D. kalmink

G. kalmank
a spot.]

Qu.
stufl',

.Sp. winccr,

woolen
ed

chest, or waggon. a ca])tive, a slave, CA'ITIFF, [It. catti'wo, a rascal ; caltivare, to master, to enslave. This word is from the L. captivus, a capThe tive, from capio or capto, to take.
n.

An ammunition

Encyc.

in the

of a warp.
n.

fine gloss,

and checkerEncyc.

CAL'AMAR,

CADU'CEUS,
ry's rod
;

[L.]

In anti.juily, Mercu-

sense of knavert/

is

a wand entwisted by two serpents, borne by Mercury as an ensign of On medals, the Caduquality and ofiice. ceus is a symbol of good conduct, ])eace and prosperity. The rod represents power; the
scrjients,
n.

nection between slave and vice.]

ink-horn, and An animal, having an oblong body and ten On the belly are two bladders conlegs. taining a black fluid, which the animal from the natural conemits when pursued. It is called also the degradation of a sea-sleeve and cuttle-fish.
:

[Sp. id.; It. calamaia, an this animal.]

A mean
plies a

villain

a despicable knave

it

im-

Sp. Diet.

Diet. ofJ\at. Hist.

nnxture of wickedness and misery.

Johiison.

CAL'AMBAC,
some of
spungy

n.

[Sp. calambiico.]

Aloes-

wisdom; and the two CAJ'EPUT,

wings, diligence and activity.

CADU'CITY,
fall.]

Enci/c. [L. cnrfucus. from fo</o,' to Tendency to fall. [Little used.]

Chesterfield.
a.
;

n. An oil from the East Indies, resembling that of cardamoms, obtained from the Melaleuca leucodendron. Encyc.

wood, xyloe-aloes, a drug, which is the product of a tree growing in China and
the Indian isles. It is of a light texture, ver}' porous, and the pores so filled with a soft fragrant resin, that it may be indented by the fingers and chewed like mastich. It is also called tambac. The two coarser kinds are called lignum
aloes,

CAJO'LE,

CADL"Ol'S,
falling early

[L.

sujira.]

In hoimuil

To

rangeoli.
flatter
;

v.t. [Fr. cajoler, enjoler ; Arm. See Gull.] to soothe ; to coax ; to deceive n.

as caducous leaves, which fall before the end of summer, A caducous calyx falls before the corol is well unfolded.

or delude by flattery.

CAJO'LER,

flatterer

Hudibras. a wheedler.

and calambour.
n.

Encyc.
species of the aloes-

CAL'AMBOUR,

Martyn.'

CiE'CIAS,

n. [L.] wind from the north-1 east, [and in Latin, according to AinsjyRUon. wortli, from the north-west.]

CAESARIAN. [See Cesnrian.] CjESURA. [See Cesura.] A substance obtained from AF'FEIN,
?7.

wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a CAJOLERY, n. light, friable texture, and less fragrant delude. than calanibac. This wood is used by cabinet-makers and inlayers. CAJO'LING, ppr. Flattering wheedling Encyc. deceiving. CALAMIF a. [calamus and fero.] A Mexican animal resembling ProducingEROUS, having a long, hollow, CAJO'TA^^ji. plants a wolf and a dog. Clavigero. knotted stem. Chambers. CAKE, n. [D. koek ; G. kuchen Dan. kage or n. calFlattery; a wheedling to Burke.
;
;

CAL'AJIINE,
zink,

CAL'AMIN,
in the

it

an infusion of unroasted coffee, by treating with the muriate of tin. Ure.

Sw. haka;

Ch.

i;o

Pers,

aminaris, or cadmia

fossilis

^\^;Syr.

much used

Lapis an ore of composition of

;

Vol.

I.

30

C A L
This term is applieii both to the silicf oils oxytl and the native carbonate of ziuk. Tliey can scarcely be distinguished
brass.
J.

C A L
4.

C A L
CAL'CINATE,
e"'fO
i>.

by their external cliaracters. They are generally compact, often stalactitic, and sometimes crystalized. Most of the calamines of England and Scotland are said to be carbonates. Encyc. Cleavelttnd.

rush or reed used anciently as a pen to write on parchment or papyrus. Encyc. A sort of reed, or sweet-scented cane, used by tlie Jews as a perfume. It is a knotty root, reddish without and white within, and filled with a spungy substance. It has an aromatic smell. Brown. Calmet.

t.

To

calcine.

[See CaL Bacon.

ALCINA'TION,
it is

n.

[from

calcine.]

The

operation of expelling from a substance by heat, some volatile matter with which
principle,
state.
is the cementing and thus reducing it to a friable Thus chalk and carbonate of lime are reduced to lime by calcination, or the expulsion of carbonic acid. The operation of reducing a metal to an oxyd, or metallic calx. This in modern

combined, or which

5.

The sweet

flag, called

by Liime Acorus.
Encyc.

CAL'AJIINT,
;

[L. calamintha ; Gr. xaT^l^wSfj (WiiSa, mentha, menta, mint.] plant, a species of Melissa, or baum, an
?!.

ALAN'DRA,
I

aromatic plant, and a

IValer-calamint mint.
is

weak

corroborant.

Encyc.
a species of Mentha, or
v.
t.

n. A species of lark, withj a thick bill, the upper part of the body of a reddish brown, spotted with black, with a body thicker than the sky-lark.

3.

chiiiiisti7 is called

oxydation.
n.

CALAN'DRE

or

CAL'AMISTRATE,
the hair.

To

curl or frizzle

French name of a species of insect of the CAL'CINE,

beetle kinti, very destructive in granaries.

CAL'ANDER,

n.

The

AL'CINATORY,
cination.
V.
;

A vessel

used in
It.

cal-

t.

[Fr. calciner;

calcinare

[JVot used.]
n.

CALAMISTRA'TION,
ing the hair.

The

Cotgrave. act of cml-

Sp. calcinar
1.

from

calx.

CALAN'GAY,
CALASH',
calesa
1.
;

n.

Encyc. species of white parrot.

[JVot used.]

CAL'AMIT,
tic

n. [L. calaiyius, a reed.] A mineral, probably a variety of Tremolitc. It occurs in im])erfeet or roundetl jjrisma-

crystals,
is

longitudinally striated,
vitreous,

and

sometimes resembling a reed.

ture

Its struc-

more

foliated ; its luster or less shining.

.

and

Ash. 71. [Fr. caleche ; D. kales; Sp. Russ. koliaska.] chariot or carriage with very low light wheels, used for taking the air in parks and gardens. It is ojien, or covered with mantlets of cloth, tliat are let down at

To reduce a substance to a powder or to a friable state, by the action of heat; or to expel from a substance some volatile matter, combined with it, or forming its cementing principle, as the carbonic acid from limestone, or the water of crystalization from salts. To oxydize, as a metal ; to reduce to a metallic calx. To dissolve to destroy the principles
;

See Calx.]

2.

])leasure.

Cleaveland.

Werner.

Encyc. cover for the head sometimes used by

n.

3.

which

unite.
V. i.

Denham.

CALAM'ITOUS,
Calamity.]
1.

[Fr.

calamiteux.

See

ladies.

eAL'CINE,
In

eAL'AR,
;

involved in deep disVery miserable wretched tress; oppressed with infelicity from misfortune applied to men. Johnson. Catainy.
; ;

CALCARATE,
;

glass works, a kind of oven, or reverberating furnace, used for the calcination of sand and salt of potash, and converting them into frit. Encyc. a. [L. calcar, a spur; calx,
;

powder or

calx, by the action of heat.

AL'CIUM,
phy.]

be converted into a substance, or into a JVewton. n. [from L. calx.] The metallic

friable

To

basis of lime.

Davy.

CALCOGRAPII'ICAL,

3.

ii.

the heel; Ir. ccdg, a sting or goad.] Producing wretched applied to external circumstan- Furnislied witli a spur as a calcarate corol, in larkspur a calcarate nectary, a nectary Milton. ces ; as a calamitous event. resembling a cock's spur. distressful wretched Martyn. Full of
distress

and misery; making

a. [See CalcograPertaining to calcography.

ALOG'RAPHY,
ALC-SINTER,
of lime.
n.

n.

[L. calx, chalk,

and

misery

Gr. ypa^u, to engrave.] the likeness of chalk.

An

engraving in

applied

to state or condition.

Sozith.

ALCA'RIO-SUL'PHUROUS,
and Sulphur.] Having lime and sulphur
partaking of both.
in

a.

[See Calx

ALAMTTOUSLY,
bring great distress.

adv.
n.
;

In a

manner

to

eALAM'ITOUSNESS,
wretchedness; misery ducing misery.

Deep

distress;

combination, or Kirwan.
;

ALC-TUFF,
may

n.

An

carbonate of lime.

Stalactitic carbonate Urt. alluvial formation of Ure.

tlie

quality of pro-

eALA'RIOUS,

CALAMITY,
. JlT

7!.

[L.
to

calamitas.

Qu. Ar
to

calcanus. See Calx.] Partaking of the nature of lime having the qualities of lime as calcarious earth or stone. Encyc. Kirwan.
a. [L.
;

CALCULABLE,
culation.

o. [See Calculate.] That be calculated, or ascertained by cal-

kalama,

wound Heb. Ch. dSo

;

ALAVAL'LA,
from Portugal.

n.

kind of sweet wine

CALC'ULARY,

n.

[L. calceatus, The sense of the verb ecus, a shoe.] down. But the origin Shod ; fitted with or wearing shoes. Johnson. micertain.] Any great misfortune, or cause of misery AL'CEDON, n. [See Chalcedony.] With generally applied to events or disaster Jewelers, a foul vein, hke chalcedony, in which produce extensive evils, as loss of some precious stones. Ash. ) crops, earthquakes, conflagrations, defeat ALCEDON'I, re ^j. ; j of armies, and the like. Hut it is applied ALCEDO'NIAN, \ " ^^"^ Chalcedony. also to the misfortunes vvliicb bring great Pertaining to or resembling chalcedony. distress upon individuals. Milton. Prior. Encyc. Kinvan. iac
is,

make ashamed.
of the word
is

Under this root, the Syr-

AL'CEATED,

a.

Mason. from cal

A congeries

[L.

calculus, a pebble.]

has calamity.

to strike, to beat

of little stony knots dispersed through the jiarenchyma of the pear and other fruits, formed by concretions of the sap. Encyc.

CALC'ULATE,
lare
;

v.

f.

S]).

calcular

[Fr. caleuler ; It. calcuLat. calculo ; from ; o , o ,

calculus,

a pebble.
;

Ar. Syr.

^ < xj>.j'

gravel.]

To compute

Tlie deliberations of calamity are rarely wise, Burlse.

ALCEDONY.
to produce.]

See Chalcedony, the more

correct orthography.

AL'AMUS,

stalk or stem, a reed, stubble

a. [of ca/x, lime, and /ero, Producing calx or lime, a. [of cak, lime, and /orma, In the form of calx. form.] calamus scriptorius, a writing reed ^Xi" CALCIMU'RITE, n. [of co/r, lime, and mi/or ])en. The verb in Arabic signifies to ria, salt water.] cut or pare. But qu., for it would seem A of species of earth, of the muriatic

n.

[L.

from Gr.
;

xa-ka.jj.af,

CALCIF'EROUS,

Eth. and Ar

reckon to add, subtract, multiply or divide any sums, for the purpose of finding the amount, difl^erence, or other result. Thus, to calculatel\ie exjienses of erecting a house, is to estimate and add together the several sums which each part of the materials and the work will
to
;

CAL'CTFORM,

cost.
2.

bers
.3.

to
1.

The

be allied to culmus.] generic name of the Indian cane

called also rotang. It is without branches, has a crown at the top, and is beset with spines. Encyc. 2. In a jjipe or a wind inanliijuily,
fistula,

genus, a blue or olive green color, of the consist ence of clay. It consists of calcarious earth and magnesia tinged with iron.

ascertain by the use of tables or numas, to calculate an echpse. tables upon mathematical principles, as logarithms, epiiemerides, &c.
;

To

To form

To compute
at

a certain
;

the situation of the planets time, for .astrological pur-

poses

as, to ca/ci/Zn/f the birth

Kirwan.

of a person. Shak.

CALCI'NABLE,
may be
calcined

a.
;

[See

Caldne.]

That

strument,

made of a reed

or oaten stalk

cajiable of being reduced to a friable state by the action of fire

Eiic^c.

Encyc.

adjust by coinjiutation to fit or ])repare by the adapt.itioii of the means to the end as, to calculate a system of laws for a free people.
; ;

To

C A L
Religion
is

C A L
Tillutson.

C A L
time of the

calculated for our benefit.

v. i. To mak*^ a coiiiputacalculate better tor ourselves

AL'ULATE,
tiou
;

calidus, hot ; from caleo, to be hot. This is ti-om the root of Eng. sccUd.] large kettle or boihr, of copper, or other
ter
;

new moon, by a

priest

who

called out or ])roclainied the

than
Ill

as, for otiiers.

we

to intend or purpose, that is, to make ara man raiigeiiKMits, ami loriii a plan ; as, Tliis use ol calculates to i;i) a journey. tlie word spring-s IVoni tlie practice o( com-

popular

use, tliis

word

is

often equivalent

metal, fiunished with a movable handle or bail, svitli whicli to hang it on a chimAddison. ney hook.

CALECIIE, [See Calash.) C,\LEUONlAN,((. Pertaining to Caledonia, an ancient name of Scotland. The teraihleil

probably, the hill or town of the Gaels, or mind in furniing Citels, the primitive inhabitants.] CALCULATED,;;/;. Conipuieil reckoned eALEDO'NL\N, ;i. A native of Caledonia, now Scotland. suited adapted hy design. AL'ULATiNG, ppr. Cnin|Hiting reck- ALEI'A'CIE\T, a. [See Calefaction, Culoning; adapting hy design adjusting. eft/.] Warming; beating. C.\LllLA'TIOi\, H. The art, practice or CALEFA'CIENT, n. That which warms

puting; or estimating

tlie

stances

which concur
its

to

\arious circiuiiinfluence the

mination by

ia,
tin;

signifies a country,

and was
signifies

fact, to the people, and the number of the calends, or the day of the nqnes. Others alledge that the people hehig convened, the pontifex proclaimed the several feasts or liolidays in the month a custom which was discontinued in the year of Rome 450, when the fasti or calendar was set up in public places, to give notice of the festivals.
;

Rinnans.

C'aledon

Encyc.

Mam's Rom.
;

Ant.

CAL'ENTURE,
;

deterrninatlons.
;

manner of computing by numbers.

use of nunibers,
liy

The

or beats.

addition, subtraction, for tlic purpose niultiplication, or division, of arriving at a certain result. Thus comfor putations in astronomy and geom(!tiy making tables of numbers are called cal;

CALEFACTION,
c(UcJ'ar,io,

The

n. [L. cakfactio, from to make warm. See Calefy.] act or opi^ation of warming or heating; the production of heat in a body by the

71. [.Sp. cakntura, heat, a fever with irregular pnle calentar, to beat from L. c<ileo, to be hot. Russ. katyu, to heat, to make red or red hot.] violent ardent fever, incident to persons in hot climates, especially natives of cooler climates. It is attended with delirium, and one of the symptoms is, that the person afVected imagines the sea to bo a

green

field,

and sometimes attempting to

is

walk

in
n.

it,

lost.

Encyc.

Coxe.

C*ALF,

culations. 2. The result

action of file, or by the communication of heat from other bodies. Kiuip. Encyc.\ of an arithmetical operation I. The state of being heated. Johnson. Hooker. CALEFACTIVE, I computation reckoning. "' [See Calefaction.] That makes warm 3. Estimate funned in the mind by compar- CALEFACTORY, ^ >r hot that communicates beat. ing the various circumstances and facts whicii inHuence its determination. C.VL'EFY, I', i. [L. calif 0, to become warm, 1. AL'ULATIVE, a. Pertaining to calcula- or hot; iVoni adeo i\iii\fo oryaci'o.] Burke. To tion 2. tending to cali'ulate. grow hot or warm ; to be heated. Brown. .\L'UL.\TOK, 71. One who computes or reckons one who estimates or considers CAL'EFY, v. t. To make warm or hot. the force and eflect of causes, with a view Johnson. 3. to form a correct estimate of the effects. CAL'END.\R, n. [L. calendarium, an acSee Calends.] 4. ount book. CAL'ULATORY, a. Belonging to calcuJohnson. I. A register of the year, in which the hition.
;
;

phi. calves, pron. c'avz. [Sax. cealf; few. kalf; Dan. kalv ; D. kalf;
c'aff,
;

and the O. kalti

sue,
is

yei]> kalveyi, to calve, to vomit; kallien. The primary sense is is-

throwing out. Ileucc the word the protuberant part of the leg, a push, a swell.] The young of the cow, or of the bovine
fidiii

applieil to

person

genus of quadruiieds. In contempt, a dolt an ignorant, stupid a weak or cowardly man.

; ;

The thick fleshy part of the leg behind ; so called from its protuberance. Wiseman. The calves of the lips, in Hosea, signify the
pure offerings of prayer, praise and thanksgiving.

Drayton.

ALC'LTLE,
Obs.

n.

Reckoning; computation.
Howel.
a.
;

AL'ULOUS,
2.

hard Uke stone

[Supra.] Stony; gritty; as a calculous concretion

Brown.
Affected with the gravel or stone
;

as a

iJALO'UHJS,

calculous ])erson. Sharp. The n. [L. See Calculate.] stone in the bladder or kidneys. The calculus in the bladiler is called lithia.sii; in

months, weeks, and days are set down in with the feasts observed by the church, &c. ; an almanack. It was so named from the Roman Calenda; the name given to the first day of the month, anil written, in large letters, at the head of each month. [See Calends.] Encyc. A list of ])risoiiers in the custody of the
order,
sherifi'.

Broion.
a.
71.

C>ALF-LIKE, C^ALF-SKIN,

Resembling a

calf.

Shnk.

calf: or leather

The hide or skin of a made of the skin.

CAL'IBER, 77. [Fr. and Sp. calibre.] 1. The diameter of a body; as the caliber of
2.

Eng.

2.

'i.

3. All orderly table or enumeration of perthe kidneys, nephritis. sons or things. Encijc. Encyc. In mathematics Differential calculus, is Calendar-month, a solar month as it stands the arithmetic of the infinitely small differin Almanacks. ences of variable quantities; the method CAL'ENDAR, v. t. To enter or write in a of differencing quantities, or of finding an calendar. infinitely small (piantity, which, being ta- CAL'ENDER, v. t. [Fr. calendrer ; Sp. calken infinite times, shall be equal to a giventar, to heat, to urge or press forward ; with the docen quantity. This coincides from caleo, to be hot.] trine of rtu.xions. Enci/c. To press between rollers, for the purpose of making smooth, glossy and wavy as Exponential calculus, is a method of differor of findwoolen and silk stuffs and linens. encing exponential quantities; ing and summing up the differentials or CAL'ENDER, 7i. A machine or hot press,
;

least

moments of cxponenlial quantities; oral of bringing them to geometrical constructions.

Encj/c.

4.

.>.

Intef!:ral calcubts, is a method of integrating or summing up moments or differential quantities; tho inverse of the differential calculus. Enci/c. Literal calculus, is specious arithmetic or

algebra.

CALDRON,
dron,
;

n. cawl'dron.

now

chaudron

Encyc. [Old Fr. chaulBasque, galda, to

;
;

used in manufactories to press cloths, forj the purpose of making them smooth, even and glossy, laying the nap, watering them and giving them a wavy appearance. Itj consi.sts of two thick rollers or cylinders,! lowplaced between hoards or planks, the er one being fixed, the upjier one movable, and loaded with a great weight. Encyc. CAL'ENDRER, n. The person who calenders cloth.

a column, or of a bullet. Encyc. The bore of a gun, or the extent of its bore. Caliber-compasses, calibers, or callipers, a sort of compasses made with arched legs, to take the diameter of round bodies, as masts, shot, &c. The legs move on an arch of brass, on which are marked the inches and half inches, to show how far the points of the compasses are opened asunder. Encyc. Caliber-rule, Gunner's Callipers, an instrument in which a right line is so divided as that the first part being equal to the diameter of an iron or leaden ball of one ])ound weight, the other parts are to the first as the diameters of balls of two, three, four, &c. pounds, are to tho diameter of a ball of one pound. It is used by engineers, to determine, from a ball's weight, its diameter or cahber and vice

CAL'ENDS,
Gr.

heat galdarea, a great kettle It. caldaia, or caldaro, !i caldron caldo, heat and hot Sp. calda, boat caldear, to beat, to weld iron caldera, a caldron ; Port, caldeira, a caldron L. caldarium, id calda, hot wa;
; ;

n. plu. [L. ca/e7!rfa;, from See Call] xa7.fu, Eng. to call.

calo,

Among

the

Romans, the

first

day of each
is differ-

month.

The

origin of this

name

ently related.

Varro supposes

originated in the practice

it to have of notifying the

Encyc. n. [L. calix; Fr. calice ; Sax. eoa cup Gr. xi?.i|. It is usually written chalice but incorrectly.] A cup appropriately, a communion cup, or vessel used to administer the wine in the sacrament of the Lord's supper. It is used by the Roman Catholics in the mass. C.VL'ICO, 7!. [said to be from Calicut, in In England, wliite India.] Cotton cloth. or unprinted cotton cloili is called cabeo.

versa.

CALTCE,
lic,
; ;

C A L
la tl]c riiiteil States, calico is printed cotton cloth, having not more than two I have never heard this name colors. given to the imprinted cloth. Calico was originally imported from India, but is now jnanufactnred in Europe and the United
States.

C A L
Danes have borrowed the Spanish and French word to express the idea. Skinner deduces the word I'rom Fr. calage, tow
"

C A L
8.

appoint or designate, as for an office, duty or employment. See, I have called by name Bezaleel. Ex

To

AL'ICO-PRINTER,
pation
is

n.

One whose occuto

to print raliioes.

CAL'ID, a. [L. caUilus, from raleo, Hot; burning; ardent.

be hot.]

Johnson.

CALID'ITY, CAL'IDUCT,
heat,

n.

Heat.

Brown.

n.

and duco,

[L. caleo, to be hot, color, to lead.]

a pipe or canal used Among to convey heat from a furnace to the apartments of a house. CA'LIF, n. written also caliph and kalif.
the Ancients,

[from

Ar.

i_ii-L

calafa,

succeed,
iven

Hence a calif is a successor, a title to the successors of Mohammed.]

;

A successor or vicar a representative of Mohammed, bearing the same relation to him as the Pope pretends to bear to St. Peter. Among the Saracens, or Mohanmiedans, a calif is one who is vested with supreme dignity and power in all matters relating
This title is to religion and civil policy. borne by the Grand Siguier in Turkey, and by the Sophi of Persia. Encyc.

A'LIF'ATE, A'1,IPHATE,
from
ness
;

)
S
ji.

The

office or dignity
tlie

of

a calif; or

govern-

KA'LIFATE, ) mentofacalif Harris. CALIGA'TION, n. [L. catigatio, dimness,

caligo, to

be dark.] Darkness

dim-

cloudiness.

To drive oakimi or old ropes untwisted, xxxl. Paul called to be an apostle. Rom. i. into the seams of a ship or other vessel, 9. To invite ; to warn ; to exhort. Is. xxii. 12. to prevent their leaking, or admitting waCruden. After the seams are filled, they are ter. 10. To invite or draw into union with Christ : covered with hot melted pitch or rosin, to to bring to know, heheve and obey the keep the oakum from rotting. Rom. viii. 28. gos])el. 3. in some parts of America, to set upon a Heb. ii. xi. horse or o.\ shoes armed with sharp points 11. To own and acknowledge. 12. To invoke or appeal to. of iron, to prevent tlieir slipping on ice ; 1 call God for a record. 2 Cor. i. that is, to stop from slipping. 13. To esteem or account. Is. Iviii. 5. Mat. CALK, n. cauk. In JVeiv-Eugland, a sharp iii. 1.5. pointed piece of iron on a shoe for a horse To call down, to invite, or to bring down. or an ox, called in Great Britain calkin : To call back, to revoke, or retract to recall j used to prevent the animal from slipping. man who calks; to sunjinon or bring back. ALK'ER, n. cauk'cr. To call for, to demand, require or claim, as sometimes perhaps a calk or pointed iron a crime calls for punishment ; or to cause on a horse-shoe. \LK' E,T), pp. cauk'ed. Having the seams to grow. Ezek. xxxvi. Also, to speak for ; to ask to request ; as, to call for a dinstopped ; furnished with shoes with iron ner. points. To call in, to collect, as to call in debts or CALK'IN, n. A calk. or to draw from circidation, as ; CALK'ING, ppr. cauk'ing. Stopping the money in to call clijiped coin ; or to summon toseams of a ship; putting on shoes with gether ; to invite to come together ; as, to iron points. call in or friends. CALK'ING, . cauk'ing. In painting, the To call neigld)ors forth, to bring or summon to action; covering of the hack side of a design with as, to call forth all the faculties of the mind. black lead, or red chalk, and tracing lines To call off, to smnnion away ; to divert ; as, to through on a waxed plate or wall or othcall off' the attention ; to call off workmea er matter, by passing lightly over each fripm their employment. stroke of the design with a point, which To call up, to bring into view or recollection; leaves an impression ofthc color on the to call up the image of a deceased as, Chambers. |)late or wall. friend to bring into action, or disCALK'ING-IRON, n. cnuk'ing-iron. An in- cussion ; also, call as, to , up a bill before a legisused in strument like a
1.
;

chisel,

calking

lative

In medical authors, caligation or caligo, is an opakeness or cloudiness of the anterior surface of the crystaline lens, causing dimness of sight impaired sight from obstruction to the passage of light, or cataract. Co.re. Encyc. ALlG'INOUS, a. Dim obscure dark.
; ; ;

CALL,

eALlG'INOUSNESS,n.Dimness;obscurity.

ALIGRAPH'I,

[Infia.] Pertaining to fVarton. elegant penmanship.

a.
}

eALIGRAPHY,
ALLIG'R.VPHY,
^typcMj'ta.]

"'

[Gr. mios, fair, and ypa^w, to write xax;

Fair or elegant writing, or penmanship. Pridcanx. CA'LIN, n. A compound metal, of wliich the
Cliinese

make
n.

The

ingredients

tea canisters and the like. seem to be lead and tin.

caliber.]

Gr. xuXvu, h. caula ; Syr. Sam. Elh. to Ar. to keep ; L. celo. hold, or restrain The primary sense is to press, drive oifind the like elements and sigstrain. nification in Sax. giellan, or giillan, to yell Dan. galer, to crow. Class Gl. The VV. galic is connected in origin with gallu, to be able, to have power, may, can, Eng. could, the root of gallant, L. gallu.^, &c.] In a general sense, to drive to strain or force out sound. Hence, I. To name to denominate or give a name.
;

read a list, name by name ; V. t. [L. calo : Gr. xct?.fw; Svv. k/illa; to recite separate particidars in order, as Dan. kalder ; W. galw, to call D. kallen, a roll of names. Ch. kSd in Aph. to call, to thun- To call to talk out, tosunmion to fight to challenge der Heb. to hold or restrain, which is the also, to sunnnon into service as, to call out

sliips.

body.

To

call over, to

the niihtia.

We

To call to mind, memory.

to recollect

to revive in

CALL,

i>.

i.

To

dress by name times with to.

Tlie angel of
2.

utter a loud sound, or to adto utter the name ; some;

God

To

called to Hagar.
;

Gen.

xxi.
;

stop,

make a

without intention of staying

to

short st0|)

as, to call at the inn.

CALTVER,
A'LIX,
1.

[from

'

Encrji "
' "

kind of

'2.

To convoke

And God culled (lie light day, and the darkGen. i. ness he called nij^ht. to summon ; to direct or ;
;

This use Johnson supposes to have originated in the custom of denoting one's presence at the door by a call. It is common,
in this phrase, to use o/, as to call at the. inn ; or on, as to call on a friend. This ap])lica-

Shak hanilgim, musket or arqueljuse. n. [h. calix;Gv. xvXi^.] A cup. 2. The mendirane which covers the papillain tlie pelvis of the human kidney. Core. But it seems to be erroneously used for
calyx,

order to lueet
public notice
;

to

assemble by order or
;

tion

often witli together

as, the

kallen.

seems to be eipiivalent Let us speak at this

to speak,
jilace.
;

D.

3.

which
II. t.

see.
I.

king called his council together ; the president crdled together the congress. To request to meet or come. He sent his serV;ants to call tliem that were bidden. Math. xxii.

To

a short visit to also, to payment, or make a demand of a debt. In a theological sense, to jiray to or as, to call on the name of the worshi])
call on, to

make

solicit

Lord.

Gen.

iv.

To

repeat solemnly.

CALK,

cauk. [Qu. the connection of this word with the Sp. calafeiear ; It. calafatart ; Port, calafetar ; Arm. calefcli ; Fr. calfater, to smear with cement or mortar

To

invite.
I

Dry den.
To
call out,

to utter a loud voice

iise

to

bawl;

5.

Ar. (_jiX9 kalafa, to stop the seams of ships

6.

with fine moss, &c., and pay them over with pitch ; Sam. id. It may be corrupted from this word if not, it may be from the Dun. frrt/fr, calx, lime or mortar; but this
;

7.

seems not probable.

The Germans and

of the phrase. Prov. i. CALL, n. A vocal address, of summons or To invite or summon to come or be pres- invitation as, he will not come at a call. ent; to invite, or collect. Demand requisition public claim 2. as, Call all your senses to yon. listen to the crt//s of justice or humanity. To give notice to come by authority to 3. Divine vocation, or sumnioiis as the call of Abraham. conunanil to come call a servant. as, To proclaim to name, or puhhsh the 4. Invitation request of a public body or name. society as, a clergyman has a call to setth in the ministry. Nor parish clerk, who calls the psalm so clear
;
; :

Because

have

called

and

ye

refused.

a popular

J I

Gay

5.

A summons

from heaven

impulse.

C A L
St.

C A L
when he
per-

C A L
A
galvanic instrument, in which the calorilio influence or effects are attended by scarcely Hare. anv electrical power. CALOTTE, > [Fr. calotte] A cap or CALO'TIO, ^ coif, of hair, satin or other

[L. callus, from calleo, to be Locke secuted llie christians. hard ; Sans, kalla, stone.] Denkam. Any cutaneous, corneous, or bony liardness, <i. Autliority; command. 7. slioit viait ; as, to itiake a call to give but giMierally the new growth of osseous <ifie a call; that is, a speaking to; L). matter between the extremities of fracturkalltn. To give one a call, is to Bto[i a ed bones, .serving to unite them ; also, a

Paul believed he

hail a call,

AL'LUS,

n.

"

stufT,
2.

worn

in

or say a word or to hav(; a short conversation vvitli. In this sense 8. Vocation employment. calling is generally used. Bacon. 9. A iiaiiiing a nomination. 10. Among Imnttrs, a lesson blown on tlie

popish countries, as an eccle-

moment and speak

;

hardness
sible

in the skin

a hard, dense, insenfeet,

siastical

ornament.

knob on the hands,

&c.

CALM,
1.

Encyc. Coxe. a. cam. [Fr. calme ; Sp. calma ; It. calma ; I), kalm. tin. Gr. a;a>.a" It. calare, to decrease or abate Sp. calar, to sink.]
; ;

In archiUrlure, a round cavity or depression, in form of a cup or cap, lathed and plastered, used to diminish the elevation of
a chapel, cabijiet, alcove,
&:.c.,

uhi(di

would

Encyr. horn, to coml()rt tlic; houiid.s. 11. Among seamen, i\ wliistle or pipe, used to summon liy the boatswain and his mate,
tlie sailors to their

Still

Hence
2.

as the air. qniet being at rest not stormy or tempestuous ; as a

;
;

otherwise be too high for other pieces of the apartment. Harris. Encyc.

CALOY'ERS, orCALGOERI,
;

n.

Monks

duty.

Encyr.

calm day. Undisturbed

sea.

not agitated
;

as

a calm

The English name of the mineral called by the Germans tungsten or wolfram. Encyc. 13. Among/w/er, the noise or cry of a towl or a pipe to call birds by imitating their voice. Encyc. Bailey.
12.

of the Greek chnndi, of three orders ; archari, or novices ordinary professed, or microchemi ; and the more perfect, called
megalochemi.
cenoliites,

.3.

Undisturbed by passion
excited
;

not agitated or

CALM,
and

14.

One who CALL'ER, AL'LET, I " A tridi, CAL'LAT, S u.'ied.] AL'LET, V. i. To rail
ji.

In legislative bodies, the call of the hou.se, a calling over the names of the members, to discover who is absent or for other purpose u calling of names with a view to obtain answers from the persons named. 6ALL'ED, pp. Invited summoned addressed named ap))ointeil invoked ; asseni bled by order recited.
is
;
;

; (jniet tranquil ; as the inind,j temjier, or attention. JI. Stillness tranquillity ; quiet : freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance ; applied to the elements, or to the mind\
;

They are also divided into who are ein[>loyed in reciting their oflices, from midnight to sunrise; anchorets, who retire and live in hermitages
;

and

redt(.?es,

who shut

themselves up

CALM,

It is intermediate ruginous limestone. between conq)act limestone and marl. Kirwan. Cleaveland. Phillips. or a scold. n. [ATot CALMIN(;, ppr- Stilliiig C.'Mi'TROP, [Sax. coltrappe, a si)ecies appeasing. Skak CALMLY, adv. In a quiet manner; withof thistle, rendered by Lye, rhamnus, and to scold. out disturbance, agitation, tumult, or viocarduus stellatus. The French has chausse[ATot ii The Italian calcalreppolo is from lence without passion quietly. Kse.] trape. ALL'ING, ppr. Inviting ; summoning na "ALMNESS, i. Quietness; stillness; tran- calcare, to tread, and triholo, a thistle L. niiiig addressing invoking. tribiUus.] quillity applied to the clevients. ALL'1NG, n. A naming, or inviting; a 2. Quietness mildness unruffled state ap- 1. A kind of thistle, the Latin trihulus, with reading over or reciting in order, or a cal plied to the mind, pns.iions or temper. a roundish prickly ])ericarp on one side, of names with a view to obtain an answer *ALMY, a. Calm quiet peaceable. gibbous, often armed with three or four as in legislative bodies. Spenser. Cou'ley.\ daggers; on the other side, angular, con2. Vocation profession trade usual occu AL'OMEL, n. [Qu. Gr. xa>,o{, fair, aiid It grows verging with transverse cells. pation, or cmplovmcnt. fifj.05, black, or ^^thiops mineral.] in France, Italy and Spain, among corn, 1 Gor. vii. 30. A Suift. of meiciiry, much used in Pope. preparation and is very troublesome, as the prickles Class of persons engaged in any professifm 3. medicine. It is called the submuriate ori run into the feet of cattle. Hammond. or employment. Fam. of Plants. Miller. protocliloride of mercury, and is prepared 4. Divine summons, vocation, or invitation. in various ways, by sublimation or precipiIn military affairs, an instrument with four Give all diligence to make your calling and and also in the dry way. The foltation, iron jioiiits, disposed in a triangular form, 2 Pet. i. election siirc. lowing are the directions given in the last so that three of them being on the ground, AL'LIOPE, i. cal'liopy. In Pagan myLondon Pharmacopieia. Take of muriated the other points upward. These arc scatthology, the muse that (n-esides over eloquicksilver one pound, and of purified tered on the ground where an enemy's and heroic ounces rub
; ;
;

CALMER,
;

calls.

to quiet as the wind, V. t. To still to still, appease, allay or or elements pacify, as the mind, or passions. Dryden. Mterbviy. 71. The person or thing that calms, or has the power to still, and make th.it which allays or pacifies. (piiet
; ; ;
;

passions.

South.

in grottos and caverns, on the mountains, and live on alms furnished to them by the

monasteries.

CALP,
its

Encyc. n. A sidispecies of carbonate of lime, of a bluish black, gray or grayish blue, but
streak
is

white, called also argillo-fer-

quence

]iortry.

CAL'LIPERS. CALLOS'ITY,

quick.silver, nine
till

them
;

togeth-

[See Calihcr.]
n. [Fr. callosite
;

er
h.callositas.

the ghdjules disappear

then sub-

cavalry are to

|)ass, to

inq)ede their progfeet.

lime, and repeat the sublimation twice See Callous.] niore successively. tf'ebsler. Hardness, or bony hardness ; the hardness of ALOR'I, n. The prin [L. calor, heat.] Coxe. the cicatrix of ulcers. cijde or matter of heat, or the simple eleCAL' LOUS, a. [L. co/to, hardness ; calico, to ment of heat. Lavoisier. be hard, to know or be skilled ; En Caloric may be defined, the agent to which
could,
1.
; ; ;

ress

by endangering the horses'

Encj/c.
n.

CAL'UMET,

or
2.

which sec.] the phenomena of heat and combustion Hard hardened indurated as an nlcei Ure. are ascribed. some part of the body. Jfiseman Cal'vic expands all bodies. Henry. Hardened in mind insensible unfeeling. ALOR'], a. Pertainiiig to the matter of
;
;

Dr. Addison. ihe aboriginals of Jlmerica, a pipe, used for smoking tobacco, whose bowl is usually of soft red marble, and the tube along reed, ornamented with The calumet is used as a symfeathers. bol or instrument of i)eace and war. To accept the calumet, isto agree to the terms

Among

Dryden

heat.

of |)eace, and to refiise it, is to reject them. The calumet of jjcaee is used to .seal or

CAL'LOUSLY,

the quality 01 feeling manner. causing bent; heating. |)r()dncing beat AL'LOUSNESS, Ji. Hanlness, induration CALORIM'ETER, n. [L. calor, heat, and insensibility, applied applied to the body Gr. ^frpor, measure.] to the mind or heart. Cheyne. Bentley. An apparatus for measuring relative quantiAL'LOW, a. [h: calhh ; L.'ca/i'us, bald ties of heat, or the s))ecitic caloric of bodo, ies ; or an instrument for measuring the G.kaU; B. kaal ; Fr. chanve : Purs. Vj heat given out by a body in cooling, from the quantity of ice it melts, invented by kal Russ. gold, bald, naked goleyu, to Lavoisier and Laplace. be stripped.] Destitute of feathers naked unfledged as AL'ORIMOTOR, n. [caloric andL.moor,| a young bird. Milton. mover.]
a.
;

adv.

In a hardened or un-

CALORIF'IC,

That has

and alhance.s, to receive strangers kindly, and to travel with safety. The calumet of war, differently made, is
ratify contracts

used to proclaim war.

CALUM'NIATE,
ingly, with

v. t. [See Calumnn.] To accuse or charge one falsely, and know-

some crime, offense, or something disreputable to slander.

;

CALIIMNIATE,

v.i. To charge falsely and knowingly with a crime or offense;

to propagate evil rejiorts with a design to

injure the reputation of another.

C A L
CALUM'NIATED,
pp. Slandered falsely and maliciously accused of what is criminal, immoral, or disgraceful.
;

C A L
ALVIN1ST'IC, ALVINIST'IeAL,
ions in theology.
I "
J

C A
AM'BER,
to bend,
ber.]
n.

Pertaijiing to Calvin, or to his opin-

[Fr. cambrer, to arch, to vault, from L. camera, a vault, a cham-

CALUMNIATING, ppr.
ALUMNIA'TION,
n.

a crime or ofl'ense, representation of the words or actious of another, with a view to injure his good

Slandering. False accusation of or a malicious and false

~ALVISH,a.
properly,

[i'rom calf.]

Like a calf. [More

Sheldon.
j

Among
]

catfish.]

ALX,
ceale,

n. ph\. calres or calces, [h. calx;

Sax.

name.

slanders ALUiM'NIATOR, one who falsely and knowingly accusej another of a crime or offense, or maliciously propagates false accusations or reports. a. Slanderous.
n.

One who

a stone, calculus, and chalk ; D. kalk ; G. kalk ; Sw. kalck ; Dan. kalk ; Fr. chaux. signifies chalk, lime, morand the heel, and from that is formed tar, calculus, a little stone. TheVord then signifies primarily, a lump, or clod, or ban If calx is mass, antl is allied to callus.

The same word

A canibered-deck,
I 1

builders, camber or camber-beam is a piece of timber cut archwise, or with an obtuse angle in the middle, used in platforms, where long and strong beams are As a verb, this word signifies to required. bend, but I know not that it is used.
is

one which

is

higher in
;

the middle, or arched, but drooping or decUning towards the stem and stern also,

when

it is

irregular.
;

the usual orthogra])hy was not ,AM'BERING,"y)/>r. or a. Bending arched ; observed by the Latins. See Calculate.] as, a deck lies cambering. Montagu. ALUM'NIOUS, a. Slanderous bearing or Properly lime or chalk but more a))propri iAM'BIST, n. [It. cambista, from cambio, implying calumny injurious to reputation ately, the substance of a metal or mineral exchange Sp. id.] banker one who deals in notes, and bills which remains after being sulijected to NIOUSLV, adv. Slanderously. Christ. Obs. ALUM'NIOUSNESS, n. Slanderonsness. violent heat, burning, or calcination, solu- of exchange. tion by acids, or detonation by niter, and ICAMBRIC, n. A species of fine white linen, Bp. Morton made of flax, said to be named irom Camwhich is or may be reduced to a fine powCAL'UMNY, n. [L. calumniu ; Fr. catomnie der. Metallic calxes are now called oxyds. It. calunnia. If )?i is radical, this word bray in Flanders, where it was first manumay be allied to calamity, both from the They are heavier than the metal from factured. which they are produced, being combined CAME, pret. of come, which .see. sense of falling upon, rushing, or throwing with oxygen. on. If m is not radical, this word may be Coxe. slender rod of cast lead, of Encyc. CAlME, n. which glaziers make theu" turned lead. the Gothic hulon, to calumniate, Saxon Calx nativa, native calx, a kind of marly to rush u))on. The word is found in earth, of a dead whitish color, which, in holan, Encyc. Ir. guUimne, calumny, guilimnighim, to water, bubbles or hisses, and without burn- CAM'EL, n. [h. camelus ; Gr. xof);?xi5 D. calimmiate or reproach]. ing, will make a cement, like hme or Dan. kameel ; G. kamel ; Ileb. Syr. Eth Slander false accusation of a crime or ofgypsum. lense, knowingly or maliciously made or Calx viva, quick-lime, is lime not slaked. hoi Ch. nSoj Ar. The Arabic 3,^ -. reported, to the injury of another; false ALYC'INAL, f " Pertaining to a calyx verb, to which this word belongs, signifies situated on a calyx. CAL'YCINE, ^ re|)resentation of facts reproachful to ai to be beautiful or elegant, to please or to other, made by design, and with knowlMartyn. behave with kindness and humanity. In edge of its falsehood ; sometimes followed CAL'YCLE, n. [L. calyculus. See Calyx.] Sax. gamele, or gamol, is a camel, and an In botany, a row of small leaflets, at the base by on. old man of the calyx, on the outside. The calycle gamnl-feax, one that has long Neglected calumny soon expires. hair; ganwl-ferhth, a man of a great mind. of the seed is the outer proper covering Murphy's Tacitu, CAL'VARY, 71. [L. calvaria, from calva, a or crown of the seed, adhering to it, to fa- In W. the word is cammarc, a crooked Ir. call), the head skull or scalp calcilitate its horse.] Sp.

CALUMNIATORY,
;

from

xo^'^^h

CALUM

disixirsion.

vario, calva
1.

Martyn.

particularly, the place crucified, on a small hill \vest of Jerusalem. In catholic countries, a kind of chapel raised on a hillock near a
;

It. e/i'o.]

place of skulls

CALYCULATE or CAL'YLED,
ALYP'TER,
n.

a.

nkv;

1.

large quadru[>ed used in Asia and Af-

where Christ was

ing a calycle at the base on the outside used of the calyx.

i.

as a place of devotion, in memory of the place where our Savior suffereil. In heraldry, a cross so called, set upon steps, resembling the cross on which our
city,

Saviour was crucified.

C'ALVE, V. i. cav. [from calf; Sax. To bring forth young, as a cow.

J.

cayian.]

In a metaphorical sense, and sometimes hy tvay of reproach, as when applied to the human race, to bring fiu'th to produce.
;

G'ALVES-SNOUT,
on, antirrhinum.

n.

i)lant,

snai)-drag-

calyx of mosses, according to Linne but not [(ropcrly a calyx. It is a kind of| vail, or cowl, which covers or is suspended over the tops of the stamens, like an extinMilne. guisher. The calyptra of mosses is an apjjendage of the capsule or female flower. It at first closely invests the capsule, and its summit is the stigma. As the capsule apjjroachcs maturity, the calyptra is detached below, and apiiendcd to the stigma like a hood. Smith. Cyc.
;

The

[Gr.

xa'kv^rrsfi,

a cover.]

lijr c:nrying bunlens, and for riders. a genus, the camel belongs to the order of Pecora. The characteristics are it has no horns it has six fore teeth in the under jaw the canine teeth are wide set, three in the upper and two in the lower jaw ;

rica

As

C.\L'VER,
use.]

V. t.

To To

CAL'VER,
not
fall to

V.

i.

pieces.
i.
)(.

[JVbt in B. Jonson. shrink by rutting, and Cotton. [J^ot in use.]

cut in slices.

CA'LYX,

n. plu. calyxes, [h. calyx ; Gr. xaXvi, a flower not opened, a husk or shell.
It has been confounded with xuXtS, calix, a cup.] outer covering of a flower, being the termination of the cortical epidernns or outer bark of the pl.uit, which, in jnost plants, incloses and supports the bottom of the corol. In Linne's system, it compre-

CAL'VILLE,
ardy
ui in

[Fr.]

sort of apple.

The

<:.\L'VINISM,

doctrines of Calvin,
fessor of divinity,

The theological tenets or who was born in Pic-

and there is a fissure in the upper lip. The dromedary or Arabian camel has one on the back, fiiur callous prolulieraiu-es on the lore legs and two on the hind legs. The Bactrian camel has two bimclies on the back. The Llama of South America is a smaller animal, with a smooth back, small head, fine black eyes, and very long neck. The Pacos or sheep of ChiU has Jio biuich. Camels constitute the riches of an Arabian, without which he could neither subsist, carry on trade nor travel o^er sandy desarts. Their milk is his common food. By the camel's power of sustaining abstinence from drink, for many days, and of subsisting on a few
bmicli

coarse
for the
2.

shruljs,

he

is

peculiarly

fitted

in 15-3(3, chosen proand minister of a church Geneva. The distinguishing doctrines of this system are, original sin, particular election and reprobation, particular re

France, and

hends the perianth, the involucrum, the

anient, the spath, the glume, the calyptra, and the volva. But in general it signifies the perianth, and the leaves are generally

parched and barren lands of Asia and Africa. In Holland, Camel, [or Kameel, as Coxe writes it,] is a machine fi)r lilting ships, and bearing them over the Pampus, at the

demption, effectual grace in regeneration, or a change of heart by the spirit of God justification by free grace, perseverance of
the saints, and the trinity.
;

mouth of
It is

The

CAI/VINIST, n. A follovver of Calvin one who embraces the theological doctrines of CALZOONS',
Calvin.

Milne. Martyn. Encyc green. opinion of Liime that the "calyx is the continuation of the epidernns is now considered erroneous. Ed. Encyc. Smith.
n.

the river Y, or over other bars. also used in other ])lnces, and particu-

larly at the d

ock

in

Petersburg, to bear
Enci/c.
like

vessels over a bar to Cronstadt. Coxe.

[Sp. calzones.]

Drawers.
Herbert.

AM'EL-BACKED,
a camel.

a.

[Ml

Having a back

English.]

Fuller

CAM
;

CAM
ford writes
1.

C A
CAMPA'IGN, ) AMPA'IN, i"it.]

M
[Fr.campasnri

Came'leon mineral. [See Chnmeleon.] A com- CAM'ERATE, v. t. [L. camera, from camera, a chamber, properly an arched roof] pound of pure potash and black oxyd of manganese, fused together, whose sohjtion To vault to ceil. [lAttle v^sed.] in water, at (irst green, passes spontane- CAftl'ERATED, a. cameralus, from [I., the wliole series oi' colored ously through camera.] Arched ; vaulted. and by the addition of CAMERA'TION, n. An arching or vaulting. rays to the red
;

'^"'/'"-

iucampaSna]

Sp. compaha ; Port, campanha ; from camp. This should be written campain, as Mit-

potash,

it

returns to

its

original green.
Ure.

CAM'IS,
It.

i.

[It.

camice.]

thin dress. [JVot

shirt
;

English.]

An open field ; a large open plain an extensive tract of ground without considerable hills. [See
;

CAM'ELOPARD,
The

n. [camelus andpardalis.] giraff, a species constituting tlie genus This animal lias two Camdopiirdalis. withnut branches, six inchstraight horns, es long, covered with hair, truncateil at the end and tufted. On the forehead, is a tubercle, two inches high, resembling another horn. The fore legs are not much longer than the hind ones, but the shoulders are of such a va.st length, as to render the fore part of the animal much liiche. than the hind part. The head is like'tliat of a stag the neck is slender and elegant, furnished with a short mane. The color of the wliole animal is a dirty white mark;

AMISAT)E,
An
of day,

n.

[Fr. from chemise, a

camicia ; Sp. camisa.] attack by surprise, at night, or at break when the enemy is supposed to be in bed. This word is said to have taken its rise from an attack of this kind, in which the soldiers, as a badge to distin guisli each other by, bore a shirt over their

time that an army keeps the field, either in action, marches, or in camj), without entering into winter quarters. A campaign is usu.dly from spring to autumn or winter but in some instances, armies make a winter campaign. AMPA'IGN, V. i. To serve in a campaign.
2.
;

The

Champaign.]

arms.

Encijc.

CAMPAIGNER,
in

Musgrave.
n.

One who has served

;

AM'lSATED,a. Dressed
wards.

with a

shirt out-

an army several campaigns

;

an old

sol-

iAM'LET,
A

n^

Johnson [from camel, sometimes writ

dier

a veteran.

now made, sometimes

is

ten camelot stuff originally

AM'EO, CAMATEU,

warp CAMPAN'ULATE, a. |L. campanula, a little and the woof is hair. The pure oriental In the form of a boll. bell.] Botany. camlet is made solely from the hair of a CAMPE'ACHY-WOQD, from Campeachy sort of goat, about Angora. Camlets are in Mexico. [it.canimeo; Fr. cnmayeu ; Sp. and Port. [See lyjgwood.] now made in Europe. Encyc. CAMPES'TRAL, ) camafeo.] [L.campestris, Crom AMPES TRIAN, I " campus, a field.] A peculiar .sort of onyx also, a stone on AM'LETED, a. Colored or veined. Herbert. whi<'h are found various Pertaining to an open field growing in a figures and repn. [Sax. cammoc, or cnmmec] field or open ground. resentations of landscapes, a kindoflusus CAM'MOC, Mortimer. A plant, petty whin or rest-harrow, On- CAM PHOR, 71. properly cafor. [Low L. naturae, exhibiting pictures without paintonis. The word is said to be the oriental camphora ; Fr. camphre ; It. can/bra; Sp. ing. camehuia, a name given to the onyx, when AM'OMILE, n. [Fr. camomille ; Ann. alcanfor ; Port, canfora ; D. and G. kamfer ; they find, in preparing it, another color cramamailh ; D. kamille ; G. id.; Dan. kumas who should say, another color. Ar. ecl-blomstcr ; L. chnmamelon, which seetu. iU kafor, kafuron, from ^i* The word is applied by others to those to be the Gr. aro/"!") earth, and jir^m; an kafara, Heb. Ch. Syr. 133 kafar, to drive precious stones, onyxes, carnelians and apple.] ofl", remove, separate, wipe away hence, on which lapidaries agates, employ their A genus of plants, AntheiTiis, of many spe to cleanse, to make atonement. It seems art, to aid nature and [lerfect the figures. cies. It has a cliafly receptacle the calyx to be named from its The word is also a))plied to any gem on purifying effects, or is heinispheric and subequal, and tlie from exudation. It will be seen that the which figures may be engraved. florets of the ray are more than five. The letter m in this word is The word signifies also a painting in casual.] common sort is a trailing perennial plant, A solid concrete juice or exudation, from the which there is only one color, and where has a strong aromatic smell, and a bitter laurus camphora, or Indian laurel-tree, a the lights and shadows are of nauseous taste. It is accounted carminagold, large tree growing v^ild in Borneo, Sumawrought on a golden or azure ground. tive, aperient, and emollient. &c. it is
silk

ed with larg(! broad nisty spots. This animal is found in the central and eastern parts of Africa. It is timid and not fleet.
Encyc.
or

made of camel's hair. It is and forma, fiirm.] of wool, sometime.' In the shape of a bell applied to Jlowers. of silk, sometimes of hair, especially that Botany. of goats, with wool or silk. In some, the AMPAN'ULA, n. [L.] The bell-flower.
;

CAMPANA, n. [L.] The pasque-flower. AMPAN IFORM, a. [L. cam/^ana, a bell,

and wool twisted together,

AMAY'EU,

n.

the ground is yellow, the French W. cam. AM'OUS, I [Fr. camus ; This CAMOVS', I cirage ; when gray, grisaille. crooked.] chiefly used to' represent basso- Flat; depressed; applied only to the )!0e, and relievos. These pieces answer to the little used.] HmoxfUfnata. of the Greeks. a. crooked.
call
it

When

"

work

is

a whitish translucent substance, of a granular or foliated fracture, and somewhat unctuous to the feel. It
tra,

AM'Ol'SED,

Depressed

Encyc. Cliamhers. Litnier. B. Jonson. Camera obscura, or dark chamber, in optics, AM'OUSLY, adv. Skelton Awry. an apparatus representing an artificial AiM I", n. [L. campus ; Fr. camp and champ in which the eye, Arm. camp ; It. Sp. Port, campo ; Sax. images of external object.s, received through a double convex camp. The sense is, an open level field or glass, are exhibited distinctly, and hi their plain. See Champion and Game.] native colors, on a white matter, placed 1. The ground on Avhich an army pitch their within the machine, in the focus of the tents, whether for a night or a longer
;

has a bitterish aromatic taste, and a very fragrant smell, and is a powerful diaphoEnn/c. Lunier. jiikin. CAMPHOR, V. t. To impregnate or wash with camphor. [Little used.]
retic.

CAM'PHORATE,
ent bases.

71.

Ill

chimistry, a

com-

pound of the acid of camphor, with

difier-

CAM'PHORATE,
cam[ihi'r.

Pertaining to camphor, or imprecnated with it.

a.

glass.

time.
[L. camera, a chamber.] 2. The order or arrangement of tents, or lodges or resides in the same disposition of an army, for rest ; as, to
n.

CAMPHORATED,
CAMPHOR'IC,
a.

a.

Impregnated with

CAM'ERADE,
One who
apartment
to finance
;

now

comrade, which see

a.

CAMERALIS'TIC,
financier. of state ;

and public revenue. .VMERALIS'TIS, n. [G. camera&t, a

[Infra.]

Pertaining

pitch a camp. Also, the troops on the same field.

encamped

CAMPHOR-OIL.

An ainiy. CAMV, i: or i. To rest or lodge,

3.
t.
;

usually in tents; to pitch tents but seldom used. [See Encamp.] word seems to be from L. camera, a cham- eAMP'-FIGHT, !. In late n>rs,a trial by ber.] duel, or the legal combat of I'wi champiTlie science offinance orpublic revenue. ons, for the decis'on of a controversy. pom|)rehending the means of raisins and [Camp in VV. is a game, and campiaw is to Grimke. disposing of it. contend.!

In Sp. cumarista, U a minister camariila, a small room. The

Hume. as an army a camp; to fix

CAMPHOR-TREE, n. The tree from which

camphor is obtained. According to Miller, there are two sorts of trees that produce camphor one, a native of Borneo, which produces the best species the other, a native of Japan, which resembles the
:

or partaking of its qualities. rSce Camphor-tree.]

Pertaining to camphor,

bay-tree, bearing black or purple berries. But the tree grows also in Sumatra. The stem is thick, the bark of a brownish color, and the ramification strong, close

CAN
and extended. The wood is soft, easily worked, and iisefid for domestic purposes. To obtain camphor, the tree is cut down, and divided into pieces, and the camphor
tal<en out
;

CAN
fit
;

CAN
reht,

as

from

right, rego, to rule, that

we have
;

Sax.
is,

L. rectus,

can not hold or contain the whole quoutity.

make
and

straight

Syr.

_a

to strain, stretch, to begin to be,

its

it

being found

in small whiti.sli

derivatives, to plant or estabhsh,

CAN, t. To know. [JVot in use.] Spenser. CAN'-BUOY, n. In seamanship, a buoy in

11.

tlakes, situated perpen<licularly, in irregular veins, in and near the center of the

then repeatedly soaked and washed in soapy water, to separate fronj It is then passed it all extraneous matter. through tliree sieves of different texture, to divide it into three sorts, head, belly and
tree.
It
is

to create, to be prepared; Etli. ^l^! kun, to be, to become, to be made; Ch.i Sam. as the Hebrew. See Class Gn. No.j

form of a cone, made

painted, as
a
n.

mark

&c.

large, and sometimes to designate shoals,

Mar.

Diet.

CAN'-HQOK,

An

instrument to sling a

29.
is

.38.

and

58. 43. 45.

&c.

Can

in EnglishI

foot

camphor.

Camphor

oil

is

camphor,

before the operations of nature have re- 1. duced it to a concrete form and concrete camphor may be reduced to oil, by the niAsiat. Res. iv. 1. tric acid. eAMPIL'LA, Ji. plant of a new genus, 2. To have means, or instruments, which] Jhiut. Res. used by dyers. supply power or ability. A man can build a house, or fit out a ship, if he has the reCAMP'ING, ppr. Encamping. A nation cannot prosequisite property. CAMPTNG, n. playing at" football. cute a war, without money or credit. I Bryant. will lend you a thousand dollars, if I can.,
;
;

treated as an auxihary verb, the sign infinitive being omitted, as in the ])hrases, 1 can go, instead of, / can to go ; thou canst go he can go.] To be able to have sufficient strength or physical ])Ower. One man can lift a weight which another can not. A horsej can run a certain distance in a given time.

of the

cask by the ends of its staves, formed by reeving a jnece of rope through two flat Looks, and splicing its ends together.

Mar.

Diet.

CANA'DIAN,
CANA'DIAJV,
Canada.

a. Pertaining to Canada, an extensive country on the north of the

United States.
n.

An

inhabitant or native of

CANA'IL, n.

The

CAMPION,
CAM'US, CAM'IS, CAN, n.
I

ji.

plant, tlie popular

name

of the lychnis.

3.

"

[I.,

camisa.]

thin

dress.
4.

To be possible. Nieodemus said. John iii.

; Sp. canalla ; Port. canatha ; coarser part of meal hence, the lowest lees dregs ; offscouring. peoi)le CAN'AKIN, n. A little can or cup. Shak. CANAL', n. [L. canaiis, a channel or kennel:

[Fr. canaille It. canaglia.]

;

How

can these

tilings

be'

Spen.'ier. Eng.] [D. kun ; tia\. canna ; G. kannc ; Dan. kande ; Sw. hanna ; Corn, hannnth ; Sans. kunJha ; ])robably from holding, containing, W. cannu or gunu, to contain,
I

[.Vo(

To have adequate moral power.

A man
1.

can indulge in ]ileasm-c, or he can refrain. He can restrain his a])petite.s, if he will.
').

these being the same word difTereutly written; Fr. canal; Arm. can, or canol Sp. Port, canal ; It. canale. See Cam, It denotes a jjassage, from shooting, or
:

passing.]

To have
that
is,

just or legal right to be free

;

competent power, from any restraint

obligatifm,
or:

gan, capacity, a mortise, Eng. gain, in carpentry. Hence W. eant, a circle, a hoop, a fence round a yard, a hundred, L. centum, Teut. hund, in hundred. See Cent and Hundred, ami Can, infra.]

of moral,
li'om use a

civil

or

politii-;il

A cup

made

or vessel for liipiors, in modern times of metal; as a can of ale.

which is from another GAN, root. [See Could.] [Can is from the Sax. cennan, to know, to bear or produce Goth. kunnatt. Sax. cunnan, to know, to be able
v.i. pret. could,
;

cunnian, to try, to attempt, to prove cind. cyn,gecynd, kind L. genus ; D. kunnen, to know, to understand, to hold, to contain,
;
,-

to

to

be able, be able

like tlie
;

Fr. savoir

;
;

Dan. kan,
C.

kiendcr, to

know

na, to know ; kunna, to be able to know ; kijnnen, to be able.

Sw. kan G. kennen, Hence cun

ning, that is, knowing, skilful, experien ced G. konnen, a being able, ability, knowlkuyidc, knowledge, kund, public edge acquaintance. The Teutonic and Gothic words unite with the Greek ynTau, to bea female get, as a male, and to bear, as
; ; ;

connected with yipofuu, to be born or produced. Can, cennan, and yivvtuo, are probably the same word and the Sax. ginnan, in the compounds, aginnan, heginnan, onginnan, to begin, is from the same root. The primary sense is, to strain, to stretch, to urge or thrust with force, which gives the sense of |)roducing, and of holdin containing, which is the primary .sense of and straining knoimng, comprehending gives tlie sense of power. The Sax. cunSee Ken. Ar. nian, to try, is to strain.

which

is

7.

is percan or cannot hold an office. The Jews could not eat certain tion whereas channel is applicable to a kinds of animals which were declared to natural water course. be imclean. The House of Connnons in The canal from the Hudson to Lake Erie cati inqjeach, but the House of) England one of the noblest works of ait. Lords only can try inqieachments. In 2. In anaionii/, a duct or passage in the body general, we can do whatever neither the of an animal, through which any of the laws of God nor of man forbid. or other substances pass; as How can I do this great wickedness and sin juices flow, the the neck of bladder, and the ahmentaagainst God. Gen. xxxix. ry canal. 1 cannot go beyond the word of the Lord, my 3. A surgical instrument a splint. Co.rf God, to do less or more. Numb. xxii. To have natural strength, or caf)acity to CANAL-COAL. [See Connc/-coa/.] ? canaliculabe susceptible of; to be able or free to un- CANALICULATE, "' [L. tvs, from canaldergo any change, or produce any effect, CANALIC'ULATED, \ iculus, a little ]iipe, from canaiis, canna, a by the laws and constitution of nature, or pipe.] by divine appointment. Silver can he meltChannelled furrowed. In botany, having a ed, but cannot be changed into gold. Can the lUsh row witliout mire ? Job viii. deep longitudinal groove above, and convex undernetith applied to the stem, leaf, Can the ii;i tree bear olive berries ? James iii. Can tailh save lain James ii. or petiole ofplant.t. Martyn. Wine wade in the Canary JI. To have ability, for- C.'VNA'RY,

any positive highway for

])roliibition.

We

cati

travel, tor this

mitted by law.

A man

passage for water; a water course: a long trench or excavation in fiir conducting water, and eonfining it to narrow limits but the terni may be appUed to other water courses. It is chiefly apjilied to artificial cuts or passages for water, used fijr transporta])ro|)erly,

the earth

ii=

competent strength,

ides. titude, patience, &c., in a ])assive sense. old dance. He cannot i)ear reproof. I cannot endure 2. Shakspcare has used the word as a verb in a kind of cam phrase. this

An

imj)ertinence. This is a hard saying

who can hear

it

.'

John

vi.

8.

9.

the requisite knowledge, experi eiice or skill. Young men are not admit ted members of college, till they con trans A]i astronomer can late Latin and Greek. calculate an eclipse, though he can not tnake a coat. To have strength of inclination or motives
sufficient to

To have

n. A singing bird from isles, a species of Fringilla. conical and straight ; the body white the prime feathers of yellowish the wings and tail are greenish. These birds are now bred in other countries. CANA'RY-GRASS, n. A plant, the Phalaris, whose seeds are collected for canary-

CANA'RY-lilRD,
the

Canary
bill is

The
is

binls.

ir

to be, the substantive

verb

also, to
;

overcome

obstacles,

imped
I

C.'VN'CEL,
cellar
;

beconne, to be made,
to to

to to

endure

ments, inconvenience or other objection.

also,
liave married a wife, come, huke xiv.
I I

V. t. [Fr. canceller ; Port, canL. cancelio, to deface, properly to

and therefore

cannot

make cross bars or lattice-work, hence to make cro.ss lines on writing, from cancelli,

create,

to

generate,

form

jtj

cannot
xi.

rise

and give thee

will
rise

yet
and
;

his

know

pare, to

Heb. and Ch. to fit or preJD, form or fashion whence right,

:

importunity, he

because of give him.

1.

cross bars or h.ttice-work Or. xiyxXif

:

Luke
10.

To have

sufficient capacity

as,

a vessel

Syr. Ch. bpjp kaiikcl, id.] To cross the lines vf a writing, and deface them to blot out or obliterate.
;

CAN
3.

CAN
an ob1.

CAN
wear a white

annul, or destroy ; ligation or a debt.

a.

To

as, to cancel

Rome
gown.]

being obliged

to

CAN'CELATED,
ceUo.] lines.

[L.
;

Cross-barred
n.

marked with
Grew.

cancdlatus, cancross

Martyn.

ANCELA'TION,
by cross
annulled.
lines
;

The

act of defacing
;

a canceling.

CAN'CELED,
annulling.

pp.

Crossed

obliterated

CAN'CELING,;)pr. Crossing;

obliterating

CAN'CER,
cancre;

Fr. [L. cancer; Sax.cancre; Si>. canf!rejo, cancro; This Gr. xoyxnIt. cancro, canchero ; be the same word, though ap seems to xafximi, a cancer, is a plied to the shell From the Greek, the different word. Latins have concha, Eng. conch. But n is not radical for this is undoubtedly the W. cocos, Eng. cockle, Fr. coquille, coque, These words are probably from It. coccia. the same root as Sp. cocar, to wrinkle, twist, or make wry faces; Ir. cuachaim, to fold ; Eng. cockle, to shrink or pucker verbs which give the primary sense. It is to be noted that cancer and canker are the same word ; canker being the original pron.

D.kanker;

1.

'J.

This genus of animals have generally eight legs, and two claws which serve as hands two distant a kind of peduncles, eyes, supported by and they are elongated and movable. They have also two clawed palpi, and the To this genus belong the tail is jointed. lobster, shrimp, cray-lisli, &c. In astronomy, one of the twelve signs of llie zodiac, represented by the form of a crab, and hmiling the sun's course north ward in summer hence, the sign of the
; ;

nunciation.] The crab or crab-fish.

One who is in contem])lation for an office, or for preferment, by those who have power to elect or appoint, though he does not offer himself. 3. One who, by his services or actions, will or may justly obtain preferment or reward, or whose conduct tends to secure it as a candidate for jiraise. 4. A man who is qualified, according to the rules of the church, to jireach the gospel, and take the charge of a parish or religious society, and jnoposes to settle in the U. States. ministry. 5. One who is in a state of trial or probation as a canfor a reward, in another hfe didate for heaven or for eternity. CANDIDLY, adv. Opeidy frankly without trick or disguise ingenuously. AN'DiDNESS, n. Opeimess of mind frankness fairness ingenuousness. CAN'DIED, pp. or a. [from candy.] Preserved with sugar, or incrustod with it; covered with crystals of sugar or ice, or| with matter resembling them ; as candied
2.
; ; ;
;

seeks or asjnres to an office ; offers himself, or is proposed for l)referment, by election or appointment followed by for; as a candidate usually for the office of sherin.

A man who
who

person that holds a candle. Hence, one that remotely assists another, but is otherwise not of importance. ShaJc.
n.

one

CAN'DLE-LIGHT,
The
light

[candle

and

tight.]

of a candle; the necessary canAlolineur.

n.

dles for use.

CAN'DLEMAS,
mcessa
;

[candle

and mass. Sax.

candle-feast.]

The

feast of the church celebrated on the second day of February, in honor of the purification of the Virgin Mary so called fiom the great number of lights used on that occasion. This feast is supiKjsed to have originated in the declaration of Simeon, that our Savior was "to be a light to
;

lighten the Gentiles." On this day, the Catholics consecrate all the candles and which are to be used in their In churches during the whole year. Rome, the pope performs the ceremony himself, anil distributes wax candles to the cardinals and others, who carry them in iiroce.ssion through the great hall of the

tapers

cil in

The ceremony was proEngland by an order of counBut candlemas is one of the four terms for paying and receiving rents and interest and it gives name to a law term, begiiming Jan. 15, and ending Feb. 3.
pope's palace.
1548.
liibited in
;

Encyc.

raisins.

CAN'DLE-STICK,

n.

Fr. chan; CAN'DLE, delle ; Sax. cundel ; I'ers. kandil ; Arm. cantol ; W. canuyll ; \ir. cainneal I'vom h. candeo, to shine, to be white, or its root. The primary sense of the root is, to shoot,
n. [L. Sp. It. candela
;

Sax. candel-sticra.] An instrument or utenmade in different sil to hold a candle, forms and of different materials originally a stick or piece of wood.
;

[candle

and

stick:

summer
3.

solstice.

and stuff.) A material of which candles are made, as See Cant and to throw, to radiate. Bacon. tallow, wax, &c. Chant.] n. [candle and waste.] CAN'DLEA long, but small cylindrical body of tal- One who WASTER,consumes candles a wastes or low, w a,\ or spermaceti, formed on a ^^ick canhard student, or one who studies

CAN'DLE-STUFF,

n.

[candle

In medicine, a roundish, hard, unequal scirrous tumor of the glands, which usu
ally ulcerates, is

very painful, and gene-

of linen or cotton threads, twisted loosely used for a portable light of domestic use.

by

conqiosed

dle-fight; a siiendthrift.

B. Jonson.

Shak.

rally fatal.
v. i.

a luminary. In scripture, tlie .'\N'CER.VTE, candle of the Lord is the divine fa\or and cer ; to become cancerous. CANCER.\'TION, n. growing cancer blessing, Job xxix. 3. or the conscience or understanding. Prov. xx. 27. oils, or into a cancer. CAN'CEROUS, a. Like a cancer; bavin; Excommunication by inch of candle, is when H'iseman. the ofiender is allowed time to repent, the qualities of a cancer. AN'CEROUSNESS, n. The state of being while a candle burns, and is then excommunicated. cancerous. Sale by inch of candle, is an auction in which CAN'CRIFORM, a. Cancerous. 2. H.aving the form of a cancer or crab. persons are allowed to bid, only till a small CAN'CRINE, a. Having the qualities of a piece of candle burns out. crab. Medicated candle, in medicine, a bougie. fossil or Rush-candles are used in some countries CAN'CRITE, n. [from cancer.] Fourcroy. petrified crab. they are made of the pith of certain ritshes,
;

To grow

into a can i'Bs/rann-t.

A light. A light

CAN'DLES-ENDS,
CAN'DOC,
in rivers.
Ji.

n.

Scraps; fragments.

Beaum.

plant or

weed

that

grows
to

If^alton.

C.\N'DOR,
be white.]

n.

[L. candor,
;

from candeo,
:

Openness of heart ness of mind a

;

frankness

ingenuouf

; disposition to treat sid)jects with fairness ; freedom from tricks Watts. or disguise sincerity.

CAN'DY,
serve
;

to candy, to jirei'. t. [It. candire, This candito, candied ; Fr. candir. seems not to be the Latin condio, for the Italian has also condire. Possibly it may be from L. candeo, to be white. But in Ar.

CAN'DENT,
with heat.

[L. candens, from candeo to be white or hot. See the verb, to cant.' Very hot ; heated to whiteness ; glowiiiu
a.

AN'DLE-BERRY TREE,
cerifera,

peeled except on one side, and dipped in Encyr. grease.

n.

^^y
ter

kand, kandon,

is

the saccharine mat-

The Mynca
;

AN DIeANT. n.
;

Growing

white.

Diet

t,'AN'DID, a. [L. candidus, white, from canW. canu, to bleach. See deo, to be white Cant] White. Dryden.

[Rut in this sense rarely used.]

2.

Fair open frank ingenuous free from undue bias; disposed to think and judg< according to truth and justice, or without
;
; ;

a shrub common in North America, from the bcr ries of which a kind of wax or oil is pro cured, of which candles are made. The oil is obtained by boiling the berries in water the oil rising to the surface is skimmed off and when cool, is of the con or wax-bearing myrtle
;

of the sugar cane, or concrete sugar, and it is the same in Persian; Sans.
khund.]
1.

To
in

conserve or dress witli sugar

to boil

sugar.
into congelations or crystals.

2.

To form

Shak.

])artiality

3.

or prejudice ap/jtied to persons. Fair ;just impartial appliedto things; ar a candid view, or construction.
:

CANDLE-BOMB,
filled

sistence of wax, and of a dull green color. 3. To cover or incrust with congelations, or In iio|iular language, this is called bayDryden. crystals of ice. CAN'DY, V. i. To form into crystals, or bebern/ tallow. come congealed ; to take on the form of n. small glass bubble,

CAN'DIDATE,
didus, white;

n. [L. tliose

candidatus, frnm

f?i

candle,

with water, placed in the wick of a where it biusts with a report.

n.

candied sugar.

C.\N'DYING,

who

sought

offices in

CANDLE-HOLDER,
31

[candle

mvX

hold.]

CAN'DYING,

ppr. Conserving with sugar. n. The act of preserving

Vol.

I.

CAN
aiinples
iu substance, n.

CAN
in 2.

CAN
some

by boiling then
plant, the Iberis.

sugar.

CAN'DY-TUFTS,
2.

Encyc.

ulcers in the mouth, particularly of children. They are generally covered with a
.3.

popular name of

certain small eroding

much
this

countries, they have been made of The smaller guns of larger size.
field pieces.

kind are called

n.

Tate. Cretan flower. ANE, n. [L. canna ; Gv. xatra Fr. canne ; W. cawn ; Sp. caha ; Port, cana or carina ; It. canna; Arm. canen ; Heb. Ch. Syr.
;

Fam. of Plants.

whitish slough. Cyc. A virulent, corroding ulcer or any thing that corrodes, corrupts or destroys.
;

ANNONA'DE,

The

act of discharging

Sacrilege

may

Ar. njp. In the Arabic, a word of this family signifies a subterraneous passage It probably signifies for water, or canal.
1.

And
Tim.
ii.

tlieir

word

prove an eating canker. Atierbury. 2 will eat as doth a canker.

cannon and throwing balls, for the purpose of destroying an army, or battering a town, ship or fort. The term usually imphes an

ANNONA'DE,
;

a shoot.] In botany, this term is applied to several species of plants belonging to different genera, such as Arundo, Calamus, Saccharum, &c. Among these is the bam boo of the East Indies, with a strong stem, which serves for pipes, poles, and walk ing sticks. The sugar cane, a native of Asia, Africa and America, furnishes the juice from which are made, sugar, melasses and spirit. [See Siigai' Cane.]

An eating, corrosion.
5.

corroding,

virulent

humor;
Shak.

attack of some continuance. v. t. To attack with heavy to throw balls, or other deadly artillery weapons, as chain-shot or langrage, against

an enemy's army, town, fortress or ship

to batter

kind of rose, the dog rose.

Shak. 6. In farriery, a running thrush of the worst kind a disease in horses' feet, discharging a fetid matter from the cleft in the middle of the frog. Encyc. ANK'ER, V. f. To eat, corrode, corrupt, consume, in the manner that a cancer af-

Peacham.

ANNONA'DE,
to plav

with cannon shot. v. i. To discharge cannon with large guns.

n.

AN'NON-BALL,
of cast
iron, to
bullet,

ball,

usually

made

Cannon
not

be thrown from cannon of the like signification, is

now

used.

Camion
i

balls

were

origi-

nally of stone.

fects the body. 2. To infect orpollute.

Herbert.

CANNONEER,
noil shot.

Addison.

2. 3.
4.

several countries of long measure, Europe at Naples, the length is 7 feet Si inches in Thoulouse in France, 5 feet 8i inches in Provence, &c., (i feet 5i inches. eANE, V. t. To beat with a cane or walkin
; ; ;

A A A

walking

stick.

CANK'ER,

V. i.

To grow

corrupt

to de-

ANNONIE'R, CAN'NON-PRO(

manages cannon an engineer. Proof against cana.

;

A man who

lance, or dart

made of cane.

Dryden.

cay, or waste away by means of any noxious cause ; to grow rusty, or to be oxyBacon. dized, as a metal. eANK'ERBIT, a. Bitten with a cankered Shak. or envenomed tooth.

AN'NON-SHOT,
also, the

n.

ball

for

cannon;

range or distance a cannon will

throw a

ball.

ANNOT,
;

ANK'ERED,
2. a.

pp. Corrupted.
uncivil.
arfi'.

ing stick.

Crabbed

CA'NE-BRAKE,
thicket of canes.

Ji.

[cane

and brake.l

A ANK'EREDLY,
CANK'ER-FLY,
fruit.

Ellicott.

n.

Spenser. Crossly; adverselv. on fly that preys

M'alton

CA'NE-HOLE,

A hole n. [cane and hole.] or trench for planting the cuttings of cane,

CANK'ER-LIKE,
like

a.

Eating or corrupting
like a

on sugar plantations. EdwarJs' W. Indies. CA'NE-TRASII, n. [cane and trash.] Refuse of canes, or macerated rinds of cane,
reserved for fuel to boil the cane-juice.

a canker.
a.

ANK'EROUS,
tive to trees

Corroding

canker

eANK'ER-W5RM,

Edwards'

If.

Indies

CANES'CENT,
CANI'ULA, CA'NIULE,

a.

[L. canescens.]

Growing

white or hoary.

[L. canieula, a little dog, I from canis, a dog.] I star in the constellation of Canis Major, called also the dog-star, or Sirius a star

"

TViomson. n. A worm, destrucor plants. In America, this name is given to a worm that, in some of apyears, destroys the leaves an<l fruit This animal springs from an ple trees. egg deposited by a miller, that issues from the sround.

[can anA not.] These words are usually united, but perhaps without good reason canst and not are never united. a. [L. camm, a tube.] Tubular; having the form of a tube. Encyc. AN6E, n. canoo'. [Fr. canot ; Sp. canoa ; It. canoe or canon ; from L. canna, a tube or cane, or the same root.] 1. A boat used by rude nations, formed of the body or trunk of a tree, excavated, by cutting or burning, into a suitable shape. Similar boats are now used by civilized men, for fishing and other purposes. It is impelled by a paddle, instead of an oar. 2. A boat made of bark or skins, used by

AN'NULAR,

savages.

magiiituile, and the largest and From the brightest of all the fixed stars. rising of this heliacally, or at its emersion

of the

first

ANk'ERY, a. Rusty. AN'NABINE, a. [L. cannabimis. froin cannabis, [iemp.] en.

AN'ON,

Pertaining to

hemp; hempn.

)!. [Sax. Fr. Sp. Port, canon ; It. canone; L. canon; G\: xavuv. Dr. Owen deduces the word from the Heb. nJp a cane, reed or measuring rod. In Etli.

from the sun's rays, the ancients reckoned

their doir-days.

AN'NEL-COAL, AN'DLE-COAL,
and polished.

<;ANI'ULAR,

a.

[h. canicidaris.] Pertain-

hard, opake, inflammable fo.ssil coal of a black color, sufliciently solid to be cut

't'Vi kanan, signifies to set, to establish, to form a rule, whence canon, a rule. But

this

verb

is

CANINE,

ing to the dog-star. a. [L. caninus, from canis, a dog.] Pertaining to dogs having the properties or qualities of a dog as a canine appetite, insatiable hiniger; cajiine madness, or hy;

On fire it decrepitates and breaks into angular fragments. It is sometimes used for inkholders and toys
Cleaveland.

probably from the noun.

The

word is from one of the roots in Class Gn, which signifies to set, or to strain. The Welsh unites it with the root of can, L.
caiio, to sing,

AN'NEQUIN,

drophobia. Canine teeth are two sharp pointed teeth in each jaw of an animal, one on each side, between the incisors and grinders so named from their resemblance to a dog's
;

n. White cotton cloth from the East Indies, suitable for the Guinea trade. Encyc. AN'NIBAL, n. A human being that eats

W. canon, a song, a rule, a canon, from canu to sing, L. ca^io. The sense of canon is that which is set or established.]

1.

teeth.

a man-eater, or anthropophBacon. Bentley. agite. eAN'NIBALISM, Ji. The act or practice of

;

human flesh

eANING,
cane.

n.

beating with a stick or

2.

eating

human

flesh,

by mankind.

JIurdcrous cruelty
cannibal.

AN'ISTER, n.

[L. canistrum ; Or. xava^fiov, xavjjs or xai'foi'; Fr. canastre ; Port, canas tra ; Sp. canasta.]
;

AN'NIBALLY,
CAN'NON,
can o/
;

Burke. ; barbarity. 2. adv. In the manner of

Shak.
3.

Properly, a .small basket, as in Dryden but more generally, a small box or case, for
tea, coffee,

&c.

ANK'ER,
Roman
1.

n. [L. cancer; Sax. cancere or cancre; D. hanker; Fr. chancre; It. canchero. This is the Latin cancer, with the

pronunciation. See Cancer.] disease incident to trees, which causes the bark to rot and fall.

canon ; Arm. canon or G. kanone ; S\>. caiion Port, canham ; It. cannone. Probably from L. canna, a tube. See Cane.] large military engine for throwing balls, and other instruments of death, by tlie Guns of this kind force of gunpowder. are made of iron or brass and of diffi-rent sizes, carrying balls from three or four In poiuids, to forty eight poimds weight.
71.

[Fr.
;

In ecclesia.^tical affairs, a law, or rule of doctrine or di.sciiiline, enacted by a council and confirmed by the sovereign; a^ decision of matters in religion, or a regulation of policy or disciphne, by a general or ))rovinrial council. A law or rule in general. The genuine books of the Holy Scriptures, called the sacred canon, or general
rule of

D. kanon

moral and religious duty, given by

;

inspiration.
4.

dignitary of the church a person who allotted possesses a prebend or revenue for the performance of divine service in a cathedral or collegiate church. canon is one attached to a ,'V cardinal church, incardinnlns, as a i)riest to a parish. Domicetiary canons, are young canons.

CAN
uot
in orders,

CAN
in

CAN
as
the
to sing, to chant, to recite, to creak, to chirp, to whistle ; It. canlare, to sing, to praise, to crow ; Fr. chanter ; Arm. cana ; from L. cano, to sing. The I)rimary sense is to throw, thrust or drive,
id.,

having no right

any par- Canonical punishments,

are such

Port,

ticular cliapters.

Erpedative canons, having no revenue or

church may inflict, as excommunication, degradation, penance, &c.

prebeiul, but liaving the title and dignities Canonical life, in the method or rule of living of canons, n voice in the chapter and a prescribed by the ancient clergy who liv-

ed In coiinnunlty, a course of living preas In can ; a sense retained in the phrase, till a prebend should scribed for clerks, less rigid than the moto cant over any thing. In singing. It imnastic and more restrained than the secuplies a niodtdatiun or inflexion of voice. Foreign canons, such as did not officiate lar. in their canonries In Welsh, can, with a different sound of opposed to mansionary Canonical sins, in the ancient church, were the vowel, signifies a song and white, L. T)r residentiary canons. those for which capital punishment was These are from cnno, canus, and canto. La>/, secular or honorary canons, laymen adnjittcd out of honor or respect, into inflicted as idolatry, murder, adulterj', the same root and have the same radical some chapter of canons. sense, to throw or shoot as rays of light, heresy, &c. to shine, probably apphed to" the sun's Regular canons, who live in monasteries Canonical letters, anciently, were letters or in coininiuiity, and who, to the practice which passed between the orthodox cler morning rays. W. canu, to sing Sansof their rules, have added the profession of crit, gana Persic, kandam.] gy, as testimonials of their faith, to keep vows. up the catholic connuunlon, and to distin 1. In popular usage, to turn about, or to turn over, by a sudden ])ush or thru.st as, to guish them from heretics. Tertiary canons, who have only the third Canonical ejdsttes, is an appellation given to cant over a pail or a cask. Mar. Diet. part of the revenue of the canonicate. those epistles of the New Testament 2. To toss as, to cant a ball. Encyc. o. In monasteries, a book which are called general or catholic. 3. To speak with a whining voice, or an afcontaining the rules of the order. fected singing tone. Encyc. C. A catalogue of saints acknowledged and CANON'ICALLY, orfr. In a manner agree [In this sense, it is usually intransitive.] canonized In the Homish Church. idde to the canon. 4. To sell by auction, or to bid a price at 7. Tlie secret words of the mass from the CANON'ICALNESS, n. The quality of beauction. Sivi/I. ing canonical. preface to the Pater, in the middle of which CANT, n. A toss; a throw, thrust or push the priest consecrates the host. The poo CANONICALS, n. plu. The full dress of with a sudden jerk as, to give a ball a the clergy, worn when they ofticiate. cant. is the literal sense.] pic are to rehearse this part of the service, [This on their knees, and in a voice lower than CANONICATE, n. The office of a canon 2. A whining, singing manner at speech a can bi' heard. Romish Church. Encyc. quaint, aflt'cted mode of uttering words 8. In a7icient music, a rule or method forde- CAN'ONIST, n. A professor of canon law either In conversation or preaching. one skilled In the study and practice of i. The whining speech of beggars, as in terniining the Intervals of notes, invented ecclesiastical law. by Ptolemy. Encyc. asking alms and making complaints of 9. In modern 7mtsic, a kind of perpetual CANONIS'TIC, a. Having the their distresses. knowledge of a canonist. 4. The peculiar words and phrases of profugue, In which tlie different |>arts, begin fessional men phrases often repeated, or ning one after another, repeat incessantly CANONIZATION, n. [See Canonize.] The the same air. act of declaring a man a saint, or rather not well authorized. Busby 10. In geometry and algebra, a general rule the act of ranking a deceased person in 5. Any barbarous jargon In speech. for tlifi solution of cases of a like nature the catalogue of saints, called a canon. 6. Whining pretension to goodness. with the present iiiqulry. Every last step This act is preceded by beatification, and Johnson. of an equation is a canon. by an examination into the life and niira-j 7. Outcry, at a public sale of goods a call 11. In pharmacy, a rule for compounding cles of the person after which the Pope for bidders at an auction. Swijl. medicines. decrees the canonization. This use of the word Is precisely equiv12. In surgiri), an instrument used in sewing Addison. Encyc. alent to auction, auctio, a hawkiyig, a crj2. The state of being sainted. up wounds. out, or in the vulgar dialect, a singing ing Canon-law, is a collection of ecclesiastical CAN'ONIZE, v.t. [from canon.] To deout, but I beheve not in use in the If. clare a man a saint and rank him in the laws, serving as the rule of chiuxh govern States. menf. catalogue, called a canon. CANT, n. [D. kant, a corner.] A nich a An ecclesiastical bene- corner or retired jilace. B. Jonson. CANON-BIT, n. That part of a bit let into CAN'OiN'RY, ) a horse's mouth. in a cathedral or Cant-timliers, In a ship, are those which are CAN'ONSHIP, ^"' fice, Mar. Diet. CAN'ONESS, n. A woman who enjoys a collegiate church, which has a prebend or situated at the two ends. stated allowance out of the revenues of CANTA'BRIAN, a. Pertaining to Cantaprebend, affi.xed, by the loundation, to the church commonly annexed to it. The; maids, without obliging them to make bria, on the Bay of Biscav, In Spain. benltice filled by a canon. A prebendl CAN'TALIVER," 7i. [cantt'e and fare*.] In any vows or renounce the world. Encyc. CVNON'ICAL, a. [L. canonicus.] Pertainmay subsist without a canonry but a can-! architecture, a jiiece of wood, framed into onlcate is inseparable from a prebend. the front or side of a house, to suspend ing to a canon according to the canon or rule. the moldings and eaves over it. Ai/liffe. Encyc.'i Encyc Canonical hooks or canonical scriptures, are CAN'OPIED.a. [See Cano/)j/.]' Covered with' CAN'T.^VR, at ? " An eastern weight 603 tliosc books of the scriptures which are a canopy. Mitton.i CAN'TARO, S Acra in Turkey, admitted by the canons of the church, to C.VN'OPY, n. [Gr. xuvarteiov, a pavUion or pounds at Tunis and Tripoli, 114 pounds. be of divine origin. The Roman catholic net spread over a bed to keep off gnats, In Egypt, It consists of 100 or 150 rotochurch aihnits the Apocryphal books to at Genoa, from XU1UJ-4-, a gnat.] at Naples, it is 2.5 pounds los be canonical the Protestants reject them. 1. A covering over a fhroire, or over a bed; 150 at Leghorn, 150, 151, or 160. Encyc. Canonical hours, are certain stated times of head more generally, a covering over the At .-Micant in Spain, the cantaro is a lithe day, fixed by the ecclesiastical laws, In Cochin, a So the sky is called a canopy, and a canoquid measure of 3 gallons. or appropriated to the offices of prayer measure of capacity, of 4 rubies the rubi, py Is borne over the head in processions. In Great Britain, these 2. In architecture and and devotion. 32 rotolos. sculpture, a magnifihours are from eight o'clock to twelve in cent decoration serving to cover and CANTA'TA, n. [Italian, from cantare, to the forenoon, before and after which marcrown an altar, throne, tribunal, pulpit, sing L. canto.] chair or the like. riage cannot be legally performed in the Encyc A poem set to music a composition or song. church. Intermixed with recitatives and airs, chiefEncyc. CAN'OPy, V. t. To cover with a canopy. Canonical obedience, is submission to the Iv intended for a single voice. Dryden. canons of a church, especially the submis- C.\NO'ROUS, a. [L. canoriis, from cano, to CANTA'TION, a. A singing. [.\'ot used.] sion of the Inferior clergy to their bishops, Musical tuneful. Brown C.\NTEE'N, n. [It. canlina.] A tin vessel sins.] and other religious orders to their superi- CANb'ROUSNESS, . Blusicalness. used by soldiers for carrjing liquor for
place in the choir,
fall.
; ; ; ; ; ;
;

'

ors.

CANT,

V.

t.

[L. rai(o, to sing; Sp. cantar.

drink.

Chambers

CAN
eAN'TELEUP,
on.
n.

CAN
cantren,\

CAP
solicit

variety of muskmel-j

CANT'ER,
To move

V.

i.

[Arm. cantreal or

to run, to rove or ramble, fi-om tossing or 1. See Cant.] Iraping, canting. as a horse in a moderate gallop, raising the two fore feet nearly at the 2. same time, with a leap or spring. CANT'ER, V. I. To ride upon a canter.

2.

CANT'ER, One who

n.

moderate gallop.

3.

cants or wliines.

4.

CANTERBURY BELL,
Campanula.
;

n. A species of [See Bell- Flower.] CANTERBURY TALE, n. A fabulous story so called from the tales of Chaucer. CA'NT'ERING, ppi: Moving or riding with a slow gallop.

a hundred, L. centum. Sax. hund, for cantrevisa. circuit or division of a country, from cant, a himdred.] A small portion of land, or division of territory oiiginally, a portion of territory on a border also, the iidiabitants of a canton. A small portion or district of territory constituting a distinct state or government as in Switzerland. In heraldry, a corner of the shield. A distinct part, or division as the cantons of a painting or other representation.

with

cdJiJ,

votes or interest
;

obtain

to

make
;

lowed by for;
or prefernient

as, to

to use efforts to favor of; folcanvass for an oflice. to canvass for a friend.
;

interest in

CAN'VASS, n. Examination; close inspec tion to know the state of; as a canvass of
votes.
2. 3.

Discussion

debate. ; seeking, solicitation, or efforts to obpp. Discussed

n.
;

tain.

|CAN'VASSED,

examined.

CAN'VASSER,

One who

solicits votes,

CANTHAR'IDIN,

That pen. [Infra.] culiar substance existing in the Meloe vesicatorius, or caiitharides, whicli causes Thomson. vesication.
or plu.

CANTHA'RIS

CANTHAR'IDES,
;

n. [Gr. xai'Sapis.]

These flies, when preferring the ash. bruised, are luiiversally used as a vesicaThe largest tory, or blistering plaster. come from Italy, but the best from Spain eANTH'US, !." [Gr. xavSo;; D. kant, a
corner.]

Spanish Hies a species of Meloe. This fly is nine or ten lines in length, of a shining green color, mixed with azure, and lias a nauseous smell. It feeds upon tlie leaves of trees and shrul)s,

Burnet. or goes about to make interest. Burke. CAN'TON, V. t. [Sp. acantonar.] To divide 2. One who examines the returns of votes into small parts or districts, as territory for a public officer. to divide into distinct portions. CAN' VASSING, /!;. Discussing ; examinAddison Locke. ing sifting seeking. 2. To allot separate quarters to each regi- CAN'VASSING, n. The act of discussing, ment of an army or body of troops. examining, or making interest. Marshall. Encyc CA'NY, a. [from cane.] Consisting of cane, a. Pertaining to a canton or abounding with canes. CAN'TONAL, Milton. divided into cantons. CAN'ZONE, n. [It. a song. See Cant.] A CAN'TONED, pp. Divided into distinct song or air in two or three parts, with pasof fugue and imitation or a poem parts, or (juarters lodged in distinct quar sages to which music ters, as troojjs. be in the
; ; ;

CANTONING,
districts
;

ppr. Dividing into

distinct

allotting
I',

separate quarters to

each regiment.

CxVN'TONIZE,

t.

To

canton, or divide

CAN'TONMENT,

\n angle of the eye

ities
;

a cavitj' at the
;

of the eyelids the nose the lesser,

n.

extremthe greater is next to near the temjile.

Encyc.

Davies. n. A part or division of a town or village, assigned to a particular regiment of troops ; separate quarters. Marshall.
[L. centum.] villages, as in

into small districts.

of a cantata. When set to a piece of instrumental music, it signities much the same as cantata and when set to a sonait ta, signifies allegro, or a brisk movement. Bailey. Busby.
style
;

may

composed

CAN'ZONET,

?i.

[It.

canzonetta.]

little

CAN'TRED, } "

CANTREF,

hundred Wales.
Encyc.

or short song, in one, two or three jiarts. It sometimes consists of two strains, each of which is .sung twice. Sometimes it isu

CAP,

eAN'TICLE, [Sp. and It. cantico; L. CAN'VAS, n. [Fr. canevas, canvas, and c/tartt!)'e, hemp; Arm. canavas; S|). caiiacanticum, from canto. See Cant.] mazo Port, cannmo It. cannuarcio, canvas In the plural, canticles, the Song 1. A song. and canapa, hemj) D. kanefas, canvas, and of Songs or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament. hennep, hemp G. kanefass, canvas, and Obs. a division of a song. '3. A canto hanf, hemp; Dan. canefas ; L. cannabis.
; ;
;

Encyc. Biisby [Sax. cceppe, a cap, and a cape, a D. kap ; G. kappe and haube ; Dan. kappe, a robe or coat Sw. kappa, id It. W. cap ; Fr. chape, cappa, a cap, a cloke chapenu ; Arm. chap or cap. The sense is probably that \vhich is put on. Class Gb.
n.

species of jig.

cloke

No.
1.

70. also

3L 36.]

Spenser

hemp

(Jr.

xanaScj
;

Ir.

eanbhas, canvas,

2.
.3.

CAN'TILLATE, To chant Cant.]

tones.

i'.

CANTILLA'TION,
CANT'ING,
jerk
'I.
;

See [L. cantillo. to recite with musical M. Stuart. n. A chanting ; recitat.

1.

tion with nnisical modulations.

and cnnatb, hemp Russ. kancphas. It is from the root ot'canna, cane; perhaps a diminutive] A coarse cloth made of hemp, or flax, used for tents, sails of ships, painting and other
pinposes.

The The

part of dress made to cover the head^ Shak, ensign of a cardinalate. top, or the uppermost ; the highest. Thou ait the cap of fools. Shak.

ppr. Tlu-owing with a sudden

2.

tossing.

clear unbleached cloth,

wove

Speaking with a whine or song-like tone.

adv.

in little squares,

used for working tapestry

Ifilkins. A vessel in form of a cap. An act of respect, made by uncovering the head. UEstrange. a piece of lead laid over the rcgularly Cap of cannon, vent to keep the priming dry now called
4. 5.
;

It is also carried before the coronation. to a poet to finish. the mayors of .some cities. contains certain notes of the composer, to show the poet In ship-building, a cap is a thick strong block of wood, used to confine two masts tothe measure of the verses he is to make. 4. Among seamen, cloth in sails, or sails in gether, when one is erected at the head of another. general as, to spread as much canvas as CAP, V. t. To cover the top, or end to the ship will bear. spread over as, a bone is capped at the Dri/den CANVAS-CLIMBER, n. A sailor that goes fragment. Shak. joint with a cartilaginous substance. CAN'TO, n. [It. canto, a song ; L. cantus. aloft to handle sails. Shak. The cloud-capped towers. See Cant.] CAN'VASS, v.t. [Old Fr. cannabasser, to A part or division of a poem, answering to boat about or shake, to examine. Junius. 2. To deprive of the cap, or take off" a cap. what in prose is called a book. In ItalSkinner.] To cap verses, is to name alternately verses to beat or shake out ian, canto is a song, and it signifies also 1. To discuss; literally, beginning with a particular letter to name to open by beating or shaking, like the the treble part, first treble, or highest voto name alin opposition or emulation L. discutio. This is the common use of cal part. Johnson. ternately in contest. CAN'TON, n. [It. eantone, a corner-stone, the word, as to canvass a subject, or the CAP, t'. 1. To uncover the head in reverence and a canton policy of a measure. Sp. canton ; Port, canto. Shak. or civility. [Xot used.] a corner Fr. canton, a corner, a part of a 2. To examine returns of votes to search or scrutinize as, to canvass the votes for Cap-a-pie, [Fr.] From head to foot all over country, a district Arm. canton ; D. kant ; senators. as, armed cap-a-pie. G. kante ; Dan. knndl, a eorner, ])oint, n. A coarse paper, so called from edge, border. The Welsh unites canton' CAN'VASS, V. i. To seek or go about to Cap-paper,
is

a cant. CAN'TION, n. song or verses. [jYoi Spenser. used.] n. [Arm. chantell ; Fr. chanteau CAN'TLE, whence echantiUon ; Eng. scantlinfc.] Obs. a piece a i)ortion. A. fragment Shak. CAN'TLE, V. t. To cut into pieces to cut Obs. out a piece. Dri/den. CANT'LET, 71. piece a little corner a

CANT'INGLY,

With

with the needle.

3.

an apron.

Among

model composed, and given

the French, the rough draught or on which an air or piece of music

Cap of maintenance, an ornament of state,, carried before the Kings of England at

The canvas of a song

CAP
%eing used to make caps to hold cominod
ities.

CAP
Boyle.

CAP
; ;

Cap-sheaf, n. The top sheaf of a stack of grain the crowner.

;

CAPABIL'ITY,

CAT ABLE, a.
take.
1.

The [See Capable.] quality of being capable capacity capableness. Shak. Lavoisier, Trans.
n.
;
;

[Fr. capable,
;

from L.

See Class Gb. No.

to

(j8.

Able
of ;

hold or contain
;

capio, to 69. 75. 83.] able to receive

often followed by not capable q/" receiving, or capable of holding the company 2. Endued with power competent to the obas, a man is capable of judging, or ject he is not capable.
sufticiently capacious
as, the

room

is

ney, or of a statesman. He may have a natural or a political capacity. Ability, in a moral or legal sense qual ification as, a man legal power or right or a corporation may have a capacity to or receive and hold estate give 6. In geometn/, the solid contents of a body. 7. In chiynistry, that state, quality or constitution of bodies, by which they absorb and contain, or render latent, any fluid as the capacity of water for caloric. CAPAR'ISON, 7!. [Sp. caparazon; Port caparazam, a cover put over the saddle of a horse, a cover for a coach F'r. capara;
;

before the flowers expand, and preserved in vinegar. The bush is a low shrub, generally growing from the joints of olii walls, from fissures in rocks and amongst rubbish, in the southern ])arts of Europe.

Encuc.

CA'PER-BUSH. [See CA'PER-CUTTING,

cing
in

Caper.] n. leaping or dana frolicksome manner. Beaum.

CA'PERER,

CA'PERING,

3.

able to

mind
4.

Possessing mental powers; intelligent; understand, or receive into the having a capacious mind ; as a ca; ; ;

pable judge
Suscei)tible

a capable instructor. as, capable of pain or grief. Prior.

;

susceptible of; as, a tiling is capable of long duration ; or it is capable of being colored or altered. 6. Qualitiod for, in a moral sense; having legal power or capacity as, a bastard is not capable of inheriting an estate.
5.

Qualified for

fon.] cloth or covering laid over the saddle or furniture of a horse, especially a sumpter horse or horse of state. Milton. CAPAR'ISON, V. t. To cover with a cloth as a horse. Dryden 2. To dress pompously; to adorn with ricli dress. Shak. covered case. [Littli CAP'CASE, 71.
.\

One who capers, leaps and skips about, or dances. ppr. Leaping ; skipping. CA'PIAS, n. [L. capio, to take.] In law, a writ of two sorts ; one before judgment, called a capias ad respondendum, where
77.

7.

[jYot now used.] A'1'A1J1,ENESS, >i. The

Hollow.

Shak.
state or
;

quidity

of being capable capacity derstanding knowledge.

;
;

])Owcr of unKillingheck.

an original is issued, to take the defendant, and make him answer to the plaintiff'; the other, which issues after judgment, is of divers kinds; as a capiasad sati.'facienduni, or writ of execution a capias pro fine ; a capias utlagalum ; a capias in tmttiernam. Blackstonc. ICAP'IBAR, n. An animal partaking of the Burton. form of a hog and of a rabbit, the cabiai. used.] CAPE, n. [Sp. Port, cabo ; It. capo; Fr. CAPILLA'CEOUS,a. [L. ca;7i7/us, hairy.] cap ; D. kaap ; Dan. kap ; L. caput ; Gr. Hairy resembling a hair. [See Capillary.] It signifies C kind of sirnip, ;AP1LLA'1RE, 71. [Fr.] xt^a'Kr; ; Sans, cabala, head. extracted from maiden-hair. Mason. end, furthest point, from extending, sliootCAPIL'LAlMENT, 71. [L. capillamentum, from capillus, hair, probably a little shoot.] 1. head land; properly the head, point or
;

CAPAC'IFY,

V.

t.

To

qrialily.

[Unusual.] Barrow. Good.

GAPA'CIOUS,
take or hold.]
1.

a.

[L. capax,

from capio,

to

Wide

large
;

that will hold

much

3.

capacious vessel. Broad extensive harbor.

;
;

as a capacious bay or
;

Extensive comprehensive able to take a wide view as a capacious mind. CAPA'CIOUSNEHS, n. VVideness; large ness as of a vessel. 2. Extensiveness largeness as of a bay. 3. Comprehensiveness power of taking a CAPEl-'LA, 71. A bright fi.ved star in the wiile survey left shoidder of the constellation Auriga. applied to the mind.
3.
; ; ; ;
,-

termination of a neck of land, extending some distance into the sea, beyond the common shore, and hence the name is applied to the neck of land itself, indefinitely, as in Cape-Cod, Cape- Horn, Cape of Good It (liftei-s from a promontory in Hope. this, that it may be high or low land but a promontory is a high bold termination of a neck of land. 2. The neck-piece of a cloke or coat. CAP'ELAN, 7!. A small fish, about six in ches in length, sholes of which appear off the coasts of Greenland, Iceland and New foundland. They constitute a large part of the food of the Grcenlandcrs. Pennant.
;

I.

The

hair, that

with a
[2.

CAP'ILLARV,
lus, hair.]
1.

A fine fiber, or filament, of which the nerves are compo.sed. a. [L. capillaris, from capH;

filament, a small fine thread, like a grows in the middle of a flower, little knob at the top ; a chive.

Resembling a hair, fine, minute, small iu diameter, though long as a capillary tube or pipe a capillary vessel in animal bodies, such as the ramifications of the blood ves;

sels.
2.

.Irbuthnot.

In botany, capillary plants are hair-shapod, as the ferns a term used by Ray,
;

CAPACITATE,
m.ike ca])able
niitnrid
;

v.

to
;

t. [See Capacity.] To enable to furnish with

;

CAP'ELLET,

71.

Encyc. kind of swelling, like a

This class of plants corresponds to the order of Filices, in the Sexual method, which bear their flower and fruit on the back of the leaf or
stalk.

Boerliaave and Morison.

Milne.

power

as, to

capacitate

one
;

for

i2.

understanding a theorem. To endue with moral qualifications to furnish with legal powers ; qualify to capacitate one for an office.
;

wen, growing on the heel of the hock on This term is applied also to leaves which are a horse, and on the point of the elbow. longer than the setaceous or bristle-sha7ICI/C
I)ed leaf, I)us

to
as,

to

glands resembling hairs,

to

CA'PER,
ole,

V.

i.

[Fr. cabrer, to

prance
;

cabri

CAPACITATED,
qualified.

pp.
;i.

Made
act of

capable;

CAPACITA'TION,
capable.

The

making
capax.

CAPACITY,
1.

77.

[L. capacitas, froin

2.

power of containing, or holding; extent of room or space as the capacity of a vessel, or a cask. The extent or comprehensiveness of the mind the power of receiving ideas oi;
;

capio ; Fr. capacite.] Passive power; the

a goat-leap, a caper ; It. capriola, a wild goat, a caper in dancing Sp. cabrio But probably caper la ; L. caper, a goat. is from the i^oot of capio, which signifies not merely to seize, but to shoot or read or to leap and seize. Hence it is forward, probable that this word coincides in origin with Dan. kipper, to leap, whence Eng.

the filaments, to the style, and to the papor down aflixed to some seeds.
77.

CAP'ILLARY,
1 I

A
71.

Martyn,
fine vessel or canal.

Daru'in.

CAPILLA'TION,
hair.
SiUiX

blood vessel like a

CAPIL'LIFORM,
ilu
I

To

to skip.]

leap; to skip or
7!.

jump;
;

to prance; to

Brown. [JVot i/i use] a. [L. capillus, a hair, forma, form.] the shape or form of a hair, or of hairs. Kirwan.
a.

spring.

Shak.

CAP'ITAL,
head.
1.

[L. capitalis,

CA'PER, CA'PER,
J
.-

knowledge.
Let instruction be adapted
youth.
3.
to the capacities of

leap a skip a spring ; as in dancing or mirth, or in the frolick of a goat or lamb.

;

See Cape.]

from caput, the

;

things

Active power; ahiVity; applied to men or but less cotnmon, and correct. ; The world docs not include a cause endued with such capacities. Blackmore.
; ; ;
;

capresen ; Sp. Port, akaparra ; It. cappero ; L. capparis ; D. kapper ; G. kaper ; SjT. kapar ; Ar.
71.

[Fr. capre

Arm.

Literally, pertaining to the head capital bruise, in Milton, a bruise head. [This use is not common.]
; ;

as a on the

2.

Figuratively, as the head is the highest part of a man, oliief principal first in importance as a capital city or town : the cap;

j^^5 kabaron.
to

The

Ar. verb signifies

3.

4.

State condition character profession occupation. A man may act in the capacity of a mechanic, of a friend, of an attor-

increase.]

The bud of

the caper-bush,

which

is

much

used for pickling.

The buds

are collected

of religion. Punishable by loss of the head or of fife ; incurring the forfeiture of life punishable with death as, treason and murder are capital ofl'enses or crimes.
ital articles
; ;

CAP
4.

CAP
;

CAP
Romans
in

Taking away

life,

5.

0.

or affecting life, Great, important, though perhaps not chief; as, a town possesses capital advantages for trade. Large of great size ; as capital letters, which are of different form, and larger
;

capital punishment as a capital trial.

as a

the principal
2.

temples of the

A'PON,
seems

V.

t.

To

castrate, as a cock. Birchn.

their colonies. Encyc. The edifice occupied by the Congress of the United States in their deliberations.

CAPONNIE'RE,
capponiera, a
to be

[Fr., Sp. caponera, It.

little

cut

or trench, and

it

than

common

letters.

Capital stock, is the sum of money or stocl^ which a merchant, banker or manufacturer employs in his business either the original stock, or tliat stock augmented Also, the sum of money or stock whicli each partner contributes to the joint fund or stock of the partnership also, the common fund or stock of the company, whether incorporated or not. A capital city or town is the metropolis or chief city of an empire, kingdom, state or province. The application of the epithet indicates the city to be the largest, or to be the seat of govermnent, or both. In many instances, the capital, that is, the largest city, is not tlie seat of government.
; ;

In some states, the State-house, or house in which the legislature holds its sessions a government house. CAPITO'LIAN, a. Pertaining to the capi
D^Anville. AP'ITOLINE, a. Pertaining to the capitol in Rome. The Capitoline Games were annual games instituted by Camillus in
tol

allied to capon, Sp. caponar, to cut or curtail.] Infortification, a covered lodgment, sunk four or five feet into the grouud,

in

Rome.

honor of Jupiter Capitolinus, and in commemoration of the preservation of the capitol from the Gauls, and other games institiUed by Domitian and celebrated ev
erv five years.

with a parapet, about two feet high, serving to support several planks, laden with It is large eziough to contain 15 or 20 soldiers, and is placed in the glacis, at the extremity of the counterscarp, and in dry moats, with embrasures or loop holes,
earth.

encompassed

through which the soldiers

may fire.

CAPO'T,

n. [Fr.,
all

Harris. Encyc. probably from L. capio, to

Encyc.
)

CAPIT'ULAR,

CAPITULARY,
1.

CAP'IT.'iL," n. [L. cfrpiteltum.] The upi)ermost part of a column, pillar or pilaster, serving as the head or crowning, and placed immediately over the shaft, and under the entablature. Encyc. By the customary omission of the noun, to which the adjective, capital, refers, it stands for, 1. The chief city or town in a kingdom or state a metro|)olis. 2. large letter or tj'pe, in printing. 3. A stock in trade, in manufactures, or in any business requiring the expenditure of nionev with a view to protit. CAPITALIST, n. A man who has a capital or stock in trade, usually denoting a man of large property, which is or maybe employed in business. Burke. Stephens. CAP'ITALLY, adv. In a capital manner
;

cards at picquet. n. [from cap.] One whose business is to make or sell caps. name is also AP'REOLATE, a. [L. capreolu.t, a tendril, ecclesiastical, made by Charlemagne, and pro])eily a shoot, from the root ofcapra, a other princes, in general councils and as goat.] semblies of the people. Some indeed In botany, having tendrils, or filiform spiral have allcdged that these are supidements claspers, by which plants fasten themto laws. selves to other bodies, as in vines, peas, &c. They are so called, because they are divided into chapters or sections. Encyc. Harris. Martyn. 3. The member of a chapter. CAPRICE, )!. [Fr. caprice; Sp. Port, caCAPIT'ULARLY, adv. In the form of an pricho ; It. capriccio, a shaking in fever,
2.

or chapter.] An act passed in a chapter, either of knights, canons or religious. The body of laws or statutes of a chap This ter, or of an ecclesiastical council.
^

a "' [L. capitulum,

head

seize.]

winning of
1..

game of piquet. To win CAPO'T,

t.

the tricks of cards at the Johnson. all the tricks of

CAP'PER,

given to the laws, civil anc

ecclesiastical chapter.

Swift.

rigors
fix ca,

also,

APIT'ULARY,

a.

Relating to the chapIVarton.

pect this

whim, freak, fancy. word to be formed, with

I susa pre-

ter of a cathedral.
I'.t.

APIT'ULATE, [from capitulum, suj)ra.] 1. To draw up a writing in chapters, head?

or articles.

on the root of freak, break ; denoting primarily a sudden bursting, breaking,

Shak.

nobly
2.

finely.

With

loss

of life

as, to

CAP'ITALNKSS,
[Little used.]

n.

punish

capitally.

capital

offense.

Shenvood.

AP'1TATE,

a.

[L. capitatus,

from

caput,

a head.] In botany, growing in a head, applied to a flower, or stiama. Martyn. Lee.

To surrender, as an army or garrison, to an enemy, by treaty, in which the terms of surrender are specified and agreed to by the parties. The term is applicable to a garrison or to the inhabitants of a besieged place, or to an army or troops in any situation in which they are subdued or compelled to submit to a victorious enemy. APITULA'TIOi\, n. The act of capitulating, or surrendering to an enemy upon stipulated terms or conditions. 2. Tlie treaty or instrument containing the
2. 3.
4.

[But

this sense is not usual.']

writers,

or starting. So we see in Italian, maglio, and camaglio, a mail. In early English is it written, according to the Spanish, c/>nc/(0. If formed from the root oi capio, caper, the primary sense is the

same.]

sudden start of the mind change of opinion, or humor

;

a sudden a whim,

freak, or particular fancy.

eAPRI"CIOUS,

a.

Freakish:

whimsical;

apt to change opinions siKhlenly, or to start from one's purpose; unsteady;

fickle fanciful ; subject to changeable change or irregularity as a man of a ca; ; ;

pricious temper.

APlTA'TION,
the head.]
1.

71.

[L. capitatio,
;

from caput,
Brown.

Numeration by the head

of persons.

a numbering

2.

tax, or
;

person

imposition upon each liead or a poll-tax. Sometimes written

Capitation-tax. Encyc. CAP'ITE. [L. caput, the head, abl.] In Ens;lish law, a tenant in capite, or in chief, is one who holds lands immediately of the king, caput, the heail or Lord Paramount of all lands in the kingdom, by knight's service or by soccage. This tenure is called tenme in capite ; but it was abol-

ished in England, by 19 Charles II. 21. Blackstone.

AP ITOL,
the head.]
1.

n.

[L. capitolium,

from caput,

Jupiter in Rome, and a fort or castle, on the Mons Capitolinus. In this, the Senate of Rome aneiently as.sembled and on the same ])lace, is still the city hall or town-house, where the conservators of the Romans hold their
;

The temple of

meetings.

The same name was

given to

The quality of being led by caprice whimsicalness unsteadiness of purpose or opinion. 2. Unsteadiness liableness to sudden chandignitvges as the capriciousness of fortune. APIT 'ULATOR, n. One who capitulates. CAP'RICORN, n. [L. capricornus, caper, a Sherwood. goat, and cornu, a horn.] AP'ITULE, n. A summary. [JVo< in use.] One of the twelve signs of the zodiac, the winter solstice mckliffe. represented on ancient monuments, by the figure of a goat, or a eAP'iVI, re. A balsam of the Spanish WestIndies. a figin-e having the fore part like a goat [See Copaiba.] CAP'NOM /VNC Y, n. [(Jr. xar<vo{, smoke, and and the hind part like a fish. Encyc. Divination by the CAPRIFIeA'TION, n. [L. caprijicatio.] A IJ.avtcia, divination.] ascent or motion of smoke. method of ripening figs by means of a Spenser. n. [Sp. capucho, a hood Fr. cuat or insect that pricks the bud. Encyc. APO'CH, A monk's hood. CAP'RIFOLE, 71. [L. caprifoliun.] Honcapvce.] CA'PON, n. [Sp. capon ; Port, capam It. capeysuckle woodbine. Spenser. pone ; Fr. chapon ; L. capo Ir. cabun D. ka- CAP'RIFORM, a. [L. caper, a goat, and G. knjiaun ; Arm. cabon Sw. Dan. ; jmen forma, form.] Having the fiirm of a goat. Or. xartuv. Qu. the root of Fr. Eclectic Review. knpun ; a cock-chick- CAP'RIOLE, n. [Fr., now cabriole ; Sp. Port. couper.] A castrated cock en gelded as soon as he quits his dam, or cabriota ; It. eapriola, a caper.] as soon as he begins to crow. In the manege, caprioles are leaps that a

conditions of surrender. A reducing to heads. [.N'ot much used.] In German polity, a contract which the Emijeror makes with the electors, in the names of the princes and states of the empire, before he is raised to the imperial

CAPRU'CIGUSLY,
manner
;

adv.
n.

In a capricious

whimsically.
; ;

APRI"CtOUSNESS,
;

CAP

CAP
cattivo,

CAP
whence Eng.
caitiff;

the colonel of a regiment being the caphorse makes in the same place without tain of the first company, that company is advancing, in such a manner that when commanded by a Captain-Lieutenant. he is at the iiighth of the leap, he jerks out with his hind legs, even and near. It Captain- liashaiv, or Capudan Bashate, in differs from the croupade in this, that, in a Turkey, is the High Admiral. Shak. croupade, a horse does not show his shoes, CAP'TAIN, a. Chief; valiant. and from a balotade, in which he does not CAP'TAINCY, 71. The rank, post or com mission of a captain. Farrier's Did. Washington. jerk out. AP'RIPED, a. [L. caper, a goat, and pes, 2. The jurisdiction of a captain, or commander, as in South America. foot.] CAP'TAINRY, n. The power or command Having feet like those of a goat. over a certain district chieftainship. C.\P'SIUM, n. Guinea pepper. Chambers. Johnson. Spenser. tJAPSI'ZE, V. t. To upset or overturn; a
;

L. captivus,

from
1.

[aisoner taken by force or stratagem in war, by an enemy; followed byte; as a

captive to the victor.

capto, to seize.]

2.

One who is charmed or subdued by beauty or excellence one whose affections are seized, or who is held by strong ties of
;

love.
3.

4.

AP'ISTAN,

Mar. Did CAP'TAINSHIP, n. The condition or post of a captain or chief commander. Shak. written capSp. cabestrante ; Port. 2. The rank, quality or post of a captain. In lieu of this captaincy is now used. cabrestanle, from cabresto, Sp. cabcslro, a halter L. capistrum ; Sax. cccpster, or cceb .3. The command of a clan, or government of a certain district. Davies. estr, a halter. The Spanish has also cabria,
seaman''s phrase.
n.

sometimes
;

sttrn. [Fr. cabestan

One who is ensnared by love or flatter^', or by wiles. 2 Tim. ii, 26. A slave. Anciently captives were enslaved by their conquerors. But in modern times, they are not made slaves in christian countries and the word captive, in a hteral sense, rarely signifies a slave.
;

CAP'TIVE,
kept
in

a.

Made
or

prisoner

in

war

bondage,

an axle-tree, and is probably from

cabrio, a rafter.

L.

capio,

to hold,

Capstan with

4.

Skill in

t'APTA'TION,

military affairs. n. [L. captatio,

captive souls. 2. Holding in

confinement ; as Dryden.
;

confinement
t.

as

captive

from

capto,

chains.

some other word.]

strong mas.y column of timber, formed hke a truncated cone, and having its upper extremity pierced to receive bars or levers, for winding a rope round it, to raise great weights, or perform other extraordinary It work, that requires a great power. may be let down through the decks of a sliip, and so fixed that the work is jierformcd by a horizontal motion. JVIar. Did.
i

The

to catch.] act or practice

CAP'TIVE,
of catching favor or ap-

V.

To

take prisoner; to bring

into subjection.

Obs.

Dryden.
;

plause, by flattery or address.

CAPTIVITY,
Charles.
to 1.
ias,

71.

[Vr. captivite

Prior. L. captivi-

King

CAP'TION,
seize.]
1.

n.

[L.

captio,

from

capio,

act of taking, or apprehending by a 2. Subjection to love. Addison. judicial process. [Little used.] 2. A certificate signed by commissioners in 3. Subjection ; a state of being under con-

The

from capto to seize.] The state of being a prisoner, or of being in the power of an enemy by force or the fate of war. Dryden,

AP'SUL\RY
2.

"

""^'""^^
is

hke a chest.

Chancery, declaring when and where tlie commission was executed. Ash

trol.

Bringing into

3.

CAP'TIOUS, [L. captiosus, to catch.] Botany. n. [L. capsula, a little chest, 1. Disposed to find fault, or raise objections; CAP'TOR, n. [L. capio, to take.] One who l)erhaps from capio, to take.] apt to cavil, as in popular langiuige, it is It is aptakes, as a prisoner or a prize. The seed vessel of a plant ; a dry membrasaid, apt to catch at ; as a captious man. propriately one who takes a prize at sea. naceous hollow pericarp, opening differ- 2. Fitted to catch or ensnare ; insidious ; ai 7!. [L. captura ; Fr. capture; It is composed Locke. CAP'Tl'RE, ently in different plaiiLs. captious question. from L. capio, to take.] of valves or outer covering, partitions, 3. Proceeditig from a caviling disposition 1. In a general sense, the act of taking or the colmnella or central pillar, and cells. as a captious objection or criticism. seizing; as the capture of an enemy, of a Martyn. Milne. C.\P'TIOUSLY, adv. In a captious manner ship, or of booty, by force, surprise or with an inclination or intention to object, CAP'TAIN, n. [Vr. capitaine ; Sp. capitan; stratagem. or censure. Port, capiiam ; It. capilano ; from L. caput, Locke. 2. The tiling taken ; a prize ; prey taken by In the feudal laws of Europe, the head. n. Disposition to find CAP'TIOUSNESS, force, surprise or stratagem. the term was applied to tenants in capite, fault ; inclination to object ; peevishness. 3. Seizure ; arrest ; as the capture of a crimwho were bound to attend their prince in Locke inal or debtor. his wars, at the head of soldiers, and from AP'TIVATE, 11. t. [L. captivo, from capti CAP'Tl'RE, V. t. To lake or seize by force, this practice the name had its origin, or vus, a prisoner, from capto, to take ; Fr. surprise or stratagem, as an enemy or his from their command.] projierty ; to take by force under the aucapliver ; Sp. caulivar ; Port, cativar ; It J. l/uerally, a head or chief officer; approthority of a commission ; as to captures cattivare.] priately, the military officer who com 1. To take ship. prisoner ; to seize by force ; as mands a company, whether of infantry, an enemy in war. CAP'TURED, pp. Taken as a prize. cavalry, artillery or matrosses. Shak. Locke. B. Trumbull. CAP'TURING, ppr. Seizins as a prize. 2. The connnander of a ship of war, or of a 2. To subdue ; to bring into bondage. CAPU'CCIO, 71. [It.] A capuchin or hood. merchantman. But the latter is often King Charles. CAPU'CHED, a. Covered with a hood. called a master. Broun. 3. To overpower and gain with excellence [Little used.] 3. The commander of a military band, a or beauty ; to charm ; to engage the affec- CAPUCHiN, 11. [Fr. capudne, from capuce, sense that occurs in the scriptures ; as a Addison tions ; to bind in love. a hood or cowl.] of fifty. captain 4. To enslave ; with to ; as, captivated to error. 1. A garment for females, consisting of a 4. A man skilled in war or military affairs ; Locke. cloke and hood, made in imitation of the as. Lord Wellington is a great captain. Shak. dress of capuchin monks. Johnson. CAP'TIVATE, a. Taken prisoner. 5. A chief commander. Shak. But in
a.

Capsular ligament, rounds every movable articulation, contains tin; synovia like a bag. Hooper. AP'SULATR," f "' Inclosed in a capsule, or as in a chest or CAP'SULATED, S
box.

that

which

sur- 4. In Scots law, a writ issued at the instance 4. Subjection ; servitude ; slaver)'. But I see another law in my meaibers and of a creditor, commanding an officer to ing me into captivity to the law of sin. take and till he the

preamble.

obedknce of

Christ.

captivity every thought to the 2 Cor. x.

bringRom.

imprison

debtor,

pays

the debt.

vii.

from capto

To

CAP'SULE,

lead captivity captive, in scripture, is to subdue those who have held others in slaPs. Ixviii. very, or captivity.

Made prisoner 2. pigeon whose head is covered with sense rarely used, but in composition. pp. feathers. charmed. Captain-general, is the commander in chief of an army, or of the militia. The gover- CAP'TIVATING, ppr. Taking prisoner; CAPUcHiNS, 71. Monks of the order of St. Francis, who cover their beads with nor of a state is Captain- General of the engaging the afl'cctions. a capuce, capuchon, a stuff-cap or cowl. militia. U. States. 2. a. Havins power to engage the affections. They are clothed in brown or gray, go Captain- Lieutenant, is an officer, who with CAPTIVA'TION, n. The act of taldng a the rank of cajitain and pay of lieutenant, bare-footed, and never shave their faces. prisoner; a taking onecajitive. commands a company or troop. Thus CAP'TIVE, 71. [Fr capti/; Sp. cautivq; It.l 71 eye.

this

CAPTIVATED,

CAR
tAP'UCINE,
sagoo or
sai.

CAR
monkey, the
[3.

CAR
B. Jonson.

n.

species of

The

value of any thing. Obs.

CARBONIZA'TION,
of carbonizing.

n.

The

act or process"

- , u ,

AP'1JL1N,

n.

The Mexican
in

cherry.

CAR'AVAN,

n. [At.

irom 1-3 -A, .** from (

CARBONIZE,
tile

names of places, is CAK, CAER, CHAR, sometimes the CeUic Caer, a town or city,
as in

Caennarlhtn.
n.

CAR,
Arm.

[W.
;
;

qarr
;

Dan. karre
rxirrus
croit,

car; Iv. carr, carra, or caiii ; D. and G. karre ; Sw. klirra ; Sp. It. Port, carro ; L. carrus, or

Fr. char,

whence

1.

2.

sense is fi-om running on wheels. See Current.] A small vehicle moved on wheels, usually drawn by one horse. Johnson. In poetical language, any vehicle of dignity or splendor a chariot of war, or of tria cart.
;

The

Sax. probably taken

chariot
;

karau, to stretch along, to follow, to proSp. caravana ; Pers. as Ar.] Fr. caravane. company of travellers, pilgrims or merchants, marching or proceeding in a body over the deserts of Arabia, or other region infested with robbers.

ceed from place to place.

V. t. To convert into carbon by combustion or the action of fire to ex])el irom wood or otlier substance all vola;

matter.

CARBONIZED, pp.
or charcoal.

Converted into carbon

a,

CARBONOHY'DROUS,
Gr.
iiSup,

[carbon

and

water.]
a.

CARAVAN'SARY,

place appointed for receiving and loading caravans a kind of inn, where the caravans rest at night, being a large square building, with a spacious court in the middle. Encyc.
;

n.

CARBONOUS,
not fully

and hydrogen.

Composed of carbon

Carbonous acid is carbon saturated with oxygen.

n.

CARBUNCLE,
coal,
1.

Lavoisier. [L. carbunculus, a httle

from

Milton. Prior. umph. 3. The constellation called Charles's wain or the bear. DryJen. AR'ABINE, ) [Fr. carahine Sp. carabi;

CARAVEL,
C-ARVEL,
1.

Fr. caravelle.] I small vessel on the coast of France, in the herring fishery. These vessels " are tisually from 25 to 30 tons burden. CARBINE, I na ; It. id.] A short gun or fire arm, carrying a ball of 2. A light, round, old-fashioned ship. Johnson. 24 to the pound, borne by light horsemen n. [Gr. xopoj, xapw ; li. caros, and hanging by a belt over the left shoul- CAR' careum ; Fr. carri ; Sp. alcaravea or alcarder. Tlie barrel is two feet and a half

"

[S\).

caravela;

It.

caravello;

an inflammatory timior, or painful gangrenous boil or ulcer.

;

An anthrax

carbo.]

used

2.

AWAY,

long,

and sometimes fmrowed.

ahueya; D.kenre
;

ARABINEE'R,
;

CAR' AC,
ico,

n. A man who carries a carabine one who carries a longer carabine than others, whicli is sometimes used on foot. Encyc.
?
'

Ar.

Lj-^T

karawia.]

Coxe. Hooper. beautiful gem, of a deej) red color, with a mixture of scarlet, called by the Greeks found in the East Indies. It is anthrax, found pure, and adhering to a heavy ferruIt is ginous stone, of the emery kind. usually a quarter of an inch hi length, and two-thirds of that in diameter, of an angular figure. When held up to the sun, it

A plant of the genus Carinn,

a biennial ])lant

[Port,

cnrraca
;

'Pr.

caraque;

CAR'ACK,

\ S]). carraca a burden, cargo.]

;

allied to It. car-

spirituous liquors. Encyc. Encyc. n. [L. carbo, a coal a. Set with carbuncles n. Sp. carbon; [Fr. caracole, a wheeling It. cai-Iwne ; Fr. charbon. Qu. Gr. xapijiu, about Sp. caracal, a small cone, a wind spotted. to dry, or the root of c/ia?-, Russ. It. caracollo, a charyu, to CARBUNC'ULAR, a. Belonging to a caring staircase, a snail buncle red burn.] resembling a carbuncle wheeling.] inflamed. a simple body, Mack, brittle, 1. In the manege, a semi-round, or half turn Pure charcoal It is usually the re- CARBUNCULA'TION, n. which a horseman makes, either to the light and inodorous. [L. carhunculamains of some vegetable body, from which In the army, the cavalry iio, from carbunculo, to burn to a coal, to right or left. all its volatile matter has been blast. See Carbon.] make a caracol after eacli discharge, in expelled by heat. When crystalized, it forms the The blasting of the young buds of trees or order to pass to the rear of the squadron. diamond and by means of a galvanic Harris. plants, by excessive heat or cold. Encyc. n. A combination of carbon 2. In architcclure, a staircase in a helix or apjiaratus, it is found to be capable of fusion. with a metal, earth or alkali. Lavoisier. spii'al form. Encyc. combination of carbon with a simple mCAR'ACOL, V. i. To move in a caracol CARBONA'CEOIJS, a. Pertaining to char coal. flammable or a metal. to wheel. Webster. [See Carbonic] a. Combined with carCAR'ACOLY, n. A mixture of gold, silver C'ARBONADE, ) " [from carbo, supra.] In and copper, of wliich are made rings, pen- CARBONA'DO, bon, or holding carbon in solution as cookery, flesh, fowl or the like, cut across, seasoned and broiled carbureted hydrogen gas. dants and other toys for the sa\ ages. on coals. Obs. Shak. Carbureted hydrogen consists of one prime CAR'AT, n. [It. ca'raio ; Fr. carat ; D. ka? To cut or hack. Oii. equivalent of each. Ure. raut; G. karat; Gr. jcfpanov, a little horn, C^ARBONADE, , '' ' a i>od, and the berry of a iiod, used CARBONA'DO, Shak Carbureted hydrogen gas is called hydro-carn. In for a weight of four grains. From tiie bonate, being resolvable into carbonic acid chimistry, aconqiound formed by the union of carbonic acid with and water, by combustion with oxygen. Greeks, it is said, the Arabians borrowed a base as the carbonate of Ume ; a carbonJiiken. a weight used in Mec their Is y's karat, ate of copper. Carbureted is applied to gaseous compomuls. Thus we say carbureted hydrogen, instead ca, equal to the twenty-fourth of a dena- C^ARBONATED, a. Combined with carSee Castell, Col. 3448, of carburet of hydrogen. bon. rius, or denier. Lavoisier. Silliman anil Ludolf, ItW.] CARBON'IC, o. Pertaining to carbon, or CABCAJO, n. The glutton, a voracious 1. The carnivorous animal. obtained from it. The carbonic acid is a weight of four grains, used by gold siriiths and jewelers in weighing precious saturated combination of carbon and oxvn. [Fr. carcan, a chain ; It. stones and i)earls. chain or collar of jewels. Encyc. gen. It has been called Jixed air, aerial carcame.] 2. The weight that expresses the fineness of Shak. Hakewell. acid, mephitic gas, and cretaceous acid, or The whole mass of gold is divided acid of chalk. It isfoun<l, in some places, gold. C^ARCASS, n. [Fr. carcasse ; It. carcame ; into 24 equal parts, and as many 24tli in a state of gas it exists in the atmosNorm, carkoys, a mast, and a carcass. Qu. parts as it contains of pure gold, it is calGr. xa^i^r^niov.] phere, and is disengaged from fermenting led gold of s-o many carats. Thus gold of hquors, and from decomposing vegetable 1. The body of an animal usually the body and animal substances. It is heavier thai twenty-two parts of pure metal, is gold when dead. It is not applied to the living of twenty-two carats. The carat in Great connnon air, and subsides into low places, body of the human species, except in low Britain is divided into four grains among vaults and wells. or ludicrous language. Hooper thi^ Germans into twelve parts and CARBONIFEROUS, a. [carbo and fero, to 2. The decaying remains of a bulky thing, as among the French into thirty-two. of a boat or ship. bear.] Producing carbon, or coal. Encyc. Kirwan, Geol. 3. The frame or main parts of a thing, unfin-

large ship of burden diaman.

a Portuguese In-

with a taper root like a parsnip, which when young, is good eating. Tlie seeds have an aromatic smell and a warm pungent taste. They are used in cakes, incrusted with sugar, and distilled with

its deep tinge, and becomes exactly of the color of a burning coal. Encyc. The carbuncle of the ancients is supposed to have been a garnet. Cteaveland.

loses

3.

of eight

mon

In heraldry, a charge or bearing consisting radii, four of which make a comcross, and the other four, a saltier.
;

CAR'ACOL,
;

CARBON,

CARBUNCLED,
;

CARBURET, A

CARBURETED,

<,

<,

CARBONATE,
;

CARCANET, A

CAR
which grow

CAR
in
[lAttle used.]

CAR
(>ARDINALIZE,
v.
t.

a pod, have a warm aroished or without ornament. This seems matic flavor, and are used in medicine. to be tlie primary sense of the word. [Sec Hale the next word.] Encyc. 'AReASS, n. [It. carcassa ; Sp. carcax ; CARDED, ;>;>. Combed; opened; cleansed with card.s. r. carcasse ; D. karkas.] An iron case or hollow vessel, about the size C"ARDER, n. One who cards wool also, one who plays much at cards. Hotton. of a bomb, of an oval figure, filled with
;

To make

a cardinal.

Shddon.

C^ARDING,
&c.
I

ppr.

Combing, as

flax,

woo),

2.

The

CARDLNG-MACHiNE, n. A machine lately invented, fcjr combing, breaking and cleansing wool and cotton. It consists of cylinders, thick set with teeth, and moved

act of plaving at cards. [Little used.]

as nieul-powder, salt-peter, sulphur, brokei gla.ss, turpentine, &c., to be thrown from a luortiir into a town, to set fire to buildIt has two or three apertures, from ings. which the fire blazes, and the light sometimes serves as a direction in throwing

combu.stible

and

other

.substances,

C^ARDIAC, C'ARDIACAL,
heart.]
1.

[h. cardiacus
axo{,

^h. xof&i-

from

xapSia,

the

by die force of water, steam, &.c. n. [Gr. xopito, heart, and nioi, form.] An algebraic curs-e, so called from its resemblance to a heart. Chambers. .shells. It is equipped with pistol-barrels, orating the spirits, and giving strength and CARDITE, 71. Fossil or petrified shells of the genus Cardium. cheerfulness. Mid. Did. Jameson. loaded with jjowder to the muzzle, which medicine which excites 71. A as the composition liiirns down to CARDI.'\, n. [card and maker.] explode maker of cards. action in the stomach, and animates the them. This instrument is probably named
2.

Pertaining to the heart. Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach having the quality of stimulating action in the system, invig;

*ARDI01D,

CARD-MAKER,
'ARJ)-MATCH,
melted sulphur.

from the
resemble

ribs of iron that form it, which the ribs of a Inmian carcass.

spirits.

CARDIALciV,
and

ti.

[Gr. xop8ia, the

heart,

n. [card and match.] match made by dipping pieces of card

in

Encyc.

Mar. Did.
Prison fees.

aj.yo;, jiain.]

Addison.
[Sp. cardon
;

e'ARCELA<5E,
[jVo< in use.]

n.

[L. career.]

The

'ARCERAL, a. Belonging to a prison. GARCINO'MA, n. [Gr. xapxuwfta, from

heart-burn, a violent sensation of heat and acrimony in the upper or left orifice of the stomach, seemingly at the heart, but rising into the oesophagus. It is called

ARDOON',

CARD-TABLE,
ARE,
Ir.
7!.
;
;

xapxn'ou, xapxci'o;,

a cancer.]
Core.
a.
it.

cancer

also, a

lurgescnce of the veins of

the eye.

ARCINO'MATOUS,

Cancerous

like a

CARD
Dan.
root.]
1.

cancer, or tending to
n.
;
;

L. charla
kort

[Fr. cnrh ; Sp. Port. It. carta : Gr. jtaprr; D. kaart ; G. kaiie ; Ir. cairt ; perhaps from bark,
;

L. cortex,

Ir.

coirt

or eair(, or the

same

A paper or pasteboard of an oblong figure, on which are painted figures or points

used in gamts. A blank piece of paper, or

also the cardiac passion. a. [L. cardinalis, said to be from cardo, a hinge.] Chief, principal, preeminent, or fundamental ; as the cardinal virtues, which Pagans supposed to be justice, prudence, temperance and fortitude. 'ARDINAL, n. An ecclesiastical prince in the Romish church, who has a voice in the conclave at the election of a Pope, who is taken from their number. The cardinals are divided into three classes or orders,

CARDINAL,

L. carduus.] species of Cynara, resembling the artiChambers. choke, but larger. 7i. The table appropriated to the use of gamesters, or used for playing on. cards
n.

car

[Sax. car, cnra ; Goth, kar, kara ; L. cura. In Welch, cur is care,

also, a blow or beating, a throb ; curaii; to beat, strike or tiirob, to fight ; curiau; to trouble, vex, pine, or waste

anxiety

In L. euro signifies to care, and to cure. In Sp. curar is to prescribe medicine ; to salt or cure, as flesh to season, as timl)er ; to bleach, as cloth ; intransi-

away.

2.

3.

tlic like paper with some writin"- upon it, used in messages of civility, or business. The paper on which the points of the compass are marked.

Reason the

carii, but passion

is

the gale.

Pope.

CARD,
gain.

V.

i.

To

play
;

much

containing six bishops, fifty priests, and fourteen deacons, making seventy. These constitute the sacred college, and compose the Pojie's council. Originally they were subordinate in rank to bishops but they have now the precedence. The dress of a cardinal is a red soutaine or cassock, a rocket, a short purple mantle and a red
;

to recover from sickness; and reIn ciprocally, to take care of one's self. Italian, curare is to cure, attend, protect,
tively,

at cards

defend, and to value or esteem. In French, " curer les cleanse dens," to ei(7-e is a benefice. The pick the teeth sense is, to strain, or stretch, as in primary care, attention, and curious is stretching forward but the sense of separating, or
c7-fr is to
; ;
;

to
3.

hat.

Encyc.

Spelman.

Johnson.
n.

CARD,

karde ; cardoner

[D. kaard Sw. karda ;

G. kardetsche
Fr. carde
;

Dan.
en:

Arm.

cloke. Cardinal-Jfou-ir, a j)lant

.\

woman's

of the geims Lo-

; Sp. carda, teasel, and a card Port, carda, a card, and cardo, a thistle ; L. carduus ; It. cardo, a thistle and a card

L. caro, id card
that card,

Ir. cir,

a cumb.

It

seems

and L. carduus, are the same word, and probably tlie plant, tca.sel, is the common original word, or both are from root. The F'rench carde is a card, and the stalks of the artichoke. Artichoke is so
;;

written for cardichoke.] instrument for combing, opening and breaking wool or flax, freeing it from the coarser parts, and from extraneous matter. It is made by inserting bent teeth of wire in a thick piece of leather, and nailing th to a piece of oblong board, to which a handle is attached. CARD, II. t. To comb, or open wool, flax hemp, &c., with a card, for the purpose of

An

cleansing

it

of extraneous matter, separa-

ting the coarser parts, and and soft for spinning.

making
plant,

it

fine

CARDAMI\E,n.
cresses, or

[Gr.]

The

meadow

cuckow

flower.

CARDAMOM, n.
Vol.
1.

[Gr. xapSa^uHoi.] plant of the genus Amomum, and its seeds, a native of India. The seeds of this plant,

beating is from driving, thrusting, coinciding with straining. See Carl, and Cure.] Concern sohcitude anxiety noting some degree of jiain in the mind, from apprehension of evil. shall eat bread by weight and with care. They Ezek. iv. a looking to regard attention, 2. Caution Encyc. or heed, with a view to safety or protecCardinal nuinhers, are tlie numbers, one, two, " take care of yourtion, as in the phrase, three, &c., in disiiiirtion i'loiu Jirst, second, self." which are called ordinal numthird. Sec, A want of care does more damage than a want bers. of know ledge Franklin Cardinal points, in cosmograjihy, arc the or oversight, implying concern for four intersections of the horizon with the 3. Charge as, he was imder safety and prosperity meridian, and the |)nnie vertical circle, or the care of a physician. In North an<l South, East and West. Tliat which conietli upon me daily, the care astrology, the cardinal jointsare the rising of all the churches. 2 Cor. xi. and setting of the sun, the zenith and 4. The object of care, or watchful regard and nadir. attention ; as, " Is she thy care ?" in astronomy, are Aries, Cardinal .<figs, Libra, Cancer and Capricorn. Drydtn. Cardinal icind.'!, are those which blow from CARE, i: i. To be anxious or solicitous to be concerned about. the cardinal points. ) The office, rank or CARDINALATE, " Master, carest thou not that wc perish ? Mark iv. l>ARDINALSHIP, dignity of a cardinal. 2. To be inclined or disposed to liave regard simple leaves, and spikes of beautiful monopetalous flowers of scarlet, blue and violet colors. The natives of this country use a decoction of one species, the siphilitica, as a remedy in the venereal disease.
1.
; ;
;

of many species. They are fibrousrooted perennials, rising from two to five or six feet high, with erect stalks, ornamented with oblong, oval, s))ear-shnped
belia,

driving off", is comprehended, which gives the French sense, and the sense of prying into is included in curious. The sense of healing is from that of care, or making sound and strong. The Welch sense of

<,

32

A R
before a noun, anil to before a " Not verb. caring to observe the wind." ' Great masters in painting never care for drawing people in the fashion." In thli? sense the word implies a less degree of
ii)
;

CAR
A'REFyLLY,
solicitude.

CAR
care, anxiety, or
tears.

\vitli_/br

adv.

With

to load,

burden, charge

Arm.
;

carg.

Sec

"2.

The different degrees of an,xiety expressed by this word constitute the chief
concern.
differences in
tions.
its

Though he sought it carefully with Heb. xii. needfully ; watchfully attentively consider tlie.se precepts carefully.
;

The

Charge.]

as,

If thou carefully

hearken

to the

Lord. Deut.

signification or applica3. a.

XV.

In a

CA'RE-CR.\ZED,

[care

and

craze.]

Bro
;

Eni-y,
4.

manner that shows care. how carefully does it look.

;

Collier.

ken or ilisordered by care, or

as a care-crazed mother.

solicitude

Sliak.

CA'REFULNESS,
2.

(JARE-DEFY'ING,
care.

CA'RE-TUNED,
ful.

a.

Bidding defiance to Shenstone. Tuned by care mournSkak.

a.
;

Johnson. cautiously. n. An.xiety; solicitude. Drink thy water with trembling and with carefulness. Ezek. xii.

Providently

Heedfulness
ing against

A'RE-WOUNDED,
care.

a.

Wounded

with

May.
t.

CA'RELESS,
Goth.
1.
/fn(.s.
;

evil, an<l a. [care

caution vigilance, in guardproviding for safety. and less, Sax. leas,

;

eAREE'N, V.
I.

[Fr. carener,
;

from carene,

tlie

See Loose.]
; ; ;
;

side and keel of a shij), L. carina ; S carenar ; Port, querenar It. carenare.] In sea language, to heave or bring a ship to lie on one side, for the purpose of calking, repairing, cleansing, or paying over Mar. Did. with pitch, the other side. CAREE'N, V. i. To incline to one side, as a Mar. Diet. ship under a press of sail.

2.

heedless Having no care negligent inattentive regardless ununthinking mindful followed by of or about; as a a mother careless of or careless mother about her children, is an unnatural parent. Free from care or anxiety whence, luidistnrbed; cheerful. Thus wisely careless, innocently gay.
; ;
;

the good.s, lading or freight of a ship merchandize, or whatever is conveyed in a ship or other merchant vessel. The lading within the hold is called the inboard cargo, in distinction from horses, cattle and other things carried on deck. The person employed by a merchant to proceed witii, oversee and dispose of the lading, is called a supercargo. CARGOOSE, n. A fowl belonging to the genus Colymbus, called the crested diver. The cheeks and throat are surrounded with a long pendant ruff, of a bright The tawny color, edged with black. breast and belly are of a silvery white. It weighs two pounds and a half. CA'RIATED, (7. Carious. [M>tused. See
Carious.]

CAR'IBOO,
kind.

n.

quadruped of the stag

CAR'ICA,

CAR'ICATURE,
A
C'arg'o.]

tree bearing a fleshy fruit of the size of a small melon. n. [It. caricatura, formed from carica, a load, caricare, to load. See
?!.

The papaw, a

AREE'NED,
clined.

pp.

Laid on one side

in3.

Pope

AREE'N1NG, ppr.
side
;

Heaving down on one

4.

inclining.
?(.

Done or said without care ; unconsidered as a careless throw a careless expression. Not regarding with care unmoved by
;
;

figure or description in

which beauties are

concealed and blemishes exaggerated, but still bearing a resemblance to the object.

CAREE'NING,
on one

The

act of heaving
;

down
5.
;

unconcerned

CAREE'R,
runnmg.J
1.

side, as a shi]). 11. [Fr. carriere

for ; as, careless careless q/'consequences.

of

money
manner
iiiatten

CAR'ICATURE,
caricature the life.
others.
;

v.

t.

To make

Encyc.

to represent as
n.

Sp. cnrrera

Contrived without
or

or draw a more ugly than

Lyttelton.

art.

Bp. Taylor,
;

It is tVoni the Port, carreira ; It. carriera. root of car, and L. curro, from the sense of

CA'RELESSLY,
way
; ;

adv. In a careless
;

CARICATURIST,
ypaijiuj,

One who caricatures

[carex, sedge,

negligently

heedlessly

course
;

rumiing
'i.

a race, or running speed in motion.

;

without care or concern. a rapid CA'RELESSNESS, n. Heedlessness; inattention negligence manner without care.
tivelv
; ;

CARIeOG'RAPHY,
to describe.]

n.

and

Wilkins. Prior General course of action or movement procedure; course of proceeding.

CAR'ENTANE, A papal indulgence,

Un
ARESS',
to caress,
r.
<.

A description of the plants of the genus Carex

or sedge.
Dewei/, Journ. of Science.
a.

n. [Fr. i/uuranlaine, forty.]

forties.

of penance by

multiplying the remiss Taylor.

;

CAR'ICOUS,

[L. carica, a fig.]

Resem-

Continue and proceed

.3.

in

honor's

fair

career.

Dryden. a race is run. Johnson. In the manege, a place inclosed with a barrier, in wliich they run the ring. Encyc. 5. \n falconry, a flight or tour of the hawk about 180 yards. Encyc. CAREE'R, V. i. To move or run rapidly. When a siiip is decked out in all her canvas.

and

[Fr. caresser to cherish ;

Arm.

W. caredigatv

cherifza,
;

It.

The ground on which

i.

carezza, flattciy, a caressing ; careggiare to coax, flatter, esteem ; Sp. caricia, caress acariciar, to caress, cherish, fondle Port. id. It may be frfjm the common root
i.

bling a fig; an epithet given to tumors that rescndile a fig, such as occur often in the piles. Encyc.

CA'RIES,

n.

[L.]

The
;

corruption or mortiCoxe.

fication of a

bone
)i.

an ulcerated bone.

CAR'ILLON,

o{h.carus, Vr.

cher, cherir,

W.car.

But

some

difliculties attend this hypothesis.]

with fondness, affection, or kind to embrace with tender' CAR'INATE, from ca^ " [L. carinatj'S, as a parent a child. South.\ CAR'INATED, ^ rina, a keel.] CARESS', n. An act of endearment; any In botany, shaped like the keel of a ship ; act or expression of affection an embrahaving a longitudinal prominency on the pears Irving back like a keel cing with tenderness as conjugal caresses. applied to a calyx, leaf CAREE'RING, pp. Running or movini Milton. or nectarv. Martyn. with speed. CARESSED, pp. Treated or embraced CARIN'THIN, n. A mineral from CarinFull of care a. CA'REFUL, [See Care.] with affection. thia, regarded as a variety of hornblend. anxious solicitous. Cleaveland. CARESS'ING, ppr. Treating with endeartreat
;

To

ness

httle bell. Also, a [Fr.] simple air in nnisic, adapted to the performance of small bells or clocks. [See Carol.] Busby.

to fondle
;

affection

swelled, and careering gayly over the every curling waves, how lofty, how gallant she ap
sail
!

tJ.

tnent, or affection. CARIOS'ITY, n. [See Caries.] Mortifican. [L. caret, there is wantin fro n Wiseman. tion, or ulceration of a bone. Provident attentive to support and pro. CA'RET, carta, to want.] CA'RIOIiS, a. Mortified; corrupted; ulwith of or for. tect; In writing, this mark a, which shows that cerated as a bone. JViseman. Thou hast been careful for us with all care something, omitted in the fine, is interlined CARK, n. [W. care, care, restraint carcar, 2 Kings iv. a prison, L. career ; Sax. cearc, care above, or inserted in the margin, and WTiat could a careful father more have done. should be read in that place. cearcian, to cark, to creak, to grumble. Dryden The primary sense is, to straiit.] In present usage careful is generally fol-: C~ARGASON, n. A cargo ; which see. Howell. Care; anxiety; concern; sohcitude dislowed by of; as, careful o/ health. tress. Obs. cautious giving good heed CARGO, 71. [W. farg-, aload, caj-ofu, to load, 3. Watchful Sidney. from car, a vehicle Port, cargo, Sp. car- CARK, r. i. To be careful, anxious, solicitas, be careful to maintain good works Obs. be careful of your conversation. ous, concerned. go, a load, bmden, charge ; Sp. cargo, s Sidtuy. load 4. Filling with care or solicitude cargazon, id. cargar, to loatl, to CARKING, pp. Distressing; perplexing; exposing Obs. to concern, anxiety or trouble full of charge ; It. carico, a load or charge ; caricgiving anxiety. to load, to charge ; Fr. cargaison, a CARLE, jj. ciirl. [Sax. cnr/, a male, whence care.s. are, Raised to a careful height. Shak The word signifies pricargo ; charge, a charge or load Carolus, Charles. charger

Martha, thou
things.
;

art

careful and troubled about

x.

many

Luke

CAR
wiartly, strong, robust.

CAR
;

CAR
'

VVlience the Englisii, carl-cat, and carl-hemp ; house-carl, a domestic servant Ger. kerl, a fellow kerl;

hajl, masi'uline, stout. See Churl.] 1. rude, rustic, rough, brutal man.

Obs.

2.

[Sec Churl.] A kind of hemp.

V.
i.

Tusser.

'ARLE,
use.]

To

act like

churl.

[JVot in

Burton.

C'ARLINE,

or CAR'OLINE, n. coin in Naples.

I \

A
or

silver

C'ARLiNE, r/ARLING,

"

[Fr.

carlingue,

escar-

linguc]

CARLISH, CARLISHNESS.
ish.]

piece of timber in a ship, ranging fore and 1. Pertaining to flesh fleshly sen.sual ; opaft, from one <leck beam to another, di posed to spiritual as carnal pleasure. rectly over the keel, serving as a fouuda 2. Being in the natural state unregenerate. On these tion for the body of the ship. The carnal mind is enmity against God. rest the ledges, on which the planks of the Rom. viii. deck are made fast. Encyc. Mar. Did 3. Pertaining to the ceremonial law as car Carline-knees are timbers in a ship, lying nal ordinances. Heb. ix. 10. across from the sides to the hatchway 4. Lecherous; lustful; libidinous given to and serving to sustain the deck. sensual indulgence. Encyc. Shak. 'ARLlNE-tliIST].E,n.Agenus of plants Carnal-knowledge, sexual intercourse. growing in the south of France, and one CARNALIST, n. One given to the indu a native of Great Britain. of sensual appetites. Burton. gence
; ; ; ; ;
;

prepared by dissolving cochineal in an al CARNIVAL, } ^ [Sp. Port, carnaval f Fr. kaline lye, and precipitating it by alum. camaval ; It. carr.ovale CARNAVAL, from L. core, flesh.] Encyc. JVichol.ion. 'ARNAuE, Ji. [Fr. carnage ; Sp. carniceria, The feast or season of rejoicing, before Lent, and shambles It. carnaggio in Catholic countries, with carnage, observc'd, great flesh-meat, and carnaccia, carrion Port solemnity, by leasts, balls, operas, concamagem; from L. caro, flesh.] certs, &c. Encyc. 1. Literally, flesh, or heaps of flesh, as in CARNI VORACITY,)!. [Infra.] Greediness shambles. of a|)petite for flesh. Pope. 2. Slaughter great destruction of men CARNIVOROUS, a. [L. caro, flesh, and havock massacre. voro, to eat.] Hayward. CARNAL, a. [Fr. charnel; L. carnaiis, from Eating or feeding on flesh an epithet apcaro, flesh.] plied to animals which naturally seek flcsli
<i

CARNOS'ITY,

for food, as the lion, tiger, dog, wolf, &c. n. [Fr. carnosite, from L.
little

caro, flesh.]

fleshy excrescence in the urethra, the

a.

neck of the bladder, &c.

C^ARNOFS,

Fleshj-.

[Sec Cameout.]
:

CAR'OB, 77. [Sp. algarroba It. carruba.] The carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua, a native
of Spain, Italy, and the Levant. It is an evergreen, growing in hedges, and jiroducing long, flat, brown-colored pods, filled with a mealy, succulent pulp, of a sweetish taste. Iji times of scarcity, these pods are eaten by poor people, but they are apt to cause griping and lax bowels.
Miller.

[See Churl

CARNALITE,

n.

worldly-minded

man

C'ARLOCK, n. A sort of isinglass from Rus- CARNAL'ITY, made of

sia,

CAR

the sturgeon's bladder, and used in clarifying wine. Encyc. LOT, n. countryman. [See Carle. .Yot i(.?frf.] Shak.

Anderson. n. Fleshly lust, or desires, or the indulgence of those lusts; sensuality.

Encyr.

2.

Crossness of mind or desire

sual pleasnre.-i.
v. t.

South. love of senTillotson

to de-

CARO'CIIE,

n. [It. carrozza.
a.

See Car.]

CARLOVIN'CilAN,
lemagne
kings.
;

Pertaining to Charas the Carlovingian race of

a.

CARNALIZE,

To make

CARO CUED,
CAR'OL,
coroll, a

carriage of pleasure.

Burton. Placed in a caroche.

carnal

Beaum.
.
[It.
;

'ARMAN,

n. [car and man.] man whose employment is to drive a cart, or to con-

CARNALLY, adv.
20.

base to carnality. Scott In a carnal manner; according to the flesh in a manner to gratify the flesh or sensual desire. Lev. .xviii.
;

carola

\V.

dance

W.

cor.

carawl ; Arm. Corn, karol, a

;

choir.]

'ARMELIN, 'ARMELITE,
mendicant
four tribes,
])roviiices,

vey goods and other things in a cart. I "' Belonging to the order of Carmelites. \
ffeever.

Rom.

viii. 6.

A song of
votion
;

CARNAL-MINDED,

a.

joy and exultation a song of deor a song in general.

Worldly-minded.
More. Crossness of

Dryden. Spenser. Bacon. Milton.

ti. i.

CARMELITE,

Monnt Carmel.] A The Carmelites have and they have now thirty-eight
n.

[from

friar.

besides the congregation in which are fifty-four monastea vicar general, and the conof barefooted Carmelites in Itgregations

Mantua,

in

ries, tinder

2.

A sort of pear. CARMIN'ATIVE,

tease.]

and S])ain. They wear a scapulary, or small woolen habit, of a brown color, thrown over the shoulders. Encyc.
aly
[Fr. carminatif; Sp. carminativo, from carminar, to expel wind backward, from L. carmino, to card or
;
:

a.

Expelling wind from the body warming antispasmodic. CARMIN'ATIVE, n. A medicine, which tends to expel wuid, or to remedy colic

^V. caroli ; Arm. CAR'OL, ; [It. n. carolli, to dance, to sing love songs.] mind. Ellis. To sing to warble ; to sing in joy or fesPrior. Shak. ARN.\^TION, n. [Fr. carnation, the naked tivity. part of a picture, flesh color ; It. incarna CAR'OL, V. t. To praise or celebrate in song. lino ; carnagione, complexion Sp. car Milton. naztt ; I'tM't. curnaz ; from L. caro, flesh.] n. [from Carolus, Char]cs U.] 1. Flesh color the parts of a picture which CAROLI'NA, The name of two of the Atlantic States are naked, or without drapery, exhibiting in North America, called North CaroUna the natural color of the flesh. Encyc. and South Carolina. 2. of plants, Dianthus, so named geinis from the color of the flower. Anion, CAR'OLING, n. song of praise or devotion. these are the clove-gilliflowcr, sweet-wilSpenser. CAROLIN'L\N, a. Pertaining to Carolina. liam, Imlian piid\, &c. CARNA'TIONED, a. Made like carnation CAROLIN'IAN, )i. A native or inhabitant of Carolina. color. n. [Fr. cornaline; Sp. coraf- CAR'OMEL, n. The smefl exlialed by su[/>p. gar, at a calcining heat.
carolare

ARNAL-MINDEDNESS,

CARNELIAN,
rina.]
.\

and

flatulencies.

sihceous stone, a variety of chalcedony, of dee]) red, flesh-red, or reddish white color. It is tolerably hard, cajiable of a good pohsh, and used for seals.
a

CAROTID,
right

ARiMINE,_ H. I'on. cannim ;

.Sp.

root as crimson

der

carmesi, It. chcnnisi,

Encyc. Cleaveland. carmin ; Sp. carmin : carminio ; from the samel Carnel-u-ork, in ship-building, is the putting together the tind)ers, beams and i)lauks, Port, carmesim, crimson as distinguished from clinch-work. Encyc. crimson
[Fr.
;

It.

[Gr. xapunSn.] The carotid body, are two arteries, the which convey the blood from the aorta to the head and brain. The ancients supi)osed drowsiness to be seated Gr. xopoj. in these arteries.
a.

arteries, in the

and

left,

CAROL'S' A L,

71.

as z.
it

and cochineal jiow-| crimson, and chermes)

CARNEOUS,
flesh.]
;

a.

[L.

cameus, from

caro,

feast or festival. But in America

[See Carouse.] Johnson.

signifies a noisy drink-

ing bout, or reveling.

cochineal, kemies

Ar.

>^J-'

Fleshy kirmiz, kirthe

eat.

CARNEY,

mi/on, a berry, and an insect, used in dye-

mouth

having the qualities of flesh. Ray. n. A disease of horses, in which is so furred that tliey cannot Chambers.
n.

CAROUSE,
drinking.
this

V. i.

know

carouz'. [Fr. carrouse, hard not the real original of

word.

In Per*-

])oder or i)igment, of a beautiful red or crimson color, bordering on purple, and

rarely,

used by painters in miniature, ou account of its great price.

turning Chambers. ".\RMFy, v.i. [from L. caro,camis, flesh.] To form flesh ; to receive flesh in growth. though
to flesh.
It is

ARNIFlA'TION,

[Infra.]

jj-f

karoz signifies

In Germ. hiliarity, singing, dancing. rauschen signifies to rush, to fuddle. In Ir. craosal is drunkenness, from craos, ex-

Hale.

To

cess, revelling.] drink hard ; to guzzle.

In the U. States,

CAR
it

CAR
who
or luxury, enjoys ease and security, and has not known the hardships of tlie
field.

CAR
animals
fit

to signifies also

be noisy, as bacchana-

lians.

CAROUSE,

n. carouz'.

is used in a like sense. a hearty drink or full draught of hquor a Carpel-monger 'ARPET, V. t. To cover with a carpet; to noisy drinking match. Bacon. Derham. pread with carpets. OAROUS'ER, n. A drinker; a toper; a noiCARPETED, pp. Covered with a carpet. sy reveler, or bacchanalian. n. Cloth for carpets; carCAROUri'lNG, ppr. Drinking hard; rev- CARPETING,
;

drinking match

2.

AR'RION,

woman a term of reproach. Shak. Relating to dead and putrefying carcasses feeding on carrion, as a carrion-crow. Shak.
worthless
a.
; ;

flesh so corrupted as to be unfor food. Dryden. Pope,

;

ARRONA'DE,
A
made.]

ti.

[It is

said to be fi-om
it

eling.

pets in general.

Cairon, in Scotland, where

was

first

CARP,
It.

V. i.

carpire See Carve.] scratch.

[L. carpo, to seize, catch, pick ; or ; Sp. Port, carpir, to tear

CARPE'l"-WALK,
turf

n.

A
;

walk on smooth
Evelyn. captious censo;

CARPING, jo/)r.
rious.

Caviling

or to pick. Literally, to snap or catch at, Hence, to censure, cavil, or find fault, paror petulantly ticularly without reason, followed by at. No, not a tooth or nail to scratch
;

Watts.
;

e ARPING, n. The act of caviling

unreasonable censure. ' ARPING LY, adv. Captiously;
ing manner.

a cavil;
a carp-

short piece of ordnance, having a large caliber, and a chamber for the powder, This species of cannon is like a mortar. carried on the upper works of ships, as the poop and forecastle, and is very useful
in close

in

engagements.
77.

Camden.
n.

And

C ARP.

'ARPOLITE, n. [Gr. xoprtos, fruit, and 2. ?.tSo5, stone.] AR'ROT, 77. [It. carota; Fr.carotte; Low Petrified fruits, of which the most remarkaL. carota.] L. carpio, from carjM, to sieze.] An esculent root, of the genus Daucus, culA fish, a species of cijprijius, an excellent fish ble are nuts converted into silex. These fishes breed rapidly, ARPOL'Ot;IST, n. [Gr. xaprtoj, fruit, and tivated for the table and for cattle. for ponds. to speak.] One who describes fruits. AR'ROTY, a. Like a carrot in color ; an to a large size, and Uve to a great xtyu, grow Enciie. ARP0L'0GY, n. [Supra.] description epithet given to red hair. age. Per71. In Ireland, people who wana. [L. carpus, the wrist.] of fruits. Cyc. n. [L.] The wrist, but not an der about and get their living by cards and Ena/c. taining to the wrist. word. dice ; strollinggamesters. Spenser. CARPA'THIAN, a. Pertaining to the CarRuss. karp ; D. carpione ; Arm. carpen ; S\v. karj) karper ; G. karpftii ; Dan. karpe ;

Herbert. carp and catcli. n. [Fr. Port, carpe ; Sp. carpa ; It

at

my actions

'ARPMEALS,
made
in the

kind of coarse cloth

Phillips.

CARROON',

North of England.

for the privilege

Mar. Diet. Encyc. In London, a rent received Ash. of driving a cart. Tooke, Russ. species of cherry.

Low

CARPAL,

CAR'ROWS,
I

CARPUS,
English

of mountains between Popates, a range land, Hungary and Transylvania. CARPENTER, n. [Fr. charpentier ; Sp. It. caipen carpintcro; Port. carpeiUeiro ; or coach-maker; L. tiere, a cart-wright,
earpentarius,

eAR'RAWAY, CARRIABLE,
[jVbt
171

n.
a.

A kind

use.']

of apple. Mason. That may be carried. Sherwood.

AR'RY,
kiiirer;

V. t. [W. canaw, from car, a dray, chardrag, or wagon Fr. charrier ; Arm. reat or charreein ; Sp. acarrear ; Dan.
;

AR'R1AGE,
rier, to carrj

.
;

It.

from char[Fr. charriage, carreggio, or carriaggio

signify primarily to cari7

from carpentuin, a chariot.] Vn artificer who works in timber ; a frame and builder of houses, and of ships. Those who build houses are called house-carpenwho build ships are called ters, and those
ship-carpenters.

See Cany.]

These verbs ; G.karren. on a cart or car, and are evidently from the noun. But the
Sw.kiora
English carry coincides also with the Latin our vulgar kerry ; for the sense of behavior can hardly proceed from the moving of a wheel-carriage, nor indeed can some other senses of this word. But the primary sense, in both cases, is to move.] To bear, convey, or transport, by sustaineither ing and movuig the tiling carried, by bodily strength, upon a beast, in a veIn Iiicle, or in any kind of water-craft. the general, it implies a moving from a speaker or the place present or near, to and so is opposed to place more distant, bring and fetch, and it is often followed by

The act of carrying, bearing, transporting, or conveying as the carnage of sounds

;

2.

Bacon. The act of taking by an enemy conquest

;

gero,

In

New England, a distinction is often between the man who frames, and the

made

acquisition.
3.

Obs.

Knolles.

man who executes the interior wood-work of a house. The framcr is the carpenter, and the finisher is called a joiner. This and distinction is noticed by Johnson, seems to be a genuine English distinction. But in some other parts of America, as ni New-York, the term carpenter includesj both the fraincr and the joiner ; and in truth both branches of business are often
The word performed by the same person. to is never applied, as in Italy and Spain, a coach-maker.
Ji.

4.

That which carries, especially on wheels; a vehicle. This is a general term for a coach, chariot, chaise, gig, sulkey, or other vehicle on wheels, as a cannon-carriage on trucks, a block-carriage for mortars, and a truck-carriage. Appropriately the word is and carts and wagapplied to a "coach ons are rarely or never called carriages. The price or expense of carrying.
;
;

1.

That which is carried burden ; as bag&c. gage, vessels, furniture, And David left his carriage in the hands of the kecjuT of the carriage. 1 Sam. xvii.
[Little used.] In a moral sense, tiie

from, away,

off,

out.

He
l3. xl.

shall

carry
dieth,

the

Iambs

in

his

bosoniv

When he
Ps. xlix.
2.
3.

he

shall

carry nothing away,

air.
;

Spenser.

CARPENTRY,
ing, tion

The art of cutting,

;

fram-

6.

manner of carrying
;

and joining timber,

of buildings

in the construc7.

one's self
;

behavior
;

conduct
;

deport-

divided into house-car;

pentry and ship-carpentry. CARPER, n. One who carps a cavilcr.this CARPET, n. [I know not the origin of

ment personal manners. Bacon. Dryden Measures practices management.

Shak.

To convey as, sound is carried in the To effect to accomplish to prevail

;
;
;

to
to
;

gain the object

as, to carry a point,

;

meas;

ure, or resolution

to carry a prize

word.] &c 1. A covering for floors, tables, stairs, This covering is usually made of wool, wrought with a needle, or more generally made of other in a loom, but is sometimes materials. The manufacture is of Asiatic been introduced into many origin, but has and into the U. States. parts of Europe, as 2. Level ground covered, as with grass a grassy carpet ; a carpet of green grass. Shak. Ray. To be on the carpet, is to be under consideration to be the subject of deliberation. The French phrase, <o be on the tapis,is used in
; ;

AR'RIBOO. [See Cariboo.] AR'RICK-BEND, 71. A particular

knot.

carry a fortified
Who.^e wills
will

town by
it.
it

force of

arms

kind

sometimes followed by
of]

carry

over the

rest.

CAR'RICK-BITTS,
AR'RIER,
;

77.

which support the windlass.

71.

In a ship, the bilts JMar. Diet

;

Locke. Burke.

To
5.

bear out

2.

[See Carry.] One who carthat which carries or conveys also ries a messenger. One who is employed to carry goods fur others for a reward ; also, one whose octo carry cupation ed a common carrier
is

If a

man

to face through. ; carries it off, there is so

nnnh mon-

ev saved.

To
al

L'Estrange. urge, impel, letid or draw, noting morimpulse. Pride or passion will carry a man to great

3.

the hke sense.

Carjiet-knight,
in

Shakspeare,

is

knight

goods a porter. ; pigeon that conveys letters from place to i>hice, the letters being tied to the neck. AR'RION, n. [It. carogna ; Sp. carroiia Fr. charogne ; Arm. caronn ; D. karonje.] The dead ami body or flesh of

for others, call-

lengths.

Men
pects. 6.

To

are carried away with imaginary prosSee Eph. iv. 14. Heb. xiii. 9. bear to have. In some vejrctables, we see something that
;

7.

Hale. carries a kind of analosy to .sense. bear ; to show, display or exhibit to

To

putrefying

view.

CAR
The
aspect of every one in the family carries
satisfaction.

CAR
Addison.

C A
CARTER,

consists in 'ARTEL, V. i. To B. Jonson. defy. Ohs. the transportation of n. The man who drives a goods by water from 8. To imply or import. cart, country to country, or place to place. or whose To quit former tenets carries an imputation occupation is to drive a cart. We are rivals with them in navigation and the of ignorance. CARTE'SIAN, a. cartezhun. Pertaining to Locke. carrying trade. Federalist, Jay the philosopher Des 9. To contain or comprise. Cartes, or to his phiHe thought it carried something of argument Carrying wind, among horsemen, is a tosslosophy, which taught the doctrine of voring ol'the nose, as high as the horse's ears, texes round the sun and ijlanets. in it, to prove that doctrine. Watts. Encyc. CARTE'SIAN, . One who 10. To extend or continue in time, as to adopts the tale-bearer. CAR'RY-TALE, n. [At philosophy of Des Canes. cany a historical account to the first ages ""frf-] Shale. of the world but usually with a partia. Pertaining to an 'ART, n. [W. cart ; Sax. crret, crat ; Ir. ARTHAGIN'IAN, cient Carthage, a celebrated cle, as to carr^ up or carry back, to carry' cairt ; Kuas. karet. city on the See Car.] Northern Coast of Africa, about twelve forward. 1. carriage with two wheels, fitted to he 11. To extend in space, as to miles from the modern Tunis. It was carry a line drawn by one horse, or by a yoke of oxen, or a boundary founded by the Phenicians, and or in a moral sense, as and used in husbandry or commercial citdestroyed to carry ideas very far. by the Romans. ies for carrying heavy commodities. In 12. To support or sustain. CARTHAGINIAN, n. An inhabitant or Gieat Britain, carts are usually drawn by native of Bacon. Carry camomile on sticks. Carthage. liorses. In America, horse-carts are used 13. To bear or produce, as trees. C-ARTHAMUS, ji. The generic name of mostly in cities, and ox-carts in the counSet them a rea.sonabIe depth, and they will Bastard Saffron. [See Snfflower.] try. Bacon. carry more shoots upon the stem. CARTHUSIAN, n. caHhiizhun. One of 2. 14. To manage or transact, carriage in genera). an order of monks, so called from Charusually with on ; as, to carry on business. Temple. Dryden. the place of their instituticm. Thev treuse, 15. To carry one's ^ART, V. t. To carry or convey on a cart ; self, to behave, conduct or are remarkable for their austerity. Thoy as, to cart hay. demean. cannot go out of their cells, except to He carried Awnse// insolently. Clarendon. 2. To expose in a cart, by way of puiiisi church, nor speak to any person without ment. Sometimes with it ; as, he carried it high. 'ei've. Ena/e. 16. To remove, lead or drive. 'AllTAuE, n. The act of carrying in a CARTILAGE, 7!. [h. caHilago ; Fr. carliU And he carried away all his catde. Gen. cart, or the price paid for carting. I age. suspect this and the English grisxxxi. C'AIIT-BOTE, n. In English law, wood to tle to be the same word 17. To remove ; the r being transto cause to which a tenant is entitled for go. making and posed, caHil fijr crulil.] And the king of Assyria did carry away Israel repairing carts and other instruments of Gristle a to Assyria. 2 smooth, solid, elastic substance, Kings xviii. fiusbaiidry. softer than bone, of a 18. To transport to affect with extraordipearly color and C'ARTKD, pp. Borne or exposed in a cart. homogeneous texture, without cells or nary iin|)ressions on the mind. Rev. xvii horse that draws a 'ART-lIORSE, n. cavities. It is invested with a 19. To fetch and bring. particular carl.

Carrying

trade, the trade

which

20.

To To
To

Mitford. carry coals, to bear injuries. Mason. carry off, to remove to a distance ; also, to kill, as to bo carried off sickness.

membrane cuHed perichondrium, which in the articular cartilages, is a reflexion of the synovial membrane. Cyc. JVistar. "ARTING, n. The act of carrying in a cart. the ledger. CART-JADE, n. A sorry horse a horse CARTILAGINOUS, a. Pertaining to or War was to be diverted from Greece by being used in drawing, or fit resembling a cartilage ; gristly consisting lor the cart. carried into Asia. only
Young whelps
transfer
;

learn easily to carry.

To

Ascliam.

CARTING,
a cart.

ppr. Conveying or exposing in

as,

to carry

an account

to

of cartilage.

CART-LOAD,
'ART-ROPE,

by

carry on, to promote, advance, or help forward to continue ; as, to carry on a design ; to carry on the administration of
;

load borne on a cart; as much as is usually carried at once on a cart, or as is sufficient to load it.
n.

Hay.

2.

grace.
'J.

CART-RUT,

To manage
husbandry.

or prosecute

as, to carry

on

n. A rope for binding hay, or other articles on a cart. n. The cut or track of a cartwheel. [See Route.] .

\'\RT-TIRE,

The

tire,

3.

prosecute, continue or pursue carry on trade or war.

To

as, to >
;

used to bind the wheels of a cart.

or iron bands,

To

carry through, to siijiport to the end to sustain or keep from failing, or being sub-

is or may be passed with carts, or o"ther wheel carria)i.

ART- WAY,

A way

that

In ichthyology, cartilaginous fishes are those whose muscles are supported bv cartilages instead of bones, or whose skefeton is cartilaginous. Many of these are as the ray and'shark, whose viviparous, young are excluded from an egg hatched within them. Others are oviparous, as the sturgeon. Some of them have no cillcovers, but breathe through ajjcrtures^ on the sides of the neck or top of the head; others have gill-covers, but destitute of

ges.

bony

man through all difficul"^^' Hammond. To carry out, to bear from within also, to sustam to the end to continue to the end.
will car)-y a
;

dued. Grace

' ART-

rays.
n.
;

WHEEL,
carts.

n.

The wheel of a
n.

Encyc.
[It.

Ed. Encyc.

cart

'ART-WRiGHT,
makes
Carte-blanche.

An

C.VRTOON',
S|).
j

artificer

who

Fr. carlon

from L.

cartone, paste-board; chaiia, paj)er.]

carry away, in seamanship, is to break to carry sail till a spar breaks as, to cami mission to superscribe what conditions he aivay a fore-topmast. Ena/c. CAR'RY, r. i. To run on rotten ground, or > pleases. n. ARTEL, [It. cartelloi Fr.Sp. Port, caron frost, which sticks to the as a hare. feet, tel; from h. chnrtula.] Johnson. 1. o 10 bear the I , writing or agreement between states at J. iiead in a particular manner war, as a horse. When a horse holds his head some for the exchange of prisoners, or for mutual advantage; also, a vessel emhigh, with an arching neck, he is said to to convey the messenger on this When he lowers his head too ployed carry well. occasion. much, he is said to carnj low. 2. A letter of defiance or challenge ; a chal3. To convey to propel as, a gun or morto single combat. This sense the lenge tar carncs well; but this is word has still in France and AR'K\ ING, ppr. Bearing, elliptical. Italy; but with us it is obsolete. conveying, re&c. moving, is a ship employed in the exCAR'RYING, n. A bearing, eonvevine, re Carhi-ship, " " change of prisoners, or in carrying propoi moving, transporting.
;

To

[Fr. white paper.] A blank' paper, signed at the bottom with a per-' son's name, and sometimes sealed with his seal, given to another person with per-

In painting, a design drawn on strong paper, to be afterward calked through and transferred on the fresh plaster of a wall, to be painted in fresco. Also, a design colored for working in Mosaic, tapestry &c.

CART6UCH',
.

>

;'

sitions to

an enemv.

A case of wood, about three inches thick at the bottom, ejrt with marlin, holdintr about four himdred musket balls, and six or eight iron balls of a pound wein-ht, to be fired out of a howitz, for defending a A cartouch is sometimes made of a imss. globular form, and filled with a ball of a pound weight and .sometimes for gun* being of a ball of a half or quarter of a pound weight, tied in the fiirm of a bimch ot grapes, ona tompion of wood and coat ^''^'Encyc.
:

n. [Fr. caHouche ; Sp,"^aX cho ; Port, cartiiio ; It. cartuccia, a cartridge, a bit of paper, from carta,

paper.]

CAR
'J.

CAS
[See Cart;
;

CAS
;

CARTRIDGE-BOX,

round with any material that shall inclose cutting in stone, wfood or metal appor or defend. tioning distributing. ridge-Vox.'] 2. To put in a case or box. roll or scroll on the cornice of a column 'ARVING, n. The act of cutting, as meat 3. the act or art of cutting figures in wood 3. To atrip off" a case, Coles. covering, or the skin. or stone sculpture n. [a corruption ofcartouch. Shak. figures carved. [Unusual.] ) In architecture, fig CASE, )i. [Fr. ens; it. caso ; case of pasteboard or parchment, hold ARYA'TES, Sp. Port, ca^o ; ures of women dress Ir. cas L. casus, from ca^o, to fall.] the charge of powder or powder and CARYAT'IDES, S ing ed in long robes, after the Asiatic manner 1. Literally, that which falls, comes, or hapball, for a cannon, ninrtar, musket or pis tol. The cartridges for small arms, pre serving to support entablatures. The Athepens; an event. Hence, the particular nians had been long at war with the Carystate, condition, or circumstances that bepared for battle, contain the powder and ans the latter being at length vanquished fall a person, or in which he is ball those for camion and mortars arc placed as, and their wives led captive, the Greeks, t( made of paste-board, or tin. Cartridges, make the case your own this is the case with my friend this is his present case. without balls, are c.illed blank cartridges. perpetuate this event, erected tro]>hies, in which figures of women, dressed in the 2. The state of the body, with respect to n. case, usually of health or disease as a case of fever he Caryatic manner, were used to support wood, covered with leather, with cells for entablatures. Other female figures were is in a consumptive case ; his case is desIt is worn upon a belt thrown cartridges. afterwards used in the same manner, but over the left shoulder, and hangs a little perate. To be in good case, is to be fat, and thLs below the pocket-hole on the right side. they were called by the same name.

A
A

portable box for charges.

CARTRIDGE, A

ARTULARY,
tulario
;

from

n. [Fr. carlidaire carta, pajjcr.]

Sp. car-

They were

register-book, or record, as of a monastery. Blackstonc writes it chartulary ; and primarily it signifies the otlicer who bus the care of charters and other public

Encyc. from Curya, a Peloponnesus, which sided with the Persians, and on that account was sacked by the other Greeks, its males but chered, and its females reduced to slavery.
called Caryatides,
city in the

phrase
case
3.
;

is

customarily abridged,

to be

in
e.x-

apjilied to beasts, but not to

men,

papers.

CAR'UATE,
CAR'UNCLE,
flesh.]
1.

n.

[L.

cariua.]

As much

land as one team can plow in the year.

Cyc. CARYAT'Ie, a. Pertaining to the Carya'ns or Carvatides.

4.

cept in a sense rather ludicrous. question a state of facts involving a question for discussion or decision as, the lawyer stated the case. cause or suit in court as, the eowe was tried at the last term. In this sense, case

A A

Eng. Law.
11.

[L. caruncula,

Kelham. ARYOPHYL'LEOUS,n.[Gr.xo|nor,anut and ^i'aXoi/, a leaf] Having five petals with from caro,
long claws, in a tubular caly.x flowers.
;

5.

A small fleshy excrescence, either natural Coxe. qr morbid. 2. The fleshy condj on the head of a fowl. ARUNe'ULAR, a. In the form of a caruncle.

applied to Eaton.

CARYOPH'YLLOID,

n.

[Gr.

xapvo^v'K'Ko,,.

A species

clove-gilliflower.

Infra.]

of mica, the scales of which are concentric and perpendicular. Obs.

Cronsledt.
JV^icholson.

ARUN'ULATED,
'ARVE,
po.
II.

a.

Having a

fleshy

excrescence, or soft fleshy protuberance.

ASARC'A,

Encyc.
t.

&arv. [Sax. ceorfan, cearfan

fowl of the genus ,/lnas. called also ruddy-goose, larger than a mallard, founil in Russia and Siberia.
)i.

D. kerven

G.kerben; Dan.karver; h.car,_,

Encyc.

eASCABEL,
cabel,

11.

[Port, cascavcl

Sp.

ciis-

a little bell, a button or knob at tlic end of a cannon.] The knob or puminelique cases. and Ch. lion of a cannon. Mar. Did. In case, is a phrase denoting condition or 1. To cut into small pieces or slices, as meat CVSCA'DE, 11. [Fr. cascade ; Sp. cascada supposition literally, in the event or conat table. It. cascata, from cascare, to fall.] tingency if it should so fall out or happen. 2. To cut wood, stone or other material into A waterfall a steep fall or {lowing of wa Put the ca3e, supi>ose the event, or a certain some particular form, with an instrument, tcr over a precipice, in a river or natural state of things. stream or an artificial fall in a garden Action on the case, in law, is an action in usually a chisel to engrave to cut figures or devices on hard materials. The word is apphed to falls that are less which the whole cause of complaint is set out in the writ. Blackstone. To make or shape by cutting as, to carve tlian a catai'act. 3. an image. CASCAL'HO, n. [Port.] In Brazil, a de- CASE, V. i. To put cases. [JVot in use.] to distribute 4. To apportion to provide posit of pebliles, gravel and sand in which UEsfrange. the diamond is usually found. to select and take, as to one's at )ileasure CA'SED, pp. Covered with a case. Port. Diet. Cleaveland. self, or to select and give to another. CASE-HARDEN, i'. t. To harden the outer South. ASE, )i. [Fr. caisse ; Sp. Port, cuxa, a box part or superficies, as of iron, by convertor chest It. cassa ; D. kas ; Dan. kasse. "). To cut to hew. Shak. ing it into steel. This may be done by The French caisse is the Sp. eaxa. The To carve out, is to cut out, or to lay out, by putting the iron into an iron box, with a to plan. Spanish caieta, a gasket, seems to be a d design ; cement, and exposing it, for some hours, rivative of c.nx, and if so, tlie fact indicates to a red heat. CARVE, V. i. c'arv. To cut up meat folEncyc. that caxa is from an oriental loot, signifylowed sometimes by for ; as, to carve for The A'SEIC, a. [L. caseus, cheese.] all the guests. ing to tie or bind, and that tlje word oricaseic acid is the acid of cheese, or a sub2. To exercise the trade of a sculptor. ginally denoted a bag made of skin, like a stance so* called, extracted from cheese. or a basket made of o.siers piter3. To engrave or cut figures. bottle,

See Ar.

ma

Heb. rjin Oj.~i, Class Rb. No. 26. 27. 30.]

~,

and

nearly synonymous with cause, whose is nearly the same. In grammar, the inflection of nouns, or a change of termination, to express a difference of relation in that word to others, or to the thing represented. The variation of nouns and adjectives is called declension both case and declension signifying falling or leaning from the first state of the word. Thus, liber is a book libri, of a book libro, to a book. In other words, case denotes a variation in the termination of a noun, to show how the noun acts upon the verb with which it is connected, or is acted upon by it, or by an agent. The cases, except the nominative, are called obis

primary sense

CARVE,

71.

Proust.

carucate. [jVot in use.]

;

"ARVED,

pp. Cut or divided formed by carving.

engraved

1.

CARVEL,
2.

n. [See Caravel.] Tlie urtica marina, or sea blubber. ARVER, 11. One who cuts meat at table a sculptor; one who apportions or distrib- 2. utes at will, or one who takes or gives at 3.
;

like fsc, fseus. Qu. Syr. j^jali casha, to bind or tie.] A covering, box or sheath that which incloses or contains; as a case lor knives: a case for books a watch case ; a printer's case ; a pillow case.

woven,

.\SE-KNIFE,
kept in a case.

71.

A large

table knife, often

CA'SEM.VTE,
matta
1.
;

Sji.

71. [Fr. casemate; It. casaPort, casamata ; from casa, a

house.]
1\\ fortification, a vault of mason's work in the flank of a bastion, next to the curtain, somewhat inclined toward the capital of the bastion, serving as a battery to defend the face of the opposite bastion, and the Cliambers moat or ditch.

The

outer

])art

certain

quantity

of a building. Addison. as a case of cro\

;

2.

A large table knife for carving. 4. A building unfurnished. CARVING, ppr. Cutting, dividing, as meat CASE, r. To cover with
;

pleasure.

Dnjden.

Shak.

glass.

t.

[JVbt used.] a case ; to sur-

CAS
2.

CAS
CASHIR'RED,
annulled.
p/?.

CAS
discarded;
rejects,

well, with its subterraneous branches, thig in the passage of the bastion, till the miner is heard at work, and air given to

Dismissed;

CASHIE RER,
archs.

n.
;

One who

dis

the mine.

Harris.
n.
[It.

cards or breaks

CA'SEMENT,
house.]
1.

casamento, a large

CASHIE'RING,

as a cashierer of monBurke. ppr. Discarding ; dismiss-

bark of which usually passes under the name of cinnamon, differing from real cinnamon chiefly in the strength of its From a plant of this kind was qualities. extracted an aromatic oil, used as a perfume by the Jews. Ex. xxx. Ps. xlv, 8. Encyc.
rus, the

A hollow molding, usually one sixth or ing from service. one fourth of a circle. Encyc. CASH'OO, n. The juice or gum of a tree n the East Indies. 2. A little movable window, usually within a larger, made to turn and open on hinges. CA'SING, ppr. Covering with a case. Encyc. CA'SING, 71. The act or operation of plasLike a. [L. caseus, cheese.] CA'SEOUS, tering a house with mortar on the outside, cheese having the qualities of cheese. and striking it while wet, by a ruler, with AS'ERN, H. [Fr. caserne ; Sp. caserna, from the corner of a trowel, to make it resemble the joints of free-stone. casa, a shed or house.] Encyc.
;

CAS'SIDONY,
cies

!.

[Fr. cassidoine.]
;

spe-

of plant, Gnaphahum, cotton-weed, cudweed or goldylocks also, Lavandula stachas or French lavender. Encyc. Fam. of Plants.

CAS'SIMER,
twilled

n.

[Sp.
cloth.

casimira.]

thin

woolen

Todd. CASSiNO, 71. A game at cards. CAS'SIOBURY, 71. A species ofplant, of the

Encyc.

lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart, containing each beds. Encyc. CASE-SHOT, n. Musket balls, stones, old

2.

two

A covering a CASK, n. [Sp.

;

case.

Arm.
.\

iron,&c., put in cases, to be discharged fron)

cannon.

Port, casco ; Fr. casque ; casquen, casijed ; L. cassis. See Case] head-piece ; a helmet ; a piece of defensive armor, to cover and protect the liead and

genus Cassine, of wliich the most remarkable species is the Yapon of the Southern States of America. The berries are of a
beautiful red color.

CA'SE-WORM,
itself

n.

A worm
;

that

makes

neck, in battle.

The Yapon
Ilex.

is

now

Fam. of Plants.

Encyc.
Cyc.

arrang-ed in the genus

a case.
!.

ASH,
;

[Fr. caisse

Johnson. Sp. Port, caxa, a

CASK,

n.

[Sp. Port, casco.]

close vessel

See Case.] Money primarily, ready money, money in chest or on hand, in bank or at conunanc" but since It i.s properly silver and gold
chest, box, coffer.
;

formed by staves, This is a genera' heading and lioojis. term comprehending the pipe, hogshead,
for containing liquors,
butt, barrel,

CASSIOPE'IA,
Nortlicrn

n. constellation in the Hemisphere, situated near to Cepheus, as the fabulous Cassiopeia was

&c.

wife to C'e|)heus, king of Ethiopia.

tains fiftv five stars.

It

con-

CASKET,

the

institution

of bank.*,

it

denotes also

bank notes equivalent to money. in cash is opposed to payment

commodities, or labor, as

To pay
in

goods,
to ex-

in barter.

CASH,
2.

V.

t.

change for an order.

To turn money
for

into
;

money, or

n. [dim. of cask. See Case.] A small chest or box, for jewels or other Shak. small articles. In .seamen's language, a small rope, fastened to gromets or little rings upon th( yards, used to fasten the sail to the yard in furling.

Encyc.

CASSITE'RIA,

71.

[L. cassiteron, tin.]

kind of crystals which a[)])ear to have an admixture of tin. The color is brown or whitish. Encyc.

as, to cash a note or

Encyc
usually written gasket.
j;.

This

CASSOCK, [Sp. casaca casaque.] A robe or gown worn over

71.

It.

casacca

Fr.

is

bank cash notes when presented.

Mercanlile usage.

To pay money
t>.

as,

the clerks of a

C^ASKET,
CAS'PIAN,
5. 27.

t.

To

put in a

little

chest.

other garments, particularly by the clergy. Encyc. close garment, now generally tliat which
the
their

Shak
J^'ot

clergymen wear under

CASH,
used.]

t.

To

discard,

[for cashier.

[Caspia; a word applied to a pass in the range of Mount Taurus. Plin.

a.

gowns.
70^715071.

CAS'SOCKED,
The

a.

Clothed with a cassock.

Cotvper.
;

n. An account of money received, paid, or on hand. CASH'-BOOK, n. A book in which is kept a register or account of money. ASH'-KEEPER, n. One entrusted with the keeping of money. CASII'EW-NUT, n. A tree of the West-

CASH- ACCOUNT',

D'Anville.] An epithet given to a large lake between Persia and Astracan, called the Caspian

cassoclt'd huntsman.
7!.

CASSONA'DE,
not refined.

[Fr.]

Cask-sugar

Sea.

CASS,
quash
used.]

t'.

t.

[Fr. casser, L.
;

quasso.]
[JVol

To
now

CASSOWARY,

71.

[Sp. casuel]

sugar Encyc.
large

to defeat

to annul.

CASS'ADA,

Raleigh
plant, of the

genus Ja-

ed nut.

Indics,.4!n<;arrf(m, bearing a kidney-sliapThe fruit is as large as an orange,

full

and
to

of an acid

juice, wliich

is

often

CASS'AVI, y'' tropha, of different species. The roots of the manihot or bitter cassaused da, and of the janipha, are made into a
kind of bread which serves for food to the natives of Africa and the West Indies, and they are also roasted and eaten hkc

fowl of the genus Slnilhio, nearly as large as the ostrich, but its legs are thicker and The wings are stronger in proportion. so small as not to appear, being hid under the feathers. The head is armed with a helmet of horny substance, consisting of It runs with plates one over another.
racer.

great rapidity, outstripping the swiftest Encyc. now arranged in a separate genus, Casuarius. Cuvier. potatoes. They yield also a great quan of starch, which the Brasilians export CAST, V. I. pret. and pp. cast. [Dan. kastity Encyc. ter ; Sw. kasta. Qu. Arm. cacz, pp. eafxet, CASHIE'R, n. [Fr. caissier ; It. cassiere ; in small lumps under the name of tapioca. to send, to throw. See Class Gs. No. 1. from caxa, CASSAMUNA'IR, n. An aromatic vegetaSp. caxero ; I'ort. caxeiro ; In Dan. et blind kast, is a guess, and 51). a box, whence cash.] Todd. ble brought from the East. In to cast is the radical sense of guess. One wlio has charge of money a cash-keep- CAS'SATE, r. t. [Fr. casser. See Cashier.] In a banking institution, the cashier er. Norman, gistes signifies cast up, and this To vacate, amiul, or make void. Obs. seems to be the participle of gesir, to lie is the officer who superintends the books, Ray. down to lie down may be to throw one's payments and receipts of the bank. He CASSA'TION, n. The act of annuHing. In self down. This verb coincides in sense also signs or countersigns the notes, and France there is a court of Cassation. with the \V'. colhi, to throw off.] superintends all the transactions, under CASSIA, n. cash'ia. [Fr. casse : It. cas- 1. To throw, tliat is, to drive the order of the directors. fling or send Gr. and L. id. Qu. Heb. sia mp.] from, by force, as from the hand, or from CASHIE'R, V. t. [Fr. casser, to break It.

To the a|)ex of this fruit a nut, of the size of a hare's kidney, the shell of which is hard, and the kernel, which is sweet, is covered with a thin film.
make punch.
grows

It is

cassare, to annul, blot oiu, erase.]

1.

To dismiss from an oflice or place of trust, by annulling the commission to break, as for mal-conduct, and therefore with re as, to cashier an officer of the proach
; ;

army.
2.

To

dismiss or discard from service or from

^'iddison.
;

society. 3. To reject

Dryden.
Locke.

SwiJH

genus of plants of many species, among which are the fistula, or purging cassia and the senna. The former is a native of Egypt and both Indies the latter is a native of Persia, Syria and Arabia. The latter is a shrubby plant, the leaves of] which are much used in medicine. Thej purging cassia is the pulp of the pods, and
;

an engine.

Haf^r cast the child under a shrub. Gen. xxi. Uzziah prepared slings to cast stones. 2 Ch. xxn.
2.

To sow
If a

to scatter seed.

man

should cast seed into the ground.

Mark
3.

iv.

to

annul or vacate.

is a gentle laxative. South. Cassia is also the name of a species of Lau-I

drive or impel by violence. A mighty west wind cast the locusts into the sea. Ex. x.

To

CAS
4. To siicd or tlirow off; as, trees cast their fruit ; a serpent casts his skin. J. To throw or let fall ; as, to cast anchor. Hence, to cast anchor is to moor, as a ship,
;

CAS
an inclosed place
;

CAS
send abroad
; ;

fcl.

7.

8.

founders, a tube of wax, fitted into a mold, to give shape to metal. to exhale. To cast off, to discard or reject to drive 12. cylindrical piece of brass or copper, slit in two lengthwise, to form a canal or away to put off to put away; to disburden. Among huntsmen, to leave behind, conduit, in a mold, for conveying metal. the effect of casting the anchor, to set loose, or free. as dogs Among 13. Among plumbers, a little brazen funnel, To tlu-ow, as dice or lots as, to ca^t lots. at one end of a mold, for casting pipes To throw on the ground, as in wrestling. seamen, to loose, or untie. without sodering, by means of which the Shak. To cast out, to send forth ; to reject or turn melted metal is poured into the mold. to throw out, as words ; to speak or out as worthless. To throw
to emit, or
11.

Among

away,

His carcase was cast

xiii.

in the

way.

Kings

give vent

to.

To
emit or throw out.

9.

To

culate

10.

JVoodward. This casts a sulphurous smell. eject To throw, to extend, as a trench or To cast on, to refer or resign to. South rampart, including the sense of digging, To cast one''s self on, to resign or yield one's self to the disposal of, without reserve raising, or forming. to suffer aborThy enemies shall cast a trench about thee To cast young, to miscarry Luke xix. Gen. xxxi. tion.
;

cast up, to compute ; to reckon ; to cal- 14. [Sp. Port, casta.] breed, race, lineage, kind, sort. ; as, to cast up accounts, or the cost. 15. In Hindoostan, a tribe or class of the to vomit. ; Also, to

jEt! eye.

same rank or

as the cast of profession Bramins, or priests of rajahs, or princes of choutres, or artificers and of partes, or
; ; ; ;

11. 12.

To To

thrust

as, to cast into prison.

put, or set, in a particular state. Both chariot and horse were cast into a dead
Ps. Ixxvi.
;

To

to twit.

cast in the teeth, to upbraid ; to charge So in Danish, ^^ kaster en i ncssV.

i.

en," to cast in the nose.

sleep.
1.3.

to convict ; as a criminal and both were cast. Dryden in a civil suit, or in any contest of strength or skill; as, to cast the defendant or an antagonist. Shak. 15. To cashier or discard. to reject 16. To lay aside, as unfit for use Addison. as a garment.

To condemn
Both
tried

CAST,

14.

To overcome

forward, as the thoughts, with a view to some determination; or to turn or revolve in the mind; sometimes followed by about. to contrive I cast in careful mind to seek her out.
;

To throw

poor people. Or according to some writers, of BjY/min*; of cwfferi/, or soldiers; of shuddery, or merchants and of wyse, or mechanics. Encyc. The four casts of the Hindoos are the Brahmins or sacred order the Chehteree
; ;

or soldiers and rulers the Bice, Vaissya, or husbandmen and merchants and the Sooders, Sudras, or laborers and mechan; ;

ics.

Spenser. 16.

Cyc.
trick.

Ed. Encyc.
Martin.

17.

To make

to

preponderate
;

to

throw

into
3.

scale, for tlie purpose of giving it suto decide hy a vote thai perior weight gives a su])eriority in numbers as, to cast balance in one's favor a casting vote the or voice. 18. To throw together several particulars, to find the sum as, to cast accounts. Hence

one

StuH'is said to cast or warp, flatness or straightness.

a. Pertaining to Castaha, a cool spring on Parnassus, sacred to the To receive form or shape. muses as Caslulian fount. Poetry. Woodward. Metal will cast and mold. CAST'ANET, n. [Sp. castaneta, castanuela ; To warp to twist from regidar shape. Port, castanheta ; Fr. castagnette ; It. cas-

To

cast about

how

to perform or obtain.

Bacon.

CASTA'LIAN,
;

Bentley.

when

it

alters its

Moxon
ivarp,

tagnetta.

This word seems

to

to

be from
the re-

Note.
plies a
4.

Cast, hke throw and winding motion.

im-

castana, a chestnut, so

named from

semblance

two

to

throw together circumstances and facts, to compute to reckon to calculate as, to cast the event of war To cast and see how many things tlicre are Bacon which a man cannot do himself.
to find the result
;
;

Temple. in order Milton. or distribute the parts of a play Mdison. among the actors. To throw, as the sight to direct, or turn, 22. as the eye ; to glance as, to cast a look, or glance, or the eye. to form into a particidai 23. To fotuid metal into a mold shape, by pouring liquid
20.

19.

To To To

contrive

judge,

to plan. ; or to consider,

judge.

21.

fix,

In seamen^s language, to fall off, or incline, so as to bring the side of a ship to the wind appUed particularly to a ship riding with lier head to the wind, when her an chor is first loosened. 'AST, Ji. The act of casting a throw the thing thrown the form or state of throwing kind or manner of throwing. 2. The distance passed by a thing thrown or the space through which a thing thrown may ordinarily pass; as, about a stone's
;

An

chestnuts.]

instrument of music formed of small concave shells of ivory or hard wood, shaped like spoons, placed together, fastened to the thumb and beat with the middle finThis instrument is used by the Spanger.
iards,

Moors and Bohemians,

to their dances,

as an accom-

cast. 3.

Luke

xxii.

stroke ; a touch. This was a cast of Wood's politics. Sifift. Motion or turn of the eye 4. direction, look or glance ; a squinting. let you see by one cast of the eye. They
;

sarabands and Span. Diet. Encyc. n. That [cast and away.] A person which is thrown away. abandoned by God, as unworthy of his 1 Cor. ix. 27. favor a reprobate. *ASTAWAY, (I. Rejected; Useless; of no

paniment
guitars.

CASTAWAY,
;

value.

CASTED, pp.
chatclain.

for cast,
n.

is

CAS'TELLAN,
See

[Sp.

Raleigh. not in use. castellan; Fr.

to run

as, to cast

caimon.
it.

Jlddison.

A governor
land,

Castle.]

Thou

shalt cast four rings of gold for

Ex.

XXV. 24. Figuratively,

to form by a to shape Halts. model. to spread over 25. To comnuinicate as, to cast to cast a luster upon posterity
; ; ; ;

splendor upon actions, or light uj)on

subject.

A throw of dice hence, a state of chance or hazard. It is an even cast, whetlier tlie army should South. march this way or that way. Hence the phrase, the last cast, is used to denote that all is ventured on one throw, or one effort.
;

or constable of a castle. In Poa tl'e name of a dignity or charge kind of lieutenant of a province, commanding part of a palatinate under a palatine. The castellans are senators, of the lower
;

class, sitting, in the diets,

on low seats be-

G.

To

cast aside, to dismiss or reject as less or inconvenient. To ca.<it awat/, to reject. Lev. xxvi.
V.

use
7.

Form; shape. A heroic poem

in

another cast.

Prior.

Is

lavish or
;

xi. Also, to throw away ; to waste by profusion to turn to no Addison use as, to cast way life. Also, to wreck, as a ship.
;
i-

Rom.

tinge; ashghtcoloring, or shght degree as a cast of green. Hence, a of a color slight alteration in external appearance, or deviation from natural appearance.
;

Encyc. The [See Castle.] or the exlordship belonging to a castle tent of its land and jurisdiction. Phillips. a'. Inclosed in a AS'TELLATED, building, Johnson. as a fountain or cistern. 2. Adorned with turrets, and battlements,

hind the palatines.

AS'TELLANY,

n.

like a castle.

The
Is sicklied o'er witli

hue of resolution the pale cast of thought.

native

CASTELLA'TION,
V\STER,
tor
2.
;

To

reject ; to dismiss or discard with neglect or hate, or as useless.

cast by, to

8.

Shak.

Lorke.

To

down, to throw dc])ress the mind.

cast

down

to deject or
soul.

Shak. Manner air mien ; as, a peculiar cast of countenance. Tliis sense implies, the turn the neat cast or manner of throwing; as,
;

n. The act of fortifying a house and rendering it a castle. JI. [from cast.] One who throws or casts ; one who com|)Utes a calcula;

one

who

calculates fortunes.

of verse.

xlii.

To

once. small statue of bronze. cast forth, to tlirow out, or eject, as froip 10.

Wliy

art

thou cast down,

O my

Ps,

9.

flight;

number of hawks

let

Pope go at
Sidney Encyc.

A small phial
set
itl'

or vessel for the table

Addison. us a
;

casters.

3.

small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is cast, or rolled, on the floor.

CAS
CAS'TIGATE,
chaiste.
v.
t.

CAS
from
castus, 2.
3.

CAS
CASTRATE,
for chastrer
;

[L. castigo,

The house
prince. In a ship,
this

or mansion of a nobleman or

v.l.

gasts, to chasTlie French use Arm. castiza ; chOtier, from caslus, chaste Sp. Von. cnsligar ; Jt. castigaie.] To cliastise ; to puiiisli by stripes; to correct
ten,

Qii. Eth.

7 U) 8

there are two parts called by the forecastle, a short deck iii the fore part of the ship, al)ove the upper deck; and the hindcasUc, at the stern. Castle in the air, a to chasten to check. Slink. visionary project a scheme CAS'TIGATED, /;/;. Punished; corrected. that has no solid foundation. AS'TIGATIi\G, /);)r. Punishing; correct- AS'TLE, V. t. In tin; game of chess, to cover the king with a castle, by a certain ing
correct,
cliide.

[L. castro ; Fr. chalrtr, Sp. Port, caslrar ; It. cas,

name

trare

Ar.

EtI}.

*<,

^ (D

to castrate

Ch. NXn to"cut out or

1.

off.

Class Gs. No.

;

2.

i-hastising.

.\S'1'IGA'T10N,
tion; iienaiicu restraint.
2.
;

77.

Punishment; correcdiscipline; emendation

Boijie.

move.

CASTLE-BUILDER,
visionary schenjes.

n.
7!.

One The

/Jnruc. who tbr^is 3.

Hale,

to deprive of the testicles to emasculate. To take away or retrench, as the obscene ])arts of a writing. To take out a leaf or sheet from a book, and render it imi)erfect.
;

41.42.] To geld

Ajuimg the Romans, a mihtary punish- AS'TLE-I5UILDING, ing castles in the air. ment inflicted on offenders, by beating with
a wand or switcli.
Encyc,

act of build-

CAS'TRATED,

Gelded emasculated />/>. purihed from obscene cxr>re.ssions

;
;

CAS'TLE-CROWNED,
a castle.
a.

a.

Crowned with CAS'TRATING,;>/>r. Gelding

;

CAS'TIGATOK, n. One who corrects. eAS'TIGATORV, a. Tending to correc- CAS'TLED, a

tion; corrective; punitive.
n.

the obscene parts of a writiiiff

n.

taking awa^

AS'TIGATORY,

An

nscd to punislj and correct arrant scohls, culled also a ducking stool, or trebiicket.
lilackatone.

Bramhall. engine formerly

castled elephant.

Furnished with castles as Druden

n.

CASTRATION,

AS'TLE-GUARD,
kiught service,

feudal tenure, or
to

which obliged the tenant

AS'TlLE-SOAP,
ned soap.

n.

kind of pure,

refi

CAS'TLERY,
castle.

perform .senice within the realm, without limitation of time. Lytlellon n. The government of a
!.

The act of gelding- the act or practice of making eunuchs ; the act of takmg away the ob.scene parts of a writing ; the act of taking out a leaf or sheet of a book. In botany, the iiittiiig off of the antliers, or toj]s of the stamens of flowers before the ripening of the pollen
'

ASTIL'IAN,
Spain.

a.

Pertaining to Castile in

A small castle. AS'TLET, AS'TLE-VVARD, n. An imposition

Blount. Lcland.
laid

CASTRA'TO,

n. [It.

See

ASTIL'IAN,

n.

An

inhabitant or native of

Castile in Spain.

upon subjects dwelling within a certain distance of a castle, ('or the purpose of maintaining watch and ward in the castle.

CAS'TREL

person ema.sculated for proving his voice for a singer.

or

mal6 the purpose of imCa.Hrale.]

Stmfl

KESTREL,

kin!rof-

hawk, resembhng the lanner the hobbv in size.

in

shape and

CASTING, ;);)r.
;

Sp. ; It. rnsuale : from L. casus, a fall n. [L. castor ; Fr. Sp. Port, id.; See Case and .'Ircident.] Gr. xafup. See Ar. Class Gs. No. 42.] 1. Falling; hapjiening or coming to pass beaver, an amphibious quadruped, with without design in the iieison or a flat ovate tail, short ears, a blunt nose, iiersons ding. affected, and without being foreseen or small fore feet, and large hind feet. 2. That which is cast in a mold any vessel 2. A reddish brown expected; accidental; fortuitous; coming formed by casting melted metal" into substance, of a strong by chance as, the jiarties had a casual mold, or in sand. penetrating smell, taken from bags or cods rencounter. in the groin of the bettver 3. The taking of casts and a powerftil ; impressions ofl 2. Occasional coming at certain times antispasmodic. Mcholson. figures, busts, medals, &c. without regularity, in distinction from In astronomy, a moiety of the constellation staCASTING-NET, n. A net which is cast as casual ted, or regular and drawn, in distinction from a net that Gemini, called also .Apollo. expcn.ses. 3. Castor and Pollux, in Taking jilace, or beginning to exist withis set and left. jl/ou meteorology, a fiery out an efficient intelligent cause, and withCASTING-VOTE. > " The vote of a pre- meteor, which, at sea, appears sometimes out design. adhering to a part of a ship, in the form of >ASTING-VOICE, I siding oflicer, in Atheists assert that the existence of an assembly or council, which decides a one, two and even three or four balls. things is <""'' When one is seen alone, it is called Helena, when the votes of the assembly Dwi-'IU question, which portends that the severest part of CAS'UALLY, adv. Accidentally or house are equally divided between the fortuitthe storm is yet to come. affirmative and negative. Two appear- ously; without design by chance Accidentalness the ing at once are denominated Castor and CAS'UALNESS, n. U. States. Coie quality of being casual. Pollux, or Tyndarida:, and portend a cesWlicn there was an equal vote, the Governor n. sation of the storm. Accident; that which had the casting voice. Chambers. CAS'UALTY^ B. Tnimhiill. comes by chance or without design, or An animal principle dis-l without CAS'TLE, n. kns'l. [Sax. casiel ; L. castell- C'ASTORIN, ? being foreseen contingency. um ; D. kasteel ; Arm. gastell ; Norm, char- CASTORINE, ( covered in castor, and An accident that produces unnatural tel ; Fr. chateau ; Port, castello prepared by boiling castor in six times its ; It. id ; W. death and by a metonymy, death, or weight of alcohol, and filtering the liquor. cast, envelopment, from cds, a being sepa other misfortune, occasioned From this is deposited the Castorin. by an accirated or insulated, hatred, envy, a cas dent. tie It'ebster's Manual. ca.itell, a castle, whence castellu, to 3. In Scots law, an emolument due from a surround; casid,a cloke, a chasuble. The CASTOR-OIL, n. The oil of the Ricinus, or vassal to his superior, beyond the stated Welch cds gives the primary sense, which Palma Christi, a plant of the West Indies, yearly duties, upon certain casual events. is to separate, to drive which grows to thehighth of twenty feet off; hence, to de Encyc. fend. It is probably from this root the in one season. The oil is obtained" from CAS'UIST, . Sp. Port, Latins had casa. "We observe in the the nuts or seeds by expression or decoc- casuisle ; from [It.casus, a casuista : fr. L. rase.] tion. Welch, cds signifies, separated, a castle, That obtained by decoction is pre- One who studies and resolves cases of conand as odious:
;
;

Throwing; sending computing calculating turning giving a pre|)onderancy deciding running, or throwing into a mold to give shape. [See
; ; ;

CASTLING,

n.

An

Encyc.
abortion or aboitive.

CASTREN'SIAN,
casual

Brown. CAS'UAL,

a. [L. ca.'irensis, from castra, a canq).] Belonging to a camp. a. cazh'ual. [Fr. casuel ; Port.

CASTOR,
1.

Cast.]

CASTING,

n.

The

act of casting or foun;

hatred, envy; also, hateful, and casnaur, a hater, a i)ersecutor casnori. to persecute, to chase. Hence we see the radical sense of hatred is a
;

ferred,

less

liable

to

become

rancid,

science.
is

being free from the mucilage and acrid matter, which is mixed with the oil when
expressed.
to encanqi,
It is a tnild cathartic.

1.

house
;

fortified for

enemy

a fortress.

The term seems

driving off.] defense against an

to

Thejij(iinnentofanyra.tii>/or learned divine not sufTicient to give him conlidence.

Encyc.

South.

include the house and the walls or other works around it. In olil writers, the word is used for a town or village fortified.

Vol.

I.

[L. casirametor, CAS'UIST, V. i. To play the part of a casucastra, camp, and metior, to measure or simej'.] ? CASriS'TIC, ^ Relating to cases of The art or ai t of encamping the markins or CASl IS'TICAL, \ conscience, or to calayuig out of a camp. ses of doubtful .Murphy's Tacitus. South propriety.
n.
:
.

CASTRAIMETA'TION,

33

CAT
eAS'UISTRY,
science or doctrine of cases of conscience the science of resol ving cases of doubtful propriety, orof de the lawfulness or unlawfulness terniining of what a man may do, by rules and principles drawn from the scriptures, from the laws of society, or from equity and natural reason. Pope Casus fccderis. [L.] The case stipulated by treaty ; that which comes within the terms
n.
;
.

CAT
brace in the shrouds of the lower masts behind their respective yards, to tighten the shrouds and give more room to draw
in the yards,

CAT
three miles from

The

when the ship is close

hauled.
Diet.

Mar.

eAT'-HEAD,

n. A strong beam projecting horizontally over a ship's bows, carrying two or three sheaves, about which a rope the cat-fall passes, and communicalled Mar. Did cates with the cat-block.

Rome, in the Appian supposed to be the cells and caves which the primitive christians concealed and in wliich were deposited themselves, the bodies of the primitive martyrs. These are visited by devout people, and relics are taken from them, baptized by the Pope and dispersed through Catholic countries. Each catacomb is three feet broad and

way

in

of compact.

AT,

Fr. chat ; D. kat ; Dan kat; Sw. katt G. kater, or katze ; L. cntus ; It. gatto ; Vulgar Greek, xam, or yaroj Port, and Sp. goto ; Lap. id.; Pol. kot ;
Ji.

[Ir.

cat;
;

Law of J^Tatio^js. CAT'S'-HEAD, n. A CAT'-HOOK, n. A

the cat-block.
;

kind of apple. strong hook fitted to

CAT'-MINT,

n.
n.

Mar. Did plant of the genus Neit.

eight or ten high along the side walls are sepulchral niches, closed with tliick tiles or pieces of marble. Catacombs are found also at Naples and in other places.
;

peta, so called because cats eat

ATA0US'TIS,
sound.s,

i.

[Gr.

Encyc. xaraxwu, to

Russ. kots ; Turkish keti ; kath ; Arm. gaz or kaz ;

W.

cath

Corn AT'S'-PAW,

Among
;

Bas(iue catua

perceived, in a calm,

seamen, a light air hear.] by a ripphng of the That part of acoustics or the doctrine of

In Ar.

ijj^'

kitta, is

a male cat.

Class Gd.
9.

No.
1.

applied to certain species of carnivorous quadrupeds, of the genus Felis.

56.]

surface of^ the water also, a particular turn in the bight of a rope, made to hook Mar. Did. a tackle on. A duj)e ; the instrument which another
uses.
n.

But the

which treats of reflected .sounds. distinction is deemed of little use.

Encyc.
}

name

CAT'-SaLT,

ATADIOP'TRIC, CATADIOP'TRICAL,

""
I

l>u>nTofuu.,to

[Gr. xara, and see

sort

of

salt beautifully

Thedotnestic cat needs no description.

is

It

a deceitful animal, and when enraged, It is kept in houses extremely spiteful. chiefly for the purpose of catching rats and mice. The wild cat is much larger than the domestic cat. It is a strong, ferocious aiii mal, living in the forest, and very des tractive to jioultry and lambs. The wild cat of Europe is of the same the cata species with the domestic cat mount, of N. America, is much larger and a distinct species. Ed. Encyc. 3. A ship formed on the Norwegian model, having a narrow stern, i)rojecting quarIt is strong built, ters, and a deep waist. from four to six hundred tons burthen, and
;

granvdated, formed out of the bittern or leach-brine, used for making hard soap. CAT'SILVER, )!. A fossil, a species of mica. AT'-TAIL, n. [cat and tail.] A species of reed, of the genus Typha, the downy substance of which is used tor stufling mat-

AT'ADUPE,

through.] Reflecting light. n. [Gr. xara, and Sovrito, to sound.] cataract or waterfall. [JS/ot in use.]

Brewer

ATAGMAT'l,
ment.]
;

a.

[Gr. xaroy^a, a frag-

tresses, &c. Bailey. That has the quality of consolidating broken 3. A substance growing on nut-trees, pines, ])arts promoting the union of fractured hones. Wiseman. Core. &c. Bailey. CATABAP'TIST, n. [Gr. xara and liart- AT'AGRAPH, n. [Gr. xara, and ypo^iu, to
rtj'jjj.]

baptism. describe.] Featley. The first draught of a picture also, a profile Chambers. [Gr. xataxavsi.!, a burnCatacaustic curves, in geometry. ATALEC'TI, a. [Gr. xara, and >.y.] are that species of caustic curves, which Pertaining to metrical composition, or to measure. are formed by reflection. Tynvhitt. Bailey. Encyc. Cataledic verses, are such as want either feet employed in the coal trade. or syllables. 3. A strong tackle or combination of pulleys, ATAHRE'SIS, n. [Gr. xarazmni^, abuse, Cyc. from xara, against, and ;^paojuat, to use.] to hook and draw an anchor perpendicuCATAI>EP'SIS, } [Gr. xaraTiii+tj, a seizAn abuse of a trope or of words; a figure in AT'ALEPSY, ^ "' ing, from xaraXa^Sa.'u, larly up to the cat-head of a ship. 4. A double tripod having six feet. rhetoric, when one word is abusively ]>ut to take, seize, or invade.] for another, or when a word is too tii A sudden Cat of nine tails, an instrument of punishsuppression of motion and sensawrested from its true signification as, a ment, consisting of nine ]iieces of line or tion, a kind of apople.xy, in which the pavoice beautiful to the ear. cord fastened to a piece of thick rope, and tient is s]ieechless, senseless, and fixed in Smith. Johnson Bailey. one posture, with his eyes having three knots at intervals, used to flog without A catachresis is a trope which borrows the seeing or understanding. open, word is ofl'enders on board of ships. The CAT'AMOUNT, n. Cat of the mountain, name of one thing to exi)ress another, or a applied also to a retention of the breath or harsh trope as when Milton, speaking ol the wild cat. of the humors, and to the interception of CAT'-BLOCK, n. A two or three fold block " Raphael's descent from heaven, says, lie the blood by bandages. Encyc. Coie. with an iron strop and large hook, used to sails between worlds and worlds." Here ATALEP'TI, a. Pertaining to catalepsy. the novelty of the word sails enlivens the AT'ALO(ilZE, v. t. To insert in a catadraw up an anchor to the cat-head. So in scripture we read of the JMar. Did. image. Coles. logue. [.\'ot used.] " blood of the CAT'S'-EYE, n. Sun-stone, a subspecies of grape." Deut. xxxii. CAT'ALOGUE, )!. kaialog. [Gr. xaro?.oyo5; ) to quartz, called in Latin oculus cali or onyco- ATACHRES'TI, xara and >-oyoi, according to words.] "' Belonging a catachresis palus, from its white zones or rings like ATAeHRES'TIAL, \ A list or enumeration of the names of men or forced far-fetched wrested from its natIt ony.x, and its variable colors like opal. things disposed in a certain order, often ural sense. Johnson. Brown is very hard and semitransparent, and from in alphabetical order; asacaia/og-ite of the certain points exhibits a yellowish radia- ATAHRES'TIALLY,adv. In a forced students of a college, or of books, or of the maimer. tion, or chatoyant appearance, somewhat Evelijn stars. resembhng a cat's eve. Encyc. Cleavcland. AT'ACLYSM, n. [Gr. xafaxXvafiof, a del AT'ALOGUE, v. t. To make [as above.] tAT'-EYEB, a. Havhig eyes like a cat. iige, from xataxiv^u, to inundate.] a list of. Herbert. Diyden. A deluge, or overflowing of water partini ATAL'PA, n. A large tree of Carolina and CAT'-FISH, n. A species of the Squalus, or larly, the flood in Noah's days. [Lillli the South, which in blossom has a beautishark. The cat-fish of the N. American Hall. used.] rivers is a species of Cottiis, or bull-head. AT'AOMB, n. [probably from Gr. xara. inl appearance. It belongs to the genus Bignonia, or trumpet flower. and xn/iSo;, a hollow or recess.] AT'S'-FQOT, n. A plant of the genus Drayton. Encyc. S. cave, Glechoma, ground ivy, or gill. grotto or subterraneous place for the CAT'-GUT, 71. The intestines of sheep or burial of the dead. It is said to have been ATAL'YSIS, n. [Gr. xaro>.vf>ij.] Dissolution. lambs, dried and twisted together, used aiTaylor. [Little used.] originally applied to the chapel of St. Sea. bastian in Rome, where the ancient Ro CATAME'NIAL, strings for violins and other instruments, [Gr. xaraujyiiof xara and for other purposes. Great quantities man Calendars say, the body of St. Peter and fitif, a month.] ore imported from was deposited. It is now applied to a vast Pertaining to the catamenia, or menstrual Lyons and Italy. CAT'-HARPINGS, n. Ropes serving to number of subterraneous sepulchers, about (hscliarges'.
;

One who opposes

ATAAU3'TIC, a.
ing.]

CAT
CAT'AMITE,
[Gr. xatartav/ia.] A dry Coxe. powder for sprinkling the body. CAT'APELT.orCAT'APlJLT.n. [Gr. xafaL. cataputta ; xara and rtixtt;, a rtiMrji target, or more probably from TtaXKu or (3a>.Xto, to tiirovv or drive, L. pello.] military enfjine u.sed by the ancient Greeks and Roniiins for throwing stones, darts and arrows upon an enemy. Some of these would throw a stone of aliundred pounds
[h. catamitus.] for UMimtiiral purposes.
n.
ji.

CAT
A boy kept
the final event of a dramatic piece or the unfolding and winding up of the plot, clearing up difliculties, and closing the The ancients divided a play into the play.
;

CAT
or more voices, one of which leads the others follow in the same notes.
aiiCl

AT'APArfI>I,

CATCH' ABLE,
CATCH'ER,
caught.
n.

a.

protasis,

epitasis,

catastasis,

and

Encyc. Busby. That may be caught.

catches
;

catas-

[.Vb< u-ell authorized.]

2.

continuance, heightening, and development or conclusion. Johnson. Encyc. A final event conclusion generally, an unfortunate conclusion, calamity, or dis-

trophy

the

introduction,

One who
in

that
is

which catches, or

which any thing

plant of the

CATCH'-FLY,
;

71.

genus

aster.

CAT'ALL,

n.

[cat

and

call.]

A squeaking

CATCH'ING, CATCH'ING,
may
fectious
;

Lychnis campion. ;)/)r. Seizing; ensnaring; entangling.

a.

taking hold;

Mitford. weight. ATAPEL'TIC, a. Pertaining to the cataAs a noun, the catapelt. pelt. ATAPllON'IS, n. [Gr. xara, and 4)qwj

instrument, used in play-houses to condemn plays. Johnson. Pope. CATCH, V. I. pret. and pp. catched or caught.

Conmmnicating, or that
;

be communicated, by contagion
as, a

in-

disease
n.

is

catching.

The

sound.] doctrine of reflected sounds, a branch of acoustics. Ena/c. AT'APHRAeT, n. [L. calaphrada ; Gr. xaTo^ipaxT-os, from xaroijipaoau, to arm or
1.

The orthography of caught determines the radical letters to be Cg. The popular or connnon pronmiciation
1.

[Sp. coger, to catch, ments with Gr. xixf^.

coinciding in

ele-

CATCH'PENNY,

and penny.] Something worthless, ])articularly a book

[catch

a piece of heavy defensive armor, formed of cloth or leather, strengthened with scales or links, used to defend the breast, or wliole body, or even the horse as well as the rider. Encyc.

fortify.] In the ancient military art,

To seize or lay hold on with the hand carrying the sense of pursuit, thrusting forward the hand, or rushing on. And they came upon him and caught him
;

is ketch.]

CATCH'-POLL,

or pamphlet, adapted to the popular taste, anil intended to gain money in market. n. [rai./i" and poll, the A bailiff^s assistant, so called by head.]
liquor extracted

way of re|)roach. CATCH'UP, ) ^ A

CAT'SUP,
sauce.
'

from
as

inushrooms,
n.

used

Acts
2.

vi.

seize, in a general sense ; as, to catch a ball ; to catch hold of a bough.

To To

CATCH'-WORD,
word placed

2.

A horseman

CAT'APLASM,

CATE, n. [See Cates.] Herodians, to catch him in his words. Mark xii a. [See Catechise.] plaster.] 4. To seize in pursuit hence simjdy to Relating to oral instruction, and particupoultice ; a soft and moist sid)stance to be overtake a popular use of the word. larly in the first principles of the christian applied to some part of the body, to excite He ran, but could not catch his companion. or repel heat, or to relax the skin, &c. religion. 5. To take hold ; to communicate to. 2. Relating to or consisting in asking quesmustard is an ingredient, it is called The fire caught the adjoining building. tions and receiving answers, according to a sinapism. Encyc. 6. To .seize the affections to engage and the ancient manner of teaching pujnls. AT'APUCE, n. The herb spurge. Obs. attaidi to ; as, to catch the fair. Dryden. Socrates introduced a catechetical method of Chaucer. 7. To take or receive by contagion or infecAddison n. [L. cataracia ; Gr. xaraarguing. CAT'ARACT, tion ; a.s, to catchxhe measles or small pox. adv. By question paxrrjf, from xarapassio, to break or fa 8. To snatch ; to take suddenly ; as, to catch and answer in the way of oral instrucwith violence, from paucru, paSu, to strike or a book out of the hand.
xorarfxaciau, to anoint,

seize, as in a snare or trap ; to ensnare Milton 3. in coin[>lete armor. to entangle. n. [Gr. xaranxariim, from They sent certain of the Pharisees and of the or to spread as a
;

Among printers, the at the Ixittom of each page, under the last line, which is to be inserted as the first word on the followuig page.

CATECHET'lCAL,

When

CATECHET'ICALLY,
;

dash.] 9. To receive something passing. gre.at fall of water over a precipice ; as The swelling sails no more that of Niagara, of the Rliine, Danube and Catch the soft airs and wanton in the sky. Nile. It is a cascade upon a great scale. Trumbull. The tremendous cataracts of Americi thun To catch at, to endeavor to seize suddenly. dering in their solitudes. Irving To catch at all opportunities of subverting the 8. In medicine and surgery, an opacity of the state. Jiddxson a disorder crystaline lens, or its capsule To catch up, to snatch ; to take up suddenly in the eye, which the pupil, wliich is
1.

tion.

CAT'ECHISE,
and

V.

t.

s as

::.

[Gr. xar);;^^^,

xar)j;t"t '" sound, to utter sound, to trom xara, and rxiu, teach by the voice Hence xaTi;jfj;ni;, to sound, whence tf/io.
;

xar7jx"^hSj catechise, catechism, instruction.]

\.

To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and offering explanations and

corrections.

by

usually black and transparent, becomes opake, blue, gray, brown, &.C., by whicl, vision is impaired or desti'oyed. Encyc. n. catar. [L. catarrhus ; Gr. xarappooj, from xarappfu, to flow down.] Adefluxion, or increased secretion of nmcus from the membranes of the nose, fauces and bronchire, with fever, sneezing, cough,

CATCH,

II.

I.

To communicate

by infecting
2.

to sjiread 3. as, a disease will catch from

;

CATARRH,

hold; as, a hook catches. CATCH,?!. Seizure; the act of seizing. 3. Any thing that seizes or takes hold, as a

man to man. To seize and

hook.

To question to interrogate to examine or try by questions, and sometimes with view to reproof, by eliciting answers from a person, which condemn his own
; ;

3.

thirst, lassitude and loss of appetite, and sometimes an entire loss of taste called also a cold, coryza. An epidemic catarrh
;

is

called Influenza.
}

4.
5.

CAT'ARRHAL,
CAT'.AJIRHOUS,
tending
it;

Hooper. Coxe. Encyc. Pertaining to catarrh, produced' by it or at

as a catarrhal fever.

6.

CATAS'TERISM, n.
place
;

jcaraffptfu, to distinguish

[Gr. xaraffpto^os, from with stars, or to 7.

;

conduct. Appropriately, to ask questions concerning the doctrines of the christian rehgion to interrogate pupils and give instruction in the principles of religion. tunity to seize ; as, to lie upon the catch. Mdison CATECHISED, ;>;). Instructed. CAT'ECHISER, n. One who catechises A sudden advantage taken. Dryden one who instructs by question and anThe thing caught, considered as aii object swer, and particularly in the rudiments of of desire; profit; advantage. the christian religion. Sfiak. Hector shall have a great catch. CAT'ECHISING, ppr. Instructing in rudiA snatch a short interval of action. ments or principles. Locke. It has been writ by catches. 71. A form
3.

posture of seizing; a state of prepa ration to catch, or of watching an oppor-

The

CAT'ECHISM,
religion.

[Gr. xaT^x>''^u,s.]

little

portion.
Glantyille.

among

the stars

xata and

a;r;f>,

a
8.

We

retain a catch of a pretty story.

2.

of instruction by means of questions and answers, particularly in the principles of

A constellation, or a placing among the stars. CATASTROPHE, / " [Gr. xarafpo^.,;, an

CATAS'TROPHY,
ing,
1

star.]

l!

from xorajpffu,

to

end or overthrowsubvert xora and

;

In music, a fugue in the unison, wherein some conceit in the words, the melody is broken, and the sense is interto himior

fpft".]

i.

The change

or rcvolutioi'i which produces

rupted in one part, and caught and supported by another, or a diffVrent sense is or a piece for three given to the words
;

An elementarj' book containing a summary of principles in any science or art, but appropriately in religion, reduced to the form of questions and answers, and sometimes with notes, explanations, and references to authorities.

CAT
n.

CAT
OneHeA'TER,
1

CAT
eATH'EDRATED,
a. Relating to the authority of the chair or ofiice of a teacher. miitlock.
; ;

[See Caterer.] GAT'ECHIST, [Gr. xv.trix^ini-] Chaucer. achator. who instructs viva voce, or by question Old En'g.n. The four of cards or dice so and answer a catechiser one appointed CA'TER,
n.

provider.

in the principles by the church to instruct

of'

religion.
}
'

CA'TER-COUSIN,
remote
relation.

CATEeHIS'Tle, ATEH1S'TIAL,
echism.

<,

Pertaining to a catechist, or cat-

CAT'ECHU,
tract, or

?i.

Terra Japonica, a dry exobastringent substance,

'

brown

CATECHU' MEN,

tained by decoction and evaporation IVoin a species ol' Mimosa in India. It consists Thomson. Ure. chiefly of tannin.
n.

[Gr. xar^x'^f^""^, P''^ces where hearers stood to be instructed, or bnildings adjoining a church where the catechist taught the doctrines of religion.] One who is in the first rudiments of Christone who is receiving instruction
ianity
;

CATH'ETER, n. [Gr. xoSfTjjp, from xaS^iu, xara and i>;ftt, to send.] to thrust in a quatre-cousin, Shak. In surgery, a tubular instrument, usually made of silver, to be introduced into the In Chaucer, n. [from cater. CA'TERER, bladder, to draw off' the urine when the is evidently achator, a purchaser or caterer, natural discharge is suppressed also, a from acheter, to buy.] or a bougie to search for the A provider, buyer or purveyor of provisions. sound of silver or elastic stone, made gum. South. Chaucer, Cant. Tales. 570. Coie. Encyc. A woman who caters a C \'TERESS, n. ATH'ETUS, n. [Gr. xoSfToj. See Cathefemale provider of food. ter.] n. [The etymology of CAT'ERPILLAR, In geometry, a line or radius, falling perpenPerhaps it may this word is uncertain. surface as dicularly on another line or be from Fr. chatte peine, hairy cat.] the two sides of a right-angled triangle. colored and often hairy larva of the
written for Fr. quatre.
i.

The

Cathetus of incidence, in catoptrics, of other insects, such applied to the larvas line drawn from a point of the object, more as the Tenthredo, or saw-fiy but is line. perjiendicular to the reflecting to the lepidopters. Catgenerally confined ICathetus of reflection, or of the eye, a right fine are produced immediately from erpillars drawn from the eye, perjiendicular to the are furnished with several christian religion. the eii" they They principles of tiie reffecting ]>lane. and apiiairs of feet, and have the shape were admitted to this state by the im|iosia right line drawn contain the Cathetus of obliquation, in the tion of hands, and the sign of the cross. pearance of a worm. They perpendicular to the speculum, inclosed Encijc jf embryo of the perfect insect, point of incidence or reflection. is to a. within a muscular envelop, which Belonging CATEHUMEN'IAL, In architecture, a cathetus is a perpendicuthe insect enters the tlirown off, when catechumens. lar line, supposed to pass through the which it recatechumen. CATECHU'MENIST, n. nymph or chrysalis state, in middle of a cylindrical body. Encyc. mains for sometime as if inanimate. It CATH'OLIC, a. xara and Bp. Morion. [Gr. xaSot.txo;, o. [See Category.] Perthen throws off its last envelop, and whole L. cathoHcus ; CATEGOR'ICAL, oxtxos, from oxoc, the insect. Caterpillars emerges a perfect taining to a category. Fr. calholique ; Sp. catolico ; It. cattotico.] on leaves or succulent veg'>. Absolute express not relative positive generally feed Universal or general as the Catholic church. destrucas a categorical proi)Osiwas given to thi' or hypothetical etables, and are sometimes very Originally this epithet Ed. Encyc. Kirby. or answer. tive. tion, syllogism Christian church in general, but is now worm and in CATEGOPJiCALLY, adv. Absolutely di- CATERPILLAR-EATER, n. appropriated to the Romish church, to affirm expressly positively as, bred in the body of a caterpillar, which rectly strictness there is no Cathohc church, or Encyc. categoricall>i. eats it. universal Christian communion. The epifrom xarn. in opposition to herCAT'TEGORV, [Gr. xarjjyopia, v. i. thet is sometimes set [probably from cat demonstrate 'cAT'ERWAUL, r,yopiu, to accuse, show, etic, sectary or schismatic. and icawl. It. guaiolare, Eng. laail.] xfira and ayoptu, to speak in an assembly, Liberal not narrow minded, partial or 'To cry or wawl, as cats in rutting time to to harangue or denounce, from ayopa, a foman. offensive noise. make a harsh bigoted as a catholic tribunal or market.] rum, judicial n. The cry of cats; a 3. Liberal as catholic principles. a series or order of all the predicates CAT'ERWAULING, In logic, Catholic epistles, the epistles of the apostles harsh disagreeable noise or cry. or attributes contained under a genus. which are addressed to all the laithtul, The school philosophers distributed all the CA'TERY, n. The place where provisions and not to a particular church. our thoughts and ideas into are deposited. objects of OLl, n. A papist. Aristotle made ten CATES, n. Delicious food or viands dainties or classes. "enera CATH'OLICISM, ?i. Adherence to the One categories, viz. substance, quantity, qual- CATH'ARIST, n. [Gr. xapa9o,-, pure.] Catholic chinch. relation, action, passion, time, place, who pretends to more purity than others 2 Universality, or the orthodox faith of the ity, Pearson. situation and habit. Enajc whole church. possess. from CATENA'RIAN, ( of sentiments. [L. catcnarius, Iron CATI^ARTie, ? [Gr. xaeaprixo;, 3. More generally, liberality "' a to
lepidopterous

insects.

This term
;

is

also

is

Encyc. a right

and preparing himself for baptism. These were anciently the children of believing not fully initiated in the parents, or pagans

ATH

CAT'ENARY,

a chain. The enffxara. and atpu, to Relating to a chain; like purge, xa9opo5. clean, narian curve, in geometry, is formed by a remove.] between two rope or chain hanging freely Purging cleansing the bowels promoting whether the jjoints evacuations by stool purgative. points of suspension, Harris. Encyc. are horizontal or not. that
; ; ;
I

catena,

chain.]

CATU'AKTICAL,

xaSoptvu,

Xtt'>aipu,,

This

13

the

renowned
i'.

seat of Catholicism.

E. D.
i.

Griffin.

ATH'OLlCIZE,
lic.

To become

a catho-

[Little used.]

eATH'OLleLY,
catholic manner.

adv.
n.

CAT'ENATE,
kette
;

To

chain,

a chain; G. [L. catena, Sans, ketta, whence ketlenu, to bind.] or rather to connect in a series of
v.
I.

IcATHWRTle,

links or ties.

CATENA'TION,
nection.

n.

Darwin. Connection of links

;

ATH\\RTIALNESS,

union of parts, as hi a chain regular con[See Co7icatenation.] CAT'ENULATE, a. Consisting of little

links or chains.
V. i.

A'TER,
tare, to

[In

It.

cattare is to get

accatis

to

The acat, a buying. seems to be a gutter, for questei; to beg, See Caterer.] different word.
buy
;

beg or borrow. In Fr. acheter

Norm,

Fr.

To

provide food; to buy or procure provisions followed by for ) as, to cater for the Shak the sparrow.
;

Breniit. n. [Gr. xo^oXixo)- tafia, universal remedv.] the bowels. A remedy for all diseases; a universal rempromoting discharges from to be efficacious Gr. xa9edy ; a remedy supposed re. [L. cathedra ; humors; a panacea; from xa-fa and 8pa, inpurging away all tSpa, a chair or seat, called. a kind of soft purgative electuary so a seat.] n. The practices of CatiThe see or seat of a bishop; the pruicipal CAT'ILINISM, consiiirator ; conspiracy. line, the Roman church in a diocese. In botacat and kin.] CATHE'DRAL, a. Pertaining to the church CAT'KIN, n. [from of calyx or rather of infloresny, a species which is the bishop's seat, or head church cence, from a common chaffy genimaof a diocese ; containing the see ot a of many ceous receptacle, or consi.^ting cathedral bishop; as a cathedral church; slenchaffv scales ranged along a stalk, service. reder as a thread, which is the common the aisles of a cathedral ; Resembling oak, willow. ceptacle, asin hazle, birch, Pope. as, cathedral walks.

A medicine n. pro motes alvine discharges, and thus cleanses the stomach and bowels; a purge; a purn.

Generally; m a Sir L. Cury.

Universahty.

CATll'OLICNESS,
CATIIOL'ICON,

The

quality of

CATHEDRAL,

C A T
poplar, &,c.
to a cat's
;

C A U
Martyti.

C A U

so called from its resemblance

tail.

eAT'-LllvE.

a. Reseinbliiij,'

cat.

Sltak.

GAT' LING,
by

n.

disuiciiibering knife, used

Harris 2. Tlie down or moss growing about walnut trees, resembling the hair of a cat.
suige'Jiis.

Harris.
3. Catgut.

Qu.
a.

CATO'NIAN,
severe
;

Shak. Pertaining to or resem-

bling Calo, the Roman, able lor liis .severity of

intle.vible.
(

who was remark

manners
;

grave

usage, signifies only beasts of the bovine 2. A kiud of net in which females inclose their hair ; the hinder pan of a cap. genus, oxen, bulls, cows and their yoiui In the laws respecting domestic beasts, Dryden. Grew. horses, sheep, asses, mules and swine are 3. Any kind of net. distinguished from cattle, or neat cattle. CAULESCENT, a. [L. caulis, a stalk Gr. Thus the law in Connecticut, recpiiring xavTMi. See Cole.] " that all the owners of any cattle, sheej) In botany, having a stem different from that or swine, shall ear-mark or brand all their which produces the flower; as a caulescent plant. Linne applies this term to the cattle, sheep and swine," does not e.vtend root al-so, as in cabbage and turne|). to horses. Yet it is probable that a law JjCC. giving damages for a trespass connnitted jMartyn. cattle breaking into an inclosure, would CAULIF'EROUS, a. by [L. caulis, a stem, and
;

CATOP'TER, CATOP'TRON,

"
(

[Gr.

xafortrpo;-.

See
opti-

Catoptrics.]

An

cal glass or in.strument.

Diet

CATOP'TRIC, eATOP'TRlCAL,
tion.

"' ra r'/,./Vo ^ ^^^'^ Catoptrics.]

Relating to catoptrics, or vision by reflec-

CATOP'TRICS,
xatoTXTjioi',

[Gr. xorortrpixo;, from a mirror, iiom xora, against, and

n.
wliicli exjjlains the pro]
light,

ortTo^ai, to see.]

That part of optics

erties

of rcllected
is

reflected polished bodies.

that

which

and particularly from mirrors or

Encyc.
[Gr. xatontfo-

be ailjndged to uulude horses. fero, to bear.] In Great Ibitain, beasts are distinguish In botany, having a stem or stalk. cd into black cattle, including bulls, oxen, CAUL'H'LOWER, n. [It. caroljjore ; L. cows and their young and small cattle, in caulis, VV. cawl, D. kool, ajid_^icer.] A variety of Hrassica or cabbage, well known eluding sheep ol'all kinds and goals. and nuich esteemed. .3. In reproach, hunjaji beings are called cattle. SA.uA-. CAUL IFORM, a. [LT caulis, a stem, and CAUCA'SIAN, } Pertaining to Mount forma, form.] Caucasus in Asia. AUC.\SE'AN, ^ Having the form of a stalk or of stems. .4*. Researches. Pinkerton. Kirwan. AUC'US, n. A word used in America to CAUL'INE, a. [L. caiilis, a stalk.] In botdenote a meeting of citizens to agree upon any, growing immediately on the stem, candidates to be proposed for election to witliout the intervention of branches; as a cauline leaf, bulb, peduncle or scape. othces, or to concert measures for supporting a party. The origin of the word is .Martyn.
;

not ascertained.
a. [L. cauda, a tail.] I'ertaining to a tail; or to the thread which ter minales the seed of a plant. liotam/. eAUU'ATE, } " [L. Cauda, a tail.] Ha AUD'ATED, ving a tail. Fairfax. AUD'EX, i. plu. caudexes. [L.] In botLinne uses the any, the stem of a tree. word for the stock which proceeds from a seed, one part ascending and formini the body above ground, the other des

CAULK,

[See Calk.]
v.i. [L.
V.
t.

ATOP'TROMANCY,
y.a,vriia
;

n.

.\UD'AL,

C.\UP ON.\TE,

cauponor.]

xarortrpor, a mirror,

and

To keep
vict-

^ttai'rfia,

a victualling house.

divination.)

CAUP'OMSE,
uals.

To

[Aoi
sell

in use.]

wine or

the ancients, ilown a mirror into water, for a sick person to look at his face in it. If bis countenance ap peared distorted and ghastly, it was an ill omen if fresh and bealtliy, it was favor-

species of divination

among

which was performed by

letting

<,

able.

AT'-PIPE,

Darwin. CAT'SUP, CAU'DLE, n. [Fr. chaudeau, from chaud, CAT'TLE, warm or hot, by contraction from L. caliand chatters, goods, commodichattel, dus or its root It. caldo.] Arm. chetal, beasts Port. ties, movables A kind of warm broth, a niixlure of wine gado, cattle. In Syr. and C'h. nj and nu sigand other ingredients prc])ared for the nify a flock, herd, possession, goods. But sick. Wiseman.
n.

Encyc. [See Catcall.] [See Catchup, Ketchup.] )i. sing-, or plu. [Norm, calal,
n.
;
;

cending and putting forth roots.

jMaiiyn.

Cause.] That may be caused, produced or eftected. ,'lsh. CAUS'AL, a. [See Cause.] Relating to a cause or causes ; implying or containing a cause or causes expressing a cause. Causal propositions are where two propositions are joined by causal words, as that or because. Walls. CAUS'AL, n. In grammar, a word thai expresses a cause, or introduces the reason. Han-is. CAUSAL'ITY, n. The agency of a cause the action or power of a cause, in jirodu-

CAUS'ABLE,

[JVot in use.] a. [See

Jf'arburton.

put,

contracted from capitatia, captal, from ca- e.AU'DLE, V. t. To make or prepare caudle, or to dress with caudle. Shak. a word used in the middle ages for all goods, movable and immovable, an- AUF, n. [probably from the root of cofswering nearly to the use oi'Gr. xsfa'Ka.wp, Acts xxii. 28. Ttoxxon xc^axcuov, " with a A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in or sum 1 obtained this freewater. Jlsh. great price

Spelman alledges

that the

word

chattel is

cing

its effect.

Encyc.

Glanrille.

CAUS'.^LLY,

adv.
)!.

or series of causes.

According to the order Johnson. Brown,

miners, the light-

CAUS'ALTY,

Among

dom." Qu. Sp. caudal, wealth, property, capital sum.] Beasts or quadrn]jeds in general, serving for tillage, or other labor, and for food to man. In its primary sense, the word includes camels, horses, asses, all the varieties of domesticated horned beasts or the bovine genus, sheep of all kinds and goats, and perhaps swine. In this general sense, it is constantly used in the scriptures. See Job

Hence it would appear that the 3. word properly signilies possessions, goods. But whether from a word originally sigi.

nifying a beast, for in early ages beasts constituted the chief part of a man's prop erty, or from a root signifying to get or possess, Gr. xraouai. It. cattare, or from capitalia, it is not easy to determine. Thi: word is restricted to domestic beasts but in England it includes horses, which it or dinarily does not, in the United States, at least not in New-England.
;

er, earthy parts of ore, carried off by washing. Encyc. CAUSA'TION, ji. The act of causing or which producing; the actor CAUGHT, pret. and pp. of catch, pronoun- an effect is produced. agency by Brown. ced cavt. That expresses a cause A name given by miners to CAUS'ATIVE, a. that effects as a cause. CAUK, I or reason also, CAWK, ^ certain specimens of the comJohnson. These are of a l)act sulphate of baryte. CAUS'ATIVELY, adc. In a causative manwhite, gray or fawn color, often irregular ner. sometimes resembling a in figure, but n. One who causes or pronumber of small convex lenses set in a CAUSA'TOR, duces an eflect. Brown. j\icholson. Ure. ground. CAUSE, n. s as z. [Fr. cause ; Sp. Port. It. This name is sometimes' given to masses h. causa, from the Celtic; Welsh causa; conijiosed of concentric lamellar concreacaus, effecting power, allied to cais, efCleareland. tions. fort, ceisiaw, to seek or go after, to attempt AUK'Y, a. Pertaining to cauk like cauk. Arm. cans or cos. The primary sense is to urge, press, impel, like sequor, whence JVoodward. GAUL, n. [L. caula, a fold, from the root suit hence, to accuse, to attack or follow with a charge. The root of this word of hold. See Hold.] coincides with that of castle, cast, &c., 1. In anatomy, a membrane in the abdomen, which express a driving. A cause is that covering the greatest part of the lower inwhich moves, excites or impels to actestines, called from its structure, reticution or effect in law, a pressing for a lum, a net, but more generally, the omen;
;

2.

In the United States,

cattle, in

common

tum also, a little membrane sometimes encompassing the head of a child when
;

born.

Encyc.i

1.

claim. See Question. Cause, sake and thing have the like radical sense.] siut or action in court any legal pro-

C A U
cess
his

C A U
trowsers,

C A V
A burning or searing,
probably taken
Port, calgar, to pave, Sp.

which a party institutes to obtain demand, or by which he seeks his

French
from
to put

shoes, Fr. chausse, and the word is evidently the same with

This is a leright or his supposed riglit. gal, scriptural and popular use of the word, coinciding nearly with case from cado, and action from ago, to urge or drive. The cause of both parties shall come before the judges. Ex. xxii.
0.

the loss of I.
])Utting

The

sense

is

on, covering.

on shoes, or stockings,

calzar, id, L. calceo, calceus.]

A way

That which produces an effect; that which impels into existence, or by its agency or operation produces what did nof before e.xist ; that by virtue of which any thing is done ; that from which any thing
proceeds, and without which
it

raised above the natural level of the groimd, by stones, earth, timber, fascines, &c., serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground, or as a mole to confine water to a pond or restrain it from overis

as of morbid flesh, by a hot iron or by caustic medicines that burn, corrode or destroy any solid part of an animal body. The burning by a hot iron is called actual cautery that by caustic medicines, potential cautery. CAU'TION, n. [L. cautio ; Fr. caution ; Sp. camion ; from L. caveo, to take care. See Class Gb. No. 3. 52. 53. 83. The sense of caveo is probably to retire, or to stop, check or hold.]
;

3.

The reason or motive that urges, moves, or impels the minet to act or decide. For this cause have I raised up Pharaoh. Ex. ix. And David said, is there not a cause ? 1 Sam.
xvii.

would not CAUSID'ICAL, a. [L. causidicus, causa exist. and dico.'\ Cause is a substance exerting its power into Pertaining to an advocate, or to the mainteLocke. act, to make a thing begin to be. nance and defense of suits.

flowing lower ground. Most generally a way raised in a common road.

it

\.

Provident care; prudence in regard to danger; wariness, consisting in a careful attention to the (irobable effects of a measure, and a judicious course of conduct to avoid evils and the arts of designing men.
position

CAUS'ING,
CAUS'TIC,

ppr.
X

Producmg

effecting

bringing into being.

2.

Security

Caution is the armor to defend us against imand the attacks of evil. for, nearly the sense of the

CAUS'TICAL,
Burning
;

"

[Gr. xavfixo;, from xaun, xowffu, to burn.]

;

French
The

4.

Sake
I

accoimt.
it

did

wrong.
5.

2.

not foi his catise that Cor. vii. [See Sake.]

corroding destroying the texture of animal flesh. had done the CAUS'TIC, n. In medicine, any substance
;

cient caution that the

3.

caution, bail. parliament would give his majesty sufiBwar should be prosecuted.

Clarendon.

C.

That which a party or nation pursues or rather pursuit, prosecution of an object. in a say, Bible Societies are engaged noble cause. [See the first definition.] Hence the word cause is used to denote that which a person or thing favors that J^icholson. It is a nitrate of silver. to which the efforts of an inteUigent being are directed as, to promote rehgion is to Caustic curve, in geometry, a ciu've formed advance the cause of God. So we say, the by a coincidence of rays of light reflected from another curve. cause of truth or of justice. In all its apEncyc. of its CAUSTICITY, n. The quality of acting phcations, cause retains something like fire on animal matter, or the quality original meaning, struggle, impelling force, of organof combining with the princi])les contest, effort to obtain or to effect someized subistances, and destroying their texthing. This quality belongs to concentrature. Ifllhout cause, without good reason withted acids, pure alkalis, and some metallic the act. or motive to out a reason
;

We

whicti api)lied to living animals, acts like fire, in corroding the part and dissolving an escharotic. [See Causticiits texture Coxe. ty.] Encyc. Lunar caustic, a preparation of crystals of silver, obtained by solution in nitric acid, and afterwards fused in a crucible.

tions
4.

Provision or security against ; measures taken for security as the rules and cauof government. advice Precept injunction warning exhortation, intended as security or guard
; ; ; ;
:

against
to

evil.
V.
t.

CAU'TION,
warn
;

To

give notice of danger

against their charms.

to exhort to lake heed.

Swift.

Vou cautioned me

CAU'TIONARY,
warning
advice.
2.

a.

Containing caution, or
;

to

avoid danger

as cautionary

Given as a pledge cautionary town.

pp.
n.

or in security; as a

CAUTIONED,
admonished.

Warned

previously

CAUTIONER,

They hate me

justify tvithout cause. Ps. xxxv. Lxix.

;

salts.

JVicholson.
n. [L. cautela,
a.

CAUSE,
istence.

V.

t.

To produce
great joy

to bring into exall

In Scots law, the person who is bound for anotlier, to the performance of an obligation.
ppr. Warning; giving previous notice of danger. 11. In Scots law, the act of giving security for another, or the obligation by which one person becomes enas security for another, that he gaged shall pay a sum of money or perform a deed. Encyc.
a.

CAU'TEL,
care.]

from

carco, to take

CAU'TIONING,

Caution.

[JVot used.]

Shak.

They caused
Acts XV.
3.

to

the

brethren.

CAU'TELOUS,
cautela.]
2.
;

[Fr. cauteleux,
;

from L.
JVotton.

CAU'TIONRY,

To

effect
vii.

I will

cause

by agency, power or influence. it to rain on the earth forty days.

to
fall

Cautious

wary
;

provident.
Spenser.
;

Gen.

Cunning treacherous
adv.

wilv.

I will

cause him
V. i.

by the sword.

CAU'TELOUSLY,
2.

Cunningly

slily

Kings
Obs.

xix.

CAUSE,
about.

CAUS'ED,

assign insufficient cause. Spenser. pp. Produced effected brought

;

To

treacherously. Cautiously ; warily.

n.

Bacon. Brown.
Cautiousness. apphcation of cauFerrand.

CAU'TIOUS,

Wary

watchful

careful

CAU'TELOUSNESS, CAU'TERISM, n. The

tery.

to avoid evils ; attentive to examine probable effects and consequences of measures, with a view to avoid danger or mis-

no CAUTERIZA'TION, n. [See Cauterize.] Blackinore. In surgery, the act of bin-ning or searmg some morbid part, by the apphcation of 2. Without just ground, reason or motive ; as fire. This is done by burning tow, cotcauseless hatred ; causeless fear. TValler. Prov. xxvi. ton, moxa, Spanish wax, pyramidical pieFairfax. adv. cauz'lesshj. Without ces of linen, &c., or more generally by a

CAUSELESS,

a.

cauz'less.

Having

fortune

prudent

cause, or producing agent.

CAUTIOUSLY,
cautious
;

adv.

circumspect. With caution

in

warv, scru|)ulous manner.

CAU'tlOUSNESS,
circumspection danger.
;

n.

The
;

watchfidness

quality of being provitlent care ;

to

CAUSELESSLY,
cause or reason.

prudence with regard

;

Taylor. CAUSELESSNESS, n. cauz'lessness. The Hammond. state of being causeless. n. He that causes ; the agent by CAUS'ER,

hot iron.

Encyc.
V.

Addison.
n. [Fr. cavalcade

It. gada ; It. cavalcata. See Cavalry.] from xavtr,f, a burning or branding iron, A procession of persons on Jiorseback a from xatw, to biun.] formal, pompous march of horsemen and Sidney. To burn or sear with fire or a hot iron, as equipage, by way of parade, or to grace a morbid flesh. triumph, the public entry of a person of CAUS'EY, n. cauz'y. [Norm, calsay ; Fr. or raised CAU'TERIZED, pp. Burnt or seared with distinction, &c. chaussee for chaulsie, a bank, CAVALIE'R,(. [Fr. See Cavalry.] A horseway Arm. chaugzer, the bank or mole a hot iron. of a pond. The Spanish has calzada, a CAUTERIZING, ppr. Burning, as with a mai), especially an armed horseman ; a hot iron. knight. causey, or way paved and raised Port 2. A gay, sprightly, military man. calfada, a pavement, and stones used in CAU'TERIZING, n. The act ofburnmg,as 3. The appellation of the party of king with a hot iron. paving. Both these words are evidently Charles I. from the same root as S]). calzas. Port. CAU'TERY, n. [Gr. xemt'jjptot L. cauleri Stvifl. 4. In fortification, an elevation of earth, situiim. See Cauterize.^ calpado, Sp. calzado, hose, loose breeches,

CAU'TERIZE,
cauterizar;

[Fr. cauteriser; Sp. Port. cauterizzare ; Gr. xavrjjpiaiTu,

t.

CAVALCADE,

Sp.cabal;

which an

effect is

produced. Jolmson.

C A V
ated ordinarily in the gorge of a bastion, bordered with a parapet, with embrasures.
2.

C A V
; ;

C E A
False or frivolous objections also, a fallacious kind of reason, bearing some resemblance to truth, advanced for the sake of victory. Johnson. Encyc. CAVILER, n. One who cavils; one who is a\n to raise captious objections ; a cap.
:

CAVALRY,
whence

Intimation of caution hint warning admonition. Encyc. CA'VEAT, V. t. To enter a caveat. 4. In the manege, one who understands Judge Innes, CrancVs Rep. horsemanship one skilled in the art of CA'VEATING, n. In fencing, is the shifting the sword from one side of that of your riding. warlike a. Gay to the other. AVALIE'R, adversary sprightly Encyc. brave generous. CA'VEATOR, n. One who enters a caveat. 2. Haughty disdainful. Judge Inncs, Cranch's Rep CAVALIERLY, at/i). Haughtily; arrogant- CAV'ERN, 71. [L. caverna ; Sp. Port. It. id. fi'arhurton. ly disdainfully. This word seems to be composed of cutius, CAVALIK'RNESS, n. Haughtiness; a dis and the Sax. (rrn, a secret place.] dainfid manner. A deep hollow place in the earth. In gen; ; ; ; ;
; ;

CAV'IL,

tious disputant.

CAV'ILING,
tions.

JIddison. ppr. Raising frivolous objec-

CAV'ILINGLY,

adv. In a caviling
n.

manner.

Shencood.

n.

[Fr. cavalerie,

from

cavalier,

a horseman, and this from cluval, a horse

cavalcade ; It. cavalto, a horse, cavaliere, cavalcata ; S|). caballo, caballero, cabalgada ; from L. cabaltus, a horse Ir. capnll and peall ; Russ. kobila, a mare Gr.
; ;

The [L. cavUlalio.] act or jiractice of caviling, or raising frivolous objections. Hooker. eral, it difters frcjin catc in greater depth a. Caf)tious; unfair in and in being a])plied most usually to t'AV'lLOUS, argument ; apt to object without natural hollows, or chasms. reason.
good
Earth with
its

CAVILLA'TJON,

caverns dark and deep.

^yliffe.

Watts

CAV'ILOUSLV,

adv. In a cavilous

manner
;

Milton. captiously. Full of caverns, or deep CAV'ILOUSNESS, n. Captionsness dispochasms having caverns. sition or aptitude to raise frivolous body of military troops on horses; a gen 2. objecInhabiting a cavern. Pope. cral term, inrhiding light-horse, dragoons, tions. a. [L. cavernosus.] Hollow and other bodies of men, serving on horseCAV'IN, ji. [Fr. from L. cams, hollow.] fidl of caverns. ff'oodward. back. In the military art, a hollow Encyc. way or natural [Faber uses cavernal, wliich is less regCA'VaTR, v. f. [L. earo, to make hollow.] hollow, adapted to cover troops and facilTo dig out and make hollow; but suj)er- larly formed.] itate their approach to a place. seded by excavate. CAVERN'ULOUS, o. [h. cavernula.] Full Johnson. Bailey. CAVAT'lWA, n. [It.] In music, a short air, of Uttle cavities ; as cavemulous njetal CAVITY, n. [L. cavitas ; Fr. cainle; from L. niark. without a return or second part, which is cavus, hollow.J It. sometimes relieved by recitative. cano.] hi architecture, A hollow place; Bicsby. CAVET'TO,?i.[from hollowness; an opening; a hollow mendier, or round concave mold as the cavity of the month or throat. This CAVA'ZION, ji. [L. cavo, to hollow.] t ing, containing the quadrant of a circle; arcliilcctun, the niidcrdigging or hollowing is a word of voy general significalion. used as an ornami iit in cornices. of the earth for the foundation of a buildEncyc. CAVOLINITE, n. [from Cavolini, a Nea} allowed to be the CA [Fr. cavefon, or cavesson ing, or for cellarage politan naturalist.] It. cavezzone, a muzzle for sixth part olthe liighth of the building. ^ A newly discovered Vesnvian mineral, of a a horse, from cavare, to draw.] Johnson. Bailey. hexahedral form, occurring in the interior n. [Fr. cave ; L. cavea ; Sp. cueva ; A sort of nose-band, of iron, leather or wood, CAVE, of calcaneus balls, accompanied with garsometimes flat, and sometimes hollow or It. cava ; Arm. W. ogov cajf, or cau ; nets, idocrase, mica, and granular pjToxtwisted, which is put on the nose of a ene, lining the cavity of the geode, ^c. horse to wring it, and thus to forward the to dig out or Hindoo, gopa ; Ar. ,1.3 Journ. ofSciencet suppling and breaking of him. CA'VY, n. A genus of quadrupeds, holding Farrier's Diet. to be hollow. Class excavate, or a middle place between the murine and (j CAVIAR, n. cavee'r [Sp. cabial ; It. cavi- leporine tribes. Gb. No. 8. 71.] Encyc. ale; Ar. hollow place in the earth a subtorrane ^lAAai gabiar. The Arabic CAW, II. i. [probably from the sound ; Sax. ous cavern a den. This may be luitura ceo, a crow or a jaj-.] To crj- like a crow, rook or raven. or artificial. The primitive inhabitants of verb from which this j.Aii gabara, the earth, in many countries, lived in CAX'OU, n. [Sp. caxa, caion.] chest of word is formed, signifies to try, to strain ores of any metal that has been caves and the present inhabitants of some burnt, or press, and to season with fat. \t may ground and washed, and is readv to be parts of the earth, especially in the high ' coincide with the Gr. rtftpou, L. refined. northern latitudes, occupy caves, particuTodd. experior.] [Local.] The roes of certain large fish, prepared and CA'YMAN, n. An animal of the in winter. larly genus salted. The best is made from the roes of Lacerta, found in the West Indies, the alLot dwelt in a cave, he and his daughters. the sterlet, sturgeon, sevruga, and Gen. xix. ligator. beluga, Caves were also used for the burial of the caught in the lakes or rivers of Russia. CAZiC, or CAZiQUE, n. cazeik. The title The roes are put into a bag with a strong dead. of a king or chief among several Uibes of Abraham buried Sarah in the cave of the field Indians in America. brine, and pressed by wringing, and then of Machpelali. Gen. xxiii. dried and put in casks, or into cisterns CEASE, v.i. [Fr. cesser; Sp.cesar; Port. Bacon applies the word to the ear, " the cessar ; It. cessare ; L. cfo.] perforated at bottom, where they are cave of the ear ;" but this application is pressed by heavy weights. The poorest 1. To stop moving, acting or speaking; to unusual. sort is trodden with the feet. leave off; to give over followed by Tooke from CAVE, V. t. To make hollow. before a noun. Spenser. CAV'IL, V. i. [Sp. cavilar: Port, cavillar C.WE, i\ i. To dwell in a cave. It. cavUlare ; L. cavillor ; U. kibbelen Shak. It is an honor for a man to cease from strirc. Ori; To cave in, to fall in and leave a hollow, as Prov. XX. ental Ch. to cry ont or complain '72p earth on the side of a well or pit. When J. To fail to be wanting. Syr. to accuse, oppose, censure.] in digging into the earth, the side is exca 1. To raise The poor shall never cease out of the land. captious and frivolous objections Deut. XV. to find fault without good reason followyated by a falling of a quantity of earth, it is said to cave in. 3. To stop to be at an end ed by at. as, the wonder ceases ; the storm has ceased. CA'VEAT, n. [L. caveat, let him beware, It is better to reason than to cavil. Jinan from coi't'o.] To advance futile objections, or to frame 4. To be forgotten. In law, a [irocess in a court, especially in a I would make the remembrance of them to sophisms, for the sake of victory in an arcease. Deut. xxxii. spiritual court, to stop proceedings," as to gument. stop the proving of a will also to prevent CAVIL, V. t. To receive or treat with objec- a. To abstain ; as, cease from anger. Ps. the institution of a clerk a benefice

xaSa^f-rj!, a i)aok-horse.]

CAV'ERNED,
;

a.

CAVERNOUS,

VEZON. CAVESSON,

I.

to

tions.

Blackstone.

mon

In America,
law.

it

is

used in courts of comCranch's Reports.

Then

Wilt thou enjoy the good.

cai^il

To
Jmiton.

the conditions.

[.Vot vsual.]

xxxvii. cease from labor, is to rest ; to cease from be quiet ; but in such phrases, the sense of cease is not varied.strife, is to

C E
CEASE, V.
end
to.
I.

I
to put

C E L
;

C E L
CELE'RIA,

To

put a stop to

an

the inner roof of a building, or the timbers which form the top of a room. Tliis cov-

Milton. this impious rage. [But in this use the phrase is generally el-

Cease

liptical.]

CEASE,

n.

Extinction.

[Aof in

use.]

2.

be of boards, or of lath and Hence ceiling is used for the plastering. upper part of a room. In ship building, the inside planks of a
ering

may

CELER'ITY,
swift
1.
;

variety of celery, called also the turnep-rooted celery. [See Celery.^ ?!. [L. celeritas ; Fr. celerite : celeridad ; It. celeritii ; from L. Sp.
Ji.

ccler,

Oriental

Sp

swift, light

Gr. xtVlM.]

Shak.

ship.

CE'ASELESS, a. Without a
incessant
sion.
All these
;

continual

stop or pause : witiiout intermisliis

CEL'ANDINE,
nia
;

n.

[D. celedonie

It. celido-

;tsXi6ui',

L. chelidonia ; a swallow.]

Gr.

;t/it6o'ioi',

from

with ceaselefs praise

works be-

hold.
2.

Endless
less

enduring for ever

aJi:

Milton. as the cease-

plant, swallow-wort,
bish,

horned or prickly

Rapidity in motion; swiftness; speed; applied mcst generally to bodies moving on or near the earth as the celerity of a horse or of a fowl. speak of the iielocity of sound or of light, or of a planet in
;

We

joys of heaven.
Incessantly
;

CE'ASEEESSLY,
petually.

per-

Donne.
ppc. Stopping; ending; desist-

CE'ASJXG,

poppy, growing on old walls, among ruband in waste places. The lesser celandine is called pile-wort, a species of Ranunculus. The name is also given to the Bocconia, a plant of the West Indies,

its orbit.

This distinction however

is

not

CEH

ing

failing. N, n.

A coin

of Italy and Barbary.

The called the greater tree-celandine. true orthography would be Chelidine. 2. Core. Fam. of Plants.

general, nor can the different uses of the two words be precisely defined. ap})ly celerity rather than velocity to thought : but there seems to be no reason, except usage, why the two words should not be

We

synonymous.
ble

[See Zechin.]

CECITY,
CE'DAR,
It.

n. [L. cwcitas,
};.
;

from
;

CE'LATURE,
circus, blind.]

Blindness.
[E. cedrus

Brown.
Fr. cedre
;

;
i

Sp.

cedro

from

Gr.

xfSpoj

Syr.

^a

Heb. "np kadar, to be dark.] A tree. This name is given to different species of the juniper, and to a species of Fi-

The latter is that which is mennns. It is an evergreen, tioned in scripture. grows to a great size, and is remarkal)le
for
its

engrave or emboss.] 1. The act or art of engraving or embossing. Hakewill. 2. That which is engraved. CEL'EBRATE, v. t. [Ir. ceileabradh ; Fr. celebrcr ; Sp. Port, celebrar ; It. celebrare ; L. celebro, t'lom celeber, famous. The Russ. has slavlyu. Qu. the root of cH.] 1. To praise to extol to commend to give
; ; ; ;
;

durability.
a.

2.

CE'DAR-LIKE,

Resembling a cedar.
B. Jonson.

CE'DARN,

a.

Pertaining to the cedar.

Milton. Port, ceder ; It.
3.

An affection of motion by which a movabody rims through a given space in a given time. Eneyc. CEL'ERY, n. [Fr. celeri ; D. seldery;'G. selleri ; Gr. arUvm.] A i>lant, a species of Apium, cultivated for the table. CELES'TIAL, a. [L. cmlestis, from calum. ccelum, heaven.] 1. Heavenly belonging or relating to heaven dwelling in heaven as celestial spirto to make famous as, to celebrate praise its celestial joys. Hence the word conthe name of the Most High. veys the idea of superior excellence, The grave cannot celebrate thee. Is. xxxviii &c. Dryden. To distinguish by solemn rites to keep 2. delight, purity, Belonging to the upper regions, or visible holy. heaven as celestial signs the celestial From even to even shall ye celebrate your
n.

[L. ccelatura,

from

catlo,

to

sabbath.

Lev.

xxiii.

globe.

3.

CEDE,
cedere
quit.
1.

V.
;

t [Fr. ceder ; Si). L. cedo ; W. gadv,

To honor
and marks

gadaw

See
;

Qidt and Conge.

;

; Eug. to This coin-

or distinguish by ceremonies of joy and respect as, to cele;

Descending from heaven

lesfial

as a suit of ce-

armor.
n.

Pope.

cides also with the Gr.

;fofu), j;i;a6oi'.]
;

brate the birth day of ebrate a marriage.

4.

Washington

to cel-

CELES'TIAL,

An

inhabitant of heaven.

2.

In" mineralogy, native sulphate of strontian, a mineral so named from its occasional delicate blue color. Ure. festival. 71. A 2. religious order, so namsome of their natuial rights. (distinguishing by ceremonies, or by CEL'ESTINS, Jay. Celestin. They have ninetyCE'DED, pp. Yielded surrendered given marks of joy or res[)ect; as the celebration ed from Popein six convents of a birth clay, or other anniversary. Italy, and twenty-one in up. France. They rise two hours after midrenown honor or distinction be3. Praise CE'DING, ppr. Yielding giving up. night to say matins. They eat no flesh, stowed, whether by songs, eulogies, or CE'DRAT, n. A species of citron-tree. when sick, and fast often. Their Clarendon rites and ceremonies. except Pallas. Tooke. habit is a white gown, a capuche and a CEL'EBRATOR, n. One who celebrates. CE'DRINE, a. Belonging to cedar. black scapulary. Encyc. Boyle. CE'DRY, a. Having the color or properties CELE'BRIOUS, a. Famous renowned. CELIAC, a. [L. cceliacus ; Gr. xoaiaxoj, of cedar. Evelyn. Gretv. from xoi?.ia, the belly.] CED'UOUS, a. Fit to be felled. [Little used.] Evelyn. CEIL, J). <. [Sp. cieio, heaven, a roof or ceil- CELE'BRIOUSLY, adv. With praise or re- Pertaining to the lower belly, or intestines. nown. [Little used.] Arbuthnot. ing It. cielo ; Fr. del, heaven, a canopy, a tester L. ccelum. Qu. Gr. xoa.o(. This CELE'BRIOUSNESS, n. Fame; renown CELIB'ACY, n. Calebs, an unmarried
ji.

To yield to surrender to give up to resign as, to cede a fortress, a province or couutry, by treaty. This word is apjirodenote the rehuquishmcut priately used to of a conquered city, fortress, or territory, to the former sovereign or projjiietor.
;

To mention in a solemn manner, whether Johnson. of joy or sorrow. CEL'EBRATED, pp. Praised ; extolled honored. CEL'EBRATING,ppr. Praising; honorin

CELES'TIALLY,
CELES'TIFY,
[JVot used.]
}
!'.

adv. transporting manner.

t.

Pope. In a heavenly or

To communicate someBrown.

thing of a beaveidy nature to any thing.

CELEBRATION,

Solemn performance; CEL'ESTIN,

relinquish and grant ; as, to cede all claims to a disputed right or territory. The people must cede to the government
; ;

To

a distinguishii:g by solemn rites; as the celebration of a marriage, or of a religious

CEL'ESTINE,

word

indicates
;

its

original application to

Little used.]

vaulted buildings, without divisions into stories such as many of the ijublic edifi ces in Europe, but which are rarely seen in America.] To overlay or cover the inner roof of a building ; or to cover the top or roof of a

CELEB'RITY,
nown
;

n. [L. celebritas.]

Fame;

re-

person

room. And

the greater house he ceiled with

iii.

fir-tree.

2 Chron.

the distinction or honor publicly bestowed on a nation or person, on char acteror exploits; the distinction bestowed on whatever is great or remarkable, and as th< manifested by praises or eulogies the celebrity of the duke of Wellington celebrity of Homer, or of the Iliad. from the trininph; England acquired celebrity
; ;

An unmarried

[L. ralibatvs, a single life.] state ; a single life.

It is

most

frequently if not always applied to males, or to a voluntary single life. They look on celibacy as an accursed state.
Spectator.

CEL'IBATE,
chiefly used
life

n.

A
;

single

life

when speaking of
celia
Ir."

celibacy the single

of the Popish clergv.

n.

CE'ILED, pp. Overlaid with

]ilastpring.

timber, or with
2.

of Marlborough.
celebrity

T.Dawes.
;

CELL,
Port.
It

[L.

ceall

Enci/c. Sp. celda :

Public and splendid transaction

as the

CE'ILINO, ppr. Covering

or building.

CE'ILING,

n.

The

of a marriage. In used hv Bacon, we now use covering which overlays CEL'ER'I. [See Celery.]
the top of a

room

this sense, as

celebration.

D. kelder, a cellar ; G. It. cella ; ^w. keltare ; Dan. kelder ; M'.cill. has the elements of the Latin celo, to conceal, and of the English hold.]
heller;

C E
I.

M
mean
place
Prior.

C E N
;

C E N
Dryden.

A small

or close apartment, as in a prison,

;

or a bath.
9.

A cottage ; a cave of residence. A

;

Arm. cimant Sp. cimiento, tho ground! To perfume with odors from burning subwork of a building; It. cimento, an essayl staiices.
or experiment.] Any glutinous or other substance capable; in close cohesion, as mortar, glue, soder, &c. In building, cement denotes a stronger kind of mortar than that which is ortUnarily used. Encyc. Bond of union that which unites firmly, as persons in friendship, or men in society. Powders or pastes, surrounding bodies in pots and crucibles, for chimical purposes.

a small or

CENS'ER,
rio
;

It.

3.

small cavity or hollow place, variously applied as the cells of the brain the cells
;

of uniting bodies

n. [Fr. eneensoir ; Sp. incensaincensiere. See Incense.]

4.

of a honey comb, &c. In botany, a hollow ])lacc

in a pericarp particularly in a capsule, in whicli seeds .nre lod<^ed. According to the number of

vase or pan in which incense is burned. Among the Jews, a kind of chafing-dish, covered by a dome, and suspended by a chain, used to ofter perfumes in sacrifices.

these cells, pericarps are called unilocular,

bilocular, trilocular,
J.

CENS TNG, ppr.

CEN'SION,
n.

Encyo.
[L. censio.

3.

&c.

Perfuming with odors. See Cense]

[JVot used.]

MaHt/n.

rate, tax, or assessment.

was to register the effectti of the citizens, to impose taxes according to the unite firmly or closely property as, to cement which each man possessed, and to inspect to cement parts of the community the manners of the citizen.s, with power to friendship. censure vice and innnorahty, by inflicting CEMENT', f. 1. To unite or become solid a public mark of ignominy on the ofli^nder. to unite and cohere. Sharp. a cellar, or cellars. CEMENTA'TION, n. The act of cement- 2. One who is empowered to examine all case of cabinet work, CEI/LARET, !. the act of imiting by a euitable submanuscripts and books, before they are ing for holding bottles of liquors. committed to the press, and to see that [Local.] stance. . An of- 2. In CEL'LARIST, they contain notliing heretical or innuoral. chimistry, the act of applying cements ficer in a monastery who ha.s the care of' to substances, or the Encyc. corroding and changthe cellar, or the charge of procuring and One who is given to censure. ing of them by cement. This is done by keeping tlie provisions also, an officer in Roscommon. Dryden. sm-rounding them with the powder of anwho has the care of the tempochapters, other body, and exposing them, in a close CENSO'RIAL, ) a. Belonging to a censor. rals, and particularly of distributing bread, or to the correction of RIAN, I vessel, to a heat not suflicient to fuse them.
71. See Cell.] [L. cellarium. under a house or other building, used as a repository of liquors, provisions, and other stores for a family. CEL'LARAOE, n. The room for a cellar

In anatomy, a little bag, or bladder, containing fluid or other matter ; as the adipose cells, containing fat. Encyc. C. A religious house. Chaucer.

CEMENT',

CEL'LAR,

V. t. To unite by the application of glutinous substances, by mortar which hardens, or other matter that produces cohesion of bodies.

J. Hall.

CENS'OR, ti. [L. censor. See Cense.] An officer, in ancient Rome, whose business

A room

To

all

CELLARER,
;

eELLIF'EROUS,
CEL'LULAR,
The
is

wine, and money to canons, an account of their attendance in the choir. Etinjc. a. [L. cella, and fero, to bear.] Bearing or producing cells.

CENSO
jier

CEMENT' ATORY,
CEMENT'ED,
pp.

a.

Cementing
by

the quality of uniting firmly.

Encyc. lire. having Encyc.

;

2.

public morals ; as, censorial powei\ Full of censure. See C'ensoWoiM. the pro-

word.
; ;

Encyc.
a.

[L.

cellula,

little

cell.]

Consisting of cells, or containing

cellular

cells.

Kirtvan

memhrane,

in

animal bodies,

composed of an infinite number of mi mite cells, communicating with each otli er. It invests every fiber, and seems to be the medium of comiection between all
parts of the body. servoirs for fat.

The
a.

cells serve as re-

Encyc.
[L. celhda, a
little

CELLULIF'EROUS,
cell,

and

fero, to bear.]
n.

ducing

little cells.

Bearing or pro Dkt. .Vat. Hist.

CELS'ITUDE,
elevation.

[L. celsitudo.]

Highth

CELT,
ria,

n.

One of

Chaucer. the primitive inhabitants

of the South ofEurope. [See Celtic] CELTIBE'RI.'VN, . Pertaining to Celtibe-

a. Ad<licted to censure apt to blame or condcnm severe in making remarks on others, or on their writings solidated often implying CEMENT'ER, n. The person or thing that or manners uncharitabienessill-nature, ilas a cenlibcrahty, or cements. sorious critic. CEMENT'ING, ppr. Uniting by cement or expressing censure; as, ff(iImplying changing by means of a cement ; imitinj sorious remarks. closely consolidating. adv. In a censorious "TIOUS, a. Uniting as cement CENSORIOUSLY, manner. conglutinating tending to unite or con CENSO'RIOUSNESS, n. Disposition to solidate. blame and condemn; tin' habit of censurCEM'ETERY, n. [L. cameterium ; Gr. xoi^ir, ing or reproaching. Taylor. rrfiwv, from xoi/ituo, to sleep.] A place where the dead bodies of human 2. The quality of being censorious. 11. The oflice or dignity of Addison. CENS'ORSHIP, beings are buried. a censor the time during which a cenCEN'ATORY, a. [L. cano/on'tw, from caina, sor holds his office. supper, eccno, to sup," a. [L. censualis.] Relatingt o, or Brown. CENS'UAL, Pertaining or relating to supper. a be rated. CE'NOBITE, n. [Gr. xoiwSiotr.i, a commu- containing census liable to

United

cement
;

CENSO'RIOUS,
;

changed by cement

firmly united

con-

CEMENTI

and its inhabitants, the Celtiberi, or Celts of the Iberus, a river in Spain. CELTIBE'RIAN, n. An inhabitant of Cehiberia.

nity,
fJtou,

from

xoiioj,

common, and

/Jmj, life.

to live.]

CENSURABLE,
;

One

of a religious order,

who
;

CELT'I,

a covert or shelter celtiad, one that dwells in a covert, an in habitant of the forest, a Celt; celu, to conceal, L. celo ; Gr. Krtroi, Celts.]
a.

[W.

celt,

vent, or in connnunity an anchoret, or hermit,

in

live in a conopposition to

who

lives in soli-

fVhitaker. Encyc. [See Censure.] Worthy of censure blamable culpable reprehensible faulty as a censurable person, or censurable conduct or writings. Locke.
a.
; ; ; ;

tude.

CENOBIT'Ie, CENOBIT'ICAL,
to

a.

ty,

Encyc. Living in communias men belonging

.

CENS'URABLENESS,
fitness to

CENS'URABLY,
of blame.

n. Blamablcness be censured. If'hitlock. adv. In a manner worthy

Pertaining to the primitive hdiabitants of the South end West ofEurope, or to the early inhabitants of Italy, Gaul, Spain and Britain. say, Celtic nations ; Celtic

a convent.
n.

CE'NOBY,
voi,

place

where persons

Stillingheet. live in

CENS'URE,
censure
1.
;

n. cen'shur.
It.

[L.

censura; Fr.
;

conmiunitv.

Buck.
n.

Sp. Port.

censura

from L. cen-

We

CEN'OTAPH,
.\n

customs

Celtic origin.

empty, and

[Gr. xtvoraifmv, to-Jio;, a tomb.]

;

from

xs

seo, censor.]

CELTIC, n. The language of the Celts. CELTICISM, n. The manners and customs of the
Celts.

JVartun.

empty tomb erected in honor of some deceased person a monument erected to one who is buried elsewhere.

act of blaming or finding fault and condenming as wrong; api)licable to the

The

moral conduct, or

to the

works of men.
is

AVhen applied to persons, it

It is

nearly equiv-

CELT'IS, n. The nettle-tree, of several species; among which are the anstralis or CENSE,
southern, a native of Africa and the South ofEurope the oriental, growing in Armenia and Taurica and the western, growing in Virginia. Encyc. Tnoke. bEM'ENT, n. [L. cmmentnm: Fr. cimcjit ;
; ;

1.

3.

Johnson. Encyc. n. cens. [L. census, a valuation, a registering, a tax censeo, to enroll, to tax. Qu. Ch. DJp to impose a fine.] A public rate or tax. Bacon. Condition rank. Ohs. B. Jonsonl
: ;

alent to blame, reproof, reprehension, re-

CENSE,

V.

t.

[Fr. encenser.

See

Incense.]

Vol.

an expression of disapproprimand. bation, which often implies reproof Judicial sentence judgment that condemns. An ecclesiastical cen.ture is a sentence of condemnation, or penalty inflicted on a member of a church for mal-conductj by which he is deprived of the com:

I.

34

C E N
of the church, or prohibited from executing the sacerdotal office. Enajc.
uiiiiiiou

C E N
CENTAURY,
pfOl*.]

C E N
Gr. xfrfovated into a hundred divisions or equat parts as a centigrade thermometer. Medical Repository. _
;

n. [L. centaurea;

CENS'URE,
demn

V.

t.

cen'shur.

n. [L. centum, and Fr. litre or litron.] The hundredth part of a liter, a httle more than 6-10 of a cubic inch as a centenary of CENTIM'ETER, n. [L. centum, a hundred, To condemn and Gr. fttrpov, measure.] years. ecclesiastical affairs. 3. To estimate. Shak CENT'ENARY, o. Relating to a hundred In French measure, the hundreth part of a [Not in use.] consisting of a hundred. meter, rather more than 39-100 of an inch. CENS'URE, t'. !. To judge. [.ATo^ in mm.] a. [L. centum, a huncb-ed Christ. Obs. x. 192. English measure. CENS'URED, pp. Blamed reproved con- CENTEN'NIAL, and annus, a year.] demned. CEN'TINODY, n. Knotgrass. [JVot used.] CENS'URING, ;?/))-. Blaming, finding fault 1. Consisting of a hundred years, or com- CEN'TIPED, n. [L. centipeda; centum, a Mason. and pes, a foot.]^ with condemning. pleting that term. hundred, An insect having a hundred feet, but the CENS'US, n. [L. froin censeo. See Cense.'] 2. Pertaining to a hundred years. term is applied to insects that have many In ancient Rome, an authentic declaration 3. Happening every hundred years. made before the censors, by the citizens, CEN'TER, n. [Gr. xfifpor, a point, goad or Insects of feet, thougli not a hundred. this kind arc called generically of their names and places of abode. This spur, from xtirtia, to prick L. centrum ; Scolope7idra. In warm climates, some of them Fr. centre ; Sp. centro ; Port. It. irf.] declaration was registered, and contained grow to the length of six inches or more, and their an enumeration of all their lands and es 1. A jjoint equally distant from the extrembite is poisonous. ities of a line, figure or tates, their quantity and quality, with the Encyc. body the middle or place. and CENTIPEE, for centiped, is not used. wives, children, domestics, tenants, point slaves of each eitizen. Hence the word 2. The middle or central object. In an ar- CENT'NER, n. [L. centum, centennriiis.] my, the body of troops occui)ying the place In metallurgy and assaying, a docimastic .signities this enumeration or register, a hundred a weight divisible first into a in the fine between the wings. man's whole substance, and the tax im In a. fleet, hundred parts, and then into smaller parts. the division between the van and rear of posed according to each man's property. The metallurgists use a weight divided the fine of battle, and between the weathIn the United States of America, an emi into a hundred equal parts, each one er division and lee, in the order of sailing meration of the inhabitants of all the Mar. Diet. pound the whole they call a centner : the States, taken by order of the Congress, to furnish the rule of apportioning the repre- 3. pound is divided into thirty-two parts or single body or house. half ounces the half ounce into two quarsentation among the States, and the numThese institutions collected all authority intens, and each of these into two drams. to one center, ber of represensatives to which each State kings, nobles and people. But the assayers use different weights. is entitled in the Congress /. Jldams. also, an enuWith them a centner is one dram, to which meration of the iidiabitaiits of a State, ta- Center of gravity, in mechanics, the point the other parts are proportioned. ken by order of its legislature. about which all the parts of a body exactEncyc. CEN'TO, n. [L. cento, patched cloth, a CENT, ?^. [Fr. cent; S\i.ciento; Port.cento; ly balance each other. It. ce)i/o ; froin L. centum, formed on the Center rhapsody.] of motion, the point which remains at A composition formed by verses or passaCeltic, W. cant. Arm. cant, Corn. kanz. rest, while all the other parts of a body The Welch cant signifies a circle, hoo|), move round it. ges from other authors, disposed in a new Encyc. order. Johnson. Encyc. wheel, or rim, a wattled fence round a CEN'TER, V. t. To place on a center to a. [L. centralis.] fix on a central point. Relating to yard or corn floor hence, a complete cirMilton. CEN'TRAL, the center ])Iaced in the center or middle It is probable that the 2. To collect to a cle, a hmidred. point. Teutonic and Gothic hund, in hundred, is containing the center, or pertainmg to Thy joys are centered all in me alone. the parts near the center. Prior. Central forces, in mechanics, the powers the same word. Ar. j^i^ handon, a CEN'TER, V. i. To be collected to a point. which cause a moving body to tend tohundred, and the same root gives India, Our hopes must center on ourselves alone. wards or recede from the center of moHindu. See Hundred.] tion. Dryden. 1. A Inmdred. In commerce, per cent, de- 2. To be collected to a point to rest on. CENTRAL'ITY, n. The state of being cennotes a certain rate by the hundred ; 3. To be placed in the middle. Milton. tral. us, fen per cent, is ten in the hundred, whether CEN'TERED, pp. Collected to a point or CEN'TRALLY, adv. With regard to the center fixed on a central pohit. This rate is caWed percentprofit or loss. center in a central manner.

Sp. censurar.] To find fault with and con as wrong to blame to express dis approbation of; as, to censure a man, or his manners, or his vvTitings.
; ;

[Fr.

cenaurer

The name of a

plant, and a genus of plants, of numerous species. The lesser centaury is a species of Gentiana. Centaury bears the popular names of knapweed, bluebottle, sultan,

CEN'TIGRAM,n.

and

[L. centum and gram.] In French Measure, the hundredth part of a gram. [See Gram.]

star-thistle.

We

laugh at vanity, oftener than

piiJe.

centum, a hundred.] The number of a hundred by a judicial sentence, as in

we censure Buckmbisler.

CENT'ENARY,

Encyc.

CENTILITER,

n.

[L.

cenlenarius,
;

from

".?.

age.
2. In the United States of America, a copper coin whose value is the liundredtli part of a dollar.

CEN'TERING, ;j;)r.
CENTES'IMAL,
a.

Placing on the center;

[L. centesimus,

CEN'TRI,
dle.

a.

Placed in the center or mid-

collecting to a point.

from

CENT'AgE,
dred.

n.

Rate by the cent or hun- The hundredth. As a noun, the next step of
[L. centaurus
;

centum, a hundred.]

CEN'TRICALLY, adv. In a central position. CEN'TRIALNESS, n. Situation in the

center.

CEN'TAUR,

progression after decimal in the arithme- CENTRIFUGAL, a. [L. centrum, and fuOr. xt rraupos. tic of fractions. Johnson. gio, to flee.] Qu. xivtiu, to spur, and rcwpoj, a bull.] CIENTESIMA'TION, n. [L. centesimus, su- Tending to recede from the center. The In mytholoo-ij, a fabulous being, supposed to pra.] centrifugal force of a body, is that force by be half njan and half horse. It has been \ for desertion, muliny which all bodies moving round another miUtary puinshment, supposed that tliis fancied monster originor the like, where one jjerson in a liundrcd hotly in a curve, tend to fly off from the ated among the Lapitha^, a tribe in Thesis selected for execution. axis of their motion, in a tangent to the Encyc. saly, who first invented the art of breaking CEN'TESM, n. [L. periphery of tlie curve. centesimus.] The hunEncyc. horses. But the origin of the fable and of dredth part of an integer or thing. [JVot CENTRIPETAL, a. [L. centrum, and peto, the name is doubtful to move towards.] used.] Railey. 2. Part of a southern constellation, in form CENTIFO'LIOUS, a. [L. centum, a hund- Tending towards the center. Centripetal of a centaur, usu.illy joined with the wolf, red, waA folium, a leaf] Having a hundred force is that force which draws or impels containing thirty-five stars the archer. leaves. a body towards some point as a center as Johnson. Baile'ii. Encm. CEN'TIGRADE, a. [L. centum, a Inmdred, in case of a planet revolving round the sun, CEN'TAURLIKE, a. Having the appear- and gradus, a degree.] the center of the system. ance ol a centaur. Sidney. Consisting of a hundred degrees gradu[Note. The common accentuation of cen)!.
;

CEP
and centripetal is artificial and harsi first and third syllables, as in circumpolar, would be natural and easy.]
iriftigal

C E
CEPII'ALALtiV,
n.

R
ward

C E
CEREMONIOUS,

CENTUM'
tumvirs.

[Gr. xt^a%a%//ia, xi^aJ.r,, the head, and aAyo;, pain.] The headache. CEPIIAL'IC, a. [Gr. xt^ojuxoj, from xi^aT-rj, the head.] CEN'TUIMVIR, 71. [L. centum, a hundred, and vir, a man.] Pertaining to the head as ccpWic medicines, remedies Cor disorders in the head. The One of a hundred and five judges, in ancient Home, appointed to decide common causcephalic vein, which runs along the arm, 2. was so named because the ancients used es among the people. to open it for disorders of the head. 3. VIRAL, a. Pertaining to tiie cen-

The

accent on the

rules prescribed to be observed on solemn occasions.

a. Consisting of out(brins and rites; as the ceremonious part of worship. [In this sense, cereTnoTiiaK is now used.] Full of ceremony or solemn forms.

ShaJi.

CEN'TUPLE,

a.

[Fr.

from L.

cenluplex,

or other di.sorder in the head. 71. constellation in the Northern hei7iisphere. CEN'TUPLE, Beaum. CE'PIIUS, 71. A fowl of the duck kind al fold. CENTU'PLICATE, v. t. [L. centum, and so, a species of monkey, the mona. Diet. Mit. Hist. pHcatus, folded ; Sp. centuplicar, to make a hundred fold.] CERA SEE', 71. The male balsam apple. To make a hundred fold. CER'ASIN, 71. [L. cerasus.] CENTU'RIAL, a. [from centun/.1 Relating Any guiriiny substance whicli swells ni colli water, but does not readily dissolve to a century, or a hundred years; as a in it. centurial sermon. Ure. Dr. John

centum, and plico, to fold.]

hundred

fold.
V.

t.

To

multiply a hundred

When
England
ing to

Oic
shall

third centurial juliilce of

.'

Newliv-

i)articii)ate

come, who of us will then be the general joy

J. v.
t.

CENTU'RIATE,

TVoodbridge. [L. centurio, to divide

To divide into hundreds. Johnso7i. Bailey. CENTURIA'TORS, ) n. [Fr. centtiiiateur, from L. cenluria, a CEN'TURIST,
(,

into liundreds or companies.]

century,

or from centurio, to divide into

hundreds.]
historian who distinguishes time into centuries ; as in the Universal Cliurclx His-

tory of Magdeburg.

Ayliffe.

CENTU'RION,
Among
the

n.

[L. centurio,

from

cen-

tum, a hundred.]

Romans, a military officer who commanded a hundred men, a century or comjiany of infantry, answering to the in modern armies. captain CEN'TURY, n. [L. centuria, from centum, a
1.

Ceremonious ])hrases." Addison. to the rules of civility take a ceremonious leave. 5. Formal exact too observant precise of forms. CEREMO'NIOUSLY, adv. In a eeremonious manner; formally; with due forms. CEREMO'NIOUSNESS, 71. The use of customary forms the practice of too much ceiemonv great formalitv in mannei-s. CER'EMONY, 71. [L. Sp.'lt. Port, ceremonia ; Fr. ceremonie.] 71. A I. Outward rite external form in CER'ASITE, [L. ceroiiim, cherry.] religion. petrifaction resembling a cherry. Cyc. 'i. Forms of civility; rules established by CERAS'TES, 71. [Gr. xcf>a;ri(, from xifai, a custom for regulating social intercourse. horn.] 3. Outward forms of state the forms preIn zoology, the name of a serpent, of the scribed or established by order or custom, genus Coluber, which the ancients supposserving for the purpose of civility or maged to have horns. nificence, as in levees of princes, the reCERATE, 71. [L. ceratum, from cera, wax.] ception of embassadors, &c. A thick kind of ointment, composed of wax Master of ceremonies, an officer w-bo superand oil, with other ingredients intends the reception of embassadors. applied externally in various diseases. Cyc. person w ho regulates the forms to be obCE'RATED, a. [L. ceratus.] Covered with served by the company or attendants on a wax. public occasion. CERE, 71. The naked skin that covers the CER'EOLITE, 71. [L. cera, wax, and Gr. base of a hawk's bill. Enei/c %.i.9o(, a stone.] CERE, I', t. [L. cera, wax.] To wax or A substance which in and softful.

CEPIIAL'IC,

71.

Encyc.

medicine for headache

According to the rules and forms prescribed or civil; formally respect" customary
;

CEPH'EUS,

4.

Formal; according
;

as, to

cover with wax.

If'iseman.
I

CER'EBEL,

CEREBEL'LUM,
head, or the

" [L. cerebellum.]

The

ness resembles wax ed with steatite.

a.
;

appearance sometimes confoundCyc.

Cleaveland.
cera,

I little
)

hinder

part of the

brain.

hundred.] In a general sense, a hundred consisting of a hundred parts.

CEREBRAL,
CER'FBRINE,

"

Coxe. [from L. cerebrum, the

CE'REOUS, [L. rereus, Waxen like wax.

CE'RES,
deified.
71.

from

wax.]

Gayton. In mythology, the inventor or

any

thijig

brain.]

goddess of corn, or rather the name of corn

Pertaining to the ccrcbrnm or brain.

A division of the Roman people for the CERECLOTH, 71. [L. cera, wax; and cloth.] The name of a planet discovered by M. Piozzi, at Palermo in Sicily, in 1801. pm-pose of electing magistrates and enact- A cloth sirieare<l with melted wax, or with some gunnny or glutinous matter. Bacon. CE'RIN, 71. [L. CfT-rt, wax.] Apeculiarsubing laws, the people voting by ceiumies the English word for a cloth used to stance which precipitates on evaporation, also, a company consisting of a hundred [But cover wounds is sear-cloth, Sa.x. sar-cloth, men. from alcohol, which has been digested on a sore-cloth.] 3. A period of a hundred years. Tliis is the Ure. grated cork. The part of conunon waxwliich dissolves most conunon signification of the word CE'REMENT, 71. [L. cera, wax.] Cloths in melted wax, with which dead in alcohol. and as we begin our modern computation Dr. John. dipped bodies were infolded, when embalmed. of time from the incarnation of Christ 3. A variety of the mineral allanite. the word is generally applied to some term Johnson. CERINTli'IANS, n. A set of heretics, so of a hundred years subsequent to that CEREMONIAL, a. [See Ceremony.] called from Cerinthus, one of the first as the first or second century, or the 1. Relating to ceremony, or e.xternal rite rit heresiarchs in the church. Tliey denied event; ual ^fnth century. If we intend to the divinity of Christ, but they held that, according to the forms of estabhshed apply tin rites as ceremonial exactness. word to a ditferent era, we use an explanIt is par in his baptism, a celestial virtue descended on hill) in the form of a dove, by means of ticularly applied to the foi-ms and rites of ,atory adjunct as the third century before the Jewish religion the Christian era, or after the reign of as the ceremonial law which he was consecrated by the Holy or worship, as distinguished from the mort S|)int and made Christ. 'yrus. Encyc. al and judicial law. CE'RITE, 71. [See Ceriuin.] The siliceous J. Tlie Centuries of Magdeburg, a title given 2. Formal; observant of old forms; exact; oxyd of Cerium, a rare mineral of a pale to an ecclesiastical history, arranged in in manners. rose red color, with a tinge of yellow. ]ire<ise Dryden. i:j centuries, comjiiled by a great niimber [In this sense, ceremonious is now used.' of Protestants at Magdeburg. Hauy. Jameson. Cleaveland.
tj.
;

CENTZONT'LI,
the Turdus thrush.

n.

The Mexican name of CEREMO'NIAL,

or

71.

Outward form;

exter- 2.

fossil shell.
11.

Polyglottus, "

mockins
Clavigero.

CEOL,

Sax. a ship, L.
is

This word names.

celox, or Eng. keel sometimes found prefixed to n.

CEPHALAL'CilC,
good

[Infra.] for the lieadache.

medicine
Swijl.

rite, or established forms or rites, including all the forms prescribed; a system of rules and ceremonies, enjoined by law or established by custom, whether hi religious worship, in social intercourse, or in the courts of princes. The order for rites and forms in the Romish church, or the book containing the

nal

CE'RIUM,
in

metal recently discovered

Sweden, in the mineral cerite, and so called from the planet Ceres. It is of
white and
great specific gravity. Its color a grayisli its texture lamellar.

Diet. jVat. Hist.

CEROOX',

71.

or package

made of skins.

[from the Spanish.]

bale

C E
CER'RIAL,
a.

C E

C E

Pertaining to the Cerrus, or Chaucer. bitter oak. CER'RUS, n. [L.] Tiie bitter oak. a. cer'tin. CER'TAIN, [Fr. ceHain; Sp.
1.
;

2.

of the Mareschall of the army, in writing CER'VR'AL, a. [L. cen'ij-, the neck, under his seal. Blackstone. whence cervicalis.] CERTIFICATE, v. t. or i. To give a cer Belonging to the neck ; as the cervical nerves ; to lodge a certificate with the tificate cervical vessels. Encyc. cieHo ; It. Port, certo ; from L. certus.] proper officer, for the pin-pose of being ex CERV'IN, [L. cervinus ; Sv.cervino: I Sure true undoubted unquestionable empted from the payment of taxes to sup CERVINE, p- from L. cerrus, a deer ;W. tliat cannot be denied ; existing in fact and carw ; Corn, and Arm. karu ; Kamtchatka, port the ministry, in a parish or ecclesi astical society. truth. JVew England. karo.] The dream is certain and the interpretation To give a certificate to, acknowledging Pertaining to the deer, or to animals of the Dan. ii. sure. one to be a parishioner. genus Cervus. Assured in mind ; having no doubts folBut such certificated person can gain no set- CESA'REAN, a. The Cesareaii operation is lowed by of, before a noun. tlement. Blackstone. B. 1. Ch. 9 the taking of a child from the womb by However I with thee have fixed my lot, CERTIFICA'TION, )i. The act of certify- cutting an operation, which, it is said, Certain to undergo like doom of death. ing. gave name to Cassar, the Roman emConsort with thee. Milton. CER'TIFIED, pp. [See CeHify.] Assured peror.
; ; ;
;

To

malce her certain of the sad event.

made certain
assures.

Dryden
3.

informed.
n.

Unfailing; always producing the intended as, wo may have a certain remedy for a disease. 4. Not doubtful or casual really existing.
effect
; ;

CERTIFIER,
CER'TIFY,
It.
1.

One who
;

CESPITP'TIOUS,
certifies,

a.

or

[L. cespes, turf] Per-

taining to turf

made of turf

Gough.

CES'PITOUS,
V.
;

a.

t.

certificare

Low

[Fr. certifier

Sp. certificar;
;

L.

certifico

from

cer-

A cespitous or turfy plant, has many stems from the same root, usually forming a close thick
carpet or matting.

Pertaining to turf; turfy.

Virtue that directs our ways Througli certain dangers to uncertain praise.

tus, certain,

Dryden.
5.

Stated
xvi.

fixed

determinate

regular.

and/acio, to make.] To testify to in writing; to make a declaration in writing, under hand, or hand and seal, to make known or establish a fact.

Martyn

CESS,

Ye shall
6.

gather a certain rate every day.

Ex
is

The judges The judge

the freehold

chancellor, and

shall certify their opinion to the] upon such certificate, the decree!

as a noun, a rate or tax, and as a verb, to rate or lay a tax, is probably a corruption of assess, or from the same root. It is not used. Spenser
V.
i.

CESS,

Particular.

usually founded.
shall certify

a legal duty.
cease.]
1.

[L. cesso, to cease.] Obs.

n.

To

neglect
Cotoet.
cesso, to

There came a certain poor widow. Marl; xii lu the plural number, a particular part or

under his hand, that

lackstone.

CESSA'TION,

[L. cessaiio,
;

from

came

chiefly in question.
to
to

number
ber,
01-

some

an
"

indefinite part, ninn

ceasing

a stop

a rest

the act of dis-

quantity.

and

certain

men

of Judah."

Hanani came, he " I mourned

2.

To

give certain information

applied

certain days." Nell. i. 2. 6. In the latter sense, it is used as a

persons.

continuing motion or action of any kind, whether temporary or final.

2.

noun

as, 3.

" certain

also of
xvii.

your

own

poets have

We have sent and certified the liing. Ezra iv. To give certain information of; applied to

A ceasing or susi)ension of operation, force or effect; as a cessation of the laws of

nattu'e.

cessation of arms, an armistice or truce, agreed to by the commanders of armies, followed by of, after the person, andj to give time for a capitulation, or for other before the thing tuld as, I certified youi Certainly tliis was a righteous man. Luke purposes. xxiii. CESSA'VIT, n. [L. cesso, to cease, cessavit, of the fact. 2. Without failure. he hath ceased.] CER'TIFV-ING, ppr. Giving a written tesHe said, I will certainly return to thee. Gen. timony, or certificate giving certain no-i In late, a writ given by statute, to recover xviii. tice lands, when the tenant or occupier has making certainly known. CER'TAINNESB, n. Certainty, wliich see. CERTIORA'RI, n. [Low L. certioror, ceased for two years to perform the service, fromj CER'TAINTY, n. A fixed or real state ; certus, certior.] which constitutes the condition of his tentruth fact. .\ writ issuing out of Chancery, King's! ure, and has not sufficient goods or chatfor a certainty, that the Lord your God Know Bench or other superior court, to call up tels to be distrained, or the tenant has so will no more drive out these nations. Josh, the records of an inferior court, or remove inclosed the land that the lord cannot Luke i. xxiii. a cause there depending, that it may lie' come upon it to distrain. Blackstone. 2. Full assurance of mind exemption from tried in the superior court. This writ is' CES'SER, n. A ceasing a doubt. [See Cess.] obtained upon complaint of a party, that he neglect to perform services or payment for Certainty is the perception of the agreement two years. [See Cessatrit.] has not received justice, or that he cannot Blackstone. Locke or disagreement of our ideas. have an impartial trial, in the inferior CESSIBIL'ITY, n. [See Cede and Cession.] .3. Exemption from failure as the certainty The act of giving way or receding. [Litcourt. of an event, or of the success of a mediEncyr. CER'TITUDE, n. [Low L. ceHitudo, from tle used.] cine. Digby. assurance CES'SIBLE, a. -(See Cede.] Giving way The certainty of punishment is the truest secertus, certain.] Certainty Ames. freedom from doubt. yielding easy to give way. Dryden. curity against crimes. Digby. It. Sp. CES'SION, n. [L. cessio ; Fr. cesmon 4. from CERU'LEAN, ) [L. cwndeus Regularity settled state. said." tion

Acts

things.

CER'TAINLY, adv. Without doubt or ques;

Tliis is designed to certify those things that are confirmed of God's favor. Hatnmo7idA

in truth

and

fact.

It is

'

CER'TES,
Obs.
tificnto.
I.

adv. Certainly
n.

in truth

verily.
It. cer

CERU'LEOUS,
blue.

Chaucer.
[Fr. ceHificat
;

CERTIFICATE,
See

Certify.] In a general sense, a written testimony not sworn to ; a declaration in writing, signed the ])arty, and intended to verify a fact. by

^. In a more particular sense, the written declaration, under the hand or seal or both of some pulilic otficer, to be used as evidence in a court, or to substantiate a fact certificate of this kind may be considered as given under the oath of office. 3. Trial by certificate, is where the evidence of the person certifying is the only proper as when criterion of the point in dispute the issue is whether a person was absent in the army, this is tried by the certificate

L. cedo, cessum. See Cede.] Tlie act of giving way a yielding to force or impulse. Bacon. color. 2. A yielding, or surrender, as of property CERU'MEN, n. [L. cera, wax.] The waxj or rights, to another person particularly, or yellow matter secreted by the ear. a surrender of conquered territory to its former proprietor or sovereign, by treaty. CER'USE, n. [Fr. eenise ; L. It. cerussa 3. In the civil law, a voluntary surrender of Sp. cerusa.] a person's effects to his creditors, to avoid White-lead ; a carbonate of lead, produced imprisonment. Encyc. by exposing the metal in thin plates to Lead is .sometimes I. In ecclesiastical law, the leaving of a benethe vapor of vinegar. found native in the form of ceruse. fice without dispensation or being otherWhen an ecclesiastical wise ([ualified. Ceruse of antimony is a white oxyd of anti-j mony, which separates from the water in person is created a bishop, or when the which diaphoretic antimony has been parson of a parish takes another benefice, without dispensation, the benefices are washed. .VioAo/.son. CER'USED, a. Washed with a preparation void by cession, without resignation.
S

"

ceruleo.]

Sky-colored

CERULIF'IC,

a.

Thomson. Producing a blue or sky-|

1.

;'

of white lead.

Beaum.

JSnc^'

C H A
CES'SIONARY,
fects
;

C H A
ef-

C
;

H A
;

a.

Having surrendered

Cbabasie has a foliated structure

ture
is

its fi-ac

as a cessionary bankrupt.
n.

CESS'MENT,
W^ot used.\

An

Martin. assessment or tax.

somewhat

conclioidal or uneven,
luster.
It is

to negotiate to chop as, to chaffer for preterments.

haggle

and change

with a gUstening vitreous

CHAF'FER, CHAF'FER,
bargainer
[Local.]
;

V. t.

To buy
it is

to

Dryden. exchange.
Spenter.

CES'SOR,
he.

In lato, n. [L. cesso, to cease.] that neglects, for two years, to perform the service by which he holds lands, so that he incurs the danger of the writ of

Its translucent, sometimes transparent. color is white or grayish white, sometimes with a rosy tinge. Before the blowpipe, it uituincsces a little, and easily melts into a white spongy mass. Cleaveland.

[In this sense

ji.

obsolete.]

Merchandize.
71.

cessavit.
2.

An assessor, or taxer. CEST, n. [Infra.] A lady's

CEST'US,
n.

[See Cessavit.]

Coioel.

CHAD,
warm To

n.

A kind of fish

CHAF'FERER,
CHAF'FERN,
ing.
n.

One who

[Aoitii iisf.] Skelton. a chaffers

;

pronounced

s/uirf.

a buyer.

Carew.
girdle.

A vessel for heating water.

Trafick
[chaff
;

CHAFE,
;

II.

CoUins.
[L.

from Gr.

xfjof.]

girdle of Venus, or marriage-girdle,

The among
1.

slightly

t. [Fr. echauffer ; Sp. escalfar, to Port, escalfar, to poach or boil from the root of L. caleo, whence

CHAF'FERY,7i.
Obs.
71.

buying and

sell-

calejio, calfucio.]

CHAF'FINCH,
hy
fric;

the Greeks and Romans.

excite heat or inflannnation

CESU'RA, CE'SURE,

tion, as to chafe the skin also, to fret and wear by rubbing, as to chafe a cable. to cut off.] 3. excite heat in the mind ; to excite passion ; to inflame ; to make angry ; to cause pause in verse, so introduced as to aid the to fret; to provoke or mccnse. 2 Sam. recital, and render the versification more
?

"

[Vr.cesure; ll.cesura; L. cwsura, from casdo, caswn,

and fnch.] A species of birds of the genus Fringilla, which are said to delight in chaff', and are admired for their song.
n. AVithout chaff. Shak. n. plant, cud-weed, a

Spenser.

To

CH'AFFLESS,
species of

CH^AFFWEED,

Gnaphalimn

but this

name

is

melodious. It divides a verse or line into Its most pleasing equal or unequal parts. effect is produced, when it is placed at the end of the second foot, or in the middle, or at the end of the third foot.
Sheridan. CE'SURAL, a. Pertaining to the cesure. CETA'UEOUS, a. [L. cete; Gr. x^toj, a

xvii. 8.

given also to the Centimculus.

excite violent action ; to cause to rage ; as, the wind chafes the ocean. 4. To perfume ; rather, to slinndato, or agitate ; to excite by pimgent odors.
3.
Lilies,

To

Muhlenberg.

CH'AFFY, a.
as, chaffy

Like chaff; full of chaff; straws chaffy opinions.

;

light

Broivn.

Glanville.

whose scent chajed the

air.

CHA'FING,
Suckling
friction.
;

ppr.

Heating or fretting by
71.

CHAFE,
rage
;

V. i.

To
;

whale.] Pertaining to the whale

to fret

to

be e.xcited or heated be in violent action.

;

to

CHAFING-DISH,
;

[chafe

and

dish.]

belonging to the

whale kind.
thi!

The

cetaceous fishes include

genera mnnodon, balcena, phijseter and They have no gills, but an aperture on the top of the head, and a flat
delpkinus.

act violently upon, by rid)bing agauist, as waves against a shore.

To

Pope.
to fret

The
5.

tioubled Tyber chafing with his shores

Shak

or horizontal

tail.

CE'TATE,

Shagreen.] n. Heat, excited by friction. Ill-humor; vexation; peevishness; fretfulViolent agitation of the mind or passions ness. Pope. heat fret passion. Camden CHAGRIN', V. t. [Fr. chagriner.] To exof Asplenium, or spleen-wort. cite ill-humor in; to ve.x to mortify. CE'TI, a. [L. cetvs, a whale.] Pertaining CHA'FED, pp. Heated or fretted by rubto the whale. The cetic acid is a peculiar bing worn by friction. CHAGRINED, pp. Vexed; fretted; dissubstance obtained from the spermaceti. CHA'FER, n. One who chafes. pleased. Ure. CHA'FER, )!. [Sax.ceafor; D.kever; CHAIN, 71. [Fr. chaine, for chaisne ; Norm. An insect, a species of Scara- cadene, and clieyne ; Arm. chaden, cadenn, kclfer.] CE'TIN, n. [L. cetits, a whale.] A name or jadenn ; Sp. cadena ; Pari, cadea ; It. ba-iis, or lieetle. given to spermaceti by Chevreul. CET0L0GTAL, a. [from cetology.] Per- CHA'FERY, n. [from chafe.] In Iron works, catena ; L. catena ; D. keten ; G. kette ; Sw. a forge in which an ancony or square mass kiidia ; Dan. kede ; W. cadwen. Qu. Ar. taining to cetology. into a bar in the mid CETOL'OgIST, n.'One who is versed in tjio of iron, hammered natural history of the whale and its kindie, with its ends rough, is reduced to a .il.S,? from jXSjI akada, to bind or dred animals. complete bar, by hammering down the make fast.] CETOL'OOY, n. [Gr. xjjfoj, a whale, and ends to the shape of the middle. Encyc A series of links or rings connected, or n. In England, an oflicer ^0^05, discourse.] fitted into one another, usually made of The doctrine or natural history of cetaceous belonging to the Lord Chancellor, who some kind of metal, as a chain of gold, or fits the was for the sealing of writs. animals. Ed. Enn/c. of iron but the word is not restricted to Harris. CE'TUS, 71. [Supra.] In astronomy, the any particular kind of material. It is used n. [Sax. ceaf; D. kaf; G. kaff.] whale, a large constellation of the south- CH'AFF, often for an ornament about the person. ern hemisphere, containing ninety-seven 1. The husk, or dry calyx of corn, andj That which binds a real chain that In common language, the grasses. stars. wordj Encyc. which restrains, confines, or fetters ; a is applied to the husks when separated CE'YLANITE, )!. [from Ceylon.] A min- from the corn by thrashing, riddhng or bond. If God spared not the angels that sinned, but called eral, classed with the ruby iiimily winnowing. The word is sometimes used delivered tliem into chains of darkness. also pleonasfe. Its color is a 2 muddy, dark rather improperly to denote straw cut Peter ii. blue, and grayish black, approaching to small for the food of cattle. iron black. It occurs in grains, or small Bondage affliction. Martyn. Encyc. He hath made my chain hea\'y. Lam. iii. crystals, either perfect octahedrons, or 2. Refuse worthless matter; especially that Bondage slavery. truncated on the edges, or with the angles which is light, and apt to be driven by the In despotism the people sleep soundly in their acuminated by four planes. It occurs also chains. whid. In scripture, false doctrines, fruitAmes. in rbomboidal dodecahedrons. Ornament. Prov. i. 9. less designs, hypocrites and ungodly men Ure. Cyc. Ps. i. 4. Jer. xxiii. A series of things linked together a series are compared to chaff. ) rllAB'ASIE, [Schahasit. Werner.] A of things connected or following in suc28. Is.xxxiii.il. Math. iii. 12. CHABASITE, S mineral which has been CHAF'FER, V. i. [Sax. ceapian ; D.koopen; cession as a chain of causes, of ideas, or regarded as a variety of zeolite. It is di G. kauftn Sw. kapa ; Dan. kiobcr, to bar-| events ; a chain of being. visible into very obtuse rhomboids. A range, or fine of things connected; as a gain or buy. It seems to be radically the! Diet. Xat. Hist. same word as cheap, cheapen, and chapV chain of mountains. This mineral occurs in crystals, whose primiin chapman. See Cheap.] series of links, forming an instrument to tive form is nearly a cube. Ure To treat about a purchase to bargain ; to measure land.

n.

compoiuid of
trivial

Enci/c. cetic acid,

To

be fretted and worn by rubbing

as,

dish or vessel to hold coals for heating any a portable grate for coals. thing set on it CHAGRIN', 7!. [Fr. This word, applied to a particular kind of skin, or leather, is said to be derived from a Turkish word, safari, Fr. croupe. The skin is dressed so as to present on its surface little eminences. See

a cable chafes.

with a base.

Chevreul.

CHAFE,
;

CET'ERACH, n. A

name of a species

2.

CHAFE-WAX,

i'

C
9.

A
or soinetliing|

C
A
and
for other
1

H A
drawn
liy

C
one
believe
little

H A
to a flower; but

string of twisted wire, similar, to liang a watcli on,

two-wheeled carriage,
'

pHed by Shakspeare
used.
chaiik.

Iiorsc

fi

'^i".

pui-poses. 10. In France,

and
11.

various

, r f a measure of wood tor tuel, commodities, of various

or magistracy. Supreme^office When Governor Shute came to the chair, laid aside. several of the old councilors were

CHALK,
G. kalk
Ir.

H.
;

cailk
is

len^tli.

or
to

12.

Chain-pump. number of equipped with a sufficient one above, valves, moving on two wheels,
other below, passing downward and returning through a wooden tube a through another. It is managed by long be emwinch, on which several men may
the

the blocks called dead eyes, by which shrouds of the mast are extended. The warp in weaving, as in French. This consists of a long chain

In ship-huildiiig, chains are strong hnks lower end i)lates of iron, bolted at the the the ship's side, used to contam

Belknap. a car, Curule chair, an ivory seat placed on used by the prime magistates of Rome. CHAIR-MAN, n. The presiding officer or association or of an

calx

CHAISE,
chair.
;

ployed at once.
Chain-shot,

two

balls

connected by a chan

Encjjc.

and used to cut down masts, or cut away shrouds and rigging. thick planks Chain-wales of a ship, broad and abreast ol projecting from a ship's side, ot and behind the masts, for the purpose for better supportextending the shrouds, shrouds the masts, and preventing the ing hncyc. from damaging the gunwale. of threads, Chain-work, work consisting in the cords and the like, linked together or tamform of a chain as lineal chaining reticulation or net work, ^c bour
;

white color, soft and admitting no polish. It contains a large portion of carbonic acid, and is a subspecies of carbonate of lime. A two-wheeled carriage drawn by one It is used as an absorbent and anti-acid. a gig. It is open or covered. :iorse Cleaveland. Mcholson. Kirwan. Aikin. a. Pertaining to chalCHALCEDON'I, Black-chalk is a species of earth used by on blue paper. cedony. painters for drawing a HAL'CEDONY, n. [from ChaUedon, Red-chalk is an indurated clayey ocher used and artificers. town in Asia Minor, opposite to Byzantiliy painters now Constantinople. Pliny informs CHALK. V. t. To rub with chalk; to mark um, of us that Chalcedon signifies the town with chalk. is the blind men. The last syllable then 2. To manure with chalk, as land. that the Celtic dun, English town, a fact 3. From the use of chalk in marking lines, Pliii. Lib. historian should not overlook. the phrase to chalk out is used to signify, 5. 32.1 to lay out, draw out or describe as, to A subspecies of quartz, a mineral called ch(dk out a ])lan of jiroceeding. diluted also wliite agate, resembling milk CHALK-CUTTEB, n. A man that digs H'oodivard. with water, and more or less clouded or
n. s

The sense is a crowd. a mass made com]jact, a clod or If the Gr. z"'-'?. flj"') gravel, is the assembly, speaker same word, the Latins deviated from their of a legislative company, particulariy usual practice in writing calx, for chalx. house also, the president or senior mem These words are probably connected in ber of a committee. origin with callus.] a chair. One whose business is to can-y A well known calcarious earth, of an opake
then
is

heel, In Italian calca

and

Sw. kalck ; W. calc ; Com. ; The Latin L. calr ; Fr. chaui. ; lime-stone, chalk-stone, and the calco is to kick and to tread.
kalch

[Sax. cealc;

D. Dan.

lump.

Dry den.

as

:.

[Fr

chaise,

a seat or

Q,.

It.

seggia.]

work,

Ed. Encyc

a chain to sling Top-chain, on board a ship, to prevent the sail-yards in time of battle, that siii)port their falling, when the ropes Encyc. them are shot away. or connect witl CHAIN, V. t. To fasten, bind a chain to fasten or bind with any thing in the manner of a chain.
;
;

and spots. It opake, with veins, circles is used ill jewelry. Cleaveland. JVicholson. Encyc.

Pbalk.

CHALKINESS,
CHALK-PIT,
(]_
n'.

n. chauk'iness.

The

state
is

of being chalkv.

The

rious concretion men violently aftected by the gout. Encyc. Isaiah. small lump of chalk. 2. Cleaveland. a. chauk'y. Resemblmg chalk ; Sulenslave to keep in slavery. 2. To as a chalkij taste. CHAL'CITE, n. [Gr. zttXxoj, brass.] his coun so far calcined 2. White w'ith chalk; consisting of chalk: And which more blest ? Wlio chauVd phate of iron of a red color, of its Rowe. try, say. as to have lost a considerable part as, chalky cliffs. ? Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day Fonrcroy. 3. Impregnated with chalk ; as, chalky waacid. Puiie. n. [Infra.] An enter. as a harbor or |cHALOG'RAPIIER, 3. To guard with a chain, an ac CHAL'LENgE, n. [Norm, calenge, graver in brass. n. [Gr. x'>-'^'">i, l>rass, passage. , cusation ; chalunge, a claim ; challenger, to , , 4 To unite ; to torm chain-work. claim ; from the root of call, Gr. xa^u, and Ypa^u, to write.] The act or art ot a CHA'INED, pp. Made fast, or hound by in brass. xiVKu, L. calo. See Call.] bound engraving chain ; connected by a chain ; anthe Literally, a calling, or crying out, CHALDA'IC, u. Pertaining to Chaldea, enslaved. words expressing on the Frat or Euphraprimai-y sense of many or ciently a country CHAINING, ppr. Binding, fastening at in scripture Shinar. a demand, as c^atm, L. clamo. Hence tes, in Asia, ca'lled or connecting with a chain ; bindmg, Of this Babylon was the principal city. appropriately, tachinsr to ; enslaving. The language or dialect 1. A calling upon one to fight in single comcontracted CHALDA'le, n. or CH.\IR,"'". [Fr. c/wire, a pulpit, of the Chaldeans. bat; an invitation or summons, verbal as chain from catena ; from Norm, cadiere, idiom or peculiarity written, to decide a controversy by a duel. L. CHAL'DAISM, n. .\n Arm. cadani, or cador ; Ir. cathaoir ; Parkhurst. Hence the letter containing the summons in the Clialdee dialect. witl cathedra ; Gr. xa9pa, connected An inhabitant of dial called a challenge. n. is also xara and ffo^iai ; \V CHALDE'AN, xa9f?of.at, to sit, 2. A claim or demand made of a right or do a. cadair, a seat or stool.] CHAL'DEE, a. Pertaining to Chaldea. siijiposed right. movable seat; a frame with a bottom 1. There iiuist be no challenge of superiority. ClIAL'DEE, n. The language or dialect of| Collier. made of diflerent materials, useil for per the Chaldeans. sons to sit in originally a stool, and an cal 3. .-Vmoiig hunters, the opening and crying CHAL'DRON, r, [Fr. chaudron; Sp. a kind of pulpit in churches. a of hounds at first finding the scent of ciently It. caUlerone, <^"- deron ; or of authority ; as a CHAL'DER, scat of justice 2. &!Ci/c their game. The same word as caldron. Chal kettle. claiin chair of state. 4. Ill /aic, an exception to jurors; the der is not in use in the UnitedStates.] ofhce ; as the shall not sit 3. A seat for a professor, or his ofajiarty that certain jurors \ measure of coals consisting of thirty six chair. him or his cause; that is, a Chainhe-n professor's ill irial upon bushels. a speaker or presiding othcei 4. The seat for The right of challenge cahz ; It. calline tiieni oti'. the CHAL'ICE, 1). [Fr. calice ; Sp. of a public council or assembly, as is o-iveii both in civil and criminal trials, L. calix ; Gr. calice ; I), kclk ; G. kclch ; a metonymy, tlie to speaker's chair; and by fiir' certain causes which are supposed It should have been written calxv\4. the chair speaker himself; as, to address a juror to be an impartial judge. disqualify ice] 5. A sedan ; a vehicle on poles borne by A cup, or bowl ; usuallv, a communion cup. The rifflit of challenge extends either to men. the wliole panel or alray, or only to para cell or cup; apBiirnet. CHAL'ICED, a. Having

varieties of chalcedony are common chalcedony, heliotrope, chrysoprase, plasUre. ma, onyx, sard and sardonyx. CHAL'CEDONYX, n. A variety of agate, alternate. ill which white and gray layers

pit in

which chalk

Johnson.
n. In medicine, a calcain the hands and feet of

CHALK-STONE,

A CHALKY,

CHALCOGRAPHY,

r>.

i.ulpit.

C
A
the law

H A

H A
;

C
as,

H A

ticular jurors, railed a challenge to the polls. principal challenge is that which

which a person occupies

he called on

allows without cause assigned. challenge to the favor, is when the party alledgcs a special cause. In criminal cases, a prisoner may challenge twenty This jurors, without assigning a cause. is called a peremptory challenge.

the judge at his chamber. Joseph entered into liis chamber and wept Gen. xliii.
;}.

Any

retired place.

Her house is the way to hell, going the chambers of death. Prov. vii.
4:

down

to

the exchequer, of London, of Chester, of North Wales, &e., are receivers of rents and revenues. Encyc. Johnson. A sei-vant who has the care of the chambers in an inn or hotel.

The chamberlains of

hollow or cavity

as the chamber of

CHAMBER LAINSHIP,
CHAMBERL.^INSHIP,
lain.

"
^

The
a

Blackstone. CHAL'LENgE, v. I. To call, invite or summon to answer for an offense hy single combat, or duel. 2. To call to a contest to invite to a trial
;
;

5.

the eye. Sharp. A place where an assembly meets, and the assembly itself; as star-chamber ; imperial chamber ; chamber of accounts ec;

office of chamber-

clesiastical

chamber; privy chamber; chamaffairs,

CHAMBER-LYE, n. Urine. CHAMBER-MAID, i " A woman who has the care of CHAMBER-MAID, ^
chambers, making the beds, and cleaning the rooms, or who drcs.ses a lady and waits upon her in her a|)artment.

3.

4.

5.

man to prove what he implying defiance. To accuse to call to answer. Spenser. Shak. To claim as due to demand as a right as, the Supreme Being c/m^/eng'fs our reverence and homage. In law, to call off a juror, or jurors or
as, 1

challenge a
;

ber of

commerce, &c.
the chamber of a morthat part of the chase, where the
lies.

asserts,

6. In miiitary

tar
7.

is

CHAMBER-POT,
rooms.

n.

vessel used in bed-

])owder

poivder-chamber, or bomb-chamber, a place under ground lor holding powder and bombs, where they may be safe and

CHAMBER-PRACTICE, CHAMBER-PRACTICE,
tice

The joint or bending of the of a horse's hind leg. In New uj)per part Camden. Qu. species of ordnance. England pronounced gambrel, which see. Ps. civ. clouds. n. [L. chamcelcon ; Gr. 11. Certain southern constellations wliicli Sadler. count. XO.fiOH7.t^V.] .\n animal of the genus Lacerta, or lizard, CHAL'LENgED. pp. Called to combat or arc hid from us. the south. Job ix. The clmmbers of with a naked body, a tail and four feet. to contest claimed demanded, as due Chamber-council, a private or secret council. The body is six or sevtm inches long, and called from a juiv. Shak. the tail five inches with this it clings to CIIAE'LENgER, )i. One who challenges Chamber-coujxsel, a rounse\ov, who gives his one who invites to a single combat one the branches of trees. The skin is cold to in a private apartment, but does opinion who culls on anotlier by way of defiance. not the touch, and contains small grains or advocate causes in court. Skak. eminences, of a bluish gray color, in the in or occupy I " ' To reside 2. One who claims superiority; one who shade, but in the light of the sun, all parts as a chamber. S of the body become of a grayish brown, claims any thing as his right, or makes 2. To be wanton to indulge in lewd or im- or Hooker. tawny color. It is a native of Africa pretensions to it. modest behavior. Rom. xiii. and Asia. a juror, or a jury, from the 3. One who calls Encyc. To shut up as in a I '" ' , I v.t. LEONIZE, v.t. To change into trial of his cause.
6.

To call to the performance of conditions. CHAL'LENtiEABLE, a. That may be that may be called to acchallenged
;

demand that jurors shall not upon a cause. [See the noun.]
to

sit

in trial

8.

secured from rains. The chamber of a mine, a place, generally of a cubical form, where the powder is
confined.

} a,, ^'"^ P'"^'=\"of counselors at law, who give their opinions in private, but do not appear in

court.

CHAM BREL,n.

9.

10.

The

CHAMELEON,

CHAMBER, CHAMBER,

CHAL'LENGING,
duel, or to

ppr. Summoning to a contest claiming as a right defying; calling off from a jury. CHALYB'EAN, a. [Infia.] Pertaining to steel well tempered. Milton.
; ;

CHAMBER, CH AMBER, CHAMBERER, CH AMBERER,

(,

chamber.

Shak.

CHAME

^ "' S

One who

intrigues, or indulges in wantoni

various colors.

CHAMFER,
1.

ness.

Shak.
i

CHAMBER-FELLOW, CirAMBER-FELLOW,
the

"'
S

One
'^'e'-ps

who
in

CHALYB'EATE,
steel.

a. [L. chahjbs

Gr.

xo-'t^v^,

same apartment.
n.

Spectator.

Diet. V. t. [corrupted from Fr. echancrer, to hollow, to cut sloping ; Arm. chancra ; said to be from cancer.] To channel ; to cut a furrow, as in a column, or to cut into a sloping form.

Qu. from Chalyhs, a town near the

particles
n.

CHAMBER-HANGING,
hangings
fur a

Tapestry or

Johnson.
2.

Euxine.]

chamber.
)

To

Bailey.

wrinkle.
I

Encyc, Shak.
or other

Impregnated with
chalybeate waters.

of

iron

as

CHAMBERING,

CHAMBERING,
Any water
or other

"
I

Wanton, lewd, immodest behavior

CHAM'FER, CHAM FRET,

hard material
cut sloping.

"

A small gutter or furrow

cut in
slojie.

i
;

wood

CHALYBEATE,
liquor into

Rom.

xiii.
}

chambellan; "' [Fr. Arm. cambrelan ; CHAM, )!. kam. The sovereign prince of CHAMBERLAIN, ] Tartary. Usually written Khan. Sp. camarero ; Vort. camareiro ; It. earnerC'HAMA'DE, n. [Fr. from It. chiamata, a lingo ; D. kamerling ; Dan. kammer-herre ; L. camerarius.] L. clamo ; Sp chiamare, to call caUing llamada ; Port, chamada, from chamar, to 1. An officer charged with the direction and call. See Claim.] management of a chamber, or of chambers. The Lord Chamberlain of Great In ivar, the beat of a drum or sound of a Britain is the sixth officer of the crown trumpet, inviting an enemy to a parley To him belong hvery, and lodging in the as for making u proposition for a truce, or for a capitulation. king's court; on coronation day he brings Encyc. king his apparel, his sword, scab CHAMBER, } ^ iThe first pronunciation is to the&c. He dresses and undresses the CH'AMBER, ^ ''most common; the last, bard, on that king day, and waits on him be
; ; ;

which

iron enters.

CHAMBERLAIN,

CHAM FERED,
CHAM'ITE,

pp. Cut into furrows, or

CHAMFERING,
CHAMLET,
CHAMOIS,
An

ppr. Cutting a gutter in ; cutting in a slope. ?!. Fossil remains of the Chaa shell. ma,

[See Candet.]

n. [Fr. fiom It. camozza ; Sp. gamuza, from gamo, a buck.] animal of the goat kind, whose skin is made into sofl leather, called shammy.

Johnson.
It is

now

arranged with the Antelopes.

Cuvitr.

most analagous and correct. [Fr. cham bre ; Arm. campr, cambr It. camera Port. Sp. camara ; L. camera; Gr. xafiapa, an
; ;

CHAMOMILE,
CHA^MP,
V.
t.

fore

and

after dinner.

To him

[See Camomile.]

also be-

arched

roof, vault

or
;

upper

gallery,

G. kammer ; Sw. chamber; D. kamer kammare ; Dan. kammer ; Cli. l^op to arch
Eth.
1.

or vault.] An apartment in an upper story, or in a story above the lower floor of a dwellin, house often used as a lodging room.
;

^<J^Q kamare, an arch

2.

Any

retired

room

any private apartment

longs the care of providing all things in the house of lord.s, in time of parhament. Under him are the gentleman usher of the black rod, and other officers. The Lord Chamberlain of the household has the oversight of all officers belonging to the king's chambers, excejit the precinct of the bed-chamber, of the wardrobe, ])hysicians, chaplains, barbers, &c., and administers the oath to all officers above stairs.

[Fr. champayer, I have not found. Qu. Gr. xanrio, for m is often casual before a labial, and in Gr. yaft^at. is the

jaws.]
1.

To
as,

2.

To

bite with repeated action of the teeth ; a horse champs the bit. bite into small ])ieces to chow ; to
; ;

masticate

CHAMP,
teeth
;

Dryden. perform the action of biting by repeated motion of the

V. i.

to devour.

To chew

to

as, to

champ upon the

bit.

Hooker.

C
9.

H A
A
;

H A
drawn by one
plied

C H A
by Shakspeare
to a flower;

two-wheeled carriage, siring of twisted wire, or soinetliing 7. horse a gig. similar, to hang a watch on, and for otlier

hd I

G. kalk ; Sw. kalck ; W. calc ; Com. hatch ; Ir. cailk ; L. calx ; Fr. chaux. The Latin calx is lime-stone, chalk-stone, and the ISelknap In sh!p-buildi>ig, chains are strong links Cunile chair, an ivory seat placed on a car heel, and cuico is to kick and to tread. In Italian calca is a crowd. bolted at the lower end The sense or plates of iron, used by the prime magistates of Rome. then is a mass made compact, a clod or to the ship's side, used to contain the CHA'IR-MAN, n. The presiding officer or blocks called dead eyes, by which the hnnp. If the Gr. ;ta^i|, ffint, gravel, is the speaker of an assembly, association or same word, the Latins deviated from their shrouds ofthe mast are extended. of a legislative company, particularly usual practice in writing calx, for chalx. 12. The warp in weaving, as in French. house also, the president or senior memThese words are probably connected in ber of a committee. Chain-pump. This consists of a long chain, origin with callus.] equipped with a sufficient number of 2. One whose business is to carry a chair. A well known calcaneus earth, of an opake valves, moving on two wheels, one above Dry den. white color, soft and admitting no polish. the other below, jjassing downward CHAISE, n. s as z. [Fr. chaise, a seat or It contains a large portion of carbonic acid, through a wooden tube and returnin chair, (in. It. scggia.] and is a subspecies of carbonate of lime. through another. It is managed by a long A two-wheeled carriage drawn by one It is used as an absorbent and anti-acid. winch, on which several men may be emhorse a gig. It is open or covered. Cleaveland. JVichoUon. Kirwan. Aikin. at once. Encyc. lIALCEDON'I, a. ployed Pertaining to chal- Black-chalk is a Chain-shot, two balls connected by a chain, species of earth used by cedony. and used to cut down masts, or cut away painters for HAL'CEDONY, n. [from Chakedon, a Red-chalk is andrawing on blue paper. used indurated clayey ocher shrouds and rigging. town in Asia Minor, opposite to Byzanti Cluiin-waks of a ship, broad and thick planks by fjainters and artiticers. um, now Constantinople. Pliny informs V. t. To rub with chalk to mark projecting from a ship's side, abreast of us that Chalccdon signifies the touni of CIL\LK, with chalk. and behind the masts, for the purpose of The last then is
length.
11.
;

8. Supreme office or magistracy. pinposns. 10. In France, a measure of wood for fuel, Wlien Governor Shute came to the chair several of the old councilors were laid aside. and various commodities, of various

CHALK,

believe little ^tsed. n. chunk.

[Sax. cealc;

D. Dan.

blind men.

extending the shrouds, for better support shrouds ing the masts, and preventing the from damaging the gunwale. Encyc. Chain-work, work consisting of threatis, cords and the like, linked together in the form of a chain as lineal chaining or tam hour work, reticidation or net work, &c. Ed. Encyc. a chain to sling Top-chain, on board a ship, the sail-yards in time of battle, to prevent their falling, when the ropes that support them are si] ot away. Encyc. CHAIN,!!, t. To fasten, bind or connect with a chain to fasten or bind with any thing in the manner of a chain. to keep in slavery. 2. To enslave And which more blest ? Who chain''d his coun; ; ;

the syllable 2. Celtic dun, English tow7i, a fact that the 3. Plin. Lib, historian should not overlook.

5. .32.]

subspecies of quartz, a mineral called also white agate, resembling milk diluted with water, and more or less clouded or

the |)lnase to chalk out is used to signify, to lay out, draw out or describe ; as, to
chalk out a i)lan of proceeding.
n.

To manure whh chalk, as land. From the use of chalk in marking

lines,

C1IALK-LTTER,
chalk.

A man

that digs

opake, with veins, circles and spots. It is used jewelry. Cleaveland. JVicholson. Encyc.

Woodward.
n. chauk'iness.

CHALKINESS,
of being
lug.

The

state
is

challvv.
?!."

The

try, say,

Or he whose
3.

virtue sighed to lose a

day Pope.

>

Johnson. chalcedony, heliotrope, chrysoprase, plas- CHALK-STONE, n. In medicine, a calcaUre. ma, onyx, sard and sardonyx. rious concretion in the hands and feet of n. A variety of agate, HAL'C"EDONYX, men violently affected by the gout. Encyc. in which white and gray layers alteinate. 2. A small Isaiah. lump of chalk. Cleaveland. CHALKY, a. chauk'y. Resembling chalk ; HAL'CITE, n. [Gr. za?.xo, brass.] Sulas a chfdky taste. of iron of a red color, so far calcined 2. White with chalk phate consistii>g of chalk ; as to have lost a considerable part of its cliffs.
;

varieties

of chalcedony are

common

CHALK-PIT,

pit

in

which chalk

as,

acid.

chalky

Rowe.

Fourcroij. 3.
ji.

To guard
passage.
;

with a chain,
to

as a harbor or

CHALOG'RAPIIER,
graver
in brass.
n.

[Infra.]

An

en-

Impregnated with chalk

ter.
ji.

as, chalky

wa-

To unite CHA'INED,
4.

form chain-work.
I\Iade fast, or

HALOG'RAPHY,
and ypofw,
engraving
;

CHAL'LENOE,
[Gr.
xo^>>'Oi,

pp.

chain

connected by a chain
ppr.

bound by a bound

to write.]
in brass.
a.

The

brass, act or art of

calenge, an ac cusation ; chalunge, a claim ; challenger, to claim ; from the root of call, Gr. xosuu,

[Norm,

enslaved.

CHALDA'IC,

Pertaining to Chaldea, an-

xiMu, L.

cato.

See

Call.]

Binding, fastening or binding, or atconnecting with a chain taching to enslaving. . [Fr. chaire, a pulpit, contracted CHAIR, from Norm, cadiere, as chain from catena ; Arm. cadarn, or cador ; Ir. cathaoir ; L. cathedra ; Gr. xaScSpa, connected witli W. to sit, xara and i^ofiai jea9f Jofiai, cadair, a seat or stool.] a frame with a bottom 1. A movable seat made of ditferent materials, used for persons to sit in originally a stool, and anciently a kind of pulpit in churches. 2. A seat of justice or of authority; as a chair of state. 3. A seat for a professor, or his office as the

CHAINING,
;

ciently a country on the Frat or Euphrates, in Asia, called in scripture Shinar. Of this Babylon was the principal city. HALDA'I, n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans.

Literally, a calling,

or crying out, the

primary sense of many words expressing

as claim, L. clamo. Hence appropriately, A calling upon one to fight in single combat; an invitation or summons, verbal or

demand,

CHAL'DAISM,
in the

n.

An

Chaldee

dialect.

HALDE'AN,
dea.

)(.

An

idiom or pecidiarity Parkhurst. inhabitant of Chal-

HAL'DEE, CHAL'DEE,

a.

Pertaining to Chaldea.

written, to decide a controversy by a iluel. Hence the letter containing the sinnmons is also called a challenge. 2. claim or demand made of a right or

n.

The language

or dialect of

supposed

right.
Collier.

the Chaldeans.

There must be no challenge of superiority.

CHAL'DRON, CHAL'DER,
kettle.

The

|)rofessor's chair. 4. The seat for a speaker or presiding officer

der is not in use in the United States.] V measure of coals consisting of thirty six Chambers. bushels.

chaudron ; Sp. cal- 3. Among hunters, the opening and crying " [Fr. (ftroM ; h. calderone, a of hounds at tirst folding the scent ot" ^ same word as ckWco". Chaltheir game. Encyc.
)

of a public council or assembly, as the

s|)eaker's chair
5.
;

CHAL'ICE,
calice
xv>.i|.
;

and by

metonymy,

tin

speaker himself; as, to address the cliair A sedan a vehicle on poles borne by
;

It. n. [Fr. calice ; Sp. caliz D. kclk ; G. kelch ; L. calix ; Gr. It shouhl have been written cal,-

men.
a.

jiulpif.

Burnet.

A cup, or bowl usually, a communion cup. CHAL'ICED, a. Having a cell or cup; ap;

ice]

In tau; an exception to jurors the claim of a party that certain jurors shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause; that is, a The right of challenge calling tliem off. is given both in ci\il an<l criminal trials, for certain causes which are supposed to a juror to be an impartial judge. disqualify The right of challenge extends eitlier to
;

the whole panel or array, or only to par-

C H A
Ticular jurors,
polls.

H A
;

C
as,

H A

called a cliallenf^e to the principal challeiigo is tliat whicl

which a person occupies

he called on

the law allows without cause assigned. A challenge to the favor, is when the party allcdgcs a special cau.se. In crinni nal cases, a prisoner may challenge twenty This jurors, without assigning a cause. is called a peremptory challenge. Blackslone. CHAL'LEN(iE, v. t. To call, invite or sum-

the judge at his chamber. Joseph entered into liis chamber and wept Gen. xliii.
3.

Any

retired place.
is tlic

Her house
4:

way
;

to hell,

going
vii.

down

to

the chamljers of death.

the exchequer, of London, of Chester, of North Wales, &c., are receivers of rents and revenues. Johnson. Jincyc. A servant who has the care of the chambers in an inn or hotel.

The chamberlains of

Prov.

mon

to

answer

for

an offense by single
;

combat, or duel.
2.

A hollow or cavity as the chamber of the eye. Sharp. place where an assembly meets, and the assembly itself; as star-chamber; imperial chattiber ; chamber of accounts ec

CHAMBER LAINSHIP,
lain.

The
a

CH'AMBERLAINSHII \\n.
>

office of chamber-

To
as, I

call to a contest

to invite to a

trial

3. 4.

challenge a man to prove what he implying defiance. accuse ; to call to answer. Spenser. Shak. To claim as due to demand as a right as, the Supreme Being challenges our reverence and homage.
asserts,

To

In law, to call off a jinor, oi' jurors or to demand that jurors shall not sit in trial upon a cause. [See the noun.] 6. To call to the performance of conditions.
5.
;

CHAL'LENtiEABLE,
challenged
count.
;

a.

That may
be called to

be

that

may

acSadler.

CHAL'LENuED. CHAL'LENOER,
one who

to contest ; claimed called fmin a jury.

n.

pp. Culled to combat oi demanded, as due

;

One who

challenges;
;

who
2.

calls

invites to a single combat one on another by way of defiance.

Shak.

One who claims superiority; one who claims any thing as his right, or makes Hooker. pretensions to it. 3. One who calls a juror, or a jury, from the trial of his cause. CHAL'LENuING, pjir. Summoning to a duel, or to contest claiming as a right defying; calling off from a jury. CHALYB'EAN, a. [Infra.] Pertaining to steel well tempered. Milton.
; ;

chambers, making the beds, and cleaning the rooms, or who dresses a lady ami In military affairs, the chamber of a morwaits upon her in her apartment. tar is that part of the chase, where the CHAMBER-POT, n. A vessel used in bedpowder lies. rooms. 7. A powder-chamber, or bomb-chamber, a CHAMBER-PRACTICE, > " , ^" ?"*"=" place under ground for holding powder CHAMBERPRACTICE, ^ and bombs, where they may be safe and tice of counselors at law, who give their secured from rains. opinions in private, but do not appear in 8. The ctuimber of a mine, a place, generally court. of a cubical form, where the powder is CHAM BREL,!. The joint or bending of the confined. upper part of a horse's hind leg. lii New 9. A species of ordnance. Camden. Qu. England pronounced gambrel, which see. 10. The clouds. Ps. civ. n. [L. chamaleon ; Gr. 11. Certain southern constellations whicl ellAME'LEON, Xafiati.iui'.] are hid fiom us. An animal of the genus Lacerta, or lizard, The chambers of the south. Job ix. with a naked body, a tiiil and four feet. Chamber-council, a private or secret coimi-ii. The body is six or seven inches long, and Shak. the tail five iiiclu-s with this it clings to Chamber-counsel, a counselor, who gives his the branches of trees. The skin is cold to opinion in a private apartment, but does the touch, and contains small grains or not advocate causes in court. of a gray color, CHAMBER, I " ' To reside in or occupy eminences, in thebluish of the sun, allin the shade, but light parts CH' AMBER, \ as a chamber. of the body become of a grayish brown, 2. To be wanton; to indulge in lewd or imor tawny color. It is a native of Africa modest behavior. Rom. xiii. and Asia. Encyc.
ber

clesiastical

chamber; privy chamber; cham-

CHAMBER-LYE, n. Urine. CHAMBER-MAID, " A woman WllO has the care of CHAMBER-MAID, \

of commerce, &c.

CHAMBER,

To

shut

CHAMBER, \CHAMBERER,

up as

chamber,

Shak.

CHAME'LEONIZE,
various colors.

v.

t.

To change
from
;

CHAMBERER
ness.

O no who

intrigues, or indulges in wanton

into Diet.

CHAM'FER,
1.

V.

t.

[corrupted

Fr.

Shak.

CHAMBER-FELLOW,
the

HALYB'EATE,
steel.

a. [L. chalyhs

Gr.

CHAMBER-FELLOW l\same apartment.

for a

One
sleeps

who
in

echancrer, to hollow, to cut sloping chancra ; said to be from caiuer.]

Arm.

To channel

x'^T.vi,

Qu. from Chabjbs, a town near the

particles
n.

Spectator.

umn, or
2.

to cut a furrow, as in a col; to cut into a sloping form.

CHAMBER-HANGING,
hangings

Tapestry or

Johnson.

Euxine.]

chamber.
)

To

Bailey.

wrinkle.
\
S
;

Encyc. Shak.
or other

Impregnated with
chalybeate waters.

of

iron

as

hard material a slope. FERED, pp. Cut into furrows, or chambellan; cut sloping. CLIAM, Arm. cambrelan ; sovereign prince of CHAMBERLAIN, I CHAM'FERING, ppr. Cutting a gutter in Tartary. Usually written Klian. Sp. camarero ; V ovt. camareiro ; It. camocutting in a slope. eilAMA'DE, n. [Fr. from It. chiamata, a lingo ; D. kamerling ; Dan. kammcr-herre ; CHAM'ITE, n. Fossil remains of the ChaL. camerarius.] calling chiamare, to call ; L. claino ; Sp. ma, a shell. llamaiia ; Port, chamada, from chamar. to 1. An oilicer charged with the direction and CHAMLET, [See Candet.] call. See Claim.] management of a chamber, or of cham- CHAMOIS, n. [Fr. fn mi It. cnio::a ; Sp. bers. The Lord Chamberlain of Great gamiiza, from gamo, a buck.] In ivar, the beat of a drum or sound of a Britain is the sixth oflicer of the crown. .\n animal of the goat kind, whose skin is trumpet, inviting an enemy to a parley To him belong livery and lodging in tl as for making a proposition for a truce, made into soft leather, called shammy. or for a capitulation. Johnson. king's court on coronation day ho brings Encyc. king his apparel, his sword, scabCHAMBER, ) ^j iThe first pronunciation is to the&LC. He dresses and undresses the It is now arranged with the Antelopes. Cuvitr. CH'AMBER, ^ '-most common; the last, bard, on that king day, and waits on him be- CHAMOMILE, [See Cainomile.] most analagous and correct. [Fr. chamfore and after dinner. To him also be- CHAMP, V. t. [Fr. champayer, 1 have not bre ; Arm. campr, cambr It. camera ; Port. found. Qu. Gr. xa.tru, for hi is often casual longs the care of providing all things in Sp. camara ; L. camera ; Gr. xa^apa, an the house of lords, in time of parliament. before a labial, and in Gr. ya^i^at is the arched roof, vault or upper gallery, a Under him are the gentleman usher of the jaws.] chamber; D. kamer ; G. kammer ;' Sw. black rod, and other otticers. The Lord 1. To bite wth repeated action of the teeth ; kammare ; Dan. kammer ; Cli. lap to arch Chamberlain of the household has the as, a horse champs the bit. Eth. 'f(J^Q kaniare, an arch or vaidt.] oversight of all oflicers belonging to the 2. To bite into small pieces to chew ; to 1. An ai)artment in an upper story, or in a masticate to devour. king's chambers, exce])t the precinct oil Dryden. story above the lower floor of a dwcUing the bed-chamber, of the wardrobe, phy- CHAMP, I', i. To chew to perform the achouse often used as a lodging room. tion of biting by repeated motion of the sicians, chaplains, barbers, &c., and admin2. Any retired room isters the oath to all officers above stairs.l any prnate apartment teeth as, to champ upon the bit. Hooker.

CHAMBERING, CH'AMBERING,
Rom.
xiii.

"'
I

Wanton, lewd, im modest behavior

[Fr.

CHAM'FER, CHAM'FRET,

A small gutter or furrow

cut
in

wood

CHALYBEATE,
liquor into
n,

Any water

or other

which

iron enters.

kam.

The

CHAMBERLAIN,

CHAM

"

C
CHAMPA'GNE, CHAMPA'NE,
pagne
in
)

H A
A
kind of brisk, spark-

H A
a chance to

H A

France.
I S

CHAMPA'IGN, CHAMPA'IN,
open country.

escape Chancellor of a Cathedral, is an officer wlio this address. hear.s lessons and lectures in the church, Swift. luig ^^'ine, from ChamCH'ANCE, V. i. To happen ; to fall out ; to by himself or his vicar, inspects schools, come or arrive without design, or expechears causes, applies the seal, writes and [from camp or the

Your ladyship may have

same

root.]

flat

CHAMPA'IN,

Bacon. Milton. In heraldry, champain or point champain, is a mark of dishonor in the coat of arm? of him who lias killed a prisoner of war after he has asked for
)i.

tation. If a bird's nest chance

to

be before thee.

Deut.

xxii.

Ah
ual

Casca,
a.

tell

us what hath chanced to day.

;

CrPANCE,
;

Happening by
a.

as a chance comer.

dispatches letters of the chapter, keeps the books, &c. Chancellor of the Exchequer, is an officer who ]iresidcs in that court, and takes care of fihak. the interest of the crown. He has power, chance caswith the lord treasurer, to lease the crown
casual:
Sidney.
lands, and with others, to compound for forfeitures on penal statutes. He has a great authority in managing the royal revcimes, and in matters relating to the first
fruits.

quarter.
;

CHAMP'ED, pp. Bitten chewed. CHAMP'ER, ?!. One that champs or bites. CHAM'PERTOR, n. [See Champerty.] In laiv, one who is guilty of champerty, Avhich
see.

Encyc.

CH'ANCEABLE,
fortuitous.

Accidental;
.

CHANCE-COMER,
unexpectedly.

One who comes

Addison.

CHAM'PERTY,
;

champart, fieldley, a mixture.] rent champ, L. campus, a field, and part, In law, the killing of a person by chance, a share, or partir, to divide, campum parwhen the killer is doing a lawful act for
[Fr.
;

n.

CH'ANCEFUL, a. Hazardous. CH>ANCE-MEDLEY, n. [chance

and med-

Spenser. Chancellor of a University, is an officer who seals the diplomas, or letters of degree,

tire.]

species of maintenance, being a bargain plaintifl'or defendant, to divide the land or other matter in suit, between them, if they prevail; whereupon the champertor is to carry on the party's suit at his own expense. The purchase of a suit, or of the right of suing. Blackstone.

with a

doing an unlawful act, it is felony. As if a man, when throwing bricks from a house into a street where people are conif

he

is

tinually passing, after giving warning to l)assengers to take care, should kill a perBut if he son, this is chance-medley.

gives no warning,

and kiUs a man,

it

is

CHAMPIGN'ON,

n.

shampin'yon. [Fr.]

manslaughter.

kind of mushroom.

CH'ANCEL,
;

CHAMPING,
tion.

pp. Biting with repeated acn.

CHAM'PION,

champion ; Ann. hplp campyon ; Sp. campeon Port, campeam, or kankail, net work Syr. id. See Cancel.] campiam ; It. campione ; D. hamper, or kampvegter ; G. kampfer. In all the Teu- That part of the choir of a church, between
[Fr.
; ;

chancel or chanceau; L. cancelli, lattices or cross bars, inclosing the place Sp. cancel, cancilla, a wooden a wicker gate ; It. rnncello, balusscreen, trades ; Gr. xiyx%ii ; Ch. kankel or
n.

[Fr.

camp or kamp signifies a combat, and in some of them, a cantp ; Sax. campa, a camp and a combat cempa, a
tonic dialects,
:

soldier,

warrior or gladiator
;

W.

camp, a

game, a feat campiaiv, to contend in a game. Here we have the origin of the
Latin campus. It was originally the plain or opeii place appropriated to games,
1.

sports and athletic exercises.] man who undertakes a comliat in the Bacon. place or cause of another.

the altar or communion table and the balustrade or railing that incloses it, or that part where the altar is placed formerly inclosed with lattices or cross bars, as now with rails. Encyc. Johnson CIPANCELLOR, n. [Fr. chancclier ; Arm chanceilher, or canceller ; Sj). cancilhr Port, chancclier ; It. cancelliere D. kansclier ; G. kanzler ; Sw. cantsler ; Dan. kanfsler or catitskr ; L. canctllariiis, a or chancellor scribe, secretary, notary,
;
.

&c. The chancellor of Oxford is usually one of the prime nobility, elected by the students in convocation, and he holds the office lor fife. He is the chief magistrate, in the government of the university. The chancellor of Cambridge is also elected fi-om among the prime nobility ; he does not hold his office for life, but may be elected every three years. Chancellor of the Order of the Garter, and other military orders, is an officer who seals the comiTiissions and mandates of the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under the seal of their order. Johnson. Encyc. In France, a secretary is, in some cases, called a chancellor. In the United Slates, a chancellor is the judge of a cotirt of chancery or equity, established by statute. In scripture, a master of the decrees, or president of the council. Ezra iv.

CHANCELLORSHIP,
chancellor
chancellor.
;

n.

The

office

of a
is

the time during which one

n.

CH'ANCERY,

3.

A man who
duel.

fights in his

own

cause n a

from
eel,

,3.

hero
is

who
bat.

a brave warrior. Hence, one bold in contest as a champion

;

from

cancello, to make lattice work, to can or blot out by crossing the lines or cancelli, lattices, because the secreta
;

[Fr. chancellerie ; Arm. cancellery ; Sp. chancilleria ; It. cancelleria ; L. cancellaria, from cancelli, lattices, or from the judge, who presided in the court.]

1.

for the truth.

CHAM'PION,

V.

t.

To
n.

CHAM'PIONESS,
CH'ANCE,
Arm.

ry sat behiml lattices.] Originally, a chief notary or scribe, nndei the Roman Emperors ; but in England, in challenge to a comlater times, an officer invested with jutii Shak. cial |)ovvers, and particularly with the siifemale

champion.

Fairfax.
n. [Fr. chance
;

Norm, cheaunce

cfcancz D.kans; G. schanze. This seems to be from the particiiile of the French verb cheoir, to fall, Sp. cner, from the L. cado, or directly from the Latin ca
.

1.

dens, cadentia.] An event that happens, falls out or takes

place, without being

contrived, intended exjiected or foreseen ; the eflect of an un known cause, or the unusual or iiiiex pected effect of a known cause ; accident casualty ; fortuitous event ; as, time and chance happen to all.

periiitendance of all charters, letters and other official writings of the crown, that required to be solemnly authenticated Hence this officer became the keeper of the great seal. From the Roman Empire this office passed to the church, and hence every bishop has his chancellor. TTie Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Keeper of the Great Seal, is the highest officer of the crown. He is a privy coun selor by his office, and prolocutor of tiie To him house of lords by prescription. the appointment of all justices of belongs the peace he is keeper of the king's con
;

In Greaf Bn'ta'n, the highest court of jusnext to the parliament, consisting of distinct tribunals one ordinary, being a court of conunon law the other extraThe ordiordinary, or a court of equity. nary legal court holds pleas of recognizances acknowledged in the chancery, writs of scire facias, for repeal of letters patent, writs of partition, and all personal actions by or against any officer of the
tice,

two

But if the parties come to issue, in this court cannot try it by a jury ; but the record nuist be delivered to the From this court issue all king's bench. original writs that pass under the great seal, coniniissious of charitable uses, bankcourt.
fact,
rii|)tcy,

idiocy, lunacy,

&c.

By chance
Luke
9.
S.
;

a piiest

came down

science, visitor of

all

that

hospitals

and

colle
2.

extraordinary court, or court of upon rules of equity and conscience, moderates the rigor of the common law, and gives relief in cases where there is no remedy in the common
equity, proceeds

The

way

3.
4.

Fortune what foitime may bring; as, they must take their chance. Chancellor of an Ecclesiastical ConrI, is the An event, good or evil success or mis bishop's lawyer, versed in the civil and ca
;

ges founded by the king, guardian of all charitable uses, and judge of the liigh court of chancery.

law courts.

CHAN'CRE,
The same
ulcer.

In the United States, a court of equity. i. [Fr. chancre ; Arm. chancr. A venereal as cancer, canker.]
a. Ulcerous of a chaucre.
;

fortune

luck.

Shak
;

nou law,

to direct the bishop in causes of|

civil

CHAN'ROUS,
qualities

having the

Possibility

of an occurrence

opportunity.

the churchj

and

criminal.

C
CHANDEUE'R, n.
It.

H A
[Fr. id.

C
;

HA
;

C
i3.

II

candeticre

Arm.

Sp. eandelero oantolozr, or cantukr ;

from L. candela, a
shine.]
1.

candle,

from coneo,

to
2.

frame with branches to hold a number

to illuminate a public or large
3.
4.

of candles, room.

ing from one state or form to another as a change of countenance a change of hab its or principles. A succes.sion of one thing in the place of another vicissitude as a change of seasons a change of objects on a journey a
;
;

given to change. CHANGING, ppr. Altering; turning; putting one thing for another; shiftijig. CHAN'N.A, 7!. A fish taken in the Mediterranean, resembUng the sea-perch.
Diet, of .Vat. Hist.

One

change of scenes.
as a change of government. passing by the sim, and the beginning of a new monthly revolution as a change of the moon. different state by removal ; novelty ;

2. In fortification, a movable parapet, scrv ing to support fascines to cover pioneers.

CHAN'NEL,
1.

revoluiion

A A

CII' ANDLER, n. [Qr. Fr. chandelier, or rather Teutonic handler. See Corn-chandler.] An artisan whose trade is to make can Johnson dies, or one who sells candles. In America, I believe the word never signifies a seller of candles, unless he is the maker. A corn-chandler is a seller of corn, but 1 believe not used in the U. States. CH'ANDLERLY, a. Like a chandler. Milton. CH'ANDLERY, n. The commodities sold by a chandler.

71. [Ir. cainneal ; Fr. canal; L. canalis ; Arm. can, or canol. It is a different spelling of cana/.]

5.

In a general sense, a passage a place of passing or flowing; particularly, a water;

course.

variety.

The
the
in
3.
.

Cir.ANDRY,
are kept.

n.

The

place

where candles
B. Jonson.
;

8.

Our fathers did, for change, to France repair, Dry den Alteration iu the order of ringing bells variety of sounds. Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ring Holder ing. That which makes a variety, or may be substituted for another. Tliirty changes of raiment. Judges xiv. Small coins of money, which may be giv-

place where a river flows, including whole breadth of the river. But more

appropriately, the deeper i)art or hollowwhich the principal current flows. The deeper part of a strait, bay, or harbor, where the princij)al current flows, either of tide or fresh water, or which is the most convenient for the track of a
ship.

4.

CH.\NgE,
Arm.
ing.

r.

t. ;

[Ft. changer

It.

cangiare;

eceinch

Norm,
this

Qu.

Is

radically

chainanl, exchangthe same

en lor larger pieces. The balance of money paid beyond the price of goods purchased.
I

ting ; as, diflerent channels.

a. 6.

That through which any thing passes; means of passing, conveying, or transmitthe news was conveyed to us by

as It. camhio, camlnare, Sp. id. ?] he gave me the change. cause to turn or pass from one state 10. The dissolution of the body; death. to alter, or make different to to another All the days of my appointed time will I wait, vary in external form, or in essence as, to till my change come. Job xiv. change the color or shape of a thing to 11. Change for exchange, a place where merto change the change the countenance chants and others meet to transact busiheart or life. ness a building appropriated for mercan2. To put one thing in the place of another;
1.

word

gave the clerk

bank note

for his cloth,

and

To

sea,

An arm of the sea ; a straight or narrow between two continents, or between a continent and an isle as tlie British or Irish channel.
;

gutter or furrow in a column.

7.

CHAN'NEL,

to shirt

Be
XXXV.
3.

; as, to change the clothes. clean and change your garments.

tile

transactions.
arithmetic,

[See Chain-wales.] a channel to cut channels in to groove; as, to channel a field or a cohunn. H'otton.
ship.
t.
;

Channels of a
V.

To form

Gen
;

12.

In

ppr. Cutting channels ; grooving longitudinally. tions. ; CHAN'SON, n. [Fr.] A song. Shak. n. Changeableness CH'ANT, V. t. [Fr. chanter ; L. canto, canlus; tvhich is generalh) used. Fleming. VV. afanu ; Arm. cana, cannein ; It. cajtfor another. o. That may change ; sub4. To give and take reciprocally tare ; Sp. Port, cantar ; L. cano. as, will See fickle ; inconstant ; mu ject to alteration you change conditions mith me ? Cant.] table ; variable ; as a person of a 5. To barter ; to exchange goods ; as, to change 1. To sing ; to luter a melodious voice ; that able mind. change a coacli for a chariot. is, to cant or throw the voice in modula6. To quit, as one place for another ; as, to 2. Having the quality of suffering alteration tions. of external appearance ; as changeable change lodgings. The cheerful birds do chant sweet music. silk.

of numbers.

variation permutation Thirteen numbers admit of|

;

CHANNELED,
CHANNELING,

pp.

Having channels;

grooved longitudinally.

one thing or state for another followed hy for as, persons educated in a particular religion do not readily change it
quit
;

To

6,227,020,800 changes, or different posi-

CHANGEABILITY,

CHANGEABLE,

7.

To give one kind of money for another to alter the form or kind of money, by receiving the value in a different kind, as to change bank notesjbr silver or to give
;

CHANGEABLENESS,
; ; ;

or songster. places. 2. The chief singer, or priest of the chanJohnson.] child left or taken in the place of antiy. Gregory. other. ; Spenser. 3. The pipe which soimds the tenor or tre2. An idiot ; a fool. variation ; ble in a bag])ipe. Dryden. Locke. 3. One a])t to change ; a waverer. the better, often for the worse. Shak. n. [chant and ckar, Fr. I am Jehovah ; I chans;e not. Mai. iii. Any thing changed and put in the place of clair.] 2. To pass the sun, as the moon in its orbit; another. Shak. cock, so called from the clearness or loudas, the moon will change the 14th of this n. One who alters the form of ness of his voice in crowing.
1.

pieces of a larger denomination for an equivalent in pieces of smaller denomination, as to change an eagle for dollars, or a sovereign for sixpences, or to change a dollar into cents or on the other hand, to c/iongc dollars /or or t'/i/o eagles, giving money of smaller denomination for larger. -. To become acid or tainted; to turn from a natural state of sweetness and purity as, the wine is changed ; thunder and lightning arc said to change milk. To change a horse, or to change hand, is to turn or bear the horse's head from one hand to the other, from the left to the right, or from the right to the left. Fairiefs Diet.
;
:

modulations. CHANgEABLY, adv. Inconstantly. To CHANGED, pp. Altered varied turned CH'ANT, V. with the voice.
i.
; ; ;

n. The quality of being changeable fickleness incon.stan cy instability mutability. of change, or alteration. Susceptibility Hooker.
;

Spe7iser.

3.

To celebrate in song ; as, to chant the praises of Jehovah. To sing, as in church-service ; to repeat
words
in

a kind of canting voice, with

sing
;

to

make melody
viol.

converted
;

shifted.
a.
;

CHANGEFUL,
stant

mutable

Full of change; inconfickle ; uncertain ; sub- 2.

They chant

to the

sound of the
in

Amos vi.

To

rejjeat
?!.

words

the church-service

ject to alteration.

CHANGELESS,
ting alteration.

a.

Constant

Pope. not admit-

with a kind of singing.

CH'ANT,
vice.

Song
pp.
7!.

melody
;

church-ser-

CHANGELING,
said this

[change and ling. It is in a superstitious opinion that fairies steal children and put others that are ugly and stupid iu their
n.

word originated

CH ANTED,
Cir.\NTER,

Sung

uttered with
;

mod-

ulations of voice.

One who chants a

singer Pope.

CHaN6E,

v. i.

To be altered to undergo as, men sometimes change for

CH'ANTILEER,

month.

CHANGER,
One
that

any thing.
n.

CHANtiE,

Any

variation or alteration in 2.
;

CH' ANTING, p^r. Singing;

is

Dryden.

form, state, ouahty, or essence

or a pass-

Vol.

pm])loyed changing and discounting monev a money-changer.

in
;

lodious voice singing voice.

uttering a merepeating words with a

I.

35

C H A
CirANTING,
n.

C
Arm.
chapel
;

H A
1.

C
An
ecclesiastic

H A
who

The

act of singing, or ut-

CII'ANTRESS, i. A

tering with a song.

female singer. Milton.

chantrene, from
chant.]

CH'ANTRY,

church or chapel endowed with lands, or other revenue, for the maintenance of one or more ])riests daily to sing or say mass for the souls of the donors, or sud Cowell. as they ap])oint. HA'OS, n. [L. chaos ; Gr. x<>^(-] That confusion, or confused mass, in which matter is supposed to have existed, before it was separated info its different kinds and reduced to order, by the creating power of God. " Rudis, indigestaque moles."

n. [Fr.

1.

Omd.
mass, without due form or oras a chaos of materials. S. Confusion; disorder a state in whicli tlie Donne. parts are undistinguished. HAOT'l, a. Resembling chaos confused as, the earth was originally in a chaotic
2.

Any mixed
;

der

divine service for the royal Prinfamily. ces also, and persons of quality have chaplains, who officiate in their chapels. 3. A clergyman who belongs to a ship of war, or to a regiment of land forces, for tent was called capellanus, now chaplain performing divine service. Hence the word chapel came to signify a 3. clergyman who is retained to perform divine service in a family. private oratory. Encyc. Lunier.] A house fur public worship; primarily, a Chaplains of the Pope, are auditors or judges of causes in the sacred palace. private oratory, or house of worship be Encyc. longing to a private person. In Great CHAP'LAINCY, n. The office or station of a chaplain. Britain there are several sorts of chapeli as parochial chapels, distinct from the CHAP'LAINSHIP, n. The office or business of a chaplain. mother church clyipels which adjoin to and are a [lart of the church such were 2. The possession, or revenue of a chapel.

Sp. capilla, a chapel, a hood or cowl, a chapter of collegians, a proofsheet; Port, capella ; It. cappella; D.kapcl; from the same root as cap. It is said that the kings of France, in war, carried St. Martin's hat into the field, which was kept in a tent as a precious relic, whence the place took the name capella, a little hat, and the priest who had the custody of the

Jias a chapel, or who performs service in a chapel. The king of Great Britain has forty-eight chaplains, vvho attend, four each month, to perform

formerly built by honorable persons for chapels of ease, built in burying places large jiarishes for the accommodation of
;

CIIAP'LESS,
the mouth.

a.

Without any
[Fr. chapelet.]

flesh

Bailey.
n.

Johnson about Shak,

.

state.

CHAP,

ii.

f.

[Ar.

,_:^

jabba, to cut

ofl'

or out, to castrate

A.
It

to split, rend,
2.

the inliabitants; yVee chapels, which were founded by the kings of England chapels in the universities, belonging to i)articidar colleges domestic chapels, built by noble men or gentlemen for the use of thei
;
;

CHAP'LET,
2.

garland

families.

tear, or cleave, to cut. lied to the G. and D.

seems to be alhappen, Dan. kap-

Encyc.

printer's

workhouse

ed because printing was

a chajiel.

first

said to be so call carried on in

per,

Fr. coupcr
51A.

but these agree better

to cut.

CHAP'EL,
with Ar.

r.

/.

To
a.

Bailey. Encyc. deposit in a chapel.

Beaum.

rups, joined at the to)) in a sort of leather buckle, by which they are made fast to the hand. Dry weather pommel of tlie saddle, after they have Encyc, tlie earth cold dry winds chap the chaps been adjusted to the length and bearing of 3. In architecture, a little molding, carved mhands. the rider. Fam'cr's Did. to round beads, pearls, olives or the like. CHAP, 1'. i. To crack to open in long slits CHAP'ELLANY, n. founded with- 4. In a chapelet, which see. place horse77ianship, as, the earth chaps ; the hands chap. in some church and dependent thereon. 5. tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. CHAP, n. A longitudinal cleft, gap or chink, .4(//tJf. Johnson. as in the surface of the earth, or in the CHAP'ELLING, n. The act of turning a G. A small chapel or shrine. Hammond. hands or feet. ship round in a light breeze of wind, when CHAP'MAN, n. jilu. chapmen. [Sax. ceap<^'HAP, n. [Sax. ceaj, a beak, or chap plu. close hauled, so that she w ill lie the same man ; D. koopman ; G. kaufmann ; Dan. ceafias, the chaps.] Mar. Diet. kiohmand. Sec Cheap.] way as before. The upper and lower part of the mouth the CHAP'ELRY, n. The bounds or jurisdic- 1. cheapener one that offers as a purjaw. It is applied to beasts, and vulgarly tion of a chapel. chaser. to men generally in the plural, the chaps CHAP'ERON, n. Thciv chapmen they betray. [Fr.] A hood or cap worn Dry den or mouth. iu their hab- 2. A seller the knights of the a market-man. Shak. CHAP, n. A man or a boy a youth. It is by It was ancieiuly garter by men, woworn its. pp. Cleft opened, as the surused also iu the sense of a buyer. " If face or skin. men, nobles and populace; afterwards a])you want to sell, here is your chap." In to doctors and hcentiates in CHAP'PING, as the surface propriated ppr. Cleaving, ihis sense it coincides with cluipimtn. [See The name then passed to ceror skin. colleges. Steele. Cheap.] on the foreheads of CHAP'PY, a. Full of chaps; cleft. tain devices CHAP, V. i. [Sax. ceapian.] To cheapen. horses whicli jilaced the herse iu drew pompous; iClIAPS, the mo'Lifh or jaws. [See Chap.] [M'ot used.] funerals. Johnson. Enci/c\ CIIAPT. [See CHAP'BOQK, n. [See Chapman and Oieap.] CHAP'KRON, t). <. To attend on a lady "in; CIIAP'TER, n. Chapped.] \Vr. chapitrc; h. capitulwn, A small book or pamphlet, carried about a a head It. capitolo ; Sj). cajiitulo from L. pid)lic assembl}'. Todd.\ for sale by hawkers. Ilav-! CHAP'-FALLEN, a. [chap and caput, the Leail.] CHAPE, n. [Fr. chape, the tongue of a ing the lower chap depressed fall.] division of a book or treatise hence, de- \. as, Genbuckle, a cover, a churchman's cope, B. Jon.foji. esis contains fifty chapters. Hence the jected dispirited silenced. the head of an alembic Arm. chap ; S]). CilAP'ITER, n. [Fr. chapiteau ; It. capiteUo ; ])hrase, to the end of the chapter, that is, a thin plate of metal chapa, covering some This is L. capitellum, from caput, a head. Joh7ison. throughout to the end. kind of work. Qu. co;).] a dilferent word f()r capital.] 2. In ecclesiastical polity, a society or com1. The catch of any thing, as the hook of a 1. The upper jiart or capital of a colinnn or munity of clergymen, belonging to a cascabbard, or the catch of a buckle, by thedral or collegiate church. pillar; a word used in the scriptures. [See Encyc. which it is held to the back strap. 3. .\ place where delinquents receive disciCajiital.] 2. A brass or silver tip f)r case, that strength- 2. That which is delivered by the mouth of pline and correction. Ayliffe. ens the end of a scabbard. the justice in his charge to the inquest. 4. A decretal epistle. Ayhffe. Johnson. Phillips. V. I. To tax to correct. Encyc. CHAPEAU, n. shappo. [Fr.] hat in her- CHAP'LAIN, n. [Fr. chapelain ; Sp. capelDryden aldry, a cap or bonnet. lan ; It. cappellano : L. capellanus ; fiom n. A house where a CHAP'EL, n. [Fr. chapelle ; L. capdla : chapel.] Bailey. chaiitor meets.
S|)lit,

To

See Chop 'and Gape. pronounced chop.]

cleave,
nally, as the surface skin and flesh of the
;

Chap

is

sometimes

CHA'PELESS,
CIIAP'ELET,
)

Without

a chape.

crack, or open longitudiof the earth, or the

CHAPLET,

" [Fr. chapelet.]

pair ofl stirrup leathers, with stii--

or wreath to be worn on the head; the circle of a crown. string of beads used by the Roman Cathohcs, by which they count the number of their prayers. They are mad .sometimes of coral, of wood, of diamonds, &c., and are caWed paternosters. The invention is ascribed to Peter the hermit, who probably learnt it in the East, as the Orientals use a kind of chaplet, called a chain, rehearsing one of the perfections of God on each hnk, or head. The Great Mogul is said to have eighteen of these chains, all precious stones. The Turks also use a kind of cha|)let in reciting their prayers.

CHAPPED,

CHAPTER,

CHAPTER-HOUSE,

C H A
CHAP'TREL,
tals (ifjjiUars n.

C
The
capiAll

H A
To mark
characterized.

C H A
with a peculiar stamp, or ligurc.
all

[from chapiter.]

the characters in the play appeared lo 4.

and

pilasters, wliicli

support

advantage.

European, Asiatic, and African faces are

arches,

commonly

called imposts.

Ma
7.

The

CH-AR,

n.

fish.

GHAR,
day
;

n. In England, work <lone by the a single joh, or task. In .Yew Engis

land,
cerre,

it

pronounced
tlic^

chore,

which

see.

know not
sion,

origin
cerran,

"t"

cijrr,

signifies

lu Sax. the word. a time, a turn, occacyrran,

to

troni return.
V.
t. i.

turn
8.

CHAR,

CnAR,i>.

servant to do day, without being a hired Johnson. small jobs. Bailei/.

;

May. To perform a l)usiness. To work at others hou.ses by the

Roscoe By way of eminence, distinguished or good qualities those which are esteemed and respected an<l those which are ascri bed to a person in conmion estimation. enquire whether a stranger is a man of c/tarac(cr. Adventitious qualities impressed by office, or station the qualities that, in public estimation, belong to a person in a particidar station; as when we ask how a magistrate, or commander supports liis char; ;

characters. friendship of distinguisheil

Jtrbuthnot.

CHARACTERIZED,/);).
tinguished hy

Described or dis-

|)eciilar qualities.

CHARACTERIZING,

ppr. Describing or distinguishing by peculiar quahties.

a.

We

CHARACTERLESS,
peculiar character.

Desutute of any Shak.

;

CHAR'ACTERY,
distinction.

n.

Impression

mark

[Xot used.]
n. in

Shak.

CHARA'DE,

[Said to be from the

name

A composition,
distinct

of the inventor.]

which the subject must be

OHaR-VVoMAN,

n.

A woman hired

for

odd

acter.
II.

work, or for single days. [Char-man and Char-woman

not used in ,>lmerica.]

Johnson.
are, 1 believe,

Cir AR,

I'.
;

/.

[Riiss./rtri/u

or burn

or

ffon/ii to

and with a burn; Fr.

Qu. Il(;h. Ch. charrie, ashes. Class Gr. No. 2-2. 'i:\. This Eth. Tin. seems to be the root of L. carho. See
1.

prefi.v,

or charyii, to roast, burn, or be burnt to sgaruyu or sgorayu,

;

In natural history, the peculiar discriminating qualities or i)roperties of animals, plants and minerals. These properties, when employed fortlie purcharpose of discriminating minerals, are called Cleaveland acters. To engrave ; to inv. t.

a word of two syllables, each forming a word and these syllables are to be concealed in an enigmatical description, first se|)arately and then together.
;

Example.

My Jirst, when

Frenchman

in learning

Engin

HAR'ATER,
scribe.
3.

lisb, serves him to swear by. whole either hay or corn. the age. Gar-rick.

My
is

secotid

My

the delight of

Encyc.
;

To burn or reduce to coal or carbon ; reduce to charcoal, hy expelling all volatile matter from wood. This is done by bur of turf ing wood slowly under a covering
to

Chark.]

7!. [c/ior and con/. See C/iar.] the remains Coal made by charring wood of wood burnt under turf, and from which all watery and other volatile matter has HAR'ATERED, pp. Engraved; been expelled by heat. It makes a strong bed; di.stinguished by a particular character. Mitford. heat, and is used in furnaces, forges, pri-

Milton.

Shak.

CH'ARCOAL,

To

describe

to distinguish

by

i)articular

marks or

traits.

Mitford.
inscri-

CHAR'AeTERlSM,
character.
2.

n.

The

distinction of Up. H"ll.

and earth.
2.

To

expel

all

volatile

matter from stone or

all

of the particular aspect or configuration

Encyc.
\ S

ble

vate families, &c. It is black, brittle, light and inodorous, and not beuig decomposaby water or an-, will endure lor age.s
n. [h'r. charde; L. carduus.] leaves of artichokes tied and wrap)ieil over, except the top, in straw, during This makes them autumn and winter. grow w liitc and lose .some of then- bitter-

heavens.

without alteration.

earth, by heat. The stone or earth charred from

visible ingredients.

foreign

Kirivan

HARATERIS'TI, ellARACTERIS'TICAL,
from
jfttpaxrjjp.]

[Gr.

x'W-''-

CH'ARD,
The
all

'.jpifixo;,

11AR'AT,

HAR'ET,
tere
;

"

[See Character.]
scription.
.

An

in-

That

HAR'ATER,
axTTjp,
1.
;t(X()a?u),

[L. character

[JVotin nse.] Skelton Fr.carac;

Sp. caracter ; It. carattere ; from the verb jtapadBu,

to scrape, cut, engrave.]

Gr.

jcap-

;(;o))art'u.

by cvitting or engraving, as on stone, metal or other hard material; hence, a mark or figure made with a pen or style, on paper, or other material used to contain writing; a letter, or figure used to form words, and communicate ideas. Characters are literal, as the letters of an
numeral, as the arithmetical aljihabet ; which figures ; emblematical or symbolical, express things or ideas ; and abbreviations, as C. for centum, a hundred ; lb. tor libra,

A mark made

"2.

A. D. Anno Domini &c. A mark or figure made by stamping or impression, as on coins. the peculiar form 3. The mamierof writing of letters used by a particular person. You know the character to be your brother's. Shak. 4. The peculiar qualities, impressed by nature or habit on a person, which distinthese constitute guish him from others real character, and the cpialities which he is a i)ound
;

supposed
character

to possess, constitute his estimated

character, or rei>ulalion.

Hence we

say, a

is not formed, when the ])erson has not acipiired stable and distinctive

quahties.
5.

An account,

description or representation
;

6.

of any thing, exhibiting its qualities and the circumstances attending it as, to give a bad character to a town, or to a road, A person as, the assembly consisted of various characters, eminent characters, and
;

that iiiarks constitutes the character the peculiar, distinctive (jualities of a perChambers. ness. son or thing. a characteristic virtue of a Chards Generosity is often of beet are plants of white beet transbrave man. planted, producing great tops, which, in It is followed by of. the midst, have a large, white, thick, Generosity is characfcrislie of tnie bravery. downy, cotton-like maiii shoot, which is 1IARATERIS'TI, n. That which con- the true chard. Mortimer. a character; that which characstitutes v.t. charj. [F v. charger ; Arm. terizes; that which distinguishes a person carga; S\xeargar; it. caricare, or carcare ; or thing tVom another. It ould seem from the Port, carregar. Invention is the characteristic of Homer. Welsh that this word is from car, a cart or Pope. other vehicle, and that the noun charge or '2. In grammar, the principal letter of a word, cargo was first formeil, and therefore which is ])reserved in most of its tenses, in ought in arrangement to precede the verb. its derivatives and com|)onnds. If the verb was first formed, the primary The characteristic of a logarithm, is its index sense would be to load, to throw or put on or exponent. or in. I think the fact to be otherwise. The characteristic triaiigle of a cxirve, in geSee Cargo.] ometry, is a rectilinear right-angled trian- 1. To rush on; to fall on to attack, espemakes a part of gle, whose hypoteimse an army cially with fixed bayonets ; as, the curve, not sensibly different from a charges the enemy. Encyc. right line. as a musket or cannon; to thrust To CHARATERIS'TIALLY, adv. In a 2. in ioad, or and ball or shot. powder powder, manner that distinguishes character. to throw on or imload or burden HARATERIS'T1CALNESS, n. The 3. To that which oppresses; as, to charge pose state or qualities of being characteristic. the stomach with indigestible food; or to v. t. [Gr. zapaxr^HiC".] or to fill, without oppressing as, to To give a character, or an account of the lay on, the memory with niles and precharge describe by personal qualities of a man ; to cepts to charge the mind with facts. pecuUar qualities. to im])ose, as a tax ; as, 4. To set or lay on to mark, or express the 2. To distinguish the land is charged irith a quit rent a rent character; to exhibit the pecuhar qualities is charged on the land. of a person or thing; a.s, humility characTo lay on or impose, as a task. the hero is char- 5. terizes the true christian The gospel chargeth us with piety towards acterized hrascry and magnanimity.
;

CHARGE,

CHARACTERIZE,

tlie

.3.

low

characters.

hy The system of mediation has characterized entire scheme of divine dispensation. Thodey To engrave or imprint. [Little used.] Hale

God.

Tillotson.

6.

To put or lay on as, to charge a building with ornaments, often implying super;

fluity.
7.

To

lay on, as a duty

followed by with.

C
8.

HA
the officer with the
8.

H A
veying two

C
men

H A
each.

The commander cAargfd

be used as synonymous with command,

direction, e.vhortation or injunction,
;

These

vehicles-

Job i. Their armed slaves in charge. Shak. foolishly. in contest for a jjrize. Addison. To lay on, give or communicate, as an 14. Among farriers, a preparation of the a. See Charity.] [Fr. order, conniiand or earnest request ; to consistence of a thick decoction, or beBenevolent and kind ; as a charitable distween an ointment and a plaster, used as enjoin ; to exJiort. position. Charge them that are rich in this world, that a remedy for sprains and inflammations. 2. Liberal in benefactions to the poor, and they be not high-minded. 1 Tim. vi. 15. In heraldry, that which is borne upon the in relieving them in distress ; as a charIn this sense, when the command is or the figures represented on the color itable man. given in the name of God, or w ith an oath, escutcheon, by which the bearers are dis 3. Pertaining to charity ; tlie phrase amounts to an adjmaticjn. springing fi-oni from one another. To adjiue ; to bind by an oath, 1 10.tinguishcd charity, or intended for charity ; benevoIn electrical experiments, a quantity of lent ; as a charitable institution, or Sam, xiv. 28. society ; electrical fluid, communicated to a coated a charitable puri)0se. to ; to instruct author14. To give directions jar, vial or jiane of glass. 4. Formed on charitable principles ; favoraas, the judge charged the grand A itatively charge of lead, is thirty-six pigs, each con ble dictated by kindness ; as a charitable jury to inquire respecting breaches of the raining six stone, wanting two pounds. construction of words or actions. peace. CH>ARUEABLE, a. That may be charged n. The disposition 15. To communicate electrical matter to, as that may be set, laid, impo.sed; as, a duty to be charitable or the exercise of charity. to a coated vial, or an electrical battery. of forty |)c.r cent, is chargeahle on wine. To CH'AROE, 1'. i. " hiake an onset. Thus 2. Subject to lie charged as, wLne is charge- 2. Liberality to the poor. adv. Kindly; liberally: like your heroes of antiGlanviUe says, able with a d\ity of forty per cent. benevolently ; with a disposition to help quity, he charges in iron ;" aiul we say, to 3. Expensive ; costly ; as a chargeable fam the poor; favorably. charge with fixed bayonets. But in this lyn. application, the object is understood ; to 4. Laying or bringing expense. [Fr. chariU ; L. chariias. or caritas ; W. cariad ; Sp. caridad ; Port. charge tlie enemy. Because we would not be chargeable to any caridade ; It. carita, carilade. Qu. Gr. xo-f'-iC'H'ARliE, . [Fr. charge ; Arm. and W. 1 Tliess. ii. of you. The Latin caritas ii^ from cams, dear, costcarg ; Sp. cargo, cargo ; Port, carga, car- 5. Imputable ; that may be laid or attributed rega ; It. carica, carco ; lOng. cai-go.] ly, whence beloved, and the word was as a crime, fault or debt ; as afault c/io;g'f 1. That whicli is laid on or in ; in a general sometimes written chariias, as if from the able on a man. load or burden. It is the same Gr. zaptj. The Lat. cams would seem to sense, any as a 6. Subject to be charged or accused; word radically as cargo. be from the verb careo, to want, as deafman chargeable tciih a fault, or neglect. ?. The quantity of powder, or of (lowder ness arises from scarcitj'. Of this we have and ball or shot, used to load a musket, CH'ARGEABLENESS, n. E.xpensiveness ; an example in the English dear, whence cost ; co.stliiiess. Boyle. cannon or other like instrument. dearth, which shows the primary sense of adv. Expensively ; at on an enemy ; ata rushing :!. An onset ; dear to be scarce. But qu. the Oriental Ascham great cost. tack ; especially by moving troops vith Class Gr. No. 56.] liT But it is used for an on- CH'ARgED, pp. Loaded ; burdened atfixed bayonets. tacked ; laid on ; instructed ; imputed ; 1. In a general sense, love, benevolence, good set of cavalry as well as of infantry. will ; tliat disijosition of heart which inaccused ; placed to the debt ; ordered command. I. An order, injunction, mandate, clines men to think favorably of their felcommanded. Numbers Moses gave Joshua a charge. CirAR6EFyL, a. Expensive ; costly. [JVof low men, and to do them good. In a theoxxvii. Shak. The kins g^ve charge concerning Absalom logical sense, it incluiles supreme love to used.] 2 Sam. xviii. God, and universal good will to men. CH"AR(iELESS, a. Not expensive; free 1 Cor. xiii. Col. iii. 1 Tim. i. from expense. Hence, That which is enjoined, conmiiilcd, en- CILAROER, n. In Scols laiv, one who char- 2. In a more particular sense, love, kindness, trusted or deUvered to another, implying aftection, tenderness, s])riiiging from natges another in a suit. ural relations ; as the charities of father, Num. vii. care, custody, oversight, or duty to be pcr- 2. large dish. son and brother. Milton. horse used for attack. Ibrmed by the person entrusted. 3. I gave Hanani charge over Jemsalem. Nch CH'AR(iING, ppr. Loading ; attacking ; 3. Liberality to the poor, consisting in almsvii. giving or benefactions, or in gratuitous laying on; instructing; conmianding; ac Hence the word includes any trust or services to relieve them in distress. cusing imputing. commission ; an office, duty, employment CHA'RILY, adv. [See Chary.] Carefully ; 4. Alms; wliatever is bestowed gratuitously It is followed by of or over ; more generally Shak. Du the poor for their relief. warily ; frugally. [Little tised.] by of. Hence, CHA'RINESS, n. Caution ; care nicety 5. Liberality in gifts and services to promote ti. The Shak. person or thing conmiitted to anoth))ublic objects of utility, as to found and scrupulousness. [Little tised.] er's custody, care or management ; a n. [Fr. chariot, from char, a car, siqiport bible societies, missionary societrust. Thus the people of a parish are which see ; Sp. It. carro ; It. carrelta.] ties, and others, called the minister's charge. 1. A half coach ; a carriage with four wheels 6. Candor; liber.ality in judging of men and Tlie starry guardian drove his charge away their actions; a disposition which inclines and one seat behind, used for conveni13.

were sometimes armed with hooka or but sythes. always inqjUes solemnity. accusation. Inqmtation in a bad sense CHARIOT, V. t. To convey in a chariot. not this sin to their charge. Acts vii. 9. To set to, as a debt to place on the debit Lay Milton. account to charge a man 9. Tliat which constitutes debt, in conunerside of an as, Borne iu a chariot. with the price of goods sold to him. cial transactions ; an entry of money or CHAR'IOTED,;)?. Cotvper. 10. To load or lay on in words, something the price of goods, on the debit side of an CHARIOTEER, n. The person who drives account. wrong, reproachful or criminal to impute or conducts a chariot. It is used in speakto 10. Cost; expense as, the cftorg-&s of the war as, to charge a man with theft. ing of I7iilitary chariots and those in the 11. To lay on in words; to impute to; folare to be borne by the nation. ancient games, but not of modern drivers. lowed by on before the person as, to 11. Imposition on land or estate rent, tax Johnson. Addison. a crime on the offender to charge or whatever constitutes a burden or duty charge evil consequences on the doctrines of the 12. In military affairs, a signal to attack as, CHARIOT-MAN, n. The driver of a charstoics. 2 Chron. xviii. iot. to sound the charge. to accuse. 12. To censure 13. The posture of a weapon fitted for an CHARIOT-RACE, n. A race with charIn all this, Job sinned not, nor charged God attack or combat. iots a sport in which chariots were driven
See Gen. xl. 4. execution of the project. To entrust to ; as, an officer is charged with
;

dispatches.

CHARITABLE,

CHARITABLENESS,
;

CHARITABLY,

CHARITY,

CHARgEABLY,

.">.

A A

CHARTOT,

To some

fresh pasture.

Dryden.
2.

ence and pleasure.

men
jiut

7.

by a bishop

Instructions given by a judge to a jury, or to liis clergy. The word may

drawn by two or more

car or vehicle used formerly in war, horses, and con-

to think and judge favorably, and to the best conslruction on words and actions which the case will admit.

C
7.

H A
To
I

C H A
fortify with charms against have a charmed life, which must not yield.
evil.
[J\rot inuse.']

C H A
of latitude and longitude are every where equal to each other. Shak. Mercalor's chart, is one on which the meridiJohnson. ans are straight lines, parallel iind equidistant
;

llie highest exercise

towards tlie Any act of kiniiiiess, or benevolence; as|

tlie charities

of charily, is charityl uckminsttr.\ uncharitable.

of

life.

8.

Charity-school,

CH^ARK,
To burn
Char.]

D. JVebsler. charitable institution. is a school inaintaineil by voluntary contributions for educating poor children. Ar. V. t. char, or Ch. [Qu.

6.

To make powerful by charms. To sununon by incantation.

Shak.

Johnson.
Spenser,

parallel to

the parallels are straight fines and each oth(-r, but the distance

To temper agreeably. CH'ARM, V. i. To sound

7.

pn,

baraka, to burn.]
to a coal
;

to char.

[JVo< used.
It.

See

Grew.
n.

CH'ARLATAN,

ciarlatano, a quack, from ciarlare, to prate ; Sj). charlatan, from charlar, to prate ; Port, charlar,

[Fr.

from

Gr. yifnivu.] id.; L. garrulo, garrio ; One who prates much in his own favor, and makes unwarrantable pretensions to skill
:

harmonically. JiEUon. the secant of the latitude to the radius. resembling the sea- Globular chart, is a meridional projection in wolf. which the distance of the eye from the CIV AKUED, pp. Stibdiiedby charms; de plane of the meridian, on which the prolighted enchanted. jection is made, is supposed to be equal or has to the siiK^ of the angle of forty-five degrees. CirARMER, n. One that chann.s, power to charm one that uses or has the Selenographic charts, represent the spots 11 and appearances of the moon. j)ower of enchantment. Dent, xviii. 2. One who delights and attracts the affec- Topographic charts, are draughts of particular places, or siuall parts of the earth.

between them increases from the equinoctial towards either pole, in the ratio of

CH'ARMA,
;

n.

fish

CH'ARMERESS,
CH'ARMFUL,
a.

77.

An

enchantress. Chaucer.

a quack

an empiric

a mountebank.
liroivn.

CHARTER,
A
See Card.]

7!.

[Fr. chartre,

from L.

hci/c. charla.

eHARLATAN'IAL,a.
undue pretensions

Cowley. CH'ARMING, ppr. Using charms enignorant. chanting. deCowley. 2. a. Pleasing in the highest degree CH'ARLATANRY, n. Undue pretensions fighting. to skill; quackery; wheedling; deioptiun Music is but an elegant and charming; species K. Porter. Johnson. of elocution. by fair words. CITARLES'S-WAIN, n. [Charles, Celtic CIPARMINGLY, adv. Delightfully in a See If'ain.] manner to charm, or to give delight. tar/, a man, or brave man. .Addison. constellation She smiled very charmingly. In astronomy, seven stars in the called Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. CH'ARMINGNESS, n. The power to Johnson. please. Encyc. CH'ARLOCK, n. [Sax. cerlice. Leac, in CH'ARMLESS, a. Destitute of charni.s. Sicift. Saxon, is a leek, but the same word occurs in hemlock, and it probably signifies, a plant Cir ARNEL, a. [Fr. chamel, carnal, fleshly Arm. or root.] charnier, a charnel-house, a larder carnell ; Sp. cnrncro ; It. carnaio ; L. car name of the The

Butler.

Abounding with charms.

;

Quackish; tuaking
;

to skill

written instrimient, executed with usual forms, given as evidence of a grant, contract, or whatever is done between man and man. In its more usual sense, it is the instrument of a grant conferring pow-

and privileges, either from a king or other sovereign power, or from a as a charter of exemption, ])rivate person, that no |)ersoii shall be emjiannelled on The a juiy, a charter of pardon, &c. charters under which most of the colonies
ers, rights

America were settled, were given by the king of England, and incoqxirated certain persons, with powers to hold the lands granted, to establish a government,
in

Raphanus rapha English nistrum and Sinapis arvensis, very perni nalis, carnal, from caro, flesh.] Milton. cious weeds among grain. One kind has Containing flesh or carcasses. n. A place under or yellow flowers another, white, witli joint CirARNEL-HOUSE, near churches, where the bones of the dead Lee. Encyc. ed pods. CITARM, n. [Fr.charmc; Norm, canne o;- are rcposited. Anciently, a kind of portico or gallery, in or near a church-yard, garme ; Arm. chabn ; L. carmen, a song, over which the bones of the dead were It coincides verse, an outcry, a charm. with the W.garm, an outcrj', garmiaw, to laid, after the flesh w as consumed. Encyc. the son of shout. Sax. cirm, or outcry, noise: CHA'RON, n. In fabulous histon/,
;

2.

and make laws for their own regulation. These were called charter-governments. Any instrument, executed with form and solemnity, bestowing rights or privileges.
Dryden.
South.

3.

Privilege; immunity; exemption.

mother, Vr\\o has a charter to extol her blood, Wien she does praise me, grieves me.

My

Shak.

cyrm,

See Alarm.]
1.

Words, characters or other things inia gined to possess some occult or unintellipower hence, a magic power or with the supposed assis.spell, by which tance of the devil, witches and sorcerers have been supposed to do wonderfid Hence, things. Spell encliantment. 1. That which has power to subdue opposigible
; ;

tion,

and gain the

afttjctiotis
;

that

which

can please irresistibly that wliich delights and attracts the heart generally in the
;

jdural.

The

smiles of nature and the charms of art. .Addison.

Good humor

only teaches charms to

last.

t. To hire, or to let a ship [See Charter-party.] Buchanan. To establish by charter. ferry the soids of the deceased over the CHARTER-LAND, n. Land held by charCoke. waters of Acheron and Styx, for a ter, or in soccage. of money. CHARTER-PARTY, 7i. [Fr. charte-parlie, piece a divided charter; I'rom the i)ractice of CH'ARR, n. A fish, a species of Salmo. CH>x\RRED, pp. [from char.] Reduced to cutting the instrument in two, and giving a coal. one part to each of the contractors.] CIPARRING, /ipr. Reducing to coal; de- In commerce, an agreement respecting the of volatile matter. hire of a vessel and the fi-eight. This is privins CH'ARRY, a. [See Char.] Pertaining to to be signed by the proprietor or master charcoal like charcoal, or partaking of of the ship and by the merchant who Lavoisier. It must contain the its qualities. hires or freights it. CH'ART, n. [L. charta, the same as card, name and burden of the vessel, the names of the master and freighter, the price or which see.] A hydrographical or marine map; a draught rate of the freight, the time of loading and unloading, and other stipulated conof the earth's of some or

CIPARTER,
by charter.

V.

Erebus and Nox, whose

office

was

to 2.

CH'ARM,

I',

t.

To subdue

Pope. or control by in-

cantation or secret influence. which will 1 will send serpents among you not l)e charmed. Jcr. viii. 2. To subdue by secret power, especially by that which pleases and dchghts the mind to allay, or appease. Music the fiercest grief can charm. Pope. 3. To give exquisite pleasure to the mind or senses to delight. We were charmed with the conversation. witli her meloThe aerial songster charms

\ plane

part projection ditions. the coasts, isles,i Encyc. superficies on paper, with Hired or let, as a ship. ;/;). rocks, banks, channels or entrances into 2. Invested with privileges by charter; privharbors, rivers, and bays, the points' iS7ia*. leged. of compass, soundings or depth of water,' &c., to regulate the courses of ships in 3. Granted by charter ; as chartered rights ; The term chart is applied D. Ramsay. chartered power. their voyages. to a marine ma|); map is apphed to a ppr. Giving a charter; draught of some portion of land. establishing by charter. 2. Hiring or letting by charter. of chart is a

CH ARTERED,

CHARTERING,
CHARTLESS,

dious notes,

.inon.

some! representation of the globe, in^ j)art of the superficies w liicli the meridians are supposed parallel to each other, the parallels of latitude at equal distances, and of course the degrees!

a.

VVithout

a chart;
;

of

which no chart has been made not delineated on paper as the chartless main. Barhu;

C
CII'ARTULARY,
Caiiulary.]
n.

H A
[Fr. chartulaire.

C H A
See
2.

C H A
i

A
pel

void space
is

a vacuity.

To

reduce to order or obedience

;

to res-

Between the two

An

officer in the ancient Latin church, had tlie care of cliarters and other papers of a public nature. Blackstone uses this

who

true
.'

and that

chasm

The

propositions, that the gos-] it is false, what a fearfulj unsettled reason hovers over it in

train

to

awe

to repress.

The gay

dismay.
a.

Suckminster.]

By decency

social sense, ctiaslis'd.

Thomson.
faults
:

word

fur a record or register, as of a asteiT.

a.
;

mon- HAS'MED,
Sp.
cusc,

CHA'RY,
fid
;

[Sax. cearig. See Care.] Carefrugal.

a.

CHAS'SELAS, n. A sort of grape. CHASTE, a. [Fr. chaste; Arm. chast

Port,
casto
;

Having gaps or a chasm.

;

To

correct

to purify

by expunging

as, to chastise

a poem.
;

wary

Shak.
;

CHA'SABLE,
for (he chase.

That may be chased

;

D.

fit

kuisch,

from L. castus. G. keusch, Sw.

pp. Punished ; corrected. n. chdtiment [Fr. Sax. CHAS'TISEMENT,

It.

CHASTI'SED,
Arm.
castiz
; ;

kysk,\

Gower.

Russ.
root.

CHASE,

V.

t.

[Fr. chassei-

Arm.

charzenl

chistei, are probably from the same! Qu. Ir. caidh. I suppose the pri-i

Correction
Ktri|ies

from chaste.] punishment pain inflicted for ])unislunenl and correction, either by
;

Sp. cazar ; Port, cafar ; It. cacciare. Tlie elements are Cg or C'k and tlie change of a palatal to a sibilant resembles that
;

in
1.

to be, separate, fiom the ori-| entai practice of sequestering females. Ifj of cas</e,| so, castus accords with the root VV. ciis; and at any rate, the word de-|

mary sense

or otherwise.

Shall

On
I

1 so niuch dishonour my fair stars, equal terms to give him chastisement.

Shak.

hrare.]

press forward with vehemence hence, to pursue for the purpose of taking, as ganu^ to hunt. 2. To pursue, or drive, as a defeated or Lev. xxvi. 7. Deut. xxxii. flyuig enemy.
Literally to drive, urge,
;
;

1.

30.
3.

su-e
4.

follow or jiursue, as an olijoct of deto imrsue for the puri>ose of taking as, to chase a ship. To drive to pursue.
; ;

To

any more. Job xx.viv. tion.] The chastisement of our peace, in Scripture, Pure from all unlawful commerce of sexwas the pain which Christ suffered to it es. Applied to persons before marriage, purchase our jjeace and reconciliation to all sexual commerce,! signifies pure from God. Is. hii. nndefiled; applied to married persons, true CHASTI'SER, n. One who chastises a to the marriage bed.
;

notes purity, a sense taken from separa-

have borne chastisement,

I will

not offend

2.

Free from obscenity.

1

Peter

punisher; a corrector. for correcWhile they behold your chaste conversation. ClIASTrSIN(j!, ppi: Punishing tion
|

iii.

correcting.
;

3.

Chased by

their biothei"s endless malice.

KnoUes.
is

To
To

chase away,

to

compel

to depart

to

from barbarous words and phrases, and from quaint, affected, extravagant
free
1.

In language, pure

genuine

uncorrupl

CHAS'TITY,
S]>.

n.^[L. castitas
It.

Fr. chastelc

castidad

castita

from L.

castus,

chaste.]

expressions.

disperse. chase metals. [See Enchase.] CHASE, n. Vehement pursuit; a running or driving after; as game, in hunting ; a at sea, &c. flying enemy, in war; a ship 2. Pursuit with an ardent desire to obtain,

CHA'STE-EYED,
CHA'STE-TREE,
vitex
;

a.

Having modest

eyes.

Collins.
n.

riage, ])urity

The agnus

castus, or
2.

as
3.

pleasure, seeking.
is

profit,

fame, tc.
;

earnest

a tree that grows to the highth of eight or ten feet, producing spikes of flowers at the end of every strong shoot

Purity of the body freedom from aU unlawful coiiunerce of sexes. Before marfrom all commerce of sexes ajler marriage, fidelity to the marriage bed. Freedom from obscenity, as in language or conversation.
; ;

autumn.
adv.

Miller. 3.

That which may be chased

usually taken
liy

chase

that which as beasts of

CHASTELY,
CHASTEN,
cha.itier
1.
;

In a chaste
;

manner

Freeilom from bad mixture words and phrases.

Purity unadulterated state tity of the gospel.
;

purity in

chase.
4.

That which is pursued or hunted; as, seek some other chase. So at sea, a ship
chased is called the chase. In law, a driving of cattle
place.
to or

without unlavvfid commerce of .sexes without obscenity purely without barbarisms or unnatural phrases.
V.
t.

4.

CHAT,
Ir.

cha'sn.
;

[Fr. cluilier, for

;
;

5.

from a

6.

An open groimd, or place of retreat for deer and other wild beasts; differing froiri a forest, which is not private property and is invested with ]irivileges, and from a park which is inclosed. A cliase is jmand well stored with wild vate
property, beasts or game.
[Fr. cha.^se
;

Russ. rhischu.] To correct by ])unishment to punish to inflict pain for the jiurpose ol' reclaiming an oftender as, to chasten a son with a rod. chmten him with the rod of men. 2 I will Sam. vii. To afflict by other means. As many as 1 love I rebuke and chasten.

Arm.

castien

v.i. [G. kosen, to ceadach, talkative; ceadac, a story or narrative S|). cotorra, a magjiie; cotorrera, Gr. a heii-])arrot, a talkative woman
;

as the chasGibbon. talk or prattle;

;

3ujrt?i?Lio,

and
L.

To To

prate ; D. koeteren, to jabber, kwetteren, to chatter ; koulen, id.] talk in a familiar itianner; to talk withto
(u-

out form
talk
V.

ceremony.
;

Milton.
[JVot in

idly
t.

to

prate.

Dryden. Johnson.
use.]

CHAT,

To

talk of.

7.

and Cash.]
8.

See Case S\i. cara; An iron frame used by print

It.

cassa.

CHA'STENED,

my soul with fasting. Ps. Ixix. purifv from errors or faults. punished pp. Corrected for correction. afflicted

Rev. iii. I chastened

Shak.

To

CHAT,
prate.
;

n.

Free, familiar talk

idle talk

CHAT,
Chit.]

n.

twig, or httle
n. shat'o.
;

stick.
castle.

[See

ers to confine types,

when

A castle a seat in the country. Castle.] CHAT ELET, n. A little castle. Chambers. CH.'V'STENING, ppr. Correcting afl!lict- CHAT'ELLANY, n. The i). A term in the gaiTie of tennis. [Fr. chateUenie.] ing for correction. or Chase guns, in a ship of war, guns used lordship or jurisdiction of a castellan, )i. Correction ; punishin chasing an enemy or in defending a CHA'STENING, governor of a castle. [See Castellany.] ment for the purpose of reclaiming. when chased. These have their ports and aU, ship No chastening for the present suemeth to be CHATOYANT, a. [Fr. chat, cat, head A gun at the at the head or stern. xii. eye.] joyous but grievous. Heb. is called a bow-chase ; at the stern, a sternundulating luster, or CHASTl'SABLE, a. Deserving of chastise Having a changeable, cat's chase. eye iu the dark. Sherwood. color, like that of a ii^Piif Pursued; sought ardently; OHA'SED, J);). chatier Arm. CHATOYANT, n. A hard stone, a httle
Chase of a giln,
is

set in column;^ the wiiple length of

CH.V'STENER,

n.

One who
;

punishes, for
purity.
;

the bore.

CHA'STENESS,

the puryjose of correction. n. Chastity

CHAT'EAU,

[Fr. a

See

driven.

CHAsirSE,
custiza
tigo,
;

a pursuer ; n. One who chases a driver a hunter. 2. An enchaser. [See Enchase.] CHASING, ppr. Pursuing; driving; hunt

CHA'SER,
;

; V. t. s as z. [Fr. lioin chasle, ca.itus. The Latin cus-

transjiarent,

I.

ing.

11 ASM, n.
Gr.
1.

[(jr.

;taS;Btt,

L. chasma, from

properly, an opening made by disrupture, as a breach the earth or a rock. ill

cleft;

x*^^,

;k^^'^"i ;^ati'io,

to open.]

a fissure; a gap;

formed with a different termination. We have chastise from the Armoric dialect. To correct by punishing to punish to inflict )uiin by stripes, or in other manner,] for the purpose of punishing an offender and recalling him to his duty.
;

Sp. Port, castigar.

It.

gastigare, are

sents on

which being cut smooth preits surface and in the interior, an It is of a yeluiululating or wavy light. lowish gray color or verging to an olive It" rarely exceeds the size of a !:rceu. Diet, of Nat. Hist. tillKnt.

CHATOY

JFENT,

n.

Changeable

colors,
;

will

chastise you seven times

for

your

sins.]

Lev. xxvi.

or changcablencss of color, in a mineral Cleavelaml. pla\ of colors. CH.VT'TEL, n. chat'l. [See Callle.] Prima.

CHE
rily,

CHE
In

CHE
(
I

any

article

of movable goods.

nioilern usage, the word chattels coninrelieuds all goods, niovahle or iiuitiovalile siu'li as have tlie nature of freehold " Chattels are real or Chattels i)ersoiial. real, are such as corirern or savor of the

except

term for years of lain), ward ships in cliivahy, the next presentation to a church, estates hy statute merchant, Chattels personal, ar elegit and the like. things movable, as animals, furnitme of a Blackstone. house, jewels, corn, &c." CII.\T'TKR, V. t. [See Chat.] 1. To utter sounds rapidly and indistinctly, as a magpie, or a monkey. 2. To make a noise by collision of the
realty, as a
teotii.
is

Wo

say, th(! teeth chatter,

when one
;

3.

To
or

chilly talk

and shivering.
idly,

carelessly or

rapidly

to

jalilii'r.

CHAT'TRR,
monkev
;

n.

Sounds
)i.

like

those of a pie

idle talk.

CHAT T1:R-B0X,
santly.

One

that talks inces

CHEATING, ppr. Defrauding by deception; imposing on. have cheap.] CHE'.\TL\G, n. The act of defrauding by deceitful arts. Bearing a low price, in market that may lie pinchased at a low that is, at a CHECK, r. t. [Fr. echec, plu. echecs, which price we have changed into chess ; Sp. xaque, a. pri('e as low or lower than the usual price of the article or coiiiuiodily, or at a price move at chess xafpie de mute, check-mate ; less than the real value. The sense is Port, xaque, a check lagoale, a rebuke. always comparative for a price deemed Sp. and Port, xaquima, a halter It. scacco at one time is considered dear at the squares of a chess-board scacchi, chesscheap another. men scacco-malto, check-mate scaccato, checkered Low L. scaccarium, an excheIt is a principle wliicli the progress of political science has clearly cstahlislied a principle quer, Fr. echiquier ; G. schach, chess ; that illustrates at once the wisdom of the crea schachmatt, check-mate; D.schaak, chess; tor and iho blindness of huniau cupidity, that it schauk-mat, check-mate Dan. skak, chess, is cheaper to hire the labor oi" freemen than to crooked, cmving; AA-hu(/, check-mate ; Z,. Bacon compel tlic labor of slaves. to skakrer, barter, chafler, chop and 2. Being of small value; common; not reschange Sw. schach, chess schach-mail, as cheap beauty. check-mate Russ. scharh, check, chess ; pected ; Make not yourself cheap in the eyes of the scAar/i-ma/, check-mate. In Spanish ia^ue, world. Anon xeque, is an old man, a shaik, and xaco, a These latter words seem to be the CHEAP, n. Bargain purchase ; as in the jacket.
gain.

and good cheap

a good purchase or barHence probably, omitting good, we

is
;

1.

CIIAT'TI:RER, . a prater; an idle talker. cheap. CIIAT'TF.RING, ;)/)r. Uttering rapid, indis- CHEAPEN,!'./,
tinct

phrases, good cheap, better cheap original phrases from which we

the

have

Ar.

^[^

or
j;.

I.

.i

the latter

is

render-

sounds, as birds talking idly moving rapidlv and clashina, as the teeth.
;
;

che'apn. [Sax. ceapian. See

;

1.

CHATTERING,
.sounds,

n.
;

Rapid,

inarticulat<
;

Cheap, siijira.] To attempt to buy to ask the price of a conunodity to chafler.

;

ed to grow old, to be old, to blame or rebuke, under which we find shaik ; the

former signifies to bend to or apjily

;

u.se diligence, quasi, to

also, to abstain or turn

idle talk as of birds rai)id striking of the teeth, as in chilliness.

To shops

CH.\T TING, ppr. Talking familiarly. CH.\T'TY, a. Given to free conversation

talkative.

in crowds the dangled females fly, Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy.
'

aside.

In Arabic

we

find

also^.i

to

SwiJ}.
2.

doubt, hesitate, halt, and in Heb. the

same

To

lessen value.
n.

CHAT'WQOD,
pear.

)i.

Little sticks
n.

fuel.

CHE'APENER,
bargains.

One who cheapens

price
;

Dnjden
or

signifies to still, allay, sink, stop or check, to obstruct or hedge ; "W a

"jDiy

word

Bailey.

CHAUMONTELLE,
CHAUN, CHAUN,
use.]
n.
V.

[Fr.]

Johnson. sort of

CHE'APLY,
rate.

adv.

At a small

at

a low

hedge. We have, in these words, clear evidence of the manner, in which several modern nations express the Shemitic W, or
^]
1.
i

A
i.

gap. [JVut hi use. See Yawn.]

CHE'APNESS,

To open
)

to

yawn.
chei'csne.]
fish.

[.Vol in

CHEAR,

J!. Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value. [See Cheer.]

CHAV'ENDER,
CHEV'EN,

[Vr.

I'"-

chub, a

The CHE.'VT,
;

V.

I.

[Sax.

ceatt.

In Ar.

- j,

To stop to restrain to hinder to curb. put an entire stop to motion, or to restrain its violence, and cause an
; ;
:

It signifies to

V. t. [Sax. ceowan; D. kaauwen ; G. kauen ; Ir. cagnaim, or cognaim ; Arm jaoga, or chaguein : coinciding with jaw, which in Arm. is javed, gai'ed or chagell, and lis cheek a.nd jnw are often united, this word coincides with Sa.x. ceac, ceoca. It is most correctly written and pronounced chaw ; but chew is deemed most elegant.] to masticate, 1. To grind with the teeth as food in eating to ruminate, or to chew as the cud. 2. To ruminate iu thought to revolve and

CHAW,

gadaa, signifies to deceive, circumvent, seduce to fail, to hide, to disguise, to defraud; i

\2. 13.

abatement To rebuke

To compare any

to moderate. to chide or reprove.

paper with

its

Shak. counter-

L.^

kaida, signifies to deceive,

to lay snares ; Eth. i (T\ chiet or liiet ter-register. 4. In seamenship, to ease off a little of a rope, signifies to cheat, to deceive, to defraud.] which is too stiflly extended ; also, to stop1. To deceive and defraud in a bargain ; to Mar. Diet. deceive for the purpose of gain in selling. per the cable.
Its

part or with a cipher, with a view to ascertain its authenticity ; to compare corresponding papers; to control by a coun-

proper application

is

to

commerce,
arts,

in

CHECK,
at.

v.i.

To

stop

to

make

a stop; with

which a person uses some

presentations,

or misre-

consider.

Obs.
[a dilferent

To deceive by anj' artifice, trick or device, ^vith a view to gaui an advantage contrary to common honesty ; as, to cheat 3. is \muloii jaw. a person at cards. It is followed by 2. In vulgar language, a cud ; as much as is 3. To impo.se on; to trick. put in the mouth at once. of or out of, and colloquially by into, as to ji. Entrails. cheat a child into a belief that a im flicine Shak.

or withholds some fact by which he deceives the purchaser.

The mind checks

king.

at

any vigorous undertaLocke.

CHAW,
J.

n.

spelhng of jaw. See

4.

To
I

clash or interfere.
love to check with business.

Chaw, supra.]

jaw. Ezek. xxix. editions of the Bible it

The

But

in

modern

Bacon.

CHECK,

CHAW'DRON,
CH.\Y,
II.

Chaya-root; the root of the Oldeiilandia umbellata, used in dyeing red. CllEAl', a. [Sax. <-co;>, cattle, business, or

is

palatable.
n.
;

CHEAT,

trade, a price, a pledge or pawn, a sel- 2. ling any thing that may be bought or sold ; by deceitful practices. n. Liability to be 3. rrnpian, ci/jian, to buy, to sell, to negoHammond. cheated. tiate, to gain ; 1). koop, a bargain or pur" te n. Fine bread purchaschase koop zettcn," to set to sale " Bailey. Encyc. ed, or not made in the family. [Little goed koop," cheap, good purchase ; koop 4. The correspondent cipher of a bank note ; en, to buy ; G. kanfen ; Dan. kiober ; Sw. a corresponding indenture ; any counterklipa ; Russ. kupayu ; L. caupo ; Eng. to CHE'ATED, pp. Defrauded by deception.
;

fraud connnilt.ul by decepa trick imjiosition tion imposture. A person who cheats; one guilty of fraud
; :

2.

CHE'ATABLENESS,

CHEAT-BREAD,

strike with repression. Dryden. [These applications are not frequent.] n. .\ stop himlrance; rebuff; sudden restraint, or contiinied restraint curb; control; government. That which .slops or restrains, as reproof, re[)riinand, rebuke, shght or disgust, fear, ajiprehensiiui, a person any stop or obShak. Dryden. Clarendon. struction. In falconry, when a hawk forsakes her proper game, to follow rooks, pies, or other fowls, that cross her in her flight.
;

To

cheapen, to chaffer, chap-man, chap-book, to chop and change. The sense is a purchase,

CHE'ATER,

71.

One who

practices a Iraud
5.

register.

Johnson.

in commei'ce.

A term in chess, when

one party obliges

CHE
the other either to
(j.

CHE
or guard
his
1.

CHE
A
merry heart maketh a cheerful counteProv. XV.

wove

The
each

side of the face

side.

below the eyes on

nance.

king. An order for money, drawn on a banker 2. Among mechanics, cheeks are tliose pieces of a machine which form corresponding or on tlie cashier of a bank, payable to the as bearer. sides, or which are double and alike the cheeks of a printuig press, wliich stand This is a sense derived from that in definition 4. perpendicular and support the three som7. In popular use, checkered cloth mers, the head, shelves and winter; the check, for cheeks of a turner's lathe ; the cheeks of a checkered. the cheeks of a mortar, and Check or check-roll, a roll or book contaunng glazier's vise of a gun-carriage the cheeks of a mast, the names of persons who are attendants which serve to sustain the trestle trees, and in the pay of a king or great person &c. age, as domestic servants.
; ; ; ;

CHEE'RFULLY,
;

adv. In a cheerful manner with alacrity or wilhngness; readily ; with life, animation or good spirits. CHEE'RFyLNESS, n. Life animation ; good spirits a state of moderate joy or
; ;

gayety

alacrity.

He
Rom.
spirit.

that
xii.

showeth mercy, with cheerfulness

adv.

CHEE'RILY,

With

cheerfuhiess; with

CHEE'RING,
enlivening
ness.
;

ppr. Giving joy or gladness;

Beaum. Bailey. Encyc. Cheek bi/joivl, closeness, proximity. Clerk of the check, in the British King's CHEE'K-BONE, n. The bone of the cheek. household, has the check and control of| CHEE'KED, a. Brought near the cheek. Cotton. the yeomen of the guard, and all the ush (!rs belonging to the royal family, the care CHEEK-TOOTH, n. The hinder tooth or Joel i. 0. tusk. of the watch, &c. Eiicyc. Bailey. Clerk of the check, in the British Royal Dock CHEEP, V. i. To chirp, as a small bird. Yards, is an ofiicer who keejis a register of CHEER, v.t. [Fr. chire : Arm. c/ier, cheer, entertainment Ir. gairim, to call, shout, all the men employed on board his maextol, rejoice Gr. ;i;aipu, to rejoice, to hail jesty's ships and vessels, and of all the ar or salute. The primary sense is to call tificers in the service of the navy, at the out or shout, as in joy a sense retained port where he is settled.
; ;
;

encouraging
n.
171

CHEE'RIS'HNESS,
[jVoi

animating. State of cheerful;

CHEERLESS,
or

Milton. use.] a. Without joy, gladness,

comfort

gloomy

destitute of

any

thing to enhveu or animate the spirits. Spenser. CHEE'RLY, a. Gay cheerful ; not gloomy.
;

CHEE'RLY,
briskly.

adv.

Cheerfully
;

heartily

CHEE'RY,
er to

a.

make
let

Gay

sprightly

having pov

gay.
us hie, and quaff a cheery bowl.
Gaj).
; ;

CHECKED, CHECKT, pp.

strained ; repressed ; embed controlled reprimanded.
;

Stopped re moderated
; ;

in jovial
;

among seamen,
Orient,
1.

companies, to give cheers, and to salute a ship by cheers.

Come,

xip kara.]

CHECK'ER,
directly

v.t.

[from cAccA, or perhaps

To To

from the Fr.

board.
quer.]
1.

Norm,

echiquier, a chess escheqir, or chekere, exche 2.

;

salute with shoiUs of joy, or cheers.

CHEESE, cais; W.
caseus

77. s as z. [Sax. cese, or cyse caiva ; Corn, kes ; Arm. caus

Ir.

L.

Mar. Diet
dispel gloom, sorrow, silence or apathy ; to cause to rejoice ; to gladden to make cheerful ; as, to cheer a lonely desert
;

To

variegate with cross lines

to

form

into little squares, like a chess board, l)y lines or stripes of difterent colors. Hence, 2. To diversify ; to variegate with different

the cheering rajs of the sun good news cheers the heart. To infuse life, spirit, animation to incite or events. to encourage qualities, scenes, as, to cheer the hounds. Our minds are, as it were, checkered with CHEER, V. i. To grow cheerful to be Addison. truth and falseliood. come gladsome, or joyous. n. One who checks or reAt sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up. CHECK'ER, strains a rebuker. Phillips Cheer up, my lads. 2. A chess-board. CHEER, 71. A shout of joy; as, they gave CHECK'ER, I " Work varied althree cheers. as to its CHECK'ER-WORK, \ ternately state of gladness or joy a state of anicolors or materials work consisting of cross lines. mation, above gloom and depression of
;
;

; Sp. queso ; Port, queijo ; D. kaas ; G. ktise ; Basque, gasna or gazla. The primary sense is to curdle, to congeal, from collecting, drawing or driving, W. casiaiv, to curdle. Perhaps it is alhed to

squeeze.]
1.

2.

The curd of milk, coagidated by rennet, separated from tlie serum or whey, and pressed in a vat, hoop or mold. A mass of pumice or ground apples placed
on a
|5ress.
7i.

CHEE'SE-CAKE,
curds, susar

A
7t.

JVe7 England. cake made of soft

and

butter.

Prior.

CHEE'SE-MONGER,
in or sells cheese.

One who The rind

press,

deals

B. Jonson.
n.

CHEE'SE-F.'UIING,
of cheese.

or paring

Beaum.
77.

CHECK'ERS,
CHECK'ING,
straining
;

n. plu.

A common game on
; ;

spirits,
-

a checkered board.
ppr. Stopping; curbing; reremoderating controlling
a.

but below mirth, gayety and jollity. Son, be of good cheer, tliy sins are forgiven thee. Mat. ix.

CHEESE-PRESS,
for pressing

A
77.

or engine

curd

in the

making of cheese.

Then were they

also took
."3.

all

of good cheer, and they

;

CHEE'SE-RENNET,

Gay.
plant,

ladies

buking.

CHECKLESS,
or restrained.

That caimot be checked,

n.

Blirth

some meat. Arts xx\ii. gayety jollity as at a

;

bed-straw, Galium verum.

feast.

CHEESE-VAT,
a.

n.

The

vat or case in
for pressing. Glanville.

CHECK'-MATE,
moth, to
1.

[See Check. Mate is from the root of the Sp. and Port, malar Ar. Ch. Syr. Heb. Eth. Sam. ma to kill.
die, to kill.]

The movement on game of che.ss that

or hinders

them

a chess board or in the kills the opposite men, from moving, so that the
Spenser.

game
2.

is
;

finished.

Defeat

overthrow.
v.
I.

CHECK'-MATE, CHECK' Y, In
7!.

SktUon. /icrnWn/, a border that has more than two rows of checkers, or when the bordure or shield is checkered, like a chess-board. Bailey. Encyc. CHEEK, n. [Sax. ccac, ceoca ; D. kaak ; tiiis is probably the same word as jau; Fr. joue. Arm. gaved, javed, connected with jftoga, chaguein, to chaw, or chew, for the words chin, cheek and jaw, are confounded, the same word which, in one dialect, signifies the cheek, in another, signifies the jaw. Genu in Latin is the Enghsh chin.]
finish.

To

CHEE'SY, Having the nature, quahties, taste or form of cheese. 77. tropical insect that enters Irving. CHEG'OE, the skin of the feet and multiplies incrediG. Air of countoiance, noting a greater or less degree of cheerfulness. blv, causing an itching. E?tcyc. HEI'ROPTER, 71. [Gr. ;t^eip, the hand, and His words their drooping cheer .Wilton. rtripov, wing.] Enlightened. CHEE'RED, pp. Enhvened ; animated An animal whose anterior toes are connected by a membrane, and whose feet thus made glad. sei-ve for wings, as the bat. Lunier. CHEE'RliIR, 77. One who cheers he or that

Invitation to gayety. Shak. Entertainment ; that which makes cheerfid ; provisions for a feast. Shak. Tlie table was loaded with good cheer.

which curds are confined

which glaildens. Thou chcerer of our

Prime cheerer,
light.

CHEL

IDON,

71.

[Gr.]
a.

brown

fly

wuh

days.

IVotion.

silvery wings.

Thomson. CHEERFUL, Lively; ainmated having good spirits moderately joyful. This is the most usual signification of the word, expressing a degreeof animation less than niiith and jollity. Full of life gay animated ; mirthful musical as the cheerfxd birds. 3. p]xpressive of good spuits or joy; lively animated.
a.
;
;

HELIF'EROUS,
L./ero, to bear.]

[Gr. a^^?, a claw, and Fm'nished with claws,

as an animal.

CHEL'IFORM,
form.]

a. [L. chela,a. claw, H.-Lving the form of a claw. n.

and

CilELMSFORblTE,

mineral arranged as a subspecies of schaalstein found in Chelmsford, Massachusetts.

;

Cleaveland.

CHELO'NIAN,

a.

[Gr. x^^v^ xf^^^n^ a tor-

CHE
CHEMICAL. [See CkimiatL] CHEMICALLY. [Sec Chimicatly.] Ir. CHEMiSE, [Fr. chemise
li.
;

CHE
Encyc. Cornus, a small,

CHE
and the learned are not agreed ou the
sig-

Also, the Prunus padus. loise.] Pertaining to or ilesignating aniCornelian cherry, is the fruit of the mals of the tortoise kind. cornel-tree or dogwood. It is CHEL'Y, n. [L. chela. Gr. xi^, a claw.] The clawof Hshell-lish. Broten. acid, cherry-like, eatable berry.

uification.]

caimis

Sp. camisa
kaniitzon
;

It.

Dwarf cherry, isthc fruit of a species of Lonicera, or honey-suckle. caimse, HoUentot'chcrry, is the fruit of a species of Tlie fruit is atrispermous berry Cassiiie. camicia ; Ar.
If'inter-r.herry, is

O^f-.*'
1.

Anili. id.]

H.

A sliift, or iHidcr garment worn by females. A wall that lines the face of any work of
eartli.

of a dark purple color. a name of the fruit of the It is a Physalis, a genus of many species. berry of the size of a small cherry, inclosed in an iiiHated, bladder-like caly.v. This name is also given to a species of Solanum.

figure composed of various creature?, as a man, an ox, an eagle or a lion. Tiiu first mention of cherubs is in Gen. iii. 2-1, where the figure is not described, but their office was, with a flaming sword, to keep or guard the way of the tree of life. The two cherubs which Moses was cotnraanded to make at the ends of the Mercy seat, were to be of beaten work of gold and their wings were to extend over the Mer;

Baiteij.

CHEMIST.
CHER'IFF,

CHEMISTRY. [See Chlmistry.] CHEQUER. [Sec Checker.]

Moliammcdans. I. ClIER'ISH, [Fr.
11.

[See Chimist.]

written also Sheriff. The i. prince of Mecca; a high priest among the
cherir
;

Fam. of Plants. a. Like a red cherry in color ruddy, blooming; as a cherry hp; checks. cherry CHER'RY, n. A cordial composed of cher-

CHER'RY,
red,

ry juice and spirit, sweetened, and diluted. The wild cherry is inost generally used

cy seat, their faces towards each other, and between them was the residence of the Deity. Ex. xxv. The cherub.s, in Ezekiel's vision, had each four heads or faces, the hands of a man and wings. The four faces w ere, the face of a bull, that of a man, that of a lion, and that ol' an eagle. They had the likeness of a man.
E/.ek. iv.

and

.x.

Arm.

from
1.

F'r. clier,

(U'ar

W.

cherifza;
;

aV,

bounty

dr-

days

See Caress.] To treat with tenderness and affection ; to give warmth, ease or comf .rt to. We were geiillc among you, even as a nurse 1 Thess. ii. cherisheth Iter children. nie damsel was fair anil cherished the king
iaw, to pity, to cherish.
1

for this purpose, being steeped for some in spirit, which extracts the juice of the fruit ; the tincture is then sweetened and diluted to the taste. This cordial is

Psalm

-wiii.,

In 2 Sam. xxii. 11. and Jehovah is represented as

riding on a cherub, and flying on l]u: wings of the wind. In the celestial hierarchy, cherubs are represented as spirits next in

moderately bitter and astringent. sometimes made of the mazzard.

It

is

CHER RY-CHEEKRD,
cheiiks.

a.

Having ruddy
CoKgrere.

To hold as dear ; to embrace with aflec tion ; to foster, ami cnciiurag'e as, to chcr ish the principles of virtue ; to cherish rcli gion in the heart. in a manner to 3. To treat encourage
2.
;

Kings

i.

CHER'RY-PIT,

n.

A
?i.

child's play, in

which
Shak.

cherry stones are thrown into a

liole.

CHER'RY-TREE,
cherries, in the

tree

whose

fruit is

growth, by protection, aid, attendance, or supplying ninuishnient as, to cherish ten

;

4.

der plants. To harbor;

the

to

mind

as,

indulge and encourage in to cherish ill \\\l\, or any cvi'

pp.
;

more appropriate sense of the word. The name is mostly given to the common cultivated trees, and to th,at which produces the black wild cherry. The wood of the latter is valued for cabinet work.
[Gr. xifcovrisor, xif^os., land or uncultivated land, and j'jjaot, an
isle.]

order to seraphs. The hieroglyphicaland emblematical figures embroidered on the vails of the tabernacle are called cherubs of curious or skilful work. Ex. xxvi. CHERUBIC, ) [The accent is usually CHERUBIC,^"' laid on the second syllable, but imiaoperly.] Sheldon. Pertaining to cherubs angelic. CHERUBIM, n. The Hebrew plural of
;

cherub.

\^
a.

CHER'UBIN,

Cherubic; angelic.
Shak.

CHER'SONESE,

n.

CHER'UBIN, n. A cherub. Dryden. CHER'UP, a corruption of chirp, which see. CHER'VIL, [Sax. cerfille, a contraction
Ji.

])assion.

CHERISHED,
ness
;

of L. cha:rophyllum

Gr. xo-^pi^Mav, ;^oipu

Treated with tender;

warmed comforted CHER'ISIIER, n. One who

encouragc'r
;
;

fostered.

cherishea
;

an

a supporter.
/);;/.
;

CHERISHING,
CHER'ISHING,
nient.

Warming
fostering

comforttreating

ing encouraging with affection.

n.

Support; encourage
n.

CHERISHMENT,
coinfort.

Encouragement;
Speser.

CHERMES.
CHER'RY,

[.Vb( used.]

[See Kermes.]

[Fr. ceme ; L. cerasus ; It. cirlegia ; Port, cereja ; 8p. cereza ; trcresen ; D. knrs, or krick ; G. kirsche ; Sw. kirsbnr ; Dan. kirsebwr ; so nametl, it
n.

peninsula; a tract of land of any indefinite extent, which is nearly surrounded by water, hut united to a larger tract by a neck of land or isthmus as the Cimhric Chersonese or Jutland; the Tauric Cher sonrse, or Crimea. CHERT, )!. In mineralogy, a subspecies of rhomboidal quartz called also hornstone It is less hard petrosilex or rock flint. than common quartz; its fracture usually dull and splintery, sometimes more or It is more or less trans less conchoidal.
;

and i^>.>.oi', leaf.] gemis of jilants, two species of which are cow-weed. CHES'APEAK, n. A bay of the U. States, whose entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia, and whicli extends northerly into Maryland 270 miles. It receives the waters of the Susquehannah, Potoinack, Rappahannock, York, and

to rejoice,

called

James

Rivers.
n.

CHES'IBLE,

[Old Fr. casuble.]

A short

Arm

said, from Cerasus, a city in Pontus, near the Euxine, whence the tree was im
is

ported into Italy.]

Tlie fruit of a tree, a species of Primus, of which there are many varieties, as the red or garden cherry, the red heart, the white heart, the black cherry, the black The fruit is a heart, and several others. It is related that |iulp inclosing a kernel.

The success sixty four stpiares or houses. especially metallic, in primitive of the game depends almost entirely on mountains. Jameson. Cleaveland. Each gamester has eight dignified skill. Chert is also applied to other minerals besides hornstone. Aikin calls a variety pieces, called a king, a queen, two bishof flint, _^i'ii/_i/fAt'rf, and the Derliyshire miops, two knights, and two rooks or castles also eight pawns. The pieces of the pai'ners a|iply the term, blark chert, to a fusithis fruit was brought fiom Cerasus in ties are of different colors. ble mineral, whereas the hornstone above Encyc. Pontus to Italy, after the defeat of Mithridescribed is infusible. CHESS, II. [I do not find this word in any dates by Lnculhis, A R. (180., and introdu CHERT'Y, a. Like chert nor do I know its English Dictionary flinty. Pennant ced into England by the Romans, about CHERUB, n. plu. f/ifru6.s, but "the Hebrew 120 years afterwards, A. D. 5.5. plural cherubim is also used. [Heb. 2n3 In Persian, origin or affinities. L,ii Barbadoes chern/, is tlic gciuis Malpighia, kerub. In Cii. and Syr. the correspondof several species. The berries are red, chas or gas, signifies evil, depraved, and ing verb signifies to i)low and the word is said to signify cherry-shaped, acid and eatable. or a useless weed.] properly any image Bird cherry, is a species of Prunus, tlie comfigure if so, it may have been named In New England, that weed which grows mon laurel or lauro-cerasv.s. Lee. from engraving. But this is uncertain. among wheat, and is supposed to be wheat
veins,
; ; ;
;

vestment without sleeves, worn by a poBale. ])ish ])riest at mass. lucent, sometimes at the edges, and some CHES'LIP, n. A small vermin that lies under stones and tiles. Skinner. times the whole mass, if thin, has the of certain horns. It CHESS, n. [Fr. echecs. See Check.] An strong translucency colors are numerous and usually dull. It ingenious game performed by two para checkties with different pieces, on is usually amorphous, sometimes globuered board, that is, a board divided into It occurs often in lar, or in nodules.

Vol.

I.

36

CHE
as iJeseiieiateJ or cliangcd,
it

CHE
abounds
native of the North of Asia, and admired It is used for the beauty of its flowers. for shade and ornament, and its nuts are esteemed good food for horses. The scarlet-flowering horse-chestnut is a native of Carolina, Brazil and the East, and is ad

CHI
which
[

is

held in the

mouth at once

a cud.
;

most
This

ill

(irids
It
is

killed.

bears

fact

where tlie wheat is wintersome resemblance to oats. mentioned by Pliny, Nat. Hist.

CHEWED, pp.
ticated.

Vulgar.]

Ground by the

teeth

mas-

Primum omnium fiuLib. 18. Ca. 17. menti vitium avena est: et hordeum in eam degeiierat. This change of wheat and barley into oats, he ascribes to a moist bad seed, &c. This soil, wet weather, opinion coincides with observations in America, as wheat is most liable to perish in moist land, and often in such places, almost all the wheat is killed, and instead of it chess often appears. CHESS'-APPLE, n. A species of wild
service.

CHEW'ET,

n.

kind of

pie,

made with

chopped substances.

mired

tor its beauty.

The Indian
sutures.

Mesua, bears a

marked with

ppr. Grinding with the teeth ; Rose-chestnut, of the genus masticating ; rurmnating ; meditating ; nut, roundish, pointed and champing. four elevated longitudinal CHI'.'V, 7!. beautiful Mexican plant. A N, a. Pertaining to Chios, an isle in the Fani. oj' Plants.' Encyc.

CHEWING,
A

Hr

CIIES'TON,
alry.

n.

species of phmi.

Levant.

CHEV'ACHIE,

CHEVAL DE

CHESS'-BOARD,
game of
which

n.

The board used

in the

chess, and from the squares of chess has its name. (;UESS'-MAN, n. piece or puppet, for the

Johnson. Chian earth, a medicinal, dense, compact kind of earth, from Chios, used anciently expedition with cavChaucer. as an astringent, and a cosmetic. Encyc. FRifSE, generally used in the Chian turpentine, or Cyprus turjjentine, is procured tiom the Pistacia Terebinthus. jjlural, chevau.v de frise, jironounced shevo It is of the consistence of honey, clear and defreez. [Fr. citevnl, a horse, andyn'sf, any of a yellowish white. thing curled, rough, entangled the liorse of fiise, or frizzled horse. Hence called HIASTOLITE, n. [Gr. ;naro;, decussan.

An

[.'Vbt itsed.]

game of chess. ClIESS'-PLAYER,

also turnpike, tournvjuet.]

n.

chess; one skilled in the

CHESS'-TREE,

n. In ships, a piece

One who plays game of chess of wood

Bacon.
L. cista
; ;

1.

piece of timber traversed with

wooden

ted.]

spUies, pointed with iron, five or six feet long ; used to defend a passage, stop a

bolted perpendicularly on the side to con fine the clews of the main sail.

breach, or
cavalry.
2.

make

a retrenchment to stop

tnineral, called also made, whose crystals The are arranged in a peculiar manner. form of tlie crystals is a four-sided prisin, whose bases are rhombs, differing little

CIIESS'OM, 71. Mellow earth. i;HEST, n. [Sax. cest or cijst

;

W, CHEVALIE'R,

cist

; ;

Ir.

cisde kistu

; ;

Gr.

xi.;ri

G.

kiste

kind of trimming. n. [Fr.from

;

f/,ei;;,

a horse

kist

Sw.

Dan.

kiste.

See Chest-

{.
'i.

a.

other material, in which goods are kept or transported. It differs from a trunk in not being covered with skin or leather. The trunk of the body from tlie neck to the belly, the thorax. Hence, iroarf-cAf sia broail or narerf, narrow-chested, having

nut.]

Sp. caballcro. See Cavalry.] A kiiight a gallant young man. Shak. In heraldry, a horseman armed at a
points.
n.

A box of wood or

CHEV'EN,
the cludj.

[Fr. chevesne.]
71.

Encyc.
river fish,

from squares. But each crystal, when viewed at its e.xtremities, or on a transverse section, is obviously composed of different substances and its gentwo very eral as|)ect is that of a black prism, passing longitudinally through the axis of another The term made, prism which is whitish. as the name of a cUstinct species, appUes
;

to the whitish prisms only.

CHEV'ERIL,

row
-'5.

chest.

[Fr. chevreau, a kid, from chevre, a goat, L. caper, W. gavar. Arm. gavricq, gavr.] \ kid, or rather leather made of kid-skin; used as a noim or adjective. Shak.
v.
t.

CHIB'BAL,
of onion.

71.

[Fr. ciboule.]
[Fr. chicane
;

Cleaveland. small sort

Beaum.
71.

CHIA'NE,
cicanerez.

Arm.

Qu. Gr.
;

Stxaro;,

cican or a Sicilian, a
;

cheat.
1.

Limier.]

In commerce, a certain quantity; asac/iesi

;

CHEV'ERILIZE,
as kid-leather.

To make

as phab'e

of sugar; a chest of indigo itc. Chest of drawers is a case of movable boxes called drawers. f'HEST, V. t. To reposit in a chest to
;

Montagu.
n. s as z.

turn; trick; cavil an abuse In/oic, shift of judiciary proceedings, by artifices, unor idle objections, which tend to perplex a cause, puzzle the judge, or impose on a party, and thus to delay or
fair practices,

CHEV'ISANCE,
come
from
1.

[Fr. chevir, to to the end, to perform, to prevail,

literally the

CHEST'-FOUNDERING,

pervert justice. 2. In disputes, sophistry ; distinctions and Obs. subtleties, that tend to perplex the question horses, like the pleurisy or peripnenmony tcrprize accomplished. Spenser. and obscure the truth. Farrier's Diet. 2. In law, a making of contracts; a bargain. Locke. in the human body. 3. Any artifice or stratagem. Stat. 13 Eliz. 7. Prior. ("HEST'NUT, i. [Sax. ci/s(e/, and the tree 21 CHIA'NE, V. i. [Fr. chicaner.] To use in Sax. is eystbeam or ei/stenheam ; L. eas 3. An unlawful agreetnent or contract. nut ; Fr. chataigne ; cavils or artifices. James. 17. shifts, tanea, the tree and the Arm. gistenen, or gesfenen ; W. castan 4. An agreement or composition, as an end CHICA'NER, 7!. [Fr. chicaneur.] One who uses shifts, turns, evasions or undue artifior order set down between a creditor and Sp. castena; Port. cas(an/ia ; h.castagna his debtor. G. kastanie ; Sw. Dan. kastanie ; from ces, in litigation or disputes; a caviller; a Enci/e. n. [Fr. a rafter; W.ceber; Arm. Locke. Welsh cast, envelopment, the root of castle, sophister; an unfair disputant. from separating, defending ; so named from OHlCA'NERY, )!. [Fr. chicanerie.] Sophgebr.] In herald)-y, an honorable ordinary, repreits shell or cover.] istry ; mean or untiiir artifices to perplex a cause and obscure the truth. The fruit, seed or nut of a tree belonging to senting two rafters of a house meeting at the top. the genus Fagus. It is inclosed in a prick Bailey. CHICH'ES, n. plu. Dwarf peas. > A vetch or pea, which contains two or more CHEV'RONED, a. Having a chevron, or CHICH'LING, ly pericarp, " B. Jonson. CHICKLING-VETCH, I of the genus the form of it. seeds. n. Lathyrus, used in Germany for food, but (.'HEST'NUT, a. Being of the color of a [from Fr. chevre, a inferior to otiier kinds. The smallest of the antelojje kind. Miller. chestnut; of a brown color. It is perhaps oat.] a noun. D. /. [Hiix. ceowan ; D.kaamven; G. rarely used as CHICK, ('. i. To sprout, as seed in the n. The tree which kauen. See Chaiv.] round to vegetate. Todd. produces the chestnut. This tree grow; 1. To bite and grind with the teeth ; to mas- CHICK, ? [Sax. cicen ; D. kuiken ; to a great size, with spreading branches. ticate, as food, to prepare it for deglutiG. kiXchkin. Q,u. Russ. CHICK'EN, S tion and digestion. It is one of the most valuable timber trees, chikayu, to leop.] as the wood is very durable, and forms in 'i. To ruminate in the thoughts; to meditate 1. The young of lowls, particularly of the Shak. America the principal timber lor fencing as, to chew revenge. domestic ben, or gallinaceous fowls. The timber is also used in building, and 3. To champ to bite, hold or roll about in 2. A person of tender years. the mouth ; as, to cheio tobacco. for vessels of various kinds. 3. word of tenderness. Shak. Dwarf-chestnut, or chinkapin, is another spe 4. To taste, without swallowing. a. Timid; fearcies of To to ruminate. I', i.
n.

hoard.

Johnson. disease in

chef, the head, Chief and Achieve.]

end. See

Achievement; deed; performance; cn-

CHEVRON,

CHEVROTATN,

CHEW,

CHESTNUT-TREE,

"

Fagus.

CHEW,
Oi'.l

champ upon
is

A CHICKEN-HEARTED,
ful
;

Horse-chestnut,
)us.

The

a tree of the genus ^Escu common tree of this sort is al

is

politicians

chew on wisdom

past.

Pope.
that

cowardly.
7!.

CHEW,

n.

That which

chewed;

CHICK'EN-POX,

mild contagious

C H
children.

I
.\

CHI
whisperer separateth chief friends.
;

C
Prov

H
[chUl,

I
Sax.
cete,

eruptive disease, generally appearing in

CIIIL'BLAIN,

n.

cold,

auJ

xvi.

CHICK'LING, n. A small eliick or cliicken. CHIEF, n. A commander the CniCK'-PEA, n. [L.cicer; G.kicher; Sp. military commander
;

jiarticularly a

person

who

blain.]

plant or p(Mi, constitiiling the genus Cioer a native of Spain, where it is uavA in olios.j It is snialli'i' iliaii the cornninn pea. CllICK'-WKKI), n. A plant of the genus
;

chicharu.]

heads an army e(]uivalent to the modern terms, connnander or general in chief, captain general, or generalissimo. 1 Cli.
;

a tumor produced by cold affecting the bands and feet, accompanied with inflannuation, pain, and sometimes
;

hiain or sore

ulceration.

CHILD,

)i.

plu.

children.

Encyc. [Sax. cild ; in

xi.

2.

The

principal person of a tribe, family, or

Jllsine, wliii'li iii(hi<les chick-weed, willi

common
in pairs,

many

species.

The

congregation, &c.

Num.

iii.

Job xxix
1.

afl'ords a remarkalile instance

white blossoms, of the sleep

Math. XX.
3.

of plants;

for, at night, the leaves approach and inclose the tender rudiment.-

leaves are cooling and nutritive, and are di'cUHMl excel lent food for persons of a I'onsmnptive habit. They are deemed useful also for swelled breasts. IViseman. Encyc.

of the young shoots.

The

In chief, in English law-, 7i capile. To bold land j'n cltief into bold it directly from the king by honorable ])ersonal services. Blarkstone.

Dan. kiild is jirogeny, kulde is coldness, and kider is to blow strong. Child is undoubtedly issue, that which is produced.] A son or a daughter a male or female
;

descendant, in the first degree the immediate progeny of ]>arents; applied to the
;

human

race,

and
;

4.

In heraldr)), chief signifies the head or upper part of the escutcheon, from side to In chief side, representing a man's bead. imports something borne in this part. Encyc.
In Spenser,
like
as,
it

young. liom their birth

The lurm

chiefly to a person w hen is applied to infants

lilDK,

J). /. prel. chid, [chode. is obs.] part chid, chidden. [Sax. cirfiK, cA?rfH, to chide, to scold ; \V. cuzi, to chide, to press, to
;

.5.

seems

to signify

but the tinii- when they cease ordinarily to be so called, is not defme<l by custom. In strictness, a child is the shoot, issue or jiroduce of the parent.^, and a |>erson of any age, in respect to the
parents,
is

something
;

a child.

Straiten;

Cli.

DDp,

to scold,

to brawl,

to

achievement, a mark of distinction chaplets wrought with a chief.

An

infant.

Qu. W. end, a battle.] Literally, 6. This word is often fight. used, in the singular to scold ; to clamor ; to utter noisy words ; nund)er, to express a ]durality. that is, to drive. Hence, I took the chief of your tribes, wise men and 1. To scold at; to reprove; to interwords known, and made them heads over you. Deut. in anger, or by way of disapjirobation ; to i. 15. rebuke ; as, to chide one fir his faults. Tliesc were the chief of (he officers, that were over Solomon's work. 1 9. To blame ; to reproach ; as, to chide Kings 9.
folly

Johnson

Hagar cast the child under one of the shrubs. Gen. xxi. It signifies also a person of more advan-

ced years.
Jephtha's daughter was his only child. Judges
xi.

The
Is.
iii.

child

shall

behave

himself proudly.-

Tu

or negligence. chide from or chide nway,

V.
i.

is to

drive

away

In these phrases, chief may have been primarily an adjective, that is, chief men,

by scolding or reproof

CHIDE,
fault
;

To

scold

to

clamor;
;

to find 7.

to contend in

words of anger somewithMoses.

Ex.
xvii.

times followed by
Tlic pooplc
2.
3.

loith.

(lid chiile

To quarrel. To make a
noise
;

Shal,:

rough, clamorous, roaring as the chiding flood. Shak.

n.

CHIUE,

Miniuur; gentle
n.

noise.

Thomson.

chiefpersons. The i)rinci])al part ; the most or largest not legitimate. 2. One weak in knowledge, experience, judgpart, of one thing or of many. The people took of the spoil, sheep and oxen, ment or attainments ; as, he is a mere the chief of \he things which should have been child. 1 Sam. xv. utterly destroyed. Behold, I carmot speak, for I am a child. Jcr. i. He smote the chief of their strength. Ps. 3. One young in grace. Ixviii. I John ii. The chief of tlie debt remains unpaid. One who is humble and docile. Math, xviii. CHIEF, adv. Chiefly.

curse will be on those who corrupt (he morals of their f/iiWren. J. Clarke. The application of child to a female in opposition to a male, as in Shakspeare, is

CIII'DER,

One who
Ji.

chides, clamors, re-

CHIE'FAgE,

proves or relnikes.

ClII'DEKESS,
[A'o^ iised.]

female

who

chides.

CHE'VA()E, \ CIIIE'FDOM, n.

^ "

tribute

by the head.
Chambers.
1.
iv.

One who

is

unfixed

in principles.

Eph.

Ohs.

CHI'DING,
buking
noise.
;

making a harsh or continued CHIE'FLY, first

in the
It

ppr.

Chaucer. Scolding; clamoring; re-

CHIE'FLESS,

a.

Sovereigntv. Spenser. Without a chief or leader.

Principally;

adv.

Pope. eminently;

5.

One who is born again, spiritually renewed and adopted as a child of God. One who is the product of another or
; ;

whose
Thou

principles

and morals are the proActs

xiii.

CHI'DING,
rebuke
;

n.

scolding or clamoring;

place. chiefly concerns us to obey the divine pre-

duct of another.
child of the devil.
is

re|)roof.

cepts.

That which

the product or effect of

CHI'DINGLY,

something else. part. This noble passion, child of integrity. Shak. ving maimer. In the parts of the kingdom where the estates of the dissenters chiefly lay. CHIEF, a. [Fr. chef, the head, that is, the Swift. 6. In the plural, the descendants of a man Norm, chief; Sp. top or highest point small rent paid to the however remote; as the children of lsrae\ ; CIIIE'FRIE, n. Ir. ceap ; It. It is e\ idently ; xefe capo. lord ])aramount. the children of Edom. Spetiser's Ireland. from the same root as the L. caput, Gr. CHIE'FTAIN, !. [from chief. Norm, cheven- 7. The inhabitants of a country ; as the chilxifa^Tj, and Eng. cape, but through thf dren of Seir. 2 Chron. xxv. teins, formed like captain, capitaine.] Celtic, probably from shooting, extendleader or commander; a chief; To be unth child, to be pregnant. Gen. xvi. captain, ing.] II. xix. 36. the head of a troop, army or clan. It is 1. Highest in oflice or rank ; principal most commonly used in the latter sense. CHILD, f. i. To bring children. [JVot used.] as a chief priest; the cAie/ butler. Gen. Shak. The chieftains of the Highland clans in xl. 9. a. or ppr. [See Bear.] were the piincipal noblemen and Scotland, Among the chief rulers, many believed on children. Bearing or
;

adv. In a scolding or repro- 2.

For the most

CHILD-BEARING,

him.

John

xii.

gentlemen.

Encyc.

producing

2. Princi])al or
;

most eminent, in any quality or action most distinguished having most influence commanding most res most valuable taking the lead pect most important; a word of extensive use;
; ; ; ;

CHIE'FTAINRY, CHIE'FTAINSHIP,
ernment over

Headship;

captaincy; the gov-

CHILD-BEARING,

n.

The
ami

act of produ-

a clan.

cing or bringing forth children; parturition. Milton. Addison.

Johnson.

Smollett.

CHILDBED,
of a

n.

CHIE'VANCE,
An
Chevisance.]

Ji.

[Norm,
;

chivisance.
in

See

w Oman

[child

bed.]

The

state

bringing forth a child or being

as a country chief in arms. The h;ind of the princes and chief in this tresp.iss. Ezra ix.
Agriculture
is

rulers

hath been

unlawful bargain
is

traflSck

which
Bacon.*

CHILDBIRTH,
CIIILDED,
[JVol used.]
a.

in labor: parturition. n. [child

and
;

hiiih.]

The
;

monev

extorted.

Obs.
t..

the cAif/ employment of men.

;

CHIEVEorCHIVE,
Achieve.]
to succeed.

To come
Obs.

See [Fr. chevir. to au end ; to issue ;

J.

act of bringing forth a child travail labor: as the pains of cAiWiiXA. Taylor.

Furnished

8. First in affection

most dear and

familiar.

Chaucer.

with a child. Shak,

CHI
CHILD'ERMAS DAY,
day-] All anniversary
n.
[child,

C
mass and

I
animal body;
chil- 0.

CHI
To jingle
V.
;

of the church of England, held on the 28th of Decemhcr, in commemoration of the children of Bethlehem slain by Herod called also Innocents' Day. Encyc. Bailey. CHILD'HQOD, n. [Sax. cildhad. See
;

sensation of cold in an liness. [See Cold and A moderate degree of any body that which of cold.
;

to clatter.

Smith.
ringe and chimbe.

Heat.] cold ; chilliness in gives the sensation

Tlie sely tonge

may wel

Chaucer.

CHIME,
sound
2.

t.

To move,

strike, or

cause to

in

CHILL,
to
2.

a.

cause

srfiivering

Cool; moderately cold; tending as the chill vapors of

;

To

harmony.

strike or cause to sound, as a

)!.

Dryden. set of

bells.

night.

CHIME,

1.

of a child, or the time in which persons are children, including the time Irom birtli to puberty. But in a more res tricted sense, the state or time from infancy Thus we say, infancy, childto puberty. hood, youth and manhood. Childhood ami youth are vanity. Eccl. xi. 2. Tlie properties of a child. Dnjden. CHILDING, ;);)(. [The verb /o c/i/M is not now used.] Bearing children producing .drbuthnot as childing women.

Hood.]

The

state

3.

Shivering with cold. Rowe. My chill veins freeze with despair. not warm, dull Cool distant formal animated or affectionate as a chill recep; ; ;
;

[D. kim ; G. kimme, edge, brim.] The edge or brim of a cask or tub, formed by the enils of the staves.
;

CHI'MER, n. One who chimes. HIME'RA, n. [L: chimara Gr.

a;'i"o"P>

tion.
4.

Depressed
couraged.
V.
t.

dispu-ited

dejected

goat, a monstrous beast.] dis- 1. In fabulotts history, a monster with three liead.s, that of a lion, of a goat, and of a

CHILL,
in"-

To

cause a shivering, or shrink;

of the skin to check circulation or motion as, to chill the blood, or the veins.
;

The
the
cold.
3.

force of this

word lies in expressing shivering and shrinking caused by

dragon, vomiting flames. The foreparts of the body were those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a dragon supposed
;

CHILDISH,
fling
;

a.

Belonging
a

to

a child

tri

puerile.
I

When
things.
2.

became
Cor.

man,

put away chlhli.sh 3.

cold, or cool; as, the evening air chills the earth. To blast with cold to check the circula;

To make

mountain in Lycia, the to)) was the resort of lions, middle, that of goats, and the foot, that of
to represent a volcanic

whose

serpents.

Hence,
;

xiii.
;

Pertaining to a child

as childish years or
4.
;

tion in plants,

and stop
life

their

growth.
;

age ; childish sports. 3. Pertaining to children weak as childish fear.

;

ignorant;

silly

CHILDISHLY,
child
ish
;

adv.

in a trifling

In the way in a
;

manner.

CHILDISHNESS,
rihty,

gayety manner of a Made cool weak or fool- CHILLED,;*/). er dejected. CHIL'Li, 71. A Mexican
;

To check motion, to discourage as, to to deject press of the spirits. chill the Rogers.
; ; ; ;

Blackmorc, or action to de-

In modern usage, a vain or idle fancy a creature of the imagination, composed of contradictions or absurdities, that can have no existence except in thought.

Encyc.

CHIMERICAL, a.
ciful
;
;

Merely imaginary

fan-

made
plant,

to shiv-

ceived

fantastic ; wildly or vainly conthat lias, or can have no existence

in

Guinea

except

thought.
adv.

as the 3. A moderate degree of coldness weakness of intellect. chilliness of the air, which tends to c CHILDLESS, a. DestitiUe of children or a shivering. I Sam. xv. .33. ofFs])ring. CHILL'ING, ppr. Cooling ; causing to CHILDLIKf;, . Resembling a child or shiver. that which belongs to children becoming CHILL'NESS, n. Coolness coldness a child; meek; submissive; dutiful; as shivering. childlike obedience. CHILL'Y, a. Cool; moderately cold, such as a chilly day, CHILDLY, a. Like a child. as to cause shivering CHIL'DREN, n. phi. of child. night, or air. CIHL'I.AD, n. [Gr. x'^>-m,t\om ;t:aia, a thou CHIL'OGRAM. [See Kilogram.]
; ;
; ;

n. Triflingness, puethe state or quahties of a child, in reference to manners. But in reference to tlie mind, simplicity, harmlessness,

CHILLINESS, n. A sensation of shivering

rigors.

pepper.

CMIMER'ICALLY,
fancifiilly
;

Wildly; vainly;

fantastically.
a.
;

CHIMTCAL,
ing
tion.

to

[See Chimistry.] Pertainchimistry as a chimical opera-

Resulting from the operation of the principles of bodies by decomposition, combination, &c. ; as chimical changes. 3. According to the principles of chimistry ^

CHIM'lCALLY,
ical

as a chimical combination. adv. According to chimprinciples operation.

;

by chimical process or

chemin ; Sp. camino, a way.] [See Chime.] [Chaucer, chimbe Dan. kiiner, In law, a toll for passage through a forest. Cou'cl. Bailey. to toll a bell L. cam to tinkle, to tingle, Holder. It. CHI'MING, Causing to ppr. [from chime] pana, a bell, from its sound, whence 3. The period of a thousand years. Encyc. chime sounding in accordance. .^rampanare, to chime.] rHIL'L\GON, n. [Gr. ;^aia, a thousand, 1. The consonant or harmonic sounds of CHIM'IST, n. A person versed in chimisa yirofessor of chimistry. instrmnents. trv and yui'ia, a corner.] several correspondent Instriunents tliat made melodious chime A plain figure of a thousand angles and CHiM'ISTRY, )!. [Fr. chimie ; Sp. chimia : Milton. The orthography It. and Port, chimica. Math. Did. sides. sound. of this word has undergone changes CHILIAHE'DRON, n. [Gr. x^^m, a thou 2. Correspondence ofthe chime. Love harmonized Dryden. and iSpa, a base.] through a mere ignorance of its origin, sand, 3. The musical sounds of hells, struck witl can be more obvious. than which nothing A figure of a thousand equal sides. Shak. hammers. It is the Arabic HIL'IARH, n. [Gr. ;;^aia, a thousand, and 4. La^a^Ss kimia, the Correspondence of proportion or relation. afxoi, a chief.] Grew. a thouThe military commander or chief of occult art or science, from 5. A kind of periodical music, or tune of a (S sand men. an apparatus annexed kamai, to conceal. This was originally CHIL'IARCHY, n. A body consisting of a clock, produced by to it. the art or science now called alchimy the thousand men. Milford. 6. A set of bells which chime, or ring in art of converting baser metals into gold. CHIL'IAST, n. [Supra.] One of the sect of larmony. The order of Diocletian, ilirecting search Millenarians. CHIME, V. i. To sound in consonance or to be made for books treating of the wonCHILIF ACTIVE. [See Chylifaclive.] larniony to accord. derful art of making gold and silver, and HlLIOL'ITER. [See Kilotiter.] To make the rough recital apUy chime. all that should be found to be committed Prior. HILIOM'ETER. [See Kilometer.] to the flames, proves the origin of this art To correspond in relation or propnition. CHILL, n. [Sax. cele, cyle, cyl, cf>ld celati, to be as remote as the close of the third correlaallied to Fr. husband and to be cold D. Ml and

CHIM'INAgE,

n. [Fr.

sand.]

1.

thousand a collection or sum, containing a thousand individuals or particulars.

;

CniMB, CHIME,

n.

71.

geler,

Father

son,

wife,

1.

L. gelo, gelidus. See Cold, which appears to be radically the same word. The word cele in Saxon is a noun.] A shivering with cold rigors, as in an the cold fit that precedes a fever ague
; ;

tive terms,

3.

To agree He often

Locke. do readily chime. to fall in with. chimed in with the discourse.

;

century, and it was probably somewhat It is not imearlier. Gibbon, Ch. 13.

.Jrbvthnot.
4.

To

agree

to suit with.

Locke.

probable that this art was used in counThe common orthograterfeiting coins. phy is from x^<->, to melt or fuse the old
;

CHI
onhograpliy was from
iliftereiilly
;tru,

CHI
the

C H
common
Eng.

same word,
no
fouii-

CHIMNEY-MONEY,

written

both

liaviiifj

datinn, but a

random

guess.

If lexicog-

contented ra])liers and writers liad been to take the ortliogra])hy of the nations in the south of Eurupf^, where the origin of
tlie

word was doubtless understood, and

through wlioiii tlic word was introduced England, the orthography would have been sealed, uinform, and corresponding
into

Chimistry

exactly with the pronunciation.] is a science, the object of which is to discover the nature and properties of all bodies by analysis and synthesis.

Maequer.
Chimistry
ies.
is that science which explains the intimate nmtual action of all natural bod-

Sax. cina, or cinu, a fissure.] small aperture lengthwise a cleft, rent, or fissure, of greater length than breadth ; CHIM'NEY-I'IECE,i. An ornamental piece a gap or crack of wood or stone set round a fire-place. as the cliinks of a wall. Barret, CIIIM'NEY-SVVEEPEK, n. One whose oc- CHINK, V. i. To crack to open. cupation is to sweep and scrape chimneys, CHINK, i'.i. To open or part and form a to lean tliem of the soot that adheres to fissure. their sides. CHINK, V. t. [See Jingle.] To cause to CHIMPAN'ZEE, n. An animal of the ape sound by shaking coins or small pieces of metal, or by bringing small sonorous bodkind, a variety of the ourang-outang. ies in collision Diet. .Vat. Hilt. as, to chink a purse of It is now considered a distinct sjiecics. money. Pope. Cuvier. CHINK, V. i. To make a small sharp sound, as by the collision of little pieces of money, or other sonorous bodies. CHIN, n. [Sax. cinne ; Pers. I -, D. Jlrhuthnot.
n.

Hearth-money, a duty paid for each cliimney in a house.

root of these words.

;

Fourcroy. Analysis or decomposition, and synthesis or combination, are the two metliods wliich uses to accomplish its purposes. chimistry

kin ; G. kinn ; Dan. kind, the cheek Sw. kind ; L. gena ; Gr. ytn>(. The sense is probably an edge or side, and allied to
;

CHINKAPIN,

chine.]

The lower extremity of the face below the gaping opening in narrow clefts. Fourcroy. Hooper. mouth; the point of the under jaw. Dryden. be defined, the science which CllI'NA, n. A species of earthern ware made in China, and so called from the CHIN'NED, a. Having a long chin. the composition of material investigates Kersey. substances, and the permanent changes of comitry called also chiiia ware and porceV. t. In naval affairs, to thrust CHINSE, lain. constitution which their mutual actions [See Porcelain.] oakum into the seams or chinks of a ship Ure. CHl'NA-ORANGE, n. The sweet orange, produce. with a chisel or point of a knife, as a teirisaid to ha%e been originally brought liom Cliimistry may he defined, that science, the Mar. Did. jiorary expedient for calking. China. object of wliich is to discover and explain n. [D. chits; G. -i7z; Sans, ehect ; the changes of composition that occur CHINA-ROOT, n. The root of a species CHINTS, Hindoo, cheent ; Per. chinz, spotted, stainSmilax, brought from the East Indies, of among the integrant and constituent parts ed.] a ]ialc reddish color, with no smell, and of ditferent bodies. Henry. Cotton cloth, jirinted with more than two very little taste. Chimistry is the science which treats of colors. those events and changes in natural bod- CHINCH, n. [Qu. It. rimice, L. cimex, corCHIOPPiNE, n. [Sp. chapin; Port, chapim. ies, which are not accompanied bj' sensirupted.] It is said lo be of Araliian origin. It canble motions. Thomson. A genus of insects, resembling the feathernot be the L. crepis, Gr. xfjijntj, unless wing moths. These insects live in th(! Chimistry is justly considered as a science, a letter has been lost.] flowers of ))lants, and wander from flower but the practical operations may be deA high shoe, Ibrmerly worn by ladies. to flower, but prefer those wliich are nominated an art. Shak. sweetest.
;

n. The dwarf chestnut, Fagus pnmila, a tree that rises eight or ten feet, with a branching shrubby stem, producing a nut. CHINK'Y, a. Full of chinks, or fissures;

Chimistry

may

CIIIM'NEY,
;

n. plu.

MC Arm. ciminal,

rhimneys.

[Fr. chemi-

Diet. jVat. Hist.

or clieminal ; G. kamin ; Corn, chimbla; h: simileur ; S\>. chimenea ; Cli. It. cammino ; L. caminus : rnp Ar. s Russ. kamin. It C!r. xaaaoj A*i'
; '

CHIN'-COUGH,

n. [D. kink-hoest, from kink, a twist or bend, and hoest, a cough G. keichhusten, from keichen, to pant. Qu.

CHIP, CHEAP, CHIPPING,

in the

names

of places, implj' a market: from Sax. ceapan, cypan, to buy or sell. [Sec Cheap.] CHIP, n. [from the root of chop. Fr. conpeau.]
1.

seems
1.

originally to

have been a furnace,

a stove, or a hearth.] In architecture, a body of brick or stone, erected in a building, containing a funnel or funnels, to convey smoke, and other volatile matter through the roof, from the hearth or fire-place, where fuel is burnt. This body of materials is sometimes called a stack of chimney.i, especially when it contains two or more funnels, or passages. the lower part of the body of 2. A fireplace brick or stone which confines and con;

in Pers. ^XiL chonah is a cough.] contagious disease, often epidemic among It increases for some weeks, is attended with a difficulty of breathing, and in its worst stage, with a degree of con-

for

children.

vulsion.

From
it is

coughing,

a particular noise made in 2. also called hooping cough.

;

A piece of wood or other substance, separated from a body by a cutting instrument, particularly by an ax. It is used also for a piece of stone separated by a chisel or other instrument, in hewing. A fragment or piece broken off; a small
piece.

I'. /. To cut into small pieces, oichips; to diminish by cutting awaj' a litto hew. tle at a tune, or in small pieces Shak. band of a sjilint wheel Russ. schina.] CHIP, V. i. To break or fly off in small pie1. The back-bone, or spine of an animal. ces, as in potter's ware. n. An ax for chipping. 2. A piece of the back-bone of an animal, CHIP-AX, Cut in chips, or small pieveys smoke. with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking. CHIP'PED, pp. ces hewed. CHIM'NEY-eORNER, n. The coiner of a 3. The chime of a cask, or the ridge formed CHIPPING, ppr. Cuttmg off in small piefire-])lace, or the space between the fire by the ends of the staves. and the sides of the fire-place. In the ces. Stat, of Pennsylvania. Northern States of America, fire-places V. t. To cut through the back- CHIPTING, n. A chip a piece cut off or were formerly made six or eight feet wide, CHINE,or into separated by a cutting or engraving instrubone, chine-pieces. and a stool was placed by or even more, ment ; a fragment. 2. The flying or breaking off in small pieces, the side of the fire, as a seat for children, CHI'NED, a. Pertaining to the back. Beaum. and this often furnished a comfortable sitof the edges of potter's ware, and porceAs fuel has become CHINE'SE, a. Pertaining to China. uation for idlers. lain. Encye. scarce, our fire-places are contracted, till CHINE'SE, n. sing, and ;;/. A native of| RIAL, a. [from chiragra, handChina also, the language of China. in many or most of our dwellings, we have gout, Gr. xt'Pt the hand, and oypo, sei-

CHINE,
chein.

n.
It

[Fr. echine
is

It.

schiena

Arm. CHIP,

may

man,

schiene

be allied to ctiin. In Gerthe shin, also a clout, a

is

and rad-schiene

the

HIRAG
zure.]

no chimney-corners.
2.

CHIN'GLE,
Shingle.]

n.

Gravel free from

dirt.

[See

In a more enlarged sense, the fire-side, or a place near the fire.

"

CHIM'NEY-HQOK,

CHINK,

n.

[This word

Donne. Having the gout

may be

a derivative

hook

for holding

pots and kettles over a

fire.

from the Saxon cinan, or ginian, geonan, to gape, to yaicn, Gr. x'^vu,; or from the

CHIRK,

ill the hand, or subject to that disease. Brown. a. churk. [Probably allied to chirp; D. drcken, obs. Chaucer uses the verb,

CHI
to chirk, in the sense of chh-p or chatter. The word is fouml in the Russ. chirkayu, It is in popular use in Newto rhirp.
; ;
;

CHI
CHIRUR'GEON,
and
fpyoi',
;
;

C
one

H L

n. [Gr. ;t(ip(jpyo5,

who

;tftp, the hand, work L. chiriirgus ; Fr.chinirBacon. Sp. cirujano ; Port, surgiam, or ci- 9. The qualifications of a knight, as valor and dexterity in arms. in a comShak. in good spirits rurgiam ; It. chirurgo ; Arm. surgyan.] A surgeon one whose profession is to heal 3. The system of knighthood the privileges, fortable state. characteristics or manners of knights ; diseases by manual operations, instruChaucer. CHIRK, V. i. To chirp. Obs. CHIRM, V. i. [Sax. cynnan.] To sing as a ments or external applications. [This ill- the ]>ractice of knight-errantry, or the heroic defense of life and honor. bird. sounding word is oljsolete, and it now Dryden. [JVot in use] CllI'ROGRAPH, ji. [Gr. ;s:fip, the hand, and ajipears in the form of surgeon, which see.] 4. An adventure or exploit, as of a knight.

operates with the hand,

a service formerly deemed more honorable than service in infantry.

called knights
;

England.] Lively cheerful

gien

ypa^u, to
1.

v\'rite.]

CHIRIIR'GERY,

71.

[Gr. xi'f"^V7'<^-

^ee

Sidney.
o.
(>.

now ments and external applications which was written chirograph, througl written surgery. which the parchment was cut, and one to surgeIt answered to HIRUR'Gl, } part given to each party. " Pertaining what is now called a churitr-purtij. Encijc. eHIRUR'GlCAL, ry, or to the art ofj so called from the njaiiner of en 'i. A fine, healing diseases and wounds by manual operations, instruments or external appligrossing, which is still retained in the cations. Ihm. chirographer's office in England. Having qualities useful in external applielllROG'RAPHER, n. [See Chirograph.]
in
; <,

Chirurgeon.] Anciently a deed, which, requiring a coun was engros.sed twice on the same That part of the medical art which consists in healing diseases and woimds by instrupiece of ])archment, with a space between,
terpart,

or order of knights. Shak. English taw, a tenin-e of lands by knight's service ; that is, by the condition of performing service on liorseback, or of lierforming .some noble or military service to his lord. This was general or general, when the tenant held special per servitium militare, without specification of the particular .service; special, when In
;

The body

the

He

that exercises or professes the art or In England, the ehibusiness of writing. rographer of fines is an oflicer in the common pleas, who engrosses fines ac

cations,
It is

now

for healing
n.

CHIS'EL,

diseases or injuries. written surgical. s as :. [Er. ciscau, a chisel

knowledged

in that coiu't,
?

and delivers the

Enc!/i

ciseler, to engrave; cel ; Heb. TIJ, Cli.

Arm.
DIJ,

gisell ; Sp. o"7ior NIJ, or Ar.

particidar service was designated. When the tenant held only of the king, the tenure was regal ; when he held of a common person, it was called common. Tliis service was also grand sergeantry, as when the tenant was boiunl to jjerform service to the king in his own person ; and petit
sergeantry,

indentures to the parties.

CHIROGRAPHIC,
lIIROGRAPH'IAL,

"'
\

Pertaining to chirographv.
tells for-

~,

chazza, to cut, hew, carve.

See

when he was boimd

to yield to

CHIROG'RAPHIST,
gitimate ivord.]

n.

One who

tunes by examining the hand.

[.Vo/ a leJlrbuthnot

Class Gs.] \n instrument of iron or steel, used in carpentry, joinery, cabinet work, masonry,

[See Chirograph.' The art of writing, or a writing with one's own hand. HIROLOG'lAL, a. Pertaining to chi
rology.

CHIROG'RAPHY,

n.

sculpture, &c., either for pariiii', hewingor gouging. Chisels are of ditierent sizes Court ofchii-alry, a com-t formerly and shapes, fitted for particular uses. fore the Lord High Constable

the king annually some small thing, as a sword or dagger. Chivalry that might be held of a common per.son, was called escuage, scutagium, or shield service. Blackstone.
held be-

CHIS'EL,
chisel.

1).

t.

grave with

cut, jiare, a chisel.

To

gouge, or en

and Earl Marshal of England, l]a\ing cognizance

eHlROL'OcilST,
and

>i.

[Gr. x",', the hand,

CHIS'ELEH, pp. Cut

or engraved with a

of contracts anil other matters relating to deeds of arms ami war. It had jurisdiction both of civil and criminal causes, but

^o^'Of, discourse.] CHIS'ELING, ppr. Cutting with a chisel. One who communicates thoughts by signs CHIS'LEU, n. [Heb. l'70D, from the Ar. made with the hands and finders. CHIROL'OliV, n. [See Chirologist.] The V*v.r kasila, to be torpid or cold.]

no power

to enfcu-ce its decisions by fine or imprisonment, not being a court of record. It is now nearly extinct. Blackstone.

art or practice of communicating thought' by signs made by the hands and fingers; The ninth month of the Jewish year, an a substitute for language or discourse swering to a part of November and a part of December, in the modern division of iiuich used by the deaf and dumb, and by the year. others who communicate with them. Bailey. CHIT, 91. [Sax. cith, a shoot or twig, from IIIR'OI\IANCT.R, n. [See Chiromancy.] thrusting out.]
foretell future events, the fortunes and dispositions of| persons, by inspecting the hands. Dryden. CHIR'OMANCY,)). [Gr. ;t"Hithc hand, and

CHIVE,
or

)i.

[Fr. cive

L. cepa.]

species

of small onion.

CHIVES,

JI.

/i/i(.

filaments

In Jofnni/, slender threads in the blossoms of plants.

[See Stamen.]

CHLO'RATE,
pound of
base.

n.

One who attem|>ts to

or to
tell

1.

2.

X A

A shoot or sprout the first shooting or germination of a seed or )ilant. Hence, A child or babe, m famiiiur language.
;

chloric
a.

[See Chlorine.] A comacid with a sahfiable

Ure.

CHLO'RIC,

freckle, that

Divination by the hand

CHLO'RIDE, > " [See CWonne.] CHIT, JI. i. To navttia, divination.] CHLO'RID, the art or practice or ])lant. poimd of chlorine with a combustible body. Ure, of atteinpling to foretell events, or to dis- CHIT'-CHAT, 11. [See Chat, Chatter.] CHLORID'U;, a. Pertainhig to a chloride. cover the dispositions of a person, by in- Prattle familiar or trifling talk. Ure. specting the lines and lineaments of his CHIT'TERLING, n. The frill to the breast of a shirt. Brown. hand. Gascoigne. CHLORINE, ^ " [Gr. zxwpos, green so nanicd from its color.] CIIIROMAN'TIC, a. Pertaining to chiro- CHIT'TERLINGS, n. plv. [G. huttel, prob- CHLO'RIN, ^ Chloric gas a new name given to what has ably from the root of gut.] mancy, or divination by the hand. been called oxymiiriatic gas. This subGrcllman, The guts or bowels sausages. Chiromantk deception. stance has hitherto resisted all efforts to John.wn. Bailey. CHIRP, r. i. cherp. [Ger. zirpen.] To make the noise of certain small birds, or of cer- CHIT'TY, a. Childish like a babe. decom])ose it, and as it is not known to contain oxygen, and is apparently a simtain insects as a chirping lark, or cricket. Johnson. Thomson. 3. Full of chits or warts. ple substance, it has been denominated from its color, chlorine, or chloric gas. CHIRP. V. t. To make cheerful. Per Pope. CHIVALROUS, a. [Sec aiivalry.] Davy. CHIRP, n. A particular voice of certain taining to chivalry, or knight errantry of chlorine birds or insects. warlike bold gallant. Spectator. Spenser. CHLORIODTC, a. Consisting and iodine, or obtained from them. Davy. CIHRP'ER, n. One that chirps, or is cheer- CHIVALRY, n. [Fr. chevakrie, from chci-Tlic n. ful. [Gr. ;i>.po;, green.] alier, a knight or horseman, from cheral, CHLO'RIS. CIHRP'ING. ppr. Making the noise of cer a horse Sp. cahnlUria ; It. cavatlcria. See i:reen finch, a small bird.
; ;
<i
;

a push. sprout to shoot, as a seed

is,

obtained from

Pertaining to chlorine, or Ure. it; as chlonc acid.

com-

tain small binls.

CHHI"ING,

n.

The

noise of certain small

I.

birds and insects.

ClILO'RITF,, n. [Gr. j:?."po5, green.] Cavalry.] Knighthood a military dignity, founded A mineral of a grass green color, opake, on the service of soldiers on horseback, nsually frial'le or easily pulverized, con\
;

C
posed of
little

H O

C H O
the determination of the
ring one thing to another

C
mind
;

II

O
The
sense of choke

spangles, scales, prisms or shining small grains. It is classed Iiy Kirwan with the niuriutic genus. Tliere are four siibs))ccies, chlorite earth, common
chlorite, chlorite slate,
rile.

in prefer-!

ness or comi)ression.
is

election.

Ve know how thul a made choice among u^<,

itiy

and
}

foliated hloKincaii. Ure.

c

and
2.

j;ood wliilu ago God that the Uenliles by inoulh should hear the word of the gospel,' tiolieve. Acts xv.
j

compress, or bind
is

to stufl" thrust down or stop ; or to tight. [The Sp. aliogar the Port, nfogar, L. suffoeo.] It is probably allied to the Sp. cegar, to shut, L.

lILORO-AKBON'IC,
llLOIlO-'ARIiOXOUS,

The

terms,

The power of choosing

ccecus,

chloro-car-

HLdllO'PAL,

n. [green opal.] A newly observed mineral, ol" two varieties, the conchoidal and the earthy the conchoith(> other dal is of a pistachio green color has an earthy fracture, and both varieties are possessed of magnetic properties.
;
;

bonic nrid and chluru-carbonous aciil, are and the ap|>lii!d, tlie former by Thomson, latter hy Ure, to a compound of chlorine and carbonic oxyd, Ibrmcil by exposing a of the two gases to the direct mixture It was discovered hy Dr. J. solar rays. Davy, and called by him phosgene gas.

Where there is force, there can be no Of these alternatives we have our own
;

option.

choice.'

choice.'

i.

4.

Anon.\ Care in selecting judgment or skill in distinguishing what is to be preferred, and in giving a preference. 1 imagine Cesar's a;)0lhems were collected with judj^ment and choice. Bacon. The thing chosen that which is ajipro ved and selected in preference to others ;
;

tiie passage of the breath, by filwindpipe or compressing the neck. Tlie word is used to (xpre.<s a temjiorary or ])artial stoppage, as to choke with dirt or smoke or an entire stoppage that

To

Eng.

key,

Sax.

c(eg.]

stop

ling the

cavises deatli

to suffocate

to

Mark

strangle.

v.
; ;

selection.

Nor
5.

let

thy conquests only be her choice.

Prior

The
is

best part of

Phxibi.jis

preferable, choice.

any thing that which and properly the object of

;

ellLO'ROPHANE,
and

n. $aifu, to show.]

[Gr.

x^'-'fo>,

green^

In die choice of our sepulchers bury thy dead

Gen.
16.

xxiii.

variety of fluor spar, from Siberia.

When

The
ti(m.

act of electing to office

choice of,
to

by vote

electo

observe that this word generally imseparate and take in preference. CleavelanJ. Cue. A plies crowding, stuffing or covering. CHLO'ROPIIEITF,, 71. [Gr. xJiupof, greet!, CHOICE, a. Worthy of being preferred; channel is choked by stones and sand, but select; precious; very valuable. and iftuof, liluckisli.] not by a boom. My choicest hours of life are lost. Swift. CHOKE, I'. 1. To have the A rare mineral found in small nodules. wind-pipe stoprevenue is better tliau clioice silver. Prov.
light.
; ;

placed on a heated ful emerald green

iron,

it

gives a beauti-

To make

choose

stop by filling to obstruct to block up; as, to choke tiii^ entrance of a harbor, or any passage. To hinder by obstruction or impediments ; to hinder or check growth, expansion, or progress as, to choke plants to choke the Bacon. spreading of the fruit. Thorns chohe them. Matt. xiii. Luke viii. To smother or suffiicate, as fire. Dryden. To suppress or stifle; as, to choke the Shak. strong conception. C. To offend to cause to take an exception ; as, I was choked at this word. Sivifl.
; ;
;

To

to select

We

Cleaveland.

My

viii.

ped

as, cattle

are apt to choke

;

when

eat-

IIL0'R01'HYL,
cjju^jior,

n.

[Gr.

;K>.upo5,

green, and

Holding dear; preserving or using with

care, as valuable ; frugal of time or of advantages.
3.
;
;

leaf.]

The green matterof the leaves of vegetables.

Pellelier.

as, to

be choice

2.

ing potatoes. To be offended

n.

CHOKE,

The

to take exceptions.

CHLORO'SIS,

Selecting with care, and due attention to preference as, to be choice of one's companv. CnOICE-DRAWN, a. Selected with parskin, weakness, palpitation, dyspepsy, &c. ticular care. Shak.
n. [Gr. j:Xu.po5, green.] The green sickness; a disease of females, characterized by a pale or greenish hue of the

part of the artichoke.

filamentous or capillai-y Johnson.

CHO'KE-CHERRY,
its

n. The popular name of a species of wild cherry, remarkable for

astringent qualities.
;
;

CHO'KED,
structed

Coxe.

Pertaining to chlorosis as, chlorotic afflictions. Medical Ilepository. 2. Affected by chlorosis; as, clUorolic imns.
Battle.

eULOROT'IC,

a.

CHOICE' LESS,
the

a,

chois'less.
;

Not having

power of choosing

not free.

pp. Surtbcated strangled obby fiUing; stifled; suppressed; smothered.

a. [choke
full.

Hammond.

CHOKE-FULL,

and

full.]

Full

CHOICELY,
;

HLO'ROUS,

a.

Pertaining to chlorine

as

ehlorous oxyd.

adv. chois'ly. With care in choosing with nice regard to preference with exact choice as a band of men
;

CHOKE-PEAR.

as possible

quite

CHOAK,
(MIOCK,

[See Choke.] [from choke.] In marine language, a kind of wedge for confining a cask or other body, to prevent it from mo
n.

choicely collected.
2.

Valuably
ously.

excellently
;

preferably
;

curi
2.

3.

With great care

ness

carefully

as a thing

n. A kind of pear that has a rough astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or which contracts the parts of the mouth. .\n as])ersion or sarcasm by which a person is put to silence. [J] low term.]

ving.

Chocks of
ke])t in
tlie

the rudder, are pieces of timber readiness to stop the motion of rudder, in ease of an accident, &c.

CHOCK,
chocolate
1.

an encounter. [See Shock.]

;

chois'ness. Valuable value or worth as the choicencss of a plant or of wine. n. quire, [h. chorus ; Gr. jt"?"!; Fr. Mar. Diet. CHOIR, chceur ; Sp. Port. It. coro ; Sax. chor ; D.
;

CHOICE'NESS,

choicely preserved. n.
])articular

Clarissa.

CHO'KER,

11. One that chokes another ; one that puts another to silence that which cannot be answered. Johnson.
;

CHO'KE-WEED,
CHO'KY,
power
from
a.

That

plant so called. tends to suffocate, or has

J^.

to suft'ocate. n. col'agog.

CHOCOLATE,
It.

n. [Fr. chocolal ; Sp. Port. cioccolata ; from cacao.]

1.

choor

G. chor

Ar.^^

to

go round,

to

CHOL'AGOGUE,

[Gr.

;to)iijya-

A paste or cake composed of the kernel of cacao, with other ingredients, usually a
little

sugar,
first

nut
'i.

is

cinnamon or vanilla. The ground fine, mixed with the

2.

CHOC OLATE-HOUSE, n. A house

company may be served with

ingredients, and put in a mold. The liquor made by dissolving chocolate in boiling water.

3.

where

chocolate.

CHOCOLATE-NUT. [See Cacao.] CHODE, the old preterit of c/iif/e, which see.
CHOICE,
ei/se
;

1.

n. [Fr. choir ; Arm. choas ; Sax. D. kens. See Choose.] act of choosing the voluntary act of selecting or separating from two or

The

jnore things that which

is

preferred

or

the singers, sepanited fr<jm the chancel 1. The bile. By the superabundance of this and the nave. fluid, anger was formerly sup])osed to be In congregational and or perhaiis the opinion was some other churclies, the singers are plaproduced that the bile caused the inflamed ced in certain seats in the galleries. appearance of the face in anger. Hence, 4. In nunneries, a large hall adjoining to the 2. Anger; wrath; irritation of the passions. body of the church, separated by a grate, wliere the nuns sing the office. Cholera Morbus, a sudden evacuation of bile, CHOIR-SERVICE, n. The service of sing- both upwards and downwards. If'urlon. CHOL'ERIe, a. ing performed by a choir. Abounding with choler. V. I. [Sax. aeeocan. In Arm. coucq Drydeit. or g-0HC7 is the neck, with which choke 2. Easily irritated irascible inclined to anmay be connected, in the tense of narrowger ; as a choleric man.
;

See Chorus.] of singers, especially in d vine service, in a church. Any collection of singers. That part of a church a|)propriated for
collect or bind.

<-ollection

yoj,

;to?,);,

bile.]

medicine that has the specific quality of evacuating the bile. CHOL'ER, n. [L. cholera; Gr. xo^pa, from
xo'f.i,

bile.]

CHOKE,

C
y.

H O
anger
;

C
excited by
aii- 3.

H O
;

C
1.

H O

Angry

iji<lieatiiig

CHOL'ERICNESS,
peevishness.
terin, or acid.

choleric spcecli. ger; as a

n. Irascibility;

Raleigh anger;

eHOLES'TERIC,

a. Pertaining to choles obtained from it as cholesteric

;

Ure.
?
<,

A name given by
calcidi.

HOLES'TERINE, eHOLES'TERIN,

[Gr.

xo^-n, I'ile,

and

to grind and mince with the teeth devour eagerly with up; as, to chop up an Dryden. entertainment. 4. To break or open into chinks or fissures to chap. to crack [See Chap.] CHOP, V. i. To catch or attempt to seize with the mouth. [JVot used.] To choji at the shadow and lose the sub-

To

The

string of a musical instrument.

'2.

tire

.3.

stance.
2.

VEsfrange

;ipio;, solid.]

iM. Chevreid, to the pearly or crystaline substance of human biliary

?!.

Johnson. light or fall on suddenly. it indicates [If this is a legitimate sense, sense is, to throw, thrust, that the

To

primary
It is

Millou. In music, the union of two or more sounds uttered at the same time, forming an enas a third, fifth and eighth, harmony which are perfect chords, or consonancies. The fourth and sixth are imperfect chords. In geometry, a right line drawn or supposed to extend from one end of an arch of a circle to the other. Hence the chord of an arch is a right line joining the extremities of that arch. Encyc.
;

CHOLI.\M'BI,
in poetry

[L. choliambi.]

A verse
fifth last.

or strike.

not in

common
to.

use.J
[JVot ffilson.

having an iambic foot in the in the sixth or place, and a spondee

To
To

chop

in,

to

become modish.

CHORD, V. To string. CHORDEE', n. [See Chord.]

f.

Dryden. In medicine

used,]
cliop out, to
V.
t.

and surgery, an inflammatory or spasmodcontraction of the frienuni, attending gonorrhea and accompanied with pain.
ic

Bentlei/.

give vent

[JVol used.]

eHON'DRODITE,
also Brucitc.
It

n. A mineral, called occurs in grains or imperfect crystals, or in four-sided prisms with rhombic bases, truncated on the two acute lateral edges. It is translucent and its color varies from reddish or amber yel;

Beaum.

CHOP,
1.

to buy [Sax. ceapian, cypan, or sell. See Cheap.] To buy, or rather to barter, truck, ex-

CHORE,

n.

word denotes

Coxe. Encyc. [Eng. char.] In America, this .small work of a domestic

change.
1-2.

To exchange
](lacc

Cteavetand. CHOOSE, V. t. s as z. pret. chose ; pp. choIdezm ; sen, chose. [Sax. ceosan ; D. kicscH ; Sw. kesa ; Ice. kioosa ; Fr. choisir. Arm. choasa; Pers. ghozidan. The He-

low

to grayish

brown.

of another
;

to put one thing in the as, to chop and change

;

'3.

our friends. To bandy to altercate

to

L'Estrange. return one

judge.

kind, as distinguished fnun the principal work of tlie day. It is generally used in the plural, chore's, which includes the daily or occasional business of feeding cattle

\Vord or thing for another. Let not the council chop with

tlie

Bacon

I.

To turn, vary, change or shift and .<rttaxn?to5, bisho)).] as in the seaman's phrase, the Perfaiuii) ; to tlie power of a suffragan or or chops about. Fell. Incal bishop. senses of this verb seem to cen CHORE'US, n. ancient poThe various [Gr. xopewi.] In ter in that of thrustino-, driving, or a sud of two syllables, the first long elri), a foot den motion or exertion of force.] and the second short the trochee. The man the Lord iloth choose shall be holy. CHOP, n. A piece chopped olf; a small CHOR'IAMB, I [Gr. a;op5, a trochee, Kum. xvi. meat as a mutton chop. ]>iece of CHORIAM'BUS, ^ and m/tSos, iambus.] Refuse the evil and choose the good. with See Chap, which, 2. A crack or cleft. In ancient poetry, a foot consisting of four S. To take in preference. first and last are the broad sound of a, is often pronounced syllables, of which the Job \xxiv. Let us choose to us judgment. that is, a chochop. to loug, and the others short 3. To prefer; to choose for imitation; .3. The reus or trochee and an iambus united as, chap the jaw plu. the jaws the follow. of a river's mouth or mouth the sides nobHitas. anrietas. Encyc. and choose none of not the

brew has iam

No.

to collect.

See Class Gs.

&c. ing the house, cleaning furniture, [See Char.] CHOREPIS'COPAL, a. [Gr. x^P"!, place,

and other animals, preparing

fuel,

sweep-

CHOP,
wind

V.

i.
;

40. 70. 71.]

;

sudilenly

of pick out to select to take by way offerpreference from two or more things ed to make choice of

To
;

cliops,

Envy

oppressor,

Piov. iii. 4. To elect for eternal hajjpiness; to predestinate to life. Many are called but few chosen. Matt, xx.
his ways.

channel.

[See Chap.]
.

CHOP-CHURCH,

An exchange
;

or an

CHORIAM'BIC, CHORIAM'BIC,
anib.

11.

choriamb.

a.

Pertaining to a rhori-

exchanger of benefices.
ion readv dressed

Ma3on.
;

For

his elect's sake,

.tiii.

whom

he

hatli

chosen

CHOP'-FALLEN, a. Dejected dispirited. CHO'RION, n. [Gr. zopiov, or jjupw CHOP'-HOUSE, n. A house where provis- latter seems to be allied to x^p^^i to
is

the

hold,

Mark
.5.

To

ment by

elect or designate to office or employvotes or suffrages. In the United

States, the

people c/joo^e representatives by votes, usually by ballot.

V.
f.

CHOOSE,
2.

To

The power of choice. denotes ]>hrase, he cannot cltoose but stay, that he has not the power of choice,

prefer;

.as,

I choose to go.

To have

the

to stay or not. The verb, iu these phrases, is really transitive ; the following verb standing as the

whether

CHOOSER,
elector.

object, instead of a noun. II. He that chooses;

he

th
;

has the ])ower or right of choosing

CHOOSTNG,
prefei-ence
J',
;

ppr. Selecting electing.

;

taking

in

CHOOS'ING, n. Choice election. Dan. CHOP, [G. and D. kfippen

l.
;

kap-

or contain.] CHO'PIN," n. [Fr. chopinc.] liquid mcas Ill anatomy, the exterior membrane which ure in France, containing nearly a pint invests the fetus in utero. Scotland In Winchester measure. singing man CilO'RIST, n. [Fr. choiisle.] ill a choir. quart of wine measure. CHOP'PED, pp. Cut minced CHOR'ISTER, n. [from chorus, choir.] CHOP'PING, ppr. Cutting; mincing; buy- Literally, a singer one of a choir; a singer in a concert. Dryden. ing bartering. CHOP'PING, . Stout; lusty; plump. a. One who leads a choir in church music. This is the sense in the United States. high-heel iCHOP'PING, n. [Sp. chapin.] n. [See Chorography.] worn by ladies in Italy. [See ed shoe, a particular reperson who describes Chioppine.] or one wlio forms a map from chop. a mincing 2. A cuttine gion or country block on or maps of particular regions or countries. CHOP' PIN G-ULOCK, n. Encyc. which any thing is laid to be chopped. knife for min CHOROGRAPH'ICAL, a. Pertaining to CHOP'PING-KNIFE, 11. rechorography descriptive of particular meat. cing down or markgions or countries laying CHOP'PY, a. Full of clefls or cracks. countries. ing the bounds of particular CHOPS, [See Chop.]

sold.

CHOROG'RAPHER, A
;

adv. In a clioin a manner descriprographical manner; tive of particul.ir regimis. a place .flinhursl. CHOROG'RAPIIY, n. [Gr. zcopos, Class Gb. No. 47.' 51.] or region, and ypa<fw, to describe.] of a 1. To cut off or separate, by striking with CHO'RALLY, adv. In the manner Mason. The art or practice of making a map of a chorus. a sharp instrument, either by a single blow or jirovince or particular region, country, or by repeated blows as, to chop off a CHORD, 11. [L. chorda ; Gr. jropSij, an intes When of marking its limits, bounds or position. bead ; to chop wood. tine, of which strings were made. as Jhe Chorography difi<;rs from fff ogvrepAi/, it signifies a string or small rope, in gen 2. To cut into small piece*; to mince; as, diflers to clwp straw description of a particular country to chop meat eral, it is written corrf. See Corrf.]

per

Gr. xojtru

Fr. coupcr

Norm,

copper.

eHO'RAL,
ral

to [from chorus.] Belonging or composing a choir or concert as, choa.

;

Encyc.

CHOROGRAPH'ICAI.LY,

or coupe?-; Ar.

ra^

!_->.;

to cut.

symphonies. Singing in a choir ;

Milton.

as, choral seraphs

C H O
from that of
tlie

H K
;

C
2.

H R
denominate
n.
;

whole earth
of a town,

and from The Cornish chough

topography, as

tlie

diflers iVoin tliat

description of a country city or district

Encyc.

'GHO'ROID,

71.

[Gr.
t

xofnoi',

particu'liir

hkeness.] In anatomy, a term applied to several parts of the body that resemble the chorion; as the inner membrane investing the brain, or the pia mater ; the second coat of the eye the fold of the carotid artery in the brain, hi which is the pineal gland. Coxe. Jincyc. CHO'RUS, n. [L. chorus ; Gr. j'opo? S!i.\. chor; Fr. chceur ; I), choor or Iwor ; Sp. It coro ; Ir. cora ; W. cur. In Welsh, the word signifies a ronnd or circle, a choir. If the primary sense is a circle, or a eoiupaiiy,
i5o;,
; ;

membrane, and

a fowl of the genus^ Cori'us, nearly of the size of the crow, and mischievous, Uke the magpie. It is black, the bdl, legs and feet, which are except red. It is a native of the west of England. i>ic(. of ..Vat. Hisi
is

To name
things.

to

applied tt> Burnet.

CHRISTENDOM,
cristendom,
Christ.]
1.

kris'ndom.

[Sax.

cristtn,

christian,

and

dom,

power, judgmejit,

rule, jurisdiction.

See

Chough

is

also applied to the

jackdaw.

CHOULE. CHOUSE,
za.

Cyc. [See Jowl] t>. t. [This word may be from the root of coz7i. Arm. cougzein, or conche-

2. 3.

countries or regions inhabited by christians, or those who profess to believe in the christian religion. The whole body of christians. Hooker. the christian religion Chiisti.tiiity as., while Christendom prevailed. [Unusual.]
territories,
; ;

The

Ar.
;

fraud

jjl-i gausa, to deceive or deHRIS'TENED,;)/i. kns'nd. Baptized' and Eth. ^m") cliaso, to lie, deceive named initialed into
;

Christianity.

or cheat.]

CHRISTENING,
;

ppr.
n.

To

word may be referred to the Ar. , ^ kaura, to go round, to collect, to bind, or to

the

followed by oj] in cheat, trick, defraud Hudibias; but in -America, by out of ; as, to chouse one out of his money. [It is now
7!.

zing and iK;ming.

kris'ening.

Bapti-

CHRISTENING,

The

act or ceremo;

ny of baptizing and naming

into the cliristian religion.

initiaitioii

vulgar.]

CHOUSE,
tool
;

One who
;

is

Dryden. Suifl. easily cheated ; a

Johnson.
;

y^s

karra, to return,

to

repeat.

Class
is

a simpleton.

CHR1.S'TI.\N, 71. krysi'yan. [Gr. xi"-?""">i. L. Christ ia nus Sax. cristcn; D. krisleti ;
;

trick;

sham

Gr. No. 2. 34.

sing or shout,
it

If the radical sense

to

CHOUS'ED,
posed on.

imposition. pp. Cheated

Fr. Chretien
ten
1.
;

defrauded

im2.

The former
1.

may

be allied to Gr. x^H'"'

;

is nio.st

A number of singers a sons singing in concert.

The
persons

probable.]

CHOUS'ING,
per-

company of

CHOW'DER,

Pope. Addison. are sujiposed to behold of a tragedy, and sing their sentiments between the acts. inelasses. Shak. Johnson. 3. Tlie song between the acts of a tragedy. CHOW'DER, V. t. To make a chowder. Johnson. CHOW'TER, IN t. To grumble like a fro^ 4. Verses of a song in which the company or a froward child. Phillips. join the singer or the union of a cumpa HRISM, ?i. [Gr. xp^apa, from ;yptu, toj with a singer, in rei)eating certain ny anoint.] couplets or verses, at certain periods in a Unguent ; unction. In the Romish and Johnson. Encyc. Greek churches, oil consecrated by the song. 5. A musical composition of two or more bisho]), and used in the administration of^ parts. bapti.sm, confirmation, ordination, and ex(5. Among the Greeks, a chorus consisted of treme unction. It is prepared on holy a number of singers and dancers. with much and iii
2.

who

Dryden.

what passes

in the acts

ppr. Cheating imposing on. 71. In JYew England, a dish In Sjianbiscuit, &c. isli, chode is a paste made of mill;, (!ggs, and flour. In the west v{' England, sugar chowder-beer is a liquor made by boiling! black s])ruce in water and mi.xuig with it
;

A
A

See Christ.] in the religion of Christ. professor of his belief in tlic rehgion
crislian.

W.

Sp. christiano

Arm.

cris-

behever

of

of lisli boiled with

3.

Christ. real disciple of Christ one who believes in the tnilh of the christian religioiij and studies to follow the example, and obey the precepts, of Christ ; a believer
;

in Christ

who

is

characterized by real

piety.
4.

In a general sense, the word christian.'; includes all who are born in a christian countrv or of christian parents. CHRIS tl.\N, a. [See the Noun.] Pertaining to Cliri-st, taught by him, or received

from
2.

liim

as the christian religion

chris-

tian doctrines.

Professing the religion of Christ

as a

3.

CHOSE,
is,

71. cosa, suit, [Fr. chose ; Sp. cause, thing It. cosa ; Port, coiisa : L, causa. See Cause. The primary sense
;

Thursday

ceremony,

CHUIS'MAL,

.some cases, mi.xed with balsam. Encyc a. Pertaining to chrism. Brevint.

n.

chrLitian friend. Belonging to tlie religion of Christ; relating to Christ, or to his doctrines, precepts and example ; as christian profession and

4.

action, urging, prosecution.

;

and Cause.]
;

See Thing HRISiMA'TION,

by the
bislioi).
;

practice. Pertaining to the church as courts f Am/inn.

v.t.

ecclesiastical

Blackstone.

The

act of apjilying
;

CHRIS'TIAN,
See
1.

To baptize.
n.

{Yot used.]
Fulke.
xf^^'ay'^i^o^.

In law, property in action a right to possession or that which may be demanded and recovered by suit or action at law. Thus, money due on a bond or note is a
chose in action

the chrism, or consecrated oil in baptism, in contirmatioii, by the priest In ordination, it is u.sually styled

CHRIS'TIANISM,
Christ.]

[Gr.

unction.

Encyc.
n.

done

a recompense for damage the former pro; ceeding from an express, the latter from ;iii contract executed implied contract. is a chose in a contract execu; possession A tory conveys only a chose in action. rhose local is annexed to a place, as a mill or the like ; a chose is a thins
;

CHRIS'JMATORY,
oil

vessel to hold the 2.

is

a chose in action

for chrism.
n.

CHRIS'OM,

child that dies within a month after its birth ; so called from the chrisom-cloth, a linen cloth

[See Chrism.]

CHRIS'TIANITE,

which

transitory

anointed with holy oil, which was formerly laid over a child's face when it was baptized. Alsci, the cloth itself Encyc.

nations professing Christianity. Johnson. n. A newly discovered Vesuvian mineral its primitive form is that of an obHque rectangular prism its colors brown, yellow or reddish.
;

The The

christian religion.

Jotirn.

of Science.

CHRISTIANITY,
Christ.]

7i.

[See Christian, from

is

movable.
z,

Blackstone.

CHOSE,
;

s as

pret.

CHO'SEN,
;

2. a. Select

a pp. number picked out taken in preference elected predestinated designated to office. distinguished by preference
; ; ;

and pp. of choose. cho'tn. Selected from

Encyc.

CHRIST,
jr(J'",

71.

[Gr.

xt"?'>St

anointed,

from

The

to anoint.]

The

eminent.
His chosen captains are drowned in the sea. Ex. XV. Ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood. 1 Pet. ii.

a.noi.nted; an appellation given to the Savior of the world, and synonymous with the Hebrew 3Iessiah. It was a custom of anticpiity to consecrate persons to the sacerdotal and regal offices by anointing them with oil.
V.
t.

religion of christians ; or the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ, and recorded by the evangelists and apostles.

ty

HRIS'TEN,
1.

kris'n.

[Sax. cristnian

them

Whilst politicians are disputing about monarchies, aristocracies, and republics, Christianiis alike applicable, useful and friendly to
all.

D. kerstenen. See Christ.]

To

CHRISTIANIZE,
ize

v. t.

To make
;

Paley. christian ;

THOUGH,

baptize, or
;

be a Cornish word.]

chuff. [Fr. choticas ; Ir. cag ; Sax. ceo or ceogh. This word may be the same as jack, in jackdaw. It appears to
71.

name

rather to baptize and to initiate into the visible church of

to convert to Christianity

as, to christian-

pagans.
a.

Cliri.st by the application of water; applied to persons. And as a name is given to the jierson in the ceremony, hence,

CHRIS'TIANLIKE,
tian.

Becoming a

chris-

Shak.
adv. In

Vol.

CHRIS'TIANLY,

a christian luan-

I.

37

H R

C H

H U
;

Chromic yellow, the artificial chroraate of nor; in a iniinncr becoming the principles lead, a beautiful pigment. of tlic cini.stian religion, or the profession It. Sp. } lIRON IC, [Fr. chroniijue ; of that rchgion. Gr. ;i;po''"'05, cronico ; OHRIS'TIAN-NAME, n. Tlie name given HRON'IAL, 5 ill baptism, as distinct from the gentiUtioiis from ;i'poi'os, tiine, duration. See Ar. or biiniame.

ions or periods, according to the revolutions of the sun, or moon of ascertaining the true periods or years when past events or transactions took place and arranging them in their proper order according to their dates.
;

I1RISTIAN()G RAPHY,
tion of cliristian nations.

n.

j.i"

descripPagitt.

[jVot used.]

CHRIST'MAS,
I.

n. [Christ and mass, Sax. .uassn, a holy day or feast ; D. kersmis.] The festival of the christian church ob-

Class Rn. No. 15.] Continuing a long time, as a disease. A chronic ilisease is one which is inveterate or of long continuance, in distinction from an acute disease, which speedily termi-

If history

confused ; and insipid.

without chrnnology is dark and chronology without history is dry

A. Holmes.
[Gr.
;tporos,

CHRONOMETER, n.
liiifov,

time,

and

served annually on the 25th day of December, ill memory of the birth of Christ, and celebrated by a particular church serThe festival includes twelve days. vice. 9. Christmas-dav.

HRIST'MAS-BOX,
tie

n.
n.

A box in which

lit

HRIST'MAS-DAY,
ebrated.

The twenty fifth day of December, when chii.itmas is celn. Hellebore. n.

presents are deposited at christmas.

CHRISTMAS-FLOWER,
CHRIST'MAS-ROSE,
genus

filant

of the

beautiful Helleboriis, producing white flowers about Christmas. CHRIST'S-TnORN, n. The Jihnmmis paliuras, a deciduous shrub, a native of PaIt ha: lestine and the South of Europe. two thorns at each joint, and is supposed to have been the .sort of which the crown of thorns for our Savior was made. Encyc. Hanbury.

CHROAS'TACES,

n. [Gr. xfoa, color.] In natural history, a genus of i>elhicid gems, comprehending all those of variable colors, as viewed in difl>;rent lights. [.Yot technical.]

measure.] Any instrument that measures time or that nates. divides time into equal portions, or that is lIRON'lLE,7(. [See CArom'c] A historicused for that purpose, as a clock, watch al account of facts or events disposed in the or dial particularly an instrument that order of time. It is nearly synonymous measures time with great e.xactncss. with annals. In general, this species of Chronoscope is now rarely used. is more strictly confined to cliron writing CHRYS'ALID, n. [See Chrysalis.] ological order, and is less diffuse than the CHRYS'ALIS, 11. [L. chrysalis, Gr. j;ptioM.tf, form of writing called history. a grub, from its golden color, arp*""?, gold.] 2. In a more general sense, a history. The particular form which butterflies, moths, Dryden and some other insects assume, before i. That which contains history. they arrive at their winged or perfect state. It is called also aurelia, from aurum, Europe her very ruins tell the Ixistory of times gone by, and every moldering stone is a In this form, the anunal is in a gold. Irvin. chronicle. state of rest or insensibility having no Two books of the Old organs for taking nourishment, nor wings, 4. Chronicles, plu. Testament. nor legs. The external covering is carr. t. To record in history, and usually smooth and glossy lLE, tilaginous, or chronicle to record to register. sometimes hairy. The name is taken Shak from the yellow color of certain species Spenser. lint they aie of difterent colors, as green, leLER, n. A w riter of a chronicle a recorder of events in the order of time &:c. black, a historian. CHRYS'OBERYL, n. [Gr. j^pvOTf, gold, and
;

CHRON

HRON

HRO.\IQLE,
ypau/ita,

n. chron'ik.

chronicle.

tir;f)v'A%toi;

beryl.]

Addison.

siliceous

CHRONOGRAM,?!.
An
write.] inscription in

color. [Gr. xpo. 05, time, and a letter or writing, from ypcujuo, 10 Chrysoberyl,

gem, of a
the

dilute yellowish

green Kirwan.
is

cymophane of Hauy,

CHRO'MATE,
compound
with a base.

Encyc. [See Chrome.] A salt or formed by the clu'omic acid

)!.

ClIROMAT'IC
;tf>ufitt,

a.

[Gr.

j-pu^anxo;,

from
Xpoa.

color,

from

xp"?'^, to color.

;^poiJ^),

seem to be a dialectical orthography of the same word.]

Relating to color.

which a certain date or epoch is expressed by numeral letters; as in the motto of a medal struck by Gusta vus Adolphus in IC'32. Christ Vs DVX: ergo trlVMphVs.
1

CHRONOGRAMMAT'IC, eHRONOGRAMMAT'lAL,

"'
\

a mineral usually found in round pieces, about the size of a pea; but it is also found ciystalized in eight-sided prisms. It is next to the sapphire in hardness, and lire. Cleaveland. employed in jewelry. ClIRYS'OCOLLA, n. [Gr. xf^ooxeMa, glue of gold, ;^pii5o; and xoM.a; a name given Belongto a the Greeks to borax and to mountain ing by

I.
'I.

Dryden.

Noting a particular species of music, which proceeds by several semitones in

succession.

CHRONOGRAM MATIST,
chronograms.
re.

Bushy. fHROMAT'IC, n. [Supra.] A luiid of music that proceeds by several consecutive semitones, or semitonic intervals. Rousseau.

Encyc.

green.] writer of Carbonate of copper, of two subspecies, the blue and the green formerly called blue time and green chrysocolla, also mountain blue CHRONOG'RAPIIER, [Gr. ^poroj, and ypoijiu, to describe.] and mountain green. It occurs in crysOne wlio writes concerning time or the tals, stalactites and other forms. events of time a chronologer. Tooke Cleaveland. Fourcroy.
n.

chronogram, or containing one.

CHRONOG'RAPHY,
of time
])ast.

n.

The

description

CRYS'OLITE,
xi8oj,

n.

[Gr.

xp^ms, gold, and

lilROMAT ICALLY,
matic manner.

adv.

In the chro-

[Little used.]
)

rllROMAT'IeS,
lierties

71. Thescionce of colors that part of optics which treats of the proof the colors of hght and of natural bodies. Encyc.

CHRONOL'OgER, HRONOL'OGlST,

CHROME,

metal 11. [Gr. ;;fpu;<a, color.] happened. consisting of a ))orous mass of agglutinated grains, very hard, brittle, and of a gray 2. One who studies chronology, or 11 the science. ish white color. Its texture is radiiited. In
its

[See Chronology. A person who at tempts to discover the true dates of past events and transactions, and to arrange them under their proper years, or divi ions of time, in the order in which they
"
(,

stone.]

is

versed

mineral, called by HaUy and Brongniart, peridote, and by Jameson, prismatic chrysolite. Its prevailing color is some shade of green. It is harder than glass, but less often transparent, hard than quartz It occurs sometimes only translucent. sometimes in crystals, sometimes in small masses or grains, and someamorphous Cleaveland. times in rolled jiieces.
; ;

? to cliro CIIRYS'OPRASE, n. [Gr. j-pvao^tpaooj " Relating nology contain ^ Xiyi'm;, gold, and rtpasor, a leek.] Its color ing an account of events in the order of A mineral, a subspecies of quartz. time according to the order of time. is commonly apple green, and often exeHRONOLOG'lfeALLY, adv. In a chron- tremely beautiful. It is translucent, or fiometimcs semi-transparent its fracture ological manner in a manner according composition they enter. Chrome is em with the order oftime, the series of events even and dull, sometimes a little splinployed to give a fine deep green to the enconor rules of chronology. amel of porcelain, to glass, &c. tery, sometimes smooth and slightly The oxyd of Chrome is of a bright gras.s CHRONOL'OGY, n. [Gr. zf"">^oy">- J^pwo; choidal; its hardness little inferior to that Cleaveland. Cleaveland. of flint. time, and ^.oyo;, discourse or doctrine.] green or pale yellow color. -CHRO'MIC, a. Pertaining to chrome, or The science of^timc; the method of measur- CIIUIJ, n. [This word seems to signify thick In Pcrs. chub obtained from it as chromic acid. ing, or computing time by regular divishead, or a mass or lump.

into the state of

coliir.

highest degree of oxydation, it passes an acid, of a ruby red It takes its name from the various and beautiful colors which its oxyd and acid communicate to minerals into whose

HRONOLOG'IC, C1IRONOLOgTAL,
;

C
or ahob
is

H U
See Class Gb. No.
1

C H U
ham,
to dwell, stay, or lodge
;

C
Fr.
ch6fn,er,i

H U
n. Burial n.

a club.

CHURCH-BURIAL,

according to
Ayliffe.

and

2.]
lisli,

river

called also cheven, of the genus

oblong, nearly round the head and back, green the sides It frequents silvery, and the belly vi^hite. deep holes in rivers shaded by trees but in warm weather floats near the surface, It is inan<l furnishes sport for anglers. diflerent food. Did. JVat. Hist. Encyc. CHUB'BED, ^ Like a chub; short and

Cyprinus.
;

The body

is

Qu. Sax. ham, home.] chamber-fellow one who lodges or re sides in the same room a word used in
to rest.
; ;

the rites of the church.

CHURCH-UFSCIPLINE,
of its members.

Discipline of the church, intended to correct the offense's

n.

colleges.

CHUMP,
wood,

Iieavy piece of Johnson. CHURCH, n. [Sax. circe, circ or cyric Scots, kirk, which retains the Saxon pronunciation D. kerk ; G. kirche ; Sw. kyrckn.

short, thick,

CHURCH'DOM,
endows

The government
n.

or au-

less

than a block.

thority of the church.

CHURCH-FOUNDER,
a churcli.
;

He that

builds or Hooker.

in

CHUBBY,
face.

"

thick.
a.

CHUB'-FACED,

Having a plum]) round

Addison. or
1.

CHUCK, CHUCK,
ens.

V.

partridge,
V.

To make the noise of a hen when she calls her chickens

i. t.

To
i.

call,

as a

hen her chickto laugh.

CHURCH-HISTORY, n. Historj^ of the Dan. kirke Gr. xvpiaxoi', a temple ofi christian church ecclesiastical history. God, from xvfuxxoi, pertaining to a Lord,! CHURClMNG,(i.Thcactofoirei;nglha"nks in church after childbirth. or to our Lord Jesus Christ, from xtpioj, a Lord Russ. tzerkov.] CHURCH-LAND, n. Lund belonging to a Yelnrion. A house consecrated to the worship of church. God, among christians the Lord's house. CIHJKCH LIKE, a. Becoming the church. This seems to be the original meaning of ('HURCH'MAN, 71. An ecclesia.stic or clerone who ministers in sacred the word. The Greek ixxXtfrna, from fx-[ gyman
;

CHUCK,
Chuckle.'\

V.

To

jeer;

[See

things. xa>.tu, to call out or call together, denotes an assembly or collection. But xtfjiaxo;,' 9- An episcopalian, as distinguished

from a
in

CHUCK,
1.

V. t. [Ft. choquer ; Russ. chokayu to strike gently ; Port. Sp. chocar.] To strike, or give a gentle blow ; as, to

chuck one under the chin. 2. To throw, with quick motion, a short distance to pitch. [ Vulgar.] CHUCK, n. The voice or call of a hen. 2. A sudden small noise.
;

are from xnptoj. Lord, a term ap-^ by the early christians to .lesus Christ; and the house in which they worshipped was named from that title. So,
xvfiiaxov,

presbvterian or rongregationalist, &c.

re.
;

plied

CHURCH-MEM'Bl'.R,

A member

comnuiiiion with a cliurch

a professor of

xvptoxa signifies cliurch goods, bona cc-i clesiastica xvpiax>j, sc. ;/fpa, the Lord's day, dies dominica. Tiie collective body of christians, or of 3. word of endearment, corrupted from those who profess to believe in Christ, and; chick, chicken. acknowledge him to be the Savior of manIn this sense, the chmxh is somekind. CHUCK-FARTHING, n. play in whi( a farthing is pitched into a hole. times called the Catholic or Universal Johnson. Kncyc. Church. eilUCK'LE, V. I. [from chuck.] To call, as a hen her chickens. 3. particular number of christians, united 2. To fondle to cocker. [Q.u. W. cocru. See under one tbrni of ecclesiastical govern-: nient, in one creed, and using the same Cocker.] CHUCK'LE, V. i. [Ch. yn chuk or huk, ritual and ceremonies as the English See Class Gk. No. 18. and to laugh. church ; the Galilean church ; the Presby terian church ; the Romish church ; the Giggle.] To laugh heartily, or convulsively ; to shake Greek church. with laughter, or to burst into tits of laugh 4. The followers of Christ in a particular ter. city or province as the cAurc/i of Ephesus, n. or of Antioch. vulgar word ir America, denoting a person with a large ,5. The disciples of Christ assembled for' head, a dunce. Bailey says, a rattling, worship in a particular place, as in a private house. Col. iv. noisy, empty fellow. [See No. SI.] CHUD, V. t. to champ to bite. [JVo< in I). The wiirshipcis of Jehovah or the true God, before the advent of Christ ; as the use.] Stafford. Bacon. Jewish church. CHU'ET, n. Forced meat. CHUFF, n. [I'erliaps W. ci^, a stock or i. The body of clergy, or ecclesiastics, in distinction from the laity. Hence, ecclesistem; ct/Jiati; to bcconie torpid.] a coarse, heavy, dull or surly astical authority. clown; Encyc. fellow. 8. An assembly of sacred rulers convened in Christ's nante to execute his laws. CHUFF'ILY, adv. In a rough, surly man;

CHURCH-MU
J.

religion.

SIC, re. The service of siiigchantin" in achurch. ing or cl Music SIuited to church service. CHURCH'SHIP,n. Institution of the cliurch. South. CHURCH- >VARDEN, n. A keeper or guardian of the church, and a re|)resentative of the parish. Church-wardens are appointed by the minister, or elected by the parishioners, to sui)erintend the church, its property and concerns, and the behavior of tlie For these and many other j)arishioners.
purposes, they possess corporate j)owers. Johnson. Encyc. n. The way, street or road that leads to the church. re. Work carried on Todd. slowly. CHURCH- YARD, re. The ground adjoining to a church in which the dead are buried ; ohnson. a cemetery.

CHURCH-WAY,

CHURCH-WORK,

CHUCKLE-HEAD,

CHURL,

re. [Sax.ceorl; T>. kaerel ; G.kerl; Dan. karl. It signifies primarily, a man, or rather a male, for it was applied to other animals, as a carl-cat, a male-cat and males are named from their strength, or the sex implies it ; hence, carl-hemp denoted strong hemp. Huscarla, a housebuscarla, a ship's-carl. carl, or servant See Spelman. Hence the name, Charks,
; ;

ner

clownishly.
n. Surliness.
9.

("HUFF'INESS, <"HUFF'Y, a. Blunt; clownish;

gry
;

surly

anthis

stomachful.

In

N. England,

word expresses
'auses

that displeasure

which

a swelling or surly look and grumbling, rather than heat and violent expressions of anger. CHUK, n. A word used in calling swine It is the original name of that animal which our ancestors brought with them from Persia, where it is still in use, Pers Sans, sugara chuk, Zend, chuk, a hog Our ancestors, while in England, adopted
;

Cruden. Brown. Carolus.] Tlie collective body of christians, who have 1. rude, surly, ill-bred man. Sidney. rustic a countryman, or laborer. made a public profession of the christian 2. Dryden. rehgion, and who are united under the same pastor in distinction from those 3. A miser; a niggard. Is. xxxii. who belong to the same parish, or eccle- CHURL'ISH, a. Rude surly austere sullen siastical society, but have made no prorough in temper unfeeling; uncivil. narrow-minded ; avaricious. 2. Selfish fession of their faith.

A A

CHURCH,
office

V. t. To perform with any one the of returning thanks in the church,] any signal deliverance, as from the Johnson dangers of cliildliirth.

3.

after

CHURCH-ALE,
church.

re.

A
n.

wake

the

in our popular iiaiiie

ho", but chuck is retained of woodchuck, that is a remarkable proof of the original seat of the Teutonic na
hive,
i:

Welsh

memoratory of the

or feast com dedication of the Johnson.

4. 5.

King. [Of things.] Unpliant; unyielding ; crossgrained; harsh; unmanageable as c^uritsh metal. Bacon. Shak. Hard; firm; as a churlish \inot. Obstinate as a churlish war. Bacon.
; ;

CHURLISHLY,

arff.

Rudely; roughly;
n.

in

wood
tions.

liop.
I

This

CHURCH-ATTIRE,
power;

have taken
cochon

chiik

The French
word.

may

from Adelung. be the same

men CHl'RCH-.VUTHORITY,

habit in which Hooker. otHciafe in divine service.

n.

The

a churlish manner.

CHURLISHNESS,
;

Rudeness of man;

spiritual jurisdiction.
n.

CHURCH-BENCli,
n.

The

CHUM,

[Arm. chomm., or chommein,, or

of a church.

ners or temper, but generally the word refers to the temper or disposition of mind sullenness austerity ; indisposition to kindness or courtesy. seatiu the porch CHURL'Y, a. Rude ; boisterous.
Ecclesiastical
Atterbury.

C
CHrUME,
;

c
n.
;

C
per, or flea locust
;

I
;

D
a genus of insects of

C
from
cjc

M
;

or

CHIRM,

or cyr/nun, to cry out clamor, or confused noit^e.

[Sax. 'yrm, c\amW. gtirm.] Noise

Obs.

many species. CIC'ATRILE,

airir.]

n.

[L. cicatricula,

Bacon.

CHURN,
churn;

n.

ctcnnji, to

[?a\. ciern, ryrin, or ccrenc, a churn \).karn,lutrnen

;

The

Daii. likriie, kicnicr.] vessel in whicli cream or milk

germinating or fetal point in the embryo of a seed or the yelk of an egg as, Barton. "germinating cicatricle."
;

is

agitated

CIC'ATRISIVE,

a.

Tending
cicatri.v.
cicalri.r

to

promote
Fr. cica;

for sejKuating tlie oily part from the case ous and scrou--^ p.arts, to make butter.

the formation of a

CHURN,
making
'2.

V.

f.

To

stir

or agitate cream for

CICATRIX, ( " da' ATRICE, S

seam or
a wound or ulcer Cle'ATRIZANT,

[L.

trice.]

scar

little

butter.

To shake or agitate with violence or con tinned motion, as in the operation of ma

pp.
ppr.
;

king butter.

CHURN'ED,
butter.

Agitated

made

into

CHURN'ING,
ter
;

Agitating to

make but

shaking

stirring.

CHURN'ING,
9.

n. Tlie oi>eration of makinf butter from cream by agitation a shaking or stirring. As much butter as is made at one opera;

tion.

CHURN'-STAFF,
mcnt used

n.

The

staff or instru

CIERGE, n. [Fr. Qu. L. cera.] A candle n. carried in processions. [from cicatrize.] A medicine or apphcation that promotes the CIGAR', n. [Sp. cigarro, a small roll of formation of a cicatrix, such as Armenian tobacco for smoking. In Sp. cigarra is It is called the L. cicada, the balm-cricket or bole, powder of tutty, &c. locust, Port, cigarra ; and in also an escharotic, epulotic, incarnative Sp. cigarron is a Encyc large species of that animal, and a large agglutinant, &c. roll of CICATRiZA'TION,n. The process of healtobacco.] or the state of A small roU of tobacco, so formed as to be ing or forming a cicatrix tubular, used for smoking. being healed, cicatrized or skinned over, Cigars are of CICATRIZE, r. t. To heal, or induce the Spanish origin. formation of a cicatri.x, in wounded or ul CIL'IARY, a. [L. cilium, the eye-lashes, or or to apply medicines for cerated flesh edge of the eyelid.] Belonging to the eye;
;

elevation of flesh remaining after is healed. Encyc.

other kinds of strong liquor but it is nowappropriated to the juice of apples, before and after fermentation. CI'DERIST, ?i. A maker of cider. Mortimer. CI'DERKIN, n. The liquor made of the gross matter of apples, after the cider is pressed out, and a quantity of boiled water is added the whole steeping forty eight hours. Phillips. [The two last ivorda, I believe, are littlt used in America.]
;

CHURR'WORM,
An
and worm.]

in churning. n. [Sax. cyrriin, to

that pur])ose.
turn,

I't's!.

CI'ATRIZE,
to skin

J.

To

heal or be healed
flesh

, ;

Ray.

CIL'IATED,

over

as

wounded

cicatrizes.

insect that turns about nimbly, called Johnson. also a fancricket. Bailey. CHUSE, [See Choose.]

CICATRIZED,
flesh
;

Healed, as having a cicatrix formed.

pp.
ppr.

wounded
skinning

a. [from L. cilium, as above.] In botany, furnished or surrounded with parallel filaments, or bristles, resembhng the hairs of the eye-lids, as a ciliated

CICATRIZING,
over
;

Heahng

&p-

leaf,

CHU'SITE,

yellowish mineral found by Saussnre in the cavities of porphyrie; Ure. in the environs of Limbourg.
)i.

forming a
?i.

CICELY,
phyllum. Scandix.

cicatrix. plant, a species of ChairoThe sweet cicely is a species of

CILI"CIOUS,

a.

Encyc. Martyn. [from L. cilitim, whence

cilicium, hair cloth.] of hair.

Made

or consisting

Brown.

CICERO'NE, ?r. [from Cicero.] A guide ing to chyle; consisting of chyle. Addison. CHYLE, n. [Gr. ;ti'X'>5, juice, humor.] In one who explains curiosities. animal bodies, a white or niilliy fluid sepa- CICERO'iMAN, a. [from Cicero, the Roman rated from aliments by means of digestion. orator.] It is absorbed by the lacteal vessels, by Resembling Cicero, either in style or action in style, diftuse and flowing in manner, whicli it is conveyed into the circulation, vehement. assimilated into blood, and converted into Core. CICERO'NIANISM, n. Imitation or resemnutriment. Encyc. Quincy. CHYLIFA'TION, n. [chyh and'h. facio.] blance of the style or action of Cicero. The act or process by which chyle is form- ClellORA'CEOUS, a. [from L. cichorium, ed from food in animal bodies. succory or wild endive.] Having the Arhuthnof. qualities of succory. Floyer. HYLIFAC'TIVE, a. Forming or changing CTCISBE'ISM, n. The practice of dangling about females. into chyle having the power to make CICISBE'O, n. [It.] dangler about chyle. Smollett. CHYLOPOET'IC, adv. [Gr. z^^of, chyle, females.
;

CHYLA'CEOUS,

a.

[See Chyle.]

Belong

CIMA, [See Cyvia.] CIM'BAL, n. [It.

cake.

dambclla.]

kind of

CIM'BRI,

a. Pertaining to the Cimbri, the inhabitants of the modei-n Jutland, in Denmark, which was anciently called the Cimbric Chersonese. Hence the modern names, Cymni, Wales, Cambria Cymro, a Welshman Cymreig, 'Welsh, or the Welsh language names indicating the Welsh to be a colony of the Cimbri or from the same
; ; :

stock.

CIM'BRIC,

CIM'ITER,?!.

and

Ttotiu,
;

to

Chylifactive into clivle

make.] having the power to change

chyle.
.'Irbuthnot.

CICURATE,
To tame
used. 1

V.

t.

[L. cicur,

tame

cicuro,
[Little

making
a.

to tame.] to reclaim ;
n.

from wildness.
act of

n. The language of the Cimbri. [Fr. cimifcrre ; Sp. and Port. cimitarra ; It. scitnitarra.] short sword with a convex edge or recurvated point, used by the Persians and Turks. [This word is variously written ; but it is a word of foreign origin, and it is not material which orthography is used,

OHY'LOUS,

[from chyle.] chyle, or partaking of it.

?i.

Consisting of
Arhulhnoi.

ClURA'TION,

The

provided

it

is

uniform.
a.

have adopted

taming wild

that

which

is

most simple.]

CHYME,
ticular after it

animals. That par[Little used.] modification which food assumes CIU'TA, n. [L. cieiita; W. cegid ; Fr. Arm. chagud. The Welsh is from has undergone the action of the eigne
[Gr.
j:i>uo5,

juice.]

CIMME'RIAN,

stomach.

Among

choking.] ceg, Cyc. the older author.s, juice chyle, or Water-hemlock, a plant whose root i.s poisonous. This term was used by the anthe tinest part of the chyle contained in cients and by medical writers for the Conithe lacteals and thoracic duct any humor uni maculatum, or conunon hendock, the incrassated by concoction, whether tit or unfit for preserving and nourisliing the expressed juice of which was used as a common poison. Socrates and Phocion Core. body. Encyc. Bailey
;

Pertaining to Cimmerium, a town at the mouth of the Palus Mteotis. The ancients pretended that this country was involved in darkness whence the phrase Cimmerian darkness, to denote a deep or continual obscurity. The country is now called Crimea, or Krim-Tartary. CIM'OLITE, 71. [Gr. xi^oXia L. cuno/i, so
; ;

CHYMl,eHYMIST,ClIYMISTRY.
Chimical, Chiniist, Chimistry.]

[See

perished by
in

it.

It is

now

used medicinally
eflect.
;

moderate doses, with good

n.
;

CIBA'RIOUS,
food.]

a.

[L. cibaiius,
;

from
;

cibus.

CI'DER,
citron

[Fr.

ciJre

or sidre
;

It.

sidro

Sp. sidra
Gr.

Pertaining to food

useful for food

and

edible.

Johnson.

<si.x(j>a,

cidra, a cider. This cannot be the unless the radical letter has
cistr

Arm.

Port,

by Pliny said to be from Cinwlus, the Cretan Sea, now Argentiera.] species of clay, used by the ancients, as u remedy for erysipelas and other inflammations. It is wliite, of a loose, soft texture, molderH into a fine powder, and effercalled
;

an

isle in

vesces with acids.

.s])ots

It is

from

cloth.
is

Another

useful in taking species, of a

CIB'OL,
of small

n.

[Fr.ciboule; h. cepula.]

been changed.]

sort

The

c)nion.

juice of apples expressed, a liquor used

for drink.

The word was

formerly usid

CIA'DA,

n. [L.

See Cigar.] The frog-hop-

to signiiy the juice of other liuits,

and

the steatite or soap-rock. From another si)ccies, found in the isle of Wight, tobacco pipes are made. Pliny. Lib. 35. 17. Encyc-.
])urple color,

C
CINCHONA,
n.

N
bark, quin-

P
astringen
character.

C
;

R
;

The Peruvian

quina, of which there are tiiree varieties, the red, yellow and pule. CIN'TURE, 71. [L. cindura, from cingo, to Ft. ceinIt. cintura ; surround, to gird
;

some degree of sweetness and

cy. tive
oil is

grateful aromatic, of a fragrant smell, moderately pungent taste, accompanied with

It is one of the best cordial, carminaand restorative spices. The essential

seal, box, plate, an enigmatical merchants and Anciently, tradesmen, not being permitted to bear family arms, bore, in lieu of them, their

a name, engraved on a coach or tomb a device

a girdle, or something worn Cinnamon stone, called by Haiiy, Essonile, is A a rare mineral from Ceylon, of a hyacintTi round the body. Pope. red color, yellowish brown or honey yel2. That which encompasses, or incloses. low sometimes used in jewelry. Bacon. Cleaveland. 3. Li archiledurr, a ring or list at the top and bottom of a column, separating the shaft Cinnamon-wafer, is made by distilling the at the other, bark, first infused in barley water, in spirit at one end from the base of wine, brandy or white wine. from the capital. It is supposed to be in imitation of the girths or ferrils anciently Clove-cinnamon, is the bark of a tree growing in Brazil, which is often substituted for Chambers. used to strengthen columns.
1.
;
;

ture.] belt,

of great price.

Encyc.

Hooper.
4.

cy|)hers,or initials of their name.s artfully

interwoven about a

cro.*s.

secret or disguised maimer of writing ; certain characters arbitrarily invented and agreed on by two or more persons, to stand for letters or words, and ander.stood only by the ])ersons who invent, or agree to use them. This is a mode of commu-

Encyc.

nicating information by letters, in time of war, with a view to conceal facts from an enemy, in case the letters should be intercepted. This art has given rise to another art, that of decyphering ; and hence cipherused lor a key to unravel the characters. To have, or to learn a cipher, is to be able
is

CIN'DER,

real cloves. n. chiefly used in the plu. cinders. L. ffTiite-cinnamon, or Winter's bark, is the bark cetxizn ; [Fr. cendre ; It. cenere ; Sp. of a tree, growing in the West Indies, of In W. sindw, is the cinders dnis, ashes. a sharp biting taste, like pei)])er. or scoria of a forge Sax. snirfer, the scoria
;

of metals; V. zindel
j[0)'i5,

Hw.

sinder.

Qu. Gr.

CINQUE,
feuille,

II.

cijik.

[Fr.

five.]

five

to interpret

it.

xaiiM, dust, ashes.]

word used

in

games.
n.

1.

2.

Small coals or particles of fire mixed with ashes; embers. [This is the usual sense of the word in America.] Small particles of matter, remaining after as combustion, in wliich fire is e.xtinct
;

CINQUE-FOIL,

[Fr. cinque, five,

CINQUE-PACE,

a leaf, L. folium.] clover, a species of Potentilla. n. [Fr. cinque, five, kind of grave dance. pas, pace.]

t'. i. In popular language, to use figures, or to practice arithmetic. Five-leaved CI'PHER, V. t. To write in occult charac-

CI'PHER,
ters.

and

and

2.

To

Hayward.
designate
;

to characterize.

Shak.

CIPHERING, ppr.
ticing arithmetic.
2.

Using figures, or prac-

the cinders of a forge.

Shak.

CINnER-WKNCH,
CINDER-WoM.'VN,

ymous

[I believe this ivordis never used as synonuilh ashes.]

)

CINQUE-PORTS,
poiis.]

n.

[Fr. cinque, five,

and

Writing

CIP'OLiN,
zones.

Five havens on the eastern shore of England towards France, viz. Hastings, Romney, s"' business is to rake
Hytlie,

A woman whose

in occult characters. n. [Qu. It. cipolla, an onion,

dp-

into heaps of ashes for cinders. Johnson. [JVot known in America.] CINERA'TION, n. [from L. cinis, ashes.]

Dover and Sandwich. To these been |)orts, Winchelsea and Rye have added. These were anciently deemed of
so

A green marble from Rome,

It

ollina, a shalot.]

containing white

consists chiefly of carbonate of lime, with quartz, shistus, and a small portion of iron. j\'icholson-

The

reducing of any thing to ashes by combustion.

a.

CINE'REOUS,

[L. cinereus,
;

from

cinis,

Like ashes ashes.] the ashes of wood.

iiaving the color of

[L.
cinericius,

CINERI'TIOUS,
cinis, ashes.]

a.

Marlyn. from

Having the color or con[Ir.

sistence of ashes.

CIN'GLE,
from

)i.

reangal

cingo,
is little

to gird.]

girth

Cheyne. L. cingiUum, but the

;

much importance, in the defense of the CIRC, [See Circus.] kingilom against an invasion from France, CIRCE'.\N, a. Pertaining to Circe, the fabled daughter of Sol and Perseis, who that they received royal grants of particuwas supposed to possess great knowledge lar privileges, on condition of providing a of magic and venomous herbs, by which certain number of ships in war at their own expense. Over these is appointed a she was able to charm and fascinate. warden, and each has a right to send two Bryant. barons to Parliament. CIRCEN'SIAN, a. [L. circenses, games of
Cowel.
Blackstone.
a.

Encyc.

the circus.]

word

used.
n.

[See Surcingle.]
;

CINNABAR,
ris
;

[Gr. xiiioSafii

L. cmwaia-

Pers.

.(.xii" kanbar.]

Red

sulphuret of mercury. .Yafive cinnabar is an ore of quicksilver, moderately compact, very heavy, and of an elegant striated red color. It is called native vermilion and its chief use is in painting. The intensity of its color is reduced by bruising and dividing it into small parts. It is found amorjihous, or under some imitative form or crystalized. Factitious cinnabar is a mixture of mercury and sulplmr sublimed, and thus reduced into a fine red glebe. Encyc. Cleaveland. Hooper.
a. Pertaining to cinnabar; consisting of cinnabar, or containing it; as, cinnufcorine sand. Journ. of Science.

Pertaining to the Circus, in Rome, where were practiced games of various kinds, as CI'ON, running, wrestling, combats, &c. The Circensian games accompanied most of the of spelling the same word are very inconfeasts of the Romans but the grand games venient and whatever may have been the were held five days, commencing on the original orthography of this word, cion, 15th of September. the most simple, is well established, and is Lempriere. Encyc. here adopted.] CIR'CINAL, a. [L. circinus, a compass 1. A youngshoot, twig or sprout ofatree,or See Circle.] circino, to go round. plant, or rather the cutting of a twig, in Rolled in spirally downwards, the tip occutended for ingrafting on another stock pying the center; a term in foUalion or also, the shoot or slip inserted in a stock leafing, as in ferns. Marlyn.

CINQUE-SPOTTED,

Having

five spots.

n. [Fr. cion or scion. Different

Shak modes

CI'PHER,
cyfr
rifra
;

for propagation. n. [Fr. chiffre

It.
;

; ;

Arm.
;

cifera or cifra
cyffer
;

chyfr or Sp. and Port.

D.

G.

ziffer

Dan.
;

CIR'CIN ATE, V. [L. circino, to go round.] To make a circle to compass. CIRCINA'TION, n. An orbicular motion.
t.
;

ciffer

Sw.

ziffra ;

Russ.

tsiphir

Ar.

so CIR LE, n. sur'kl. [Fr. **L. circxdus, from circus

cerco
;

[.Yot used.]

Bailey.
cercle
;
;

It.

circolo
;

Gr. xipxoj
Celtic,

CIN'NABARINE,

It.

ccrchio

1.

empty, and a cipher.] In arithmetic, an Arabian or Oriental character, of this form 0, which, standing by
itself,

from the

W. cyrc,

Sp.

from CUT,
to

a circle, a limit

Ar.

CIN'NAMON, n.
Heb.
]rajp.]

[Gr. xiuufiov, or xiviufiufior ; L. cinnamomum. Qu. It. cannetlu ; Sp. canela ; D. kaneel ; Fr. cannelk. It is in the

The bark of two

true

species of Laurus.

The

cinnamon is the inner bark of the Laurus Cinnamomum, a native of Ceylon. The base cinnamon is from the Laurus Cassia. The true cinnamon is a most

expresses nothing, but increases or diminishes the value of other figures, according to its position. In whole numbers, when ])laced at the right hand of a but figure, it increases its value ten fold in decimal fractions, ])lacedal the left hand of a figure, it diminishes the value of that
;

1.

figure ten fold.

2.

Class Gr. No. 32. 34.] In geometry, a plane figure comprehended by a single curve Hnc, called its circimiference, every part of which is equally distant from a point called the center. Of course all lines drawn from the center to the circumference or periphery, are equal

go round.

A character in

to
I

3.

An

general. Raleigh. intertexture of letters, as the initials of

;2.

the figure,

each other. In popular use, the hue that comprehends the plane or surface compre-

R
oi-

C
solid

R
in a

C
circuit
;

R
;

hencleJ, and the whole body ter of a round substance, are denominated a circU ; a ring ; an orb ; the earth. He thatsitteth on the circle of the earth. Is. xl. as the circle of the a. Compass; circuit;

mat-

17. Druidical circles, in British

Topography, are certain ancient inclosures formed by

;

not direct

as a circuitous

road or course.

rude stones circularly arranged as StoneEncyc. henge near Salisbury. CIR'LE, V. f. To move round ; to revolve Shak. round. forest. And other planets circle other suns. Pope. 4. An assembly surrounding the principal or assemto encompass to surroimd 9. To encircle person. Hence, any company, or of beauties. Prior. Pope. to inclose. bly as a circle of friends,
; ; ;

CIR'eUITOUSLY,
CIRU'ITY,
not direct.
n.
a.

adv. In a circuit.

going round

a cour.se
Jlsh. Circle.]

CIR'ULAR,
1.

[L. circularis.
;

See
;

Hence
nitely

word came to signify indefia number of persons of a particular

the

3.

To

circle in, to
V. i.
;

confine

to

diaracter, whether associated or not ; as a political circle ; the circle of one's achaving however reference to
5.

keep together Digby

;

In the form of a circle ; round circumscribed by a circle spherical ; as, the suii appears to be circular. Successive in order; always returning.

CIR'LE,
bowl
ed
;

circles

circularly the circling years.

To move

as, the

Vulgar

mean

Roscommon. circumforaneous as a
;

quaintance a primary association. A series ending where it begin.s and pera going round. petually repeated Thus in a circle runs the peasant's pain.
; ;

CIR'LED,
omul
])oet.

pp. inclosed.

Surrounded

encompass;

circular poet. Ending in itself; u.scd

Dennis.

C1R'LEU,
;

Dryilen
G.

CIR'CLER,
orb.

a. Having the form of a circle Shak. as the moon's circled orb. mean poet, or circular n.

where the second proposition proves the first, and is proved by

5.

of a paralogism, at once
it.

Addressed

to

Johnson. Baker. a circle, or to a number of

Circumlocution

indirect

form of words.
Fletcher.

CIR'CLET,
CIR'LING,
round
;

n.

little circle

B. Jonson an a circle
;

persons having a
circtdar letter.

common

interest; as r

7.

In logic, an inconchisive form of argument, when the same terms are proved in orbem by the sanre terms, and the parts of the syllogism alternately by each other,
or when the foredirectly and indirectly ; the followgoing pro|iosition is proved by is inferred from the ing, and the following " that bodies descend
;

ppr. inclosing.
a.

Surrounding

Pope. going

heavy foregoing as, is a quahty by by gravity, and that gravity which a heavy body descends."
Encyc.
Circles of the sphere, are

Milton. Circular; round. CIR'COCELE, n. [Or. x|jiffsos or xpioo;, a di But the lated vein, and xtfKri, a tumor. same Greek word seems to be written xipdos, which would give the orthography,

CIR'CLING,

Circular lines, such straight lines as arc divided from the divisions made in the arch of a circle as the lines of sines, tangents and secants, on the plain scale and
;

sector.
7.

Johnson Circtdar numbers, are those whose powers terminate in the roots themselves ; as Sand
.

8.

Watts. Gktnmlle. such as cut the

sphere, and have their periphery either on its movable surface, as the meridians or in another immovable, conterminous and equidistant surface, as the and its parallels. ecliptic, equator, cir 9. Circles of altitude or (tlmucantars, are 'cles parallel to the horizon, having their common pole in the zenith, and diminishthe zenith. ing as they approach 10. Circles of latitude, are great circles perof the ecliptic pendicidar to the plane and tlirough evpassing through its poles erv star and planet. 11. Cirdes of lons:itude, are lesser circles to the ecliptic, dinfmishing as they

mundane
;

are 25 and 36. 6, Bailey. 8. Circular sailing, is the method of sailing a great circle. cirsocele.'\ Encyc. l)y the arch of varix, or dilatation of the spermatic vein; CIR'CULAR, n. A circular letter, or paper. a varicocele ; hernia varicosa. circular form. ITY, n. Coxe. CIR'CULARLY, adv. In a circidar manQuincy. CIR'CUIT, )!. sur'kit. [Fr. circuit ; L. cir ner; in the form of a circle in the form cuitus; of circa, circum, and eo, to go.] of going and returning. 1. The act of moving or passing round; as CIR'CULATE, V. i. sur'culate. [Fr. circui the periodical circuit of the earth round ter ; L. circido.] the sun, or of the moon round the earth. 1. To move in a circle ; to move or pass Hatts. round to move round and return to the 2. The space inclosed in a circle, or within same point as, the blood circulates in the Milton certain limits. body. trav 2. To measured by .3. Any sjiace or extent to place, from person from

whose squares

CIRCULAR

ding round.
4.

Addison.
encircles
;

That which

a ring; a diadem.
3.

jilace pass to person, or iVom hand to hand

dift'used

5.

parallel

r 'Cede from

it.

12. Circle of perpetual apparition, one of the lesser circles, parallel to the equator, des-

Shak. \n England, the journey of judges through several counties or boroughs, for the i)urIn the United pose of holding courts. States, the journey of judges through cer tain states or counties for the same pur
))ose.

to be circulates in the as, money country; a story circulates in town. To move round to run to flow in veins
; ; ; ;

or channels, or in an inclosed place as, the sa|) of plants ciiculates ; water circulates in the earth, or au- in a city or house.
;

CIR'CULATE,
;

V.

t.

To

cause to pass from

cribed by any |)oiiit of the sphere touchand ing the northern point of the horizon, carried about with the ilinrnal motion. Tlie stars within this circle never set.
13.

equator,
14.

Circle of perpetual occullation, another lesser circle at a like distance from the which includes all the stars

which never appear

Diurnal
circles,

our hemisphere. are innnovable circle:

in

supposed
stars

to

be described by the several

heavens, in

counties or states in whicli the same judge or judges hold courts and adminis It is coninion to designate a ter justice. certain number of counties to form a circuit, and to assign one or more judges to each circuit. The courts in the circuits In the governare called circuit courts. ment of the United States, a certain number of states form a circuit. Donne 7. A long deduction of reason.

The

place to place, or from person to ))erson ; to i)ut about to spread ; as, to circulate to circulate bills of credit. CIRCULA'TION, n. The act of moving
a report
;

round, or in a circle, or in a course which brings or tends to bring the moving body as to the point where its motion began the circulation of the blood in the body. A series in which the same order is preserved and things return to the same state.
;

.3.

and

otlier points in the

8.

their diurnal rotation rather in the rotation

its

round the earth, or of the earth round

axis.
circles,

15.

which show the hours on

Ihranj

in

dialing, are the lines

dials.

In law, a longer course of proceedings than is necessary to recover the thing sued Johnson. Cowel. Encyc. for. Bailey gives this as the definition of r iVcuity.
V. i.

The act of going and returning or of passing from place to place, or from peras the circulation of son to person
; ;

4.

money. Currency
bills

CIR'UIT,
round.

To move To move
rt.

in

circle

to

go

5.

or K'l. Circles of the empire, the provinces of the German empire, wliicli ])riiicipalities have a right to be jiresent at the diets. Maximilian I. divided tlie empire into six circles at first, and afterwards into ten

Philips.
V.
I.

CIR'CUIT,
cuit.

or go round.

circulating coin, or notes or current for coin. In clmnistry, circulation is an operation by which the same vapor, raised by fire, falls back to be returned and distilled sev;

CIRCUITEE'R
CIReUI'TION,
of going round
[Little used.]

One

IVarton that travels a cir-

eral time.s.

CIRCULATO'RIOUS,
circuit, or

Pope
n.
;

Austria,

Burgundy, Lower Rhine, Bavaria, Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, I'pper Rhine, Westphalia, and Lower
ga.\ony.

[L. circuitio.]
;

The

act

used.]

a. Travelhng in a from house to house. [Little Barrow. a.

compa.ss

circundorulion.
Hooker.^

CIRCULATORY,
lalory letter.
2. Circulatine.

Circular

as a

circtf-

ClK'tUITOUS,

. eur'kitous.

Going round

C
Clll'eULATORY,
wliicli that
tlie fire is

I
}i.

R
A
cliimiral vessel, in

C
sights to
;

R
the
u.sc

which rises from the vessel on collected and cooled in another

it,

fixed

upon

and

falls

down
[I.,

again. Johnson.

screw on and sUdc up and down the index also a spangle and socket screwed on the back side of the circle to Encyc. put the head of the staff in.

of a single tcnn, either from delicacy or respect, or with a view to soflen the force of a direct exprcs.'-ion, or for other reason.

CIRCUMAM'BIENCY,
roiuul,
bient.]

n.

and ambio,

to

go about.

C1R'UMFLEX, n. [L. circumjlexus ; circum, round, andfleclo, to bend.] circum, aSee Jim- In grammar, an iirc{^nt serving to note or distinguish a syllable of an intermediate
Brown
sound between acute and grave marked It is a kind of luidulain Greek thus -.
;

CIRCUMLOCUTORY,
;

a. Pertaining to circumlocution consisting or contained hi a compass of words ])eriphrastic.

;

Shenstone.

Tlie act of surrounding, or encompassing.

CIRCUMMU'RED,
ms, a wall.]
\V ailed round
;

a.

[L.

circum and mu-

CIRUMAM'BIENT,

o.

Surrounding; en-

tion in the voice, but not used in English

on all compassing ; inclosing or being sides ; used particularly of the air about the earth.
v. i.

CIRCUMFLEX,
flex.

v.

t.

To mark

or

\n-o-

nounce with the accent

called a circiuii-

CIRCUMNAV'IGABLE,
navigate.]

Walker
n.

That mav be
v.

cuconipasscd with a wall. Shak. a. [See Circumsailed round.

,

CIRCUMAM'BULATE,
bulo, to

[L. circumam'

CIRCUM'FLUENCE,

[L.
;

circumfuens

Ray.

walk round

cirrum and amhido.}

[Lxltle used.] n.

To walk

round about.

circum, round,

and^wo, to flow.] flowing round on all sides an inclosure

a.

CIRCUMNAVIGATE,
To
igo ; circum and a ship.]
;

[L. eircumnaynavigo, to sail, from navis,

f.

CIRCUMAMBULA'TION,
walking round.

The

act of

of waters.

[Little used.j

CIRCUMFLUENT,
surrounding as a waves.

Flowing
;

round
Pope.

CIRCUMCEL'LION,
and
cdla,

n.

[L. circum, about,

fluid
a.

as, circumfluent

cell,

or cellar.

Hence, u va-

CIRCUMNAVIGA TION,
sailing round.

sail round to pass round by water ; as, to circumnavigate the globe.

n.

The

grant.]

In church

history,
"to

that adiiered

CIRCUM'FLUOUS, [L. circiimfuns. See a set of illiterate peasants Flowing round encomCircumfhitnce.] the Donatista in the fourth passing as a fluid circumfluent.
; ;

act of Arhuthnot.
sails

CIRCUMNAVIGATOR,
round.

n.

One who

century.

Milner.
V.
I.

Milton.

CIR'ellMCiSE,

sur'cumcize.

[L.

cir-

cumcido, circum, around, and cido, to cut Fr. circoncire ; Sp. circuncidar ; It. circonctdere.]

CIRCUMFORA'NEAN, CIRCUMFORA'NEOUS,
house
to
;

Pope. [L.circumforaneiis
;

CIRCUMPLICATION,
A

n.

[L. circjtmplico ;
;

cir-

cum, aroimd, and/om, a door, or abroad.

circum and ptico, to fold.] or a folding, winding or wrapping round state of being enwra])])ed. [Liltte used.]
Bailey.
a.

Going about; walking or wandering from

house
;

To cut oiTtlic prepuce or foreskin of males a ceremony or rite in the Jewish and Mo
Immmedun
religions.

as a circumforaneous fuller
Sjiect. 47.

CIRCUMPO'LAR,
polar.]
;

[L. circum,

and Eng.

or piper

The word

is

ajjpli-

circumforaneous wits. Addison,

ed also to a practice among some nations Circumforaneous musicians, male and female, are daily seen at the doors of hotels, in of performing a like operation upon fe France and sometimes they enter the males. CTR'CUMCISER, n. One who performs room, where a company is dining, and entertain them with nnisic Milton. circumcision. expecting a W. CIRUMCIS'ION, 71. The act of cuttuig franc or a few sous as a reward.
; ;

About the pole an appellation given to stars, which ur<^ so near the north pole, as lo revolve round it without setting. The number of these depends on the latitude
of the spectator. polar region and

We

stars,
11.

apply it to the north but the word is

s as
:.

CIRCUM CURSA'TION,

off the prepuce or foreskin,

n.

CIRCUMFU'SE,
[L.

circum,

u1.

sus

bout, and ciirso, to run.] Tlic act of running about.

[JVot used.]

Barrow.

2.

[L. circumfu circum and fundo, fusus, to pour.] to spread round, as a Bacon. fluid. Milton. To spread round to surroimd.
t'.
;

f.

s as

:.

CIRCUM POSP'TION,
and

applicable to either pole.

[L. circum,
positio.]
;

To pour round

CIReUMDUeT',
;

V.

t.

[L. circumduco

cir-

cum, round, and duco, to load.] To contravene to nullify ; a term of

law.
[Little
2.

CIRCUMFU'SILE, sitis, that may be

circumfusile gold.

a. [L. circum, melted.]

and
;

or the state act of placing in a circle of being so placed. Evelyn. CIRCUMRA'SION, n. s as :. [L. circumrasio ; circum and rado, to shave.] fuThe act of shaving or paring round. [Little
as,

The

civil

That nuiy be poured or

sjiread

round

used

[Little used.]

CIRUMDUTION,
used.]
;

n.

'''/'#

Pope.
n. [See Circumfu^e.]

CIRcilMRO'TARY,
whirling round.
rotatio, rotation,

a.

Turning, rolling or
Shenstone.
h.

leading about. Hooker.

CIRCUMFU'SION,
The

An

[L. circum and Ayliffe. CIRCUMgESTA'TION, Taylor. CIR'CUMFER, V. t. [L. circumfero.] To ^estatio.] A carrying about. bear or carry round. [.Vo< in use.] CIRCUM'GYRATE, ) , [L. circum, and a turning Bacon. CIRCUMtY'RE, S S'i/'""*' n. [L. circumfertntia, round.] CIReUM'FERENCE, To roll or turn round. [Little used.] Ray. fromarcum, round, and /ero, to carry.] tlic exte 1. The line tliat bounds a circle CIRCUMGYRATION, ?i. The act of turnthe turnrior line of a circular body ; the whole ing, rolling or whirling round exterior surface of a round body a peri ing of a limb in its socket. N'eicton. .Mdton Quincy. Cheyne. phery. 2. The space included in a circle. CIRCUMJA'CENT, a. [L. circumjacens ;
n.
; ;
; ;

annulling

cancellation. [Little used.]

act of pouring or s[)reading round ; the Johnson. state of being poured round.

CIRCUMROTA'TION,
The

[L. circum and from roto, to turn round.] act of rolling or revolving round, as a. wheel ; circumvolution ; the state of being

whirled round.

Gregory.
v.t.

CIRCUMSCRI'BE,
1.

[h. circumscribo

circum atid scribo, to draw.] Literally, to draw a line round. Hence, To inclose within a certain limit to limit,
;

bound, confine.

You
The
litlle

are

above

forms which circumscribe your sex.

Suulhem.

2. To write round. circtim and jaceo, to lie.] Milton. Dryden [Little used.] Drawn round as a circle ; any thing circular or Lying round ; bordering on every side. 3. An orb pp. a line ; hmited ; conhned. Johnson. orbicular; as in Milton, speaking of a CIRCUMLIGA'TION, n. [L. circtimiigo, In geometry, this word is applied to a figure shield. which is drawn round another figure, so The broad circumference to bind round circum and ligo, to bind.] that all its sides or planes touch the inscriThe act of binding round ; the bond with Hung on his shouliiers like the moon. bed figure. CIRCUM'FERENCE, j>. t. To include in a which any thing is encompassed. Enn/c. Brown. circular space. Johnson. CIRCUMSCRIBING, ppr. Drawing a line [JVot used.] rounil ; inclosing limiting ; confining. "MRCUMFEREN'TIAL, a. Pertaining to CIRCUMLOCU'TION, n. [L. circumlocutio Parkhurst. the circumference. circum and locutio, a speaking, loquor, to CIRCUMSCRIP'TIBLE, a. That may be n. An instrument circumscribed or limited bv bounds. speak.] used by surveyors for taking angles. It circuit or compass of words ; a periphrase CIRCUMSCRIPTION, n. The line that consists of a brass index, and circle, all of hmits ; limitation ; bound confinement. the use of a number of words to express a piece ; on the circle is a chart, divided Shak. an idea, when a suitable term is not at into 360 degrees. There are also two hand, or when a speaker chooses to avoid 2. In natural philosophy, the termination or

CIRCUMSCRIBED,

CIRUMFEREN'TOR,

C
limits of a
Ijody.

R
R'ly.flshmolc.

R
Blackstone. 2.

the exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a

body

which necessarily or usually attend facts] of a particular nature, from which arises
presumption.

A cirrular inscription. CIReUMSeRIP'TIVE, a.

ti.

CIRCUMSTANTIALITY,
;

Defining tlie external form; marking or inclosing the Grew. limits or superficies of a body. CIRUMSCRIP'TIVELY, (tdv. In a limit-

n. The appendage of circumstances the state of any thing as modified by circumstances.

the thing rolled round another. Arbuthnot. H'llkiuf. In archilecture, the torus of the spiral line of the Ionic order.

CIRCUMVOLVE,
cumvolvo
;

Encyc.

Johnson.
2. Particularity in

To

ed manner.

Montagu.
a.

CIR'UMSPET,
cum and
Literally,

[L. circumspectus ; cirspecio, to look.] looking on all sides; looking

;

exhibiting circumstances ; as the circumstanliality of a ; slory or deserijition. CIRciliMSTAN'TIALLY, adv. According

11. t. circu7nvolv'. [L. circircum, and volvo, to roll.] to cause to revolve to put into a circular motion. Glanville.

roll

round

minuteness

CIRCUMVOLVE,
revolve.

v.

i.

To

roll

round

to

CIRCUMVOLV'ED,
moved
in a circular

pp.
pjir.

RoUed round;
Rolling round
,

to circumstances
tally.
'2.

not essentially
;

round. Hence, Cautious; jirudent

that

examining carefully

watchfid on all sides: all the circumstances

Minutely; exactly or particular.

accidenGlanville in every circum-stance

;

manner.

CIRCUMVOLV'ING,
revolving.

Broom
v.
;

CIRCUS,
cirque
1.
;

11.

j)lu.

circuses.
;

me

may
to
lie

aflect a determination, or a

meas-

CIRUMSTAN'TIATE,

adopted.

Boyle.

Hcii/wooil.

ClRUMSPEC'TION,
;

Caution attention cumstances of a case, and to the natural or )irobable consequences of a measure with a view to a correct course of conduct,
or to avoid danger.
Clarendon.
a.
;

. [L.eircums'pectio.] to all the facts and cir-

place particular circumstances to invest with particidar accidents or adjuncts.

t.

To

[L. circus; Fr.

;

in

It.

circo

Sp. ctVco
see.]

Gr. *if .105

whence

circle,

which

2.

Bramhall. To ])Iace in a particular condition with Swift. regard to power or wealth. [This word is little ttsed.]

Milton.

CIReUMSPEC'TIVE,
;

Looking round

CIReUMTERRA'NEOliS,a.[circMj)i,abont and terra, earth.] Around the earth.

cautious careful of conse every way Pope. quences; watchfid of danger. CIReUMSPEC'TIVELY, adv. Cautiously heedfully with watchtidness vigilantly to snard against danger. CIR'UMSPETLY,orfi!. Cautiously witi watchfulness every way with attention
; ; ;
;

CIRUMVAL'LATE,
with a
to wall
fy
1.

r.

t.

To

Halywell.

surround

rarnjiart.

CIR(JMVALLA'TION,
roimd
;

[hittle jtserf.] n. [h.circumvullo,

vallo, to forti3.

circum, and

In antiquity, a roimd or oval edifice, used for the exhibition of games and shows to the people. The Roman circus was encompassed witJi porticos, and furnished with rows of seats, rising one above anther for the accommodation of spectators. The Circus Maximus was nearly a mile in circumference. Adam. Encyc. The open area, or space inclosed, in which were exhibited games and shows ; as wrestling, fighting with swords, staves or pikes, running or racing, dancing,
quoits,

guard against surprise or danger. Roy. CIR'UMSPETNESS, ?!. Caution; cirvigilance in guarding acumspection H'olton. against evil from evei-y quarter.
to
;

CIR'tUMSTANCE,

n.

[L.

eircumstdntia.
;

with a rampart.] In Me aii of war, a siuToundiug with a wall or rampart also, a wall, rampart, or parapet with a trench, surrounding the camp of a besieging army, to prevent desertion, and guard the army against any attempt of an enemy to relieve the place
;

&c.

'

In modern times, a circular inclo^ the exhibition of feats of horseu CTRL, n. An Italian bird

aboiRJpi'Size
cirrus,

"of

sparrow.

SKT N'at. Hist.

a tendrilj

CIRRIF'EROUS,

[L.

from circumstani!, standing about cireuin. and .5(0, to stand.] Literally, tliat which stands around or near. Hence,
Sometliing attending, appendant, or relaa particular thing tive to a fact, or case which, thougli not essential to an action, the same to a mor in some way affects it al action, as accident to a natiual sub stance as, the cireiimstances of time, place and persons, are to be considered. 2. Tlie adjuncts of a fact, which make it more or less criminal, or make an accu sation more or less probable accident
1.
; ; ; ; ;
;

besieged.
'2.

amXfero, to bear.] Enryc. Producing tendrils or claspers, as a plant. rampart, or fortification surrounding CIRROUS, a. [L. cirrus, a curl.] Termia besieged place. nating in a cirrus, curl or tendril as a cirrous leaf. Martyn. [Note. This word, from the Latin, vallo, 01

The

vaUuni, vallus, denotes properly the wall or rampart tlirown up ; but as the rampart is foin ed by entrenching, and the trench makes a part of the fortification, the word is applied to both.

CISALPINE, On

a.

[L.

cis,

on

this side,

and

See Eng. Wall.']

Alpes, Alps, alpinus, alpine.] this side of the Alps, with regard to Rome; that is, on the south of the Alps;

whence

CIRUMVE'TION, n. [L. A carrying veho, to carry.]

vsed.]

circum, and about. [JVot

v.t. [L. circumvenio; circum, and renio, to come.] Literally, to CISSOID', n. [Gr. xistoj, ivy, and f 1*05, form.] come round hence. A curve of the second order, invented by something adventitious incident event. Joh nson. To gain advantage over another, or to acDiodes. Bailey. Encyc. 3. Circumstances, in the plural, condition complish a piu'|)ose, by arts, stratagem, or CIST, n. A case. [See Cyst, the projier orto deceive to prevail over an in regard to worldly estate state of propdeception thography.] delude to im CIST'ED, a. Inclosed in a cyst. other by wiles or fraud to as a man in low circumstances, or ii erty [See Millon. Dryden. pose on. Ci/sted.] easy circumstances. CIR'CUMSTANCED,;*/). or a. Placed in a CIRCUMVENT ED, pp. Deceived by craft CISTERCIAN, n. [Cisteaur, in France.] or stratagem deluded. a reformed Benedictine. with regard lo attend monk, ])articular manner, ing facts or incidents as, circumstanced CIRCUMVENT'ING, ;);)r. Deceiving; im CISTERN, n. [L. cisterna ; cista, and Sax. as we were, we could not escape. posing on. am, place, repository.] CIR'UMSTANT, a. Surrounding. [Little CIRCUMVEN'TION, n. The act of pre 1. An artificial reservoir or receptacle for used or not at all.] vailing over another by arts, address, or holding water, beer or other litpior, as in domestic uses, distilleries, and breweries. CIRCUMSTAN"rL\L, a. Attending ; rela- fraud deception ; fiaud iiHposture de lusion. South 2. A luitural reservoir a hollow place contiii',; to; but not essential. Shak, ;i. taining water as a fountain or lake. Consisting in or pertaining to circumstan- 9. Prevention preoccupation Obs.
; ;
;

CIRCUMVENT',

to transalpine. a. [L. cis, on this side, and Padt(S, the rive)- Po, whence padanus.] On this side of the Po, with regard to Rome that is, on the .south side. Stephens.

opposed

CIS PADANE,

ces, or to particidar incidents. The usual character of liuman testimony b substantial truth under circumstantial varietv

CIRCUMVENT'IVE,
fices
;

a.

Deceiving by

arti

CIST'IC,

a.

[See Cystic]
[Gr. xl;os.]

deluding.

y.
4.

5.

CIRCUM VEST', v.t. [\..circumvestio; ctr- genus of plants of many sjiecies, most of Pali'i/ cum, ami vtstio, to clothe.] them Uiitives of the southern parts of EuDonne. To cover round, as with a garment. Some of thcin are beautiful everIncidental; casual. rope. Wotton Abounding with circumstances, or exhibgreen flowering shrubs, and ornamental n. [L. circumvolo; in gardens. iting all tlie circumstances; minute; par- CIRCUMVOLA'TION, Encyc. circum, ami volo, to fly.] ticuku' as a circumstantial account or reCIT, 71. [contracted from citizen.] A citizen, The act of flying round. [Little used. cital. in a low sense ; an iidiabitant of a city; a In law, rirrumslanlinl evidence is that CIRCUMVOLUTION, n. The act of pert townsman a pragmatical trader. which is obtained from circumstances, ing round the state of being rolled also, Pope.; ; ;

CIST'US,

n.

The

rock-rose, a

C
CIT'ADEL,
n.
;

T
;

V
It.

T
the,

CIV
the sense of the word in the United States. In Great Britain, a city is said to be a town corporate that has a bishop and a cathedral church ; but this is not always the fact. 3. The collective body of citizens, or the inhabitants of a city as when we say, the dty voted to establish a market, and the city repealed the vote. CIT'Y, . Pertaining to a city ; as city wives a citi/ feast city manners. Shak. CITY-OURl', )!. The municipal court of a city, <-onsisting of the mayor or recorder and aldermen. U. States. GIVES, 77. [Fr. cive ; L. cepa.] species of leek, of the genus Allium.

[Fr. ciiaddle

cMadella

enjoys the freedom and privileges of

city in
city, as
2.
:

This

is

S|i.

dudadela

from the

It. citta, city.]

ed

fortress or castle, in or near a city, intendfor its defense ; a place of arms.

which he resides tlie freeman of a distinguished from a foreigner, or

entitled to its franchises.
; ;

one not

Johnson.

Encyc.

CI'TAL,
incm.
2.
rised.]

n.

[from die.]
;

Reproof; impeachShak.
;

[Litltc used.]

Summons

citation
ji.

quotation.

[Little

Johnson.
[L. citaiio,
;

CIT A TION,
which sec]
1.

from
call

dto, to die,

or notice, a court given to a i)erson, to appear in and answer to a demand a call or notice to appear, in \arious other rases, and tUe paper' containing such notice or call. the ;ict of citing a passage J. Quotation from a hook or liom another person, in liis own words also, the passage or words Walls. Mlerbury. (iiiotcd. mention. 3. Enumeration Harvey. CI'TATORY, a. Citing calling liaving the power or form of citation as, letters

A summons

an

official

A townsman a man of trade not a gen ShaJt tleman. An inhabitant a dweller in any city, town or place. Dryden. 4. In a general sense, a native or permanent as the dliresident in a city or <^ollntry zens of London or Philadfc]j)hia the citi tens of the United States. 5. In the U. Slates, a person, native or naturalizol, who has the privilege of exercising the elective franchise, or the qualifications which enable him to vote for rulers, and to purchase and hold real estate. If the citizens of the U. St.ites should not be free and happy, the fault will he entirely their own. Washinglan. CIT'IZEN, a. Having the qualities of a cit
3.
; ; ;

CIVET,
o
.-^

n.

[Fr. civette

It.

zibetto

Per*.

i Ij

zabad, the sweet sceflt of any beast

zcn.

Ar.
V.
t.

CIT'IZENIZE,
izen.

To make

a citizen

to

and iLjj cream, civet;xiLjja

dlalorij.

%'#

admit to the rights and privileges of a

cit-

civet-cat.

The Arabic

verb signifies to

CITE,
tare
;

V.

I.

[L. cUo, to call

I'ort. citar
;

heetan, or halaii, to call, order,

G.

Sp. \ substance, of the consistence of butter or conmiand honey, taken from a bag under the tail of hdsscii, whence Eng. 6e/ii.s( D. hreten the civet-c.it. It is of a clear, yellowish, Sw. hclu Dan. heder. The same word in CIT'IZENSHIP, n. The state of being vest or brownish color; of a strong smell, and ed with the rights and privileges of a citDutch and Ilanish signifies to heat. The offensive when undiluted, but agreeable Home. izen. stimu to rotise, sense then is Bp. drive,
;

Fr. ciler; It. dGoth, hailan ; Sa.x.

;

Talleyrand was citizenized in Pennsylvania wlion there in the form of an emigrant. Pickering.

make butter, and this substance may be named from its resemblance to it.]

late.
1.

To
to to

See Excite, Incite.] CITR-ATE, II. [L. citrus, a citron or lemon.' In chimistry, a neutral salt, formed by a call upon ndicially, or authoritatively luiion of the citric acid, or aciil of lemons sununon to give legal or official no; ;

push,

iJ.

as to a di'fendant to appear in court, Milton. enjoin to direct ; to summon to orPrior. der or urge. to name or repeat, as a pas3. To quote sage or the words of another, either from a l)ook or from verbal communication as, to die a i)assage from scripture, or to cite the very words a man utters.
tice,

with a base.

answer or defend.
;

The onion

To

CIT'RI,
CIT'RIL,

a.

Ure yields citrate of lime. Belonging to lemons or limes;!

as dtric acid.
n.

A beautiful

songbird

ofltalv-l Diet. A~at. Hisl.\

CITRINA'TION,
CIT'RINE,
or lemon

n. [See Citrine.] turning to a yellow green color.

a. "[L.
; ;

Thej
|

4.

To

call or
;

name,

in

firmation as, to a point in law.

cite

Dryden. support, proof or conan authority to prove

cites or

Bacon.

Like a citron cilrinus.] of a lemon color yellow, or

is mi.\cd with anothused as a perftunc. Encyci CIV'ET-AT, 71. The animal that produces This animal civet, a species of Viverra. bears a resemblance to a cat or to a fox it is of a cinereous color, tinged with yellow, marked with dusky spots disposed in rows. It inhabits India, Guinea, Ethiopia, and Encyc. Madagascar. CIV'I, a. [L. ddcus, from civis, a citizen.] Literally, pertaining ito a city or citizen;

when

a small portion
It is

er substance.

relating to civil affairs or honors.

greenish yellow.

The

CIT'RINE,

CI'TER,
court.
2.

)!.

One who

summons

into

quotes a passage or the words of another.

n.

One who

species of [L. cilrinus.] very fine sprig crystal, of a beautiful yellow color, found in colunnis, and terminating in a hexangular pyramid.
71.

Oi'i'e crown, in Roman affairs, was a crown or garland of oak bough.s, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the hfe of a

Pope.

citizen in battle.

CI V'lL,
Fr.

n.
;

[L. dvilis,
It.

Hill.

Encyc.

civil

dvile

from cim, a citizen Sp. dvil. Qu. the

;

CIT'ESS,

[Sec
a.

Cit.]

city

woman.
a harp or
;

CIT'RON,
Irum.]

n.

[Fr. dlron

L. citreum, or d-

Welsh

[Little used.]

The
[L. cithara,

CTTllARIS'TIC,
lyre.]

fruit of the citron of lemon.

tree,

a large species
tree
1.

cau, to shut, inclose, fence, hedge ; for the rude inhabitants of antiquity fortified their towns with hedges, stakes or palisades.]

CIT RON-TREE,

Pertaining to or adapted to the harp or appropriated to the accompaniment of the .Mas. Did. liarp.

CITH'ERN,

?i. [L. cithara ; It. citara ; Sp. citara ; D. ci/ter ; Gr. xiSopa.] stringed musical instrument, among the ancients, the precise form of whicli is not CIT'RON-WATER, >i. A liquor distilled with the rind of citrons. Pope. known, but it bore some resemblance to tlie modern guitar, the name of which is CTTRUL, n. The pompion or pumpkin, so named from its yellow color. [/ believe evidently from this ancient word. CITICISM, n. [from cit.] The manners of not used.] B. Johnson. CIT'Y, 71. [Fr. cite ; It. dtla, ciltade or ci(a cit or citizen. tate: Sj). ciudad; Port, ddade; from the <;iTaED, a. Belonging to a city. Latin cidlas.] Drayton. CIT ISIN, n. A substance of a yellow color, In a general sense, a. large town; a large obtained from the seeds of the Cytisus number of houses and inliabitants, estab

which pro duces the citron, of the genus Citrus. It has an upright smooth stem, with a branchy head, rising from five to fifteen feet, adorned with large, oval, spear-shaped To the same genus belong the leaves. lemon-tree, orange-tree, &e. Encyc.
n.

The

Relating to the community, or to the poland icy and government of the citizens subjects of a state as in the phrases, dvil rights, dvil government, ciml [mvileges, It is opposed to civil war, cidt justice. criminal; as a dvil suit, a suit between citizens alone whereas a criminal process It is is between the state and a citizen.
;
;

distinguished from ecclesiastical, which respects the church ; and from military, which respects the army and iia%-y. 2. Relating to any man as a member of a coimnunity as dvil power, dvil rights, the power or rights which a man enjoys as a citizen. 3. Reduced to order, rule and government ; under a regular administration implying Jf'ebster's Manual. some refinement of manners : not savage Labunium. ished hi one place. or wild as dvil life dvil society. CIT'IZEN, n. dt'izn. [Fr. dtoyen ; It. dtta- 2. In o more appropriate sense, a corporate dino ; Sp. dudadano ; Port, cidadam ; from Civilized; courteous; complaisant; gentown a town or collective body of inhabkind ; See City.] tle and obliging well-bred affable It. citta, Sp. ciudad, a city. itants, incorporated and governed by particular oflicers, as a mayor and aldermen. having tke manners of a city, as opposed J. The native of a city, or an inliabitant who
: ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Vol.

I.

38

V
To
duce
civility

(5

L A
;

C L A
to intro-

of a to the rough, rude, coarse niannera savage or clown. Where civil speech and soft persuasion hung.
r>.

reclaim from a savage state

instruct

LAD, pp.
ment.
1

and

of manners among a people, them in the arts of regular

[See Clothe.] Clothed invested ; covered is with a garment. Jeroboam had clad himself with a new gar;

(j.

Denham. Locke. Waller. Prior life. not gay or showy. CIV'ILIZED, pp. Reclaimed from savage Jtniton. instructed in arts, learnmora appear. life and maimers Complaisant polite a popvlar colloquial ing and civil manners. use of the word. Such sale of conscience and duty In open

Kings xi.
clad in cheerful green.
I.

Grave

sober

The

fields arc
V.

Till civil suited

;

CLAIM,
;

[L. clamo, to
;

cry out, to call

;

glamaim.] to ask or seek to obtain, by 1. To call for as banishment, outlawry, ex- CIVTLIZER, n. One who civihzes he that virtue of authority, right or supposed honefits, communication, entering into a mouastc reclaims others from a wild and savage right to challenge as a right ; to demand and teaches them the rules and cus as due as, to claim a debt to claim obe&c., as distinguished from natural ry, life, death. toms of civility. dience, or respect. -f\. Civil law, in a general sense, the law of a 2. That which reclaims from savageness. 2. To assert, or maintain as a right ; as, he claims to be the best poet of the age. state, city or country; but in an appropri- CIVILIZING, ppr. Reclaiming from savate sense, the Roman law ; the municipal life instructing in arts and civiUty of| 3. To have a right or title to; as, the heir age law of the Roman empire, compriseil in he claims a manners. claims the estate by descent of Justinthe Institutes, Code and Digest CIVILLY, adv. In a manner relating to promise. or character 4. To ian and the Novel Constitutions. Obs. Spenser. government, or to the rights proclaim. Blackslone. of a member of the conununity. Hooher.l .5. To call or name. Obs. 9. Civil list, the officers of civil government, In a maimer relating to private rights; CLAIM, n. A demand of a right or supwho are paid from the public treasury; opposed to criminally ; as a process civillyj jjosed right a calling on another for commenced for the private satisfaction of something due, or supi)Osed to be due ; as also, the revenue appropriated to support Blacliitone. the civil government. A claim a party injured. a claim of wages for services. -^ylijSyThe army of James II. was paid out of liis 3. Not naturally, but in law as a man civilimplies a right or sujjposed right in the Hamilton. civil list. claimant to something which is in anothly dead. with A claim may gently er's possession or power. Politely ; complaisantly 10. Civil state, the whole body of the laity or due decorum; courteously; as, we were be made in words, by suit, and by other citizens, not included under the niilitaiy, means. The word is usually preceded by Dryden. Prior. civilly treated. maritime, and ecclesiastical states. or finery as chain Without gaudy colors, make or lay ; to tnake claim ; to lay claim. 1 1. Civil ivar, a war between people of the Bacon. Obs. bers furnished civilly. A right to claim or demand a title to same state or city; opposed to foreign CIVTSM, n. [L. civis, a citizen.] Love of any debt, privilege or other thing in poswar. session of another ; as, a prince has a or animal accountry ijatriotism. 1-^. Civil year, the legal year, To clip with scissors. [Xol claim to the throne. coimt of time which a govermneiit ap- CIZ'AR, V. I. Beaum in its own dominions, inusenorcon'ccl.] Homer's claims to the first rank among Epic jioints to be used Anon, as distinguished from tiie natural year CIZE, for size, is not in use. poets have rarely been disputed. or BONN Y-CLABBER,. Milk which is" measured by the revolution of 3. The thing claimed, or demanded. become thick or inspissated. [G. 4. A loud call. turned, the heaveidy bodies. Bailey. Encyc. Spenser lab, l)./ei. rennet.] 13. Civil architecture, the architecture which [This original sense of the wprd is now i. [Fr. claqtier, to flap or snap is employed in constructing buildings for LACK, V. obsolete.] cliqueter, to clack the purposes of civil life, in distinction cliquct, a mill-clapper a. That may be demanded W. ctcca, clegyr ; Ir. clagaim ; D. klak CLAIMABLE, from military and naval arcliitecture as as due. ken ; Sax. cloccan, to cluck, L. glocio. &c. private houses, palaces, churches, CLAIMANT, n. A person who claims; Probably from the root of the Lat. loquor, CIVIL'IAN, VI. [from civil.] One who is one who demands any thing as his right. Gr. -AoxJ, xrixtu,. See Cluck, and Class Lg. 9- A a professor or skilled in the Roman law person who has a right to claim, or deNo 27.] doctor of civil law. Encyc. mand. as by 2. In a more crtended sense, one who is versed 1. To make a sudden sharp noise, CLA'iMET), pp. Demanded as due; chalto clink; to click. in law and government. striking or cracking; lenged as a right asserted ; maintained. and continually, 3. .\ student of the civil law at the univer- 2. To utter words rapidly CLA'IMER, n. A claimant one who deor with sharp, abrupt sounds ; to let the Graves. mands as due. sity. tongue run. CIViLIST, n. A civilian. [.\'ot in use.] CL.\'1MING, ppr. Demanding as due ; a CIVILITY, n. [L. civilitas, from civilis, CLACK, n. [W. c?cc, a sharp noise, to crack, challenging as a right; asserting; mainclack, tale-bearing cltca,clecian, clegyr, civil ; It. civilita ; Sp. eiviUdad.] taiiiing having a right to demand. See the Verb.] to crack, to' tattle. refinement 1. The state of being civilized CLAIR-OBSCURE. [See Clare-obscure,] of manners applied to nations ; as distin- 1. A sh.irp, abrupt sound continually re- CLAM, n. [See the Verb.] The popular^ made by striking an barbarous peated, such as is name of certain bivalvular shell-fish, of guished tiom the rudeness of or cracking contmii nations. object, or by bursting [This sense is obsolescent or obso nianv species. to hear his al talk Davies. Dcnham. as, we do not wish n. The shell of a clam. Spenser. lete.] Hence the CLAM'-SHELL, clack; a common expression. Good breeding politeness complaisance 'J. CLAM, V. t. [Sax. ckemian, to glue; D. word is used for the tongue, the instrudecorum of behavior in the G. klamm, courtesy klam, clanuny lym, glue Prior. Butter. ment of clacking. treatment of others, accompanied witli klemmen, to pinch Dan. close, clanuny kind ortices, and attention to their wants 2. The instrument that strikes the hopi>cr of klammer, to cling klemmer, to squeeze, or to move or shake it, tor disa grist-mill, and desires. Civility respects manners or timer, to glue lim, glue limagtig, ))iiicli AntI according tti external deportment, and in the plural charging the corn. clammy. Qu. W. clymu, to fund or tie a Johnson, abt;llthat rings when more corn' civilities denote acts of politeness. See Lime and Class Lm. No. I. 5. knot. is required to be put in. Clarendon. South. Dryden 9. 13.] OIVILIZA'TION, n. [See CivUize.] The To clack loool, is to cut off the sheep's mark,| To clog with glutinous or viscous matter. which makes it weigh less, and yield less, act of civilizing, or the state of being civilL'Estrange. in .flmerica.] dutv. ized the state of being refined in man[JVot used, I believe, moist. [Little used.] One that clacks; that CL.\3I, 1'. t- To be ners, from the grossness of savage life, CLACK'ER, 71. Dryden. which clacks. and improved in arts and learning. a sharp, CLA'MANT, a. [Sec Claim.] Crying beii. The a<-t of rendering a criminal process eLACK'ING, ppr. Making abruptj Thomson. seechinff. civil. LYot used.] talking consound, continually repeated CLAM'BER, V. i. [from climb, or D. ktamwith the
;

7.

Civil death, in law, is that which cuts off a man from civil society, or its rights and

market

is

not reconcilable

with the present

J.

upon It. clamare, or chiamare Port, daSax. hiemman ; Sw. mar; Sp. llamar

state of civilized society.

Quincy

glamma

Ir.
;

';

CLABBER

CIVILIZE,
ser
;

[It. civilizzare ; Fr. civili Sj). Port, civilizar ; from civil.]

V.
I.

tinually

tatthng
11.

rattling

eLACK'ING,

tongue.

prating.

pen, to grapi)lc.]

C L A
To
climb with

C L A
family, or clan
chieftain.

C L A
;

liands ami Clamp-nails, nails used to fosteti on clamps diiRciilty, or with ill Addison. feet. ships. CLAai'BERING,jo;)r. Climbing witli ctToit LAM1*, I). /. To fasten with clamps. 2. In joinery, to fit a piece of board with the and labor.
n.

an association under a
Robertson.

Encyc.
cliipt.
;

CLAP,

^LAM'MINESS,
state
;

[See
;

aammy.] The
;

and pp. clapped or [D. klappen, kloppen ; Dan. klapper

r.
t.

pret.

Sw.

grain, to the

end of another piece of board

;

of being vincous viscosity ness tenacity of a soft substance.

sticlii-

across the grain

as, to

clamp a

table to

prevent

its

Moxon.
;

LAMI"ED,

Moxon. warping. pp. United or strengthened

G. klappen or klaffen ; Russ. klep' The Dutch and German words siglyit. nify to clnp or strike, and to talk, clatter, Sax. cleopian or clypian, to call, to prate.
klappa
;

thrust ; to diive together; to shut hasIbiloweil by to ; as, to to the door tily clap or gate. Locke. Shak. Sltak. Prior. and urgent demand. Note. In Russ. kolieno signifies a knee 3. To thrust or drive together to put one to another by a hasty or sudden moand a family, race or tribe. Irish gliin, the thing 2. Figuratively, loud and continued noise, as tion ; follo^ved by to, on or in ; as, to clap knee, and a generation. of a river or other inanimate things. the hand to the mouth ; to clap spurs to n Addison. LAN'CULAR, a. [L. clancularius.] Clan horse ; to clap on a saddle. destine ; secret ; private ; concealed. [lAt LAM'OR, V. I. To stun with noise. If'atts.
3.
; ;

CL.AMP'ING, ppr. Fastening or strengthadhesive soft and Hticky glutinous ening with a clamp. nacious; as, bodies clammy and cleaving. Bacon. CL.XN, n. [Ir. c/aun, or cfajirf, children, posa tribe, breed, generation, family. terity Cold sweat, in clammy drops, liis limbs o'erErse, clan or klaan.] Dii/den. spread. 1. A race a family a tribe. Hence, an as<;LAM'OR, n. [L. clamor ; Fr. rlamotr Ir. .sociation of persons under a chieftain. glam ; Sax. Men. See Claim.] Milton. Dryden. 1. A great outcry; noise; exclamation; vo'2. In contempt, a sect, society, or body of ciferation, made by a loud human voice continued or repeated, or by a multitude persons closely united by smtie common interest or pursuit. of voices. It often expresses eoni[)laint Stvift.
; ;

CLAM'MY,

a.

[See Clam.] Thick, viscous,

te-

with a clamp.

llepiaw,
1.

whence ycleped, obs. W. clepian, to clack, to liahlile, from Hep, a lapping, to lap, to lick. The sense is to send, dri\e or strike, L. ajapa, a slap.] To strike with a (juick motion, so as to make a noise by tlie colhsion to strike
speak,
;

with something broad, or having a

surface
;

flat

as, to clnp the

hands

to clap tlie

wings.

Locke.

To

Dryden.

Bacon.

tie

used.]

To

clamor

bells, is

to multiply the strokes. M'arbiirton.

CLAN'UI,ARLY,
Iv.

adv.
a.

Privately

secret-

1.

CLAM'OR,
outcries
;

utter loud sounds, or to utter loud voi ces repeatedly ; to vociferate, as an individual ; to utter loud voices, as a multiV.
i.

To

CLANDES TINE,
cret
;

[Little used.]

[L. clandeslinus.]
;

to talk loud

private

hidden

Se withdrawn from
5.

Addison. Drydtn. To thrust; to put, place or send; followed by in, into, under, over, &c. as, to dap one under the hatches; to clap one into Bedlam to clap a board oi'fr a pit.
; ;

tude; to complain; to

make importunate
Shak.

It often bears an ill sense, public view. as implying craft or deception, or evil de-

Shak.

sign.

demands. Those who most

not most

Bacon.
J}non

LANDES'TINELY,
vately
state
;

adv.
n.

Secretly

loudly clamor for liberty do

it.

in secret.

To applaud ; to manifest ajiprobation or praise by striking the hands together ; as, to clap a performance on the stage. pri6. To infect with venereal poison.
a
ff'iseman.

Spectator.

liberally grant

CLANDES'TINENESS,
of concealment.
r.
/.

" C/anior your tongues" in Shakspeare, if intended to mean, " stop from noise," is not
English. Perhai)S the word was clam, or intended for a derivative. eLAM'ORER, n. One who clamors.
Chesterfield.

Secrecy;
to
;

To
2.

clap up, to

make

or comjilete hastily

CLANG,

[L.
;

klang ; t). klank Gr. x?.ayyu, x?.aju,

sound G. Sw. klang; Dan. klang ; It ap xXay|io, ix^ayov.

clango,

as, to clap

To

up a peace.

Shak.
littla

Howet.
delay.

imprison hastUy, or with

r. i.

CLAM'ORING,
;

ppr. Uttering and repeating loud words making a great and continued noise particularly in complaint or
;

pears from the Greek, tliatji is not radical, and that this woril belongs to Class Lg, coinciding with clink, clank, and probably with clack.]

CLAP,

To move or

Sandys.
drive together sud-

denly with noise. The doors around me

2.

clapt.

Dryden.

To make

importunate demands. t'LAM'OROUS, a. Speaking and repeating loud words; noisy; vociferous; loud; turbulent.

a shai-p, shrill sound, as by striking metallic substances ; or to strike with a

CLAM'OROUSLY,
or words,
ity

Pope. Swijl adv. With loud noise

n.

Hooker.

CLANG,

sharp sound. Prior. They clanged their sounding arms. n. [L. clangor; G. klang i D.

To enter on with alacrity and briskness ; to drive or thrust on ; as we say to reapers or mowers, clap in, or clap to, that is,

CLAM'OROUSNESS,

The

state or qual-

of being loud or noi.<y. li.\MP, n. [D. klamp ; G. klammer, klemmen ; Dan. klamp ; W. clymu, to tie.] 1. In general, something that fastens or binds a piece of timber or of iron, used to fasten work together; or a particular maimer of uniting work by letting boards into each other. 2. In ship-buiJding, a thick plank on the inner part of a ship's side, used to sustain the ends of tlie beams. 3. A smooth crooke<l plate of iron forelocked on the trunnions of a cannon to keej) it
;

klank. See the Verb.] sharp, shrill sound, made by striking together metallic substances, or sonorous bodies, as the clang of arms ; or any like This sound, as the clang of trumpets. word implies a degree of harshness in the sound, or more harshness than clink.

enter on the work, begin without delay, begin briskly. To strike the hands together in applause. Bid them clap. Shak. CL.\P, n. A driving together a thrust and collision of bodies with noise, usually bodies with broad surfaces. Give the door a clap. Swifl.
3.
;

A
3.

sudden act or motion

Pay
all

a thrust.
Swift.
;

debts at one clap.

Milton.

CLAN'GOR,
sound.

n.

[L.]
a.

sharp,

shrill,

harsh
4.

burst of sound; a sudden explosion a clap of thunder.

as

[See Clang.]

CL.-VN'GOROUS,
sound.

Dryden. Sharp, or harsh in

clang,
'

Spectator. 5.
a.

CL.\N'GOUS,
shrill,

Making a

or

a
t).

a striking of hands to express approbation. Addison. A venereal infection. [Fr. clapoir ; D.

act of applause
;

An

or harsh sound.

Brown.
;

CLAN'ISH,

a. Closely united, like a clan

klapoor.] With falconers, the

Pope. nether part of the

Bailey.

beak of a hawk.

disposed to adhere closely, as the members of a clan. fast to the carriage. Clamps are also used to strengthen masts, and to fasten CL.\N'ISHNESS, n. Close adherence or the masts and bowsprits of small vessels disposition to unite, as a clan. and of boats. Mar. Diet. CLANK, n. [See Clang.] The loud, shrill, t. A pile of bricks laid sharj) sound, made by a collision of metal up for burning, in lie or other sonorous bodies. which the end of one brick is laid over an Spectator. other, and a space is left between the CLANK, !. t. To make a sliai-p, shrill sound to strike with a sharp sound as, the prisbricks for the lire to ascend. Kncyc. oners clank theu' chains. Clamp-irons, irons used at tlie ends of fires to keep the fuel from falling. state of union, as in a Bailey. CLAN'SHIP, n.
; ;

CLAP'-BOARD,

n.

thin

narrow board

In England, accordfor covering houses. ing to Bailey, a clapboard is also what in America is called a stave for casks.

CLAP'-DISH,

n. A wooden bowl or dish. CLAP -DOCTOR, n. One who is skilled in

healing the clap.

Taller.

CLAP'-NET,

CLAPPED,

n. net for taking larks, united with a looking glass. Bailey. Encyc. pp. Thrust or put on or together ; applauded by striking the bauds

C L
lojjetlier; infected

A
dis-

C L A
CLARINET,
CLARION,
It.

C L A
A
Wind CL'ASPER,

with the venereal

n.

[Fr. clarinette.]

ease.

instrument of music.
n.

LAP'PER,
2. bell,

person

who

claps, or ap-

n.
;

plauds by clai)ping.

chiarina

[Fr. clairon ; Sp. clarin Port, ctarim ; from L. clams,

He or that which clasps;;usually the tendril of a vine or other plants

n.

which twaies round something

port.

for sup-

That which
or
tlie

strikes, as the

piece of

wood
v.
t.

tongue of a that strikes a

mill-hopper.

that of the common trumpet. [clap and claw.] Encyc. tlie tongue ji. Clearness to CLAR'ITUDE, splendor. Shnk. Hiidibras. Beaum [Jjittle used.] CLAP'PING, ppr. Driving or putting on, in CLAR'ITY, n. [Fr. darte; L. claritas, from over, or under, by a sudcleii motion striclarus, clear.] king the hands together. Clearness, brightness ; splendor. [Little Bacon. Brown LARE, n. A nun of the order of St. Clare, used.] Todd. eLAR'Y, t'. i. To make a loud or shrill noise. CLAR'ENCEUX, > ,, In Great Britain, tlie [JVot used.] Golding. CLAR'ENCIEUX, "-.second king at arms, LA'RY, n. A plant of the genus Salvia, or so called from the duke of Clarence, and sage. appointed by Edward IV. His office is to LA"'RY-WATER, n. A composition of marshal and dispose the funerals of all brandy, sugar, clary-flowers, and cinnabaronets, knights and escpiires, on the mon, with a little ambergris dissolved in south of the river Trent. Bailey. Encye. it. It is a cardiac and helps digestion.

LAP'PER-LAW,
To
scold
;

from its shrill sound.] CL ASPERED, a. Furnished with tendrils. kind of tnunpet, whose tube is narrower CL'ASPING, ppr. Twining round catching and its tone more acute and shrill than and holding; embracing; inclosing; shutclear,
;

to

abuse with

3.

revile.

ting or fastening with a clasp. In botany, sm-rouuding the stem at base, as a leaf.
n.

tlie

CL'ASP-KNIFE,
into the handle.

Martyn.
folds

knife

which

Johnson.

CL'ASS,
dasse
;

n.

troop, that

is,

[L. classis, a class, a fleet, a a collection ; It. dasse ; Fr.

Dan.

klasse,

<,

bunch.
1.

Sp. clase ; Arm. clafz, and sdagz ; a class, and klase, a cluster, a This seems to bo a branch of the

root of L. claudo, clausus.] An order or rank of persons

LARE-OBSeU'RE,

n.

[L.

dams,

clear,

and obscurus, obscure.]

Light and shade in painting ; or the particular distribution of the lights and shades of a inece, with respect to the ease of the eye and the effect of the whole piece also, a design of two colors. Encyc.
;

Eyicyc. V. i. [D. klefsen; G. klatschen, klifschen ; Dan. klatsker.] To strike against ; to drive against with force.

CLASH,

a number of persons in society, supposed to have some resemblance or equality, in rank, education, property, talents, and the like as in the phrase, all classes of men in society.
;

The readers of poetry may be distinguished into three classes, according to their capacity of
judging.
2.

CLARET,
It.

n.

[Fr.clairel,

from

c/atV,

clear

A
A

claretto.]

species of French wine, of a clear pale red

color.
n.

is simply to but when two sounding bodies strike togetlier, the cfl'ect is sound. Hence the word often implies, to strike with a noise, as clashing arms. Dcnham

./Vu/f.

The sense

of this

word
;

strike against or

meet with

force

number of students in a college or school, of the same standing, or pursuing the same studies. In colleges, the students entering or becoming members the same year, and pursuing the same studies. In
academies and schools, the pupils who learn the same lesson, and recite together. In some cases, students of different standings, pursuing the same studies and reciting together, or attending the same professor, or the same course of lectures.

Dryden.

LAR'IHORD,
chorda, a siring.

[L.

Thomson. dams, clear, and

See Chord.] musical instrument in form of a spinet

It lias forty nine or stops or keys, and seventy strings latter being in unison. There arc several little mortises for passing the jacks, armed with brass hooks, which sto]) and raise the cliords, instead of the featli er used in virginals and spinets. Th chords are covered with pieces of cloth, which deaden the sound and render it sweeter. Hence it is particularly used by nuns. Encyc.
fifty

called also manichord.

To meet in opposition; to be contrary; to act in a contrary dnection to interfere, as opposing persons, minds, views, inter ests, &c.; as, the opinions of men dash South. Bacon clashing interests.
;

some of tlie

Dtmghfs Theol one thing against another, with sound. Dryden. CLASH, n. A meeting of bodies with violence a striking together with noise color noisy colUsion of bodies as the lision, dash of arms. Pope. Denham.

Iiidepcmlciit jurisdictions clash.

v.t.

could

not

fail

to
.'3.

CLASH,
;

To

strike

Scientific division or arrangement ; a set of beings or things, having something ia common, or ranged under a common denomination. Hence in zoology, animals are divided into classes as quadrupeds,
;

fowls, fishes,

&c. So

in botany, plants are

arranged

in classes.

Classes are natural

;

"2.

Opposition

contradiction

as between

CLARIFICA'TION,
culent matter.

n. [See Clarify.] The act of clearing; particularly the clearin^ or fining of liquid substances trom all fe-

Bacon.
;

CLAR'IFIED,
fine
;

pp. Purified defecated.

n. as,

made

clear or

LAR'IFIER,
purifies
*?.
;

That which

clarifies

or

whites of eggs, blood

and

isinglass are (;?nnj?er5 of liquors. Edwards. vessel in which liquor is clarified.

Higgins, Med. Repos.

CLAR'IFY,
ficare
;

V.

t.

from L.

[Ft. clarifer; It. chtariclarus, clear, and facio, to

a complete knowledge of natural relations. Martyn. noise CI/ ASS, i\ t. To arrange in a class or classes ; interfering. CLASHING, n. A striking against colli- to arrange in sets, or ranks, according to some method founded on natural distincHowel. sion of bodies ojiposition. tions to place together, or in one division, CL'ASP, )!. [Ir. dasba.] men or things which have or are supposed a catch a small 1. A hook for fastening to have something in common. hook to hold togetlier the covers of a book, To place iu ranks or divisions students or the different parts of a garment, of a that are pursuing the same studies to form Addison. belt, &c. into a class or classes. 2. A close a of tlicarms

diflering or contending interests, views, Denham. piu'poses, &c. Atterbury.

or artificial ; natural, when founded on natural relations, or resemblances artificial,

when formed

arbitrarily, for

want of

CLASH

ING,

Striking against with meeting in opposition ; ojiposiiig

ppr.
;

embrace;

throwing

To make
1.

make.[

round.

Shak.

CLAS'Sle,

clear ; to purify from feculent matter; to defecate ; to fine ; applied particularly to liquors ; as, to clarify wine, or sy riqi.

CL'ASP,
'2.

To make clear; to brighten or illuminate applied to the mind or reason. [Rarely used.

V. t. To shut or fasten together with a clasp. Pope. To catch and hold by twining to surround and cling to as the clasping ivy.
; ;

CLAS'SICAL,
clasico
1.
;

from

[L. classicus ; Fr. clas\ sique ; It. classico ; Sp. L. dassis, the first order of
}
'

Roman
which,
still

citizens.] Relating to ancient

tlie first

Greek and Roman

South'. 3.
i: i. To clear up; to grow clear or bright. His understanding clarifies, in discoursing with another. Bacon a. To grow or become clear or fine to become pure, as liquors. Cider clarifies by fermentation. CLAR'IFYING, ppr. Making clear, pure or

To
\>\y

CLAR'IF"?,

Milton. inclose and hold in the hand; or simto inclose or encompass with the fin-

authors of
in

rank or estimation, times, have been and are studied as the best models of fine

modern

gers.
4.

Bacon.
;

To embrace
round

closely ; to throw the to catch with the arms.

arms

Milton.
.5.

To inclose, and press. CL'ASPED, pp. Fastened

shut
;

Dryden.
'2.

embraced

inclosed

with a clasp; ; encompasseil

bright

defecating

growing

clear.

caught.

Thus, Aristotle, Plato, Demoswriting. Tlnicydidcs, &c., among the Greeks, and Cicero, Virgil, Livy, Salhist, Cesar, and Tacitus, among the Latins, arc classical authors. Hence, Pertaining to writers of the first rank amojig the moderns being of the first order constituting the best model or authene.s,
; ;

C L A
Addison and thority as an author ; as, .lolmson are English dasskal writers, llonco classical denotes pure, chaste, cora classical rect, refined as a classical taste
; ;

C L A
LAT'TERER,
babbler.
n.

C L A
clatters;

One who

CLAV'ItER,

n.

[L.

cluvi,

key,

and

g-fro, to carry.]

CLATTERING,
rattling.

uttermg ppr. Making as by a collision of sharp, abrupt sounds, sonorous bodies; talking fast with noise
.

or

One who keeps tlie keys of any place.

CLAW,
Dan.
1.

n. [Sax.
;

daw G. klaue
;

Ch. Relig. Appeal. klaauw ; ; D.

style.

At Liverpool, Roscoe

is

like

Pompey

s col-

klov

Sw.

klof,

or klo.]
nail of a beast, bird or

umn
3.

at Alexandria,

towering alone

in classic

CLATTERING,
CLAUD'ENT,
shut.]
;

assemDenoting anorder of presbyterian Mitlon. Mason. blies. eLAS'SIC, n. An author of the first rank is pure, correct, aud a writer whose
style
; ;

dignity.

^'"""S-

a.

rattling noise to [L. claudens ; claudo,

;

The sharp hooked

drawmg Shutting ; confining as a daudent muscle. [Litile together

tised.]

other animal. cleavcth Every beast that parteth the hoof, and the clelt into two elates, and cheweth the cud
ye
iv.

shall cat.

Deut. xiv.
like birds

refined primarily, a Greek or Roman aubut the word is thor of this character character ui any applied to writers of a hke
nation.
P"/''-

CLAUD'ICANT,
[Little used.]

His
a.

nails

Halting;

linipmg.

were grown

claws.
,

Dan.
.

CLAUD'ICATE,

V.

i.

from claudus, lame

at [LilUe used, or not

to limp, [L. claudico, To halt or limp. ,

all.^

The whole
hooked
3.

foot of an animal
in contctnpt.

armed with

nails.

The hand,
1'.

2.

A book written by
class.

an author of the

farst

CLAUDICA'TION,

n.

A haUing or limping. CLAW, scratch

;

LAS'SleALLY,
classes
;

adu. In the manner of_ ol according to a regular order classes, or sets. It would be impossible to bear all its specific classicdetails in the memory, if they were not

CLAUSE,
ra,

[LAttle used.] n. s

as

z.

[Fr. clause
;

L. clausu;>

2.

To scratch

ally arranged. 2. In' a classical

manner

manner of classical authors. CLASSIF'le, a. Constituting a

from claudo, to shut Gr. xXim, xXeij-o; 3. To claws; Eng. close; Sax. hlidan, to| To claw off or away, to scold or rail at. which see. cover hlid, a cover, a lid, L'Estrange. and Class Ld. No. 1. 8. 9.] 2. In seamanship, to turn to windward Kerr's Lavoisier. inclosure. Hence, a lee shore. Literally, a close, or beat, to prevent falling on according to the to that which is included, or contained, within, 3. In to scratch away language,

tear or (. [Sax. clawen.] To pull, Shak. South. with thi^ nails. or tear in general to tickle. Shak. Hudihras. Shak. Ohs. flatter.
;

W.

vulgar

class

or
1.

classes ; noting classification, or the order of distribution into sets.

Med. Repos. Hex.

2.

certain limits. In language or grammar, a member of a subdivision of a senperiod or sentence; a tence, in which the words are inseparably connected with each other iti sense, and
;

get off or escape.

CLAW'BACK,
who
flatters;

n.

[claw

and

back.]

One
Jewel.

a sycophant; a wheedlcr.

eLASSIFICA'TION, n. The act of forming into

CLAS'SIFIED,
formed
I',

[See

Classijij.]

a class or classes; distribution into sets, sorts or ranks. Encyc. Enfield's Phil.

Arranged pp. into a class or classes.

;

in classes;
I

2.

and t. LAS'SIFY, [L. ctassis, a class, make a word of modern coinage.] fdcio, to To make a class or classes; to distribute into
classes;
to

viso, grant, covenant, &c. CLAUS'TRAL, a. [L. claustrum, an incloproperties or cliaractcrs. See Clause.] sm-e, from claudo. The diseases and casualties are not scienTooke, Russ. Emp. \. 531. Relating to a cloister, or religious house asj llfically ctessj^ed. a cla-iistral prior. Black's Ayliffe. See also, Aikin's Letters. 106. The Chimislry.i.im. IValsh. in. 41. Steir- CLAUS'URE, n. s as :. [See Clause.] act of shutting up or confining ; confineart, El. Phil. i.l87. Geddes. ment. [Lilfle u.ud.] CLAS'SIFYlNG, ppr. Forming a class or 2. In anatomy, an imperforated canal. classes ; arranging in sorts or ranks. Coxe. (^uiiicy. CLAS'SIS, ?i. Class order sort. Clarendon CLAV'ATED, a. [L. clava; Eng. t^ club;

Scratched, pulled or torn cannot, with propriety, be separated by a! " there is reason to think that he Grew. point as, 2. a. Furnished with claws. allerwards rose to favor, and obtained CL.-^W'ING, ppr. Pulling, tearing or scratchseveral honors civil and military." In this ing with claws or nails. sentence are two clauses. LESS, a. Destitute of claws. An article in a contract or other writing Jottrn. of Science. a distinct part of a contract, will, agree-j CLAY,)!. [Sax. cte^,- G.klei; D.klei; W. or other wri-l mcnt, charter, commission, clai ; Dan. klag, viscous, .sticky.] ting a distinct stipulation, condition, pro-; 1. The name of certain substances which are

CLAWED,

pp. with claws.

CLAW

arrange in sets according to

South.]

some common

2.

convention or assembly.
v.i.

CLAT'TER,
seems
1.

Milton. [D. klateren,1dttteren; VV.

W.

mixtm-es of silex and alumin, sometimes with lime, magnesia, alkali and metallic A species of earths which are oxyds. and firmly coherent, weighty, compact, hard when dry, but stiff, viscid and ductile when moist, and smooth to the touch ; not when mixand readily diffusible in water, it. They coned, n(it readily subsiding in Clays ab-sorb water greedtract by heat. and become soft, but are so tenacious ily, as to be molded into any shape, and hence

1.

clewtiaw ; Sax. clatniiige, a clattering. Qu. Fr. eclaler; L. latro ; Sax. A^^rf, loud. It
to be a diminutive.]
;

,2.

Chib-shaped having the form of a club; the top, growing gradually thicker towards as certain parts of a plant. Martyn. Woodward Set with knobs.
;

clupa.]

of bricks and varithey are the materials ous vessels, domestic and chimical. Encyc. Cleaveland. In Boen/andinsenp<!-e,eaith in general.
I also

Donne.

To make ratthng sounds to make repeated sharp sounds, as by striking sonorous bodies as, to clatter on a sliield. Dryden.
;

CLAVE, pret. of cleave. CLAV'ELLATED, a.

I

am formed

Clavellated
clains,

ashes,
,

potash and

2.

3.

[L. To utter continual or repeated sharp 1. .i: 1, 1 'i.: I. xUk. contracted from xJ.k5o; L. claudo.] xUii, sounds, or rattling sounds, by being struck lA scale of lines and spaces in music. together as clattering arms. Encyc. art. Clef. To talk fast and idly to run on ; to rattle CLAVICHORD, ?!. [L. clavis, a key, aud with the tongue. Spenser.
i

-CLAVIARY,

jiearlash. ^.

Cojce.

In scripture, clay

out of the clay. Job xxxiii. is used to express frailty,

iv.

a key

Gr

liableness to decay and destruction. Job They that dwell in houses of clay.

CLAY,
2.

V.

t.

To

cover or manure with clay.

Mortiiner. with clay, as sugar. Edwards, W. Ind.

To

purify

and whiten
a.

CL.\T'TER,
tling noise.

V.

t.

To

strike

and make a

rat-

c/iorrfa,

You
2.

clatter

still

your brazen kettle.

Swift.

To dispute,

jar or clamor.

[A low ivord.]
Martin.

a string.] ^ , ,, ^ musical instrument of an oblong figure, ol The strings are the nature of a spinet. bits of fine woolen muflled with small used in nunnecloth, to soften the sounds;
ries.

L.\Y-COLD,
Ufeless.

CLA'YED,
clay.

pp.

Cold as clay or earth; Rowe. Covered or manured with

CL.\T'TER,

n.

the colhsion sharp sounds, tallic or other sonorous bodies; rattling sounds. Swijl
2.

[See A rapid succession of abrupt, CL.W'ICLE, of me-

Clarichord.]
)i.

Encyc.^

Purified

and whitened
n. plu.

wth clay

as clayed
;

made by

is

little

key

a tendril, [L. clavicula, that| or fastener, from clavis, a key,

I

sugar.

Edwards.
[Fr. date, a hurdle

CLAYES,
clwyd.]

W.

or lock.]

The collar

Tumultuous and confused noise

tition

a repe-

of abrupt, sharp sounds.

SwiJl.

Shak

bone. There are two clavicles, or| Infortification, wattles or hurdles made with stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover channel bones, joined at one end to the Chambers. and at the other,i lodgments. scapula or shoulder bone, abound to the sternum or breast bone. Quincy. CLAYEY, a. Consisting of clay ;

CLE
in!>-

CLE
like

CLE
field is clemiI I

wilh clay;

partaking of clay;
n.

diiv.

by sweeping and washing; a ed by plowing and hoeing.

pure
air
;

as clear water

clear

sand

cltar

clear glass.

CLAY-GROUND,
LA'"yiSn,
n.

Ground
it.

consisting of
i

CLEAN'LINESS,
2.

n.

clen'liness.

[from

clay, or abounding with

Partaking of
}
<i

the.
it.

nature of

Freedom from dirt, filth, or any cleanly.] Addison. foul, extraneous matter.
Neatness of person or dress; purity.
a.

j4.

clay, or containing particles of

eLAY-LAND,
CLAY-SOIL,

"

Land consisting of clay,

|

Sicijl. 5.

CLAY-MARL,
clay.

n.

or abounding with it. Awhitish, smooth, chalky Moiiinu

CLEAN'LY,
from

clen'hj.
filth.

[from clean.]

Free
neat

Free from any thing that creates doubt or uncertainty apparent evident manifest ; not obscure conspicuous that is, open to the mind as, the reason is clear. Unclouded luminous not obscured ; as a clear sun ; a dear shining after a rain.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

dirt, filth,

or any foul matter;

CLAY-PIT,
ous shist

carefully avoiding
3.

(3.
I

2 Sam. xxhi. Unobstructed

view.
Perspicacious
;

unobscured
sharp
;

as a clear

pit

where clay
J

is

dug.

Woodward.

Dnjden. Jlddison. Pure; free from mixture; innocent; as

cleanly '}oys.

|7.

CLAY-SLATE,
;

n.

In imnemlogy, argillace3.

Glanviile, 8.

arsrilhte.

CLAY-STONK,

A mineral, the //jons/a'n

4.

Cleansing
der.

making clean
; ;

as cleanly powPrior.
;

as a 9. dextrous adroit Obs. cleanly play ; a cleanly evasion. rious marl. Its texture is porous, compact L'Estrange. ,10. Quick to understand; prompt; acute. Sjnnser. or slaty. Its color is gray, often tinged CLEAN'LY, adv. clen'ly. In a clean manMother of science, now I feel thy power Skak. ner neatly without filth. with yellow or blue also rose or pale red, AVithin me clear. Milton. or brownish red, and sometimes greenish. CLE'ANNESS, n. Freedom from dirt, fdth, llJ. Free from guilt or blame innocent unCUaveland. and foreign matter neatness. spotted irreproachable. 2 Cor. vii. Freedom from infection or a foul disease. Inaction faithful, and in honor cZenr. Pope CLEAN, n. [Sax. c?(f hc ; Vf glan, or glain; The primary sensej Exactness pm-ity justness con-ectness 12. Free from bias Ir. glan ; Arm. glan. unprepossessed not seems to be, to open or to remove, toi used of language or style; as, cleanness of preoccupied impartial as a dear judgment. expression. Dryden. Sidney. separate.] 13. Free from debt, or obligation not liable In a general sense, free from extraneous! Purity innocence. to prosecution as, to be dear of debt or scri])ture, cleanness of hands denotes inmatter, or whatever is injurious or often-' nocence. C/<:a)!!es of teeth denotes want sive ; hence its signification depends on responsibility. Gay. of provisions. Amos iv. (j. 14. F'ree from deductions, or charges the nature and qualities of the substances as, CLEANS' ABLE, a. clenz'able. That may be deeir gain or iirofit. Locke. to which it is applied. Sherivood. 1.5. Not entangled; unembarrassed; free: as cleansed. 1. Fi-ee from dirt, or other-foul matter dean w ater a elean cup a clean floor. CLEANSE, II. t. dent. [Sax. dimsian, from as, the cable is dear. A ship is clear, wheu she is so remote from shore or other obas clean land 2. Free from weeds or stones ctene, clean.] To purify; to make clean: to remove ject, as to be out of danger of striking, or a clean garden or field. to have sea room sufficient. 3. Free from knots or branches; as clean filth, or foul matter of any kind, or by any In America, clear is generally timber. process whatever, as by washing, rub- 16. Open distinct not jarring, or harsh ; as a dear sound a clear voice. used. bing, scouring, scraping, purging, ventilainnocent. 17. Liberated freed acquitted of charges ; 4. Free from moral impurity tion, &,c. as, to cleanse the hands or face to cleanse the bowas. a man has been tried and got char. to cleanse a garment \VTio can bring a clean thing out of an unto f/ea)ise an infect- 18. Free from spots or any thing that disels; to cZe6f7ise a ship clean ? Job xiv. Acts xviii. ed house. as a cltar skin. figures Lev, 5. Free from ceremonial defilement. To free from a foul or iiifectious disease ; Clear is followed by from or by of. Numb. xix. X. to heal. Lev. xiv. 4. 8. Mark i. 42. Thou shaft be clear from tfiis my oath. Gen. John sanctified holy. C. Free from guilt To free from ceremonial pollution, and xxiv. Ps. li. xiii. The air is clear of damp exhalations. consecrate to a holy use. Numb. viii. 15. 7. That might be eaten by the Hebrews, Ezek. xliii. 20. Temple. Gen. vii. viii. 1 John i. 7. 4. To purify from guilt. CLEAR, adv. Plainly not obscurely ; man8. That might be used. Luke xi. 5. To remove ifestly. as, to cleanse a crime. y. Free from a foul disease; cured of
;

of Werner, and indurated cUnj of Kirwan. It resembles compact limestone or calca-

Nice

.artful

as a clear sight. care, or ruffled by passion cheerful; serene; as a c/ear aspect Milton Evident undeniable indisputable ; athe victory was dear. MUton.
;

Not clouded with

Clean ; quite ; entirely ; wholly ; indicaDryden. made: ting entire separation ; as, to cut a piece free CLEANS'ED, pp. chnz'ed. Purified ; dear off; to go dear away ; but in this clean ; purged ; healed. from awkwardness ; as a clean feat ; a clean CLEANS'EK, n. clem'er. He or that which sense its use is not elegant. boxer. Clear or in the clear, among joiners and carcleanses; in medicine, a detergent. 11. Free from infection as a c/euii ship. .irhuthnot. clean bill of health is a certificate that a' penters, denotes the space within walls, CLEANS'ING, pp. clenz'ing. Purifying;' or length and breadth clear or exclusive of ship is clean, or free from infection. the thickness of the wall. making clean ; purging ; removing fonl or adv. Quite; perfectly; wholly;! CLEAN, noxious matter from; freeing from guilt. CLEAR, ti. t. To make clear ; to fine ; to entirely; fully; indicating separation ori " Thoi CLEANS'ING, n. clenz'ing. The act of pu- remove any thing foreign ; to separate complete removal of every part.

lepro-

2 Kings V. Math. viii. sy. 10. Dextrous ; adroit ; not bungling

people passed clean o\"er Jordan."

iii.

mercy clean gone forever ?" This use of clean is not now elegant, and not used except in vulgar
language.

" Is his Ps. Ixxvii.

Josh.j

rifying, or V. 14.

pursfing.

Mark

i.

44.

Luke

from any
ify
;

foul matter; to purify

to clar-

as, to clear

Uquors.
;

CLE'AN-TIMBERED,
ed.
[JVot in use.]
a.

a.

Well-proportionShak.

To

free

from obstructions

as, to

dear the

9.

Without miscarriage
Pope came
V.
t.

CLEAR,
;

[W.

daer, clear, bright, from 3.

dextrously.

off clean with

Homer.
;

Henley.

CLEAN,

[Sax.

clctnan

W.
;

glanau.
to sepa1.

To remove
ous
to

See the Adjective.]

all ti^reign

matter from

rate fi(im
it,

any thing whatever is extraneor whatever i^ foul, noxious, or offensive, as dirt or filth from the hands,| body or clothes, foul matter from a ves-, eel, weeds, shrubs and stones from a mead-| ow to purify. Thus, a house is cleanedl
;

a reflux, Ihuru, to ebb, to clear, or W. eglur, clear, iiom llur, extended, [like! floor;] Ir. gleetir, tear, leir and glor ; Arm.| sclear : L. chrus ; Fr. dair : Sp. Port.; claro ; It. diiaro ; D. klaar ; G. klar ; Sw. and Dan. klar. See Glare and Glory.]
llaer,
; ;

road. To free from any thing noxious or injurious as, to clear the ocean of pirates ; to clear the land of enemies.
;

4.

incumbrance, or embarrassment ; often followed by o^ or nma^ ; as, to dear q/Tdehts to clear away rubbish.
;

To remove any
To
free
;

5.

to liberate, or
as, to clear

disengage; to exdebt, ob-

2.

0|)en free from obstruction as a dear: j)lat of ground; the way is r/cnr. Free from clouds, or fog serene as a;
; ;

onerate

man from

3.

dear day. Free fiom

ligation, or duty. cleanse ; as, to dear the 6. filth ; to dear the bowels.

To

hands from

foreign

matter

unmixed

;!

7.

To remove any

thing that obscures, as

CLE
clouds or fog to make brifrht ; as, to clear the sky ; sometimes followed liy up. Drtiden. Milton 9. To free from obscurity, perplexity or ambito guity as, to dear a question or tlicory Prior. dear up a cane or point. 9. To purge from the imputation of guilt to justify or vindicate. How shall we clear ourselves ? Gen. xliv That will by no means char the guilty. Ex.
; ; ;
;

CLE
Without entanglement, or confusion.
Bacon.
Plainly honestly candidly. Deal clearly and impartially with yourselves.
;
;

CLE
CLE.WE,
erf.

Tillotson.
6.

Without reserve, evasion or subterfuge.

n.

pret. clefl : pp. defl or cleavThe old pret. clove is obsolete ; clave obsolescent. The old participle, clotie?!, is obsolescent, or rather used as an adjective. [Sax. c/eo/fa7i, or r/i^an ; D. Woorera;
r.
t.

is

LE'ARNESS,
2.

Freedom from
; ;

xxxiv.
10. In

o legal
;

sense, to

verdict

as, the

acquit on trial, by prisoner has been tried

all

3.

extraneous matter purity ness of water, or other liquor. Freedom from obstruction or incumbrance ; as the clearness of the ground. Freedom from fogs or clouds ; openness

Davies. foul or as the clear1.

G. kliehen ; Sw. klyfwa ; Dan. klcivtr; Russ. lopayu ; Gr. >.fco. This word seems to be connected with the L. liber, free,

and bark, book,

libera, to free,

Fr.

livrer,

whence

deliver.]
;

and
11.

cleared.

To make

gain or profit, beyond

;

ex4.

penses and charges

12.

cent, by a sale of goods, or

To remove wood

ten per by a voyage to cut from land

as,

to clear

and trees, remove or burn them, to prepare land for tillage or pasture as, clear land for wheat. To clear a ship at the custom house, is to exiiibit the documents required by law, give bonds or perform other acts requisite, and procure a permission to sail, and such papers as the law requires.

down

to split or part or divide by force to open or sever the cohering parts rive of a body, by cutting or by the applicaas the clearness ot the sky. It generally to cleave tion of force as, to cleave wood a rock to cleave the flood. Ps. Ixxiv. expresses less than brightness or splendor. Ex. xxiv. Milton. Dry den. Distinctness perspicuity luminouaness 2. To part or open naturally. as the clearness of reason, of views, of Every beast that cleavelh Ihc cleft into two claws. Deut. xiv. arguments, of explanations.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

To

5.

honesty
G.
7.

Plainness, or plain deahng fairness ; candor.

;

sincerity

CLEAVE,

V. i.

To

part

to

open

to crack

Bacon.

Freedom from Freedom from

disfigures
;

Shak. iniputation of ill. spots, or any thing that as the clearness of the skin.
a.

to separate, as parts of cohering bodies ; as, the groimd cleaves by frost. The mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst
thereof.

Zech. xiv.
;

LE'AR-SHINING,

[clear

and

shine.]

To clear the land, in seamen's language, is to gain such a distance from shore, as to have open sea room, and he out of dan
ger from the land.

Shining with brightness, or unobstructed Shak. splendor.

CLE'AVED, pp. Split rived divided. CLE'AVELANDITE, n. [from Professor A mineral, generally of a Cleaveland.]
;

LE'AR-SIGHTED,
;

a.
;

[clear

and

sight.]

white or grayish white color, sometimes

blue or bluish or reddish
;

Seeing with clearness having acuteness of sight discerning persiiicacious ; as

;

called ahso

sili-

ceous felspar, or

albite.

Phillips.

To dear
To

the liold,

is

to em])ty or

unload

clear-sighted reason; a clear-sighted judge.

;

CLE' AVER,

CLEAR-SIGHTEDNESS,
cernment.
stiffen

ship. clear a ship for action, or to

clear for

action, is to
tlie

remove all incumbrances from decks, and prepare for an engageV. i.

CLE'.'VR-STARCH,

ment.

n. Acute disBp. Barlow. v. t. [dear and starch.] and clear with starch, and by ;CLE'AVING, ppr. uniting to. Also, clapping with the hands as, to clear-starch
;

One who cleaves; that a butcher's instrument for cutting animal bodies into joints or pieces.
fi.

which cleaves

Jlrtmthnot.

To

splitting;

Sticking; adhering; dividing; ri-

muslin.
;

ving.

CLEAR,
or fog

To become free from clouds CLEAR-STARCIIER, n. One who clearbecome fair often followed by starches. away ; as, the sky chars ; the CLE'AR-STARCHING,/i;)r. Stifiening and up, off, clears up ; it clears away ; it clears weather clearing with starch. 2. n. The act of stiffening and clearing with off.
to
;

CLECHE,
CLEDgE,
CLEF,

n. In heraldry, n kind of cross, charged with another crojs of the same

or

figure, but of the color of the fiehl. Encyc.

n.

Among

miners,

the

upper

stratum of fuller's earth.

n. [Fr. def; L. davis, a key, the fastener.] character in music placed at the beginning of a stave, to determine the degree of elevation occupied by that stave in the claviary or system, and to point

2.

be disengaged from incujnbrances, distress or entanglements to become free

;

To

starch.

or disengaged.

CLEAT,
x\ii.dfov,

n.

piece of wood used in a ship to fasten ropes upon. It is formed with one arm or two, or with a hollow to receive a rope, LE'ARANCE, n. A certificate that a shij) and is made fast to some part of a vessel. or vessel has been cleared at the custom Cleats are belaying-cleats, deck-cleats or house ; permission to sail. thumb-cleats. Mar. Diet. CLE'ARED, pp. Purified freed from for CLEAVAGE, n. The act of cleaving or

He tlial

clears at once will relapse.

n.

Bacon.

LEARA(iE,
thing.

The removing of any

[Qu. the root of L. cfoudo, Gr. the fastener.]

[Little used.]

general out the names of all the notes which it contains in the fine of that clef Rousseau.

CLEFT,

pp.

of

cleave.

Divided;

split;

Milton. parted asunder. n. A space or opening made by a crack a crevice as the clefl erated acquitted. 6|)litting Addison. of a rock. Is. ii. 21. LE'ARER, n. That which clears, purifies, '2. .\ disease in horses ; a crack on the bought or enlightens ; that which brightens. Farriir''s Diet. of the pastern. Mdison. structure. PhUlips. LE'ARING, ppr. Purifying ; removing CLEAVE, V. i. pret. clave or deaved. [Sax. 3. A iiiece made by splitting ; as a deft of wood. foul matter, incumbrances, or obstruc cleofan, cliofian, to spht and to adhere tions [This word is sometimes written difl.] making evident, or luminous D.kleeven; G. kleben or clyfian, to adhere liberating disengaging ackleiben; Dan. klaber, kleber; Sw. klibba CLEFT-GRAFT, v. t. [clefl and grafl.] cleansing Russ. lipnu. The old preterit clave is ob- To engraft by cleaving the stock and insermaking gain beyond all costs quitting and charges. Mortimer. ting a cion. solescent.] CLEG, )i. The horse fly Dan. kl(eg. CLE'ARING, 71. A defense justification 1. To stick to adhere to hold to. My bones cleave to my skin. Ps. cli. vindication. 2 Cor. vii. iCLEM, r. t. [G. klemmen.] To starve. Let my tongue cleave to the roof of my Jonson. 2. A place or tract of land cleared of wood [vVot in use.] mouth. Ps. cxxxvii. CLEM'ENCY, 7i. [L. dementia, from Clemfor cultivation a common itsc of the word Cleave to that which is good. Rom. xii. whence Fr. demence, ens, mild, smooth in Amo-ica. well on. to sit 2. To unite aptly ; to fit It. demenza, Sp. demencia ; W. llim, 3. The act of making clear. Shak. LE'ARLY, adv. Plainly evidently ; fully 3. To unite or be united closely in interest smooth Heb. urh to be sof\, mild, gentle.] 1. 3Iildness; softness; as the clemency of the as, the fact is clearly proved. to adhere with strong at or affection air. 2. Witliout obstruction ; luminously Dryden. as, to tachment. shine clearly. A man shall leave father and mother, and 2. jMildness of temper gentleness or lenity of disposition disposition to treat with faGen. ii. Math. xix. 3. With clear discernment; as, to undercieare to his wife. vor and kindness. Cleave to Jehovah your God. Josh, xxiii. Btand clearly.

eign matter, or from incumbrance

;

made
;

manifei-t
;

made luminous

splitting.

cleansed

hb-

2.

In mineralogy, the manner of cleaving, or of mechanical division. It is used in relation to the fracture of minerals whicl have natural joints and possess a regular

CLEFT,

CLE
thou wouldest hear us of thy clemency a few words. Acts xxiv. 3. Mercy ; disposition to treat with lenity, to forgive or to spare, as offenders ; ten derness in punishing ; opposed to severity,
I pray thee that

CLE
LER'(iYMAN, n. A man a man licensed to preach
in holy orders
;

C L
2.
3.

I
;

the gospel, ac cording to the forms and rules of any particular denomination of christians. 71. A clerk or clergyman. CLER'IC.

adroit ; ready with skill or address.

;

harslniess, or rigor.

GLEM'ENT,
sition
; ;

a.
;

Addison Mild in temper and dispo

lenient
;

Horsley

CLERICAL,
i

a.

gentle

merciful

kind

See

Clergij

and
;

[L. clencus Clerk.]

;

Gr.

zXijptxo;.

compassionate. Relating or pertaining to the clergy as clerCLEM'ENTINE, a. Pertaining to St. Clem- ical tonsure clerical robes clerical duties. or to the conlilackstone. ent, or to his compilations stitutions of Clement the fifth. CLERK, n. [Sax. cleric, clerc, clere ; L. clerCLEMENTLY, adv. With mildness of icvs; (Jr. xXjjpixoj. See Clergy.] a man in 1. A clergyman, or ecclesiastic temper; mercifully. Tuyh
; ;

tender

CLENCH. [See Clinch.] OLEPE, V. or i. [Sax. clepun, clcopan, chj-\ pan, to cry out; W. clepiaiv, to clack.] Shak. To call, or name. Obs. LEPSAM'MIA, n. [Gr. xf^trttu, to hid
t.

holy orders.
'i.

-tyliffe.

A man
clerk.

that can read. Every one that could read

;

3.

A man of letters
The
in the

accounted Blackstone. a scholar. Sidney. South.

being

that performs Addison. In JVeiv England, good-natured, possessing an agreeable mind or disposition. In Great Britain, this word is applied to the body or its movements, in its literal sense ; in America, it is applied chiefly to the mind, temper, disposition. In Great Britain, a clever man is a dextrous inait, one who performs an act with skill or adIn JVew-Englnnd, a clever man is a dress. man of a pleasing obliging disposition, and amiable manners, but often implying a moderate share of talents. Fitness, suitableness, gives both senses analogically the former applied to the body the latter, to the mind, or its quafities. It is a colloquial word, but sometimes found in res;

Dextrous

An

to steal, and a^;UO!, sand.] instrimient for measuring time by sand,

like

an hour

glass.

Brown.

church

LEP'SYDRA,
xTifrtTu),

n. [L. from Gr. xXi^vSpa-. to steal, to hide, and iSiop, water. time piece used by the Greeks and Ro which measured time by the dismans, charge of a certain quantity of water. Also, a fountain in Greece. 2. A chimical vessel.
1.

foregoing significations are found English laws, and hi.stories of the as in the rude ages of the church, learning was chiefly confined to the clerIn modern usage, gy.
; ;

])ectable writings.

In
this

some of the United States, it is said word is applied to the intellect, deno-

CLEVERLY,
skill.

-1.

A writer one who is employed in the use of the pen, in an office public or pri
vate, for

ting ingenious, knowing, discerning. arft. Fitly ; dextrously"; handButler. somely.

CLEVERNESS, n.

Dexterity

adroitness : Johnson.
;

LER'GIAL,

a.

Pertaining to the clergy.

LER'GY,

Milton. [JVut nsed.] [See Clerical.] n. [Fr. clerge ; Norm. cUrkus, ckrex, clergy, or clerks, and clerliterature ; Arm. doer, the plural of gie, cloarecq, a clerk ; Corn. cloirei>; ; Ir. cleir, clergy, and cleiiioch, a clerk or clergyman ;

L.

citrus, clericus,

which would seem

tti

be frfim the Gr.

heritance, estate,

xV/jpo;, lot

or portion, in;

and the body of those whence who perform sacred duties x'Krjpou, to choose by lot, to make a clerk, clericurn facere. In 1 Peter v. :'. the word the plural seems to signify the church in or body of believers it is rendered God's
heritage.

In

cler signifies

teachers or
clerig,
It. Sp. application

learned
clero,

men
word

of the druidical order;

cler,

belonging to the

clerical.

from the Latin.

The

of

this

to miiiisters or ecclesiastical

teachers seems to have originated in their possessions, or separate allotments of land or from the Old Testament denomination of the priests, for the tribe of Levi is there called the lot, heritage, or inheritance of the Lord.] The body of men set apart, and consecrated by due ordination, to the service of God, in the christian church the body of ecclesiastics, ill distinction from the laity. Hooker. Encyc. y. The privilege or benefit of clergy.
; ;

keeping records, and accounts 3. Mildness or agreeableness of disposition In some cases as the clerk of a court. obligingness; good nature. AVio England. clerk is synonymous with secretary; but CLEV'Y, An iron L. c/ai'i.?.] I " [Qu. not always. A clerk is always an officer Cl-EV'IS, I bent to the form of an ox to a higher officer, board, corsubordinate bow, witli the two ends perforated to rewhereas, a secretary ceive a pin, used on the end of a cart])oration or person may be either a subordinate officer, or the neap to hold the chain of the forward head of an office or department. horse or oxen ; or a draft iron on a plow. 5. A layman who is the reader of responJVew England. Johnson. CLEW, n. [Sax. cleou; cliu-e ; D. kluu-en ; G. ses in church service. CLERK'-ALE, n. [clerk and ale.] In Eng- kloben ; L. globus. The word signifies a In Welsh, dob is a knob ball or a liunp. land, the feast of the parish clerk. Il'arton. or boss CLERK'LIKE, a. Like a clerk learned. clwpa is a club or knob ; clap is Sliak. a lump all from roots in lb ; lloh,a lump, Cranmer. a lubber.] CLERK'LY, a. Scholarlike. 1. A liall of thread. CLERKLY, adv. In a learned manner. Spenser. Gascoigne. 2. The thread that forms a ball the thread that is used to guide a person in a labyCLERK'SIIIP, n. A state of being in holy Blackstone. orders. rinth. Hence, any thing that guides or Johnson. 2. Scholarship. Watts. directs one in an intricate case. 3. The office or business of a clerk or wri- !. The lower corner of a square sail, and ter. Swip. the aftmost corner of a stay sail. Mar. Diet. CLER'OMANCY, n. [Gr. x:..;po;, lot, and CLEW, t. In seamanship, to truss up to the yard, by means of clew-garnels or ^avtua, divination.] A divination by tlirowinit <lice or little bones, clew-lines, in order to furling. and observing the points or marks turned 2. To direct. Bailey. CLEW-GARNETS, n. In marine language, U|). CLEVE, p in the composition of names, a sort of tackle, or roiie and pulley, fasten> denote a place situated on or ed to the clews of the main and foresails CLIP', a cliff, on the side of a to truss them up to the yard. CLIVE, ) near as Cleveland CLEW'-LINES, n. These are the same tacrock or precipice hill, Clifton. kle, and used for the like purpose as clew;
;

i,'.

CLEVER,
or
Ih,

[I

know

ters of this word.

not the radical If the elements are

letclh,

garnets, but

the affinities

may

be Russ.

square

sails,

are a|)plied to the smaller as the top-sail, top-gallant

lovkii

and

sprit-sails.

Mar.

Diet.

It convicled of a clergyalile felony, lie is entitled equally to his clergy after as before com IcBkickstone. tion.

convenient,
to

craft, lorlyu, to

dextrous, ulovka, dexterity, take or seize, as if allied

Ir.

CLICK,

Benffit

of clergy, in English law, oiiginally the exemption of the jjersons of clergymen from criminal process belbre a secular judge or a privilege by which a clerk or person in orders claimed to be delivered
;

Itaa', lumh, lofa, Ir. hih is a thong or loop, a plait Literally, to strike ; hence, or fold, and craft, cunning; luhnch, sly To make a small sharp noise, or rather a succession of small sharp sounds, as by a luham to bend. In Eth.

Gothic hand. In

W.

the

V. i. [D. klikken ; Fr. cliqueter, to See Clack, crack ; clique!, a mill-claiiper. to the root of which this word belongs.]

ri-afly:

AO'IJ

to his ordinary to

purge himself of felony But this privilege has been abridged and See Blackmollified by various statutes. In the United States, stone, B. 4. Cli. '2H. no benefit of clergy exists.
to or admitu'. Entitled ting the benefit of clergy; as a rlergyahh felony. Blackstone
1.

LER't;VABLE,

labawi, signifies ingenious, ready, skilful, and the verb, to understand, or be skilful. If V in ckr'er is from g, as in many other words, the affinities may be Sax. glenw, knowing, skilful, industrious, wise, which is the G. king, D. klock, Dan. klog, Sw. kink. Let tlie reader judge.]
Lit
;

gentle striking. The solemn deatti-watcli clicked.

CLICK,
](iece

Gay. n. In seamen's language, a small of iron falling into a notched wheel attached to the wiiulies In cutters, &c.

Mar. Diet.

CLICK,

n.

The
n.

latch of a door.

[Local.]

suitable

convenient

proper

com- CLICK'ER,
Pope.

The

servant of a salesman,

modious.

who

stands at the door to invite custom-

C L

I
n.

C L

I
whence L.
cK- 3.

C L
To
rise or

ascend with a slow motion. era ; CLI'MATE, [Gr. x-/.i.na; Black vapot:! cUmb aloft. 7na ; It. Sp. clima ; Fr. climat. Qu. from Dryden. States. LlCK'ET,n. The knocker of a door. [AW Gr. sKjju), to lean or incline, or the root of CLIMB, I), t. To ascend by means of the hands and feet, implying labor, difficulty used in the United States.] climax.] and slow progress ; as, to climb a wall, or small sharp noi- 1. In geography, a part of the surface of the fIJCK'ING, ppr. Making a steep niouiitain. Prior. earth, bounded by two circles parallel to L1'ENT, . [Fr.ctieni; It. clienie; Sp. id.; the equator, and of such a breadth tliat 2. To mount or a.'icend, with labor or a slow tlie longest day in the parallel nearest the motion; as, to c/imtthe ascents of fame. L. c/ie7is.] Prior. T. Among the Romans, a citizen who imt pole is half an hour longer than that nearest to the equator. The beginning of a CLIMBABLE, a. That may be climbed. liimscll luulcr ilie protection ot' a man of climate is a parallel circle iu wliicli the ilistinciion and iiitiucnce, who, in respect Sheru-ood. to thai relation, was called his patron. longest day is half an hour shorter than CLIMBED, ;?p. Ascended by the use of the that at the end. The climates begin at hands and feet ascended with labor. Hence ill modern usage, the equator, where the day is J2 honrsi CLIMBER, Ji. One who climbs, mounts or 5. One who ajiplies to a lawyer or counselor for advice and direction in a question long and at the end of tlie first climatel rises, by the hands and feet; one who rithe longest day is 12i hours long, and this of law, or commits his cause to his manses by labor or eflbrt. increase of half an horn- constitutes a cliA plant that creeps and rises on some agement in prosecuting a claim, or defendj9. from which to the polar circles a suit, iu a court of justice. Mortimer. nuite, ing against support. climates are measured by the increase of CLIMBER, r. ?. [from climh, or a diflerent Bacon. Taylor. a montli. Johnson. Encyc. B. Jonson. 3. A dependent. ortliograpliv u\' clamber.] LI'ENTAL, a. Dependent. [Unusual.] 2. In a popular sense, a tract of land, region To climb to mount with effort. [J\'ot used.] or country, differing from another in the Burke. Tusser. temperature of tlie air or any region orj CLIMBING, ppr. Ascending by the use of eLl'ENTED, a. Supplied with clients. Carew. country with respect to the temperature the hands and feet ; ascending with diffiCLI'ENTSHIP, n. The condition of a ch- of the air, the seasons, and their pecuhar culty. cnt a state of being under the protection qualities, without any regard to the length CLIM'BING, 71. The act of ascending. of the days, or to geographical |)Osition. of a patron. [Clientele is not used.] CLIME, n. [from climate, or directly from Thus we say, a warm or cold climate ; a ihi/den. Gr. and L. clima.] moist or dry cKna<e; a haytpy climate ; a A chmatc a tract or CLIFF, n. [Sax. clif, cM, or clcof; D. Idif, region of the earth or klip ; G. and Dan. klippc ; Svv. klippa ; genial climate ; a mountainous climate a poetical word, but sometimes used in W. clip ; L. cliius ; probably from cleaving, CLI'M.-VTE, V. i. To dwell to reside iu a [See Cliviafe.] prose. Sax. clifian, cleofan.] particular region. Whatever climt the sun's bright circle warms. Shak. Hist, of St. Domingo. 1. A .steep hank as the cliffs of Dover. So Milton. in Sa.von, the cliffs of the Red Sea. [Little used, and hardly legitimate.] V. t. [D. klinken, to clink or rivet to a climate CLINCH, Alfred CLIMAT'IC, Orosius, supposed by I " Pertaming klink, a latch, a rivet ; Dan. klinke, a latch limited 5. A high and steep rock CLIMATTCAL, ^ or chmates any precii)ice. Sw. klinka ; Fr. clenche ; allied to cling, S. S. Smith. Bacon. Dri/den. bv a climate. link, W. elided, a latch.] This word has been sometimes written clijl, CLi'MATURE, n. A climate. [LitUe used.] 1. To gripe with the hand to make fast by Shak.

o low word and not used in the United

and

if

from

with

clefl in

CLIFF, in CLIFF'y,
gy.

cleaving, rending, coincides origin. nuisic. [See Clef.]

a. a.

CLI'MAX,
L. climax

n.
;

[Gr. x^tftai, a scale or ladder;

Having

cliffs

broken

crag-

Harmar
Broken.
x>.t|UaJ,

CLIFT'ED,

Congreve
I.
;

CLIMAC'TER,
L. climucler.]
1.

n. [Gr. xxifioxrjjp, the stej

of a ladder, from

a ladder or scale
life
;

critical

year

in

hinnan

but climac-

teric is

2.

more generally used.

[.Vol used.]

certain sj>ace of time.

Brown

CLIMACTERIC,
r.limactericus,

a. [Gr. x\ifioixTr,(,ixoi
cliinaT,

L.

from

a ladder.

See

Climax.] Literally, noting a scale, progression, or gradation ; appropriately, denoting a critical period of human life, or a certain number of years, at the end of which a great change is supposed to take place in the human con.titution. [See the Noun.]

perhaps from the root of the W. llamu, to step, stride, leap. Ham, a step, stride, leap, Jr. leimim, leim, or from the root of climb.] Gradation ascent a figure of rhetoric, in which a sentence rises as it were, step by stop or in which the expression which ends one member of the period, begins the second, and so on, till the period is finished ; as in the following " When we have practiced good actions a while, they become easy and when they are easy, we begin to take pleasure in them anil when they please us, we do them frequently and by frequency of acts, they grow into
; ; ;
:

bending over, folding, or embracing closeThus, to clinch a nail, is to bend the ly. point and drive it closely. To clinch the

hand or
clinch
2.

fi.st,

is

to contract the
is
it,

fingers

closely into

the

palm of the hand.

to close

To

an instrument,
or fasten
?!.
;

the finit
;

gers and thumb round

and hold
firm

fast.

To

fix

to

make

as, to

clincli

an argument.

CLINCH,
;

used in a double meanpun an ambiguity ; a dupUcity of uig meaning, with identity of expression.
a
;

A word

Johnson.

Here one poor word

makes.
2.

hundred

clinches

Pope.

!2.

Bailey. witty, ingenious reply. a habit." Tillofson. 3. In seamen's language, the part of a cable which is fastened to the ring of an anchor ; sentence, or series of sentences, in a kind of knot and seizings, used to fasten which the successive members or senten-

ces rise in force, importance or dignity, to the close of the sentence or series.

CLIMACTERIC,
llic

period in human life, or a period in whicli some great change is supposed to take place in

n.

a cable to the ring of an anchor, and the britching of a gun to the ring bolts in a
ship's side.

critical

Dryden.

CLIMB,
td.

human

constitution.

The

critical

riods are supposed by some persons to be the years produced by multiplying 7 into the odd numbers 3, 5, 7, and 9 to which others add the 81st year. The G;3d year is called the grand climacteric. It has been supposed that these periods are at;

pe

tended with some remarkable change

respect to health,
life or fortune. Broitm. Dryden.

in

CLINCH'ER, n. That which cUnches a in Dan. is cramp or piece of iron bent down to fasten any thing. Sw. klifwa.] Pope. 2. One who makes a smart reply. 1. To Bailey. creep up by little and little, or step by 3. That which makes fast. step; to mount or ascend, by means of the hands and feet to rise on any fixed ob- CLINCHER-BUILT,? Made ofcUnchject, by seizing it with the hands and hft- CLINK'ER-BUILT, P' er work. ing the body, and by thrusting with the CLINCHER-WORK, n. In ship buUding,
;

V. i. clime, prel.' and pp. climbed, or clomb, hut the latter is not elegant, or climhan ; D. klimmen ; [Sa.\. climan,

CLINCH'EV, pj). Made

embracing
closely.

fast

Mar. Diet. by doubhiig or

The corresponchng word

;

klyver

feet

as, to climb
lie

a tree or a precipice.

Pope.

Ami
amore

CLIM.\TARCH'IC,
and
op*>?,

ran before and climbed up into a sycdiffi-

a.

[Gr. xxi.uo, climate,

dominion.]

mates.

Presiding over cliPans. Trans. .Vote.

To

Luke xLx. mount or ascend with labor and

tree.

the disposition of tlie planks in the side of a boat or vessel, when the lower edge of every plank overlays the next below if, like slates on the roof a house.

culty.

Shak

Mar.

Diet.

Vol.

I.

39

C L
CLINCH'ING,
ling over witli the fist.

I
fast

C L O
by doub;

C L O
sound, from striking. It coincides in crigin with clack and cluck, L. glocio, Ch. J /J. Class Lg. No. 27. See A machine, consisting Cluck.] of wheels moved by weights, so constructed that by a uniform vibration of a pendulum, it measures time, and its divisions, hours, minutes and seconds, with great exactness. It indicates the hour by the stroke of a small

ppr.

Making

or embracing closely

griping

CLINO',

i. pret. and pp. clung. [Sax. clingnn, to adhere and to wither ; Dan. in clusters ; kiynge, a klyiiger, to grow heap or cluster. See the transitive verb
J',

masses, often composed of columnar ori tabular distinct concretions, more or less] It is usually found among sec regular. ondary rocks sometimes resting on ba
;

1.

salt,

and covered by greenstone.

Cleaveland.

CLINOM'ETER, n.
fiirpov,

[Gr. xxwa, to lean, and

below.]
I.

measure.]

closely; to stick to ; to hold .\n instrument tor measuring the dip of mineral strata. Ure. fast upon, especially by winding round or embracing ; as, the tendril of a vine dings LIi\a'UANT, a. [Fr.] Dressed in tinsel
to its supjiort. Two babes of love close clinging to her waist

To adhere

hammer on a

bell.

finery.

[JVot English.]
t.
;

Shak.
2.

CLIP,

Pope
9.

To adhere

closely

to stick to

as a vis-

Dan. klipper ; Sw. [Sax. clypan The sense seems to be, to strike, klippa. to cut off by a sudden stroke. The Danish
V.

The phrases, wliat o'clock is it ? it is nine o'clock, seem to be contracted from what of the clock"} it is nine of the clock. A figure or figured work in the ankle of a stockinff. Swift.
vA.

ccuis substance.
.'{.

To adhere closely and or affection as, men of a ])arty cling to their leader. L1NG, I!, t. To dry up, or wither. Sliak. Till famine cling thee. In Saxon, clingan is rendered to fade or wither, marcesco, as well as to cling. In
;

Jf'iseman. firmly, in interest

word

signifies not only to cut off with scissors, but to wink or twinkle with the eyes.

CLOCK,

To

call.

[See Cluck.]

CLOCK-MAKER,
occupation
the clock.
is

n.
n.

An

artificer

whose

In our popular dialect, a

stroke
;

clip is a

blow or
is

to

make

clocks.

1.

shaving and jiaring, which are performed Encyc. by rubbing the instrument close to the "3. Well adjusted work, with regular movcment. Prior. thing shaved as, to clip the hair ; to clip wings. iCLOD, 71. [D. kluit, a. clod G. klots ; Dan. But love had clipped his wings and cut him klods ; Sw. klot, a log, stock, or stump short. Dan. klode, D. kloot, a ball G. loth, a ball Dryden. " D. lood, lead, a ball Sw. and Dan. lod, id.; To diminish coin by paring the edge. W. cluder, a heap. Clod and c/o( seem to See Lean.] Locke. be radically one word, signitying a mass In a general sense, pertaining to a bed. A 3. To curtail ; to cut short. Addison. or lump, from collecting or bringing toclinical lecture is a discourse delivered at 4. To confine, hmit, restrain, or hold to Shak. the bed-side of the sick, or from notes tagether, or from condensing, setting, fixhug. [Little used.] In Sax. chid, a rock or hill, may be ken at tlie bed-side, by a physician, with a To clip it, is a vulgar phrase in New England ing. from the same root. See Class Ld. No. 8. for to run with speed. So cut is used view to practical instruction in the heal9. 10. 16. 26. 35. 3G. 40. Clinical medicine is the practice cut on, run fast. This seems to be the Qu. Gr. x^uoSu, to ing art. form a ball.] of medicine on patients in bed, or in hosmeaning in Dryden. A clinical convert is a convert on Some falcon stoops at what her eye designed, 1. A hard lump of earth, of any kind a pitals. mass of earth cohering. Bacon. Dryden. his death-bed. And with lier eagerness the quarry missed, Anciently persons receivStraight flics at check, and clips it down the 2. A liunp or mass of metal. [Little used.^ ing baptism on their death-beds were wind. Co.Te. called clinics. Milton. Taylor. Encyc. This sense would seem to be allied to 3. Turf; the ground. t'LIN'IC, Ji. One confined to the bed by Swifl. 4. That which is earthy, base and vile, as sickness. that of leap. adv. In a chnical mamier CLIP, n. A blow or stroke with the hand; the body of man compared to his soul. GLIN'ICALLY, Milton. Gtanville. Burnet. by the bed-side. as, lie hit him a clip. jYeu<-England. eLINK, V. t. [Svv. klinga ; Dan. Idinger, 2. An embrace that is, a throwing the arms !>. A dull, gross, stupid fellow a dolt. This klinker ; D. Uinken ; G. kliiigen. roimd. Dryden. Sidnei/. Carew. seems to be a dialectical orthography of CLIPPED, CLIPT, pp. Cut off; cutshort 6. Any thing concreted. curtailed diminished by paring. clang, clank, L. clango, and if n is not radCLOD, V. i. To collect into concretions, or ical, they coincide with clack, click, with CLIP'PEU, n. One who clips a thick mass to coagulate as clodded especially the radical sense, to strike.] one who cuts off the edges of coin. Milton. gore. To ring or jingle to utter or make a small Mdison. [See Clot, which is more generally used.] t. To pelt w ith clods. sharp sound, or a succession of sucl CLIP'PING, ppr. Cutting off or shortening CLOD, with shears or scissors diminishing coin CLOD'DY, a. Consisting of clods; aboundsounds, as by striking small metallic or other sonorous bodies together. by pariuii off the edges; curtailing. ing witli clods. Prior. Gay. CLIPPING, n. The act of cutting off, cur- 2. Earthy mean gross. Shak. n. A sharp sound, made by the colCLINK, tailing or diminishing. CLOD'HOPPER, n. A clown; a dolt. lision of small sonorous bodies. Spenser, 2. That which is clipped oft'; a piece sepa- CLOD'PATE, n. A stupid fellow; a dolt ; rated by clipping. Locke. a ihickskidl. according to Johnson, uses the word for a knocker. CLIVERS, n. A plant, the Galium nparine ; CLOD'PATED, a. Stupid; dull; doltish. called also goose-grass, or hairift". It has CLINK'ING, ppr. Making a small sharp Jlrbuthnot. a square, rough, jointed stem the joints CLOD' POLL, ?i. A stupid fellow a dolt ; a sound, or succession of sounds. CLINK'STONE, n. [clink and stone, from hairy at the base with eight or ten nar- blockhead. Shak. See Phonolile,] its sonorousness. row leaves at each joint. CLOG, I'. /. [W. cleg, a lump dug, a swellA mineral which has a slaty structure, and Eno/c. Fam. of Plants ing, rounilness; clog, a large stone; Hoc, is generally divisible into tabular masses, CLOAK. a mound, a dam Hog, an augment ; Uogi, [See Cloke.] to make compact, to hire, I,, loco; Ir. loc, usually thick, sometimes thin like those of CLO'CIIAKD, n. [from clock, Fr. cloche..] The cro.ss fracture is commonly A belfi-y. [Ao/ used.] Wcever a stop; locuiiu, to innder. These coincide argillite. Its colors are dark greenisi CLOCK, n. [Sax. clugga, D. klok with Eng. lock, in i)rimary sense, or may splintery. clucga; and G. klocke ; Dan. klokke ; Sw. klocka ; Fr be from the same root. 15ut clog, though gray, yellowish, bluish, or ash gray it is usually translucent at the edges, clorhi Arm. cloch, or clck; Ir. clog; W. of the same family, seems not to be directsometimes opake. It occurs in extensive clue ; properly a bell, and named from its ly derived from either of these words.]
ing, withering, is

draw together and dryexpressed by shrinking. use of the loord is obsolete.] LING'ING, ppr. Adhering closely stickto winding round and holding to. ing LING'y, a. Apt to cling; adhesive. } LIN'l, [Gr. x>.ii'ixos, tioni xXnr;, a CLIN'ICAL, ^ bed, from xUvu, to recline. 2.
be, to contract or
;

gen.

this sen.se is usei\forclingan, p\>. forclunThe radical sense then appears to

used The radical sense then in a like sense. is, to strike or drive with a sudden effort, thrust or spring.] To cut off with shears or scissors to separate by a sudden stroke especially to cut oft' the ends or sides of a thing, to make it shorter or narrower, in distinction from
as, to hit
clip.
; ;

one a

Cut

CLOCK'-SETTER,

One who

[Abt used.]
n.
;

regulates Shak.

CLOCK-WORK,

The machinery and

movements of a clock or that part of the movement which strikes the hours on a bell, in distinction from that part which
measures and exhibits the time on the face or dial 2>late, which is called watch -work.

[The

latter

'

''

!'.

C L O
;

C L O
CLOSE,
V.
i.
;

C L O
To unite to coalesce as the parts of a wouiid to come together or fracture, or parts separated; often followed by on or upon. The lal closed upon tlie blade. Judges iii.
B as 2.
;
:

the world that retardsl 2. a. Solitary ; retired from 1. To load or fill with something Shak. or hinders motion as, to dog llio chaninclosed 3. Built with peristyles or piazzas nel of a river to clog a passage. Hotlon. J with 2. To put on any thin;,' that encinnhers, in a to CLOIS'TERING, ppr. Shutting up a view to hinder or restrain leaping the moimsteiy confining secluding from shackle ; as, to clog a heast. world. encumbers 3. To load vvitli any thing that nun a woman who com- CLOISTRESS, n. to hurden; to embarrass; as, to clog has vowed religious retirement. [Little merce with impositions or restrictions. '^hak.
; ; ;
; ;

The
2.

earth closed
;

upon

tlieni.

Num.

xvi.

To end
od
;

to terminate, or

come

to a peri-

To

as, tlie debate closed at six o'clock. close on or upon, to come to a mutual
;

Mdison.
it

nted.]

4.

To

obstnicl natural motion, or render

CLOKE,
1.

n. [Sax. lack.

to difticult; to liind.r;

CLOG,
here

1).

i.

To

in a cluster or
it

Move
X

to unite and adcoalesce mass. sometimes wiUi a broom, that the

;

impede.

cer, lake is doth.] loose outer garment

seeds clog not together.

;

Evelyn

To form an accretion to be loaded or encumbered with extraneous matter.

The teeth of tlie saw will begin to cing. Sharp to n. Any thing put u)>on an animal hinder motion, or leaping, as a piece ot
2.

clothes both by men He was clad with zeal as a cloke. Is. lix cover that which conceals; a disguise or pretext an excuse a fair pretense. Not using your liberty for a cloke of mali

to agree on or join in. France and Holland might close upon some measures to our disadvantage. Temple. To close u-ith, to accede to ; to consent or worn over other agree to as, to close with the terms propoand v\ omen. When followed by the person with sed.

agreement

In D. laken, Chau-

whom

ciousness.

Peter

ii.

an agreement is made, to make an agreement w illi to unite with as, to close with an enemy. He took the time when Richard was deposed.
;

They have no

cloke for ihoir sin. John xv.

And

high and

lo%v leilh

happy Harry closed.

CLOKE,
To
ering.

V.
;

t.

To

CLOO,
2.

hide

to conceal
>:.

cover with a cloke. to use a false cov;

Dryden
In this sense, to
gant.

close in unth is less ele-

wood

An encumbrance
impediment.
Slavery
is

fastened to his leg. that which

;

himlers
;

CLO'KE-BAG,
CLO'KF.D,

bag

in

motion, or renders

it

difficult

hindrance

or other clothes are carried teau.

;>;).

Covered with a cloke;

Spenser. to join closely } to unite which a cloke To close urith, close in untli, ^ to grapple, as persons in a portman- To a contest applied to wrestlers, when they Shak. come to close embrace for scuftling. con; ; ;

the greatest clog to speculation.

cealed under a cover.

CLOSE,

Swift
3.

[Qu. Fr. claque

galois-]

Sp. Port, galochu ; wooden shoe ; also, a sort ot

;

Ann. CLO'KING,
feet

patten

dry

in

worn by ladies to keep their wet weather.

pp.
;

Covering with a cloke hiding under an external covering. CLOMB, pret. of climb.
ppr.

CLONG,
regular

old part, of cling.

x?.o>oj,

i^hOG'GED,
;

eLOG'GlNESS,

CLOGGING,

irregular ; as clonic Coxe. with [Sax. clwman.] To close Mortimer. clogged. glutinous matter. [Local.] on a clog ; loadppr. Putting CLOSE, r. (. s as :. [Fr. clos ; Arm. verb obstructing ; iming with incumbrance close in ; part, closet; from the L. closa, or peding. of claudo, to shut; Fr. participle clausus, eLOG'GY, a. That clogs, or has power to clorre; \t. chiudere,chiuso ; D. Wuw, an inThe D. sluiten, G. schliessen, closure. clog thick ; gross. CLOISTER, n. [Fr. cloltre ; Sax. daustr, schloss, Dan. slulter, Sw. sluta, are from the or cluster ; Arm. dattslr, or cloeslr ; Sp. same root, with a prefix. Gr. xXtiM, for that claustro ; It. claustro, or chiostro ; D. hloosx>.(i6iHj, wlience xXti;, a key, claiis, Wos<cr W.i ttr; G.kloster; Dan. and Sw. which shuts or fastens; W. claws, clwys, a L. claustntm, Sax. hlid, a lid, the a cloister claws, clwys; Ir. clahhslur ;

obstructed led brance.

CLON'IC, a. [Gr. Wearing a clog; shackmotion.]

loaded

a shaking or

ir-

with

incum.

Shaking

convulsive
t.

n.

The

state

ot

being

spasm.

CLOOM, V.

n. s as :. An inclosed place any a fence or other body place surrounded by whicli defeiuls or confines it, particularly a field, or portion of land. as Conclusion termination final end the dose of life the close of day or night. temporary finishing; a pause; rest; cessation intermission. At every close she made, th' attending throng of the song. Replied, and bore the burden
;

Dryden

The manner of shutting.

The
5.

doors of plank were

site.

their close exqui-

Chapman.
in wrestling.

A grapple
a.

Bacon.
;

CLOSE,

Shut

fast

tight
;

made

fast,
;

so

as to have no opening close vizard.

as a close box
;

a
;

Having
; ;

jiarts

firmly united

dense applied to solid kind as the close texture of

tal.

compact substances of any

wood
;

or

me-

from clausus, pp. of ctaudo.

1.

See Eng.

close,

a clos-e ; a close, or inclosed or nunnery ; a house place. A monastery inhabited by monks or nuns. In a more limited sense, the principal part of a regular monastery, consisting of a square,
erected between the church, the chapterhouse and the refectory, and over which Tlie proper use of the is the dormitory. cloister is for the monks to meet in for conThe cloister is square, and has versation. its name from being inclosed on its four

Close.] Literally,

shutter ; cludaim.
.

hlidan,

to

cover

Ir.

cleithim, 3.
4.

See Class Ld. No. 1. 8. 9. 10.] make fast, by pressing toan open place, so as getliei-,or by stopping to intercept a passage, in almost any man-

To

shut; to

Having parts firmly adhering viscous ; If'ilkins. tenacious as oil, or glue. Confined stagnant without ventilation
;

or motion
5.

as close
retired.

air.

Confined
Wliile
xii.

ner as, to close the eyes ; to c^osf a gate, door or window. In these and other caan ses, closing is performed by bringing To close a object before the opening. book, is to hring the parts together.
;

David kept himself

;

close.

Chron.

6.

Hid

The

He
2.

To
plete

l^ord hath closed your eyes. Luke iv. closed the book. end ; to finish ; to conclude
;
;

of a cloister, when there are buildings on each of the four sides of the court. Encyc. Johnson. a piazza. 2. A peristyle CLOISTER, V. t. To confine in a cloister or monastery. to confine closely within 7. To shut up to shut up in retirewalls ; to immure Bacon. ment from the world. CLOIS'TERAL, a. Confined to a cloister:
; ; ;

Hence in architecsides with buildings. be in the form ture, a building is said to

to bring to a period bargain, or contract. One frugal supper did our studies "

as a dose alley. within a small distance as a dose to com- 8. Near ; fight or action. to close a as, crowdin contact or nearly so 9. Joined
; ; ; ;

Is.

xxix.

7.

pose close. Numb. v. Luke Confined withui narrow limits

private

secret

as, to

keep a purix.
;

narrow

.3.

4.

as thoughts or words ; Ihyden. 10. Compressed, to loose or To unite, as the parts of a breach or frac- hence, brief; concise opposed diffrise. tuie to make whole to consolidate ; ofWhere the original is close, no version can ten followed by up. reach it in the same compass. Dryden. The Lord closed up the flesh instead thereof. 11. Very near, in place or time ; adjoining, Gen. ii. To cover to inclose ; to encompass ; to or nearly so. Dan. viii. I saw him come close to the ram. overwhelm. The depths closed me round about. Jonah ii They sailed close by Crete. Acts xxvii.
;
;

close.

ed

as, to sit dose.

retired

from the world

pp.

recluse.
/r/(o>i.

5.
(1.

CLOIS'TERED,

Shut up

in a cloister

To inclose to confine. [See Inclose.] To move 01 bring together to unite sep10 iiiove or i.iriiig luj^uLiici i.yj iiiiitt o-i' arate bodies or parts as, to dose the ranks, 12.
;
, ;
I

Some

dire misfortune follows close behind.

Pope.

Having the

quality of keeping secrets,

;

iuliabitlng a monastery.

of an army.

I'

thoughts or designs

cautious

as a

do

C L O
Hence minister. confidential.
1;$.
iii

C L O
trusty
;

C L O
cretes into a mass or lump ; as a clot of blood. Clod and clot appear to be radically the same word ; but we usually apply clod to a hard mass of earth, and clot to a mass of solter substances, or fltiids

friendship,

4. 5.

Secretly

Shak.
;

With
est
;

slyly. [jVo< 7nuch used.] Carew. near aflfection, attachment or uiterf

Having an appearance of concealment

art,

implying
aspect.
11.

craft or

wariness

as a close
Sliak.

in

intunately ; as, men closely connected nations closely allied by friendship

; ; ;

treaty.
;

without witliin close limits Intent; fixed; attentive; pressing upon 6. Strictly communication abroad as a prisoner closefill! object as, to give close attention. Keep your mind or thoughts close to the buly confined. siness or subject. Locke. 7. With strict adherence to the original ; as, I.'). F\ill to the point to translate closely. home; pressing; as a close argiunent bring the argument close CLO'SENESS, n. The state of being shut, to the question. Drydeii. pressed together, or united. Hence ac10. Pressing; earnest; warm; as a c/oe decording to the nature of the thijig to which
; ;
;

concreted.

CLOT,
ted
2.

V.

i.

To
as,

soft or fluid

mass
form

concrete to coagulate, as matter into a thick, inspissamilk or blood clots.

;

To

into clots or clods

to

adltere

CLOT

as, clotted glebe. -BIRD, n.

The common cenanthe

klette.]

Philips.

bate.
17.
18.
U>.

the
;

Confined
;

secluded from communica;

3.

tion
close

as a close prisoner. as a
3.
4.

word is apphed, Compactness solidity

;

CLOT'-BUR,
;

or English ortolan. H. [G.

/!.

as the closeness of

CLOTH,
cloth,

clawth. [Sa.x.

clath
;

Burdock. D. ;

kleed,

texture in

wood
;

or

fossils.
;

Bacon.
as of a
place.

Covetous; penurious; not liberal

Narrowness

straitness

en

and kleeden, to clothe G. kleid, kleidSw. kl'ade, klhda ; Dan. kla:de, kltzder.
plural
is

man.

Applied to the weather or air, close, in popular language, denotes warm and damp, cloudy or foggy, or warm and relaxing, occasioning a sense of lassitude and depression. Perhaps originally, confined
air.

5.

6.

7.

f20.

Strictly adlierlng to t!ie original ; as a close translation. 8. Jl. In heraldry, drawn in a coat of arms 9.

with the wings close, and in a standing

posture.
Bailey.

Tightness in building, or in apartments ; firmness of texture in cloth, &c. Want of ventilation applied to a close room, or to the air confined in it. Snnfl. Confinement or retirement of a person Shak. recluseness ; solitude. Reserve in intercourse ; secrecy privaBacon. cy caution. Covetousness penuriousness. Addison. Connection near union intimacy, whether of friendship, or of interest as the closeness of friendship, or of alliance.
;
;

but when it ; written clothes.] wool or hair, or flax, hemp or other vegetable filaments, formed by weaving or intertexture of threads, and used for garments or other covering and for various other purposes as woolen cloth, linen cloth, cotton cloth, hair cloth. 3. The covering of a table usually called a
regular, cloths
it is

The

signifies

1.

garments,

manufacture or

stufl'of

of cotton,

tablecloth.
3.

The canvas on which

Pope,
pictures arff drawn,

CLOSE,

CLOSE-BANDED,
;

Pressure; urgency; variously applied; Dryden. texture or covering put to a particular as the closeness of an agreement, or of de- 4. Beliind her death use ; as a cloth of state. bate the closeness of a (piestion or inquiry. Hayward. ' .Milton. 11. C/osf followed, pace forp.ice. Adherence to an original as the close- 5. Dress ; raiment. [See Clothes.] ni ne'er distrust my God for cloth and bread a. Being in close order ness of a version. Milton. CLO'SER, Ji. s as t. Quarles. finisher; one who closely united. 6. The covering of a bed. [JVo/ used.] CLOSE-BODIED, a. Fitting the body ex- concludes. Prior. CLO'SER, a. comp. of close. More close. actly setting close; as a garment. . superl. of close. Most close. CLOTHE. V. t. pret. and pp. clothed, or clcul. .lylije. a. Being in com- In these words, s has its jjroper sound. [See Clolk.] order ; Addison. CLOS'ET, n. s as z. small room or 1. To put on garments to invest the body
Closely
;

adv.
;

nearly

densely

10.

secretly

pressingly.

CLOSEST,

CLOSE-COMPACTED,
pact

compact.

CLOSE-COUCHED,
rounded with

a.

Quite concealed.
.

apartment for retirement

privacy.

any room

for

CLOSE-Cl'RTAINED,
iMirtains.
a.

Milton. Inclosed or surMilton.

2.
;

with raiment to cover with dress, for concealing nakedness and defending the body
;

Wien
vi.

thou prayest, enter into

thy closet.

Mat.

from cold or injuries. The Lord God made coats of skin and
them.
2.

clothed

CLOSE-FISTED,
ous.

Covetous

CLOSE-HANDED,

a.

niggardly. Berkeley. Covetous; penuriHate.

n.

An

a])artment for curiosities or valuable

Gen.

iii.

things.
3.

small close apartment or recess in the side of a room for repositing utensils anil
fin"niture.
I',

Dryden.

To

cover with something ornamental.

CLOSE-HANDEDNESS,
CLOSE-HAULED,
drawn
a.

Covctousness.

Holyday. In seamanship, having the tacks or lower corners of the sails

close to the side to windward, and the sheets hauled close aft, in sailing near

CLOS'ET,
set
;

i.

s as
;

-.

to

conceal

to

To shut up in a clotake into a private

Herbert.
3.
Su-ijl.
x.

Embroidered purple clothes the golden beds. Pope. But clothe, without tlie aid of other words, seldom signifies to adorn. In this

example from Pope,

it

signifies
;

merely to

apartment for consultation.

CLOS'ETED,
et
;

pp. s as

Shut up

iji

a clos-

cover. To furnish with raiment to provide with clothes as, a master is to feed and clothe
;

the wind.

CLOSE-PENT, a. Shut close. CLOSE-QUARTERS, n. Strong

of

Encyc. Dryden.
harriers

concealed.

CLOS'ETINO,
ted
ill

ppr. s as z. Shutting a private room ; concealing.

n. cloz'et-sin.

up

in

4.

his apprentice. To put on to invest ; to cover, as with a garment as, to clothe thoughts with words.
; ;

wood used
is

CLOSE-TONGUED,

privacy. Bj). Hall. Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. n. disease in the feet of cattle, Prov. xxiii. called also the founder. the conveftience of tiic sick and infirm. Baiiey. Let them be clothed with shame. Ps. xxxv. z. a. Shutting; coales- 5. To invest; to smround; to encompass. Keeping silence CLOSING, ppr. s as cautious in speaking. Shak. cing ; agreeing ; ending. Tlie Lord is clothed witli majesty. Ps. xciii. CLO'SING, a. s as z. "That ends or conThou art clothed witli honor and majesty. s as :. Shut ; made fast CLO'SED, pp. cludes ; as a closing word or letter. Ps. civ. ended ; concluded. CLO'SELY, adv. In a close, compact man- CLO'SING, n. s as z. End ; period ; con- t). To invest ; to give to by commission ; aSy clusion. ner ; with tlie parts united, or ])ressed toto clothe with power or authority. of shut- 7. To co\er or gether, so as to leave no vent ; as a cruci- CLO'SURE, n. clo'zhur. The act sjiread over; as, the earth is ble closely hUed. ting ; a closing. Boyle. clothed with verdure. that by 2. Nearly with httle space intervening : '2. That which closes, or shuts CLOTHE, I), i. To wear clothes. which separate parts are fastened or made Care no more to clothe and eat Shak. applied to space or time ; as, to follow closely to adliere. at one's heels ; one event follows closely Pope. CLOTHED, pp. Covered with garments; 3. Iiiclosure ; that which confines. Shak. upon another. dressed; invested ; furnished with clothShak. 3. Intently ; attentively; with the mind or 4. Conclusion. ing. concretion, par- CLOTHES, n. phi. of cloth ; pronounced thoughts fi.ved ; with near inspection ; as, CLOT, n. [See Clod.] fo look or attend closely. Garments for the human bodv ; cloze. ticularly of soft or fluid matter, wliich con-

the ship

a ship for defense when boarded. Mar. Diet.

in n.

CLOS'ET-SIN,

Sin commit-

will clothe her priests

with salvation.

Ps.

cxxxii.

CLOSE-STOOL,

A chamber

utensil for

CLOSH,

C L O
a general iress term for whatever covering is worn, or made to be worn, for decency or comfort.
;

C L O
;

C L O
patched shoes, for
signify a nail.
clut in

Tcstments

vesture

CLOUD-ASCEND'ING, a. Ascending to thei

clouds.

Saxon does not

clout,

CLOUD-BERRY,
knot-berry
;

n.

Sandys.' plant, called also

I

The word

a nail,

may

If

may touch

but his clothes, I shall be

whole.
2.

bed-clothes. Prior. In Enghsh aua maker thors, a man who makes cloths of cloth. Johnson. In this sense, J believe it is not used in the U. States ; certainly not in J^/ew England. 9. In America, a man whose occupation is to full and dress clotli. CLOTHING, ppr. Covering with or putting
;

The

Mark v. covering of abed

?i.

Rubus chamwmorus. CLOUD-BORN, a. Born of a cloud.

Drydt7iJ

CLOUD'-CAPT,
with clouds
;

o.

[cloud and cap.]

Capped
;

CLOTHIER,

clolhyer.

touching the clouds

towers.
n.

lofty.J

The cloud-capt
lects

CLOUD-COMPELLER,
clouds
;
;

He

Shak. that col1.

Jove.
;

CLOUD-COMPELLING,
clouds

a. Collecting or driving clouds as cloud-comWaller. Dryden. pellinfr Jove.

a.

from L. from the root of L. claudo, cludo. Whether clouted brogues in Shakspeare sigshoes or shoes studded with nify patched Such shoes nails, let the critic determine. are conunon in England, and were forThe primary merly worn in America. sense is, to thrust or put on ; hence the sense of blow.] A patch a piece of cloth or leather, &c.,
tli(^

be from

French,

clou, clouttr,

clamts,

to close a breach.
2.

A
at.

piece of cloth for

mean

CLOUD'-COVERED,
clouds.
to disperse clouds.

Enveloped with
I'oun^. 3.
a.

on vestments of any kind providing with garments investing covering. CLOTHING, n. Garments in general
; ; ;

A piece of white cloth, for archers to shoot

[A/ot

purposes. Spenser.

CLOUD-DISPELLING,
CLOUD-ECLIP'SED,
;

Having power
4.
j

now

clothes

9.

Dryden. Eclipsed by a Shak. As for cloud. XXXV. CLOUD'ED, pp. Overcast overspread with The art or practice of making cloth. \lJnrendered obscured ; darkened clouds or sullen variegated with colored usv,al.] gloomy
;
;

An

used.]

Shak.
tree, to
nail.

iron ))Uite

on an axle

keep

it

me ray
;

dress

raiment

covering.

a.

from wealing.
[Fr.
c/oi(, cluuter.]

clothing was sackcloth.

Ps

'5.

A
;

small

C.

In vtdgar language, a blow with the hand. J^ew-England. Todd.

V.
t.

took measures to instruct the refugees from Flanders in the art of clothing. Ray.
king;

The

CLOUT,
Milton.

To

patch
;

to

mend by sewing

CLOTH-SHEARER,
cloth,

n.

One who

shears

CLOUD' ILY,

spots or veins. adv.

[from

cloudy.]

With

on a piece or patch

as clouted shoon, iu

and frees

it

Harvey. Obscurity; gloom; want of brightness. Darkness of appearance variegation of CLOTTED, pp. Concreted into a mass in a fossil or other body. colors inspissated adhering in a lump. 4. Appearance of gloom or suUermess ; as CLOT'TER, V. i. [from clot.] To concrete cloudiness of aspect. or gather into lumps. Dryden. CLOUD'ING, Overspreading with ppr. CLOT'TING, ppr. Concreting ; inspissa clouds ; obscuring giving an appearance ting forming uito clots. of gloom or sullenness. CLOT TY, a. [from clot.] Full of clots, or CLOUD-KISSING, o. Toucliing the clouds. small hard masses full of concretions, or Shak.
71.

CLOTH-WORKER, A CLOT'POLL,
head.
;

from superfluous naj). n. A maker of cloth.

Scott.

clouds; darkly

obscurely.
;

Dryden.

CLOUD'INESS,
atmos])here.
2.

n.

cast with clouds

The state of being overas the cloudiness of the

This is the sense as understood by Johnson. Mason understands the word clouted to signify nailed, studded with small from the French clouter, and the nails,
" whose ing words in Shakspeare, rudeness answered my steps too loud," give some countenance to Mason's interpretation. In this case, the verb clout must signify, to nail, or fasten with nails; to stud. To cover with a piece of cloth. Spenser.
follu\\

thickskull; a

block-

[See Clod-poll.]

3.

2. 2. 4. 5.

To join

clumsily

as clouted sentences.

Ascham.

To cover or arm with an iron To strike to give a blow.

;

plate.

Beaum.

clods.

CLOUD,
ous
1.

?!.

[I

have not found

this

word
is

in

CLOUD'LESS,
unclouded
;

any other language.

a collection.]

The

sense

obvi-

Being without a cloud luminous as clear bright

a.
; ;

Clouted cream, in Gay, take for clotted cream.

is

evidently a mis;

CLOUT'ED,
sily
;

cloudless skies.

of visible vapor, or watery at particles, suspended in the atmosphere, some altitude. A like collection of vanear the earth is usually calledyb;Ef. pors
collection

CLOUD-PIERCING,
sing above the clouds.

a.

Pope. Penetrating or riPhilips.

mended clumpp. Patched covered with a clout.

a.

CLOUT'ERLY,

Clumsy

awkward.
Mortimer.

CLOUD'-TOPT,
with a cloud.

a.

Having the top covered

CLOVTING, ppr.

Patching; covering with

Locke.
do set my bow in tlie chnid. Gen. Behold, a white cloud. Rev. xiv.
I

ix.

2.
3.

A state of obscurity
A

or darkness.

Waller. Addison. collection of smoke, or a dense collection of dust, rising or floating in the air ; as a c/ourf of dust. A clowl of incense. Ezek. viii.

The dark or varied colors, in veins or spots, on stones or other bodies, are called clouds. 5. great multitude ; a vast collection. Seeing wc are encompassed with so great a
4.

ciou(i of witnesses.

Hel).

xii.

CLOUD,

I',

t.

To
as,

overspread with a cloud

the sky is clouded ; clouds intercept the rays of the sun. Hence, to darken 2. To obscure as, to cloud the or truth, or reason. day, to variegate 3. To darken in veins or spots with colors : as clouded marble. to give the 4. To make of a gloomy aspect of sullenness. appearance

or clouds

a clout. Gray. CLOUD'-TOUCHING, a. Touching the LO\'K,prcl. of cleave. Obs. Spenser. clouds. Sandys. CLOVE, n. [D. kloof. See Cleave.] A cleft a ravine. This word, ob a fissure a gap a. Overcast with clouds CLOUD'Y, scored with clouds; as a cloudy day; a though properly an appellative, is not often but it is approused as such in English cloudy sky a cloudy night. as a 3. Consisting of a cloud or clouds priated to particular places, that are real as the Ex. xxxiii. 9. clefts, or wliicli appear as such cloudy pillar. Clove of Kaatcr.skill, in the state of Newdark not easily understood 3. Obscure Watts as cloudy and confused notions. York, and the Stony Clove. It is properly a Dutch word. Journ. of Science. indica4. Having the appearance of gloom clavo ; ting gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill- CLOVE, 71. [Sax. c/k/c ; Fr.clou; Sp. Port, crnvo ; from L. claims, a nail so callnature; not open or cheerful; as cloudy ed from its resemblance to a nail. So in looks. Spenser. Shak. D. kruidnagel, herb-nail, or spice-naU.] as cloudy 5. Indicating gloom or sullenness 1. A ver}' pungent aromatic spice, tlie flowwrath. er of the dove-tree, Caryophyllus, a native 6. Blarkcd with veins or spots of dark or vaof the Molucca isles. The tree grows to rious hues, as marble. the size of the laurel, and its bark resemas a cloudy diamond. Boyle. 7. Not bright CLOUGH, n. cluf. [Sax. dough, a cleft.] A bles that of the olive. No verdure is seen under it. At the extremities of its branchIn commerce, an allowcleft in a hill. es are produced vast numbers of flowers, ance of two ])0unds in every hundred which are at first white, then green, and weight, for the turn of the scale, that the These are called at last red and hard. hold out in retailing. [.Vo<
:
;

commodity may

iised in

WTiat sullen fury clouds his scornful brow.

5. To sully CLOUD,
-

CLOUT,

to tarnish.
i.

Pope. Shak.

I',

To grow
;

cloudy

to

become

obscure with clouds

sometimes followed

by

over

as,

the sky ctoutte over.

Tate. moved. sewed together, clouted, patched 3. A certain weight seven pounds of wool [.Vo? eight pounds of cheese or butter. gesceod tnid gerludedum scon, shod with used in America.] clouted shoes. This undoubtediv signifies
; ;

America.] n. [Sax. clut, a patch, a plaster, a seam or joint Sw. klut ; W.clwt, Sax. a patch, a clout clwtiau; to ])atch
plate, a
;

cloves.
2.

Encyc.
cleave.]

[from
lic

separates,

The parts into which garwhen the outer skin is re; ;

gectuted,

C L O
LOVE-GlLLY-FLOWER,
tion pink.
JVote.
is
it

C L U
n.

C L U
CLUB'BING, ppr. Joining in to a common end.
LUB'-FIST,
n.

speciosj

'J.

To

spiko up a

gun

of Diantlius, bearing a beautiful flower riihivated in gardens; called also Carna-!

i.

Some

writers

suppose

that

;fi//v-

the vent. In farriery, to prick a horse in shoeing. Jlsh. [In the two latter senses, I believe the word is little used, and not at all in .Unurica.]
Filled
;
;

to drive a spike into Johnson. Bailey.

a cltib

uniting

CLUB'-FISTED,

large liea^T fist. a. Having a'large

a.

fist.

Hotvell.

flower should be written

Jiibj -flower.

But

(|U.

CLOY'ED, pp.
tiety

glutted
s])iked
;

filled to sa-

CLUB'-FOQTED,
ed
feet.

Having short or crook-

not a corruption of the French

f^irofle,

and lothing

pricked in

clou lie girofle, cloves ; girofli.e, a gilliflower ; giroflier, a stock gilliflower ; h. cori/ophyHus.

shoeing.

CLUB-HEADED, a.
Filling; filling to satiety,

Having a thick head.

Derham.

Ch^xuccrwiote clone gilnfie. Cant. Tales.

CLOY'ING,;)j)r.
or disgust.

i:i())t2.

The

Italians wiite

CLUB'-LAAV,
a.

garofuno, probalily

I'or

garo-

foJo ; poses the plant so called IVoni the smell of the flower, resembling that of cloves ; but it is probably from its shape, the nail-flower, iis in Dutch.

Aim. genofles, genojien.

Johnson sup-

CLOY' LESS,
satiet)'.

That cannot
;

cloy, or

fill

to

clubs, or the use of arms, or force, in place of law; anarchy. Addison.

n.

Government by

violence

CLOY'MENT,
the

n. Surfeit

repletion

beyond
Shak.

CLUB'-ROOM,
a dul) meets.

?!.

The apartment

in

which

demands of appetite.
n.

[Little iised.]

Addison.
n.

[See Clooe.1

CLUB,

ChO'VKN,

pp. ofdenvc.
dovii.
)

Divided; parted;
"'

pronnuneed

[VV. clopa, clupa, coinciding with clap, a luni]), and dob, dnbyn ; G. klopfel ; V. klaver; Hw.klubba; i^an. klubhe ; L.
clnva.

CLUB-RUSH,
Seirpus.

genus of plants, the

Muhlenberg.
; ;

CLUB'-SHAPED,
ted.
1'.

-LO'VEN-F<?OTED,

Havins the

foot
1.

The

sense

is

LO'VEN-1IQOFED,
into

or liooV divided

lump,

W.

jirobably a

knob or

a. Shaped like a club clavagrowing thicker towards the top

llwb,

two

parts, as the o.x; bisulcous.

I

Properly, a

llob, .stick or

whence
piece or

lubber.]

wood with CLUCK,

Mariyn.
i.

[Sa.x. cloccan

Dan. klukker

LO'VER, eLO'VER-GRASS,
;

[Sax. clafer-wijrt, G. clover-wort Wee D. klaver ; Dan. Merer or l-he. Tlic Saxon word is rendered al.so marigold and
"'
I
;

one end thicker and heavier than the other, and no larger than can be wielded with
'2.

Sw. klycka ; G. glucken ; D. klokken ; W. clwcian, clocian ; Arm. clochat ; h. glocio ;

Jt. chiocciare ; Sp. clocar, cloquear ; Ch.jVj. Class Lg. IVo. 27. See Clack and Clock. The Gr. xXui^u seems to be the same word, as it gives xxuyfioj; the guttural passing into ^, as in many Greek verbs and hence
;

violet.

The Dutch word signifies a club. The name then signifies club-grass, club-

wort, L. clava, troiii its flower.] genus of plants, called Trifolium, trefoil, Tlie species or three-leafed, Fr. trejle.

the hand. A thick heavy stick, that may be managed with the hand, and used for lienting, or defense. In early ages, a club was aprin a fact cipal instrument of war and death remarkably perpetuated in the accounts which history relates of the achievement!:
;

To make
ens.

Any small ])rivate lar sound. Shak. Dryden CLUCK ING, ppr. Uttering the voice of a of expenses; the expenses of of cattle in clover. calling chickens. sitting hen a company, or unequal expenses of indi CLUE. [See Clew.] LO'VERED, a. Covered with clover. viduals, united tor the ))urpose of finding CLUaiP, n. TViomson. [G. klump ; D. khmp ; Sw. pro])ortion of klimp ; Dan. klump, a lump ; W. clamp. It CLOWN, n. [L. colonus, a husbandman.] the average or the share of eacheach iiuli vidual. Hence indivi<luIt coincides with is lump with a prefix. A countiyman a rustic ; hence, one who al in is called his club, joint expenditure as the D. a a churl has the manners of a rustic plump, and 1,. plumbum, lead man of coarse maimers an ill-bred man. that is, his proportion of a club, or joint lood, G. loth, Dan. lod, Eng. lead, coincide charge. with clod. It signifies a mass or collecSwijl. Sidney. Drijden. t3. Contribution Hudibras. joint charge. tion. If wi is the final radical, see Class n. The manners of a clown. CLOWN'AgE, Lin. No. 1. 4. 5. 9. L. glomus.] B. Jonsnn. CLUB, !'. i. [W. clapiaw, to form into a [J^otin use.'] 1. A thick, short piece of wood, or other solid luin|i.] CLOWN'ERY, )t. Ill-breeding; rustic beha a shapeless mass. Hence substance 1. To join, as a nimdjer of individuals, to the ior; rudeness of manners. [lAUle used.] same end to contribute sei)arato powers dumper, a clot or clod. L'Estrange. 2. A cluster of trees or shrubs; to one end, purpose or effect. CLOVVN'ISH, a. Containing clowns conformerly written ^/ump. In some parts of England, sisting of rustics; as a clownish neighborTill grosser atoms, tunjbling in the stream it is an hood. adjective signifying lazy, unhandy. Of fancy, madly met, and clubbed into a dream. Dryden. hard rugged ; rough ; as clown2. Coarse Bailey. Dryden. ish hands. A stupid felSpenser. 2. To pay an equal proportion of a common CLUMPS, n. [from clump.] as a cloicnish 3. Of rough manners ; ill-bred low a numskull. reckoning or charge. Bailey. fellow. CLUB, V. t. To unite different sums of ex- CLUM'SILY, adv. [t'rom clumsy.] In aclumsy awkward ; as a clownish gait. 4. Clumsy manner; awkwardly in an unhandy manpense, in a common sum or collection, to Prior. ner without readiness, dexterity or grace. find the average, that each contributor n. The quaUty of being CLOWN'ISHLY, adv. In the manner ofl may pay an equal share. Pope. CLUM'SINESS,
;

are ninnerons. The red clover is generally eidtivated for fodder and for enricliing land. The white clover is also excellent food for cattle, either green or dry. and from its flowers the bee collects no small portion of its stores of honey. Tu live ill clover, is to live luxuriously, or in abundance a phrase borrowed from the luxuriant growth of clovei', and the feedin

3.

4.

of Hercules with his club. Pliii. Lib. 7 ('a. 5(). This use of the club was the origin of the scepter, as a badge of royalty. The name of one of the suits of cards ; so named from its figure. A collection or assembly of men usually a select number of friends met for social
;

Fr. glousser. Sec Brace.] the noise, or utter the voice of the

domestic hen,
hatching,

when sitting on eggs for and when conducting her chick-

or literary purjioses. meeting of persons.

This voice, with the change of the is precisely our word clack and and is probably an ouomatopy. [See Clack and Clock.] CLUCK, /. To call chickens by a particuvowel,
clock,
!.

5.

A collection

clowns

coarsely
rusticity;
;

rudely.

LOWN'ISHNESS,
clown;
of behavior

?i. The manners of a coarseness or rudeness

;

In

common

parlance, to raise or turn up;

GLOY,

Collier. CLUB'BED, pp. Collected into a sum tuul Locke. averaged, as different expenses. CLUJI'SY, a. s as r. [from dump, lump.] or the root of 2. United to one end or eflect. \. Properly, short and thick, like a clump or the word, the L. cludo, claudo ; coinciding 3. Shaped like a club. lump. Hence, in elements with glut.] Asiat. Besearches. v. 213. 2. Moving heavily, slowly or awkwardly ; 4. Having the britch turned upwards, as a as clumsy fingers. Strictly, to fill to glut. Hence, to satismusket. 3. Awkward; ungainly; unhandy; artless; to satiate. And as the fy, as the appetite ,5. Chauce without readiness, dexterity or grace; as Heavy like a club. apjietite when satisfied rejects additional a clumsy man a chimsy fellow. fuod, hence, to fill to lothing; to surfeit. One who belongs to a 'CLUIVBER, } as a clumsy Wlio can cloy the huiicri-y edge of appetite party, club or association 4. Ill-ma<le; badly constructed; iCLUB'BIST, I bare iinafjinatiou of a feast ? Shak. Burke By garment; clumsy \ erst;.

incivility

awkwardness.
Dryden.

jierinost the britch or club of a musket as, the soldiers c/m6(<c</ their nniskets.

and moving heavily awkwardness unhandiness ungainliness want of readiness, nimbleness or dexterity.
short

and

thick,
;

v.

f.

[from Fr.

clouer,

"

C L U
CLUNCn,
LUNG, LUNG,
Cling.
n.

C O A
indurated clay, order
;

C O A
;

Among miners,
pits

to

fill

with things in confusion

;

found in coal

next

to the coal.

to clutter

a room
V.
i.

to clutter the house.

as,|
[

COACT',

V. i.

To

act together. [JVol used.]

Shak.

Kinvan. Bailey. pret. and pp. of ding, which see. r. i. To shrink. See [jYot used.]

CLUT'TER,
this

To make

a bustle, or

fill

COACT'ED,
[JVbt used.]

pp. or a.

Forced

with confusion.

compelled. B. Jonson.

[The English lexicographers explain word by noise and bustle ; but proba

COAC'TION,
Force
;

CLU'NIAC,
in

n. One of a reformed order of Benedictine monks, so called from Cluni

biy by mistake.]

CLUTTERED,
CLUTTERING,
CLYS'TER,

pp
ppr.

Encumbered

with

n. [L. coactio, coatlua, cogo ; con and ago, to drive.] compulsion, either in restraining or

impelling.
liavitig the

South.
^

Burgundy.
n.

things in disorder.

COACT'IVE,
Encumbering with

a.

Forcing
to

eLUS'TER,

things in confusion. Raleigh. n. [Gr. x7.v;rj(,, from Shak. xw^o, to 2. Acting in concurrence. wash or cleanse L. clyster ; D. Uisteer ; COACT'IVELY,arfi'. In a compulsory man.Sw. klasfi, a cluster of grapes gether G. klysticr; Fr. clistere ; Dan. Idisteer.] The latter in orthography ner. l)an. klase. Bramhall. coincide nearly with class. In Welsh, dws An injection a liipiid sub.stance injected into COADJU'TANT, a. [L. con and adjutans, the lower intestines, for the purpose of is compact, neat helping.] dysa, to make compact promoting alviiie discharges, relieving Helping ; mutually assisting or operating. clwys i.s a close.] 1. A bunch a number of things of the same from costiveness, and cleansing the bowPhilips. kind growing or joined together; a knot els. Sometimes it is administered to nour n. [L. ,un and adjutor, a as a e7!w<r of raisins. isb and sup))ort patients who cannot swalhelper; adjuto, to help.] number of individuals or things collect low aliment. 2. 1. One who aids another an a.ssistant ; a ed or gathered into a (dose body as a clus CLYSTER-PIPE, ii. tube, or pipe used fellow-helper an associate in operation. a cluster of people. ler of bees for injections. 2. In the cano7i law, one who is empowered Milton. or appointed to perform the duties of anDryden. CLYS'TERVVISE, adv. In the manner of 3. A number of things situated near each a clyster. other. Johnson. other as a cluster of governments in Italy CO, a prefix, signifying mlh, in conjunction. COADJU'TRIX, n. female assistant. J. Adams. Smollet. [See Con.] eLUS'TER, v.i. To grow in clusters to V'ATE, f. /. [L. coacervo ; con and COADJU'VANCY, n. [L. con and adjuvans ; To adjuvo, to assist.] acervus, a heap.] acervo, to heap up gather or unite in a bunch, or bunches to pile. Milton. Joint help; assistance; concurrent aid; coas, clustering grapes. heap up; [Liitle tised.]
; ; ; ; ;
;

[Sax. cluster. It seem.s to be from the root oCdose, L. dausus, daustrum, daudo, a collecting or crowding to-

power

conipulsoiy impel or restrain.

;

COADJUTOR,

COACER

2.

To form

into flakes;

as, clustering

snow. Thomson.

COACERV'ATE,a.
ed
;

[L.coacei-vatus.]
|)ile
;

Heap
Bacon

o|)erati(>n.

[L/illle

used.]

Brown.

raised

into a

collected into a

3.

To collect CLUS'TEB,
close body.

i;.

into flocks or crowds. I. To coUect into a bunch or

crowd.

COACERVA'TION,
used.]

[Little tised.] n.

The act of heaping,

;

or state of being heaped together.

LUS'TERED, pp.
or

Collected into a cluster,

n.

crowd

crowded.

black Mortimer. grape. CLUS'TERING, ppr. Growing in a clust or in bunches; uniting in a bunch, or in a flock, crowd, or close body.
.small

CLUSTER-GRAPE,

COACH,
cocchio,

n.

[Fr.

cache

Arm.
; ;

COAD'UNATE, a. [L. coadunatus ; con, ad and unus.] In botany, coadunate leaves are several united at the base. The word is used also to [LitUe Bacon. denote one of the natural orders of plants
;

coich

It.

a coucli or coach-box S|). coche, a coach and a coasting barge Port, coche ; D. koets, a coach and a couch ; G. kutsche.
to be radically a couchor bed, [Fr.couche, coucher,] acovered bed on wheels, for conveying the infirm.] close vehicle for commodious travehng,! borne on lour wheels, and drawn by horses! or other animals. It differs from a chariot in having seats in front, as well as behind. It is a carriage of state, or for pleasure, or

Linne's system. Martyn. n. [L. con, ad and umlio, from unus, one.] The union of different substances in one
in

COADUNL'TION,
mass.
turer.

This word seems

[Little used.]

eLUS'TER Y,

COADVENT'URER,
COAFFOR'EST,
into a forest.
r.
t.

n.

a.

Growing

"in

clusters.

Johnson.

Hale. fellow advenHowell.

To

Full of clusters.

convert ground
Howell.

llailtij.

CLUTCH, v.t. [This seems to be from the root

of Sax.
id.
/(f ccnn,

COA'tiENT,
an
act.

n.

An

assistant or associate in

to seize,

whence

g-(7u.'cc(tn,

he
1.

If not, I know not its origin. " allied to loch and latch
to clinrh.

Beaum.

It

may
it

COAGMENT',
or cement

for hire. In some cities, they are licensed by authority, and not radical in clinch, tliis may be from the numbered, and the rates of fare fixed by same root.] law. 2. To seize, clasp or gripe with the hand; Mail-coach, a coach that can-ies the pubhc

To double in

for travelling.

the fnigers and ])inch or

press them together;

com- Hackney-coach, a coach kept

[If h

To

v. t. [L. coagmcnio, to join con and agmen, a compact ; body, from ago, to drive.] or heap together. [A'o< used.] congregate

Glanville.

COAGMENTA'TION,
mass or united body
[lAttle used.]
;

n.

Collection into a
;

as, to clutch
3.

a dagger
grasp ;

union

to

To seize, or at a grasp.
n.
;

as,

dutch prey. mails. Shak. Herbert. Stage-coach, a coach that regularly conveys to cititch the globe passengers from town to town. [See
Collier.

conjunction. B. Jonson.
;

COAGMENT'ED, a.
together
used.]
;

Congregated

heaped
[Little

united in one mass.

n.

a fingers seizure grasp. large shi|) of war near the stern, the roof of which is formed by the pof)p. Mar. Diet. CLUTCII'ES, ;-/u. The paws or talons of a rapacious animal, as of a cat or dog. COACH, !'. t. To carrv in a roach. Pope. 2. The hands, in the sense of rapacity or COACH-BOX, n. The scat on vvhicli the .lirbuthnot. driver of a coach sits. cruelty, or of [lOwer. Hudibras. Stilliugfleet. COACH-HIRE, n. Money paid for the use Dryden. (LUT'TER, 71. [W. duder, a heap or'pile, of a hired coach. tVom cludaw, to bear, to bring together,! COACH-HORSE, n. A liorse used in drawto heap. It has the elements of L. ing coaches. claudo.'\\ n. A house to shelter a 1. A heap or assemblage of things lying in COACH-HOUSE, coach from the weather. confusion ; a word of domestic application Swijl. He saw what a clutter there was wiih huge eOACH-MAKER, n. A man whose occuis to make coaches. pots, pans and spits. L'Eslran^e. pation SwiJl. 2. Noise bustle. sense seems allied COACHMAN, )i. The person who drives a [This to clatter, l)ut it is not the sense of the word! coach. Prior. in N. England.] COACHMANSHIP, n. Skill in driving CLUT'TER, V. t. To crowd together in dis-l coaches. Jenyns..
the

CLUTCH,

A griping or pinching with

;

COACH

Stage.]

or

COUCH,

n.

An apartment

in

Glanville.

COAGULABILITY,
ing coagulated.

The capacity of beUre.

COAG'ULABLE,
may
;

a.
;

be concreted

[See Coagulate.] That capabU^ of congealing

or changing from a liquid to an inspissated state as coagulable lymph. Boyle. v. t. [L. coagido ; Fr. coagvler ; It. coagulare ; Sp. cong^(/ar. Usually considered as from cogo, con and ago. But probably the last component part of the word is the W. ceulaw, to curdle, the root of gelid and congeal.] To concrete to curdle ; to congeal to change from a fluid into a fixed substance, or solid mass as. to coagulate blood rennet coagulates milk. This word is generally apphed to the change of fluids into

COAG'ULATE,

C O A
substances like curd or buttor, of a .nodeor impenerate consistence, but not hard Bacon. Arbuthnot. trable. OAG'ULATE, v. i. To curdle or congeal to turn from a fluid into a consistent state,

C O A
GOAL-SHIP,
porting coal.
n.

C O A
in trans.

ship employed

COAL-STONE,
coal
is

Gross not delicate. for dug, including the machinery The coarser tie of human law. Thomson. raising the coal. or fixed substance; to thicken. unpolished rough inelegant ; coal-mine, coal-pit, or 6. Rude Bacon. Boyle COALERY, n. Dryden. applied to language. where coals are dug, with the enNot nicely expert not accomplished by eOAG'ULATED, pp. Concreted; curdled. place and machinery used in discharging gines art or education; as o coarse practitioner. COAG'ULATING,p;jr. Curdling; congeal Encyc. the water and raising the coal. Arbuthnot. ing. COALESCE, r. i. coaless'. [L. coalesco, from COAGULA'TION, n. The act of changing eoaleo : con and alesco, from aleo or oteo, to 8. Mean not nice not refined or elegant : a coarse diet. as a coarse perfume from a fluid to a fixed state concretion grow.] the body state of being coagulated the To grow together to unite, as separate COARSELY, adv. Roughly; without fineArbulhnot. as ness or refinement ; rudely inelegantly ; formed by coagulating. bodies, or separate parts, into one body, COAG'ULATIVE, a. That has the jjower separate bones in an infant, or the fingers uncivilly ; meanly without art or polish. Brown. Dryden. to cause concretion. Boyle. or toes. Eneyc. COAG'ULATOR, n. That wliich causes coTo unite and adhere in one body or mass, COARSENESS, n. Largeness of size ; thickArhuthnoi attracagulation. by spontaneous apiiroximation or ness; as the coarseness of thread. J\l'ewton 2. The COAG'ULUM, n. Rennet; curd the clot tion as, va])ors coalesce. <|uahty of being made of coarse of blood, separated by cold, acid, &c. To unite in society, in a more general thread or yarn whence thickness and Encyc. Coxe. sense. roughness as the coarseness of cloth. The Jews were inc.apahle of coalescing with b. Unrefined state; the stale of being mixed OA'ITI, n. A species of monkey in South other nations. with gross particles or impurities ; as the Campbell, Prelim. Dissert. America.
. ;

n. A kind of cannel-eoal. OAL-WORK, n. A coalery a place where

;

particles, or impurities; as coarse metal; coarse glass. Shak. Rude rough ; unrefined ; uncivil ; as
;

coarse

manners.

eOAK. OAL,
kool;

U. n. [Sax. col or coll; G. kohle Dan. Am/; Sw. kol; Ir. ^iml Corn It is kolan; Russ. ugol. Qu. Heb. hny from the sense of glowing, raging, for in Dan. kuler signifies to blow strong.] 1. A piece of wood, or otlier combustible
; ;

[See Coke.^

COALES'CE^XE,
;

)(. The act of growing natural aftogether the act of uniting by the state of being unifinity or attraction ted union concretion. COALES'CING, ppr. Growing or coming unitogether; uniting in a body or mass;
; ; ;

cofO'SCJiess
4.

of glass.
;

Bacon.
appli-

Roughness; grossness; rudeness;

ed
to

manners

as the coarseness of a clown. Garth.

.5.

unite or coalesce. [M'ot the fire is extinct, it is in use.] Bolingbroke. sub2. In the language of chimists, any COALL'TION, n. Union in a body or inass stance containing oil, which has been exa coming together, as of separate bodies or to a fire in a close vessel, so tliat its their union in one body or mass : posed parts, and or particles. volatile matter is expelled, and it can sus as, a coalition of atoms tain a red heat witliout further decompoBentley. sition. Encyc. 2. Union of individual iiersons, parties or 3. In mineralogy, a solid, opake, inflammastates. found in the earth, and by CO-ALLY', n. as the subject ble substance, joint ally Kent. way of distinction called /os.7 coal. It is o( a co-ally. divided by recent mineralogists into three COALY, a. Like coal; containing coal. anthracite or glance coal, black or Milton species, bituminous coal, and brown coal or lig COAMINGS, n. In ships, the raised borders nite ; under wliich are included many va or edges of the hatches, made to prevent water from rimning into the lower apartrieties, such as cannel coal, bovey coal,

substance, ignited, burning, or charred. When burning or ignited, it is called a live coal, or coal of fire. When eoal, or

ting

and adhering together.

\

COALIER.

Grossness; w.int of refinement or delicacy want of polish as the coarseness of L'Estrange. expression or of language.
: ;

COALLIER
CO'ALITE,

fSeeCoMier.]
t.

0.

burning

V.

To

IMeamiess want of art in preparation want of nicety as the coarseness of food

; ;

or of raiment.

called cliarcoal

eOASSES'SOR,
assessor.

n.

[See Assess.]

joint

COASSU'ME, V.
COAST, . W. cost
;

t.

[con

and assume.] To

sume sometlnng with

costa

another. [L. costa, a rib, side or coast ; Fr. cute for coste ; It. costa ; Sp. D. kust ; G. kiiste. Hence See Class Gs. No. 18. 25. 67. tonrco.s(.
;

asWalsall.

Port. id.

The word
1.

properly signifies a side,

limit,

jet,

&c.
V.
t.

nieiits

from the deck.

v.
t.

Mar.

Diet.

COAL,
cliar.

To burn

to coal, or cliarcoal ; to Bacon. Careii:

COAPPREHEND',
another.

To apprehend
and

with
fit.]

2.

To mark
[As a
black.

or dehneate with charcoal

Camden.
verb, this tiord is Utile used.]
o.

COAPTA'TION,
The
each other.
,

[Little used.] n. [L. eon

Broun.
apto, to

border, the exterior part, from extension.] The exterior hue, limit or border of a ''From the country, as in Scripture. river to the uttermost .sea shall your " And coast be." Deut. xi. ships shall come from the coast of Chittim." Numb, Hence the word may signify the xxiv. whole country within certain limits. Ex.
X. 4.

adaptation or adjustment of jiarts to

Boyle.
I

common

COAL-BLACK,
0AL-BOX,
fire.

Black as a coal

n. n.

A A

very Dryden.
;

CO'ARCT,

eO>ARCTATE,
1.

"

[L. coarcto
(ircio.]
;

con and

S
;

or margin of the land next to Tliis is the more application of the word and it seems to he used for sea-coast, the border of the sea. Hence it is never used for the
the sea
;

The edge

die sea-shore.

box

to carry coal to the

S"''fi-

COAL-FISH,

species of Gadus or cod, the color of its back. It grows to the length of two feet, or two and a half, and weighs about thirty pounds. This fish is found in great numbers about the Orkneys, and the norljierii parts of

2.

press together to crowd to confine closely. To restrain : to confine.

To

to straiten

bank of a
3.

river.
to

Bacon.
'lyliffe;

side

applied

named from

COARCTA'TION,
straint to a
2.
;

n.

Confinement

re4.

Bacon and A'twton. This is a of the word, but now obsolete.

ohjects indefinitely, by correct use

narrow space.

Britain.

COAL-HOUSE,
keeping coal.

n.

Pressure contraction. Restraint of liberty. COARSE, rt. [This word may for similar Did. Mit. Hist. gross, and the Latin crassus, house or shed for transpositions of letters are not unconi3.
[

country near the sea-shore as, popRay. ulous towns along the coast. Bramhall. The coast is clear, is a proverbial phrase sigbe allied to the enemies nifying, the danger is over;
;

Bacon.

The

have marched

ofl',

or

left

the coast.

mon-i COAL-MINE, n. A mine or pit in which 1. Thick; large or gross in bulk; comparaas coarse thread coal is dug. tively of large diameter; or yarn; coarse hair; coarse sand. This n. One who works in COAL-MINER, seems to be the primary sense of the word coal-mine. COAL-MOUSE, n. A small species of tit opposed to fine or slender. Hence, 2. Thick mouse, with a black head. rough or made of coarse thread
I

COAST,
The
2.

Dryden. near a coast to sail by or near the sliore, or in sight of land.

I',

i.

To

sail

ancients coasted only in their navigation.

Jrbuthnot.

To

sail

from port to
t.

jiort

in

the

same

country.

COAL-PIT,

In pit where coal is dug. America, a place where charcoal is made.

n.

or yarn
3.

as coarse cloth Not refined ; not separated from grosser

;

COAST,

I',

To

sail

by or near
shore.

to; as, to

coast the

American

C O A
9.

COB
;

COB
combuied with arsenic or its acid, with Its ores are arranged sulphur, iron, &c. under the following species, viz. arsenical
cobalt, of a white color, passing to steel
:

To draw
Ohs.

near

to approach

to follow.

er.

Spenser.
9.

COASTED, pp. Sailed by. 0ASTER, n. One who

sliore.

sails

near the
Dryden.

representation of these is sitll called a coat of arms. A coat of mail is a piece of armor, in form of a shirt, consisting of a net-work of iron
rings.

The

2.

card ; a coat-card is one on which a vessel that is employed in sailing aloiif; 10. a coast, or is licensed to navigate or trarle king, queen or knave is painted. from port to port in the same country. In CO.^T, V. t. To cover or spread o^xr with a vessels of twenthe United States, coasting layer of any substance ; as, to coat a retort to coal a ceiling; to coat a vial. ty tuns burthen and upwards must be en2. To cover with cloth or canvas ; as, to coat rolled at the custom house.
;

COASTING,
coast.

near a ppr. SaiUng along or

n.

a mast or a pump.

COASTING-PILOT,

pilot

who

con-

eOASTING-TRADE,
is

n. The trade which carried on between the different |)orts of the same country, or under the same jurisdiction, as distinguished from foreign

ducts vessels along a coast-

coat of arms; armorial ensigns. Blackstone. Shenstone. COATED, pp. Covered with a coat loricated covered or overspread with any thing that defends clothed with a membrane. 2. Having concentric coats or layers, as a
n.
; ; ;

COAT-ARMOR,

gray; its texture is granular, and when heated it exiiales the odor of garlic gray cobalt, a compound of cobalt, arsenic, iron, and sulphur, of a white color, with a tinge of red; its structure is foliated, and its crystals have a cube for their priniitivo form sulpliuret of cobalt, compact and massive in its structure oxyd of cobalt,
:
:

brown
ble

or brownish bl.ick, generally friaand earthy suljihate and arseniate of cobalt, both of a red color, the former soluble in water. The impure oxyd of co:

trade.

bulbous root.
n.

71. An animal of South America, resembling the raccoon, but with a longer tliern wares. Corn. ; Ir. coin ; COAT, body and neck, shorter fur and smaller It may be from the root kotri ; Pol. kotz. the Viverra trasiia of Linne. Fourcroy. Uncyc. Cleavelandeyes of the Ru.ss.An/oi/H, to cover, and be allied COATING, ppr. Covering with a coat Cobalt-bloom, acieular arseniate of cobalt. to hut. The primary sense may be, that Cobalt-crust, earthy arseniate of cobalt. overspreading. which is spread over or put on. But such COATING, n. A covering, or the act of covCOB.vLT'IC, (/. Pertaining to cobalt, or conwords are sometimes from verbs whicii ering lorication any substance spread sisting of it rescmbUug cobalt, or conThe Gr. over for cover or defense ; as the coating signify to strij), or to repel. taining it. xiv6u has tbe like elemont.s, but the sense of a retort or of a vial. This COB'BLE, I "" [Eng. copple. seems to be, to witlidraw. I question 2. Cloth for coats as, merchants advertise COBBLE-STONE, \ seems to be of whether coat has any connection with the an assortment of coatings. Welsh origin, W. cub, a mass, a cube, or This COAX, V. t. Gr. a;irw>, a tunic. Sliemilic [n3[W. cocru, to fondle, to cocker cob, cop, head, top.] word in Cli. Syr. and Ar. signifies fla.x.] cocyr, a coaxing, indulgence Sp. cocar, to A roundish stone a jjebble supposed to be make wry faces, to coax.] 1. An upi)er garment, of whatever material a fragment, rounded by the attrition of be made. The word is, in modern To wheedle to flatter to soothe, appease it water. may give this name to stones of or persuade by flattery and fondling. various sizes, from that of a hen's egg or times, generally applied to the garment [.4 lotv word.] worn by men next over the vest. Estrange. smaller, to that of large paving stones. These stones are called by the English God made coats of skin and clothed them. COAXED, pp. Soothed or persuaded by

COASTING-VESSEL,
ed

A vessel employ- COATI,

;

Martyn

in coasting ; a coaster. n. [Fr. cotte ; It. coHn

is called znffer ; but when fu.sed with three jiarts of sihceous sund and an alkaline flux, it is converted into a blue glass, called smalt. The great use of cobalt is to give a permanent blue color to glass and enamels upon metals, porcelain and car-

balt

We

Oen.iii.

flattery.

Jacob made Joseph a coat of many colors. Gen. xxxvii. He shall put on Die holy linen coat. Levit.
xvi.

COAXER, n. A wheedler a flatterer. COAXING, ^;-. Wheedling flattering.

;
;

copple-stones
ders.

and

hotclder-stones

The

latter

name is among

or bowlus known

oidy in books.

Goliath
xvii.

was armed with

;

a coat of mail.

Sam.

or cop, a top or tuft, a COB,)!. [\V. thump Gr. xvStj G. kopf the head D.
cob
; ; ;

COB'BLE,
is 1.

kop
1.

2.

petticoat a garment worn by infants or young children. Locke. 3. The habit or vesture of an order of men, indicating the order or office.

top or head foreign coin.

The
In

Sax. cop.]
;

a covetous wretch

[In these senses not used in America.]

2.

Bailey. 2.

t'. /. [In Persic, JLj^f kobal, a shoemaker.] or mend coarsely, as shoes ; to botch. Shak. To make or do clumsily or unhandily as,

To make

Men
prayers.

of his coat

should be minding their

4.

Sw^l. of his cloth." External covering, as the fur or hair of a beast, the skin of serpents, the wool of

So we

say,

"

men

niaiz, America, receptacle n. A mender of shoes. American corn a shoot in form of a ]iin COB'BLER, Addison. or spike, on which grows the corn in 2. A clumsy workman. Shak. rows. This receptacle, with the corn, is
;

the

of the

or

to cobble

rhymes.

Dryden.

3.
4.

called the ear. sea-tbwl, the sea-cob.

3.

Milton. sheep, &;c. '). A tunic of the eye a membrane that serves as a cover a tegument. Derham. 0. The division or layer of a bulbous root as the coats of an onion. 7. A cover a layer of any substance covering another as a coat of tar, pitch or varnish a coat of canvas roiuid a mast a coat of tin-foil. 8. That on which ensigns armorial are portrayed usually called a coat of amis. Anciently knights wore a habit over their arms, reaching as low as the navel, open at the sides, with short sleeves, on which were the armories of the knights, embroi; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

A [It. gahbiano, a cob, sea-mew or gull.] A ball or pellet for feeding fowls.
Bailey.

A mean person. COBBLING, ppr. COBBY, a. Stout

n.

Dryden. blending coarsely.

;

brisk.

[.\'ot

in use.]

Chaucer.

COB'CAL,
the
east.

A
!.

sandal

worn by
a.

ladies in

.5.

a.

koppespin, spinnekop, a horse not castrated

COB,

COBELLIG'ERENT, [See Belligerent.] .s])ider. Carijing on war in conjunction with another a strong poney. power. In seamen^s language, to punish nation or state COBELLIG'ERENT, n. by striking the breech with a flat piece of that carries on war in connection with anMar. Diet. wood, or with a board.

Old parts of England, a spider. Dutch, kop or koppe, a spider, retained in

In

some

COB'COALS,

Large round

coals.

V.

t.

CO'BALT,
balt
first

)!.

the G. kobold, a goblin, the demon of the mines; so called by miners, because co-

[D. cobait.

This

is

said to be

other.

COB IRON,
op.

was troublesome to miners, and its value was not known.]

at

COBISH'OP,
CO'BLE,

n. [See Cob.] An andiron with a knob at the top. Bacon. n. A joint or coadjutant bish-

dered in gold and silver, and enameled This with beaten tin of various colors. habit was diversified with bands and fillets of several colors, i)laced alternately, and called devises, as being divided and composed of several pieces sewed togeth-

mineral of a reddish gray or grayish white very brittle, of a fine close grain, compact, but easily reducible to powder. It crystahzes in bundles of needles, arran ged one over another. It is never found but usually as an oxyd, or in a pure state
color,
;

71. boat used in [Sax. cuople.] the herring fishery. loaf that is irregular, COB'LOAF, n. uneven or crusty. Qu. Is it not a round loaf?

Ayliffe.

COBNUT,

71.

A boy's

play, or a hazle-nut

Vol.

I.

40

c o c
so called, used in play
;
;

c o c
;

c o c
COCKATOO',
71.

the conquering Having the form of a screw ; spiral turbinJiah. Barrel ated as a cochleate pod. nut. Martyn. COCH'LITE, n. [Gr. xo^xmh, a snail.] A eOBOOSE, n. [See Cahoosf.] 7!. fossil shell having a mouth hke that of a eOB'STONE, [See Cobbh.]

bird of the parrot kind. Herbert.

COCK'ATRICE,
tras.

Jimius mentions the word as

OB'SVVAN, n. [cob, head, and swan.] The head or leading swan. JS. Jonson COB'WiiB, n. [cob or koppe, a spider D
;

snail.

Morin.

The

spinnekop ; Sax. atter-coppa, poison spider. In Ch. '313 is a spider's web.] 1. The line, thread or filament which a spi der spins from its abdomen the net-work spread by a spider to catch its prey.
;

Hence,
snare, implying insidiousness and Jolnison it is used adjectively or in composition, for thin, flimsy; as a cobweb law. Dry den. Swift. Or slender, feeble ; as the cobweb thread ot'
2.

Any

weakness.

In this sense

life.

In 6o/aH i/, a thick interwoven jmbescence. Martyn. 2. Covered with cobwebs. CO'CALON, n. A large cocoon, of a weak

COB'VVEBBED,

Buckminsltr. covered with

texture.

Encyc.
;

COCCIF'EROUS,
to bear
red.]

[h. coccus, and fero, Gr. xoxxoj, a berry, grain or seed,

a.
;

or a red berry used in dyeing

W.

coc,

Bearing or producing berries

trees or plants.

as cocciferous
Q^uincy.

0'OLITE,
^tfio;,

n.

[Gr. xoxxoj, a berry, and

;

a stone.] called by variety of augite or pyroxene Haily, granuliform pyroxene. Its color is usually some shade of green. It is composed of granular distinct concretions, easily separable, some of which present tlie appearance of crystals whose angles and ed-

king-serpent, answering to basilisk.] serpent imagined to proceed from a cock's egg. Bacon. Taylor. Is. xi. 8. lix. 5. COCK-BILL. In seamen's language, the anclior is a cock-bill, when it is suspended Qumen.] 1. The iriale of birds, particularly of galliperpendicularly from the cat-head, ready to be let go in a moment. naceous or domestic fowls, which having Mar. Diet. no appropriate or distinctive name, are COCK-BOAT, 71. small boat. [Seo called dunghill fowls or barn-door fowls Cock, No. 11.] 2. A weather-cock ; a vane in shape of a COCK'-BRAINED, a. Giddy rash. Shak. cock. Mlton. COCK-BROTH, n. Broth made by boil[It is usually called a iveather-cock.] 3. A spout an instrument to draw out or ing a cock. Harvey. discliarge liquor from a cask, vat or pipe COCK'-CHAFFER, n. The May-bug or so named from its projection. dorr-beetle, a species of Scarabaeus. corner of a hat. Addison. COCK'-CROWING, n. The time at which 4. The i)rojecting cocks crow early morning. Mark xiii. small conical pile of hay, so shaped 5. for shedding rain called in England a cop. COCK'ER, V. t. [W. cocni. See Coax.] When hay is dry and rolled together for To fondle to indulge to treat with tenderthe heaps are not generally called ness to pamper. Locke. carting, Swijh A COCK'ER, 7i. One who follows cock-fightcocks, at least not in New England. Johnson. ing. large conical pile is called a stack. 6. The style or gnomon of a dial. Chambers. 2. A sort of spatter-dash. Bp. Hall. 7. The needle of a balance. COCK'EREL, n. A young cock. Dryden. Johnson. COCK'ERING, 71. Indulgence. Milton. Bailey. 8. The piece whicli covers the balance in a COCK'ET, a. Brisk Sherwood. pert. clock or watch. Bailey. COCK'ET, n. [Qu.Fr. cachet, Arm. cacheot, a seal.] 9. The notch of an arrow. [It. cocca.] Johnson. A seal of the custom-house ; a royal seal rather a scroll of parchment, sealed and 10. The part of a musket or other fire arm, delivered by the officers of the customto which a llint is attached, and which, a spring, strikes fire, house, to merchants, as a warrant that being imjiellcd by their nierchantUze is entered. and opens the pan at the same tune. The oflice of entry. 11. A small boat. [AV. cicc, Ir. coca, D. and Spelman. Coivel. Encyc.

OCK,

n. [Sax. coc ; Fr. coq ; Arm. gocq ; Sans, kuka ; Slav, kokosch. The sense is, It. cocca, the that which shoots out or up tip of a spindle, the top or crown ; L. ca
;

n. [Fr. cocalrii, from coc. in D. kockeIrish call it riogh-nathair, the

ges have been obliterated. Ckaveland. Dkt. Mit. Hist.

Dan. kaag.
cock-boat,

It.

oocco.]
is

It is

now

called a

which

tautology, as

COCK'ET-BREAD,
wheat bread.

cocAr itself

is a boat. Coccnlus Indicus, the fruit of the Menisjiermum cocculus, a poisonous berry, often 12. A leader; a chief man. Sir .'Andrew is the cock of the club. .Iddison. used in adulterating malt liquors. Encyc. the tim when cocks 71. cochinUla, a vvodd- 13. Cock-crowing t'OCiriNEAL, [Sp. crow in the morning. Shak louse, and an insect used in dyeing; It. Cock a hoop, or cock on the hoop, a i)lnase cocciniglia ; Fr. corheniUe ; tioin the Gr. denoting trinnqih; trium])hant; exulting. xoxKoc, as the cochineal was formerly [Qu. Fr. cot] a hxippe. Bailey.] supposed to be the grain or seed of a |)lant, Camden. Shak. Hudibras. and this word was formerly defined to be the grain of the ilex ^landifern. See Greg- Cock and a hull, a phrase denoting tedious
;

eOCK'-FIGHT,

n. The finest sort of Qu. stamped-bread. ) A match or con^

S

COCK'-FIGIITING,

test

of cocks; a

barbarous sport of the ancients, and moderns, in which cocks are set to fight with each other, till one or the other is conquered.

COCK'-HORSE,
lihant
;

a.

On

Bacon. Addison. horse back trium;

exulting. COCK'ING, 7!. Cock-figliting.

Prior.

Beaum.
;

Armoric Dicliunury.] An insect, the Coccus cadi, of the genus Coccus, a native of the wanner climates of America, particularly of Oaxaca, in MexIt is found on a plant called nopal ico. The female, which or Indian fig-trcc. alone is valued for its color, is ill-shaped, tardy and stupid the male is small, slender and active. It is of the size of a lick. At a suitable time, these insects are gathered and put in a pot, where they are confined for some time, and then killed by These insects the application of heat. thus killed form a mass or drug, which is It is the proper cochineal of the shops. used in giving red colors, especially crimon and scarlet, and for making carmine. It has been used in medicine, as a cardiac, but sudorific, alexipharmic and febrifuge is now used only to give a color to tinctures, &c. Encyc. COCH'LEARY, ) [L. cochlea, a screw, COCil'LEATE, V a. the shell of a snad
oire^s
;

trifling stories.

COCK'LE,
Ir.

71.

set erect; to turn up; as, .ihldison. nose or ears. brim of a hat so as to make sharp cornels or points; or to set up with Prior. an air of ])ertness. 3. To make up hay in small conical piles. 4. To set or draw back the cock of a gun, in order to fire. Dryden COCK, V. i. To hold up the head to strut; to look big, ])ert, or menai'ing. den. Addison Dry 2. To train or use fighting cocks. [Lnltle B. Jonson. used.]
V.
t.

COCK,
To

To

cagal

[Sax. Sp. and Port, joyo

coccel,

cocel,

or code; Fr. coque-

to cock the

2.

set the

licot.]

plant or weed that grows among corn, the cornrose, a species of Agrostemma. It is also applied to the Lolium or darnel.
71.
,

L. cochCOCK'LE, [Fr. coque, eoquille lea W. cocos, plu.; Gr. xox'Aoi, xox^^iai, from
;

turn or roll. Probably by giving the X a nasal sound, Gr. xoy;^!;, L. concha, are from the same root, whence xoyjfiXioi , L. conchylium. It. conchiglia. Sec Conch.]
xo;^Xu, to
1.

A small testaceous shell

of shells, the Cardiiun.
acteristics

3.

To

cocker.

[jVb( in use.]
;

are

shells
;

or rather a genus The general charnearly equilateral

;

COCKA'DE,

re. [Fr. cocarde Port, cocar, or cocarda.]

Sp. cocarda

riliin

or knot of ribin, or something simi

worn on the hat, usually by officers of the army or navy, sometimes by others.
lar,

and eqnivalvular hinge with two small teeth, one on each side near the beak, and two larger remote lateral teeth, one on each side ])roniincnt ribs running from the hinge to the edge of the valve.
;

It

most usually designates the military character; sometimes political parties.

3.

A A

mineral

name

Cuvier. Linne. given by the Cornish

J\"icholson.

i-.0H'LEATED,

Gr.

COCK.V'DED, a. Wearing a cockade. Young. hone. xo;t'^o5, fromxox^, COCK'AL, n. A game called buckle
;

miners

to shirl or short.

young cock.

to turn or twist.]

Kimkr.

Obs. [Sec Cockerel.] Spenser.

c o c
contract into COCK'LE, wrin-j kles ; to shrink, pucker, or wrinkle, as
V. i.

COD
who has
crew.
the care of the boat and the boat's

C O E
Todd.
miser.

or

t.

To

Mar, Did.
71.

cloth.

COCK'LED,
wrinkles
2.
;

pp. Contracted

Bailey. into folds or

COCK'-WEED,

winding.
71.

Having
cockles.

shells.

plant called also ditJohnson tandcr and pejiperwort. COCOA, ji. co'co. [Sp. coco ; Port, coco, the and coqueiro, the tree It. cocco ; Fr, nut,
;

means
tion

defines the \tord by But the jirimary sense is by no 1 obvious. lake it to be a corrupcolier.]

Hence he

of cottager. Norm,

rustic; a

clown
.

a miserly

man.

COD'K'IL,

tOCK'LER,
stairs.

One

that
n.

takes and sells

Gray.

coco.]

A writing by

[L. codiciUus,

way of

dim. of codex.] supjilement to a will.

Prior.

COCK'LE-STAIRS, OCK'-LOFT, n.
;

Winding or

spiral

Chambers.
;

[See Cock.] The top-loft the upper room in a house or other buildDryden. Smjl ing a lumber room.
n.

COCK'-MASTER,
OCK'-MATCH,
cock-fight.

One who

breeds
;

game

cocks.
n.

VEstrange. match of cocks a

Addison.
;

COCK'NEY,

n. [Most probably from L. coquina, a kitchen, or coquino, to cook Fr. coquin, idle I'V. cocagne, It. ciiccagna, an iuia^'inary country of idleness and luxIll some ancient poetry, the word ury. seems to signify a couk. 'Autljetl say byniv soul Ihavenosalt bacon,
;

Ne

110 coUeney by Cliriste coloppcs to make." "At thai feast were tliey seired in rich array Every five and five had a eokeney.''
;

CODILLE, 71. codlti. [Fr. codiltc ; Sp. cothe tree. This tree grows in the warm dillo, the knee, a joint codo, the elbow, that is, a turn or a fastening.] climates of both the Indies. It rises to term at ombre, when the game is won. the highth of 00 feet, and the stem is like an apothecary's pestle, of equal thickness Pope. To parboil, or soften by at the ends, but somewhat smaller in the COD'LE, I the heat of water. middle. The bark is smooth, of a pale S brown color, and the tree often leans to COD'LE, V. t. To make much of. [Xof in one side. The leaves or branches are 14 use.] An a)pple codled : or one or 15 feet long, about 28 in number, wing- COD'LING, ^ for codling, or <;" suitable ed, of a yellow color, straig-ht and taper- COD'LIN, used for that pnriiose. Bacon. Mortimer, The nuts hang in clusters of a dozen ing. each, on the top of the tree. The husk COD'LING, 71. young cod. of tins nut consists of strong, tough, COEF'FICACY, n. [con and ejpcacy, L. efficio.] stringy filaments, resembling coarse oak um. This covers a hard shell, which con Joint efficacy; the power of two or more tains a white kernel that is wholesome things acting together to produce an eflecl. Brown. food, and a liquor which is a cooling bev;
;

tree belonging to the genus Cocos, of the order of Palnia? and the fruit or nut of

CODDLE,

See note on Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Line, 4300. Edinburgh, 1782. Hence, a citizen who leads an idle life or never
1.

erage.

Encyc.
71.

COEFFI"CIENCY,
L.
eicio.]
;

?i.

[con

and

efficiency,

CO'COA-NUT,
cocoa-tree.

The nut
cocon.]

or fruit of the

Cooperation

joint |)Ower

of two or more

leaves the city.] A native of London, by

COCOON',
silk.

way of contempt.
fVatts.

Shak.

oblong ball [Fr. or case in which the silk-worm involves itself, formed by threads which compose
71.

An

things or causes, acting to the

same end.
Glanville.
ekien.i.]

COEFFP'CIENT,
Cooperating
;

a.

[con

and L.

2.

effeminate, ignorant, despicable citiShak. COCK'NEYLIKE, a. Resembling the manBurton. ners of a cockney. COCK'-PADDLE, n. The lump fish or seaowl. Encyc. COCK'PIT, n. A pit or area, where game Shak. cocks fight. 2. In ships of war, a room or apartment, in whicli the wountled men are dressed situated near tlie after-hatchway, under the
zen.
;

An

acting
n.

m union to the same

COC'TILE,
cook.]

a.

[h. codilis,

from

coquo, to

end.

Made by
brick.

unites in COEFFP'CIENT, action with something else to jiroduce the baking, or exposing to heat, as a

That which

same

effect.

lower gun-deck.

The

fore-cockpit

is

place leading to the magazine passage and the store room of the boatswain, gunner

letters, or quantities, known or act of boiling or exposing to heat in unknown, and into which it is sujiposed to be multiplied ; as in 3 1 and a r, '<i In medicine, that alteration in the liquor. and a are the coefficients of r. crude mnttr of a disease, which fits it for Coxe. Encyc. 3. In fuxions, the coefficient of any generaa discharge ; digestion. ) ting term is the quantity which arises from COD, .species of fish, of the gea the division of that term by the generated nus Gadus, inhabiting norCOD'FISH,

COC'TION,
cook.]

71.

[L. coclio,

from

co^iio,

to 2. In algebra, a

number or known quantity

put before

The

"A

COCK'ROACH,
;

and carpenter.
>i.

Mar. Did. genus of insects, the

Blatta, of several species. They have four semicrustaceous wings, and resemble the beetle the head is inflected towards the breast the feelers are hard like bristhe elytra and wings are plain and tles resemble parchment. These animals are very troublesome, as they enter chests of
; ;

COEFFI"CIENTLY, adv. By cooperation. CO-ELD'ER, n. An elder of the same rank. [See Haddock.] Trapp. COD, 7i. [Sax. codd : W. cod, cwd ; G. hode. [Gr. xoaioxof, from xoaia, Probably in a different dialect, Fr. cosse, CCE'LI.^C, ) t'le helly allied perhaps or ecosse.] CE'LIAC, 5 to xoiXoj, hollow.] 1. Any husk, envelop or case, containing the seeds of a plant a pod. Mortimer. Pertaining to the belly, or to the intestinal canal. 2. A bag the scrotum.
England.
;
;

thern seas, but particularly the banks of Newfoundland, and the shores of New

quantity.

Chambers.

Bailey,

clothes, meal-tubs, pantries, and infest beds. They avoid the light, and have a very unsavory smell. Encyc.

A pillow. COD'DED, COD'DER,

;!.

a.
71.

Cceliac artery is the artery which issues from [J^ot in use.] the aorta just below the diaphragm. Inclosed in a cod. Mortimer.

COCkS'eOMB,
of a cock.
2.

71.

The

caruncle or
is

comb COD'DY, Ji.

A
sia

plant.

This name

given to the Celo-

cristata, the

and the
3.

Pedicidans or louse-wort, Rliiiianthus, or yellow rattle.

A fop,

Fam. of Plants.
or vain
silly fellow.

Lee.

OCKS'HEAD,
or sainfoin.

n.

A plant,
The

[See Coxcomb.]
the

Hedysarum Fam. of Plants.

of the day.
Shak.

Encyc. gatherer of cods or peas. Johnson. Cceliac passion, the lientery, a flux or diarCoxe, rhea of undigested food. Sherwood. Caliac vein, a vein of the intestinum rcctiini. CODE, [L. codex, or candex ; Fr. code ; Coxe. The Latin word It. codice Sp. codigo. or TION, 71. [L. coemplio ; con and signifies the stem of a tree, and a board number of boards united, on which acemo, to buy.] counts were kept. So the Greeks used The act of purchasing tlie whole quantity of any coinmoditv. Bacon. like purpose, from Bzf^':, a board, for a whence L. scheda, a COENJOY', V. t. To enjoy together. axi-Z^, to cut or split
a.

Husky.

COEMP

1.

sheet.] collection of the

Howell.

OCK'SIIUT, when fowls go

n.

close

to roost.

laws and constitutions of the Roman emperors, made by order of Justinian, contauiing twelve book

IcOE'QUAL,

a. [L. con and equalis, equal.] Equal with another person or thing of the same rank, dignity or power. Shak.
;

COCK'SPUR,

n. Virginia hawthorn, a Miller. species of medlar. COCK'SURE, a. Confidently certain. [A low word.] Pope. OCK'SWAIN, !. contracted into coren. [See StBain.] An officer on board of a ship

The name
of
2.

is

Roman

laws

also given to other collections as the Theodosian code

;

COE'QUAL,
other.

n.

One who

is

equal to an-

Hence

Any

in general, collection or digest of laws.

COEQUaL'ITY,
nity or power.

71. The state of being equal with another ; equahty in rank, dig-

Pope.

Blackstone
catch,

COD'GER,

[Sp.

coger, to

says

COE'QUALLY,

adv.

With

joint equality.

C O E
COERCE',
1.

C O F
;

COG
toniarily used for
2.
3.

V.

t.

coers'. [L. coerceo

con and

time with another

with.

See Extend.] extend through the same space or duraas, to extend equally tion witli another Jlyliffe. one line coextends with another or perhaps 2. To compel ; to constrain. in a transitive sense, to coextend a line These causes coerced by those which prewith another. ceded and coercing tliose which followed. Dioight, Theoi COEXTEND'ED, jip. Being equally exten Grew. ded. COER'CED, pp. Restrained by force comCOEXTEND'ING, pp: Extending througli pelled. COERCIBLE, a. That may or ought to be the same space or duration with another n. The act of extending restrained or compelled. COEXTEN'SION, exeOER'CING, ppr. Restraining by force equally, or the state of being equally Hate tended. constraining. COER'CION^ II. Restraint, check, panic COEXTEN'SIVE, o. Equally extensive; law or authority compulsion extent. ularly by having equal
;

keep from act moral ing, or transgressing, particularly by force, as by law or authority to repress.

arcco, to tlrive, or press.] To restrain ly force; to

COEXTEND',
To

V.

i.

regularly followed by Locke. Bentley. [L. con and extendo.

4.

Bacon. chest of money a treasure. architecture, a square depression or sinking in each interval between the modillions of the Corinthian cornice, ordinarily filled with a rose, a pomegranate or Chambers. Encyc. other enrichment. h\ fortification, a hoUow lodgment across a diy moat, from 6 to 7 feet deep and from 16 to 18 broad the upper part made of pieces of timber, raised two feet above the level of the moat ; which little elevation has hurdles laden with earth for its with covering, and serves as a parapet embrasures. It is raised by the besieged
;

keeping money, hence

Ill

COF'FER,

force.

South.]
a.

COEXTENSIVENESS,
sion or extent.

n.

Equal exten;

COER'CIVE,
train,

That has power

to

res-J

particularly by
;

moral force, as of
;

eOF'FEE,
;

n. [Fr. caffi

It. caffe
;

Sp. cafe

Hooker. Dtyden. law or authority. Poll. id. G. kaffee ; D. kojfy Ar. cahuah." 2. Compulsory The berry of a tree belonging to the genus constraining forcing. COER'CIVELY, adv. By constraint. Coflea, growing in Arabia, Persia, and in COESSEN'TIAL, o. [con and essential, other warm cliinates of Asia and America. from L. essentialis. See Essence.] It will grow to the highth of 10 or 18 feet, but its growth is generally stinted to five I'urtaking of tlie same essence.
bless and magnify that cnessential spirit, the father anil son. eternally proceeding from

We

feet, fur fruit.

the convenience of gathering the

;

Hooker.

Participation of COESSENTIAL'ITY, Johnson. the same essence. eOESSEN'TIALLY, adv. In a coessential

ji.

manner.

COESTAB'LISHMENT,
lishment.

n.

Joint estab-

Bp.ofLandaff.

a. [L. contaneus ; con and Coetanean is rarely used.] Of same age with another ; beginning to " exist at the same time ; with to. Every fault has penal effects, coetaneous to the But with may be preferable to to act." sometimes used as synonyThis word is mous with cotcmporaiy ; but coetaneous .seems properly to denote cotcniporary in in exist origin, ratlier than cotcmporary ence at any other period. It may however be used in both senses.

COETA'NEOUS,
cctas, tlie

age.

2.

COETERN'AL,
i)ity.

a.

[L.

Equally eternal with another.

con and a-lernus.] Milton.

is upright, and covered the branches are In horizontal and opposite, crossing each COF'FIN, n. [Fr. coffre. See Coffer. French, cq^ii is a candle-basket Gr. xo^itother at every joint, and forming a sort of The flowers grow in clusters voi; Norm. French, cofin, a basket; Sp. pyramid. as coffer.] at the root of the leaves, and close to the co^ii ; radically the same word branches ; they are of a pure white and of 1. The chest or box in which a dead human an agreeable odor. The fruit which is a body is buried, or deposited in a vault. Johnson. the branch- 2. A mold of paste for a pie. berry, grows in clusters, along the form of a cone, used tlie leaves. Eneye. 9. A paper case, es, under the axils of Johnson. drink made from the berry of the cofieeby grocers. of a horse In farriery, the hollow part The berry is first tree, by decoction. hoof; or the whole hoof above the cororoasted, and then ground in a mill, and is a The use of it is said to have been net, including the coffin-bone, w-hich boiled. small spungy bone in the midst of the hoof, introduced into France by Thevcnot, the a and possessing the whole form of the hoof. traveler, and into England, in 10.52, by Farrier's Diet. Greek servant, called Pasqua. The be Bailey. in a coffee is said to be the Mocha coffee from COF'FIN, V. t. To put in or inclose Shak. Donne. coffin. Arabia Felix. The coffee of Java, Bourbon and the West Indies constitutes an COF'FINED, pp. Inclosed in a coffin. article of commerce. COF'FIN-MAKER, n. One who makes, or

The stem

with a light brown bark

they endeavor Chambers. Encyc. or lay up in a Bacon. coffer. COF'FERED, pp. Laid up in a coffer. COF'FERER, n. The Cofferer of the king's household in Great Britain, a principal officer of the court, next under the ControlHe was also a white-staff ofticer, ler. and a member of the privy council. He had the special charge and oversight of other officers of the household. This the office is now suppressed, and the business is transacted by the lord steward and paymaster of the household. Cowel. Encyr.
to repulse besiegers to pass the ditch.
V.
t.

when

To

reposit

important
drank.

COFFEE-CUP,
is

n.

A cup from which

n.

coffee

whose

occui)atiou
n.

is to

malce coffins.
Tatter.

C0F;TERN'ALLY,

adv.

With equal

cter-

Hooker.
?!.

COF'FEE-IIOUSE,

house of enter

eOETERNITY,
nity equal with equal eternity.

Existence from eteranother eternal being;

COE'VAL,
age.]

a.

con [L. co(V.us;

;

Hammond. and avam,

taiument, where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments, and where men meet for conversation.

COFOUND'ER,
COG,

joint founder.
Ji'eever.

Of the same age

;

beginning to exist at the same time "of equal age usually an properly followed by tvith.
;

whic house of entertainment cities is also an exchange where merchants meet to transact business, COF'FEE-MAN, ii. One who keeps a cof-

Prior. an inn

Swift. 1.
;

V. t. [W. coegiaw, to make void, to deceive, from coeg, empty, vain.] To flatter to wheedle to seduce or draw
; ;

from, by adulation or
I'll

artifice.

in

some

cijg their hearts

from tliem.

Shak.

2.

Hale.
II.

One of the same age one COF'FEE-POT, n. A covered pot in which COE'VAL, who begins to exist at the same time. It coffee is boiled, or in which it is brought
;

Pope.

Bentley.

fee-house.

Addison.

is

not properly used as

o.

synonymous

witl

\i))on

the table for drinking.

n,

cotemporary.

COF'FER,
The same
n.

[Fr.
;

coffre
;

Arm.

couffr.

COE'VOUS,
used.

CO-EXECUTOR,
COEXIST',
V. i.

as coeval, but not South. joint executor.

existo.

coffr

Ir.

cofra

Sj). cofre

[L.

cow and

Se
;

To

Exist.] exist at the

coG. koffer ; Dan. koffeH ; trunk. The same fawr, from cof, a hollow French word coffre signifies a coffer, and the trunk of the body, and a coffin. In Ar

Port. id. ; D. Sw. id ; W.

and

obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or word to serve a deception as, to cog in a Dennis. purpose. Stilli7igfleet. Tillotson. To cog a die, to secure it so as to direct to falsify to cheat in playing dice. its fall Dryden. Swifl. COG, I', i. To deceive to cheat to lie. Tusser. Shak.

To

2.

To COG,

wheedle.
n.

same time with another

Hale.
n.

Welsh cocio, a mass Sp. coger, to catch, or or hnnp, cog, a mass, a short piece of
wood.]
tooth of a wheel, by which it drives another wheel or body. to furnish with V. t. To fix a cog
;

[W.

cocos,

cogs of a wheel. Qu.

followed by

ivith.

Locke.

A.i3

is

a chest or basket.
is

The prima

COEXIST'ENCE,
larly

same time with another

by
with.
a.

Existence at the followed regu Grew. Locke.

;

The

ry sense
place.]

probably a holder, or a hollow

;

COG,

COEXIS'T'ENT,

Existing at the same

chest or trunk

and as a chest

is

cus

cogs.

COG
COG, OG'GLE,
I

COG
Knowledge
of knowing.

C O H
COGNOS'CITIVE,
COGU.^R,
America.
ji.

or certain knowledge, as from personal view or experience. S Shak. Brown. coca. [See Cock.] n. [L. cogens, from cogo; con COG'NITIVE, a. Knowing, or apprehendCO'tiENCY, and ago, to drive.] ing by the understanding as cognitive South. Force strength power of compelling litpower. r/viH/e used.] It is u.td COGNIZABLE, a. con'izable. erally, urgency, or driving. [Fr. connois

" A boat

a fishing boat. It is probably the W. cwc, Ir.

;

a.

Having the power

Cudworth. carnivorous quadruped of

n.

CO-GUARDIAN,
COHAB'IT,
dwell.]
;

A joint

guardian. Kent.

V. i.

[L.

con and habito, to

chietly of moral subjects, and in relation as the to force or pressure on the mind Locke. cogency of motives or arguments. OgE'INIIAL, for congenial. [JVot usfil.]
;

sable, cere ;

fi'arton. 1.

CO'OKNT,
1.

a. [See Cogency.] Forcible, in a physical sense force of nature.

as the cogent Prior.

2.

Urgent; pressing on
;

tlie

mind; forcible;
;

1. To dwell with to inhabit or reside in company, or in the same place, or coimtry. South. Gr. yiwjsxw, id.] Stiles. personally That falls or may fall under judicial no- 2. To dwell or live together as husband and wife usually or often a])plied to persone tice that may bo heiird, tried, and deternot legally married. mined as, a cause or action is cognizable before tlie circuit court. COHABITANT, n. One who dweUs with These wrongs are cognizable by the ecclesianother or in the same place.

cer

know
;

connoitre, to know ; It. cognosSp. conocer, conocible ; Port, conhefrom L. cognosco, con and nosco, to

iiom

Decay of piety. n. The act or state of dwelling together or in the same place with another. Stiles, Elect. Semt. Tlie cause of many phenomena is not cogni- 2. The state of CO'CENTLY, adv. With urgent force living together as man and zable hy the senses. Amm. wife, without with powerful impulse forcibly. Locke. being legally married. n. con'izance. [Fr. conBacon. pp. Fluttered deceived cheat- COGN'IZ.ANCE, noissance ; It. cognoscenza ; Sp. eonocened thrust in deceitfully falsified furnCOHEIR, n. coa'ir. [L. coheres ; con and da ; Port. co7ihecenca.] ished with cogs. an heir. See Heir.] hoeres, 1. Judicial notice or the hear- A n. A flatterer, or deceiver. knowledge OG'GER, joint heir; one who succeeds to a share eOG'GERY, n. Trick falsehood. Walson. ing, trying and determining of a cause or of an inheritance, which is to be divided action in court. COG'GING, ppr. Wheedling deceiving among two or more. The court of king's bench takes cognizance ti.\in inserting deceitfully ; cheating COHKIRESS, n. coa'iress. .\ female who of civil and criniinal causes. Blackstone. inherits a share of an estate, which is to cogs. In COG'GING, n. Cheat; deception; fallacy; have the United States, the district courts be divided among two or more heirs or cognizance of maritime causes. Beaum. heiresses a joint heiress. Jurisdiction, or right to try and determine COG'ITABLE, a. [See Cogitate.] That 2. causes. COHE'RE, I', i. [L. cohwreo ; con and hxmay be thought on that may be medita reo, to stick or cleave together.] The court of king's hcncli has original jurisJoinison. ted on. 1. To stick together; to cleave; to be unidiction and cognizance of all actions of trespass i. COU'ITATE, [h.cogito. Varro say; ted to hold fast, as parts of the same n et armis. Blackstone. from cog'o, quasi coagilo, to agitate in the 3. In mass, or as two substances that attract laiv, an acknowledgment or confession mind. But the Gothic hugyan, and Sa.\ each other. Thus, particles of clay cohere; as in fines, the acknowledgment of the hogitn, signify to think.] poUshed surfaces of bodies cohere. cognizor or deforciant, that the right to the To think to meditate. [Little used.] land in question is in the plaintiff or cog- 2. To be well connected to follow regularCO(iITA'TION, n. The act of thinking ly in the natural order ; to be suited in nizee, by gift or otherwise ; in replevin, thought ; meditation contemplation. connection ; as the parts of a discourse, the acknowledgment of the defendant, Hooker. Bentley. Milton or as arguments in a train of reasoning. that he took the goods, but alledging that 2. Thought directed to an object ; purpose. Shak. he did it legally as the bailiff of another .3. To suit to be fitted to agree. Bacon. who had a right to distrain. COHE'RENCE, ) "' A sticking, cleaving or COG'ITATIVE, a. Thinking; having the person Blackstone. COHE'RENCY, hanging together ; upower of thinking, or meditating as a 4. A badge on the sleeve of a waterman or nion of parts of the same body, or a cleavBentley. cogitative substance. servant, by which he is known to belong ing together of two bodies, by means of 2. Given to thought, or contemplation. to this or that nobleman or gentleman. attraction applied to all substances, solid or Wotlon, Locke. fluid. Encyi COGNATE, a. [L. cognatus ; con and nas- 5. Knowledge or notice jjcrception obser- 2. Connection suitable connection Bentley. or decor, to be born.] vation as the cognizance of the senses kindred by birth. pendence, proceeding from the natural 1. Allied by blood 6. Knowledge by recollection. Spenser. relation of parts or things to each other, from the 2. Related in origin proceeding n. conizee'. In law, one to as in the parts of a discourse, or of any same stock of the same family as a COGNIZEL', whom a fine is acknowledged, or the system consistency. Hooker. Locke. cognate dialect. plaintiff in an action for the assurance of 3. Allied in the manner of formation or ut COHERENT, o. Sticking together cleavBlackstone. Iand-l)y fine. as the parts of bodies, solid or fluid. teraiice uttered by the same organs as a ing COGNIZOR', n. conizor'. One who ac Arbuthnot. cognate letter or sound. COG'NATE, n. In Scots law, any male kjiowledges the right of the |)laintiff or 2. Connected united, by some relation in otherwise called the cognizee, in a fine form or order followed by to, but rather by relation through the mother. Enct/c. Blackstone. Locke. with. COGNATION, n. [L. cognatio. See Coir- defendant or deforciant. COGNOM'INAL, a. [L. cognomen, a sur- 3. Suitable or suited regularly adapted. naie.] Shak. 1. In tire civil law, kindred or natural relaname; con and nomen, luinie.] 4. Consistent tion between males and females, both des 1. Pertaining to a surname. having a due agreement of cended from the same father; as agnation 2. Having the same name. [Little used.] parts as a coherent discourse. Or obserBrown. due agreement ; as a coherent thinker is the relation between males only descenving or reasoner. ded from the same stock. Encyc. COGNOMINA'TION, n. [L. cognomen.] A relation by descent from the surname tlie name of a family a name 2. Kindred RENTLY, adv. In a coherent manner with due connection or agreement same original. given from any accident or quality as Brown. Alexander the Great. of parts. Pride and hardheartedness are of near cogna
2.

powerful not easily resisted reason, or argument.

as a cogent

astical courts.

Blackstone.

The

iKirniony of the universe furnishes cogent

ii

proofs of

deity.

Anon

That falls or may fall under notice or observation that may be known, perceived or apprehended.
;

COHABITA'TION,

COGGED,
;

J,',

(,

COHE
;

tion to ingratitude.
3.

IVotton.

COGNOS'CENCE,
;

Relation
ture.

participation of the
n.

same na- Knowledge

Broivn
cognosco.

[See Cognition.] the act or state of knowing.

a.

n.

COHE'SION,
I.

[Little used.]

COGNI"TION,

[L. cognitio

COGNOS'CIBLE.
[Little tcsed.]

That may be known.

Hale.

cognitus; con and nosco, to know.]

n. s as z. [It. coesione; from E. coham, pret. of cohwreo.] The act of sticking together the state of imited by natural attraction, as the being constituent particles of bodies which unite
;

C O

C O

COL

it would have rendered the annual revolution ot a wedge. The pronunciation of this word, in Q mass, by a natural teiirtency; one of;| the earth useless. Cheyne. by our common people, is quine, or quoin, the different species of attraction. w hen apphed to a wedging stone, in ma- 2. To concur ; to be consistent with ; tc. Arhuthnol. JVeivton. See the ne.xt word.] agree. Connection ; dependence ; as the cohesion sonry. U. a jutting point, as of a wall. L The rules of right judgment and of good raticorner; of ideas. But in this sense, see CoheShak. ocination often coincide with each other. Locke. rence.

Rustic coins, stones jutting from a wall for new buildings to be joined to. Bailey. ; tending to unite in edge for raising or lowering a piece 2. to resist separation. of ordnance. J\Jicholson. Bailey. 3. wedge or piece of wood to lay between COIIE'SIVELY, adv. With cohesion.

COHE'SIVE,
a mass, and

a.

That has the power of

Watti.

sticking or coliering

The judges

did not coincide in opinion. n.

A
A

COIN'CIDENCE,
the
i.

The

falling or

of two or more hues, surfaces, or bodies in

meeting
Bentley.

same

point.
; ;

OHE'SIVENESS,
;

n. The quality of being cohesive the quality of adhering together, us particles of matter.

casks on shipboard.

COIN,

CO'HOBATE, V. Among chimists, to

the

t. [Port, cohorar.] repeat the distillation of liquor or that from the same body, jjouring the liquor back upon the matter remainuig in the vessel.

Bailey. Port, cunho, a die to ; stamp money; Sp. acuTiar, to com or im press money, to wedge ; Port, cunliar ; It. conio, a die ; coniare, to coin ; Fr. coin ; Ar.
n.

same

Bailey.

Encyc
i

pp. Repeatedly distilled, 0'lIOBATING,^;>r, Distilling repeatedlv.

0'HOBATED,

OHOBA'TION,

h.

root, thrusting, driving.] fectly coincident with the ruling principles of a operation of repeatedly distilling the same Primarily, the die employed for stamping vii-tuous Mian. South liquor, or that from the satuc substance. money. Hence, Encyc. 1. n. He or that which coinaj)ieceof metal, asgold, COINCI'DER, Money stamped COHOES, or OHO'ZE, n. A fall of water, silver, copper, or other metal, converted cides or conciu's. a word of Indian origin hi or falls COINCT'DING, ppr. Meeting in the same into money, by impressing on it mark; America. point agreeing concurring. or characters. To make good CO'HORT, n. [L.cohors; Fr. cohorte ; It. figures these must be made COINDICA'TION, n. [L. con and indicatio, money, impressions coortc ; Sp. cohorte ; Port, id.] from indico, to show.] under the authority of government. That 1. Among the Romans, a body of about five In medicine, a sign or symptom, which, with which is stamped without authority is ca or six hundred men each cohort consisted other signs, assists to show the nature of ed false or counterfeit coin. F'ormerly, of of three maniples, and each maniple, the disease, and the proper remedy a all coin was made by hannnering; but it two centuries; and ten cohortsconstituted concurrent sign or symptom. is now inqiressed by a machine or mill. a legion. Main, Rom. Jlnt. Current coin is coin legally stamped and COIN'ED,;;;?. Struck or stamped, as money ; 2. In poetni, a band or body of warriors. made invented
; ; ; ; ; ;

[Sp. cohobacion.]

The

Concurrence consistency agreement as the coincidence of two or more opinHale. ions; coincirfence of evidences. 3. A meeting of events in time concurrence a ha|}pening at the same time ; as coincidence of events. La to hammer, forge or stamp. The COIN'CIDENT, a. Falling on the same point meeting as lines, surfaces or bodies sense is, to strike, beat, or drive, coinciding Ibllowed by with. JS/ewtoyi. with the French coigner, or cogner. Hence 2. Concurrent consistent ; agreeable to we see that coin, whether it signifies a cor followed by uith. ner, a wedge or a die, is from the same Christiaiiily ten-obes nothing but what is perfrom
:

[Sp. cutia

Milton.

circulating in trade.

forged.

OnORTA'TION, n. Exhortation
agement.
[JVot used.]
;

encourDiet.

Ancient coins are chiefly those of the Jews, Greeks and Romans, which are kept
in cabinets as curiosities.

COIN'ER,
;

n.

One who stamps

coin

2.

01F,

n.

a cap;

coeff; It. cuffitt. [Fr. eoiffe 2. Sp. cofia, a net of silk or thread

Arm.

niinter a maker of money. Addison. counterfeiter of the legal coin ; a maker

worn on

the head

kind of caul, or cap, worn on the head, by sergeants at law, and others. Its chief use was to cover the clerical tonsure. Encyc. COIF, V. t. To cover or dress with a coif. COIF'ED, n. Wearing a coif A head-dress. n. [Fr.] COIFFURE, Addison.

Port, coifa, a caul.]

In architecture, a kind of die cut diagonal3. An inventor or maker, as of words. after the manner of a flight of a stair Camden. case, serving at bottom to support columns in a level, and at top to correct the incli COIN'ING, ppr. Stamping money ; making ; inventing ; forging ; fabricating. nation of an entablature supporting a v. t. To vault. [L. coinquino.] Encyc. COIN'QUINATE, 3. That which serves for payment. pollute. [.Vol used.]
ly,

of base money.

The
blood

is
I',

loss of present advantage repaid in a nobler coin.

t.

to

tlesh

and

COINQUINA'TION,
used.]

)i.

Defilement.

[,Vot

Hammond

COIN,
it

To stamp
; ;

a metal, and convert

COIS'TRIL,
2.

?i.

[Said to be from

kestrel,

COIGNE,

for coin.

[See Coin, a corner.]

into

Shak

2.
.3.

COIGNE
tion.

or

COIN'Y,

v.i.

To

live

by extorBryskell

To make To make
ill

money
;

to mint.

degenerate hawk.]

coward
Shak.

as, to coin

words.

Shak.

to forge

COIL,

[See quoit.] Hudibras. Dryden. perhaps Gr. t^ju, > The act, art or practice of COI"TION, n. [L. coitio, from coeo, to come or xuXiu. See the roots, SSj and Snp, COIN'AgE, A comingcon and eo, to go.] together COIN'ING, I stamping money. Class Gl. No. 5. 48.] together; chiefly the venereal intercourse Arbuthnot. To gather, as a line or cord into a circular Grew. of the sexes; copulation. Coin ; money coined stamped and legit form to wind into a ring, as a serpent, or COJOIN', r. t. [L. conjungo. See Conjoin.] imated metal for a circulating medium. a rope. To join with another in the same office. (7oins of a particular stamp; as the coin on Shak. COIL, n. A rope gathered into a ring; [Little vsid.] age of George III. n. One who swears to another's shipboard, a single turn or winding is called The charges or expense of coining money. COJUROR, a fuke, and a range of fakes is called a Wotton. credibility. A making; new jiroduction formation tier. )i. Fossil coal chaiTcd, or deprived COKE, as the coinage of words. 2. A noise, tumult, bustle. of its bitumen, sulphur or other extraneous [.Yut used.] 6. Invention forgery fabrication. or volatile matter by fire, and thus preBailey. Johnson. This is the very coinage of your brain. Gathered into a circular form, COIL'ED, pp. Shak. pared for e.xciting intense heat. as a rojie or a serpent. Encyc. Cleavcland. COINCI'DE, II. i. [L. con and incido. to fall Fr. COIL'ING, ppr. Gathering or winding into on ; in and cado, to fall. See Cadence, COL'ANDER, )(. [L. rolo, to strain
V.
;
'

[Jin Irish loord.] t. [Fr. cueillir

sense

as, to coin a lie

to fabricate ; in an to coin a fable. ;

COIT, n. A COIT'ING.
;

way. A young

a runaJohnson.
Bailey.

lad.

quoit,

which

see.

'

;i

a ring or circle.

COIN, Arm.

a corner, a wedge coign ; Sp. esquina, a c<irncr, and Port, quina; L. cimeus cnn, a wedge Qi-.'/ufia: Ir. ei<iiin( : \X. gaing, ijr cyn,
n.

[Fr.

coin,

1.

Case. Low L. coineido ; Fr. coinclder.] To full or to meet in the

;

Sp. coincidir

coulcr, to flow,

to irickle

down;

coulant,

.flowing; couloir, a colander.] same point, as .\ vessel with a bottom perlbrnted with little holes for straining liquors. In America, two lines, ur bodies followed by with. If the equator and the ecliptic had coincided. this name is given, I believe, exclusively tg

COL
a vessel of
sieves,
tin,

COL
In Great
it,

COL
Encyc.
ious colic, hysteric colic, nervous colic and Core. many others. Quincy. Bacon. COL'IC, i Affecting the bowels.

or other metal.

we

Britain, llie

name is given to vessels, like made with hair, osiers or twigs.

May.
2.

Hence

give the denomination of cold. cold is a privation of heat, or the

;

cause of it.

Ray. Dryden. COLA'TION, n. The act of straining, or! a purifying liquor, by passing it through
perforated vessel.

A
or

shivering

of the
3.

fine vessels chillness.

;

the effect of the contraction of the body; chillines.s,

COL'ICAL,
COL'IN,
found
>i.

" A bird

MUton. of the partridge kind,

Indies,

COL'ATURE,
women.

(!.

The
n.

[LitUe used.] act of straining

the

disease cold catarrh.

;

Dryden. indisposition occasioned by

a.

in

America and the West

called also a quail.

COLL,

i'.

t.

To embrace.
V. I.

[.Vot in use.

Sco

matter strained.

[Ldltle used.]

COL'BERTINE,

A kind of lace

worn by
Johnson.

It. The brown red o.\yd of iron which remains after the distillation ol, the acid from sulphate of iron ; used for pohshing glass and other substances. It' artists crocus, or crocus^ is called by Ure.i martis. Encyc. The sulphate of iron is called cokothar or chalcite, when the calcination has been so far as to drive oti'a considerable carried Fourcroy.' part of the acid.

COL'eOTHAR,
'

Having cold blood. Si. VVitliout sensibility, or feehiig. 0LD-I'"1NCH, n. species of Motacilla, a bird frequenting the west of England, with the head and back ol a brownish gray, the belly white, and the quill li^athers

0LD-BL0ODKD,

Collar.]

Spenser.
collaps'.

COLLAPSE,
To

[L. coUabor, col;

and

tail

black.
a.

Diet.

j\'at.

Hist.

COLD-llEAR'J'ED,
feeling
;

VVantuig pa.ssion or
n.

COLLAPSED,
er
;

lapsus ; con and labor, to slide or I'all.] fall together, as the two sides of a vessel to close by falling together ; as, the fine canals or vessels of the body collapse in old age. Arbutknot. pp. Fallen together ; closed^
n. .\ state

indifferent.

COLLAP'SION,
Want
of
feel-

of falling togethFr.
is\).

COLD-HEARTEDNESS,
ing or
.sensibility.

a state of vessels closed.

n.
;

COL'LAR,
Arm.
1.
;

[L. cullare
li.

; ;

collier, collet;

COLDLY,

[See Chalcite.]

COLD,

G. knit; D. koud, con; Basque, ^aldn ; Sw.j kail ; Dan. kold, and the noun, kutdc. The latter seems to be connected with kid, a But the coal, and kuler, to blow strong. connection may be casual. In Swedish, thus hyla signifies to cool, and to burn connecting cool, cold, with the L. caieo, to be hot. Both cold and heat may be from and this word may he frtun rushing, raging,
a.

[.Sax. cald

tracted

Goth. ciUds

ado. In a cold manner ; without warinth without concern without ardor or animation without apparent jiassion, emotion or feeling; with indifference or negligence ; as, to answer one coldly ; a
; ;

colyer

collare

collar

from

L. collutn, the neck.]

as a ring of metal, or a chain. The knights of several orders wear a chain of gold, enamthe neck,

Something worn round

proposition

is

coldly received.

COLDNESS,

2.

1.

same root as gale. If not, cool would seem to be allied to L. gelo.] Not warm or hot geh<l frigid a relative
the
:
; ;

as the coldthe heat or temperature of any substance is less than that of the animal body exposed to it, that state or temperature is called coldness. Unconcern indifference a frigid state of temper ; want of ardor, zeal, emotion, animation, or.<i)irit; negligence; as, to receive an answer with coldness ; to listen
n.
;

Want
air.

of heat

ness of water or

When

2.

3.

4.

and sometimes set with ciphers or other devices, to which the badge of the order is ap|>ended. Encyc. The part of a garment which surroimds the neck. Job xxx. 18. A part of a harness for the neck of a horse or other beast, used in draught. Among seamen, the upper part of a stay ;
eled,

term.

substance
less

is

cold to the touch, 3.

4.

when when

than the body, and in contact, the heat of the body passes from the body to the substance as
it is
;

warm

with coidncss. Want of apparent affection, or kindness as, to receive a friend with coldness.
; : ;

To
;

a cold stone cold water. It denotes! a greater degree of the quality than cool. [See the Noun.] 2. Having the sensation of cold chill; sliivas, I am cold. ering, or inclined to shiver as a cold plant. 3. Having cold qualities
cold air
; ; ;
;

5.

Coyness reserve iiidiflereiice as, to receive addresses with coldness. Want of sensual desire frigidity chas; ;

form of a wreath to which a Mar. Did. escape or get free to disentangle one's self from difficulty, labor, or engagement. Johnson. collar of brawn, is the quantity bound up in one parcel. [JVot used in America.]
also, a ro))e in

stay

is

confined.

slip the collar, is to

tity.

COLD-SHORT,
metal.
lis
;

a.

Brittle

when

Pope.

cold, as a 2.

COL'LAR, r. To seize by To put a collar on.

/.

Johnson: the collar.

To colkir beef or other meat, is to roll it up and hind it close with a string. [Eng[Sax. cou/, cau'Z or caioe/ ; L. caitD. kool ; G. kohl ; Sw. xov>.os lish.] W. cawl ; Ir. cotis, coilis ; COL'LARAgE, n. A tax or fine laid for the Baron. It. cavolo ; Sp. col ; Port, couve ; Arm. collars of wine-drawing horses. 4. Frigid [Eng.] wanting passion, zeal or ardor caulin, colen ; Fr. chou.] indifferent unconcerned not animated, Bailey. Encyc'. as a cold The general name of all sorts of cabbage or COLLAR-BONE, n. The clavicle. or easily excited into action brassica hut we generally use it in its spectator; a cold christian; a cold lover, COL'LARED,/^/). Seized by the collar. compounds, cole-wort, cauliflower, &c. or friend; a cold temper. 2. Having a collar on the neck. Hooker. Addison. CO'LE-MOUSE, 71. [See Coal-mouse.] collatus cori COLLA'TE, f. /. COL'EOPTER, \ "' [Gr.xoXfos, a sheath, and latum, latus[L. collatum, to be; the considered Thou art neither cold nor hot. Rev. iii. ; and rfpor, a COLEOI"TERA, \ wing.]j supine and partici])le of fero, confero, but a 5. Not moving unaffecting; not animated; The coleopters, in Linne's system of entoword of distinct origin.] not able to excite feeling; spiritless; ae a, mology, are an order of insects, having' to bring or lay together. Hence, cold discourse a cold jest. Mdison.i crustaceous elytra or shells, which shut Literally, 1. To lay together and compare, by examin0. Reserved coy not affectionate, cordial and form a longitudinal suture along the or friendly ing the ])oints in which two or more things as a indicating indifference as the beetle. back, of a similar kind agree or disagree applicold look a cold return of civilities ; a cold COLEOP'TERAL, a. Having wings cover- ed particularly to manuscripts and books ; as, Clarendon. reception. ed with a case or sheath, which shuts as to collate copies of the Hebrew Scriptures. 7. Not heated by sensual desire. Shak) above. 2. To coni'er or bestow a benefice on a clernot violent. 8. Not hasty Johnson. small fish, less than CO'LE-PERCH, n. gyman, by a liishop who has it in his o\VTi 9. Not atfecting the scent strongly. Shak. the common perch. Diet. JVat. Hist. or more strictly, to pregift or patronage 10. Not having the scent stronely affected. CO'LE-SEED, n. The seed of the navew, sent and institute a clergyman in a beneShak} napus sativa, or long-rooted, narrow-leafed when the same person is both the orOLD, n. [Sax. cele, cyl, cyle ; D. koelle, rapa ; reckoned a sjjecies of brassica or fice, and the dinary patron followed by to. G. kiilte. See CooL] koude ; cabbage. Encyc. If the patron neglects to present, the bishop 1. The sensation produced in animal bodiesi 2. Cabbage seed. Mortimer. may collate his clerk to the chiuch. by the escape of heat, and the consequent! CO'LE-WORT, n. [cole and wort, Sax, Blaekstone. contraction of the fine vessels. Also, the' an herb.] A particular species of wyrt, 3. To bestow or confer; but now seldom used, cause of that sensation. Heat e.xpands cole, brassica, or cabbage. the vessels, and cold contracts them ami COL'IC, i. [L. colicus ; Gr. xwXtxof, from except as in the second definition. Taylor. the transition from an expanded to a ci)n-| COLLA'TE, V. J. To place in a benefice, as xuxoy, the colon.] traded state is accompanied with a sen-J In general, a severe pain in the bowels, of by a bishop. sation to which, as well as to the cause ofl which there are several varieties If the bishop neglects to collate within (fx a3 bilj

COLE,
kal
;

w.

Gr.

Dan. kanl;

COL
luoiitliS,

COL
of
seals,

COL
.=eal set

the right to do

it

devolves on the arch- Collation

denotes one

COLLA'TED,
;

Encyc. Laid together and compared examined by comparing presented and instituted, as a clergyman, to a benebishop.

the

same

label,
a.

on the reverse of another.

on]jCOLLECTA'NEOUS,
Gathered
;

a.

[L. coUectaneus.]

collected.

pp.

COLLA'TIVE,

Encyc. Advowsons are presenta-

COLLECT'ED,
;

fice.

COLLATERAL,
1.
.side,

tive, collative or donative. collative is where the bishop

An advowson
;

2.

a.

[L. collateralis

con

and lateralis, from latus, a side.] Being by the side, side by side, on the
or side to side.
Ills

and patron are one and the same person in which case the bishop cannot present to himself, but he does, by one act of collation or conferring the benefice, the whole that is
done, in
tion

COLLECTEDLY,
gether
;

pp. Gathered ; assembled ; congregated drawn together. a. Recovered fi-om surprise or dismay ; not disconcerted cool firm prepared. adc. In one view to; ; ; ;

in

one bodv.
n.

COLLECT'EDNESS,
of the mind
;

collected state

fn

Must

bright radiance and collateral light be coiuiorted, not in his sphere.

common
ji.

and

institution.

cases, by both presentaBlackstone.

COLLECT'IBLE,
;

recovery from surprise. a. That may be collect;

Shak.
Collateral pressure is pressure on tlie So we say, collateral circumstances, side.

COLLA'TOR,
2.

One who collates or com-

2.

ed or gathered that may be inferred. That may be gathered or recovered

ppr. Gathering
;

as,

pares manuscripts or copies of books. Addison.

a benefice, as when the ordinary and patron are the same percollates to

the debts or taxes are or are not coUeclible.

COLLECTING,
together
;

drawing

ciifumstances which accompany a princi"i.

One who

assembling.

event. In genealogy, descending from tlie same ancestor, but not one from tlie otlier as distinguished from lineal. Linp.tl

.stock or
;

descendants proceed one from another a direct line; collateral relations spring from a common ancestor, but from different branches of that common stirps or stock. Thus the children of brothers are
eal
ill

co///ern7 relations,

but a
'J.

common grandfather. Blackstone. Collatfral security, is security for the pertbrmaiice of covenants or the payment of money, besides the principal securityRunning
relations
;

having different fathers,

n. The act of gathering, or assembling. Ayliffe. unite in 2. The body formed by gathering; an asHowell. semblage, or assembly ; a crowd ; as a praising. COL'LEAGUE, n. col'leeg. [L. collega ; Fr. collection of men. contribution ; a sum collected for a 3. lor collegue ; It. collega ; Sp. colega ; L. con charitable ]iurpose. and lego, to choose, or lego to send, or Now concerning the collection for the saints. to bind. This word is differently acligo 1 Cor. xvi. cented by different speakers and lexicogI have followed the latest au- 4. A raphers. gathering, as of matter in an abscess. 5. The act of thorities.] deducing consequences; reapartner or associate in the same oflice, soning inference. [Little used.]

COLLECTION,

son.

COLLAUD',

[L. collaudo.] [Little used.]

V.

t.

To

employment or commission,
siastical.
It is never used of manufactures. v.
t.

civil

or eccle6.

Johnson.

Hooker.

4.

parallel.
;

Johnson

5.

Diffused on either side

as,

springing from collateral love. Milton.

Milton. Swijl. partners in trade or

direct, or immediate. If by direct or collateral hand. 7. Concurrent ; as, collateral strength.

G.

Not

eOLLE'AGUE,
with
in the

or

;.

collee'g.

To

a deduction corollary a consectary from pi-emises consequence. Johnson. Hooker.

; ; ;

A
A

unite

same

7.

oflice.

Shak

COLLE'AGUED,
ciate in the
oflice.

pp.

United as an asso
n.

same

oflice.

COLLATERAL,
kinsman.

n.

A collateral
adv. Side

Mlerhury.
relation or

COL'LEAGUESHIP,
COLLECT',
11.

Partnership

in

COLLECTIVE,
leclif;
1.

book compiled from other books, by the putting together of parts; a compilation as a collection of essays or sermons. a. [h. colkctivm ; Fr. col;

It.

t.

Milton. [L. colligo, eollectum ; con

;

collettivo.]

Formed by gathering
mass, sum, or body
gregated.
;

COLLATERALLY,
"2.

by

side

or
1.

and

by the side. Indirectly.

In collateral relation not liueallv.
;

Drijden.

3.

not in a direct line

n.

gather Gr. Xcyu.] To gather, as separate persons or things, into one body or place to assemble or bring together; as, to collect men into an
lego, to
;

into a ; gathered congregated, or ag-

Watts.

Sieifl.

2.

ferring.
3.
Ill

Deducing consequences; reasoning"; inBrown. grammar, expressing a number or mulas a collective noun or name,
;

COLLAT ERALNESS,
being collateral.

army;

to collect ideas; to

collect

particu

The
;

state

of
2.

lars into

one sum.
all

titude united
self,

To

gain by observation or inf irniation.

that

COLLA'TIiVG,

ppr.
71.

Comparing

ing and instituting.

COLLATION,

The

can be collecteJ, the public peace will not soon be interrupted. act of bringing or ^. To gather from premises to infer as

present-

From

which, though denotes

in the

singular
;

number

it-

more than one

as,

company,

army, troop, assctnhly.

COLLECTIVELY,
body
; ;

laying together, and comparing a com parison of one copy or thing of a like kind with another. Pope. 3. The act of conferring or bestowing a gift.
; ;

consequence.

Which consequence,
collected.
4.

conceive,

is

verj-

ill

Locke
debt-

adv. In a mass, or in a collected state in the aggregate unitedly; in a state of combination as the citizens of a state coWcciii'f/i/ consid; ;

To
;

gather
;

3.

Ray. In the canon law, the presentation ol a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop, who has it in his own gift or |)atronage. Collation includes both presentation and institution.

ors to collect taxes to collect the customs to collect accounts, or debts To gather, as crops to reap, or
; ; ;

money or revenue from demand and receive as, to

ered.

COLLECT IVENESS,
mass.

7t.

A state

of union

COLLECT'OR,
arate.

n.

One who

collects

or

mow

gathers things which are scattered or sep-

When the patron

ofachiiivh
;

is
(j.

4.

not a bishop, he presents his clerk for admission, and the l)ishop institutes him but if a bishop is the patron, his presentation and institution are one act and are called collation. Blackstone. Ill common /aw, the presentation of a copy to its original, and a com|)arison made by examination, to ascertain its conformity also, the report of the act made by the pro]ier officers.

pick, and secure in proper repositories ; as, to collect hay, corn or fruits. To draw together to bring into united action ; as, to collect all the strength, or all
;

7.

the powers of the mind. To obtain from contribution.

collect one^s self,
is

3.

Acom])iler; one who gathers and puts together parts of books, or scattered pieAddison. ces, in one book. In botany, one who gathers plants, without studying botany as a science. Encyc.
All officer appointed and commissioned to collect and Kceive customs, duties, taxes

To

to

recover from sur-

4.

prise, or a disconcerted state; to gain

com;

.").

fj.

Encyc, In Scots law, the right which an heir has of throwing the whole heritable and movable estates of the deceased into one mass, and sharing it equally with others who are of the same degree of kindred. .A rp|iast between full meals; as a cold
collation.

dispersed over the passions, when tumultuous or the mind, when dismayed. Shak. Milton COLLECT', V. i. To run together ; to ac cumulate as, ])US collects in an abscess sand or snow collects in banks. COLLECT, n. A short compreliensivo prayer a prayer adapted to a particular <lay or occasion. Taylor. 2. A collection or gathering of money. [Lit:
; ;

mand

over the thoughts,

when

or
o.

toll.

bachelor of arts

in

Oxford,

who

Temple. is ap-

COLLECT
2.

pointed to superintend proceedings in Lent.

some

scholastic
oflRce

ORSIllP,

n.

The

Todd. of a

collector of customs or taxes.

The jurisdiction of a
n.

collector. Asiat. Researches.

COLLEG'ATARY,
send.]
civil

[L. con

audlego,to

tle

used.]

Encyc, In the

law, a person

who

has a legacy

COL
left to

COL
in taking the
2.

COL
eOLLIQUA'TION,
n.

substance from the melting Encyc. pot. other persons. COL'LEgE, rt. [L. collegium ; con and lego, 3. Anciently, a band or collar. Johnson. 4. A term used by turners. to gather.] of In its primary sense, a collection, or assem- OLLET'l, a.' Having the property Encyc. gluing; agghitinant. Hence, bly. n. [Gr. *oM.ijrtxoj.] An agg'lu1. In a general sense, a collection, assem- OLLET'I, tinant. with cerEncyc. hlage or society of men, invested and Imdo, tain powers and rights, performing cer- COLLI'DE, V. i. [h. collido ; con

him

in

common

with one or more Johnson. Chamiiers.

The

act of melting.

Boyle. flowing or wasting ; applied blood, when it does not readily and to the solid parts, wiieii coagulate, they w aste away by excessive secretion, occasioning fluxes and profuse, clammy .sweats. Coxe. Ena/c. Qutncy.

di.'^solving,

to the

COLI.IQ'UATIVE,
tive

a.

tain duties, or
' 2.

engaged

in

some common

1. The art of striking together; a striking sumption. Milton. COL'IJERY, n. col'yery. The place where together of two hard bodies. coal is dug. a 2. The state of being struck together [See Coalery.] Qu. the college of foreign af- 2. The coal trade. clashing. Hence, Imperial Culttgc ; the admiralty 3. Opjiosition as a collision interference fairs the college of war [See Cauliflower.'] of justice tlie college COL'LIG.\TE, !'. /. [L. colligo ; con and li of interests orof jiarties. college ; the college To tie or bind together. 4. of commerce the inedi(!al college. go, to bind.] running against each other, as ships al Tooke 11.335. 356. sea. Marshal on Insurance. H'alsh. Tlie piece? of isinglass are colligated in Vict. JVich. rows. In Great Britain and the United Stales of COL'LOCATE, r. I. [L. colhco ; con and to To set or place ; to loco, to set or place.] America, a society of i)hysicians is called a COL'LIG.\TED, ]>p. Tied or bound set ; to station. So also there are colleges of sur gether. college. Bacon. OL'LOCATE, a. Set ; placed. geons; and in Britain, a college of philoso COL'LIGATING, ppr. Binding together. n. binding together. LOCATED, pp. Placed. phy, a college of heralds, a college of jus eOLLlGA'TION, Broicn tice, &c. Colleges of these kinds are us /jpr. Setting; placing. n. [L. coltimo ; con and setCOLLOCA'TION, n. [L. collocatio.] ually incorporated or established by the COLLIMA'TION, .\iiisworth suggests that it limes, a limit, ting the act of placing disposition in supreme ])0>vcr of the state. 3. An edilicc appropriated to the use of stumay be an error, and that collineo, con and place. but collimo is in 2. The state of linea, is the real reading dents, who are acquiring the languages being placed, or placed with

employment, or pursuit. In a paiiicular sense, an assembly for a as the pohtical or ecclesiastical purpo.se or their deputies at the college of Electors So also, tlie college of diet in Ratishon. or their deputies the college of princes, cities cities, or deputies of tlie Imperial the college of Cardinals, or sacred college. In Russia, the denomination, college, is to councils of state, courts or assemgiven blies of men intrusted with the administration of the government, and called Im; ;
;

To

to strike.] strike or

appropriately indicating

iMelting'; dissolving ; a morbid dis;

dash against each other.

Broicii
n. col'yer.

charge of the animal

fever,
is

fluids

as a colliqua;

which

is

COL'LIER,
2.

[from coal] A digger of coal; one who works in a coal-mine. Johnson. A coal-merchant or dealer in coal. Bacon.

accompanied with

diarrhoea, or profuse sweats

sweat
cio.]

a colliquative a profu.-e cl.immy sweat.

n.

OLLiai!EFA'TION,

3.

trade,

ports where to the ports

coasting vessel employed in the coal or in transporting coal from the it is received from the mines,

melting together; the reduction of diflerent bodies into one mass by fusion. Bacon.
n. s as
;

[L.

colliquefn-

COLLI' SION,
collido,
collisi

t.

ron and Iwdo,

[L. collisio, from to strike or

where

it is

purchased for con

hurt.]

Of these some are su))rem(; perial colleges. and others sul)ordiuate ; as the Supreme
; ;

OLLlFLOWER.

COL COLLOCATING,
;

and sciences.
4.

perfect analogy with other

signification. limit or end.]

words of

like

society of persons engaged in the pursuits of literature, including the otKcers and students. Societies of this kind are

The

To aim

something

else.

Bacon.
n. [L. collocutio loquor, to speak.]
;

is

to direct to the

COLLOCU'TION,
and
locutio,

con

from

The

5.

incorporated and endowed witli revenues. In foreign universities, a public lecture.

71.

OL'LEgE-LIKE,
manner of a

Regulated after the

college.
;

a. Relating to a college; belonging to a college having the properties of a college. eOLLE'GlAN, 51. A member of a college, particularly of a literary institution so callJohnson ed an inliabitant of a college. COLLE'CilATE, a. Pertaining to a college;

COLLE'GlAL,

act of aiming at a mark; aim; the act of leveling, or of directing the sight to a Asiat. Research. fixed object. COLLINEA'TION, n. [L. collineo; con and linea, a line.] The act of aiming, or directing in a line to a Johnson. fixed object. OL'LING, n. [L. collum, the neck.] An

speaking or conversing together ence mutual discourse.

;

confer-

COLLOeU'TOR,
in a dialogue.

n.

One of

Bailey. Johnson. the speakers

[JVot in

COLLOGUE,
use.]

I',

t.

To

wheedle.

embrace

daUiance.

[JVot used.]

Chaucer.

COLLIQ'UABLE,
may
grow
soft, or

a. [See CoUiquate.] That be liquefied, or melted liable to melt

;

as collegiate studies. ^. Containing a college

become
;

fluid.
n.

manner of a
ty.
:1.

college

instituted after the as a collegiate socie-

COLLIQ'UAMENT,
formed by melting
2.

The

substance

A collegiate church is bishop's see ; but has the ancient retinue of a bisho]), canons and prebends. Of these some are of royal, otliers of ecclesiand each is regulated astical foundation
;

Johnson one that has no

in matters of divine service, as a cathedral

Some
<

of these were anciently whicli have been secularized.

OLLE'GIATE,
lege.

n.

The member of
collel,

abbeys Encyc. a col

t'OL'LET, )!. [Fr. from L. collum.'\

^.

Burton. a collar, or neck,

Among jewelers, the horizontal face or plane at the bottom of brilliants or the part of a riug in which tlic stone is set. Encyc. Johnson. 2. In glass-making, tliat part of glass vessels which sticks to the iron instrument used'
;

tliat which is melted. Bailey. Joh nson. taining to common conversation, or to muTechnically, the fetal part of an egg the as colloquial language a tual discourse transparent fluid in an egg, containing the colloquial phrase. first rudiments of the chitrk. COL'LOQUIST, n. A speaker in a dialogue. Coxe. Encyc. Maione. 3. Tlie first rudiments of an embryo in genCoxe. COL'LOQUY, n. [L. colloquium ; con and eration. loquor, to speak.] eOL'LIQUANT, a. That has the power of Conversation mutual discourse of two or dissolving or melting. COL'LIQlfATE, v. i. [L. colliqueo ; con more ; conference dialogue. Milton. Taylor. and liqueo, to melt. See Liquid.] To melt to dissolve to change from solid [See Colly.] Brown. eOLLl'C'TANCY, 71. [L. colluclor ; con to become liquid. to fluid eOL'LIQUATE, V. t. To meh or dissolve. and luctor, to struggle.] a striving against ; eOL'LIQl'ATED, pp. Molted ; dissolved struggling to resist tm-ned from a solid to a fluiil substance. resistance; opposition of nature.
;

of meat; apiece of flesh. Dryden. Shai. 2. In burlesque, a child. In Job XV. 27. it seems to have the sense of a thick piece or fleshy lump. "He maketh collops of fat on his flanks." This is the sense of the word in N. England. COLLO'QUIAL, a. [See Colloquy.] Per-

COL'LOP,

n.

A small

slice

'

eOLLOW.
A

Boyle.

Harvey.

COLLUCTA'TION,
sist
;

n.

OL'LIQUATING,
ving.

pjtr.

Melting; dissol-

contest

resistance

trariety.

struggling to reopposition conWoodioard.

;

Vol.

I.

41

COL
[L. colludo ; con and Ixido, to plav, to lianter, to mock.] To playiiilo the liaiiil of each other ; to coiia iVaiiil ; to act in concert. ill

COL
from its part of the os sacrum, where, the name straight course, the canal takes
of rectum.
:

COL
COLONNA'DE,
1.

COLLU'DE,

r.

i.

!^j)ire

Johnson.

COLLU'DER,
fraud.
in a fraud.

One who

conspires in a

COLLU'DING,;)/)r. Conspiring with another

COLLU'DING, n. A trick colhision fOLLU'SION, n. s as z. [L. coUusio.

;

See

Collude.]
\.

a deceitful agreement or compact between two or more persons, for the one the other, jmrty to bring an action against for some evil purpose, as to defraud a CoioeL of his right. third

In

Encyc. (^uincy. In grammar, a point or character formed thus [ ], used to mark a pause, greater than that of a semicolon, but less than that of a period or rather it is used when the sense of the division of a period is complete, so as to admit a full point but something is added byway of illustration, or the derescri])tion is continued by an additional mark, without a necessary dependence on the foregoing members of the sentence.
;
;

n. [It. colonnata, from calonna, a column Sp. colunata; Fr. colonnade. See Column.] In architecture, a peristyle of a circular figure, or a series of columns, disposed in a circle, and insulated within side.
;

Builder'' s Diet.
2.

Mdison.

\ polyslyle
[

or range of columns. Pope colonnade is a range of columns too great to be taken in by the eye at a single view as that of the palace of St. Peter at Rome, consisting of 284 columns of the Doric order. Encyc.

Any series

laip,

parties,

secret understanding between two who plearl or proceed fraudulently of a against each other, to the prejudice

person

A brute arrives at a point of perfection he can In a few years he has all the en never pass (lowmenls he is capable of Spect. No. iii. The colon is often used before an address,
:

Thus,

COL'ONY,
tivate.]

Ji.

[L. colonia,

from

colo, to cul-

^.

third ])erson. In general, a secret

Encyc.

agreement

for

fraudident purpose.

COLLUSIVE,
nient.

a.

between two or more

Fraudulently concerted as a collusive agree

;

COLLlf'SIVELY,
cret

adv.

By

collusion; bysc

agreement

COLLU'r*IVENESS,
ing collusive.

to defraud. n. The quality of be-

GOLLU'SORY,
OL'LY, COL' LOW,
?
<,

a.
;

Carrying on a fraud by
containing collusion.
to

a secret concert

[Supiwsed

be from

coal.]

quotation or examjile. "Mr. Gray was followed by Mr. Erskine, who spoke thus I rise to second the motion of my honor " But the propriety of this able friend.' on de])ends on the pause, and this depends the form of introducing the quotation for after say, said, or a like word, the colon is not used, and seems to be improper. Thus in our version of the scriptures, such mem bers are almost invariably followed by a comma. "But Jesus said to them, 'Ye know not w hat ye ask.' " The use of the colon is not uniform nor is it easily defined and reduced to rules. Indeed the use of it might be dispensed with without much inconvenience.
'
;

A company or body of people transplanted from their mother coimtry to a remote province or coimtry to cultivate and inhabit it, and remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the parent state; as the British colonies in America or the Indies ; the Spanish colonies in South America. such settlements cease to be subject to the

When

parent state, they are no longer denominated colonies. Tlie first settlers of New England were the best of Englishmen, well educated, devout christians, and zealous lovers of liberty. There was never a colony formed of better materials. Ames.

The country planted

tation
;

or colonized

a planin a

also, the

body of inhabitants

"'The black grime or

soot of

COL'ONEL,
onnello coronel
;
;

coal or liurnt

wood
Woodward.
Burton.
foul
;

[Fr. colonel; It. colArm. coronal ; Sp. coroncl ; Port. from It. colonna, Fr. colonne, a col?i.

cur'nel.

territory colonized, including the descendants of the first planters. The people, though born in the territory, retain the name of colonists, till they cease to be sub3.

COL'LY,

J!,

t.

To make

to

COL'LYRITE,n.

Encyc. [from a city of Ionia.] The conclusion of a book, formerly containing the place or year, or both, of its mander of a regiment of guards, of which Warton. publication. other person of emiprince COLLYR'IUM, n. [L.; Gr. xoXMpior. Qu. the king, colonel. orEieutenant-colon el is the COL'OPHONITE, n. [Supra, from the city nence is from xurvu, to check, and pfo,-, detluxion. or its resin color.] in a regiment, and comsecond officer for A variety of garnet, of a reddish yellow or Eye-salve eye-wash a topical remedy mands it in the absence of the colonel. Corf. Encyc disorders of the eves. brown color, occurring in small amor} The ofCOLONELCY, n. cur'nelcy. Diet. N'at. Hist. eOL'MAR, m. [Fr.] A sort of pear. phous granular masses. The COLONELSHIP, n. cur<nelship. \ fice,rank COLOPHONY, JI. In pharmacy, black resin COL'OCYNTII, ?i. [Gr. xoXoxvrSij.] or commission of a colonel. of the shops, or turpentine boiled in water and dried ; colotpiintida, or bitter apple Swifl. Washington. or the residuum, after distillation of the a kind of gourd, from Aleppo and from a. [See Colony.] Pertaining It contains a bitter pulp, which is COLO'NIAL, Crete. etherial oil of turpentine, being further as colonial government colo to a colony a drastic purge. Encyc. urged by a more intense and long continninl rights. [Colonical is not in use.] ued fire. It is so named from Colophon COLOGNE-EARTH, n. A kind of light An inhab n. [See Colony.] in Ionia, whence the best was formerly bastard ocher, of a deep brown color, not COL'ONIST, itant of a colony. JVicholson. Encyc. a pure native fossil, but containing more bi-ought. Blackstone. Marshall, Life of Washington. than mineral matter; supposed COLOQUINT'IDA, n. [Gr. xoXoxvi^Ois L. vegetable COLONIZA'TION, n. The act of coloni- colocynthis.] to be the remains of wood long buried ii of being colonized. zing, or state Hill. The colocynth or bitter apple, the fruit of a the earth. COL'ONIZE, 1).^ [See Colony.] To plant plant of the genus Cucurais, a native of It is an earthy variety of lignite or brown or establish a colony in to plant or settle Cleavela7id coal. Syria and of Crete. It is of the size of a a number of the subjects of a kingdom or COLOM'BO, n. A root from Colombo hi state in a remote large orange, containing a pulp which is country, tin' the purpose violently purg.'dive, but sometimes useful Ceylon. Its smell is aromatic, and its of cultivation, commerce or defense, and It is much esas a medicine. Chantbers. taste pungent and bitter. Bacon. for permanent residence. teemed as a tonic in dyspeptic and bilious ra. [L. color; It. colore; Sp. Port. and COL'OR, The Greeks colonized the South of
[Gr. xoXXvpioi, infra.] witi variety of clay, of a white color, shades of gray, red, or yellow. Cleaveland.

the smut of coal.

umn. It. colonndlo, grime with Shak The cliief commander

the

column of a book.]
of a

troops,

infantry or cavalry. He ranks next below a brigadier-general. In England, colonel-lieutenant is the com-

regiment of

jects of the parent .state. collection of animals

'

as colonies of

w hether

shell-fish.

COLOPHON,

n.

diseases.

Hooper.
[Gr.
xm^oi-,

Itiily

CO'LON,
1.

n.

the colon, a

member

of France.
2.

color
1.

Fr. couleur.]

To

or limb.]
Ill anatomy,the largest of the intestines, or rather the largest division of the intestinal canal beginning at the caecum, and ascending by the right kidney, it passes un der the hollow part of the liver, and the bottom of the stomach, to the spleen thence descending by the left kidney, it paisses, in the form of an S, to the upper
:

settle in, as inhabitants. English Puritans colonized New Kny;land.

migrate and

COL'ONIZED,
a colonv.
ony.

pp. Settled or planted with ppr. Planting with a coln.

In physics, a jiroperty inherent in light, which, by a difference in the rays and the laws of refraction, or some other cause,
gives to bodies particular appearances to the eye. The princiiial colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and vioUltile is not properly a color; as a let. white body reflects the rays of light withBlack bodies, oa out sejiarating them. tlie couirai-y, absorb all the rays, or nearly

COL'ONiZING,

COL'ONIZING,
a colony.
sis

The

act of establishing

This state paper has been adopted as the baof all her later colonizings. Tooke, i. 622.

COL
ail,
;

COL
;

COL
n. [L. columbarium, from cotumha, a pigeon \V. colomen ; Ir. colm or cohim; .\rnt. coulm ; Rus^. golub, a pigeon or dove. Ill Russ. golubei signifies, of a sky-blue, azure.] A dove-cot a pigeon-house. BATE, )i. .\ salt or compound of columbic acid, with a base. COLLM'BIAN, a. Pertaining to the United States, or to America, discovered by Co; ;

and therefore black is no distinct col- 2. Streaked striped having a diversity of] hues. Bacon. or. But in common discourse, white and Hack are denominated colors; and all tlie| 3. Having a specious appearance.
2.

COL'UMBARY,

of difference. Colored people, bl4ck people, Africans or their descendants, mi.xed or unmixed. to the eye, or a quality of sensation, caused by tlie rays of eOlORIF'IC, a. [color, and L.//iao.] That has the (juality of tiiiiring; able to give light ; hue ; dye ; as the color of gold, or Kirwan. of indigo. color, or tint to other bodies.
colors admit of

many

sliaiies

Appearance of a body

COLUM

3.

4.

5.

external appearance; palDrj/ilcti. liating excusing. Appearance to the mind as, prejudice COL'ORING, n. The act or art of dyeing; the state of being colored color. puts a fals(! color upon objects. that which 2. A Superficial cover ]>allialion specious appearance fair anificial repserves to give an appenrance of right as, resentation as, the story has a coloring of their sin admitted no color or excuse. truth.
2.

A red color the freshness or appearance of blood in the face. My cheeks no longer did their color boast.
; ;

COLOR'ING,
iiifj.

ppr.

Dying; staining;

ting-

Giving a
;

fair

lumbus.

eOLUM'BIC,

a.

Pertaining to columbium
a.

as columbic acid.

COLUMBIFEROUS,
taining c-olumbium.

Producing or conPhillips.

COL'U.MBLVE,

C.

External appearance
tense
I
;

Ki7i!x Charles. 3. .\mong painters, the manner of applying false show ; precolors ; or the mixture of light and shade,

. Like or pertaining to a pigeon or dove of a dove-color, or like the neck of a dove.

;

COL'UMiUNE,

JI.

[L. columbina.]

Aquile-

guise.
Ihe color of

Under

formed by the various colors employed.

commending him,
Shak.

giving the proper colors to his designs. Dri/den 7. Kind species character com])lexion. C0L'ORLESS,n. [Supra.] Destitute of colBoys iind women are, for the most part, cator not distinguished by any hue transShak.' tle of tliii co/ar. parent ; as colorless water, glass or gas. 8. That which Is used for coloring paint JV*eic<o7i. as red lead, ocher, orpimcnt, cinnabar, ori eOLOS'SAL, ? [See Colossus.] Like vermilion, &e. a colossus very large !>. Colors, with a plural termination, in thej COLOSSE'AN, S huge gigantic. military art, a flag, ensign or standard, eOLOS'SUS, !. [L. and Gr.] A statue of a borne in an army or fleet. [Sec f^lag.] gigantic size. The most remarkable co10. In taw, color in ])leading is when the de-: lossus of antiquity was one at Rhodes, a fcndant In assize or trespass, gives to thCi statue of Apollo, so high that it is said plainllffa color or appearance of title, by slii|)s might sail between its legs. thus removing stating his title spm-ially OLOS'SUS-WISE, adv. In the manner of the cause from the jury to the court. a colossus. Shak.
e.xeels in
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; :
|

have access

my own

love to prefer. [See.^ctsxxvii. 30.]

0L'ORIST, Ji. a painter who

[Supra.]

One who

colors

gia, a g(!ii>is of plants of several species. The Tl'.alictruni or meadow-rue is also

called feathered columbine.

Fam. of Plants.

COLUM'BITE,
ire

n.

[See Columbium.]

The

of columhium.
JI.

COLUMBIUM,
A
rica.]

[from Columbia,

Ame-

metal first discovered in nn ore or oxyd, found in Connecticut, at New-London, near the house of Gov. VVinthrop, and by

him transmitted to Sir Hans Sloane, by whom it was deposited in the British muThe same metal was afterwards discovered in Sweden, and called tantaseum.

COLUMBO.

lum, and

its

ore tantalite.

Cleavland.

[See Colombo.]
J!.

Blackslone.l

n'ater-colors are

such as are used in painting' with gutn-vvater or size, without beiiigl mixed with oil. Encyc
or alter the exter-| nal appearance of a body or substance to dye; to tinge; to paint to .slain; as, to color cloth. Generally, to color is to change
1'.

eOL'STAFF,
COLT,
n.

n.

In botany, COL'UMEL, umn in a capsule, taking

it

0L'OR,

2.

The young of the equine genus of animals or horse kind. In America, colt is equally ap))licd to the male or female, and this is unquestionaThe male is called a horsebly correct. colt, and the female is called a ^lly. from white to some other color. To giv(^ a specious appearance to set in 2. A young foohsh fellow a person without Shak. experience or stability. a fair light to palliate to excuse. ?. To frisk, riot or frolick, like a He colors the falsehood of -^5^neas by an ex- OLT, colt to be hcentious. [SVot used.] press coimnand of Jupiter to forsake the queen.
[Sax.
colt.]
/.

dens by two on their shoulders.

staff for carrying bur[Local.]

the central colits rise from the receptacle, and having the seeds fixed to
all

round.
;

COL UMN,
W.
colov,

Martyn.

To change

Ji. col'um. [L. columna, columen ; a stalk or stem, a prop colovyn,

:

a column

Ir. colbh,
;

Arm.
S|>.

roH/oKciui
;

columna

a stalk, a column ; Vr. colonne ; It. colonna; Port, columna or coluna.

!'.

1.

3.

plausible resentation.
color

To make

to

Dryden exaggerate in rep^1(ldiso)i.

Spenser.

To

a iicangcr's goods, is when a freeallows a foreigner to enter goods at the custom house in his name, to avoid

man

Shak. OLT, V. To befool. [.Vot used.] COLT'S-FQQT, n. A genus of plants, the Tussilago. The name is also given to a
t.

the alien's dutv.

COL'OR,

r. i.

To

blush.
;
;

COLORABLE,

a. plausible Specious giving an appearance of right or justice as a Colorable jiretense a colorable excuse. Spenser. Hooker. COL'ORABLY, adv. Speciously; jilausibly; with a fair external appearance. Bacon.
;

Fam. of Plants. n. An imperfect or su perfluous tooth in young horses. Johnson. 2. A love of vouthful pleasure. Widl said.Lord Sands;
species of Cacalia.

COLT'S-TOOTII,

This word is from the Celtic, signifying the stem of a tree, such stems being the first columns used. The primary sense is a shoot, or that which is set.] In aj-c/ii/ec/ure, a long round body of wood or stone, used to support or adorn a building, composed of a base, a shaft and a capital. The shaft tapers from the base, in imitation of the stem of a tree. There are five kinds or orders of columns. 1. The Tuscan, rude, simple and massy the liighth of which is fourteen semidiameters or and the diminution at the top modules, from one sixth to one eighth of the in;

Your colVs-tooth

is

not yet cast

Shak

ferior diameter.

2.

The
;

Doric,

which

is

COLTER,
th.it is,

[Little used.] n. [L.

culler, a

colter or knife,
It.

the cutter; Fr.coutre;

coltro

W.
The

COL'OR.VTE,
<

a.

[L. colorutus,
'

from

coloro,

to color.] 'olored dyeil

;

cylUauT : D. kouler ; G. kolter.] fore iron of a plow, with a sharp edge, that cuts the earth or sod.
a.

or thiged with
n.

some

color.

eOLTISH,
gay.

Like a colt

wanton

frisky

[Little used.]

COLORA'TION,

[L.

coloro.]

or practice of coloring, or the state of beBacon. ing colored. <.:0L'ORATURE, n. In music, aU manner! of variations, trills, &.C., intended to make' a song agreeable. Encyc.l COL'ORED, pp. Having the external a]i-

Ray. The^ art

COL'UBER,

Chaucer. In JI. [L. a serpent or adder.] zoology, a genus of serpents, distinguished scuta or hard crusts on the belly, and by Under tliis genus are scales on the tail. ranked many species, as the viper, black snake, &.I-.
a.

COL UBRINE,
crafty.

[L. colubrinus.] Relating

;

pearance changed: dyed; tinged;

paint-i
'

to the coluber,

or to seiiients

cunning
Johnson.

Tuscan, has a roits highth is sixteen modules. 3. The Ionic is more slender than the Tuscan and Doric its highth is eighteen modules. 4. The Corinthian is more delicate in its form and ppoporits tions, and enriched with ornaments highth should he twenty modules. 5. The Composite is a species of tlie Corinthian, and of the same highth. Encyc. In strictness, the shaft of a column consists of one entire piece but it is often composed of dilferent pieces, so united, as to have the a|)pearance of one entire piece. It dift'ers in this respect from a pillar, which primarily signifies a piie, composed of
next in strength to the bust, masculine aspect
;
;

ed or

stained.

[Little used.]

small pieces.

But the two things are

lui-

COM
fortunately confounded; of timber is consisting of a single piece a pillar or pde. aljsurdly called 2. ~ An erect or elevated structure resembling a column in ardiitecture ; as the aslronomkttl
:

COM
and a column
trim cotnb or card. Qu. L. como, to dress, tht or comb, which seems to be allied to Gr. xou^oj. But the noun may be the radour language, and from ical word in
scratching, scraping; to shave or scrape.]
1.

COM
COM'BATER,
tends.
n.

One who

fights or con-

Shcnvood.
;

OM'BATING,ppr.
ed with a comb.

Eth.

column at Paris, a kind of hollow tower with a spiral ascent to the top gnomonic the hour of column, a cylinder on which a is indicated by the shadow of the

1^0

gamea,

Striving to resist fighting; opposing by force or by argument. COMBED, pp. Separated, cleaned, or dress-

the Romans; military column, among triumphal column ; &c. on its 3. Any body pressing perpendicularly as its base base, and ol' tlie same diameter as a column of water, air or mercury. of troops 4. In the militanj art, a large body drawn up in order as a solid column. a of a page 5. Among printers, a division of lines separated from perpendicular set a hue or blank space. In another set
style
;
; ;

day

instrument, with teeth, for separatmg, or flax. cleansing and adjusting hair, wool, horn or shell, for Also, an instrument of when dressed. keeping the hau- ui its place The crest, caruncle or red fleshy tuil, so called froni "rowing on a cock's head teeth of fts indentures which resemble the

An

COMBER,

n.

occupation

is

One who combs; one whose to comb wool, &c.

COM'BER, n. Incumbrance. [JVot used.] COM'BER, n. A long slender fish with a red

COMBI'NABLE,
eOM'BINATE,
ed
;

back, found in Cornwall, England. a. Capable of combining.

Chesteifield.
a.

a comb. The substance

4.

betrothed.

in

which bees lodge

their

COMBIN A'TION,
Combine.]
nection.
1.

cells. honey, in small hexagonal A di7 measure of four bushels. [Kot used

See [Fr. combinaison. In general, close union or conn.

[JVot used.]

[See Combine.] EspousShak.

Hence,

in U. States.]

by

manuscript books and papers, any sepa line or row of words or rate
perpendicular
figures.

COMB,

lu the language of seamen, to or to break roll over, as the top of a wave may be added. eOLUM'NAR, a. Formed in columns; hav- with a white foam. [Qu. Sp. combar, to the shaft of like bend, or from the English comb.] ing tlie form of columns; a column; as co/umnnr spar. COMB-BlRD, n. A gallinaceous fowl of oppression. tOLUM'NARISll, a. Somewhat resemunion of particulars ; as -Vfrica, of the size of a turkey-cock. 2. An assemblage COMB-BRUSH, n. A brush to clean combs. a coniimaiioji of circumstances. bhng a column. [A bad u'ord.] Plants. Vol. n. 4o4. OMB-M.\KER, ;!. One whose occupation Fam. of 3. Commixture; unionof bodies or quaUties COLU'RE, )!. [Gr. >:o>.otipos xoxo;, mutila- is to make combs. in a mass or compound as, to make new so named because a COMBAT, V. i. [Fr. combattre, cojn and batted, and oi>pa, a tail Boyle. compounds by new combinations. the horizon.] or against It. combattere ; Chimical union ; union by affinity. part is always beneath tre, to beat with the colures are comhaier ; Arm. comlu astronomy and geography, Mis dry acid of tartar with dry carbonate ol Sp. combatir ; Poi t. till water is See Beat.] two great circles supposed to intersect badii or combatein. potash uo combination will ensue, Henry. added. each other at right angles, in the poles of 1. To fight to struggle or contend with an 5. In mathemalics, the union of numbers or the world, one of them passing through opposing force. in every possible manner or the and the other through the me I will not C07nbat in my shut. Pardon the solstitial quantities Shak. viz. Canof any number of of the echptic, variation or alteration equinoctial points or the hke, in all This word is particularly used to denote cer and Capricorn, Aries and Libra, diviquantities, letters, sounds, The or the fighting of two perthe difterent manners possible. The numprivate contest, ding the ecliiitic into four equal parts. but it is used in a general sons in a duel ber of possible changes or combinations is where these lines intersect the echppoints the terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 the contention of bodies of men, sense for found by multiplying tic are called cardinal points. of animals. nations, armies, or any species Encyc. Harris continually into each other. Thus 1X2 =2: 2X3=tJ: 6X4=24: 24X5=120. &c. After the fall of the republic, the Romans OM, in composition as a prefix, Ir. eomh, So the permutations of five quantities combated only for the choice of masters. or coimh, W. cym or cyv, L. com or cum,

columns ; of figures

page may contain two and in aritlimctic, many columns

or more

separate, disentangle, as to cleanse, and adjust with a comb, comb hair or to separate, cleanse and lay smooth and straight, as to comb wool.
V.
I.
;

To

more

Intimate union, or association of two or set purpose or jiersons or things, by

for effecting
;

agreement,
object
is

some

object,

by

joint operation

OMB,

V.

i.

in a good sense, when the laudable in an ill sense, when it It is sometimes is illegal or iniquitous. equivalent to league, or to conspiracy. inen to overthrow say, a combination of to resist government, or a combinatio^i
;

We

denotes imth,

to

or against.
2.

Gibbon.

CO'MA,
dozing
sleep sons.
;

n.
;

[Gr. x"iua, lethargy.] Lethargy; a jireternatural propensity to a kind of stupor of diseased perLoxe.

To act
It is

in opposition.

Milton.

followed by ivith before the person and/or before the thing sought.

CO'MA,

n. [L. from Gr. xofir;, a head of hair.] In botany, a species of bracte, terminating the stem of a plant, in a tuft or bush ; as in Martyn. crown-imperial. In astronomy, hairiness the hairy appearance that surrounds a comet, when the
;

A
I

combats with
V.
t.

B for

his right
;

The changesthat may be 120. rung on twelve bells amount to 470,001,600. And the twenty four letters of the alphabet admit of 62,044,840,173,323,943,930,000 Encyc. changes or combinations.
amount to
; ;

COM'BAT,
force
2.
;

as, to

To fight with to oppose by combat an antagonist.

; ;

COMBI'NE,

To
as,

contend against to oppose to combat arguments or opinions.

71.

to resist

COM'BAT,
resist,
;

fighting
;

earth or the spectator and the sun.

is

between the comet

overthrow or conquer
battle

CO'MART,
article
;

n.
a.

[con

and maH.]
Obs.

treaty

force engagement of armies.

;

a struggling to contest by as the combat ;

;

1.

It. coynbiV. I. [Fr. combiner nare ; Sp. combinar from the Low Latin combino, of com and binus, two and two, or double.] To unite or join two or more things to
;

hnk closely

of men. Friendship combines the hearts ^7ton.

; ;

together.

agreement.

Shak.

2.

CO'MATE,

[L. comatus,
;

0-MA'TE,

ciamh, ciahh.] Hairy a coma, or bushy appearance, like hair. Shak. fellow ". [co and mate] Shak. mate, or companion.

from coma ; Ir. encompassed with

COMBATANT,

COM'BATANT,
3.
;

To agree to accord to settle by compact. a fighting between two men 2. duel Sha'c[M)i usttal] of a doubtful cause, formerly, a formal trial between two 3. To join words or ideas together; opposed or decision of a controversy Jolinson. to analyze. or bastons. persons, by swords To cause to unite to bring into union or a. Contending ; disposed confederacy. B. Jonson. to contend. France comhi.Till' violences of revoUitionarj-

)i.

A person who combats

CO'MATOSE, CO'MATOUS,
COMB,

or valley between hills Brown. mountains. [JVot in tise.] COMB, n. b silent. [Sax. camb, a comb

sleep; sleep ; lethargic. n. [Sax.]

to naturally disposed natural drowsy; dozing, without Gieic. Coxe.

S

[See

Coma.]

Preter-

any jierson who an arniv, or fleet. A duefhst one who fights or contends in of a private quarrel battle, for the dec ision a champion. or diflerence in 3. A person who contends with another
;

or fights with another,

ned the powers of Europe

in opposition.

COMBI'NE,
lesce.

V. i.

To

unite, agree or coato justify the

Honor and
ure.
.

policy

combine

meas-

To unite
together.

in friendship or

design

to league

cemban, to

knmm

argument, or controversy. comb G. kamm ; D. kam ; Sw. COM'BATED,i>;). Opposed; Dan. ftom,a comb; Ir.ciomoiOT, to
;

resisted.
JjOCrCC;

Vou

with your foes combine.

To unite

by

aftiuitv,

Vrytteiu or natural attraction.

COM
substances which will not combine of tlieinselves, may be made to combine, by the intervention of a tJiinl. To confederate ; to unite as nations. 4. The powers of Europe combined against France. United closely ; associaCOMBI'NED,

COM
men
Qu.
;

C O
to

Two

Sw. komma
cam,
(.J
;

Dan. komvier,

come.
qu.
7.

27.

W.

Ir.

ceim, a step.

And

the G. keimen, Icelandic keima, to bud, or gemiinate.

It is

To become.

pp. ted; leagued; confederated; united.

hair, wool, &,c. n. Borrowed hair

to rise, or Dip stand erect to set or establish ; to subsist, consist, remain; to rectify-, or set in order;

the Ar.

Heb. Ch.

8.

Shak. So came I a widow. appear or be formed, as butter to advance or change from cream to butter a common use of the word as, the butter

To

diimically

and

COMBING, ;?pr.
OMBING,

Separating and adjusting

combed over
Bp. Taylor.

a bald part of the head.

[Local.]
;

COMBI'NING, ppr.
in

purpose

Uniting closely joining uniting by confederating

;

eOMBLESS,

cliiinical affinity. Without a.

a comb or crest

as a combUss cock.

l^hak.

COMBUST', a. When a planet

comburo.\ is in conjunction with the sun or apparently very near it, it is said to be combust or in combustion. The distance within which this epithet is applicable to a to be 8i planet, is said by some writers of degrees others say, witliin the distance half the sun's disk. COMBUST' IBLE, a. [Fr. combustible ; Sp. from L. combuio, combustiim.] id. That will take fire and burn capable of catclnng fire ; thus, wood and coal are com buslible bodies. substance that will COMBUST'IBLE, .
; ; ;

[L. combustus,

1.

comes. Hudibras. Arabic, to be thick, stiffor congealed. The senses of the words appear to be very 9. Come, in the imperative, is used to excite diflerent ; but we use come in the sense of attention, or to invite to motion or joint the action come, lot us go. rising or springing, applied to corn; corn comes or comes up, G. keimen. So the This is the heir come, let us kill liira. butter comes, when it separates from the When repeated, it sometimes expresses or stiff. And is haste ; come, come. Sometimes it expresswliey and becomes tliick not our conunon use of come, when we ines or introduces rebuke. vite another to begin some act, or to move, As the sense of come is to move, in almost any manner, in its various applica-' equivalent to rise, being originally directed to persons sitting or reclining, in the oritions, that sense is mollified indefinitely by ental maimer ? other words used in connection with it. Coming implies moving, : Thus with words expressing approach, it driving, shooting along, and so we use set we say, to setfoncard ; the tide sets north- denotes advancing nearer; with words exerly.] pressing departure, afrom, of, out of, &c., To move towards; to advance nearer, it denotes motion from, &c. To come about, to happen to fall out to any manner, and from any ilistance. come to pass to arrive. How did these say, the men come this way, whether riding or on foot the wind comts from the west come about ? So the French venir it things the ship comes witli a fine breeze; hght bout, to come to the end, that is, to arcamcs from the sun. It is appUcable perrive. haps to every thing susceptible of motion, To come about, to turn to change to come and is opposed to g-o. round. The wind will come about from
in
; ;

m We

2.

To draw nigh;
vii.

to
all

approach;

to arrive;

west

to be present. Come thou and

to east. is applied to a

thy house into the ark.

till

On

comes about. change of sentiments.

sliip

The

It

better thoughts, and

my

urged reasons,
to the true side.

a body wliich, in its heat rapid union with others, disengages Ure. and light.
take
fire

and burn

Gen.

All

my

time will
shall I

wait,

my

change come
?

They arc

cuine about, and

won

S. Jonson.

Job
Ps.

xiv.

COMBUST'IBLENESS,
COMBUSTIBIL'ITY,
;

of taking tire the cjuaUty of a substance and burning which admits the action of fire upon it capacity of being burnt, or combined with
^

"
,

The

quality

When
xlii.

come and appear before God

To come again,

to

return.

Gen.
xvi.

xxviii.

vi.

Then shall tlie end come. Math. xxiv. to come to obtain as, Thy kingdom come; thy will be done. Math To come at, to reach
;

Lev. xiv. To come after, to follow.

to
;

Math.

Also,

The

time has come.

as,

The quaUty of throwing

out heat and hglit, in the rajjid combination of its substance Ure. with another body. COMBUS'TION, n. combus'chun. [Low L.
7.

oxygen.

havoisitr. 3.

To advance and
condition
;

arrive at some state or the ships came to action the

;
''

is it come to this players came to blows His sons come to honor and he knoweth it Job xiv. not.
;

See Combust.] combiistio. The operation offnc on inflammable substances or according to modern chiniistry, the union of an inflannnable substance with oxygen, attended with light, and in most instances, with heat. In the combustion of a substance, heat or caloric is disengaged, and oxygen is absorbed.
;

I wonder how he came to know what issue from. how did he come by his; To come back, to return. had been done knowledge ? the heir comes into possession To cotnc by, to pass near
;

reach of; to gain be able to take or ])0sses3. prize those most who are hardest to come at. To comi at a true knowledge of ourselves. Mdiso7i. Also, to come towards, as in attacking. To come away, to depart from ; to leave ; to
;

come after a book. to arrive within to come so near as to

We

of his estate; the man will come in time to abhor the vices of his youth, or he vill come to be poor and despicable, or to

a popular phrase. that is, to Also, to obtain, gain, acquire fomc ttear, at or close.
; ;

Examine bow you came by

all

your

state.

Lavoisier.

This theory of Lavoisier being found

somewhat
tion
is

defective, the following defini-

Combustion is the disengagement o^hcat and light which accomgiven.

Ure. panies chimical combination. Combustion cannot be regarded as dependent on any peculiar principle or form of matter, but must be considered as a general result of intense fVebster's Man. of Chim. chimica] action. 2. In /)o/)ii/ar tojig'tiffg'e, a burning; the processor action of fire in consuming a body, attended with heat, or heat and fiame as the combustion of wood or coal. a great fire. Hence, fV-om 3. Conflagration the violent agitation of tire or flame, 4. Tumult; violent agitation with hurry and noise ; confusion uproar. Hooker. MUton. Dryden.
; ; :

poverty. In these and similar phrases, we observe the process or advance is applied to the body or to the mind, indifferently ; and to persons or events. To happen or fall out as, how comes Hence when that ? let come what will. followed by an object or person, with to or on, to befall to light on. After all that has come on us for our evilj Ezra ix. deeds.
; ;
j

Dryden.
not an uregular or improper use of this word. It is precisely equivalent
is

This

to possess, to sit by.

[.Sec Possess.]

So

iu

Ger. bekommen, D. bekoomen, to get or obtain

;

the by or ie prefixed.
Sinai.

To come down,

to descend. The Lord will come rfoicre on mount Ex. xix. Also, to be humbled or abased.

Your

principalities shall

comedown.

Jer.

xiii.

All tilings

come

alike to

all.

Eccles.
;

ix.
;

Come doicn

for, view to apoear come after. in the as, blood or color comes and goes To come forth, face. Spenser. Shak. Gen. XV. Is.

To advance or move

into

To come

to

from thy glory. Jer. xlviii. come to get or obtain

to

to

issue or proceed
;

from.

COME,

prct. came, part. come. [Sax. cuman, or civiman ; Gotli. cwiman, pret. cwom ; D. koomen, pret. kwam ; G. komI',

i.

To sprout, as plants ; to spring. The " In the corn comes or comes up. coming or sprouting of malt, as it must not come too too much." Mor-\ little, so it must not come So Bacon uses the word and this' timer. ut^e of it coincides nearly with the sense of quoin, 2 Kings xix. 26. and in the
;

xi. Micah v. Also, to depart from to leave. Mark ix. Also, to come abroad. Jer. iv. To come from, to depart from to leave.
;

Dip,

same

In popular language, this phrase is equivawhere is his native place or former place of residence where did this man, this animal or this plant originate. chapter inserted in Isaiah xxxvii. To come home, that is, to come to home, or
lent to,
;

COM
)lie
; ;

COM
;

COM
COME-OFF,
n.

to happen to. to arrive at the dwelling. house Al.'o, to fall on Lest that come on you, which is spoken of in Hence, to come close to press closely ; to Acts xiii. the prophets. touch the feehngs, interest, or reason. Also, to invade to rush on. [See Home.] To come over, to pass above or across, or To come in, to enter, as into an inclosnre. In distillafrom one side to another. Also, to comply to yield as, come in tion, to rise and pass over, as vapor. .iiid submit. Also, to pass from one party, side or Also, to arrive at a port, or place of rendezvous as, the fleet has come in. army to another; to change .sides. to bo To conic onf, to depart or proceed from. Also, to become fashionable They shall come ont with great substance. brought into use. (Jen. XV. Silken garments did not come in till late. .'Irbulhnol. Also, to become pubhc to escape from concealmetit or privacy to he discovered Also, to enter as an ingredient or part as, the truth is come out at last. of a composition. Also, to be iniblislied, as a book. The A nice sense of comes in to
; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Means of escape
this

evasion;

excuse. Wo do not want

come-off.

Grellman, 172. n. [See Comedxj.] An actor or player in comedy or a player in genmale or female. Camden. eral, 2. A writer of comedy. Peach((ni. COM'EDY, u. [L. commlia ; Gr. xuuubia. Qu. from xufiri, a village, and u5)j, or rather afiSu), to sing, and denoting that the comedian was a strolling singer ; or

COME'DIAN,

propriety

lieight-

en the

cliaracter.

Also, to

grow and produce

to

come

to

maturity and yield.

If the corn come.^ in

have a supply, without imwell, portation. Crops come in light. Geu. xxxviii. Also, to lie carnally with. To come in for, to arrive in time to take a share. Johnson says tliis i)hrase is taken from hunting, where the slow dogs take nothing. Qu. But the sense in disclose. Boyh which we now use the phrase has no refer To come not to accomplish. short, to fail It is, to eiice to time or slow movement. All have sinned and come short of the glory others in taking a part. unite with of God. Rom. iii. The rest came in for subsidies. Swift. To come to, to consent or yield. Swift. To come into, to join with to bring help. Also, to amount to as, the taxes come to a large sum. Also, and more generally, to agree to to miite with others in to comply with Also, to recover, as from a swoon. adojiting as, to come into a measure or To come together, to meet or assemble. scheme. to happen to To come to pass, to be To come near, to approach in place. Hence The phrase is to be elTccted. fall out much used in the conmion version of the metaphorically, to approach in quality to arrive at nearly the same degree in a ([ual scriptures, but is seldom found in modern ity, or accomplishment ; to resemble. English writings. Temple. To come up, to ascend to rise. To come nigh, is popularly used in like senAlso, to spring to shoot or rise above
shall
;
; ;

we

out in <|iuirto. Also, to end or come to an issue ; as, how come out; he has come out well at last. To come out of, to issue forth, as from confinement, or a close place ; to proceed or dei)art from. Also, to issue frotn, as descendants. Kings shall come out o/thee. Gen. xvii. To come out icith, to give publicity to ; to
will this aflair

work comes

whether the first syllable is from xufto;, a merry feast, whence comic, comical, the latthat the comedian was ter indicating characterized by buflToonery. The latter coincides in elements with the English
-V

game.] dramatic composition intended to represent himian characters, which arc to bo imitated in language, dress and manner, by actors on u stage, for the amusement of spectators. The object of comedy is said to be to reconmiend virtue and

make
is

vice ridiculous

but the real effect

amusement.
adv. cum'lily. In a suitable or
[Little used.]

COMELILY,
ly.]

decent manner.

Sherwood.

COMELINESS,

)(. cum'liness. [See ComeThat which is becoming, fit or suitaComeliness of ble, in form or manner. person implies symmetry or due proportion of parts; comeliness of manner im" It plies decorum and propriety. signi-

fies

less elegant prettiness."

something less forcible than beauty. than grace, and less light than
Johnson.

careless comeliness with

comely

care.

Sidner/.

He

COMELY,
ing,

hath no form nor comeliness. Is. a. cum'ly. [from come.

is

liii.

2.

The

sense of suitableness
putting in order. iroin convenio.]
;

often fiom meetadjusting, conveniens,

ses.

To come no near, in seamanship, to the helmsman not to steer

the wind.

is

an order

Bacon. the earth, as a plant. Also, to come into use, as a fashion.

coming together, So in Latin,

; :

whence

so close to

To come up

To come

of,

to issue

from

to jtrocced

from

as a descendant.
O/" Priam's royal race

my

mother came.
efl'ect

suitable whence, handturn it tlie contrary way, so as to slacken Properly, becoming some graceful. Jipplied to person or form, the rope about it. it denotes symmetry or due proportion, To come up the tackle fall, is to slacken it but it expresses less than beautiful or ele-

the capstern, in

seamanship,

is

to

gently.

Also, to proceed from, as an a cause.

This comes of judging by the eye.

^\^lence
lusts
.'

Dryden Tv come up to, to approach near. Also, to amount to. from Also, to advance to to rise to. To come up with, to overtake, in following
;

gant. I have seen a son of Jesse 1 Sam. xvi.

I

a comely person.

will not
xli.

conceal his comely proportion.

Job
2.

come wars James iv.

to depart

come theyL'Estrange not of your

from
;

To come

or pursuit. upon, to vade.

in
ter.

fall

on
:

to attack or in-

Decent : suitable ; proper ; becoming ; suited to time, i)lace, circumstances or persons.

Praise
Is
it

To come
on.

off,

to

remove from To come,

come.

futurity
to

to

happen hereafSuccess
is

In times

come.

yet

to

is comely for the upright. Ps. xxxiii. comely that a woman pray to God un?

Also, to depart or deviate from a line or point ; to become wider ; to dilate.

covered

Come

Bacon.
Also, to escape
If
;

to end ; to arrive at the final issue ; as, to come ojj'with honor or disgrace. To come off from, to leave ; to quit. Felton.

The end Aschitm. fully. come, thou COMiSR, n. One that coines one who ajione who has arriveil and is come, he w come, we are come, &c. proaches This use of the substantive verb, fi>r have, present. is perhaps too well established to be reject- COMESSA'TION, n. [L. comessalio.] ed ; but have or has should be used in such Feasting or reveling. Hall. To come on, to advance to proceed as, phrases. In the jihrase, ''come Friday COMESTIBLE, a. [Fr.] Eatable. \J\ol rome on, brave boys night is coming on. come Candlemas," there is an ellipsis of IVotton. u.fcd.] So we say, the young man comes on well certain words, as ivhen Fridaij shall come. COMET, n. [I,, cometa; Gr. xoujjt'ijs; from in his studies, and the phrase often denotes Come, come, the repetition of come, exa hairy star.] xo/i)j, coma, hair;
they come off
sate, call tlieir deliverance a

to get free.

Take a lease for years to come. Locke is an intransitive verb, but the ])artici. the substan))le come is much used with
tive verb, in the passive form. of all flesh is come." I am
art

O what

1 Cor. a world

xi.
is
tliis,

when what
it.

is

Envenoms him

that bears

cpmely Shak.

"

COMELY,

adv. cum'ly.

Handsomely; grace;

miracle.

Addison.

Hence,

prosi>erous advance, successful improvement. So we say of j)lants, they come on well, they grow or thrive that is,

l>resses haste, or exhortation to Sometimes it introduces a threat.

hasten.

An opake, spherical, solid

COME,

7!.

sprout.

[Mtt used.]
Mortimer.

they proceed.

body, like a planet, but accompanied with a train of light, perfnrruing revolutions about the sun, in an in one of its elliptical orbit, having the sun

COM
foci.

COM
if

COM
COM'FREY, COM'FRY,
j

In
it

its

approach to

its pcriiielion,

and after passing its perideparts into remote rcgioys and disappears. In popular language, comets are tailed, bearded or ha{ri/,hut these terms are taken from tlie appearance of the liglit which attends them, which, in dirterent positions with respect to the sun, exhibits the form of a tail or train, a beard, or a border of hair. Wlien the comet is westward of tlie sun and rises or sets before it, the liglit appears in the morning like a train beginning at the body of the comet

becomes
helion,

visible,

2.

strength, or signifies properly animation and relief from pain is often the cflect of strength. In a popular sense, the word signifies rallier negatively the absence of pain and the consequent quiet, than positi\ e animation. the case Relief from distress of nriind

word

new

[Qu. L. conftrmo, equiva.

\etn to consolida.]

A genus
Sec

of plants, the Symiihytum. COM'IC, a. [L. comicus ; Gv.

Comedy.']
1.

xu/ttxos.

arid(iu)et which is experienced when pain, It trouble, agitation or affliction ceases. implies also some degree of positive ani-

n. A game at cards. Soulher'ne. comforts of life. A machine exhibiting cOM'FORTABLE, a. Being in eOMETA'RIUM, eOM'ETARY, S "'1 idea of the revolu- ease, or moderate enjoyment

of 17()!1, [which I saw,] when it rose in the morning, presented a luminous train that extended nearly from the horizon to the meridian. When the comet and tlie sim are opposite, the earth being between them, the comet is, to the view, immersed in its train and the light appears around its body like a fringe or border of hair. From the train of a comet, this body has obtained the popular name of a blazing star. Herschel observed several comets, which appeared to have no nucleus, but to be merely collections of vapor condensed about a center. (-'i/c.
)

and extending westward and diverging in proportion to its extent. Thus the comet

mation of the spirits ; or some pleasureable sensations derived from hope, and agreeable prospects consolation. Let ine alone, that I may take comfort a little.
;

Relating to comedy, as distinct from traWaller. gedy. fitted to excite mcnimcnt. ,2. Raising mirth Shak. a. COM'ICAL, Relating to comedy comic. Gay. 2. Exciting mirth diverting sportive droll.
j

3.

Job X. Daughter, be of good comfort ; thy faith hath made tncc whole. Mat. ix. Support consolation under calamity, distress or danger. Let thy merciful kindness be for my comfort.
;

say, a buffoon is a comical fellow, or his story or his manners are comic".

We

Mdison.

COM'ICALLY,
i

adv. In a

manner
in a

befitting
to

2.
1

comedy. In a comical manner;

raise mirth.
7i.

manner

Ps. cxix.
4.

COM'ICALNESS,
comical
mirth.
;

That which gives strength or support

in

the

power

quality of being or quality of raising

The

distress, difiiculty, danger, or infirmity. Pious children are the comfort of their aged
parents.
5.

COM' IN G, ppr.
or nigh
2.
;

In

law,
;

support

assistance
;

counte-

nance
0.

encouragement

as,

an accessory

Johnson. [See Come.] Drawing nearer approacliing ; moving towards ; advancing. a. Future as, in coming yet to come
; ;

OM'ET,

or comfort to a felon. That which gives security from furnishes inoderate enjoyment
afti)rds aid

ages.

want and
;

3.

Forward

as

the

How
[The

ready to come. coming to tlie poet every muse.

;

Pope.

tion of a

comet round the sun.

a.

OM'ETARY,

COMET'I, a. Relating to a comet. eOM'ET-LIKE, o. Resembling a comet.

Knnic. son after sickne.ss or pain. I'ertauiing to a comet". most common use of the icon/ in the U. States. Che)jne. 2. Admitting comfort ; that may atiijrd comfort.

a state of as a perThis is the

;

latter seyise is noio

COM'ING, 71. The act of coming; approach. 2. The state of being come; arrival. The Lord hath blessed thee since my coming.
Gen. XXX.

unusual.]

COM'ING-IN,

Ji.

Entrance.

COMETOG RAPIIY,
ypa^u, to describe.]
tise

of comets.
\

I know can promise him a comfortable appearthy going-out and thy coming-in. Shak. 2 Kings xix. ance before his dreadful judge ? South. n. [comet and Gr. 3. Giving comfort ; affording consolation. 2. Beginning ; commencement ; as the comThe word of my lord the king shall now be description or trea2 Kings xiii. i?ig--m of the year.

Who

0M'F1T,

used.] [JVot [D. konfyt ; G. confed ; 4. Placing ahove want and affording modeShak. rate enjoyment ; as a comfortable provisDan. confict; l\: coiiftt, COM'FITURE, S 4. Compliance ; submission. [jYot in use,] ion for old age. confiture ; It. confetlo, conj'ettiira, or conMassiiigcr. n. The state of fezione ; Sp. confUe ; Port, confeito ; Irom <7. [L. comilia, an assembly |COMI"TI.\L, the L. confecttira,confectiis,conJlcio,con and enjoying comfort. of the Romans ; probably formed fiora adv. In a manner to facia, tamake.] cum and eo, Ir. coimh, W. cym or cyv.] A dry sweet-meat ; any kind of fruit or root give comfort or consolation. 1. Relating to the comitia or popular as.semSpeak ye comfortably to Jerusalem. Is. xl. preserved with sugar and dried. Julmson. bhes of the Romans, for electing officers COM'FIT, V. t. To preserve dry with sugar. 2. With comfort, or cheerfulness; without and jiassing laws. Middleton. despair. Coivley. Hope comfortably and cheerfully for God's i2. Relating to an order of presbyterian aseOM'FIT-MAKER, u. One who malies or semblies. Hammond. performance. Bp. Bancroft. prepares comfits. 71. txom comes, mild, eoM'FORT, t'. t. [Low L. confoHo ; Fr. eOM'FORTED, pp. Strengthened ; conso- COM'ITY,Ir. [L. comitas, affable ; led ; encouraged. caomh.] conforter ; Arm. conforii, or conforta ; It. n. One who administers Mildness and suavity of manners ; courtesy ; confnrfare ; Sp. and Port, confurlar ; Ir. Wellbred peocomfort or consolation ; one who strength civility ; good breeding. cumh-fliurtach, comfort, and furtachd, id.; are characterized by comity of manens and supports the mind in distress or ple fartaighim, to relieve or help ; from the L. ners. danger. con and /or/is, strong.] I looked for comforters, but found none. Ps. COM'MA. 71. [Gr. xoft/ia, a segment, from 1. To strengthen; to invigorate ; to cheer or Ixix. xortfM), to cut off.] enliven. Miserable comforters arc ye all. Job xvi 1. In writing and printing, this point [ , ] deLight excelleth in comforting the spirits of men. Bacon. 2. The title of tlie Holy Spirit, whose office noting the shortest pause in reading, and it is to comfort, and sii]ipoit the christian. Comfort yc your hearts. Gen.xvUi. separatuig a sentence into divisions or But the Conforter, the Holy Spirit, whom the members, according to the construction. 2. To strengthen the mind when depressed " There Father will send in my name he shall teach is not a just man Thus, or enfeebled ; to console ; to give new viupon you all things. John xiv. eartli, that doeth good, and sinneth not." gor to the spirits ; to cheer, or relieve from " Virtue, wit, knowledge, are e.xcellent COM'FORTING, ppr. Giving strength or depression, or trouble. " Live His friends came to mourn witli liim and to ease ; cheering ; encouraaccomplishments." ; soberly, rightspirits giving comfort him. Job ii. eously, and piously, in the present world." ging ; coiisolinff. 3. In law, to relieve, assist or encourage, as COM'FORTLESS, rt. Without comfort 2. In music, an enharmonic interval, being ; the accessory to a crime after the fact. the eighth part of a tone, or the difierence without any thing to alleviate misfortune, Blackstone. between a major and a minor semitone ; or distress.
I
I

comfortable.

Sam.

xiv.

,3.

Income; revenue.

now

COMFORTABLENESS,

COMFORTABLY,

'

COMFORTER,

COM'FORT,
rest or

n. Relief from pain ease moderate pleasure after pain, cold or distress or uneasiness of body. The
;
;

will not leave

COM'FORTRESS,
comfort.

you comfortless. John xiv ?i. A female that affords

a term used in theoretic music to show the exact proportions between concords. Encyc. Harris.

COM
3. Distinction.

C O
jCOMM ANDATORY,
I

M
a.

COM
name who pubhshed
thy
to

L. Addison COMM'AND, )'. I. [It. comandare ; Sp. comandar, mandar ; Arm. coumandi ; Fr, commander ; con, or com, and L. mando, to
poiniiiand, to commit to, Basque manatu literally, to send to, to send forth, from the .^ame root as commend, demand, and L.
1.

of a command.
;

Having the force

iCOMM'ANDED,
I

published catalogues of plants ; the smaller petal representing another of the

nothing.
Gloss, de Botanique,
a.

who

COMM'ANDER,

and

moneo. See Class Mn.] To bid; to order to direct; to charge implying authority, and power to control to require obedience.
;

pp. Ordered; directed; governed controlled. v. A chief; one who has a leader the chief supreme authority oflicer of an army, or of any division of it. The term may also be applied to the ad; ;

De

Theis.
;

eOMMEM'ORABLE,
honor.

Memorable worcommemoro See Mem-

COMMEMORATE,
To
ory.] call to

be remembered, or noticed with [See Memorable.]

v.
t.

[L.

miral of a fleet, or of a squadron, or to any supreme oflicer; as the commander of the land or of the naval force the com;

con and memoro, to mention.

We
I

Hill sacrifice to the

\is.

Lord our Go<l, as he

viii.

shuU comitiaml

Ex.

2.
I

mandcr of a ship. One on whom is bestowed a benefice or

that he [Abraham] will command hi5 children and his household after him, and
tlicy shall xviii.

know

keep the way of the Lord.

;

Gen

j3.

9.

govern, lead or direct to have or to exercise supreme authority over. Lord Wellington commanded an army in Spain he commanded the army at the battle
;

To

i4.

A heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in paving, &c. [This gives us the primary sense of L. mando, to send, to drive.] An instrument of surgery. Wiseman.
}
<,

commandry.

remembrance by a solemn act to celebrate with honor and solemnity to honor, as a person or event, by some act of respect or aftection, intended to preserve the remembrance of that person or event.
; ;

The Lord's supper

is

designed to

commemo-

COMM'ANDERY, COMM>ANDRY,

[Fr.

'^'U'l

commanderie.] of benefice!

of Waterloo.
3.

be able to exercise power or authority over; as, a military post commands the siurouiiding country a fort
in jiower
;

To have

to

commands
5.

the harbor.

5.

overlook, or have in the power of the eye, without obstruction. One side commamis a view of the finest Addison. garden in the world. To direct to send. The Lord shall command the blessing on
;

To

COMM ANDING,
;

or fixed revenue, belonging to a militaryj order, conferred on knights of merit.! There are strict and regular commandries,! obtained by merit, or in order; and other.'?! are of grace and tavor, bestowed by tliel Grand ftlasler. There are also command-' ries for the religious, in the orders of St. JJernard and St. Anthonv. Encyc.
;

brance by some act of solemnity. eOMMEM'ORATING, ppr. Celebrating v^ith honor by some solemn act. COMMEMORATION, n. The act of calling to remembrance, by some solemnity ; the act of honoring the memory of some person or event, by solemn celebration. The feast of shells at Plymouth in Massachusetts is an annual commemoration of the first landing of our ancestors in 1620.

COMMEM'ORATED,jt>p.

rate the sufferings and dying love of our Savior. Called to remem-

thee.

Deut.

xxviii.

The Lord
Ps.
C.
xlii.

will

command

his loving kindness

To have or to exercise a controlling ence over.

A
affections of the people.
V. i.

influ-

good magistrate commands the respect and

COMMANDINGLY,
ing manner.

orderin, ppr. Bidding directing with authority governing bearing rule exercising supreme author in power ity having overlooking without obstruction. a. Controlling by influence, authority, or dignity ; as a man of commanding man ners a commanding elo(iuence. adv. In a command
; ; ; ;

COMMEMORATIVE,
COMMEM'ORATORY,
serve the

a.

Tending

to pre-

serve the remembrance of something.

Atterbun/.
a.

Serving to pre-

COMMENCE,
and
1.

memory
V.
i.

of.

commens'. [Fr. commencer ; Port, come car ; Sp. comenzar ; It. cominciare ; Ann. coumancz. Perhaps com
initio.]

To
first

OMM>AND,

To have
; ;

supreme authority power; to govern mands with dignity and humanity. Wiiat general commands in Canada.'' eOMM'AND, 71. The right or power of
governing with chief or exclusive authority supreme ])ower control as, an officer has a brigade under his command ; he takes command of the army in France
; ; ;

or to exercise to possess the chief as, the general ^com-

COMM>ANDMENT,
mandate
;
;

n.

A command

an order or injimction given by authority charge precept. Why do ye transgress the commandment of
;

mence after
2.

begin to take i-lse or origin to have existence as, a state of glory to comthis life this empire comrnen; ; ; ;

ced at a late period. To begin to be, as in a change of character.

God.
This

Math. XV.
is

the

first

and great commandment.

3.
I

Math.

xxii.

A new commandment
love one another.

give to you, that

ye

2.

un appropriate military term. The power of controlhng governing

;

in3.

fluence

sway.
his

He
3.

assumed an absolute command over

John xiii. By way of eminence, a precept of the decalogue, or moral law, written on tables of stone, at Mount Sinai; one of the ten commandments. Ex. xxxiv. Aiithoritv coercive power. Shak.
;

COMMENCE,
2.

Let not learning too commence its foe. Pope. take a degree or the first degree in a Bailey. V. t. To begin ; to enter upon ; to perforin the first act ; as, to com-

To

tiniversitv or college.

mence operations. To begin; to originate; to bring; as, to commence a suit, action or process in law.
pp.

readers.

Dryden.
create, but

COMM'ANDRESS,

n.

A woman

COMMEN'CED,
; ;

Cogent or absolute authority. Command and force may often

can never cure, an aversion. The act of commanding uttered order given.
; ;

with supreme authority.

invested Hooker.
co-

COMMENCEMENT,

Begun
n.
;

originated.
;

commens'ment. Be-

Locke.
the

COM'ftlARK, n. [Fr. coman/ue ; Sp. The frontier of a country. marca.]

4.

mandate

Shelton. 2.

COMMATE'RIAL,
Consisting of the other thing.
the

a.

[con

and

material.]
aii-|

5.

Dryden. The power of overlooking, or surveying, without obstruction.

captain gives

The

command.

same matter with

7i.

Bacon.l
Participation of
Jolinson.i Brief-i
'

COMMATERIAL'ITY,
same
;

6.

The stcepy strand. Which overlooks the vale with wide command. Dryden. The power of governing or controlling by force, or of defending and protecting.
Tlic fortress has complete
port.

matter.

ginning rise origin first existence as the co/HnifMcemeji/ of New Style in 1752 ; the commencement of hostilities in 1775. The time when students in colleges commence bachelors a day in which degrees are publicly conferred on students who have fuiished a collegiate education. In Cambridge, Eng., the day when masters of arts and doctors complete their degrees.
;

eOM'MATISM,
ness

n. [from comma.] conciseness in writing.

a.

Hoiihington.

C03IMEN'CING,
ing on
;

OMMEAS'URABLE,
OM'MELINE,

command
;

of the

7.

That which is commanded control a body of troops under command.

a.

as

Marshall.

COMM>ANDABLE,
manded.

That may be com-

COMMANDANT',

commander; [Fr.] a commanding oflicer of a place or of a Svwllett. body of forces.

7!.

Reducible to the same commensurable is generally used. 7i. A genus of herbaceous' plants, Cdiimielina, natives of warm climates. This name was given to this ge-l nus by Linne, in honor of the Commelins, distinguished botanists of Holland. Tlie.se plants have flowers with three petals, two large and one small the large petals rep;

Bp. Horsley. [See Measure] measure. But

ppr. originating.
V.
t.

Beginning; enter-

COMMEND',
mando
dar
;
;

It.

commendo ; con and commendare Port, encoinmen[L.

;

Fr. recommander ; Sp. comandar, to command, and formerly to commend. This is the same word as command, differently
ap])lied.

The primary
;

or throw
infreat.]
1.

sense is, to send to hence, to charge, bid, desire or

'

represent as worthy of notice, regard, or kindness; to speak in favor of ; to ro-

To

resenting

John and Gaspard Commelin,

coiumend.

COM
1

COM
sister.

COM
we
arc ac- 2.

commend
;

to

you Phebe our

Rom.

Note. In imitation of

tlie

French,

That which explains or

man's conduct
declarations.
is

il'ustrates;

a.>,

xvi. 3.

To commit

to entrust or give in charge.

Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. Lul<e xxiii. 3. To praise ; to mention with approbation. T}e princes commended Sarai before Pharaoh. The Lord commended the unjust steward.

customed to use recommendation, &c., for commendation. But in most instances, it is better to use the word without the prefix re. A letter of commendation, is the preferable
phrase.

the best comment on his Poverty and disn"ace are very significant comments on lewdness, gambling and dissipation.

COMMENS'AL,
ble.]

One

Bible.

n. [L. con and mensa, tathat eats at the same table. Obs. Cliaucer.

3.

Remark

observation.
its

n. [Sp. conmenscUia ; n. comment oxpo; con and mensa, a table.] sition illustration of diffiexplanation viii. Fellowship at table the act or practice of cult and ob.scure passages in an author. 5. To produce or present to favorable noeating at the same table. [Little used.] 2. book of comments or annotations. tice. Brown. Gillies. 3. historical narrative a memoir of particTlic choru.s had an occasion of commending COMMENSURABIL'ITY, { " [Fr. com- ular transactions as the commentaries of their voices to the king. ; Dryden mensura\ Cesar. 6. To send or bear to. The capacity of being compared bxlite.] These draw the cliariot which Latinus sends. v.t. To write notes upwith another in measure, or of being COM'BIENTARY, And the rich present to the prince commemh on. \LiUle used.] measured by another, or of having a comDryden n. One who comBroiim. Hale COMMEND', n. Commendation. '[JVo< mon measure. ments one who writes annotations ; an a. [Fr. from con Shtik. used.] expositor; an annolator. [The accent on and L. mensura, measure. See Measure. a. [Fr. recommandable ; the first syllable and that on the third are That have a common measure ; reducible to It. commendabile. Formerly accented imnearly equal.] a common measure. Thus a yard and a proj)erly on the first syllable.] n. One that writes comfoot are commensurable, as both may be That may be commended or praised ; worments an annotator. measured by inches. Commensurable thy of approbation or j)raise laudable. 2. One who makes remarks. lunnbers are those which may be measur Order and decent ceremonies in the church notes or ed or divided by another number without COM'MENTING, ppr. Making are commendable. aco7i. comments on something said or written. a remainder as 12 and 18 which may be n. State of beCOMMENTP'TIOUS, a. [L. rommentitiiLS.] measured by G and ing coinniendable. Invented feigned imaginary. GlanviUe. adv. Laudably in a Commensurable ^urds are those which, being ?i. [Fr. commerce ; L. comreduced to their least terms, become true COM'ftlERCE, praise-worthy maimer. mercium con and mcrcor, to buy men, n. In ecchsiastical law,m figurative quantities of their kind and are mereo. Sec Class Mr. No. 3. It. commertherefore as a rational quantity to a raEngland, a benefice or living commended, cio ; Sp. comercio ; Port, commercio. Fortional one. Encyc by the king or head of the churrh, to the merly accented on the second syllable.] care of a clerk, to hold till a proper pas- COMMEN'SURATE, a. [It. commensurare ; 1. In a general sense, an interchange or muThis may be temporary tor is provided. Sp. conmensurar, whence conmensuralitual change of goods, wares, (iroductions, vo ; con and L. mensura, measure.] or perpetual. Blackslone. or property of any kind, between nations The trust or administration of the revenues 1. Reducible to one and the same common or individuals, either by barter, or by purmeasure. of a benefice given to a layman, to Iiold"as chase and sale trade traflick. Coma deposit for six months in order to re- 2. Equal proportional having equal meas merce is foreign or inland. Foreign comlire or extent. pairs, &.C., or to an ecclesiastic, to perWe lind nothing in this life commensurate to merce is the trade which one nation cartbrm tlie pastoral duties, till the benefice ries on with another; inland commerce, or our desires. is provided with a regular incumbent. inland trade, is the trade in the exchange v.t. To reduce to a Encyc. COMMEN'SURATE, of commodities between citizens of the conmion measure. n. [Fr. commen'daSURATELY, adv. With the same nation or state. Jkfive commerce. taire; It. commendatario, commendatore.] [See .Active.] One who holds a living in commendam. capacity of measuring or being measured Holder. 2. Intercourse between individuals; interOMMENDA'TION, n. [L. commendatio.] 2. by some other thing. change of work, business, civilities or With equal measure or extent. The act of commending; praise; favoraamusements mutual dealings in common ble representation in words declaration COMMENSURA'TION, n. Proportion, or life. of esteem. pro|)oition in measure; a state of liaving 3. Familiar intercourse between the sexes. a ciuiniion measure. Need we, as some others, letters ol commen4. Interchange reciprocal communications ; All fitness lies in a particular cornmensuration dation. 2 Cor. xxxi. or proportion, of one thing to another. South as, there is a vast commerce of ideas. 2. Ground of esteem, approbation or praise D. Webster. that which presents a person or thing to COM'MENT, r. i. [L. commentor, to cast in the mind, to think, to devise, to com eOM'MERCE, V. i. To IrafEck ; to carry on another in a favorable hght, and renders trade. Raleigh. pose from con and mens, mind, or the worthy of regard, or acceptance. with. same root. It. comenfare ; Fr. commenter 2. To hold intercourse Good-nature is tlie most commenda4.

To make

acceptable or more acceptable. But meat commendeth us not to God. 1 Cor.

COMMENSAL'ITY,
L. commensalis
;

In such a lime as tliis, it is not meet That every nice oft'ense should bear ment.

com'

Shale.

COMMENTARY,
:

A A

COMMEN'SURABLENESS,

COM'MENTATOR,
;

COMMENSURABLE,

COMMEND'ABLE.

COM'MENTER,
;

OMMEND'ABLENESS,

'.^.

eOMMEND'ABLY,

eOMMEND'AM,

COMMEND'ATARY,

COMMEN

godlike

tion of a man.
8.

Dryden.
;

Service

respects

message of
a.

love.

S|). comentar Mind.l

1.

Port,

commentar.

See

And

looks

commercing with the

a.

skies.

Milton.

Shak.

COMMEND'ATORY,
commend
; ;

Which

.serves to

presenting to favorable notice or rece])tion containing praise ; as a Bacon. Pope. commendalon/ letter. 9. Holding a benefice in commendam as a commendatort/ bishop.
;

2.

COMMENDATORY,
tion
;

n.

A commcnda
;

eidogv.
;

COMMEND'ED,
favorably

committed
n.

Sovth. pp. Praised represented COM'MENT, V. t. To explain. in charge. 2. To feign Obs. to devise.
;

notes on the works of an au thor, with a view to illustrate his meaning, or to explain pai-ticular passages to ex Ibllowed to expound to annotate plain say, to comment on an author by on. or on his writings. Dryden. Pope. To make verbal remarks, or observations, either on a book, or writuig, or on actions, Shak. events, or opinions.
^vrite
;
;

To

COMMER CIAL,
merce
2.

Pertaining to

com;

or trade

as commercial concerns

commercial relations.

We

Carrying on commerce
nation.

as a commercial
;

3.

Proceeding from trade

benefits or profits.

as commercial

COMMERCIALLY,
view.

adv. In a commercial
[L.

Fulk
Sjyenser. to illtis

COM MIGRATE,
and migro,

v.i.

commigro

Burke. ; con

COMMEND'ER,
or jiraiscs.
ing favorably
in charge.
;

One who commends COJM'MENT,

author
tion
; ;

n. note, intended trate a writing, or a diflicult passage in an

;
;

to migrate.]

To

COMMEND'ING,;>;)r.

Praising; represemcommitting, or delivering

annotation explanation exposi as the conunents of Scott on the

Scriptures.

migrate together; to move in a body from one country or place to another for permanent residence. [Little used.] COMMIGRA'TION, n. The moving of a body of people from one country or place

Vol.

I.

43

COM
to

C O
OMMISS.\'RIAL,
a.

M
commission,

COM
by

another with a view to pemianent res

n.

COJMMINA'TION,
1.

H'oodioard. [L. comminatio ; con and minatio, a threatening, from minor, to See Menace.'] tlinuiten.
ideiice.

[See Commissary.] Pertaining to a commissary. Smollett uses coinmissorial ; but this is not regular nor authorized.
7t.

The allowance made

ness,

to his authority.
is

buy or sell Hence,

for another

to a factor or

combusi-

mission-merchant for

COMMISSA'RIATE,
See Commissary.]

[Sp. comisariato.
;

tlneat or threatening ; a denunciation of punishment or vengeance.

The

2.

ain, and in othercountries, fi-om some propmissary's department. er authority, appointing and empowering Tooke, Russ. i. 575. certain persons to examine into the facta COM'MISSARY, n. [Fr. commissaire ; It and Port, commissario ; Sp. comisario ; Low relative to an alledged bankruptcy, and to L. covimissarius ; from commissus, com secure the bankrupt's lands and effects COMMIN'ATORY, a. Threatening dc mitto ; con and mitto, to send.] for the creditors. B. Jonson. noiincing punishment. OMML\"GLE, r. t. [con and mingle.] To 1. In a general sense, a commissioner one Commission of lunacy, is a commission issuto whom is committed some charge, duty mix together to mingle in one mass, or ing from the court of chancerj', to authoror oflice, by a superior ])Ower one who ize an inquiry whether a person is a Imiato blend. [See Mingle.] intimately is sent or delegated to execute some office tic or not. Shak. or duty, in the place, or as the representa- Commission-ofjicer, in the army or navy, is an COMMIN'GLE, v. i. To mix or unite to officer who has a commission, in distincas different substances. Bacon tive, of his superior. gether, 2. In ecclesiastical laiv, an officer of the bisli tion from subaltern officers. OMMIN'UATE, v. t. To grind. [,Yot used. merop, who exercises spiritual jurisdiction in COMMISSION-MERCHANT, n. [See Comminute] chant who transacts business as the agent places of the diocese, so far distant from COMMIN'UIBLE, a. Reducible to pow the episcopal see, that the chancellor canof other men, in buying and selling, and Brown. der. not call the people to the bishop's princireceives a rate per cent, as his commisCOM'MLNUTE, v. t. [L. comminuo ; con and sion or reward. pal consistory court, without jiutting them minuo, to lessen, from the root of minor ; to inconvenience. Ir. mion, min, fine, small, tender; W. main Jlyliffe. Encyc. COMMIS'SION, V. t. To give a commission 3. In a military sense, an officer who has the to empower or authorize by commisto of furnishing provisions, clothing, sion. The president and senate ajjpoint. charge man; Ar. ,, manna, to diminish. Class Commissaries are disbut the president commissions. &,c., for an army. Mn. No. 5.] United States tinguished by different names, according To make small or fine ; to reduce to minute to their duties ns commissary-general, who 2. To send with a mandate or authority. is at the head of the department of supj>articles, or to a fine powder, by breaking, A chosen band or grinding to pidverpounding, rasping, He first coimnissions to the Latian land. plies, and has under him deputy commis It is chiefly to tritiuate; to levigate. ize saries, and issuing commissaries ; the latter Dryden or wholly applied to substances, not liquiil. to issue or distribute the supplies. 3. To authorize or einpower. Bacon. 4. An oflicer who nuisters the Note. Commissionate, in a like sense, ha? rearmy, been used, but rarely. eOM'MINUTED, pp. Reduced to fine par- ceives and the muster-rolls, and
; ; ; ;
;

The recital of God's threatenings on sta ted days; an office in the Liturgy of tlie Cliiuch of England, appointed to be read on Asli Wednesday or on the first day of Lent. Encyc.

employment of a commissary or the whole body of oflicers in the com

oflace or

which is a certain rate per cent, of the value of the goods bought or sold. Commission of bankruptcy, is a commission
issuing frotn the Chancellor iu Great Brit-

transacting

ins]iects

; )ulvprized ; triturated. ppr. Reducing to fine particles; pulverizing; levigating. COMMINU'TION, n. The act of reducing

ticles

COM'MINUTING,
to a fine

jmwder or
;

verization.
3.

Attenuation

to small particles pulKay. Bentley. as comminniion of spirits.

;

Baron.

COMMIS'ERABLE,
able
:

[See CommiseraU:] Deserving of commiseration or pity jdli;

a.

that

may

excite

sympathy or

sor-

row.

This commiserable person, Kdwaid. Bucnn {^Little used.] ; COMMIS'ERATE, v. t. [L. rommiseror; con a crime. and miscreor, to l>ilj'. See .Miserable.] 2. The act of committing or sending to ; the {. To pity to compassionate ; to feel soract of entrusting, as a charge or duty. row, pain or regret for another in distress
;

keeps an account of the strength of the army, lie is called, the commissarij-geneThe commissary of hor.ses has the inspection of the artillery horses and the commissary of stores has charge of all the stores of the artillery. Encijc. COMMISSARYSIllP, n. The office of a commissary. Ayliffe. COMMIS'SION, n. [Fr. commission ; It. commlsione ; Sp. comision ; L. commissio, with a different application, from committo ; con and 7nitto, to send.] 1. The act of committing, doing, performas the commission of ing, or i)erpetrating
rat (if musters.
;

COMMIS'SIONAL; COMMIS'SIONARY,
tic tiscd
1

I ^

^-

Appointed by
warrant. [lAt-

COMMIS'SIONED,
commission
;

pp. Furnishe<l with a empowered authorized.

;

COMMIS'SIONER,

n.

person

who has

a commission or warrant from jiroper authority, to |)erform some office, or execute some business, for the person or govern-

ment which employs him, and gives him

as commissioners for settling authority the bounds of a stale, or for adjusting claims. COMMISSIONING, ppr. Giving a commission to fiunisliing with a warrant ; empowering by letters patent or other
; ;

writing

authorizing.

applied

to

Hence,

We
neath
2.

sliovild
ttie

persons. commiserate those wlio groan weight of age, disease or want.

;

3.
be-

Venham
;

To

regret

to pity

to commiserate

to be sorry for our mutual ignorance.

;

as,

Locke.

thing committed, entrusted or delivletters patent, or any writing from proper authority, given to a |)erson as his warrant for exercising certain powers, or the performance of any duty, whether civil, ecclesiastical, or military. Hence,

The

COM'MISSURE,
1.

ered

n. [L. commissura, from committo, commissus ; literally, a sending or thrusting together.] A joint, seam or closure; the place where two bodies or parts of H body meet and unite an interstice or cleft between particles or parts, as between plates or la;

4.

COMMISERATED,
passionating
;

pp. Pitied.
;//.

Charge
given.

order

mandate

authority
2.
liis

mellae.

COMMIS'ERATING,
feeling

Pitying;
for.

com

He

sorrow
n.

bore his great cotnmission in

look.

COMMISERATION,

Dryden.

COMMIS'ERATOR,

Pity ; compas 5. By a metonymy, a number of persons joinsion ; a sympathetic suflering of ))ain or ed in an office or trust. sorrow for the wants, aftlictions or dis- C>. The state of that which is entrusted, as tresses of another. the great seal was put into commission ; or I cannot tliink of these poor deluded creathe state of being authorized to act or ])ertjut with commiseration. tures, form .service, as a ship Is put into comOMMIS'ERATIVELY, ode. From com- mission. passion. Overhury. 7. In commerce, the state of acting imder aun. One who pities. thority in the purchase and sale of goods for another. Bivwn. To trade or do business on

In architecture, the joint of two stones, or application of the surface of one to that of another. Encyc. 3. In anatomy, a suture of the cranium of skull articulation the corners of the lips. Also, certain [larts in the ventricles of the brain, uniting the two hemisphere.s. Coxe. COMMIT', V. t. [L. committo, to send to, or thrust together; con and mitto, to send; Fr. mettre, to put, set or lay commettre, to commit It. mettere, commettcre ; Sp. meter, comcler ; Port, meter, eomiter.]
; ;

COM
Literally, to send to or upon ; to throw, piiti or lay upon. Hence, 1. To give in trust ; to put into the hands or power of another; to entrust; witli <o. Commit thy way to the Lord. Ps. xxxvii. The things thou hast heard of mc, commit to 2 Tim. ii. faithful nicu. 2. To put into any plare for preservation
;

COM
act of cYposing or endangering.

COM
[See Hamilton
;

the

Verb, No. 7 and

;

8.]

OMMIT'TED, pp.
;

Delivered in trust
; ;

giv
;

COMMO DIOUSN ESS,

; ;

ated we may pass life commodiously with out the restraints of ceremony.
;

en in charge deposited ; imprisoned done perpetrated engaged exposed referred to a committee.

Convenience fitness suitableness for its purpose as the commodiousness of a house or an apartment the commodiousness of a situation
11.
;

COMMITTEE,

in a deposit; as, to commit a passuj,'e book to memory ; to commit the body to the grave. 3. To put or send to, for confinement ; as, to commit an offender to prison. Hence for the sake of brevity, commit i.s used for imprison. The sheriff lias committed the offender. These two were committed, at least restrainClarendon. ed of their liberty. 4. To do ; to effect or perpetrate as, to commit murder, treason, felony, or tresto
;

pass. Tliou
5.

slialt

To join
How

not commit adultery. Ex. xx. or put together, for a contest to

;

match; followed by
G.

U'ith ; a latinism. docs Philopolis commit the opponent

More with the respondent. [Little tised.] To place in a state of hostility or incon" Committing short and long gruity. words." But this seems to be the same signification as the foregoing.

n. One or more persons, elected or ajjpointcd, to whom any matter or business is referred, either by a legislative body or either branch of it, or by a court, or by any corporation, or by any society, or collective body of men acting In legislative bodies, a house together. or branch of that body may resolve or form itself into a committee, called a committee of the whole hou^se, when the speaker leaves the chair, and one of the members acts as chairman. Standing committees are such as continue during the existence of the legislature, and to these are conunitted all mutters that full within the purposes of their appointment; as the committee of elections, or of privileSpecial committees are a[)pointed ges, &c. to consider and report on particular sub-

for trade.

COMMODITY,
1.

n. [L. commoditas; It. comodita ; Fr. commodite ; Sp. comodidad ; Port, commodidade. See Commode.]

ailvanPrimarily, convenience j)rofit " Men seek their interest. own tage In this sense it was used by commodittj.'" Hooker, Sidney, &c ; but this is nearly or
;

2.

wholly obsolete. That which affords ease, convenience or advantage any thing that is useful, but
;

commerce, including every thing movable that is bought and .sold, goods, wares, merchandize, produce of land and manufactures. Unless jierhaps animals may he excepted, the word includes ail the movables which are objects
of commerce.
Commodities
ney, the
are movables, valuable

|)articulurly in

jects.

common

measure.

COMMITTEESHIP,
profit

The

office

and
one

The

principal use of money is to save tlie

by moLocke. com-

of committees.

Milton.

COMMITTER, n. One who commits;

who
ted.

mutatioa of more bulky commodities. Arbuthnot.

7.

To

expose or endanger by a preliminary

docs or perpetrates.
a.

step or decision which cannot be recalled as, to commit the peace of a country by espousing the cause of a belligerent. You inif;hl have satisfied every duty of polit leal friendship without committing the honor of Junius your sovereign. or to pledge by to pledge S. To engage
;

COMMIT'TIBLE,
positing
;

That may be commiten-

[Little used.]

COMMIT'TING,;)pr.
gaging
sing.
;

South. Staple commodities are those which are the produce or mamifacture of a country, and constitute the principal articles of exporBrown. tation. Thus fiiiur is the staple commodGiving in trust; de
;

imprisoning

perpetrating
;

referring to a committee
t.

expo

do some act, or make different ingx-edients in one mass or comBrown some declaration, which may bind the pound. .Miiion is used by Shakspeare, but n person in honor, good faith, or consistenlianllv legitimate. cy, to pursue a certain course of conduct, or to adhere to the tenor of that declara- CO.MM'IX'TURE, 7. The act of mixing the state of being mingled the blending; tion. of ingredients in one mass or compound, 9. To refer or entrust to a committee, or select number of persons, for their consideBacon.] ration and report; n term of legislation ; '2. The mass formed by mingling different the petition or the bill is committed. as, things; composition; compound. Bacon. Shak. Jf'otton.' Is it the pleasure of the house to commit In Scots law, a method of acquiring propthe bill ? .3. COMMIT MENT, n. The act of committing erly, by blending different substances becommit one's self,
is

[L. comniisceo, commixlus ; con and misceo, to mix. Sec .Mir.] implication. The General addressed letters to Gen. Gates To mix or mingle ; to blend ; to mix, as different substances. Bacon. .Ycwton. and to Gen. Heath, cautioning them against any sudden assent to the proposal, wliich might pos- COMMIX', II. i. To mix ; to mingle. Shak. faith of blended. sibly be considered as committing the p/7. Mixed; Marshall. the United States. ppr. Mixing; blending. H. Mixture; abh-ndingof And with the reciprocal pronoun, to
;

COMMIX',

t.

COM MODOKE,

of New-York and Pennsylvania Hour and tobacco, of Maryland and Virginia cotton and rice, of S. Carolina and Georgia cotton and sugar, of Louisiana.
ity
;

COMMIX'ED, COMMIX'ING, COMMIX'TION,

1.

to

probably a corruption of the Italian comandatore, a commander; or the Spanish comendador, a superior of a monastery, or a knight who holds a conimandry.] The officer who commands a squadron or detachment of ships, destined on a particular enterprise. In the British marine, he b<^(U"s the rank of a brigadier-general

n.

[This word

is

;
:

a sending to prison a putting into prison imprisonment. It is equivalent to sending or putting in simply as u commitment to or for the sake tlie tower, or to Newgate of brevity, omitting the name of the place
; ; ;

it

is equivalent to putting into prison

as,

the offender is secured by commitment. An order for confining in prison. But more generally we use mittimus. 3. The act of referring or entrusting to a committee for consideration a term in le gislation ; as the commitment of a petition or a bill to a select number of persons for consideration and report. .4. The act of delivering in charge or en'2.
'

trusting.
5.

crime

doing, or perpetration, as of sin or a Clarendon. commission. Tho act of pledging or engaging or the
; ;

in the army, and his ship is distinguished by a broad red pendant, tapering to the outer end, and sometimes forked. Encyc. \ title given by courtesy to the senior captain, when three or more ships of war are cruising in company. Mar. Did. 3. The convoy or leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen, which carries a light iii her to conduct the other ships. top COMMODULA'TION, n. [L. con and modtUa'io.] Measure agreement. [Little used.] HakewUl. to different ])roprietors. longing Encyc. COMIVIO'DE, 71. [Fr. from L. commodus, COMMOIGNE, n. [Fr.] A monk of the same convent. [.Vo< in xise.] Selden. convenient con or com and modus, manner. See Mode.] COMMON, a. {L. communis ; Fv.commun; A kind of head dress formerly worn by la- Arm. coumtin ; It. comune ; Sp. comun ; Port, commum ; Goth, gamains ; Sax. geAddison. dies. COMMO'DIOUS, a. [Fr. commode; It. co- mctn ; G.gemein; D.gemecn; Sv,'. gemen; modo ; S\>. id. : J., commodus. Sec Mode.] Dmi.gemeen ; Ir. cumann ; Goth, gamana, a fellow, fellowship. This word may Convenient suitable fit proper adapted be composed of cum and man, men, the to its use or purpose, or to wants and neplural men being equivalent to people cessities; as a comrnodious house or room. and vulgus. The last syllable is clearly The haven was not commodious to winter in. Acts xxvii. 12. from the root of matty, which seems to beIt is followed hy for before a noun ; as a long to the root of ma?;, and mean is of the commodious for a camp. same family. Hence we see the connecplace DIOI SLY', adv. Conveniently in tion betw een common and mean, as vulgar, in a a connnodioiis manner from intlgus, Eng./o/A:.] suitably manner to afford ease, or to prevent un- 1. Belonging equally to more than one, or to as a bouse commodiously situeasiness; many indefinitely as, life aud sense are
;
i

COMMO

C O
common
to

IM

COM
states, and its powers are defined by statIt has jurisdiction of civil causes, utes. and of minor offenses; but its final juris-

C O
Aldermen
;

beast; the common the common wants privileges of citizens

;

man and

is very limited all causes of magcouncil-men constitute one body, called a nitude being removable to a higher Court Court of Common- Council. by a])peal or by writ of error. 3. serving for the use of all as the Common prayer, the liturgy of the Church of COMMON-CRIER, n. A crier whose ocwhich all the clergy of the common prayer. cupation is to give notice of lost things. England, Church are enjoined to use, under a pen- COMMON-HALL, n. A hall or liouse iu 4. Universal ; belonging to all as, the earth is which citizens meet for business. said to be the common mother of mankind. alty. Encyc. as common Common recovery, a legal process for recovn. One versed in 5. Public general frequent Common Law. ering an estate or barring entails. report. Spelman. Usual ; ordinary as the common opera- Common lime, in music, duple or double time, COM'MONPLACE, n. A memorandum; (3. when the semibreve is equal to two mina common topic. tions of nature the common forms of conims. COM'MONPLACE, v. t. To enter in a comveyance the common rules of civility. 7. Of no rank or superior excellence; ordi- In common, equally with another, or with monplace-book, or to reduce to general others to be equally used or participated lieads. Felton. nary, .ipplied to men, it sigifities, not noble, not distinguished by noble descent, or not by two or more as tenants in common ; Commonplace-hook, a book in wliich are to provide for children in common; to as registered such facts, opinions or obserdistinguished by otKce, character or talas a common man; a common sollands to two persons in common, or to vations as are deemed worthy of notice ents; sign or remembrance, so disposed that any one dier. twenty in common ; we enjoy the bounApplied to things, it signifies, not ties of providence in common. may be easily found. Hence commoiidistinguished by excelleuce or superiority as a common essay ; a common exertion. COM'MON, n. A tract of ground, the use place is used as an epithet to denote what is common or often repeated, or trite It however is not generally ecjuivalent to as of which is not appropriate<l to an indi a commonplace observation. mean, which expresses something lower vidual, but belongs to the public or fo a in rank or estimation. number. Thus we apply the word to an COM'MONABLE, a. Held in common. lewd as a common woman. 8. Prostitute Bacon. open ground or space in a highway, re 2. That may be pastured on common land. 9. In grammar, such verbs as signify both served for public use. Commonable beasts are either beasts of the action and passion, arc calleil common ; as "2. In Ian; an open ground, or that soil the plow, or such as manure the ground. use of which belongs equally to the inhabaspernor, I despise or am despised also, Blackstone. such nouns as are both mascuUne and itants of a town or of a lordship, or to a n. The right of pasturing feminine, as parens. certain number of proprietors or the proon a common the joint right of using any in botany, is one that 10. A common hud, fit which a man has in the land of anoth in connnon with others. Johtison. tiling contains both leaves and flowers a comer; or a right which a person has to pasn. The common people. mon peduncle, one that bears several flowture his cattle on land of another, or to COM'MONALTY, In Great Britain, all classes and conditions ers a common perianth, one that incloses or catch fish, or cut wood, or the dig turf, of people, who are below the rank of noa common several distinct fructifications like; called common of pasture, of turbary, bility. disof piscary, and of estovers. receptacle, one that connects several The commonalty, like the nobility, are divitinct fructifications. Martyn. Connnon, or right of common, is appended into several degrees. Blackstone. Common divisor, in niatliematica, is a number dant, appurtenant, because of vicinage, or In the United States, commonalty has no in gross. or quantity that divides two or more numvery definite signification. It is however Common appendant is a right belonging bers or quantities without a remainder. used to denote that i)art of the people who to the owners or occupiers of arable land live by labor, and are not liberally educaCommon Law, in Great Rritaiii and the Unito put commonable beasts upon the lord' ted States, the unwritten law, the law that ted, nor elevated by office or professional waste, and upon the lands of other persons receives its binding force from immemopursuits. within the same manor. This is a mat '2. The bulk of mankind. rial usage and universal reception, in disHooker. ter of most universal right. tinction from the written or statute law. n. One of the lower rank, Common appurtenant may be annexed to That body of rules, jirinciples and cusor common people one under the degree lands in other lordships, or extend to othtoms which have been received from our of nobility. Addison. er beasts, besides those which are gene 2. A member of the house of commons. ancestors, and by which courts have been this is not of common rally commonable governed in their judicial decisions. The Smft. but can be claimed only by imme 3. One who has a evidence of this law is to be found in the right, joint right in common morial usage and prescription. Bacon. reports of those decisions, and the records Common because of vicinage or neighbor 4. ground. of the courts. Some of these rules may A studein of the second rank in the unihood, is where the inhabitants oftwo townhave originated in edicts or statutes which versities in England one who cats at a ships, lying contiguous to each other, have are now lost, or in the terms and condicommon table. Johnson. usually intercoinmoned with one another, 5. A prostitute. tions of particular grant.^ or charters but Shak. the beasts of the one straying into the otli (>. A it is most probable that many of them oriFuller. partaker. this is a pennissive right. er's fields in judicial decisions foiuulcd on n. [L. commonUio. See COMMONL'TION, ginated Common in gross or at large, is annexei aud equity, or on local cus natural justice Monition.] Advice warning instruction. to a man's person, being granted to him and toms. [Little used.] or it may be claimed by his heirs by deed Common pleas, in Great Britain, one of the COMMON'ITIVE, a. Warning; monitory. prescriptive right, as by a parson of a courts, now held in Westminster king's [Liltte used.] church or other corporation sole. It consists of a chief justice and Hall. C0xM'310NLY, adv. Usually generally ; Blackstone. three other justices, and has cognizance ordinarily frequently for the most part ; of all civil causes, real, personal or mixed, COM'MON, v.i. To have a joint right with as, confirmed habits commonly continue others in corai7ion ground. Johnson. as well by original writ, as by remova' through life. from the inferior courts. A writ of error 'i. To board together to eat at a table in n. occurrence

2.

of men. Belonging

to the public

rate o\vnei\

The

having no sepa-

diction

and the lower house, of the common-council-men, elected by tlie several wards. In most of the American cities, the Mayor, Aldermen and common-

right to a

highway
;

is

common, General

COMMON-LAWYER,

COMMONAGE,
;

COMMONER,

in the nature of an appeal, lies from this court to the court of king's bench.

common.

COMMONNESS,
tle

Frequent

In some of

tlio

American

Btackslone. states, a court

COM'MON, adv. Commonly. COMMON-COUNCIL, n. The

city

Encyc. Shak.
council of a

2.

a state of being comnion or usual. Equal participation by two or more. [Litused.]

n. phi. The connnon people, or possess no honors or titles ; Chaucer. Shak. Dryden. In England, the lower house of Parliament, consisting of the representatives of

of common pleas is an inferior court, whose jurisdiction is limited to a county, and it is sometimes called a county court. This court is variously constituted in difTorunl

or corporate town, empowered to COM'MONS, make by-laws for the government of the who itdierit citizens. The common council of Lonthe vulgar.

don

consists of

two houses

the upper

3.

house, composed of the Lord

Mayor and

C O

M
W hen
3.

C O
not terrihed.
;

M
u-ith.

C O
Common
with

f ities, boroughs and counties, chosen by men possessed of the property or (|uulifiThis body is catioiis required by law. called the House of Commons. The House of Representatives in North Carolina hears the same name.
3.

ye hear of wars and commotions, be

have or enjoy a share of; ibllowed by

benefits are to be communicated all, but peculiar benefits with choice. Bacon. But Diomede desires my company, .\nd still communicates his pruise with me.

Luke

xxi.

Agitation perturbation; disorder of mind; heat excitement. He could not debate without commotion.
;

4.

table or in the same ha"" Their commons, though but coarse, were Dryden nothing scant. Doctors Commons, in Loudon, a college foundfor the profe.ssors of the Dr. ed

Common grounds ; land possessed or used by two or more persons in common [See Common.} Food provided at a common table, as in eat at the colleges, where many persons
same

COMMO'TIONER,
commotion.

n.

One

Clarendon. who excites

OMM0VE,
To
to imsettle
;

[Little used.] v.i. [L.commoveo.

;

Bacon.

Dryden.
3.

SeeJMoDc]
;

put in motion
V.
{.

to disturb

to agitate

eOMMU'NE,

by

Harvey,

civil

law,

where the

civilians

common

to-

in the \&X>, but rebuilt in 1(J72. To this college belong thirty four proctors.

gether.

The house was consumed

great

fire in

COM'MONTY,
;

Encyc. Scots law, land beJ!. In longing to two or more common pmjirietors or a heath or niuir, of v\hieh there has been a promiscuous possession by pasturage.

news, opinions, or fact-s. Formerly this verb had with before the " he communicated person receiving a., those thoughts only with the Lord Digby." Clarendon. But now it has to only. co)i in Latin, and ymun ; ym, noting ideu 4. To deliver, as to communicate a message ; If the woril tity, and iinaw, to unite. to give, as to communicate motion. formed from cy or cum and unus, it is radBut the COMMUNICATE, v.i. To partake of the ically difterent from common. Lord's supjier. Taylor. Latin communico accords with this word, Instead of this, in America, at least in and with comynon.] New England, commune is generally or alTo converse to talk together familiarly

a poetic word.
[Fr.

Thomson. communier ; W.

To impart, as knowledge ; to reveal; to give, as information, either by words, signs or signals ; as, to communicate intelligence,

cymunnw; Arm. communya. The Welsh word is by Owen considered as a compound of cy, a prefix equivalent to co and
i:

to imjiart sentiments mutually, in private 2. or familiar discourse ; followed by loith be fore the person.
there will I meet and commune with Ex. xxv. To have intercourse in contemplation or meditation. Commune with your own heart on your bed.

COMMONWEAL,
COMMONWEALTH',
1.

Encyc.
?

And

""
i

[See

If'eal

and
2.

thee.

n'ealth.]

An
civil

estabhshed form of government, or

;
;

or more generally, a state polity a body politic, consisting of a certain portion of men united by compact or tacit

Ps.

iv.

To have a communication or passage from one to another to have the means of passing from one to another; as, two houses communicate with each other a fortress communicates with the country ; the canals of the body communicate with Arhuthnol. each other. To have intercourse applied to persons.
;
; ;

ways

used.

agreement, under one form of government and system of laws. This term is applied to the government of Great Britain, wliicli is of a mixed character, and to other governments vvhicli are considered as free or to an popular, but rarely or improperly,
absolute government. is properly a free state

To partake of the sacrament or Lord's supper; to receive the communion common use of the word in America, as it is
in the IVelsh.

4.

To

have, enjoy or suifer reciprocally

have done well
that

to

have a share with another.

Ye
with

yc did communicate

my
to

atTliction.

Pliil. iv.
;;/;.

COMMU'NE,
in

France

one A small subordinate divis of the

n.

territorial district

COMMU'NICATED,
one
another
;

Imparted from
;

bestowed
;

delivered.
;

commonwealth
;

ions of the country introduced in the late revolution.

COMMU'NICATING,;?/>r. Imparting
supper.

giv-

a popular or re;

Communibus

annis, one year with another

ing or bestowing delivering. Partaking of the sacrament of the Lord's

a republic as presentative government the commonweallh of Massachusetts. The word signifies strictly, the common s:oo(t or the form of governliappiness ; and hence, ment supposed best to secure the i)idj|ic

on an average.

Communibus locis, one place with another on a medium. CO.ALMUNICABIL'ITY, n. [See CommuniThe quality of being communicacate.]
;

Leading or conducting from

place to

place, as a passage ; connected by a passage or channel, as two lakes communicating with each other.
4.

good.
2.
3.

ble

The whole body of people

pulilic.
;

in a state

The territory of a state as, all within the limits of the commomcealth.

the Shrik the laud

;

one

to another.

capability of being imparted from Johnsoji.

a.

Having intercourse by words,

messages
;

letters or

COMMU'NICABLE,

COMMUNICATION,
;

corresp(uiding.
7i.

The

act

of im-

[Fr.]
;

COMMONWEALTH'S'iAIAN,

Massuch usclts. n. One whoi

That may be communicated capable of being imparted from one to another; as, knowledge is communicable by words.
Lost
bliss, to
life is

parting, conferring, or delivering, from one to another as the communication of knowledge, opinions or facts.
2.

favors the connnonwealtli, or a republican

thee no more communicable. Milton.

ges

Intercourse by words, letters or messainterchange of thoughts or opinions,

;

OM'MORANCE, ? "

government.

Kternal
" "

communicable

to all.

Hooker.
Milton.

by conference or other means.

Israel, saying. past to be king

COMMORANCY, \ Y, S
ror, to

[L. commorans, com moror con and vio-

That may be recounted.

CoMiiumiicative
u.feil.
I

stay or delay.] dwelling or ordinary residence in a place

;

ready to impart. [JVot B. Jonson.

n.
;

Abner had communication with the elders of Ye sought for David in times over you. 2 Sam. iii. 'i^et your communication be, yea, yea nay,
;

COMMUNICANT,

abode habitation. Commorancy consists

in usually lying there.

Blnckxtone.

COM'MORANT,
residing
;

One who comunuies one who is entitled to partake of the sacrament, at the celebration of the Lord's supper.
at the Lord's table

nay.

Mat.
1

v.

In

Cor. XV. 33, " Evil communications

a.

Dwelling; ordinarily

trooker.

Atterhury.

inhabiting.

anil All freeholders within the precinct persons comniorant therein are obliged to

COMAnj'NICATE,
all at-

v.

t.

[L.
It.

I'rom communis,

common;

conummico, comunicare;

3.

corrupt good manners," the word may signify conversation, colloquial discourses, or customary association and famiharity. Intercourse interchange of knowledge ; correspondence ; good understanding be;

tend the court-leet.

Blackatone.

1.

COMMO'RIENT,
iiig at

the

same

a. [L. commorkns.] time. n.

Dy

COM'MOTHER,
used.}

godmother.
commotio,

[Liltle

Fr. communi/juer.] To impart to give to another, us a partaker to confer for joint possession to as that which the receiver is to bestow, with to. hold, retain, use or enjoy
;
; ; ; ;

Sp. comunicar

tween men.
Secrets may be carried so far as to stop tho comjnunicati^n necessary among all^who have
4.
t)ie management of aflairs. Swi/l. Connecting passage means of passing from jilace to place as a strait or channel between seas or lakes, a road between cities or countries, a gallery between apartments in a house, an avenue between streets, &c. Keep open a communication with the besieg; ;

COMMO'TION,
veo
1.
;

n.

[L.

comma

con and
;

nioi'co.

See Move.]
;

Agitation

as the commotion of the sea.

;

2.

Tumult of peoi)le disturbance disorder, which may amount at times to sedition or

insurrection
;

worshiped, there he communicates his blessings and holy influences. Taylor, Let him that is taught in the word comnmtiicate to him that teacheth in all good tilings.
is

Where God

Gal.

vi.

as the commotiotis of a state. 2.

To

impart reciprocally, or mutually

to

ed place.

COM
5.

COM

C O
3.

M
te-

That whicli
ed.

is

communicated or Impart-

6.

TTie house received a communication from the Governor, respecting the hospital. In rhetoric, a trope by whicli a speaker or writer takes his hearer or speaker as a 3. partner ui his sentmients, and says

a body politic, or a particular soci ety or order of men within a state, as a community of monks and it is often used for the public or people in general, without very definite limits. Commonness frequency. 06*. Shak.
state,
; ;

Joined

A
4.

held together. [Little used.] pipe of seven reeds, compact with wax
; ;
;

gther.

Peacham.
;

bose

Brief; close piihy not diffuse as a compact discourse.

;

not veragree-

COM'PACT,
ment

n.

stead of / or you.

!CT,in-:teOMMUTABIL'ITY,

Beaftie.i
ii.

The

COMMU'NICATIVE,
nunucate
the sense
iniate,
;

lucluied to

ready to inipart

coni-!j to others. In

n.' [See Comvmte.] quality of being capable of being e.\ cljanged, or put, one in the place of the
otiier.

a contract between parties ; a word ; that limy be apphed, in a general sense, to

[L. compaclum.]

An

any covenant or contract between

viduals; but
to

indi-

2.

<:OMMU'NlATIVENESS,

ofbaufits, though legit-lleOMMU'TABLE, a. [L. commutabilis. See used. CommuleA Disposed to impart or disclose, as knowl- ,That may be e.xchanged, or mutually chan or (acts ; free to communiedge, opinions, ged that may be given for another. In i-ate not reserved. that from one into We have paid lor our want of prudence, and philology, as, themay pass commutahle witl another letter b is determine for the future to be less comminiicaV ; or in Celtic, 6 and mh are commutable. tinc. Su'ift. CO^MMUTATION, n. [L. commutatio. See
it is little
; ;

oflihml

it is more generally applied agreements between nations and states, as treaties and confederacies. So the constitution of the United States is a political contract between the States a national Or the word is applied to the compact. agreement of the individuals of a commu;

nity.

n. The quality of being coiiimuiiieativc ; readiness to impart to others; freedom from reserve.
JVorri.s.

The law

of nations depends on mutual cotn

.

Commute.]
1.

Change

alteration

a pa.ssing from one

South.

Blackstonc pacts, treaties, leagues, &c. In the beginnings of speech there was an implicit

state to another.

compact, founded on

common

consetit.

COMMU'NICATORY,a.
edge.

COMMUNING,
COMMU'NION,

COMMUNING,

3. Exchange ; the act of giving one thing Imparting knowlfor another ; barter. Barrou'j The use of money is to save the commutappi: Conversing famihartion of more bulky commodities. .ftrbtithnol ly; having familiar intercourse. i. In lau; the change of a penalty or punish-

South.

COMPACT',

n.

vate intercourse.
n.

Familiar converse priE. T. Fitch. commu'nyon. [L. com: ;

ment from a greater to a ment instead of death.

less

as banish-

V. t. To thrust, drive or press closely together ; to join firmly ; to consolidate ; to make close ; as the parts which compose a body. Now tlie bright sun compacts the precious

stone.

Blackmore.
is

This verb
ciple
is

munio ; Fr. communion; It. cornunionc money agreed to be given as a commutation for See Blaclcstone. Sp. comunion; Port, communham. penance. Common.^ COMMU'TATIVE, a. [Fr. commutalif; It. conunutativo. See Commute.] Fellowship intercourse between two persons or more interchange of transac- Relative to exchange interchangeable mua state of giving and reas tions, or ofiices tually passing from one to another commutative justice, justice which is muceiving agreement concord. We are naturally led to seek communion and tually done and received, between men in
;

Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for

not

much
;

used.

The

parti-

more frequent
are

as, the earth's

com-

pacted sphere.

Roscommon.
more
strict

The solids

To
tem.

and compacted. Arbuthnot. unite or connect (irmly, as in a sysfitly

fellowship with others.

Hooker.
?

3.

The whole body compacted. Eph. 4. To league with.

Joined together and

What communion hath hght with

2 Cor.
vi.

darkness

society.

To
(I'lie

Thou
commntaBurke.
adv.

cultivate an habitual regard to

pernicious
that's

woman.
Shak
Shak.
is

2.

3.

common

The communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all. 2 Cor. xiii. Mutual intercourse or union in religious worship, or in doctrine and discipline. The Protestant churches have no communion with the Romish church. The body of christians who have one
faith
aiul discipline.

juslice.

To compose
If he,

Compact with her

or

gone.
of.

make out

COMMU'TATIVELY,

COMMUTE,

ciprocal exchange.
V.
t.

By way of re Brown
;

compact of jars, grow musical. In the two last examples, compact

pp.
;

used

The

three

grand communions into wliich the christian church is divided, are tho.se of the Greek, the Romish and the Protestant
4.

5.

churches. The act of communicating the sacrament of the eucharist the celebration of the Lord's supper the participation of the blessed sacrament. The fourth council of Lateran decrees that every believer sliall receive the communion at least at Easter. Encyc. Union of professing christians in a partic;
;

ular church
ion.

as,

members

in full

commun-

Pressed close firmly united, or connected. tion.] 1. To e.xchange to put one thing in the COMPACT EDNESS, n. A state of being firmness to give or receive one closeness of parts ; compact ])lace of another densitv, whence results hardness. thing for another as, to commute our la Digby. COMPA'CT ING, ppr. Uniting closely conbors; to commute pain for pleasure. 2. In /aw, to exchange one penalty or solidatins. pun ishment for another of less severity; as, to COxMPAC'TION, n. The act of making comcommute death for transjiortation. pact or the state of being compact. Bacon. COMMUTE, v.i. To atone; to compensate to stand in the place of; as, one pen- COMPACT'LY, adv. Closely ; densely with close union of parts. altv commutes for another. COMMUTUAL, a. [con and mutual.] Mu- COMPACT'NESS, n. Firmness; close union of parts densitv. tual reciprocal; used in poetry. Boyle. There, with commutual zeal, we botli had COMPACT'URE, ." Close union or constrove nection of parts .structure well connectIn acts of dear benevolence and love. ed maimer of joining. Pope. Spenser.
muto, to change.
; ;
;

con and [L. commuto See Mutable and Muta-

COMPACT ED,

for compacted.

COMPACT',

Comtnunion-service, in the liturgy of the Episcopal church, is the office for the administration of the holy sacrament.

CO.MMU'NITY,
1.

comunitii ; Sj). nauie. See Common.l

commtmitas ; It. comunidad ; Fr. commun.

[L.

1.

ment
of
2.
all

Properly, common possession or enjoyas a community of goods.

;

[L. compactus, compingo ; con and pango, pactus, to thrust, drive, fi,x, make fast or close ttnuq. pago, paco ; Gr. See Pack] 7(r;yrvu. Literally, driven, thrust or pressed together. Hence, Closely and firudy united, as the particles of.sulid bodies; firm; close; solid; dense. Stone, iron ami wood are compact bodies.
;

a.

COMPA'tiES,

COM'PAgES,
Compact.]

^ ^

jj

[L.] A.systemorstructure of many parts united.

COMPAtilNA'TION,
Union of parts
texture.
;

n.

[L.compago.
;

Ray. See
con-

structure; connection
n.

[Little used.]

COM'PANABLE,
Obs.

Brown. Companionable. Obs.

Chaucer.
n.

It is a

coiihrmation of the original C0H(i7(;)(ty

Acompactlcaf, botany, jiulp of a close firm texture.

2.

in

is

one having the

things.

Locke.

eOM'PANABLENESS,

Sociableness.
Sidney. Obs.

Composed

consisting.

society of peojile, having common rights and privileges, or coniuiou interests, civil,
political or ecclesiastical

A
Compact This .sense
Verb.]
pacted.

wandering
is

fire.

COMPAN TABLE,
Milton,
.^hak.

a.

Social.
ji.

of unctuous vapor.

Bacon.

the same laws and n-ord may signify a

or living under| regulations. This|

;

roinmonwcalth

or^

[See the Compact seems to be u.sed for comSo in the following example.

not

common.

COMPAN'IABLENESS,
Obs.

Sociableness. Bp. Hall.

[Fr. com-

COMPAN'ION,

71.

compan'yun.

COM
}mgnon
;

COM
;

C O
;

M
adv.

Arm. compaignun
;

It.

compagnu
;

Sp. cumpahero
1.

Port,

companlieiro

Ir.

frietid,
rily

companach. See Company.^ One who keeps company with another;' one witli wliom u jierson frequently asso" It tlirters Ironi, ciates, and converses. Jolinson, as aainaintance from
says TIk; word does notniecessabut a companion is imply friendship often or generally ixfriend. A companion of lools shall be destroyed.
confidence."
;

pany of merchants or mechanics a com pan'y of players, llie word is applicable to private partnerships or to incorporated bodies of men. Hence it may signify a firm, house or partnership; or a corporation, as the East India Company, a banking or insurance company. 7. The crew of a ship, including the officers also, a fleet. To bear company, to accompany to attend to go with denoting a temporary asso; ;
;

COMPARATIVELY,
comparison
estimate
;

by comparison

made by comparison
itself.
it

In a state of according to not posi; ;

tively, absolutely or in

thing

is

comparatively heavy, with something less heavy.

paratively light or pared ith lead ;
;

when

heavy and heavy, when com-

compared Paper is comcomlight, w hen

is

Prov.
2.

xiii.
;

ciation.

COMPARE,
compare
;

His faithful dog shall bear hhn company. One who accompanies another as two Pope and traveling persons meeting casually So sold- To keep company, to accompany to attend together are called companions. also, to ass()(-iate with frequently or habituiers are called companions in arms. hence, to frequent pubhc houses ally an associate. 3. A partner Prov. xxix. and companion in! Epaphioditus, my brother,
; ;
;

few, comparatively, arc the instances of .Inon. a wise application of time and talents ! v.t. [L. com;)aro, to prepare, to provide or jirocure, to make equal, to

pared with

air.

How

con and paro, to prepare

:

It.

to parry ; ;)arre, to dress, trim, adorn also, Sp. parar, to prepare, to halt, to stop, to

labor,

Shak. sort of wooden porch placed over the 5. entrance or stair case of the cabin in merladder by which chant .ships. Hence the
4.
;

A A

and fellow soldier. a mate. fellow

Pliil. U.

COi\l'P.'\NY,
to

I', t.

To accompany

to attend

to be comjtanion to. go with arcompam) is generally used.] OM'PANY, i;. i. To associate with ;
;

[But
to fre-

cards Port. jM-event, to detain, to stake at to parar, to stop or cease to go forward meet or confine upon; to touch or be boimdcd to tend to drive at some end to aim to parry, or to hinder at to come to
;
;

ward

ofi";
;

to

tumor change

in inclination

ascend to and descend from the quarter deck is called the companion Mar. Did. ladder.
otficers

quent the company of. 1 wrote you not to company with

1

fornicators.

Cor. V.

2.

To

to lay or stake as a wager ; for Sp. parada, a halt, stop, pause ; a fold cattle; a relay of liorses or mules; a

or morals

dam

be a gay companion.

Ohs.
Spenser.

COMPAN'IONASLE,
lowship
;

a.

Fit for good

fel-

pany
ion.

(juaUfied to be agreeable in comsociable ; agreeable as a compan-

3.

To

have commerce with the other sex.

a.

OMPAN'IONABLY,
ionable manner.

adv.

Clarendon. In a compan-

OM'PARABLE,
;

[L. comparabilis.

Bp. Halt. Sec

COMPANIONSHIP,
ciation.
2.

n.

Fellowship; assoShak.
Sliak.

Company;

train.

eOM'PANY,

n.

fom[It.com/wig7iia; Sp.

panxa ; Port, companhia ; Fr. compagnie ; not from cum and panis, bread, a mess or number of men eating together, as iseoni moldy supposed; but from cum and pan
nus, cloth, Teutonic/<i/i)ie or i'nn?i, a flag. The word denotes a band or number of men under one flag or standard. What decides this question is, the Spanish mode of writing the word with ii tilde, titled ,| of writlngi compaTiia, fortius is the nuiMucr whereas /)ii/iis, bread, iswrit-l paiin, cloth ten pan. The orthography of the word inj the other languages is confirmatory ofi
;

Compare.] That may be compared; worthy of comparison being of e(|ual regard that may be estimated as equal. There is no blessing of life comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet and virtuous friend. Addison
;

The
gold.

precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine

OiM'PARABLY,

Lam. iv. adv. In a manner or degree worthy to be compared, or of equa ff'oUon. regard. COM'PAR ATES, n. In logic, tlie two things couqiared to one another.
n.

or bank a bet, stake or wager a parade, or place of exercise for troops ; Port. id. Arm. para ; W. parodi, to prepare. This seems to be the N^3 bara, of the Sheinitic languages. The primary sense is, to throw, hence, to drive or force drive, or strike to trim, or of}', to separate, to pare; hence, dress, which may be from separating, as in the French parcr des cuirs, to dress or curry leather or from setting off, as we express the idea, that is, by enlargement, or display or from setting in order, as we say, The sense of compare is allied to to fix. the Portuguese ai>plication of the word, to come to, to meet ; and the L. par, equal, belongs to tlicsamc root, and seems One of the to be included in comparo.
; ; ; : ;

COMPARATIVE,
comparalivo
pare.]
1.
;

Fr.

[L. coniparalivus ; It. comparalif. See Com;

pruicipal significations is, to stop ; that is, In fencing, it is to intercept tofix. to set by thrusting the weap<in aside. In gaining, All the senses it is to lay or throw down.
;

Estimated by comparison

not positive or

this opinion.]
1.

In military affairs, the soldiers imited under the command of a captain ; a suhdi-J vision of a regiment, consisiing usually ofj

The comparative weight of a absolute. body, is that which is estimated by compariHg it with the weight of another body. A body may be called heavy, when compared with a feather, which would be
culled
2.

unite in that of extending, thrusting, or W. pur, that is contiguous, predriving. paredncis. a pair, a fellow, Eng. peer, L. par. The latter word seems to sig-

a number from 00

to

100 men.
;

But

the;

number
2.

is

indefinite.

persons a collection of men, or other animals, in a very indi-fiIt may be applied to a small iiite sense. numljer, or any multitude whatever as in scripture we read of a company of priests, a company of prophets, and an innumerable company of angels also, a company of

Any assemblage of

iron. light, when compared whh So oi' comparative good, or evil. Having the power of comparing different things as a comparative faculty. Qu.
;

extended, or reaching to, and to be closely allied to the Portuguese sense of contiguity.]
nify,
1.

To set or bring things together in fact or in contemplation, and to examine the relatic'is they bear to each other, with a viewto ascertain their
;

agreement or disagree;

Glanvilte.
3.

horses.
3.

In grammar, expressing more or less. The comparative degree of an adjective expresses a greater or less degree of a quantity, or quality, than the positi\o; as brighter, or more bright ; smaller ; finer ; stronger ;
weaker.

ment as, to compare two pieces of cloth, two tables, or coins to compare reasons and arguments; to compare pleasure with
pain.

An

ment or festivity a party collected by in- Comparative anatomy, that branch of anato vitation or otherwise. my which treats of the anatomy of other animals than man, with a view to com4. Persons that associate with others for that of human conversation or pleasure society as, let pare their structure with beings, and thus to illustrate the animal your children keep good company. the act 5. The state of being a companion functions, and particularly with reference to a more perfect knowledge of the fimcof accomi)anying fellowship; society. tions of several parts of the hiunan body. I nill keep thee company. Dryden We cannot enjoy the company of licentious Encyc. men. COMPAR'ATIVE, n. One who is equal or 6. A number of persons united for the same pretends to be an equal. [Xot now used.] Shak. or in a joint concern ; as a compurpose,
;
;

assemblage of persons for entertain-

In comparing movable things, it is customary to Ijring them together, for examIn comparing things immovable ination. or remote, and abstract ideas, we bring
in the mind, as far as we are able, and consider them in connection, (.'omparison therefore is really collation, or it includes it. To liken to represent as similar, for the

them together

2.

purpose of illustration. Solon compared the people

orators

to the sea, and and counsclore (o the winds for that the sea would be calm and quiet, if the winds did
;

not trouble

it.

Bacon.
to.-

lu this sense cowpare is followed by

COM
3.

COM
;

COM

is

the relations of things to each other, with a view to discover their relative proportions, quantities or qualities as, to compare two kingdoms, or two niounlains joith each other to compare the number ten joifh fifteen to ice with
;

To examine

ness by similitude. The sublimity of the scriptural prophets exceeds that of Homer, as much as thunder is louder than a whisper is a likeness

tempest on the declivities of the Alps

a like

a circular hot, containing a paper card marked with the thirty two points of direction, fixed on a magnetic needle, that always points to the north, the variation excepted. The needle with the card turns on a pin in the center of the box. In the center of the needle is fixed a brass conical socket or cap, by which the card hanging on the pin tmns freely round the center.

by comparison.

J.

Q.

Mams.

Lecture

ix.

crystal

4.

partire ; Sp. compartir, con or co7n and par' IBilh. See Part.] tir, L. partio, to divide. To divide ; to mark out a plan or design into In grammar, to form an adjective in the its several parts, or subdivisions. If'otton. degrees of (om])arison ; as blackish, black, blacker, blackest. pp. Divided into parts or

compare to compare a clown with a dancing master or a dandy. In this sense 'compare is followed bv
; ;

But comparison has reference

COMPART,

as well as quantity.
v.t.
'[Fr.

to quality
;

compartir

lt.com-

The box

is

I.

To

get

to

procure

to

obtain

as in
to

]-atin.

Obs.
V. {.

fOMPA'RE,
be
2.
lil\e

To

Spenser.

or

hold comparison

To

e(|ual.

vie.

COMPA HE,

Obs.
71.

With our tall ships. Waller. 'i. Simile simihtude ; illustration by comparison. Johnson [This noun is in use, but cannot be con sidered as elegant.] COMPA'RED,>;;. Set together an<l examined with respect to likeness or unlikeness, agreement or disagreement likened represented as similar.
; _ _ ; ;

The state of b.nng compared; comparative estimate; compari son ; possibility of entering into compari son, or being considered as equal. Their small gallies may not hold compare

Spenser.

the motion of the card from being disturbed by the wind. Encyc. 6. Compass or compasses, [or a pair of comapartments. passes, so named from its legs, but pair is eOJIP'ARTIXG, ppr. Dividing ordisposing or improjier, and the into parts. sujicrfluous singular COMPARTP'TION, n. The act of dividing immber compass is the preferable name,] an instrument for describing circles, measinto parts. In architecture, the division or uring figures, &c., consisting of two pointed of the whole ground-jilot of an di.sposition legs or branches, made of iron, steel or edifice, into its various ai)artments. brass, joined at the top by a rivet, on wliich Encyc they move. There are also compasses of Division part divided a separate part three legs or triangular needed no as, compasses,

covered with glass, to prevent

COMP>ARTED,

amphitheaters

compartitio7is.
Jl'otton.

COMP'ARTMENT,
It.
1.

n.

[Fr. coi,iparti7nent;

cybnand spherical compasses with four branches, and various other kinds.
drical

comparHme77tn.] A division or .separate part of a general design, as of a picture, or of a ground-

OMPA'RER,
makes

71.

a comparison.

One who compares

or

(;OMPA'RING, pp: Examining

eOftlPAR'ISON.
comparacion
\.

the rela-

tions of thinffs to each other; likeniiii;.

. [It. comparazio7ie'; S|). tition. Vi: compai-aison ; Port, com ; Enciic. n. sharer. See Co7npare. Pearson. parafa/ii ; L. comparalio. The act of comparing: the act of consid O.M'P.-\SS, n. [Fr. compas ; Sp. cotnpas ; It. ering the relation between persons or compasso ; Port, compasso ; co7i or fO)?i and Fr. pas, Sp. pa.^o, It. passo, apace or things, with a view to discover their agreement or resemblance, or their stej), L. passus, which coincides with the

Pope. Peachem. design comjiosed of several different with symmetry, for ornaas a compartme7it of tiles or bricks duly arianged, of various colors and varIn garnished, to decorate a building. dening, comparttnents are assemblages of beds, plots, liorders, walks, &c. In heraldry, a compartment is called also a i)arP'o'-

figures, disposed
;

ment

An instrument used in surveyingEncyc. land, constructed in the main like the mariner's compass; but with this difference, that the needle is not fitted into the card, moving with it, but plays alone ; the card being drawn on the bottom of the box, and a circle divided into 360 degrees on the hmb. This instrument is used in surveying land, and in directing travelers in a desert or forest, miners, &c. Encyc. a saw with a broad Compass-saip, edge and thin back, to cut in a circular form.
COM'PASS,
1.

eOMPARTNER,

V.

t.

I>iterally, to

Moxon. measure with

ment or

disagree-

difference.

We
and
2.
[f

The

learn to form a coiTect estimate of men their actions by jtnon.

of pando, to open or stretch. See Pace and Pass. A co/iipass is a

particijile

a compass. Hence, To stretch round to extend so as to embrace the whole hence, to inclose, encircle, grasp or seize ; as, to compass with the
;
;

comparison.

we evil, we

state of being compared. rightly estimate what we

shall find
it

call

good and
Locke.

lies

much
;

in comjuirison.

So in Spanish and Portuguese, of time in music] reach extent the limit or boundary of a space, and the space inclu
together.
it

stepping
2.

arms.

signifies a beating
; ;

Stretch
;

To surround to environ ; to inclose on all sides ; sometimes followed by around. rou7id or about.
;

3 Comparative estimate inoportion. W'ho is left among you tliat saw this house in its first And how do you see it now glory ?
4.

ded

applied

to

time,

.'

Is it not in your eyes in compariso7i of it as nothing ? Hag. ii. In g-)antmar, the formation of an adjective in its several degrees of as signification
;

Our knowledge lies within a veiy narrow The universe extends beyond compass. the compass of our thoughts. So we say,

space,

sou7id,

&c.

Of a
The

W ith

shield.

enqiire, the compass of reason, the compass of the voice.

Job 40. the compass of a year, the compass of an 3. To go or walk round.

all the blessings Shak. glad father compass thee about. favor wilt thou compass him as with a Ps. v. willows of the brook compass him about.

Now

Ye
Josh.

shall
vi.

strong, stronger, strongest ; gree7iish, green, greener, gree7iest ; glorious, more glorious. 7nost glorious. In English, there are strictly four degrees ot comparison.
5.

And

in that

compass
;

all

passing round

the world contains. Dry den.

;

day ye

shall

compass the city and tlie seventh compass the city seven times.
Math,
xxiii.

a circular coiuse

a
4.

For ye compass sea and land.

circuit.

To
This

simile, simditude, or illustration

Time

is

come round

militude.

by

si-

And where

did begin, (here shall

its

end

besiege; to beleaguer; to block up. is not a diflerent sense, but a partic-

Whereto

shall

we

liken the

Or with what coinparison Mark iv.

C.

shall

kingdom of God we compare it

My
?
'

life

has run

compass.

Shak

ney.
ii.

In rhetoric, a figure by which two thirigs are considered with regard to a third, which " a hero is ccmimon to them both is as, like a lion in courage." Here courage is common to hero and lion, and constitutes the iioint of resemblance. Enc7ic. The distinction between sii/iiUfiule and comparison is, that the former has reference to the gnalitf/ ; the latter, to the quantily. Comparison is between hijc and less sii'nilituile is be; tween good and bail. Hannibal hung like a
;

compass of seven days jour2 Sam. V. .\cts xxviii. IModerate hounds limits of truth mod-

They

fetelied a

2Kingsiii.
;

eration due limits. In two hundred years, (I speak within compass,) no such commission had been executed.
Dai'ies.

.5.

ular ap|)lication. Thine enemies shall cast a trench about tliee, and coi/ipass thee round, and keep thee in on Luke xix. every side. To obtain to attain to to procure to bring within one's jjower; to accompUsli.
; ; ;

If

can check

my

erring love,
I'll

will

If not, to cotnjmss her

use

word
4.

This sense is the same as the first, and the peculiar force of the phrase hes in the
loitlmi.

my

skill.

Shak.

How

can you hope

!

to

coi/tpass

your de-

signs

Doiham.

ins the course

The extent or limit of the voice or of sound. [See No. 1.] An instrument for directing or ascertainof ships at sea,
consisting

of]

To ])iu-pose ; to intend ; to imagine ; to plot ; to contrive ; as we say, to go about to perform, but in miiul only ; as, to com,77S4 the death of the king.

COM
Compassing and imagining
tlie

COM
death of the

C O
;

M
;

COMPA'TIENT,

a.

2. Short [L. con and patior.]

'.Little
[It.

direct

near

not circuitous
adv.
;

as a

king are synonymous terms ; coinpans sigiiifying tlie purpose or design of the mind or will, and not, as in conimon speech, the carrying Blackstone. sucli design to cH'ect.

Suffering together.

used.]

liurk.
;

compendious
brief

way
;

to acquire

science.
in
is

COMPATRIOT,
compatrinta
;
;

n.

compatriottu

Sp

COMPENDIOUSLY,
mamier
ejMtome.

In a short or
brief; in

COM'PASfjED,
ed
;

;)p.

Embraced; surrouml;

inclosed

olitained

A fellow patriot one of the same country. COMPATRIOT, a. Of the same country,
^Ikenside.

con or com and patriot.]

.sunnnorily

The substance
ionnly expressed

of chiistian belief
in a

compendJinon.

imagined.
;

few

articles.

going ppr. Eirdjracing obtaining ; accotni)lishing imagining intending. arched. 2. In ship-building, inciu'vated

eOM'l'ASSING,
round
; ;

COMPEE'R,
equal.

inclosing;

An

eijual

71. [L. compar; eon and par, See Peer.] a a companion an as.aociate
;
;

COMPEND'IOUSNESS,
brevity pass.
;

n. in

comprehension
a.

Shortness ; a narrow comBentley.

Mar. Did.

mate.

COMl'AS'SION,
companion
;

COMPEE'R,
COMPEL',
and
1.

V.

t.

To

equal

to

match

Philips. to ;

COMPENS'ABLE,
COM'PENSATE,
and penso, to weigh,
1.

[See
[L.

Compensate.]
[Little used.]
;

That may be compensated.

v.
t.

n.

(It.

compassione
;

Sfi.

Fr. compassion

Low

L. com-

be equal with.
V.
t.

Shak.

compenso

con

passio, compatior ; con and palior, passiis, to sufler. Sec Palience.] 1. suffering with another; painftd sympathy ; a sen.siitioii of sorrow excited by the

[L compello, compellere
drive
;

coji

pcllo, to

Sj).

eo^npeler Jlppeal.]

Port.

compellir.

See Peal and

;

distress or misfortunes of another; pity;

Com])assion is a mixed passion, compounded of love and sorrow at least some portion of love generally
conuniseration.

drive or urge with force, or irresistito oblige to necessito constrain tate, either by phy.>ical or moral force. Thou sbalt not annptl him to serve as a bond
bly
; ;

To

servant.

Levil. 25.

attends the pain or regret, or

it.

is

excited by

And they compel one Simon Mark xv. cross.

from pendo, See Pendent.] To give equal value to; to recompense; to give all eijiiivalent for services, or an amount lost or bestowed to return or Iiestow that which makes good a loss, or is estimated a sufficient remuneration as, to compensate a laborer for his work, or a
to prize or value,

to value.

to

bear hi
2.

Extreme

changes ciuuity
affection.

distress of an enemy even into at least temporary

of compassion, forgave
their

Go

compel them

out into the highways and hedges, and to come in, that niy house may

He, being
on

fidl

I's. Ixxviii. iniquity. His father iiad compasxion,

liis

2.
fell

be tilled. Luke xiv. Circumstances compel us to practice economy. To force ; to take by force, or violence
to seize.

merchant, for his losses. To be et|iiivalent in value or effect to to counterbalance to make amends for. The length of the nigbl and Uie dews do comBacon. pensate the heat of the day.
: ;

The pleasures of sin never compensate the sinner for the miseries he sutTers, even in this
life.

and ran, and

nccic,

and kissed
V.
t.

hiiu.

Luke

xv.

eOMPAS'SlOIV,
pity.

To

pity.

[AW

used.]

The subjects' Comes through commissions,

from each

grief

COM'PENSATE,
compel
Shak.
to sup|)ly
tation.

wliieh

COMPASSION ABLE,
[Little used.] a.
;

a.

Dc-^erviug

Shak. of Barrow.

Anon. v. i. To make awiends an equivalent followed by for. Nothing can compensate fur the loss of repu:

[This sense
3.

eOMPAS'SIONATE,
; ;

Having

a temper

or disposition to pity inclined to show mercy merciful having a heart that is tender, and easily moved by the distresses,
4. sufferings, There never was a heart truly great and generous, that was not also tender and compassionate. South. 5.

wants and

infirmities

of others.

drive together to gather; to unite in a crowd or company. Latinism, compellere gregeni. In one troop compelled. Dryden. To seize to overpower to hold.
;

COMPASSIONATE,
commiserate
;

r.

t.

To

pity;
for.

to

word is generally accented on the secsyllable, most unfortunately, as any ear will determine by the feebleness of the last syllables in the participles, compens'ated, compens'ating. Each seeming want compensated of course. Pope. And easy sleep tlieir weary limbs compelled. With the primary accent on the first syllable and the secondary accent on the third, [Ununinl.'[ Dryden. this defect and the difficulty of uttering To call forth, L. compellare. Obs. distinctly the last syllables are remedied.
is

sixth part

of his substance.

harsh,

and

not very common.] This

Johnson.

ond

To

to

have coiupassion

COMPELLABLE,
COMPEL'LABI.Y,

a.

That may be

Spenser. ariven,

COM PENS ATED,;-;j.

'

Compassionates

my

pains and pities me. Jlddison.

forced or constrained.
aJv.
n.

plied with
fect;

By

compulsion.
compellalio

an equivalent rewarded.

Recompensed supin amount or ef;

COMPAS'SIONATELY,
passion
;

udv.
n.

With comClarendon.

COMPELLA'TION,

[L.

COMPENSATING,
alent
;

niercifidlv.

COMPAS'SIONATENESS,
of being compassionate.

The

quality

compello, compellare, the sam(3 word as the preceding, applied to the voice ; to

ppr. Giving an equivrecompensing ; remunerating.

n.

COMPENSATION,
vices,
;

That which

is

giv
;

send or drive out tlie voice.] COMPATEPiN'lTV, a. [eon and patemilii.] Style or manner of address ; the word of The relation of a godfather to the peison salutation. for whom he answers. The compellation of the Kings of France is Davies.

en or received as an equivalent for seradebt, want, loss, or suflfering mends remuneration ; recompense. All otlier debts may compensation find.
Dryden.

OMPATIKlL'ITY, n. [See Compatible.] Consistency; the quality or power of coexisting with something else ; suitableness as a eomputibility of tempers.
;

by

sire.
;;;>.

Temple.

COMPEL'LED,
obliged.

Forced; constrained;

The pleasures of life are no compensation for the loss of divine favor and protection.
2.

COMPEL'LER,
constrains.

n.

One who compels

or

COMPATIBLE,
;

a. [Fr. compatible; S].. id.; Port, compaiivel; from tln^ L. competo, to sue or seek for the same thing, to agree con and peto, to seek.] 1. Consistent ; that may exist with ; suitable ; not incongruous ; agreeable ; followed by with ; sometimes by to, but less

In law, a set-ofT; the payment of a debt a credit of equal amount.

a.

liy

COMPEL'LING,
constraining
;

COM'PEND,"

COMPENDIUM,

ppr. Driving by force; obliging. In I " [L. compendium.]

\
;

COMPENS'ATIVE,
compensation.

Making amends or
Serving for comis

COMPENSATORY,
pensation
in
;

a.

ment; a smumary

an abridgan epitome; a brief

literature,

making amends.
V.
t.

COMPENSE,
Bacon
;

to

recompense,

found

properly.

The poets have joined qualities nature are the most compatible. The otTioc of a legislator and of a judge are deemed not compatible. To paiiloii olfenders is not always compatible
with public
fitness
bility,

compilation or composition, containing the principal heads, or general principles, of a larger work or svstem. which by Broome COMPENDIA'RiOUS, a. Short; contracted.
[Little u.ied.]
v.
t.

but

is

not
[L.

now

in use.
;

COJIPE'TE,
peto.]
1.

V. i.

compelo

con and

To seek, or strive for the same thing as another; to carry on comjietition or rivalry.
in

COMPEND'IATE,
together.

To sum

or collect
2.

[jYot used.]
a.

safety.

COMPEND'IOUS,
n.

COMPATIBLENESS,
;

Consistency

agreement tite same as compatiwhich is generally used.

;

OMPATIBL\j
sistemlv.

adv. Fitly

suitably

con

Short; summary; abridged; comprehensive; containing tlie substance or general ])rinciples of a subject or work in a narrow compass ; as a compendious system of cliimistry ; a compendious grammar.

To

Our manufacturers compete with the English making cotton cloths. strive or claim to be equal. The sages of antiquity will not dare to comMilner.
[L. competens, compe^"-io, to be meet or fit; and peto, to seek properly, to pres.,
;

pete with the inspired authors.

COM'PETENCE, COM'PETENCY,
con

Vol.

I.

13

COM
I.

C O
suit
2.

M
in love.

COM
COMPLACEN
placence
;

furnish the necessaries and conveniencies of life, without .'iuperfluity. Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of .sense, Lie in three words, health, peace, and competence. Pope. 9. Sufficiency, ajiplicil to other things than is less comproperty but this application
sufficient to
;

; urge or come ableness; convenience. Hence, Sufliciency such a quantity as is suffi cient jiroperty or means of subsistence

fitness to.] Primarily,

They cannot brook competitors

TIAL,

a.

Marked by coic

Shak.

An

opponent.
a.

Shak.

accommodating.
Ch. Relig. Appeal. adv. Softly ;"in a com;

OMPET'lTORY,
competition.

Rivaling; acting

in

iOMPLA'CENTLY,
placent manner.
i.

COMPET'ITRESS, ? "' A female coinpet- eOMPLA'IN, V. [Fr. complaindre con or itor. com and plaindre, plaint, to lament, to OMPET'lTRIX, It. compiagncre, or bewail COMPILA'TION, n. [See Compile.] Sp. plahir L A collection of certain parts of a book or compiangere from the L. plango, to strike,
<;

Dangers ofthe

country.

2.

3.

mon. Legal capacity or qualifications; fitness; as the competence of a witness, which consists in his having the qualifications by law, as age, soundness of
required

books, into a separate book or pamphlet A collection or assemblage of other substances or the act of collecting and form;

to lament.

If 7i

is

not radical, the original

ing an aggregate.

Hoodward.
.

COMPILA'TOR,
used.]

collector.

[JVoi

Chaucer.
r. /.

COMPI'LE,
;

4.

mind, impartiality, &:c. Right or authority legal power or capaof a cause; as the city to take cognizance court to examine competence of a judge or
;

plunder con and

or [L. compilo, to pilfer to peel, and pilo, to

jiillage,

1.

plago, coinciding with plaga, The Gr. 7f>.)j7)j. But this is doubtful. ]irimary sense is to drive, whence to strike and to lament, that is, to strike the hands or breasts, as in extreme grief, or to drive forth the voice, as in appello.] To utter expressions of grief; to lament.
I will complain in the bitterness of ray spirit. Job vii. I complained and myspirit was overwhelmed.

word was

.").

and decide. Fitness adequacy

;

sufficiency

COMPETENT,
ent
;

Kent. suitableness ; legal as the competency of evidence. SeivaU. convenifit 0. Suitable hence, sufficient, that is, fit for the
; ; ; ; ;

to drive close; compilatio, a pillaging; It. Port, compicompilare ; Vr. compiler ; Sp. The L. pilo is the English, to peel, lar. to strip ; but pilo, to make thick, or drive lanas cogo, co together, is the Gr. rtAou,

1.

followed by to as, food and clothing competent supiilios of an arn)y competent lo a competent force the preservation of the kingdom or state a competent knowledge of the world. This word usually implies a moderate supply, a sufficiency without superfluity. 3. Qualified; fit; having legal capacity or a power; as a. competent judge or court; In a judge or court, it witness. ro)n/)e(e7if to hear and de implies right or authority termine in a witness, it implies a legal right or capacity to testify. '?. Incident; belonging; having adequate power or right. That is the privilege of the infinite author of

purpose

adequate
;

Ps. Ixxvii. 2. To utter expressions of censure or resentment ; to murmur ; to find faidt. arcio, constipo Compile\s probably from and putAnd when the people complained, it displeaspeeling, [licking out, selecting ed the Lord. Num. xi. ting together.] To collect ])arts or passages of books or 3. To utter expressions of uneasiness, or to seHe complains of thirst. He compain. writings into a book or pamphlet ; lect and put together parts of an author, plains of a head-ache. or to collect parts of diti'erent authors; or 4. To charge ; to accuse of an offense ; to to collect and arrange .s?iiarate papers, present an accusation against a person to a proper officer. laws, or customs, in a book, code or system.

.3.

To write to conipo.se. In ijoetry, they compile the praises of virtuous men and actions. Temple To contain ; to comprise. [jXot tised.]
;

To A B, one of the justices of the peace for the county of S, coinplains C D.

This verb is regularly followed by of, before the cause of grief or censure; as, to complain o/" thirst, o/^ignorance, q/" vice, of
an otiender.
.5.

Spenser
4.

5.

thing?,

never slumbers nor sleeps, hut Locke not competent to any finite heinf; defendant to alIt is not competent to the

who

i:

ledge fraud in the

plaintiff.

COM'PETENTLY,
quately
is
;

adv. Sufliciently ; adesuitably : reasonably ; as, the fact lias been competentty proved ; a church
competentlii

endowed.
a.

COMPET'IP.LE,
Compatible.]

[Not

now

tised

Sec

COMPE'TING, ppr. Striving tjOMPETP'TION, n. [Low

1.

in rivalry.

L. competitio.

See Compete and Competence.] The act of seeking, or endeavoring to to is endeavoring gain, what another mutual at the same time rivalry
gain,
; ;

strife for

the
;

same
as

superiority

candidates for an

object; the competition of two office, or of two poets

also, strife for

To represent injuries, particularly in a writ of Audita Querela. Spenser. COMPLA'IN, v.l. To lament; lo bewail. Collected from authors eOMPI'LED, pp. They might the grievance inwardly complain selected and put together. This use of complain is uncommon, and eOMPI'LEMENT, n. The act of piling to- hardly legitimate. The phrase is properor heaping; coacervation. Iv elliptical. [Little gether IVoodward. eOMPLATNABLE, a. That may be comused.] Feltham. COMPI'LER, n. A collector of parts of au [JVot in use.] plained of thors, or of separate papers or accounts OMPLA'INANT, ?!. [Fr. complaignant.] one who forms a book or conqiosition prosecutor one who prosecutes by comor commences .t legal process from various authors or separate papers. plaint, a Bacon. Swift against an offender for the recover}' of COMPI'LING, ppr. Collecting and arranright or penalty. He shall forfeit one moiety to the use of the ging parts of books, or separate papers in a body or composition. and the other moiety to the use of the town; OMPLA'CENCE, } "' [L. complacens, com- complainant. Stat, of Massachusetts. COMPLA'CENCY, ^ placeo ; con audplaFr. complaire, complaisant 2. The iilaimilf in a writ of Audita Querela. cco, to please Ihm. It. compiacerc, compiacente ; Sp. complaCOMPL.V'INER, ?i. One who complains, cer.] It or expresses grief; one who laments one satisfaction 1. Pleasure gratification. ivho finds fault a murmurer. is more than approbation, and less than To
put together
;

To make up

to

compose.
to build.

[Xot used.] Shak.

[.Vo( used.

for superior reputation. state of rivalship ; a state of i.

having

equal claims.

delight or joy. Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with satisfaction and complacency, if tliey discover none ofthe like in themselves. Aild'.f-on.

Tliesc are murmurers, complaincrs, walking

after their

own lusts.

Jiide 16.

COMPLA'INFUL,
[A'o< used.]

a.

Full of complaint.

Dryden Double claim claim of more than one to the same thing formerly with to, now
not

portrait, come in

with which one of Titian's could

3.

The
ners
;

competition.
;

cause of pleasure or joy.

Milton.

COMPLAINING,
muring
fense.
;

Complaisance; civility; softness deportment and address that alFord

of man-

ppr. Expressing grief, sorrow, or censme ; finding fault ; mur-

lamenting

accusing of an of-

n. The expression of reComplacency, and truth, and manly sweetness COMPLAINING, Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth hit cret, sorrow, or injury. Addison 6j\IPL.\'INT, n. [Vr.romplainte ; lt.comthoughts. Expression of grief, regret, pain, Dryden. In the latter sense, complaisance, from tin pianto.] place. lamentation ; or resentment censtu'e, COMPET'ITOR, n. One who seeks and French, is now used. [See Complaisance. a finding fault. endeavors to obtain what another seeks OMPLA'CENT, a. Civil; complaisant. niurnniring Even to day is my complaint bitter. ,Tob or one who claims what another claims They look up with a sort of complacent awe

with/or. none nor Competition to the crown there is Bacon. can be. Tliere is no competition but for tlie second

pleasure.

rival.

to kings.

uil:c.

xsili.

C O
T

M
They
For a
full

C O
as they feasted

M
had
their
fill.
ill.

COM
COMPLE'TION,
lilishment.
n.

moum
Iv.

in

my

complaint and make a noise.

Fulfilment

accom-

Ps.

complement of all
;

their

The Jews
I

against Paul.
2.

Tlie causi! ur subject of complaint, or

iminniiring.
plaint of

Hub. Tales. many and grievous complaints 2. Full (piantity or number the quantity or Acts xxv. Hooker. lind no cause of complaint. ninobir linntcd; as, a company has its
laid

There was

a full entire

harmony and consent

in the divine predictions, receiving their cowiSouth. pletion in Chiist.

The poverty of the clergy hath been the comall who wish well to the church.
Swift.

3.

complement ol' men; u ship has its complement of stores. 'I'hat which is added, not as necessary, but as ornarMcntal something adventitious to
;

2.

jilete

the

:<.

1.

complaint, or of i)ain and a malady a disiu the body viusually applied to disorders not olent as a complaint in tlie bowels or breast. an oftender, Accu.sation; a charge against made by a private person or informer to a or other proper oflicer, .m.^tjce of the peace violated the "alledghig tliat the ofTcuder has due to the law, and claiming the

The cause of
;

uncri.siiics.s

ease

the main thing ceremonj'. [See Compliment.] Garnished and decked in modest complement. Skak. In geometry, what remains of the quadrant of a circle, or of ninety degrees, after any ar<h has been takcti from it. Thus if the
;

Act of completing state of being comutmost extent perfect state as, gentleman went to the university for the completion of his education or
; ; ; ;

studies.

The completion
a

of a bad character
a.

is to

hate

good man.
Filling;
a. n.

Anon.

COMPLETIVE,
lele.

making
;

coniHarris.

COM'PLETORY,
plishing.

Fulfilling

accomBarrow.
.service
;

arch taken

is

thirty

degrees,

its

compleJohnson.

ment
In
till!
(>.

is

sixty.

liailey.

COM'PLETORY,
COM'PLEX, COMPLEX'ED,
plector,

The evening
Romish

It diflers from an wformalion, is the i)rosecution of an oftender by Attorney or Solicitor General; and from u presentment and indictment, which

penalty;

pros(^culor.

winch
the

the distance of a star from zenith. Johnson. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm, is what the logarithm wants ot>] 0,000,000.
iistro7iom>i,

the comiilin of the

churcli.

Hooper. ) [L. com;)icTua, complex, ^"embracing, from com; ; ;

Chambers.
7.

are the accusation of a

5.
;

Grand Jury.

Representation of injuries, in a general sense and appropriately, in a writ of Audita Querela.

n. com'plazance. [Fr. complaisance, from complaisant, the particon or cohi ami plaire cii)le of complaire ; to please, whence plaisant, pleasing, plaisir, pleasm-e, L. placeo, placere, the in-

tain

In fortification, the complement of the curis that part in the interior side which makes the dcmigorge.
a deliciencv
;

to embrace co;i and plecto, to weave, or twist Gr. rt\ixu L. piico ; W. plygu; \\ni.plega ; Vr.plier; \i. piegare ; .Sp. phgar ; D. plooijen, to fold, bend, or

COMPLEMENT'A],,

COMPLAISANCE,

ff. Filling; supplying com]ileting.

double.]

L Composed of two
composite

t. One skilled ui B. Jonson. compliments. [J\'ot in use.] OMPLE'TE, a. [L. completus, from comIt. compleo ; con and pleo, iniisit., to fill The (J reek has n^jju, to approach, piere. finitive changed \nlo plnire; ll.compiacento (ill, contracted from rtf7.au), the primary 10, from compiacere, piacerc ; Sp. complasense of which is, to thrust or drive ; and Tliis is the same word cencia, complacer. if the Latin pleo is from the Greek, which as complacence ; the latter we have from is probable, then the original orthography the Latin orthography. This word affords \\a>i peteo, compeleo ; in which case, rtTjiu, an example of a change of a palatal letTtfTjiui, pleo, is the same word as the Engter in the Latin into a sibilant in French, lish ///. The Greek rt^jjSw is said to be a c into s.] derivative. Literally, filled full.] 1. courtesy ; that L pleasing deportment Having no deficiency perfect. maimer of address and behaviour in so-

eOMPLEMENT'ARV,

or more parts or things ; not simple ; including two or ; as a complex particulars connected being ; a complex idea ; a complex term.

more

Ideas

made up

complex;
universe.

of several simple ones, I call such as beauty, gratitude, a man, the

Locke.
;

Involved

diflicult
n.

COM'PLEX,
complication.

Assemblage
[Little used.]

as a complex subject. collection

;

This parable of tlie wedding supper comprehends in it the whole complex of all the blessSouth. ings and privileges of the gospel.

COMPLEX'EDNESS,
pound
;

n.

Complication
;

intercourse which gives pleasure civility obliging condescen.sion kind and

cial
;
;

And ye
all

of

are complete in him who is the Col. ii. principality and power.
;

head

cominvolution of parts in one integral state as the complexedness of moral ideas. Locke.

affable reception and treatment of guests; exterior acts of civility as, the gentleman received ns with complaisance.
;

Finished; ended
fice is complete.

concluded;

as, the edi

COMPLEX'ION,
tion
;

n.

complex yon.

Involu-

complex

state.

[Little used.]

This course of vanity dmost complete.

Prior

2.

Condescension obliging compliance with the wishes or humors of others.

;

2.

In complaisance poor Cupid mourned. Prior 3. Desire of pleasing disposition to oblige: the principle for the act. Your complaisance will not permit your Anon. guests to he incnnunoded.
;

In strict propriety, this word admits of no comparison for that which is complete, cannot be more or less so. But as the
;

word,

like

many

indefinitene.ss ary to ipialify

least.

others, is used with some of signification, it is custom

it \\

3.

ith

more, most, less and

More

OM'PLAISANT,
;

a. com'plazant. Pleas ing in manners; courteous; obliging; de as a complaisant gentle sirous to i)lease

complete, are
H.

common

complete,

most

complete,

less

expressions.

man.
2. Civil
;

In botany, a complete flower is one furnished with a calyx and corolla. Vaillant. Or having all the parts of a flower. Martyn.
v.t.

Watts. color of the skin, particularly of the the color of the external parts of a body or thing; as a fair cont/jierion ; a dark complexion ; the complexion of the sky. The temperament, habitude, or natural disposition of the body the peculiar cast of the constitution, which gives it a particular physical character; a medical term, but used to denote character, or description ; as, men of this or that complexion.

The

face

'Tis

ill,

though

{lilferent

your complexions are,

The

family of heaven for

a.

courteous

polite

as complaisant
com'plazanth/.
;

COMPLE'TE,
perfect
fice
2.
; ;
;

To

finish; to
a,

deportment or treatment.

as, to complete

end; to bridge, or an edi;

eOMPLEX'IONAL,

men should war. Dry den. Depending on or

OM'PI,AISANTLY,

adv.

In a pleasing manner; with civility with an obliging, afiable address or deportment. Pope.

3.

to complete an education. To fill to accomplish as, to complete hopes or desires. To fulfil to accomplish to jierform a.s,
; ;

COMPLEX'IONALLY,
ion.

pertaining to complexion ; as complexionat efflorescencies ; comptexional prejudices. Broxim. Fiddes. adv. By complex-

eOM'PLAISANTNESS,
plaisance.
[Little used.]
?
,

n.

Civility;

com;

the (iiophecv of Daniel

fected
;

is

completed.

Brown.

COMVLV.'TV.l), pp. Finished; ended; per

con
fiihilled
;

COMPLEX'IONARY',

OM'PL.VNATE,

[L. complano

eOMPLA'NE,
To make level
;

and planus, plain. S See Plane and Plain.] to reduce to an even surface Derham.
n.
fill
;

COMPLE'TELY,
entirelv.

accomplished. adv. Fully; perfectly

Siinfl.

COMPLE'TEMENT,
pleting
:

n.

The
The

act of

a finishing.
n.
;

comDryden

eOM'PLEMENT,
from compteo,
1.

[L.
coii

complementum,

eOMPLE'TENESS,
complete
ing
:

to

and

pleo, to

fill.

Literally, a filling.] Fulness ; completion

COMPLE'TING,

perfection. ppr. Finishing

state of being Watts.

;

perfect-

whence, perfection

accomplishing.

a. Pertaining to the complexion, or to the care of it. Taylor. eOMPLEX'lONED, a. Having a certain Addison. temperament or state. n. The state of COMPLEXITY, being Burke. complex complexness. PLEXLY, adv. In a complex manner not simply. COMPLEXNESS, n. The state of being Smith. complex or involved.
;

COM

C O
OMPLEXURE,
COMPLI'ABLE,
can bend or
i.

31
The
involution or

C O

M
conspiracy.

COM
COMPLOT'MENT,n. A plotting
together;
A'tng-.

complication of one tiling with others. a. [See Comply.] Tliat

associate or confederate in some unlawful The latter act or design ; an accomplice. is now used. [See Accomplice.]

COMPLOT'TED,
contrived.

pp.
n.

Plotted

together;
;

Milton. yield. eOMPLI'ANCE, Ji. [See Comply.] The act of complying; a yielding, as to a request, wish, desire, demand or proposal ; concession submission. Let the king meet compliance in your looks,
;

Shak.

Clarendon.

COMPLI'ED, COMPLl'ER,
;

pret. of comply. n. One who complies, yields or obeys a person of ready comi)liance a man of an easy, yielding temper.

COMPLOT'TER,
a conspirator.

One

joined in a plot

Dryden.

COMPLOT'TING,
conspiring crime.
;

ppr. Plotting together; contriving an evil design or

Swi/t.

free anil ready jieUliug to his wislies.

Mo we.

COM'PLIMENT,
to
;

n. [Fr. id.

It.

complimen

COMPLY',

2.

comClarendon. 3. Obedience followed by with ; as compliance with a command, or precept. 4. Performance execution as a compliance mth the conditions of a contract.
a of few words and gre,it

He was

disposition to yield to others.

man
;

pliance.

Sp. cumplimiento, completion, perfecPort, tion, compliment comprimento. length, fulfilment, compliment, ohlighig words, from the verb comprir, to fulfil, to
; ;

perform
compleo.
1.

Sp. cumplir

It.

compiere

L,

a. Yielding, bending; as the compliant houghs. [See Pliant, wliicli Milton generally used.] 2. Yielding to request or desire ; civil ; obliis

COMPLI'ANT,

expression of civility, respect or regard as, to send, or make one's compliments to an absent friend. In this application, the plural is always used. He observed few compliments in matter of
;

An

See Complete.]

V. i. pret. complied. [The Italian compiacere, to humor, to comply, is the Latin complaceo, Fr. complaire. The Sp. is from compleo, for it is rendered, cumplir to discharge one's duty, to provide or supply, to reach one's birth day, to fulfil one's promise, to be fit or convenient, to sutiice. The Portuguese changes I into

r; comprir, to

fulfil,

to

perform

hence,

comprimento, a complement, and a compliment. Comply seems to be from the Spanish cumplir, or L. compleo ; formed like
supply,
tmth.]
1.

arms.
3.

ging.

Sidney.

COMPLIANTLY,
ner.

adv. In a yielding man-

made me a compliment of Homer's

present or favor bestowed.

V.
t.

My friend
Iliad.

from suppleo.
iiith,
;

It is

followed by

COM'PLleACY,
])lex

JI.

A state
/.

of being

com

COM'PLIMENT,

To

To comply

praise

to flatter

carry into cffct

or intricate.
)'.

Mitford.

OM' PLICATE,
plico, to
ple.r.]

[L. complico; coii and See Comfold, weave or knit.

by exi)ressions of approbation, esteem or respect.

Monarchs Should compliment
friends.

to fulfil ; to perfect or to comjilete ; to perform

their foes,

and shun

their

Prior.

1.

interweave to fold and twist together. Hence, to make comj)lex to into unite or connect volve to entangle mutually or intimately, as different things or parts followed by ivith. Our offense against God hath been cnmplicaTiltuffon. teil ii'ith injury to men. So we say, a complicated disease ; a comLiterally, to
; ; ; ; ;

She compliments Menelaus very handsomely.

Pope

2.

3.

To congratulate ; as, to compliment a prince on the birth of a son. To bestow a present to manifest kindness or regard for, by a present or other
;

or execute ; as, to comply ivith a promise,, with an award, with a command, with an order. So to comply mth one's expectations or wishes, is to fulfil them, or complete them. To yield to to lie obsequious to accord ; to suit followed by unth ; as, to comply ivith a man's humor. The truth of things will not comply with our
; ; ;

conceits.

THllotson.

favor.

COMPLY'ING
COMPO'NE. COMPO'NED.
or

He complimented
hibition.

us with tickets for the exi.

forming

plicated
dispose

aflfair.

Commotion
them
2.
stick.

in the parts

may

complicate and

COM'PLIMENT,
language.
I

v.

To

pass

compli-

with, ppr. Fulfilling; peryielding to. In heraldn/, a bordure I ^ compone is that formed

tlieni after the

manner

requisite to

make

ments; to use ceremony, or ceremonious

ijjake the interlocutors

composed of a row of angular paits or checkers of two colors.

Boyle.

To make intricate. COM'PLICATE, a. Complex; composed

of two or more
pai-ts united. Though the particular actions of war are complicate in fict, yet tliey are separate and distinct

COMPLIMENT' AL,

in right. 2.

liacon.

a. [L. componens,compono ; con and pono, to place.] Boyle. or placing together hence, of civil- Literally, setting Expressive coniiX)sing; constituting; forming a comimplying coin])liments. ity or respect pound as the component parts of a plant or fossil substance the component parts ol" Languages grow rich and abundant in com-

upon occasion com-

COMPO'NENT,

pliment with each other.

a.

In botany, foliled together, as the valves of the glume or chaff in some grasses. Martyn. COM'PLICATED, pp. Interwoven en;

COMPLIMENT'ALLY,
of a eompUment ceremony.

JVotton. plimenfal phrases, and such froth. adv. In the nature ; by way of civility, or

a society.

COMPO'RT,
ed by
ivith.]

V.

i.

[It.

comportare

Fr. coi-

Broome
n.

tangled

involved

intricate

composed
a

COM'PLIMENTER,
ments
terer.
;

One who

porter ; Sp. Port, comportar ; con and L. See Bear. It is followporta, to bear.

of two or more things or parts united.

one given
)

to

compliments

COM'PLICATELY,
maimer.
ing complicated
perplexity.
;

adv.
n.

la

complex
of be;

complia flatJohnson.
;

To

comport with,

literally, to

to

eOM'PLICATENESS,

The
;

state

COM'PLINE, eOM'PLlN,
The

involution

It. compieta; ^ [Fr. compile ; 'Irom L. compleo, complen-

to suit ; to accord ; as, to consider how far our charity may comport leith our pru-

cany

together.

Hence,

bear to or with to agree with

;
:

of the Romish breviary the last prayer at night, to be recited after sun-set so called because it closes folding; uniting. COMPLICATION, n. The act of inter- the service of the day. Johnson. Eneyc. Taylor. weaving, or involving two or more things or parts ; the state of being interwoven, COMPLISH, far accomplish, is not now used. involved or intimately blended. Spenser. The notions of a confused knowledge are al- COM'PLOT, n. A [con or com and plot.] ways full of perplexity and complications. a joint plot a ph)t a jilotting together UTlkins. a conin some evil design confederacy 2. The integral consisting of many things spiracy. involved or interwoven, or mutually uniI know their eomjilot is to have my life. ted. Shak. By admitting a complication of ideas -the Walts. COMPLOT', V. t. To plot together; to eonmind is bewildered. spire ; to form a plot; to join in a secret COM'PLICE,n. [ll. complice ; Fr. Port. Sp. id. ; L. design, generally criminal. complico, complicitum, complices. See Complicate and Complex.] We find them complottiti^ together, and conOne who is united with another in the comtriving a new scene of miseries to the Trojans. an inisBiou of a crime, or in au ill design Pope.
;

intricacy Hale.
;

do, completus.] last division

dence.

His behavior does not comport

V.
t.

with his station.

COMPLICATING,

ppr. Interweaving

in-

COMPO'RT,
It
is

With
;

the reciprocal pro-

noun, to behave

to conduct.

curious to observe

comported hitnselfou

how lord that occasion.

;

Somers Burke.

To
ish

[Little used.] hear ; to endure

and

Italian.
n.

[.\'ot

as in French, SpanDaniel. used.]

;

COM'PORT,
I

Behavior; conduct
well, and

manrude

ner of acting.

knew them

marked

their

comport. DrydenThis word is rarely or never used, but may he admissible in poetry. We now use deportment. The accent, since Shakspeare's time, has been transferred to the
first syllal)le.

COMPO'RTABLE,
tent.

a.

Suitable

consis-

COM
We cast the
ment.
Obs.
n.
rules of this art into

COM
COMPO'SEDNESS,
composed
quility.
;

COM
for the settlement

COMPORT AJMCE,
COMPORTA'TION,
[jYot used.]

,,nrtabk method.

n.

some comWotton. Behavior; deportSpciiser.

n.
;

cabnness
n.

state of being sedateness tran;

of a difference or conare agreed

;

troversy.

fVilkins.

Thus we
t

An

assciablage.

COMPO'RTMENT, n.
or;

Bp. Richardson. Behavior; demean[Jsfol

manner of acting.
mentis.
[L. con

now

used.]

Hale.

Addinon.

root of possum, polis.] Possessed of mind in a sound .state of mind. COMPO'SE, V. I. s as :. [Fr. composer ; Arm. compost ; from the iiarticii)le of the L. anil pono, positus. compono, composilus ; con to set, put or lav, Fr. poser, and in a different dialect, Eng. to/)t(<; Si), componer set toIt. comporre.] Literally, to place or Hence, gether. or one entire body 1. To form a compound, or by uniting two or more things,
;

Compos

and

pos,

from the
;

Shak. writes an original work, as distin9. Mutual agreement for the discharge of a guished from a compiler; an author; aldebt, on terms or by means different from so, one who forms tunes, whether he those required hy the original cmnract, or adapts them to particular words or not. 'i. One who (|uiets or calms one who ad by law, as by the payment of a different sum, or by making other compensation. justs a difierence. eOMPO'SING, ppr. Placing together; Hence, the sum so paid, or compensation an ori given, in heu of that stipulated or required. constituting writing forming

COMPO'SER,
who

One who composes

one

crave our comjiositiin

may be

written.

quieting ginal work ing setting types.

; ;

settling

adjust-i

COMPOSING-STICK,
the lines.

ii.

Among printers,

an instrument on which types are -set from the cases, adjusted to the length ot"

COMPOSITE, a.

thing, to compose an arparts, or individuals ; as, of raw soldiers; the parliament ofG. Britain is composed of two houses, lords

my

It is called also plex idea or conception ; opposed to analple modillions or dentils. JVewlon. Zeal ought to he composed of the highest dethe Roman or th Italic order. ysis. Encyc. Sjirutt Composite numbers are such as can be meas-1 12. The joining of two words in a comgrees of all pious afl'ectioiis. and 2. To invent and put together words ured exactly by a number exceeding unipound, as in book-cast ; or the act of formsentences ; to make, as a discourse or or 3 ; so that 4 is the lowest ing a word with a prefix or affix, which ty, as C by 2 varies its signification ; as return, froiri writing; to write, as an author; as, to Composite numbers conq)Osite number. turn ; preconcert, from concert; endless from between themselves, are those which have compose a sermon, or a book. of a end. 3. To constitute, or form, as parts a common measure besides unity ; as 12

and commons; the senate of the U. States is composed of two senators from each

In architecture, the Com-! posite order is the last of the five orders of columns; so called because its capital is composed out of those of the other or-| ders or colunms, borrowing a quarter-: round from the Tuscan and Doric, a rowj of leaves from the Corinthian, and voIts cornice has simlutes from the Ionic.

A real composition is when an agreement is made between (be owner of lands and tlie parson or vicar, with the consent of the ordinary- and the patron, that such lands shall tor the future be discharged from the payment of titiies, by reason of sonie land or other real recompense given to the parson, in lieu and satisfaction tliereof. Btackstone.

A bankrupt is cleared by a commission of bankruptcy, or by composition with his

creditors.
10.
11.

Consistency

congruity.

[Little

used.]

Shak.

The

act of uniting simple ideas in a

com-

state.

whole

as, letters

bles compose tences.

compose syllables, syllawords, words compose sen-

and

15,

both which are measured by

3.

13.

Encijc'

A
4.

COMPOSI
many
memories, and compose
their in14^atts.

few

useful tilings, confounded with

trifles, fill their

tellectual possessions.

To calm
quilize
;

to quiet; to

appease
;

to tran-

tliat is, to set

or lay

as, to

com-

pose passions, fears, disorders, er is agitated or excited.

5.

or whatev

To To

settle

to adjust

as, to

compose differ

ences.
C.

In a general sense, the act of composing, or that which the act of forming a whole is composed or integral, by placing together and uniting diflerent things, parts or ingredients or the whole body, mass or compound, thus formed. Thus we speak of the composition of medicine.", hy mixing divers ingredients, and call the whole mixture a

"TION,
;

n. s

as

:.

The synthetical method of reasoning; a method of reasoning from synthesis known or admitted truths or principles, a.s from axioms, postulates or propositions previously demonstrated, and from these deducing a clear knowledge of the thing to be proved or the act of collecting scattered parts of knowledge, and combining them into a system, so that the understanding is enabled distinctly to liillow truth
; ;

place in proper form, or in a quiet

state.

In a peaceful grave
7.

my

corpse compose.

Dryden

To
It

settle into a quiet state.

composition of sand and composition. clay is used for luting chimical vesseli^. Vast pillars of stone, cased over with a com-, .Addison.' that looks like marble. position Heat and vivacity, in age, is an excellent
composition
for

through its different stages of gradation. This method of reasoning is opposed to It begins with analysis or resolution. first principles, and by a train of reasoning from them, deduces the])roi)ositions or
sought. Composition or synthciis proceeds by collecting or combining analby separating or unfoldHarris. Encyc. 14. In printing, the act of setting types or characters in the composing-stick, to form lines, and of arranging the fines in a galley, to make a column or page, and from
truths
;

business

The
gale. 8.

sea composes

itself to a level surface

it

Bacon.]

requires about two days to compose

after a

To
that

dispose

to put in a
well

proper state for

to obtain

hy 3. Clarendon. this to make a form. 9. In printing, to set types or characters in a 4. 15. in chimistry, the combination of different substances, or sidjstances of different naconqiosing stick, from a copy, arranging sical piece. from which results a the letters in the proper order. tures, by affinity 10. In music, to form a tune or jiiece of mu 5. The state of being placed together un-^ comjiound substance, differing in propercombination. ion conjunction sic with notes, arranging them on the ties from either of the component parts. Thus water is a compocition of hydrogen stave in such a manner as when sung to Contemplate things first in tiicir simple naand oxvgen, which are invisible ffases. tures, and then view them in composition. produce harmony. JVafts. n. s as :.. In printing, one pp. Set together, or in due of figures constituted calmed 6. The disposition or arrangement who sets types, and makes up the pages order ; formed and forms. connected in a picture. quieted settled ; adjusted. sedate 2. n. Calm tranquil free quiet By composition is meant the distribution and; 2. One who sets in order. both in general a. from agitation. [con and possible.] orderly placing of things, andj COMPOS'SIBLE, The Mantuan there in sober triumph sat, Consistent. Dryden. particular. [.Xot tised.] Chilhngirorth. and his look sedate. Composed his posture, Ben COM'POST, n. [It. composta ; L. composi7. Adjustment ; orderly disposition. Pope. Jonson speaks of the composition of from compono. See Compose.] COMPO'SEDLY, adv. Calmly seriously ; ture, look, pronunciation and niotion, ges-, In tum, in a; agriculture, a mixture or composition of sedately. various manuring substances for fertilizing preacher. The man very composedly answered, I am he land. Compost may be made by almost Claremion. 8. Mutual agreement to terms or conditions'

any purpose. The army seemed

by
their
their pen.

composed

swords which

tliey co\ild not

In literature, the act of inventing or combining ideas, clothing them with words, arranging them in order, and in general, coimnitting them to paper, or otherwise writing them. Hence, A written or printed work a writing, Mdison.] pamphlet or book. In music, the act or art of forming tunes or a tune, song, anthem, air, or other mu;
; ;

ysis or resolution, ing.

'

COMPOSED,
; ;

COMPOSITOR,

COM
substance in evei-y animal and vegetable nature, with lime or other earthy matter. COM'POST, V. t. To manure with compost. Bacon.

COM
ecule the tliief or robber. This oflTcnse is, by the laws of England, punishable by Blackstone. fine and iinprisomnent. COMPOUND', r. i To agree upon concession
to come to terms of agreement, by abating something of the first demand followed by for before the thing accepted or remitted. They were glad to compound for his bare Clarendon. commitment to' the tower. To bargain in the lump to agree follow ed by with. Compound with tliis fellow by the year.
; ;

COM
unity, without a

may
7.

OBIPOS'TURE,
used.]

?(.

Soil;

manure.

[J\i'of

Shak
n.

OMPO'SURE,
pose.]
1.

compozhvr.

[See Com-

Tlie act of composinfr, or that which is composed; a composition; as a form of prayer of public composure ; a hasty composure.
are a

remainder as 18, which be divideil by 2, 6 and 9. Comjiound ratio, is that which the product of the antecedents of two or more ratios has to the product of their conseThus to 72 is in a ratio quents. compounded of 2 to 6, and of 3 to 12. Compound quantities, in algebra, are such as are joined by the .signs -j- and pins and minus, and expressed by more letters than one, or by the same letters unequally repeated. Thus a-\-b c, and bb b, aie
;

In the composures of men, remeinbpr you 1l\tits man. In this use, this word has given way to
;

Shak. 9.
'i.

compound quantities. Compound larceny, is that which

Bailey.
is

accom-

To come
on each

composition.
2.

Composition
;

combination

to terms, by granting sometliing side ; to agree.

for

panied with the aggravation of taking goods from one's house or person.
Blackstone.

arrange
such a

ment order. [LitUe used.] When such composure of

ii

Cornwall compounded to furnish ten oxen

thirty

letters,

word,
3.

is

iulciiiled to signify

a certain thins.

Hol.hr Tlie form, adjustment, or disposition of the various parts.

In composure of his face,
Ijived a
fair l>ut

Carew pounds. Paracelsus and his admirers have compounded with the Galenists, and brought into practice i mixed use of chimical medicines. Temple

COM'POUND,

?!. A mass or body formed by the union or mixture of two or more the ingredients or diftV;rent substances result of composition.
;

The outward
body.
4.

I'orm

Crashinv manly grace. and composure of the

Duppa
;

Frame
lli.<

make

temperament.
rare indeed,

composure must be

5.

^\^lom these things ciumot blemish. Shah settled state of the mind ; sedateness
;

To settle with a creditor by agreement, and discliarge a debt by paying a part of or to make an agreement to its amount pay a debt by means or in a manner diti'erent from that stipulated or recpiired law. A bankrupt may compound ivith by his creditors for ten shillings on the pound, A man may or fifty cents on the dollar. compound unth a parson to pay a sum of
;

Man

is

compound
is

of ilesh and

spirit.

South.

Mortar
water.

a compound of lime, sand and

a.

COMPOUND'ABLE,
compounded.
; ;

Capable of being
Sherwood.

COMPOUND'ED, pp. Made

up of

different

materials mixed formed by union of or more sub.stances.

two

calmness

When
joys
its

[This
%oord.]
C.

trauquihty. tlie passions are silent, the mind en U'alts most perfect composure. is the most common use of this
;

money
No.
9.]

in lieu

of tithes.

[See Composition,
is

COMPOUNDER,

n.

One who compounds

[lAttle used.]

To compound

tinth

a felon,

to

take

the

or mixes ditferent things. One who attempts to bring parties to

goods stolen, or other amends, upon an agreement not to prosecute hi;n.

terms of agreement.

Swift.

Agreement

settlement of differences

composition. [Little used.] The treaty at Uxbridge gave the fairest hopes of a happy composure. J5u/i^ Charles.

COM' POUND,
ingredients.

a.

Composed

Blackstone. of two or more

COMPOUNDING,
;

Compound
'2.

OMPOTA'TION,

[L. eompotatio ; con and potatio, from poto, to drink.] The act of drinking or tippling together.
n.

more simple substances.

substances are made up of two or IVatts

Brown.

Phitips.
3.

COM'POTATOR,
another.

n.

One who

drinks with

Pope
;

COMPOUND',

V. t. [L. compono ; con and pono, to set or piU sp. componer ; It. comporre, for componerc ; Port, compor.] 1. To mi,\ or unite two or more ingredient in one mass or body ; as, to compound

drugs. Wlioever compoumleth any like cut otf from his people. Ex. xxx.
3.

it

sliall

be

In frrammar, comi)osed of two or more v. t. [L. comprekenJo ; con. words. Ink-stand, writing-desk, careless and prehendo, to seize or grasp It. com)iess, are compound words. prendere, prendere ; Sp. Port, comprehenIn botany, a compound fower is a species Fr. comprendre, prendre. der, prender ; of aggregate flower, containing several This word is a compound of the Latin florets, inclosed in a common ])crianth, on con and prcc, antl the Saxon hendan or hena common receptacle, with the anthers Hence tan, to take or seize ge-hentan, id. connected in a cylinder, as in the sunforehend, in Spenser.] flower and dandelion. Maiiyn. Harris. to take in to take with, or tocompound stem is one that divides into Literally, gether. branches. A compound leaf connects several leaf- 1. To contain to include; to comprise. The empire of Great Britain comprehends lets in one petiole, called a connnon peEngland, Scotland and Ireland, with their de-

ppr. Uniting different substances in one body or mass forming a mixed body agreeing by concession, or abatement of demands discharging a debt by agreement to pay less than the original sum, or in a different manner.
;

COMPREHEND',

tiole.

To unite or combine. We have the power

pounding images
ture,

A compound raceme
ral
.fiddisun.

is

composed of seveof several

pendencies.
2.

of altering and com into all the varieties of pic-

racemules or small racemes.

A compound sjnke is composed

spicules or spikelets.

n.

To compose

to constitute.

[JVot

ti,sed.]

A
A

To imply to contain or include by implication or construction. If there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, thou shalt
;

compound corymb
compound umbel

is

formed of several
3.
all

Shak
4.

small corymbs.
;

In grammar, to unite two or more words to form one word of two or more.

is

one which has

.').

amicably to adjust by agreeas a difference or controversy. Bacon. Shak. [In titis sense we now use compose.] to discharge, as a C. To pay by agreement debt, by paying a part, or giving an equivalent different from that stipidated Oa;). orreriuired; as, to com;)orf debts.
settle
; ;

To

ment

rays or peduncles bearing umbellules or small umbels at the top. A compound fruriif ration consists of several confluent florets o|)posed to simple.
its
;

love thy neighbor as thyself. Rom. xiii. To imderstand to conceive ; that is, to take, hold or contain in the mind; to possess or to have in idea; according to the " I take ])opular phrase, your meaning."
;

comprehend.
It is

\.

Compound interest, is interest upon interest when the interest of a sum is added
;

great things, which we cannot Job xxxvii. not always safe to disbelieve a proposition or statement, because we do not compre-

God dofth

or
5.

to the principal, and then boars interest when the interest of a sum is put upon
interest.

hend

it.

COMPREHENDED,
uded
;

pp.

Contained;

in

implied
;

understood.
;

But we now use, more generally, to compound with, [See the Verb Intransi
tive.]

Compound motion, is that which is effect- COMPREHEND'ING,;)^)-. Including; comed by two or more conspiring powers unilerstanding imjilving. prising acting in different but not in opposite di- COMPJiEHEN'SIBLE,"<i. [L. iomprehensirections.
bilis.]
1.

To compound

felony,

is

bed to lake the goods again, or other com pensation, njion an agreement not to pros

for a person robG.

divi*led

Compound number, is that which may be by some other niunber besides

That niay be com]nchended, or included

pos.sible to

be comprised.

COM
S.

C O
;

M
by
siir

C O
c(>ni|iound.
2. 3.

M
;

Capable of being understood coiioeivahle by tlie mind.

of being iniderstood.

intelligible

linen cloth, with several folds, used

eOMPKEHEN'SIBLENESS, n.
COMPREllEN'SIBLV,

Capability

More.
;

adv. With great extent of embrace, or comprehension with large extent of signification in a manner to comprehend a large circuit. Tlie words wisdom and li^litt'otisiiess arc coin;

pp. Pressed or .squeezed forced into a narrow or naiTower compass; embraced carnally. 2. In botany, flatted having the two opposite sides plane or fiat as a compressed stem.

COM PR ESS' ED,

together
;

geons to cover a plaster or dressing, ti keep it in its place and defend the part from the external air. Encyc.

concessions of clahns by the parties

to

To To

by some

agree to accord. conunit to put to hazard

; ;

Shak.
;

to pledge

act or declaration.

[Jn this sense, see Conijiromit, whicli is

COM PROMISED,
COMPROMISER,
mises.

generally used.]

ment with mutual concessions.

n.

pp.

Settled by agree-

JMnrtyn. nify all religion and virtue. COMPRESSIBIL'ITV, n. The quality of| This word is rarely used. [See Combeing compressible, or yielding to pressure ; the quality of being capable of comprehensively.] COMPREIIEN'SION, ji. [L. comprehensio.] pression i;ito a smaller space or compass ; The act or quality of comprehending, or as the compressibility of clastic fluids, or o{
Tilhlon.

uionly used very camprehiiDiibly, so as to sig-

One who comproppr.

a.

COMPROMISING,
agreement.

Adjusting

by

COJIPROMISSO'RIAL,
compromise.

containing

a comprising. In the Oil! Testament llieie is a close comprehension of the A'ew ; in the A'eu\ an open
;

Relating to a Todd.

any

soft substance.
a.

COMPRESS'IBLE,

Capable of being
;

discovery of
2.

llie

Old.

Hooker
;

An

row compass; a sunnnary

compend.
is tlie

including or containing within a naran epitome or

forced or driven into a nanovver compass yielding to pressure giving way to a force applied. Elastic fluids are compressible. Water is
;

This wise and religious aphorism in the text

sum an<l rnmprehension of all the ingrehuman happiness. Jiofrers 3. Capacity of the mind to understand; power of the understanding to receive and contain ideas; capacity of knowing. The nature of spirit is not within our conipredients of
hentsion.
4.

COMPRESS'IBLENESS,

COMPRESSION,
pass

comprentiible in a small degree. n. Compressibility; the quality of being compressible. n. The act of compress-

!. /. [Fr. fom;?romcre; It. cumpromcttcre ; Sp. comprometer ; L. fonipromitto, com and promilto, to promise.] To pledge or engage, by some act or declaration, which may not be a direct promise, but which renders necessary some future

COM'PROMIT,

act.

Hence,
;

to put to hazard,

by some pre-

vious act or measure, which cannot be recalled as, to compromit the honor or the safety of a nation.

In rhetoric, a trope or figure, by which the name of a whole is put tor a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number for an indefinite. Harris.
a.

ing, or of pressing into a narrower comthe act of forcing the parts of a body ; into closer union, or density, by the application of force. 2. The state of being compressed.

COM'fROMITED,
sing to hazard.

COM'PROMITING,
cial.]

pp. Pledged by .some previous act or declaration. /<;. Pledging; expon.

COMPRES'SIVE,
press.

a.

Having power

to

con

COMPROVIN'CIAL,
One belonging to
episcopal the

[con

and provin-

COMPRES'SURE,
me.

n.

The

Smith. act or force of

;

same province or archiJJyIiffe.

eOMPRElIEN'SIVE,
ty
; ; ;

Having the

quali

one body pressing against another

of comprising much, or including a great extent extensive as a comprehensive char a comprehensive view. It seems someity times to convey the sense of comprehend
ing
2.

COM'PRIEST,
use.]

n.

pressBoyle.

COJIPT,
Accoimt

fellow priest.

[JVot in

Milton.

COMPT,
Count.]

compte, from com^jito.] Obs. Shak. comjuitation. v. t To compute. Obs. [See

[L. comptns.]
a.

jiirisdii-tion. n. [Fr.

COMPRINT',

much

in

a small com])ass.
to

Having the power

derstand

comprehend or un;

many

things at once
ndv.

as a com-

V. i. [See Print.] To jnint together. It is taken, in law, for the de ceitfid printing of another's copy, or book, to the prejiulice of the j)roprietor. [LAtth

COMPT,

a.

Neat

spruce.
subject:

[.\ut u.fed.]

COMPT'IBLE,
submissive.

Accountable;

prehensive head.

Pope
;

%ised.]

eOMPllEHEN'SlVELY,
prehensive manner embrace.

In a coniwith great extent of

n.

COMPRI'SAL,

n.

The

Philips act of comprising or

COMPT'LY,

Obs. adv. Neatly.

Shak.
[.\ot in use.]

COMPREHENSIVENESS,
much
2.

The

of being comprehensive, or of including

extent
;

Bnrrow. comprehending. COMPRl'SE, V. t. s as z. [Fr. compris, par tici])le of comprendre, L. comprehendo. See quality Comprehend.]

Sherwood.

COMPT'NESS,

COMP'TONITE,

as the comprehensiveness of

To comprehend
prised

a view.
quality of including much in a few words or narrow compass. Compare the beauty and compreheiisiveticis
of legends on ancient
taineil
'oins.

The

to contain to include as, the substance of a discourse may be comin a few words.
; ;
;

n. Neatness. [JVot in use.] Shenoood. Ji. A newly discovered found in drusy cavities of masses mineral, so called ejected from Mount Vesuvius from Lord Compton, who brought it to
;

COMPRISED,
tained.

pp.

Comprehended; con
inclu-

England
to,

in 1818.

COMPTROhL,
to

from

I'r.

Addisori

COMPRI'SING,
duig
ving
; ;

eOMPREHEN'SOR,
knowledge.

n.

One
a.

wlio has oh
Hall.
t(

[JVot in vse.]

COM PROBATE,
to

eOMPRESBYTE'RIAL,
COMPRESS',

[L. comprohatio. mate word in English, nor in any other istrction. comprnho ; con and probo, to prove.] JMilton. known language. [See Con//-o/.] attestation. V. t. [Little used.] [L. compressus, comnri- Proof; joint I [L. compulsus, Broivn. mo ; con nmi premo, pressus, to ]nei-s. Rut \- from compeUo ; ?!. s as ;. [L. compromisthe verb prrmo and participle pressus may L. compulso. See Compei.] sum, from compromitto,' to give bond to Compelling ; forcing ; constrainjnc; operabe from different roots. Fr. presscr ; D. s, stand to an award ; con and promitto, to See Shak. ting bv force. pressen ; Sp. apretar, and prensar. promise; It. compromcsso ; Vr.comjiromis ; adv. By constraint Press.] See Promise.] or compulsion. Sp. compromiso. 1. To press together by external force ; to two par4. mutual promise or contract of Ji. force, urge or drive into a narrower com[Low L. cotnpiUsio. ties in controversy, to refer their ditferen See Cotnpel.] pass; to crowd ; a.s, to compress air. ces to the decision of arbitrators. Tlie weight of a thousand atniosplieres will I. The act of driving or urging by force, 9. amicable agreement between parties water twelve and a half per cent. cojnpress physical or moial ; force applied ; conPerkins. in controvers}', to settle their differences straint of the will the

Pertaining the presbytcrian form of ecclesiastical niiii

ppr. Containing; conq)rehending. v. i. To agree in approconcur in testimony. Elynt

n.

coimt or com|iute, and rolle, a regisIf this word were of genuine origin, ter. both the verb and its derivative, comptroller,

Ure. compter, L. compu-

COMi'ROBA'TION,

as applied to a public ofticer, would not be sense. But there is no such legiti-

COM'PROMISE,

COMPILS'ATIVE, COMPII.S'ATORV, Low

COMPULS'ATIVELY,

COMPII/SION,

An

2.
3.

To embrace carnally. To crowd; to bring within narrow

Pope. hmiis

or space. Events of centuries compressed within the B. H'ebster. compass of a single life. COM'PRESS, n. In surgery, a bolster of soft

by mutual concessions. 3. Mutual agreement adjustment. Chipman. [This is its usual sif!;ni/ication.] COM'PROMISE, V. t. To adjust and settle a difference by mutual agreement, with!
;

application of a

Ibrce that

is iiTesistiblc.

were as plenty as blackberries, I would give no man a reason on compulsion. Shak. A man is excused for acts done through unav'oidable force and compulsion. Slaekstone.
If reasons

COM
2.

CON
of each

CON
/,

the basis of the computation. violence. By computations of time or years, we ascerCOMPUL'SIVE, a. Having power to com- tain the dates of events. 2. The sum, quantity or amount ascertained pel; driving; forcing; constraining; apby computing, or reckoning. plying force. We pass for women of fifty many additional Uiiiforiiiity of opinions cannot be effected by measures. years are thrown into female computations ot compulsive Addison. COMPULSIVELY, adv. By compulsion; this nature.

The

state

of being compelled or urged by

man

as in eoUigo, to collect, and into m before a labial, as in comparo, to compare. Before a vowel or h, the n is dropped as in
;

coalesco, to coalesce, to cooperate ; cohibeo, to restrain. It denotes union, as in co?i-

by

fo]-ce.

3.

Calcid.ition.
v.t. [\^.

COMPUL'SIVENESS,
pulsion.

n.

Force

com eOMPU'TE,

computo; con and puio,

OMPULS'ORILY,

adv. In a compulsory manner ; by force or constraint. COjMPULS'ORV, a. Having the power or of compelling <]uality applying force ; iliivinij by violence constraining.
; :

to lop or prune; to think, count, reckon; to cast up. The sense is probably to cast to reckon ; to cast together several sums or particulars, to Comascertain the amount or aggregate. pute the quantity of water that will fill a vessel of certain dimensions, or that will Comcover the surface of the earth. Cojnpute the expenses of a campaign. pute time by weeks or days. 2. To cast or estimate in the mind; to estimate the amount by known or supposed data. 3. To calculate.
1.
;

or throw together.] To number"; to count

or opposition, as in conflict, contend. Qu. VV. gan, with. CON, [abbreviated from Latin contra. In the phrase, pro and con, for against.] and against, con denotes the negative side of a question. As a notm, a person who is in the negative as the pros and cons. CON, J), t. [Sax. cennan, connan, cunnan, to know, to be able, to be skilful or wise and to bear or bring forth, Gr. ytirou: cennan,
join
;
; ;

and cunnian,
L. C07}or
rienced,

to try, to attempt, to prove,

Ill

the correction of vicious propensities,

to resort to

it

may be necessary
ures.

compulsory meas-

OMPUN'TION,
; t.

con and

fungo comminzione,
gere
1.

[L. coiiipundio, compungo, to ])iick or sting;

n.

compugnere, or coiiipun;

; bp. compuncion See Pungencij.]

Fr. componction.

whence cunning, skilful, expe; the latter or skill, experience word, cunnian, coincides iii sense with Sax. anginnan, onginnan, to begin, to try, to attempt, L. conor. D. kennen, to know, understand or be acquainted ; kunnen, to be able, can, to know or understand, to hold
;

pricking; stinndation; irritation; selBrown. dom used in a literal sense. 2. pricking of heart jioignant grief or re-

CO.MPU'TE,
'reckoned

?i.

Computation.
;

[Kot used.]

Brown.

morse jiroceeding from a consciousness of the ])ain of sorrow or regret for guilt having ofttjnded God, and incurred his wrath the stingof conscience proceeding from a conviction of having violated a moral duty.
;

eOMPU'TED,
;

pp. Counted estimated.

n.

numbered
;

eOMPU'TER,
reckoner
;

One who computes

;

a calculator.
;);jr.
;

Swift.

COMPUTING,
reckoning

Coimting numbering;
computer.
[Not
iised.]

He aoknowleilged his disloyalty to the king, with expressions of great compunction.

Clarendon

estimating.
)!.

COM'PUTIST,

IVotton.

COMPUN'TIOlJS,
science
ted.
;

a.

Pricking the con-

COM'RADE,
Literally,

71.

[Fr.

giving pain for ofl'cnses commit-

Let no compunctious visiiings of nature Shak Shake iny fell purpose.

ta ; S\i. camaracla ; camara, camera, a chamber.] one who lodges in the saine room. Hence in a more general sense, a fellow, a mate or companion an associate in occu-j
;

cnmarade ; It. cameraVort. camarada ; from

or contain the last signification coinciding with the W. ganu, to contain. G. and konnen, to be able. kennen, to know Dan. kan, to be able, pret. kunde, whence kundskab, knowledge, skill, exjierience. Sw. khnna, to know kuna, to be able, to he skilled, to know. The primary sense is, to strain or stretch, which gives the sense of strength, power, as in can, and of holding, containing, comprehending, as contain, from contineo, teneo, Gr. Tttvo, L. tendo. And this signification connects these words with gin, in its compounds,
;
;

COMPUN'TIVE,
COMPU'PIL,
used.]
)!.

a.

Causing remorse.
Johnson
fellow-pui>il.
n. [L.
[Little

pation.

COM'ROGUE,
CON. A
prefix
use.]

n.

fellow rogue.

[JVot in
1.

begin, Sa.\. hcginnan, anginnan, &c., to strain, to try, to stretch forward and make an effort ; also with the Greek ytvvaut, L. gignor, to beget or to bring forth. See Class Gn. No. 29. 36. 40. 42. 45. 58. In the sense of know, con signifies to hold or to reach.]

Wallun.

-eOMPURGA'TION,

compurgo

con

and purgo, to purify.] In law, the act or practice of justifying a man by the oath of others who swear to their belief of his veracity wager of law, in which a man who has given security to make his law, brings into court eleven of his neighbors, and having made oath himself that he does riot owe the plaintiff", the eleven neighhors, called compurgators, avow on their oaths that they believe in their consciences he has affirmed tl
;

Obs. know". " I conne no skill.'' Spenser. " I shall notcoime answer." I shall not Chaucer. marks that con and cum have the same sig-l know or be able to answer. nification, but that cum is used separately,' 2. To make one's self mester of; to fix in the mind or commit to memory-', as, to con a and con in composition. Con and cum may Milton. Holder. The Irisli! lesson. be radically distinct worcU'. comh, or coimh, is equivalent to the Latinjj To coi </if()iA's, to he pleased or obhged, or Chaucer. Shak. Obs. con ; and the Welsli ryyn, convertible intoj to thank. to be the same word, deno- ICONA'TUS, ?!. [L.] Effort; attempt, cyv, ajqiears or Paley. ting, says Owen, a niiitual act, quality
to

B. Jonson.\
or] re-i

To

Latin inseparable preposition Ainsworth other words.

truth.

Blackslone.
n.

COMPURGA'TOR,

One who

bears tes-

deduces cum from the Greek o for oritimony or swears to the veracity or innoBut this iS| cence of another. [See Compurgation.] ginally it was written cyn. COMPU'TABLE, a. [See Compulse.] Calla- ju'ohably a mistake. ble of being computed, munbered or reck- Con coincides in radical letters and in signification with the Teutonic gain, gen, oned. Hale COMPUTATION, n. [L. compulatio, fiom gean, igen, igien, in the English again,\ against; Sax. gean, ongean ; Sw. igen;' computo. See Compute.] Dan. igien. Whatever may be its origin J. "he act of comjiuting, numbering, rock or affinities, the primary sense of tlie word oiling iir estimating thejirooess by which is difterent sums or particulars are number probably from some root that signifies to apto meet or oppose, or turn and meet ed, estimated, or compared, with a view to ascertain the amount, aggregate, or other proach to, or to be with. This is the radiresult de]iending on such sums orparticu cal sense of most prepositions of the like
;
j

It is precisely equivalent to thel Latin com, in comparo, compono, and the: Latin com, in composition, may be the Cel-[ But generally it seemS| tic comh or cym. Ainsworlh; to be con, changed into com.

eflect.

2.

The tendency of a body towards any

or to imrsue
its

]ioint,

course

in

the

same

line ofdirection.

Paley.
v.
t.

CONCAM'ERATE,
arch
;

[L. concamero, to

con and camera, an arch,

to lay a

arched

To

roof, or chamber.] arch over; to vault;

concave
Gretr.

over

as a concamerated bone.

CONCAM'ERATED, pp.

Arched

over.

CONCAMERA TION,
arcli or vault.
;

n.

An

arching; an

lars.

fmd by computation the quantity of provisions necessary to sujiport an army for a year, and the amount of money
to ])ay

We

import.
in Irish,

See the Enghsh wi/A, rtgni'n. os coinne, op- CONCAT'ENATED,jn;). Linked together; coinne, a meeting
;

Glamnlle. CONCAT'ENATE, tJ. <. {\\.. concatenare, to concatenato ; Low Lat. conlink together cutenntus ; con and catena, a chain Sp. concadenar, and encadenar, from cadcna, Fr. cadcne, a chain.] To link together to unite in a successive series or cliain, as things depending on Harris. So' each other.
;
;

posite.
in

united in a scries.
is

them

making

the ration

and pay Con.

compounds,

changed

into

before

CONCATENATION,

n.

series of links

CON
a successive series or order of things connected or depending on each other; as a concatenation of causes. tiONAUSE, n. Joint cause. [JVot used.]
united
;

CON
CONCE'ALING,
n.

CON
I

Abiding; a withhold?i.

ing from disclosure.

CONCE'ALMENT,

Forbearance of dis
;
I

closure; a keeping close or secret as the concealment of opinions or passions. :ONCE'IT, r. t. To conceive; to imagine; Fotherby. C0NAVA'T10N, 7!. [See Concave.] The 2. The act of hiding, covering, or withdraw- to think to fancy The strong, by conceiting themselves weak, act of making concave. ing from sight as tlie concealment of the are thereby rendered inactive. face by a mask, or of the person by any South. eON'CAVE, a. [L. concavus ; con and ea See Cave.] cover or shelter. iCONCE'ITED, ^;j. Conceived; imagined; vus, hollow. fancied. 1. Hollow, and arched or rounded, as the 3. The state of being hid or concealed priinner Burfnce of a spherical body; opposed as a project formed in concealment. 2. part. a. Endowed with fancy, or imavacy Obs. to convex ; as a concave glass. 4. The place of KnoU.es. gination. hiding a secret place ; re3. a. 9. Hollow, in a general sense ; as the eOneave treat from observation cover from Entertaining a flattering opinion of sight. one's sell'; having a vain or too shores of the Tiber. The cleft tree Shak. high conOflers its kind concealment lo a few. 3. In botany, a concave leaf is one whose ception of one's own person or accomTheir food its insects, and its moss their nests. stands above the disk. plishments; vain.
; ;
I

out of conceit icith his dress. Helicc to put one out of conceit tcith, is to make liim iniliflerent to a thing, or in a degreo 7Hilot.wn. displeased with it. Sunfl.
is

man

edge

COff'AVE,
vault
;

H.

Martyn. hollow; an arch, or

Thomson.

If

you think me too conceited.

to passion quickly heated.

as the ethereal concave.

t.

ONCE'DE,

CON'AVE, V. To make hollow. Seicard. CON'CAVENESS, n. Hollowness. ONAV'ITY, n. [It. concainla; Fr. concaviti
;

Sp. concavidad.]
;

Hollowness the internal surface of a hollow spherical body, or a body of other figure or the space within such body.
;

V. t. [L. concedo ; con and cedo, to yield, give way, depart, desist ; It. concedert, cedere ; Sp. conceder, ceder ; Fr. conceder, ceder ; Ir. ceadaighim ; gadael, and gadaw, to quit or leave, to permit. The preterite cessi indicates tliat this word ni.'iy

Or

Swift

Followed by of before the object of

conceit. Tlic Athenians were conceited of their own wit, science and politeness. Bentley. adv. In a conceited
; fancifully ; whimsically. Donne. Conceitedly dress her. n. The state of being ; ;

W.

CONCEITEDLY,
manner
j

be from a root in Class Gs. See that Class No 67. Samaritan. Sec also Class Gd.,

H'otion.

and Cede, and

CONA'VO-ON'AVE,
hollow on both surfaces.

a.
a.

Concave or Concave on
other.

To yield
to grant
;

Cong'e.]
;

CONCE'ITEDNESS,
dowments.

<;ONA'VO-ON'VEX,
one
side,

must not be conceded without

to admit as true, just or proper to let pass undisputed ; as, this limitation.

conceited; conceit vanity an overweening fondness of one's own person or enCollier.

a.

and convex on the

a.

[See

Convex.]

The advocate concedes the point

tion.

Boyle. in ques-

eONCE'ITLESS,

COi\A'VOUS,
which
in
see.

conception ; stupid; dull of apprehension. [,Voi ih iie.] Shak.

a.

Of

dull

[L. concavus.]

Concave,

CONA'VOUSLY,

adv.

With hollowness;

To allow to We concede
;

admit

to

be true.
were those Burke.

eONCE'IVAHLE,
concepibile
1.
;

(Fr.

concevable

It.

a manner to discover the internal surface of a hollow sphere. -CONCE'AL, V. t. [Low L. concelo ; con and Sax. helan, celo, to v.ithhold from siglit ha:lan, gehatan, gehelan, to lieal and to conceal G. hehleri, to conceal, and heilen, to heal D. heelen, to heal and to conceal Dan. hoiler, to conceal VV. celu, to hide
;

who

lived

under

that their citizens difforcnt forms.

;

Sp. conceptible.

See

Coiicei'i'c]
;

eONCE'DED,
;

Yielded admitted pp. granted as, a question, proposition, fact or statement is conceded.
ppr.

That may be imagined, or thought capable of being framed in the mind by the
fancy or imagination. If it were possible to contrive an invention, whereby any conceivable weight may be moved fVdkins. by any conceivable power. That may be understood or believed.

eONCE'DING,
grantimr.

Yielding; admitting
2.

eONCE'lT,
to
1.

Fr. celer ;

It.

celare

Sp. collar, to keep

71. [It. concetto; Sp. concepto ; Port, conceito ; L. conceptu.t, from concipio, conceive ; con and capio, to take or

silence, to di.ssemblc, to abate, to grow oalni; Port, calar, to conceal or keep " cala a close, to pull or let down, boca," hold your peace ; also intransitive, to be still or quiet, to keep silence ; coinciding
in origin

seize.]

Conception
agined,

that which is conceived, hn or formed in the mind idea

;

It is not conceivable, that it should be the very person, whose shajjc and voice it assumed. Atterbury. CONCE'IVABLENESS, n. The quality of

being conceivable.

thought

image.

eONCE'IVABLY,
intelligible

adv. In a conceivable or
It.

maimer.
V.
t.

The
same
'fl

with whole, all, holy, hold, Scc. primary sense is to strain, hold, stop,

In laufthinf there ever precedeth a conceit of somewhat ridiculous, and therefore it is prop
3.

CONCEIVE,
pire
1.
;

restrain,

make

fast or strong, all

from the
f

Bacon Understanding; power or faculty of conceiving apprrlicnsion as a man of quick

er to
; ;

man.

root as the Shemitic 'jO, nSj,

,

J^^

conceit.

[A'early antiquated.]

AA

Gr. *uMw.
;

1.

To keep
disclose

Class Gl. No. 3-3. .36, close or secret : to forbear to to withhold from utterance or
;

often did her eyes say to me, that tliey loved yet I, not looking for such a matter, had not ray conceit open to understand them.
!

How

; L. concon and capio, to take.] To receive into the womb, and breed to the formation of the embryo or begin fetus of an animal.

[Fr. concevoir ; Sp. concebir ; Port, conceber

concC'

cipio

Then shall she be Num. v. Heb. xi.

Luke
i.

free

and conceive seed.

Sidney.
3.

Elisabeth hath conceived a son in her old age.

In sin did

declaration

as, to conceal one's

or opinions.
I

thoughts

Opinion
ceit.

notion
;

fancy

imagination

fantastic notion
Seest thou a
there
is

as a strange or odd

coji- 2.

To form
vise.

my

mother conceive me.

Ps.
;

li.

in the

mind

to

have not concealed the words of the Holy One. Job vi. to withdraw from observation 2. To hide to cover or keep from sight.
;

imagine

to de-

man

more hope of a
;

wise in his own conceit ? fool than of him

They

Prov. xxvi.

Job XV. Nebuchadnezzar

against you.
3.

conceive mischief and bring forth vanitj-.

hatli

What

protit

is it if
?

we

slay our brother and

Pleasant fancy

conceal his blood

Gen. xxxvii.
5.

On

the

way

to

gayety of unagination. the gibbet, a freak took him in

;

conceived a purpose

Jer. xlix.

To fonn an
stand
^^'e
spirit
;

idea in the

A party of men concealed themselves behind a wall. A mask conceals the face. CONCE'ALABLE, a. That may be concealed, hid or kept close. Brown.
CONCE'ALED,
hid
;

mind;

to under-

the head to go olf with a conceit.

striking thought

L^ Estrange. aflected or unnatural

to

comprehend.

cannot conceive the manner in which

; ;

conception.

Some

to conceit alone their

works confine.

Pope. close or .secret; 6. Favorable or self-flattering opinion ; a lofty covered. ; or vain conception of one's own person or CONCE'ALER, n. One who conceals; as accomi>lishments. the concealer of a crime. Clarendon. By a little study and a great conceit of himself. CONCE'ALING, ppr. Keeping close or he has lost his religion. Bentley. secret; forbearing to disclose; hiding; Out of conceit with, not liaving a favorable covering. with ; as, a opinion of; no longer
;)jO.

Kept

withdniAvn from sight

operates upon matter. To think to be of opinion to have an idea to imagine. You can hardly conceive this man to have been bred in the same climate. Stoift.
;

CONCEIVE, in the womb

nant.

I',
;

i.

To have
;

a fetus formed

to breed

to

become pregJudges

Thou

shall conceive

and bear a son.

Vol.

pleased

r.

44

CON
3.

C O N

CON

those things which concern the Lord Jeiu* with the primary accent on the first syllable, Christ. and a secondary accent on the third, the pro Acts x.wiii. nunciation of the participles, concentrating, 2. To relate or IVatts. their own natures. belong to, in an emphatical concentrated, is much facilitated. Tlie grieved coinmou.s manner; to affect the interest of; to be of concentrico ; Fr. conceive of nic. Shalt. CONCEN'TRIC, a. [It. Hardly imiiortance to. n. To understand ; to comprehend ; to have Our wars with France have affected us in our C07ice7itrique ; L. concentricus ; con and cenmost tender interests, and concerned us more a conii)lete idea of; as, I cannot conceive trum, center.] than those with any other nation. .Addison by what means this event has been pro- Having a common center ; as the concentric It much concerns us to secure the favor and coats of an onion ; ihe concentric orbits of duced.

To

think to liave a conception or idea, y Conceive of things cleiivly and distinctly in

;

CONCEIVED,
framed
in ilie

pp.

Formed
;

in the
;

womb

the planets.

mind
n.

devised
that

imagined

CONCENT'UAL,

a.

[from concent.]
it.

Har-

3.

imderstood.

monious; accordant.

H'urton.

an interest
sentiment.

.inon. protection of God. To interest or affect the passions ; to take in ; to engage by feeling or

CONCE'IVER,
one
tlint
;

One

conceives;
fetus in

CONCEP'TACLE,
1.
;

[L.

conctplaculum,
;

conipreliends.
;

CONCEIVING, ppr. Forming a the womb framing in tlie mind

;

imagining; devising; thinking; compreliending. CONCE'IVING, n. Apprehension conception.

2.

Shitk.
v.
f.

eONCEL'EBRATE,
gether.
[JVot used.]
)).

To

celebrate to-

from concipio. See Conceive.] That in which any thing is contained a vessel a receiver, or receptacle. Woodward. In botany, a follicle a pericarp of one valve, opening longitudinally on one side and having the seeds loose in it. Marfyn
; ; ;

A goml prince concerns himself in the happiness of his subjects. A kind parent concerns himself in the virtuous education of his children. They tliiuk themselves out of the reach of Provi<lence, and no longer concerned to solicit

his favor.

4.

To

disturb

to

make

Sogers.

Sherwood.
;

CONCENT', [L. coneentns, from concino, to sing in accordance con and cano, to
sing.]
1.

CONCEP'TIBLE, a. [See Conrrivaljle.]' That may be conceived conceivable intelligible.

uneasy.

[Little

used.]
.5.

Derham,
affairs

[JVot vscd.]

Hale.

To intermeddle. He need not concern ourselves with the

of our neighbors.

CONCEP'TION,
concipio.
1.

2.

CONCENT' ED,
CONCEN'TER,

Concert of voices; concord of sounds; harmony; as a concent of notes. Bacon. Consistency accordance as, in concent to a man's o^vn principles. Atterhury.
; ;

J). [L. conccptio, from Conceive. It. concczione ; Fr. conception.] Sp. concepcion The act of conceiving ; the lirst formation of the embryo or fetus of an animal.

See

CONCERN',

I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and ihy conGen. iii. ception. Spenser.' [Fr. concenlrer; It.; 2. The state of being conceived. concentrare ; Sp. and Port, co/iceni/ar; con\ Joy had the like conception in our cjea. and L. centrum, a center; Gr. xirfpoj', a| Slialc. goad, a sharp point, a center; xivtiu, to] ^. In pneiimatology, ajiprebciision of any thing by the mind ; the act of conceiving prick or goad. The primary sense is a in the mind ; that mental act or combina- 2. Interest ; importance ; moment ; that point.] which affects the welfare or happiness. To come to a point, or to meet in a cominon] iion of acts by which an idea or notion is To live in peace, is a matter of no small cotvformed of an absent object of pi'rce])tion, center; used of converging lines, or other cern to a nation. in a point. or of a sensation formerly felt. When we things that meet All these are like so many lines drawn from Mysterious secrets of a high concern. sec an with our eyes open, we have object And weighty truths, solid convincing sense. several objects, that in some way relate to him. a perception of it; when the same object and concenter in him. Hate. Explained by unafi'ected eloquence. is presented to the mind with the eyes Roscommoyi^ v. t. To draw, or direct to shut, in idea oidy or in memory, we have 3. Affection ; a common center ; to bring to a point ; a.s regard careful regard ; soha conception of it. citude anxiety. two or more lines or other things. Kaiins. Stewart. Encyc. The having a part less to animate, will serve 4. Why all this concern for the poor things of Conception may be sometimes used for this life? to concenter the spirits, and make them more the power of conceiving ideas, as when O Marcia, let rae hope thy kind concerns. aclive in the rest. Decay of Piety. we say, a thing is not within our concepAnd gentle >vishes, follow me to battle. pp. Brought to a comtion. Some writers have defined concep.^ddisoti. mon center; united in a point. tion as a distinct faculty of the mind; but An impenitent man feels no concern for his Tending to a ppr.

pari. a.
v.
{.

Made

to accord.

i. That which relates or belongs to one business aflair a very general term, expressing whatever occupies the time and attention, or affects the interests of a person. Intermeddle not in the private concerns of a family. Religion is the main concern of a rational being. have no concern in the private quarrels of our neighbors. The industrious and prudent occupy their time with their own concerns.
; ; ;

We

CONCEN'TER,

CONCENTERED,
comiTion center
;

CONCEN'TERING,
CONCENT'FLIL,
a.

bringing to a center.

Harmonious.
').

Fotherhy.

CONCEN'TRATF:, v. [j^ee Concenter.] To bring to a common center, or to a closer

t.

considered by others as memory, and perhaps with propriety. Purpose conceived ; conception with reference to tlie performance of an act.
it is

; union ; to cause to approach nearer to a point, or center ; to bring nearer to each other; as, to concentrate particles of salt by Davies evaporating the water that holds them in 7. Conceit ; affected sentiment, or thought. solution ; to concentrate the troops in an He is too full of conceptionif, points of epito concentrate rays of light into a and witticisms. ; army gram, Dryden focus. a. Apt to conceive;

G.

Anon. in business or their as a debt due to the general whole concern ; a los-s affecting the whole concern. Shak. Mercantile Usage. Apprehension knowledge. CONCERN'ED, pp. or o. Interested engaAnd as if beasts conceived what reason were ged having a connection with that which And that conception should distinctly show. may afl'ect the interest, welfare or happisoul. 4.

Persons connected
;

affairs in

ness.
All

men

are concerned in the propagation of

truth.

CONCEPTIOUS,
fruitful
;

are concerned in the virtuous educatioo of our children.

2.

We

CONCEN'TR.-VTED.pp. Brought to
; ;

a point or center brought to a closer union re duced to a narrow compass collected into a closer body. CONCEN'TRATING, ppr. Bringing to a point or to closer union collecting into a closer body, or narrow coiniiass.
; ;

pregnant.
a.

[.Voi

now

%iscd.]

Shak.

in business

Interested in business; having connection as, A is concerned with B in

;

CONCEP'TIVE,
[I/ittle

CONCERN',

CONCENTRA'TION,
.

n.

The

act of con

centrating; the act of bringing nearer to gather; collection into a central point; the compression into a narrow space state of being brought to a point. Note. The verb concentrate is sometimes ac ccnted on the first syllable. The reason is..
;

is concerned in the con cause of A against B. cernere ; Sp. eoncernir ; to concern, to re 3. Regarding with care ; solicitous : anxious ; to belong to ; L. Latin, concerno ; we are concerned for the fate of our gard, as, con and cerno, to separate, sift, divide to fleet. see. If this is the true origin, as I sii| adv. With affection or interest. Clarendon. pose, the primary sense is, to reach or extend to, or to look to, as we use re CONCERN'ING, ppr. Pertaining to; re-

used.]

Capable of conceiving Brown.

concerner
;

the East India trade. counselor we say, he

Of an

advocate or

11./.

[Fr.

It.

CONCERN'EDLY,
;

gard.]
1.

To

relate or belong to. Preaching the kingdom of God and teaching

garding having relation to. The Lord hath spoken good cmceming

Israel.

Num.

X.

C O N
have accepted thee concerning this tiling. Gen. xix. This word has been considered as a ))repoI

CON
:

CON
strain, stretch, drive or
1.
;

sition, lint

most improperly
;

conctrnirtf^,
1.

when
the

or proposition

word

tion.

so called, refers to a verb, sentence ns in the first example, applies to the preceding aflirmaThe Lord hath spoken good, which

be denied, or to show that even admitting the jKiint conceded, the cause is not with the adverse party, but can be maintained by the advocate on other grounds. Acknowledgment by way of apology confession of a fault.
a.

draw. Calling i:a straining or driving of voice. See Class Gl. N<..:W. SG. 4H. 49. and see Council.] To lead ordraw to, by moral influence or power; to win, gain or enj^agc, as the afas, politeness I'ections, favor or good will
;

CONCESSIONARY,
gence or allowance.

Yielding by indul
'2.

and hospitality

conciliate afl'ection.

speaking good is concerning Israel. Concerning, in this C/Use, refers to the first clause of the sentence.

CONCESSIVE,

CONCERNMENT,
one
is

The

thing in
;

which
;

CONCESSIVELY,
what may be

concerned or interested
I

concern
desist.

a. Implying concession Lowth. as a concessive conjunction. adv. By way of con cession or yielding by way of admitting
;

reconcile, or bring to a state of friendsay, an ship, as persons at variance. attempt has been made to conciliate the

To

We

contending parties.

CONCILIATED,
affection
;

pp.

Won;

gained; enbj-

disputable.
n.
[It.

Brown.

gaged by moral infiuence, as

reconciled.
ppr.

favor or

afTair; business; interest. To mLx with tliy concenmienls

CONCET'TO,
cd wit
;

See

Milton.
Propositions which extend only to the present are small, compared with those that have iiilliieuce upon our evedasting concernments.
life,

conceit. [Ao/
n.

Conceit.] Affect English, nor in use.

Shensloyie.
;

CONCILTATING,
ing favor
;

Winning; enga-

CONCII,
ca
;

[L. concha; Gr. xoy;^'?

;

It. coji- 3.

gitig; reconciling. a. Winning ; having the quality

Sp. concha

Fr. conque

probably \V.

IVatts.

cocos, cockles,

and perhaps

The

great concernment of

men

is

with men.
Loclce.

to frown, to knit the

allied to cogiaip, brows, that is, to

CONCILIA'TION,
or gaining,
reconciliation.

of gainas a conciliating address. n. The act of \yinning favor or aflcction as

esteem,
7i.

wrinkle.

% A particular bearing upon

happiness of one
ccrnment
;

the interest or

See Cancer.]
which from the conchu he| Dryden.
[L. concha, shell, and

marine
Adds

shell.
orient pearls,

CONCILIATOR,
or reconciles.
ate, or reconcile
;

One who
a.

concUiatcs
to concili-

importance; moment.

Experimental truths are matters of great conto mankind. Boyle 3. Concern interposition ; meddling ; as, the father had no concernment in the marriage
;

drew.
fero, to bear.]

CONCIL'IATORY,

Tending
;

CONClIIF'EROrS,u.
CONCll'ITE,
or shell.

tending to

make peace

of his daughter.
ally
4.

In this sense,
;

we

I'roducing or having shells. n. fossil or petrified conch

between persons at variance pacific. The GencaHmic- conciliatory propositions

to the insurgents.

gener-

jXal. Hist.
71.

use concern.

solicitude ; as, their ambition is maiiiliist in their concernment. In this sense, concern is generally used. CONCERT', V. I. [It. concertare, to contrive ; S\). concertar, to agree, to adjust, to covenant Port. id. ; Fr. concerter ; from L. con certo, to strive together ; con and certo, to strive. The primary sense is to set or act
;

Emotion of mind

CONCHOID,
fi6os,

lco7ich,

supra,
it

and
by

The
ures.

Gr.

measLegislature adopted conciliatory

form.]

The name

of a curve, givcB to

CONCIN'NITY,
its in-

ventor Nicomedes,

CONCHOID'AL,

a. In mineralogy, resembling a conch or marine shell having convex elevations and concave depressions, like shells ; as a conchoidal fracture.
; _

from 71. [L. co7icinTit7a5, concinnus, fit, concinno, to fit or prepare : either from con and c?io, to sound in accord ; or the hist constituent of the word to fit or may be the Heb. and Ch.
)13

adapt.]

Fitness

suitableness

neatness.

Kirwan.

[lAUle

To

[See Conchologij.] 2. A Tynvhitt. Pertaining conchology CONCIN'NOUS, a. [L. concinnus. See CONCHOL'OgIST, n. One versed in the Concinnity.] natural history of shells or shell-fish; one Fit suitable ; becoming pleasagreeable who studies the nature, properties and ant as a co7ki717ioi(S interval in music a habits of shells aud their included aniconcinnous system. Encyc. mals. CONCIONA TOR, ?!. [Infra.] A preacher. CON'CERT, n. Agreement of two or more CONCllOL'OciY, n. [Gr. xoyxr a shell, in a design or plan union formed by mu and J.oyo5, discourse.] CON'CIONATORY, a. [L. concionatorius, tual communication of opinions and views The doctrine or science of shells and shellfrom concio, an assembly.] accordance in a scheme harmony. fish. Used in preaching or discourses to public asThe allies were frustrated for want of concert eONCHOM'ETER, n. [Gr. xoyxr a shell, semblies. Howel. in their operations. and nitffu, to measure.] CONCrSE, a. [L. foci5s, cut off", brief, The Emperor and the Pope acted in coiuert An instrument for measuring shells, from co7iaV/o ; con and cado, to cut. See 2. A number or company of musicians, play Barnes. Chiss Gil. No. 2. 4. 8. 49. 59.] ing or singing the same piece of music at the same time or the mu.sic of a compa CONCIIYLA'CEOUS, a. [from concA.] Per- Brief; short, aiijilied to language or stile ; taining to shells resembling a shell ; a containing few words ; comprehensive ; ny of players or singers, or of both united. Kirwan. conch i/laceous impressions. 3. A singing in company. comprehending much in few words, or CONcilVLIOLOGlST, ) from L. conrhyli.\ the principal matters only. 4. Accordance harmony. The concise stile, which expresseth not CONCERTA'TION, n. Strife; contention. CONCHYLIOL'OgY, ^ urn, a sliell-fish, are sometimes used as synonyms of the enough, but leaves somewhat to be understood.

together.] contrive and settle by mutual communication of opinions or propositions ; to settle or adjust, as a plan or system to be pur sued, by conference or agreement of two or more parties; as, to conceH measures; to coitcert a plan of operations.
;

CONCHOLOti'ICAL,
to

a.

used.] jingling of words.

[Little used.]

CONCERT'O,
a concert.
cedo.
1.

n. [It.]

A piece

CONCES'SION,
See

n. [L. concessio,

of music for Mason. from con;

preceding words but they are words inconvenient length, and useless.
;

ofj

Where

the autlior

is

B. Jon son. too brief and concise,

Cottcede.]

CON'CIATOR, son who weighs

CONCIL'IABLE,
small assembly.

The

the party to whom it is made, and thus distinguished from giving, which is voluntary or spontaneous.

ini|)lyiMg

act of granting or yielding usua a demand, claim, or request from

In glass-works, the perand proportions the salt on ashes and sand, and who works and Encyc. tempers them.
71.

Watts. amplify a little. in Genesis, we have a concise account of tlie

creation.

CONCISELY,
or writing.

adv. Briefly
7.

in

few words

7i.

[L. conciliahulum.]

[JVot in use.]

The
5.
'

cnnees.sion of these charters

parliamentary way.

The

thhig yielded

peace, each power made large concessions. Q. In rhetoric or debate, the yielding, grant ing, or allowing to the opj'osite party some
,
.

a. [from L.co7ifi7ii((7(, Pertaining or relating to a council. Baker. CONCIL'IATE, V. t. [L. concilia, to drawas, in the treaty of er bring together, to unite ; a compound of

CONCIL'IAR,
cil.]

Bacon. a coun-

A CONCI SENESS,

comprchensivclv.
Brevity in speaking

was

in

HaU

[Little used.]

CONCISTON,
from

Conciseness should not be studied at the expense of perspicuity. 71. s as z. [Low L. concisio, C07ici*u7n, concido, to cut off; It. C07i-

con

aii<l calo,

Aph., from galu:

'hj,

point or fact tliat may bear dispute, with a view to obtain something which cannot

to trust, to finish, to call, to

The

cisione.] Literally, a cutting off. Hence, Gr. xoXsu, to call CIi. 'SiS in In scripture, the Jews or those who adhered to circumcision, which, after our Savior's nSd or nSo, to hold or keep, thunder W. was no longer a seal of the covedeath, nant, but a mere cutting of the flesh. priniary sense of the root is to
;

CON
Beware of dogs
Phil.
iii.

C O N
llic

CON
;

beware of
n.

concision.

CONCITA'TION,
stir.]

[L. concitatlo,
;

from
cito,

conclto, to stir or disturb

con and

to

Tiie world will conclude that I had a guilty conthat is here the object, referring science lo the subsequent clause Of the sentence.

The

act of stirring up, exciting or putting in motion. Brown.

r.
t.

2.

CONCl'TE,

[L. concito.]

To

excite.

[JVot in jtse.]

eONCLAMA'TION,
from conclamo See Claim.]
;

n. [L. conclamalio, con and clamo, to cry out

being conclusive, or decisive ; the power of determining the opinion, or of settUng a question as the conclusiveness of evidence or of an argument. Hah. ONOAG'ULATE, v. t. [con and coagu[See Verb Transitive, No. 3.] To settle opinion to form a final judg- late.] To curdle or congeal one thing with another. ment. Boyle. Can we conclude upon Luther's instability eONCOAG'ULATED, ;);j. Curdled; conas our author has done. creted. Mterbury To end. ONeOAG'ULATING, ppr. Concreting;
this

Hut

verb

is really transitive.

train of lies,

That,

made

in lust, conclude in perjuries.

curdling.

\n

outcry or shout of
71.
;

many
n.

together.

Diet.

Dryden

ONOAGULA'TION,

n.

coagulating

eON'CLAVE,
room same
1.

[L.

conclave,
licy,

con ami clavis,

an inner or from the

the

The

old form of expression, to conclude no longer in use.

of, is

^.

pp. Shut; ended; finish inferred comprehend stopped, or bound. CONeLU'DENCY, n. Inference logical Hale. deduction from premises. tion of a Pope. It consists of a range of to a close small cells or apartments, standing in a CONeLU'DENT, a. Bringing Bacon. decisive. line along the galleries and hall of tlie who concludes. n. One Vatican. Encyc. CONCLU'DER, Mountagii,. Tlie assembly or meeting of the Cardi ONLU'DlNG, ppr. Shutting ending nals, shut up for the election of a Pope.

root, to
in

make

fast.]

ONCLU'DED,
cd ed
; ;

together, as different substances, or bodies, in one mass. Crystalization of different salts in the same menstruum. Coxe.

private

apartment,

particularly

determined

[This word

is little used.]
I.

room

ONCOT',
con and

1'.

which tlie Cardinals of tlie Romish church meet in privacy, for the elec-

cor/uo, to cook.

[L. concoquo, concoetum See Cook.]

To digest by the stomach, so as to turn food to chyle or nutriment. The vital hmctions are performed by genera! and constant laws the food is concocted. Cheyne. To purify or sublime ; to refine by sepa rating the gross or e.xtraneous matter; as,
;

3.

A private meeting

Encyc. a close assembly

Garlli.

3. a.

rONCLU'DE,

[L. concoctio.] Digestion or solution in the stomach the process by which food is turned into chyle, or otherthe last part wise prepared to nourish the body the sion of an address. change which food undergoes in the stomThe very person of Christ w.is only, touch- 2. The close of an argument, debute or reaach. Coxe. Encyr. inference that ends the soning discus-j ing bodily substance, concluded in the grave. 2. Slaturation ; the process by which mor Hooker. final result. sioii bid matter is separated from the blood oi Let us hear the conclusion of the whole mat[This use of the word is uncommon.] ter fear God, and keep his commandments to comprehend. humors, or otherwise changed and pre9. To include Eccles. xii. for this is the whole of man. to lje thrown off. Coxe. For God halh concluded tfieiu all in unbelief.
used.]

J', t. [L. roncludo ; con and claudo or cludo, to shut Gr. xXfiJou, or It. conchiudere ; Sp. con xj.ftw, contracted cluir ; Port. id. ; Fr. conclure. The sense is to stop, make fast, shut, or rather to thrust together. Hence in Latin, claudo signifies; to halt, or limp, that is, to stop, as well as
; ;

ONLU'DINGLY,
with
tised.]

comprehending. determining inferring as the conFinal ending closing cluding sente.nce of an essay.
; ; ;
;

concocted
3.

venom.

Thomson.

To

ripen.

adv. Conclusively incontrovertible evidence. [Little

;

Fruits and grains are half a year in concoct Bacon ing.

ON0T'ED,
ripened.

pp.
ppr.

Digested

purified

Dighy. CONCLU'SIBLE, a. Tliat may be coiidu ded or inferred determinable. [Little

;

ONeOTTNG,
ing; ripening.

Digesting;

purify-

Hammond. CON0'TION,

ONLU'SION,
End
;

n. s as

z.

t .

to shut. To shut.

See Lid.]

dose

[L. conclusio. as the conclu-

pared

Eom. xi.
The
Gal. iu.
scripture hatli

3.

Determination
After long

final decision.

3.

concluded

all

under

sin.
j

came
in

debate, the to this conclusion.

;

house of commons
;

passage
to
3.

The meaning may be

doom.
collect

of the word

the latter

Consequence
collected or
j

inference

that

which
;

is

ONCO'TIVE,
ON0L'OR,
use.]

to declare irre^oeably or;

drawn from premises

ripening; the acceleration of any thing Johnson. a. Digesting ; having the Milton. power of digesting or ripening.

towards perfection.

par-i

a.

by reasoning to infer, as from premises; to close an argument by infer-i

;
I

To

5.

ring. Therefore we conclude, that a man is justifiedj by faith without the deeds of the law. Rom. iii. 6. 4. To decide ; to determine; to make a final

from propositions, facts, experience, or reasoning. The event of experiments experiment. We practice all conclusions of grafting and Bacon. [Little used.] inoculating. Confinement of the thoughts ; silence. Shak. [.Yot used.]
ticular deduction
;

Of one
)

color.

[jYot in

Brown.
\

CONC.OM'ITANCE,

ONOMTTANCY,
A
other thing.

[L. con and comt"'/or, to accompany,

from comes, a companion.

See Count.] being together, or in connection with anThe secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in concomitaney v.ith the other. Brown,

judgment or determination. As touching the Gentiles who

have written and concluded no such thing. Rom. xi.
.J.

0NLU'S10NAL,
believe,

a.

Concluding.

[J^Tot

tliat

To end
I will

Hooper. they observe ONeLU'SIVE, a. [It. conclusivo.] Final; decisive as a conclusive answer to a proused.]
;

we

CONCOMITANT,
joined with
It
;

a.

Accompanying con; ;

concurrent

attending.

to finish.
this part

conclude

with the speech

of a

position.
2.

counselor of state.
6.

Bacon
;

To

stop or restrain, or as in law, to estop

from further argument or proceedings to or by one's oblige or bind, as by authority own argument or concession generally
;

Decisive giving a final determination precluding a further art. The .igreeing votes of both houses were not,|
; ;

has pleased our wise creator to annex to a concomitant pleasure. several objects

Locke.

CONCOMITANT,
plied
to

by any law or reason, conclusive

rrient.

to

my

King
;

judg-i Charles.'

n. A companion a person or thing that accompanies another, or It is seldom apis collaterally connected.
;

3.

in the passive If (hey will appeal to revelation for their creation,

I

ting
4.

Decisive; concluding the question; putas a conclusive'. an end to debate

1

The

o!!;cr

persons. concomitant of ingratitude

is

heartedncss.

Hale. they must be concluded by it. The defendant is concluded by his own plea.

Pearson. upon affidavits, to CONCOMTTATE, v. t. To accompany or which ought to conclude the present inq'oii-y. Locke. attend to be collaterally connected. [JVot Harvey. used.] Decisively; with eONLU'DE, V. i. To infer, as a conse- CONLU'SIVELY, adv. the 7!. final determination as, [Fr. Concorde; L.concorrfia, point of law is CON'CORD, quence ; to determine. from concors, of con and cor, cordis, the conclusivelii settled. The world will conclude I had a guilty con-

do not consider the decision of that motion,

argument. Regularly consequential. Men, not knowing the true forms

Reproach

is hardSouth. a concomitant to greatness.

Jddison.
j

amount

to a res judicata,

of syllogisms, cannot know whether they are made in modes and figures. right and conclusive

CONCOIMTTANTLY,
with others.
;

adv.

In

company

science.

Jlrbuthnot.

CONCLU'SiVENESS,

n.

The

quality

of

heart.

See Accord.]

CON
1.

CON
;

CON
Union of things
.3.

Agreement bctweon persons

peaoe
Cor.
;

union

in
;

CONCORPORA'TION,
in

)(.

.Soap

is a

lactitious concrete.

ICncyc.
t'

interests opinions, sentiments, views or

one mass or body.

n.

harmony.
hath Christ with Belial
tilings
; ?

CON'COL'RSE,
2

What concord
vi.

2.

Agreement between harmony.

If,

suitableness

con[Fr. concour.t; Sp. curso ; It. concorso ; L. concursvs, from concurro, to run together ; con and curro, to run.]
;

In /og-i'c, a concrete term; a term cludes both the quahty and '.' which it exists as nigi-um,
1

r.-

":

CONCRK TE,

1.

nature's concord broke, Amone the constellations war were sprung. "
.3.
;

Milton

In music, consent of sounds harmony rhe relation between two or more soimtls which are agreeable to the ear. [See
Chord.]

The man who hath not music in himself. Nor is not moved with concord of sweet
sounds.
Is
fit

A moving, flowing or running together confluence as a fortuitous coneou?'e of atoms a concourse of men. an as.\ meeting ; an assembly of men semblage of things a collection formed by a voluntary or spontaneous moving and meeting in one jdace. Acts xi.x. The place or point of meeting, or a meet ing; the [Hjint of junction of two bodies.|
; ; ; ;

i. To unite or coaiestseparate particles, into a mass or solid body, cliicfly by spontaneous cohesion, or other natural process as, saline particles concrete into crystals blood concretes in a bowl. A|)plipd to some sulistances, it is equivalent to indurate ; as, metallic matter
I.',

-. ,

concretes

into

a hard body.
it

Applied to

other substances,
geal,

is

thicken, inspissate,

equivalent to concoagulate ; as in
.Vewton.

for treasons.
;

4.

A compact

Shak an agreement by stipulation

Davits

The drop will begin concourse of the glasses.

[This application
is

to

move towards

the

the concretion of blood.

Jlrbulhnot.

J\'eivton.

Il'oodward.

unusual.]
[con

CONCRETE,
create
;

CONCREA'TE,
cuncreare.]

V.

t.

and

It.l

V. t. To form a ma.ss by the cohesion or coalescence of separate parti-

treaty, 5. in laxp,

create with, or at the same time. Dr. Taylor insists that it is inconsistent with the nature of virtue, that it should be cuncreated is the forciants that the land in question Edwards, Orig. Sin. with any person. Blackstone. right of the complainant. CONCREA'TED, pp. Created at the same 6. In grammar, agreement of words in contime, or in union with. struction as adjectives with nouns in gen- CONCRED'IT, r. /. To entrust. [JVotused.] nouns Barrow. der, number and case or verbs with
in a fine, matte

This

is

an agreement between the parties by leave of the court. an acknowledgment froiii the de-

cles.

HcUe.
pp.

To

CONCRETED,
;

United

or pronouns in number and person. Or concord may signify the system of rules for construction called syntar.

eONCREMA'TION,
;

n.

Form of concord, in ecclesiastical history, is a book among the Lutherans containing a

a system of doctrines to be subscribed as condition of communion, composed at

The

burn together con and cremo, to burn.] act of burning different things together.
[Little used.] n.

adv. In a concrete manner in a manner to include the subject with the predicate not abstractly. A'orris. state of being CONCRE'TENESS, n. concrete coagulation. CONCRE'TING, ppr. Coalescing or con[L. concremo, to gealing in a mass becoming thick; mak;

CONCRETELY,

mass; congealed; inspissated;

into a solid clotted.

ing solid.

CONCRETION, n. The act of concreting

CON'CREMENT,

tum, from concresco, to

[Low L. concremengrow together.

Torgaw

in 157(i.

Encyc.
n. [Fr. concordance
;

eONeORD'ANCE,

It.

concordanza; L. concordans, from concordo, See Concord.] to agree. In this sense, accordance is 1. Agreement.
2. In
3.

See C'oncre(e.] growing together the collection or mass formed by concretion, or natural union
;

Hale.

the process by which soft or fluid bodies become thick, consistent, solid or hard : the act of growing together, or of uniting, by other natural process, the small particles of matter into a nins.s. 2. The mass or solid matter formed by growing together,

eONCRES'CENCE,
concresco.

by congelation, condensa-

generally used. grammar, concord. [J^Tot used. A dictionary in whiclithe principal words used in the scriptures are arranged alpha and verse betically, and the hook, chapter dein which each word occurs are noted
;

Growth

n. [L. concrescentia, Concrete.] or increase ; the act of growing or

See

tion, coagulation or induration ; a clot ; a lump ; a solid substance formed in the soft

or the increasing by spontaneous union, coalescence of .separate particles. Raleigh. CONCRES'CIBLE, a. Capable of concreor be changed ting that may congeal from a liquid to a solid state. signed to assist an inciuirer in finding any They formed a genuine, fixed, conerescible oil.
;

CONCRE'TIVE,

parts or in the cavities of animal bodies. a. Causing to concrete having power to produce concretion ten<ling to form a solid ma.ss from separate
;

particles; as, conc/c/iiie juice.s.

CONCRE'TURE,
concretion.
I'.

n.

Brown. mass formed by

passage of scripture, by means of any leading word in a verse which he can recollect.

[JVot used.]
J.

CONCORD' ANCY,
CONCORD'ANT,
correspondent
cordant.
;

n.

Agreement.

Mountagu
a. Agreeing; agreeable; Brown. harmonious.

CONCORD'ANT,

n.

That which is acMountagu.

CONCORD'ANTLY, adv. In conjunction. CONCORD'AT, n. In the canon law, a com

pact, covenant, or

agreement concerning

some beneficiary matter, as a resignation, permutation, promotion and the like. In a prince particular, an agreement made by with the Pope relative to the collation of benefices such as that between the Emperor Frederic III., the German princes and the Pope's legate, A. D. 1448.
;

CONCREW, grow together. [Xot CON'CRETE, a. [L. concretus, from con- tised. Spenser. con and cresco, cresco, to grow together CONCU'BINAtiE, n. [Fr. See Concubine.] See Groii).] to grow. act or practice of cohaliitiiig, as man The 1. Literally, united in growth. Hence, formand woman, in .sexual commerce, without ed by coalition of sejiarate particles in one the authority of law, or a legal marriage. body consistent in a mass united in In a -Tiore general sense, this word is used solid form. to express any criminal or prohibited sexThe lirst concrete state or consistent surface ual commerce, including adultery, incest, Burnet of the chaos. and fornication. not abto a subject 2. In logic, applied In some countries, concubinnge is a marHere stract; as the whiteness of snow. riage of an inferior kind, or performed whiteness is used as a concrete term, as it with less solemnity than a true or formal the quahty of snow. expresses marriage or marriage with a woman of Concrete terms, while they express the qualinferior condition, to whom the husband also express, or imply, or refer to asubity, do does not convey his rank or qualitj". This Watts, ject to which ihey belons:. is said to be still in use in Germany. concrete number expresses or denotes
Foiircroy.
]
; ; ; ; .

To

Encyc.

CONCORD'IST,
cordance.

Span. Diet. Ltunier. 71. The compiler of a conCh. Observer, March, 1811.
v.
t.

when we
term

a particular subject, as three men ; but use a number without reterence to a subject, as three, or^i'f, we use the
in the abstract.
)!.

Encyc.
In law, concubinage is used as an exception against her that suetli for dower in which it is alledged that she was not lawfully married to the man in whose lands she seeks to be endowed, but that she was his concubine. Cowel.
;

Bailey.
;

CONCOR'PORATE,
of con and corpus, a

CON'CRETE,
matter
in

[L. concorporo,

liody.]

To

unite
;

different

things in one

mass or

a mass formed by concretion, spontaneous union or coalescence of separate particles of

A compound

one body.

CONCU'BIN.\TE,
ness.

n.

Whoredom; lewdTaylor.

body

to incorporate.
v.

[Little used.

CONCOR'PORATE,
nass or body.

i.

To

Gold is a porous concrete. Sentley. Taylor. 2. In philosophy, a mass or compoimd body, made up of iliflerent ingredients; a mixed unite in one body or mass. Cleaveland.

[.Vo( in use.]
71.

|CON'CUBINE, from
1

[Fr. fiom L. concubina, co7icumbo, to lie together ; con iwid cumbo, or cubo, to lie down.]

CON
t.

CON
;

CON
;

1.

wlio coliabits with a man, without tlio authority of a legal marriage a woman kept for lewd purposes a kept Bacon. Shak. Dryden. mistress. wife of inferior condition a lawful wife, but not united to the man by the usual ceremonies, and of inferior condition. Such were Ilagar and Keturah, the conand such concucubines of Abraham bines were allowed by the Roman laws.
;

A womnn

C.

A meetuig, as of claims, or jiower joint implying equality in difterent persons or bodies as a concurrence of jurisrights
; ;

greatness of the work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence to it. Rogers.

1.

diction in
rence

two

CONCUR'RENCY,
;

hut

little

CONCUR'RENT,
;

Encyc.

Crxuitn.

CONCUL'ATE,
tread on
;

v.

t.

[L.

conculco.]
foot.

To

to trample

under

CONCULCA'TION,
foot.

n.

Mounlagu.
trampling under

CONU
Lust
;

from and cupio,

pleasure.

ustd.] I'ISCENCE, n. [L. concupiscentia, concupisco, to covet or lust after ; con

to desire or covet.]

[Ao? much

We condemn mistakes with asperity, where ; we pass over sins with gentleness. join with these laws the personal presence of tlie King's son, as a concurrent cause of tliis Buckminster Dalies. 2. To determine or reformation. judge to be wrong, or All combined. guilty ; to disallow ; to disapprove. Your beauty, and my impotence of mind, Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, we And his concurrent name, that blew my lire. have confidence towards God. 1 John iii.
I

companying ing in the same act; contributing to the same event or effect operating With.
;

different courts. n. The same as concurused. a. Meeting ; uniting ; acacting in conjuction agree-

en; G. verdammen ; Sw. dSma, firdima ; Dan. dOmmer, fordommer ; Sax. demon, fordeman, to deem, to doom, to judge, to condemn. See Damn, Deem, Doom.] To pronounce to be utterly wrong to utter a sentence of disapprobation against to blame, to censure cut the word of; ; ;

ten expresses

more

tlian censure or blame,

and seems
jection
to
;

to include the idea of utter reas, to condemn heretical opinions ; condemn one's conduct.

Conjoined
There
is

associate
diflTercncc

unlawful or irregular desire of se.xual In a more general sense, the coveting of carnal things, or an irregular appetite for worldly good inclination for unlawful enjoyments.
;

no

Dryden. concomitant. between the concurbut the ipiicliness or

3.

To witness against to show or prove to be wrong, or guilty, by a contrary prac;

tice.

rent echo and the iterant, slowness of the return.

3.

Tlie

men

of

Nineveh

shall rise in
shall

Bacon.
4.

We know

even secret concupiscence

to

he sin. Hooker.

Sin, taking occasion by Uie coinmandiuent, wroTight in ine all manner of concupiscence.

and equal e\isiing together and operating on the same objects. The courts of the United States, and those of the States have, in some cases, concurrent ju
Joint
;

with this generation, and Matth. .xii.

judgment condemn it

be guilty to sentence to punishment to utter sentence against to doom jtitlicially opposed to acquit or
to
;
:

To pronounce
;

Rom.
fid

vii.

CONCUR'RENT,

CONCU'PISCENT,
pleasure
;

a.

libidinous.
a.

Desirous of unlawShak.
;

CONCU'PISCIBLE,

Exciting or impelling to the enjoyment of carnal pleasure inclining to tlie attainment of pleasure or South. good as concupiscible ajipetite.
;

before the penalty. shall be betrayed to the chief priests, and to the scribes, and they shall conjoint or contributory cause. demn him to death. Matth. x.x. To all affairs of importance there are three He that believeth on him is not condemned. necessary concurrents time, industry and fac John iii. ulties. Decay of Piety. 5. To doom or sentence to pay a fine ; to CONCUR'RENTLY, adv. With concur fine.
risdiction.

absolve

with
of

to

n.

That which concurs

The son

man

rence
;

unitedlv.

CONCUR',
er
;

I',

i.

[h. concurro, to
;

run togethconconere
,

eONCUR'RING, ppr.

Meeting
;

in

the

same

And the king of Egypt condemned the land in a hundred talents of silver. 2 Chron.

con and curro, to run

;

It.

Sp. concurrir
courir.]
1.

Port,

concorrer

Fr. con-

in the same point ; to agree. Reason and sense concur. Temple. 2. To agree ; to join or iniite, as in one action or opinion ; to meet, mind with mind
:

To meet

the two houses of parliament concur in the measure. It has with before the person with whom
as,

xxxvi. agreeing ; ruiming or acting to point gether; uniting in action contributing to 6. To judge or pronounce to be unfit for use the .same event or effect consenting. or service as, the ship was condemned as A concurrinfT figure, in geometry, is one not sea-worthy. which, being laid on another, exactly 7. To judge or pronounce to be forfeited ; meets every part of it, or one which cor the ship and her cargo were conas, demned. rcsptnids with it in all its parts. CONCUSSA'TION, n. [See Concussion.] CONDEM'NABLE, a. That may be conviolent shock or agitation. demned blaraable culpable. Broini.
;
;

CONCUS'SION,
discidio,

n.

[L. concussio,

from

con-

one agrees.
Mr. Burke concurred
opinion.
It

ivith

Lord Chatham

in

cuiio, to shake, from con and quatio, ijuasso From the sense of to shake or shatter.

CONDEMNA'TION,
The
to

n.

[L.

condemnatio.]

has to before the eftect. Extremes in man concur to general

and percutio, we nniy infer that the primary sense is to beat, to strike, or
use.

condemning; the judicial act of declaring one guilty, and dooming him
punishment. For the judgment was by one to condemnation. Rom. V. The state of being condemned.
Dost thou not fear God, seeing thou same condemnation. Luke xxiii.
art in

act of

Pope.
3.

unite or be conjoined, with the consequential sense, of aiding, or contributing power or influence to a common object. Various causes may concur in the changes of
temperature.
;

To

to beat in pieces, to bruise, to beat down Fr. casser, Eng. to quash, h. cado, cudo 2. See Class Gd. No. 38. 40. 76. and Class
1.

CONCUR'RENCE, n. A
;

meeting or coming

Gs. No. 17.] The act of shaking, particularly and prop erly, by the stroke or impulse of another body.
It is

the

3.

The cause
demnation.

or reason of a sentence of con-

John

iii.

together union conjimction. We have no other measure but of our own

ideas, with the concurrence of otlier probable Locke. reasons, to persuade us.

believed that great ringing of bells, in

cities,

CONDEMNATORY,

a.

Condemning
;

populous

2.

meeting of minds
;

agreement

in opin-

ion ; union in design bation.

.

implying joint appro-

3.

JVuodward. a. Having the power or Swifl CONCUS'SIVE, Johnson. A meeting or conjunction, whether casu- quality of shaking. al or inteiuled combination of agents. COND, !i. t. [Fr. conduire.] In seamen''s language, to conduct a ship; to direct the circumstances or events. man at helm how to steer. Struck with these peAt concurrences of things
;

Tarqnin the proud was expelled by the universal t'Oin*rrenfC of nobles and people.

Bacon The state of being shaken; a shock; at the concussion of the brain by a stroke. It is used also for shaking or agitation in gen eral; as the concussion of the earth.

which may

hath dissipated pestilent air, be from the coyicussion of the air.

beating condemiiatiomi or censure a condemnatory sentence or decree.

;

as

CONDEM'NED, pp. Censured pronounced to be wrong, guilty, worthless or foriiiited adjudged or sentenced to punish;

ment.

CONDEM'NER,
i-ensiires.

n.

One who condemns

;

or

Taylor.

CONDEM'NING,
lowing
;

Censuring pronouncing to be wrong,

ppr.
;

disal-

guilty,

worthless or forfeited
isliment.

sentencing to pun-

CONDENS'ABLE,

4.

.\greement No. 2.

consent

aiiprobation.

Crashaw See

CONDEMN,

5.

Agreement or consent, implying joint aid or contribution of power or iidluencc.

From
l!in.;(>

cijljlimo

iirjarros

wo

rolli'Ot

the

Encyc Bailey. V. t. condem'. [L. condemno con and damno, to condemn, to disa|iprove, to doom, to devote It. condannare, dan nare ; Vort. condenar; i^\>. id. Fr.condamner .Arm. rnndanni ; D. docmen, verdoem; ;
;

a. [See Condense.] Capable of being condensed ; that may be compressed into a smaller compass, and into a more close, compact state as, va;

por

is

condrnsnlilc.
v.
I.

CONDENS'ATi;,
condense
;

[See Condense.]

To

to

compress into a closer

{o rni

CON
to

CON
;

C O N
;

make more

cause to take a more compact state

dense.
v.
i.

to
1.

Sp. condescender

Fr. condescendre

cot

eONDENS'ATE,
CONDENS'ATE,
densed
;

To become
;

dense, close or hard.

a.

Made dense

con-

made more

close or com|)act.

Peachnm

CONDENSATION,
The

a. [L. condensalio.

See
;

and L. descendo. See Descend.] To descend from the privileges of supe CONDISCI'PLE, !. [L. condiscipulus ; con and See Disciple.] rank or dignity, to do some act to an discipulus. \ siliool fciliivv; a learner in the same school, inferior, which strict justice or the ordina or under the same instructor. ry rules of civility do not require. Hence To to submit or yield, as to an inferior, im- CONDl'TE, V. t. [L. condio, conditum.] prepare and preserve with sugar, salt, spiplying an occasional relinquishment of
rior

and the like, tUcy arc for conBacon. di'menfs, and not for nourislinicnl.
for radish

As

Condense.] act of making more dense or compact or the act of causing the i>arts tiiat compose a body to ajtproach or unite more closely, either by mechanical pressure, or by a natural process the state of being condensed. Dew and clouds are supposed to be formed by the condensation of va;

3.

plums, quinces, mushrooms, &:c. Crew. Taylor. To recede from one's rights in negotia- CONDI'TEMENT, n. A composition of tion, or common intercourse, to do some conserves, powders, and spices, in the form of an electuary. [Little used.] which strict justice does not require. act, Bailei/.
j

cbstinction. Mind not hish things, but condescend to of low estate. Rom. xii.

ces, or the like

[Little used.]

to pickle

as, to condite

men

pears,

por.

It is

opposetl to rare/action
is
;

and

ex-

Spain's mighty monarch, In gracious clemency docs condescend. On these conditions, to become your friend.

jCONDI'TING,
used.]

ppr.

Preserving.

[LUile

Grew.

CONDP'TION,
;

Condensation pansion. any compressible matter and from con densation proceeds increased hardness, so
lidity,

applicable to 3.

and weight.
a.

eONDENS'ATIVE,

Having a power or

stoop or descend to yield to implying a relinquishment of rank, or dignity of character, and sometimes a sinking into deliasement.
; ;

To

Dryden submit

n. [L. conditio, from conrfo, to build or make, to ordain ; properly, to set or fix, or to set together or in or<ler ;

1.

con and do, to give; properly, to send.] State a particular mode of being applied
; ;

tendency to condense.

Can they

CONDENSE,
denser.
1.

V. t. condens'. [L. condense ; con and dense, to make thick or close It. condensare ; Sp. Port, condensar ; Fr. con;

so broken, so debased. With corporal servitude, that my mind ever Will condescend to such absurd commands

think

me

to external

circumstances, to the body, to the

.'

Milton

To make more close, thick or compact to cause the particles of a body to approach, or to unite more closely, cither by their own attraction or affinity, or by me chanical force. Thus, vapor is said to be condensed into water by the application of cold and air is condensed in a tube by pressure. Hence the word is sometimes
;

See Vensc]

CONDESCEND'ENCE,
of you.

n.

voluntary

yielding or submission to an inferior. You will observe [in the Turks] an insulting condescendence whicli bespeaks tlieir contempt

Elan
ppr.

mind, and to things. speak of a good condition or a bad condition, in reference to wealth and poverty in reference to health and sickness in reference to a cheerful or depressed disposition of mind; and with reference to a sound or broken, perishing The word signifies a setstate of things. ting or fixing, and has a very general and
;

We

CONDESCEND'ING,
yielding.
2. a.

from rank or distinction m the intciTonrse of life; receding from rights or claims
Yielding to inferiors
;

Dcscen.ling

courteous; obliadv.

e(|uivalent to compress. 2. To make thick ; to insjiissate; applied so/I compressible substances. 3. To compress into a smaller compass, into a close body ; to crowd ; applied Thus we say, separate individuals.

ging.
to

CONDESCENDINGLY,
yielding to inferiors
;

By way of
Atterbury.

with voluntai-y sub

or
to

mission

by way of kind concession

courteously.

to

condense ideas mto a smaller compass.

CONDESCEN'SION,

CONDENSE,
close or

more compact,
thick.

a body
ly
;

Dri/den. condens'. To become as the particles of to approach or imite more closeV.

i.

to

grow

Vapors condense and coalesce into small pareels. JK'ewton

?i. Voluntary descent from ratik, dignity or just claims; relinsubmission to quishment of strict right inferiors in granting requests or perform ing acts which strict justice does not reHence, courtesy. rjiiire. It forbids pride and commands humility, mod;

affords consolation to man in every condition of hfe. Exhortations shoidd be ada|)t ed to the condition of the mind.
Condition, circumstance,
Bliss
2.
is

he is thriving. A nation, with an exhausted treasury and burthened with taxes, in not in a condition to make war. A poor man is in a humble condition. Religion

indefinite application, coinciding nearly with state, from sto, to stand, and denotes that |iarticu!ar frame, loriii, mode or disposition, in which a thing exists, at anj' given time. man is in a good condition, when

the
;

same

is not the tiring; in subject or in king. Pope.

;

esty and condtficension to others. Raphael, amidst his tenderness,

TUlotgnn

shows such

3.

CONDENSE, a.
or composition

condens'.
;

Close in textiue compact firm dense

; ;

dignity and condescension in all his behavior as are suitable to a superior nature. jiddison.

i.

condensated.
rally used.]

[See Dense, which

is

gene-

CONDESCEN'SIVE,
cotu'teous.

Quality property attribute. It seemed to us a condition and property of divine powers and beings to be hidden and unseen to others. Bacon. State of the mind !emj)er; temperament Shak. coMi|)lexion. [See No. 1.] Moral quality ; virtue or vice.
; ;

a.

Condescending;

Milton.

pp. Made dense, or more close in parts ; made or become compact compressed into a narrower compass. CONDENS'ER, n. He or that which con-

CONDENS'ED,

CONDESCENT',
used.

n.

Barrow. Condescension. [A'ot

[L.
;

Raleigh. South. [These senses however fall within the Jirst

definition.]
.>.

CONDI'GN,
1.
:

a.

condi'ne.

Bp. Hall. condigmis ;

con and dignus, worthy.

;

See Dignity.]
13.

denses

particularly a pnemnatic

engine

or syringe in which air may be compress ed. It consists of a cylinder, in which is a movable piston to force the air into a 2. receiver, and a valve to prevent the air

Deserved merited suitable applied usji ally to punishment; as, the malefactor has suffered condign punishment.

as,

Rank, that is, state with respect to the orders or grades of society, or to property persons of the best condition. Clarendon. Terms of a contract or covenant stipu; ;

Worthy; merited;

as, condign praise.

Spen.<!er.

Shak.

from escaping.

CONDENS'ITY,
COND'ER,
1.

n.

The state of being con- CONDIG'NITY,

;

Encyc.

[In the latter sense, seldom used.] n. Merit desert. In school

;

densed; denseness

density.

[The

latter

are generally tised.] n. [Fr. conduirt;

L. conduco.

of human actions which claims reward, on the score of justice. Milner.

divinity, the merit

lation ; that i.s, that which is set, fixed, establishetl or proposed. What are the condilions of the treaty ? Make our conditions with yon captive king. JJryden He sendeth and desircth conditions of peace.
.

Luke

xiv.

7.

2.

See Cond.] CONDI'GNLY, adv. condi'nily. According A person who stands upon a cliff, or ele- to merit. vated part of the sea-coast, in the time of CONDI'GNNESS, n. condi'neness. Agrceathe herring fishery, to point out to the bleness to deserts suitableness. fishermen by signs, the course of the shoals CON'DIMENT, n. [L. condimenfum, from of fish. Cowel. condio, to season, pickle or preserve.] One who gives directions to a lielmsman Seasoning sauce that which is used to give reUsh to meat or other food, and to gratify how to steer the ship. Encyc.
; ;
;

clause in a bond, or other contract containing terms or a stipulation that it is to be performed, and in case of failure, tlic penalty of the bond is to be incurred. Terms given, or provided, as the ground

of something else that which is established, or to be done, or to happen, as requisite to another act as, I will pay a sum of mon; ;

ey,
it.

on condition yon

will

engage

to refund

CONDESCEND',

v.

i.

[It.

condescendere

the taste.

CON
condition is a clause of contingency, on the " happening of which the estate granted may be

CON
CONDO'LING,
another's loss.
n.

CON
equally to a

Expression of grief fori

animal of the goat
kind,! color.
|

good or bad course of actions ;

defeated.

Blaclistone.
V. i.

CONDI"TION,
stipulate.

To make
for a

CON'DOMA,
It is

(.

An

terms
good

to

as large as a stag,

and of a gray

Diet. J\rat. Hist.

office,

It is one thing to condition and another to execute it.

a species of Antelope, the

.*?.

strep-

as laudable conduct ; detestable conduct. Tlie word seems originally to have been followed with life, actions, affairs, or other term as the conrfuci of life ; the conduct of actions ; that is, the leading along of life or
;

CONDI'TION,
late.

r.

t.

To

siceros.

actions.

contract; to stipu-

ONDONA'TION,
act of pardoning.

It was coiulitionej between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn should put to death ail his male children. Raleigh.',

eON'DOR,

ONni"TIONAT-, Containing or depend-] ini; on a condition or conditions; made] with limitations; not absolute made or: conditional trrantcd on certain terms.
a.
;

n. Tho [L. condono.] [Little used.] largest species of fowl hitherto discovered ; a native of South America. Some naturalists class it with the vulture ; others, with the eagle. The n.

Young men in the conduct and manage of actions embrace more than they can hold.
Bacon
Wliat in the conduct of our
life

The

appears.

Ihydert^

of the Condor has been greatly exIt is about the size of the aggerated. Ldmmer-geyer or vulture of the Alps, which It is properly a it resembles in its habits. particular heirs as are specified, the estate Humholdt. Cuvier. vulture. Hence it is a] shall revert to the donor. ONDU'CE, !'. i. [L. conduco ; cun and dnco,
fee restrained to particular heirs, to the exclusion of others.
to lead
9.

promise is one which is to he perllprmed, when something else slipidated is done or^ has taken i)lace. A comliliomil fee, in law,' is one which is granted upon condilion, that if the donee shall die without such

largest, when expanded, are said to extend 15 or 18 feet; and the fowl has strength to hear off a calf or a deer.

wings of the

But by custoiTi, conduct alone is nowused to express tlie idea of behavior or course of life and manners. Exact behavior regular life. [Unusual.]
;

Diet. JVat. Jlld.

The size

G.

IManagement

mode of

carrying

Swiff. on.

Christianity has humanized the conduct of war. Patty. 7. The title of two clergymen appointed to read prayers at Eton College in England.

Mason.

In grammar and logic, expressing a condi-[ tion or su])position ; as a conditional word, mode, or tense ; a conditional syllogism.
n.

To

; Sp. conducir ; It. condm-re.] lead or tend ; to contribute followed by

;

CONDUCT',

V.

t.

[Sp. conducir; Port, con-

duzir, to conduct,

and

to

conduce

Fr

to.

They may conduce

to farther discoveries for

1.

ONDI"TIONAL,

limitation.
i

CONDITIONAL'ITY,
certain terms.

n.

The
;

being conditional, or limited

Bacon.. quality of limitation by

To

tending

J\i'ewlon. completing the theory of light. conduce to includes the sense of aiding to produce, or furnishing the
it

conduire ; It. condurre ; L. conduco. Bu! the English verb is from the noun conduct, or the Lat. participle.] To lead to bring along; to guide ; to accomjiany and show the way.
;

means; hence

is

sometimes equivalent
Virtue

And Judah came

to Gilgal

to

conduct the

to promote, advance, or further.

ONDI"TIONALLY,

With certain adv. The precepts of Christ will conduct U3 to Temlimitations; on particular terjns or stipuhappiness. life. lations; not absolutely or positively. In the transitive sense, to conduct, it is not 3. To lead ; to usher in ; to introduce ; to We see large preferments tendered to him, but authorized. attend in civility. landiiionallu, upon his doing wicked offices. n. leading or tend I'ray receive them nobly, and conduct them Soiil/i Shak. Into our presence. Gregory. ing to ; tendency. (7. Conditional; stipua. Tending or contributing 4. To JVorris. lated. give a direction to ; to manage ; ap[Md used.] Laud. plied to things ; as, the farmer conductshis GONDr'TIONATE, a. Conditional; estab- to. CONDU'CIBLE, a. [L. conducibilis.] Lead- affairs with prudence. lished on certain terms. [JVot used.] To lead, as a commander ; to direct ; to ing or tending to ; having the power of Hammond. To qualify ; to conducing ; having a tendency to promote govern ; to conmiand ; as, to conduct an v. (. or forward. Brown. army or a division of troops. reirulate. [.Yot in use.] Our Savior hath enjoined us a reasonable ser- 6. With the reciprocal pronoun, to conduct Stipulated; conpp. vice all his laws are in themselves conducibic one's self, is to behave. Hence, by a custaining terms to be performed. to the temporal interest of tliem that observe tomary omission of the pronoun, to con3. a. Having a certain state or qualities them. Bentlcy. duct, in an intransitive sense, is to behave ; This word is usually preceded by some word is less used than conducive.] [This to direct personal actions. [See the qualifying term; as good-conditioned ; ill- CONDU'CIBLENESS, n. The quality of conditioned ; best-conditioned. Noun.] leading or contributing to any end. 7. To escort ; to accompany and protect on adv. On certain terms.

conduces to the welfare of .society. gion conduces to temporal happiness. perance conduces to health and long

king over Jordan. 2 Sam. xix. Reli- 2. To lead ; to direct or point out the

way.

CONDU'CEMENT,

CONDr TIONARY,

ONDU'CENT,

CONDI"TIONATE,
tONDP'TIONED,

CONDI'TIONLY,
[J^ot used.]

CONDO'LE,

V.

i.

[h. condoleo

co;i,

Sidney. with,

eONDU'CIVE,
contribute
;

and dvko, to ache, or to grieve.] To feel pain, or to grieve, at the distress or

misfortunes of another. your friends would have cause
rather than condole ivith you.
It is
to rejoice,

More. a. That may conduce or having a tendency to pro-

the way.

CONDUCT'ED, pp. Led

introduced
;

mote.

commanded
;

An action, however

conducive to the good of

CONDUCT'ING, ppr.
introducing

our country, will be represented as prejudicial .Uddison to it.

guided directed managed. Leading escorting commanding behaving ;

;

managing.

CONDU'CIVENESS,
ON'DUT,

n.

The quaUty of con-

CONDUCTION,

n.

The

for whom we feel grief CONDO'LE, V. To lament

t.

CONDO'LEMENT,

[jYot in use.] Boyle. n. [Sp. conducta ; It. condot'ta CONDUCTI'TIOUS, a. [L. conductitius, from conduco, to hire.] Fr. conduite ; from the L. co7iductus, but with a different sense, from conduco, to Hired employed for wages. Jiyliffe. CONDUCT'OR, n. leader; a guide; one lead con and duco. See Duke.] Why should our poet petition Isis for her safe 1. Literally, the act of leading guidance; who goes before or accompanies, and shows the way. command. So Waller has used it. deliveiy, and afterwards condole her miscar2. Conduct of armies is a prince's art. chief; a commander; one who leads Dryden. Milton. riage? an army or a ]irople. n. Grief; pain of mind, 3. The act of convoying, or guarding guida manager. Mdison. 3. A director sorrow ance or bringing along under protection at another's loss or misfortune Shak. 4. In surgery, an instrument which serves to Slink. rnourninff. direct the knife in cutting lor the stone, t;ONnO'LENCE, n. Pain of mind, or grief, 3. Guard on the way convoy escort. and in laying up sinuses and tistulas; also, Shak. of excited by the distress, or misfortune a machine to secure a fractured litnb. .'Irbulhnot.l another. [These senses are now unusual, though not Core. Encyc. CO'N'DO'LER, ji. One who condoles. improper.] CONDO'LING, ppr. Grieving at pnother's; 4. In n general se7ise, personal behavior 5. In electrical erperiment.", any body that receives and communicates electricity ; such course of actions deportment applicable distress.

followed by with before the person

ducing or tending to promote.

act of training up. B. Jonson.

or bewail with another, or on account of another's misfortune. [Unusual.]

'

CON
metals and moist substances. Bodies which repel it, or hito which it will not Hence, pass, are called non-conductors. 6. A metallic rod erected by buildings or in or ships, to conduct lightning to the earth
-as

CON
A
scalene cone,
its

CON
is

is
its

when

its

axis

inclined to
n.

Virgil has a

whole confederacy against him.

base and

sides unequal.

0'NEPATE
its fetid

or

CO'NEPATL,

An

Bailey.

Dry den.
3.

ani

mal of the weasel kind in America, resemin bling the pole-cat in form and size, and
stench.
Diet. JVat. Hist.

In law, a combination of two or more persons to commit an unlawful act. Encyc.

a.

CONFEDERATE,
ratus.]
;

[Low

L.

confadt;

water, and protect the building from

effects.

its

CONDUeT'REvSS,
or directs
conduire,
1.
;

n.

female

who

leads

CONEY. [See Cony.] CONFAB'ULATE, I'.i.

and fabidor,
to
tell.

a directress.
;

CON'DUIT,

n. [Fr. conrfuiY, the participle of L. conducere, to conduct S|). conducio ; It. condotlo ; Port. co4irfida.] canal or pipe for the conveyance of water an aqueduct. Conduits are made

To

talk

[L. confabulor ; Fable.] familiarly together ; to chat ;

See

allied by treaty United in a league engaged in a confederacy. con These were confederate with Abram. Gen-

to

xiv.

prattle.
If birds confabxtlate or no.

Syria
[Little used."]

is

confederate with Ephraiin.

n.
;

Is.

vii.

CONFEDERATE,
with others
in

One who
;

Cowper.

a league

is united a person or nation

CONFABULA'TION,
Familiar talk
;

n.

[L. ronfabtUalio.]

engaged

in

a confederacy
v.
i.

an

ally.

of lead, stone, cast iron, wood, &c., above or below the surface of the earth. 9. A vessel that conveys the blood or other
fluid.

CONFAB'ULATORY,

The
'3.

fo/K/Kifs of

con and farreo, to join in marriage with a cake, from far, corn or meal.] 4. A i)ipe or cock for drawing off liquor. Shak. The solemnization of marriage among the Romans, by a ceremony in which the 5. Any channel that conveys water or fluids bridegoom and bride tasted a cake made a sink, sewer or drain. of flour with salt and water, called /ar or a. CONDU'PLICATE, [L. conduplicatus, con presence of the high priest panis farreus, from conduplico, to double or fold and at least ten witnesses. and duplico. See Double.] Adam. Ayliffe. Doubled or folded over or together as the a. Fated together. [Act in leaves of a bud. Martyn. CONFA'TED,
audience
in the brain.

conductor. These organs are the nerves which conduits to convey them from without

my

blood.

Shak
are the
to their

confederer; But the English verb L. confeedero. seems to bo directly from the adjective, a. Belonging to fa supra.] miliar talk. [Little used.] CONFAMIL'IAR, a. Very faraihar. [Xot To unite in a league ; to join in a mutual
[Fr.

monious conversation. word, and tittle used.]

easy, unrestrained, uncere[.Wit an elegant

Shak.

Dryden.

CONFED'ERATE,
Low

contract or covenant.

CONFARREA'TION,

n.

[L. confarreatia

Locke

By words men come to know one another's minds by these they covenant and confederate South. The colonies of America confederated in
;

CONFED'ERATE,
league

1775. Several States of Europe have sometimes cmifederated lor mutual safety. To unite in a r. t.

to ally. ; Witli these the Picrcics

them confederate.

CONFEDERATED,
league.

pp.

United

Daniel. in a

CONDU'PLICATE,
together. together.

I'. <.

To

double; to fold

use.

]
I',

CONFEeT',
[A^o( used.

t.

To make

sweetmeats.

CONDU'PLICATED,
ONDlJPLICA'TION,
tio.]

a.

Doubled; folded

See
n.

CON'FECT,
Comfit.]

Comfit.] [L. confectus, conficio.

See

CONFEDERATING, ppr. Uniting in a league. CONFEDERA TION, n. [Fr. confederation

;

[L. conduplicaSomething prepared with sugar or honey, as a duplicate. a sweetfruit, herbs, roots and the like Johnson. Harvey. CON'DYL, n. [h. condjilus ; Gr. xoiv7.o{.] meat. A protuberance on the end of a bone ; a CONFECTION, n. [L. confectio, from conCoxe. ficio ; con smiifacio, to make.] knot, or joint; a knuckle. with sugar, as fruit; Any thing prepared eON'DYLOID, a. [Gr. xorSvXof, and fiJoj, 1. a sweetmeat ; something preserved. form.] Bacon. Encyc. The condyloid process is the posterior proBacon. '2. A composition or mixture. tuberance at the extremities of the luider 3. A sofl electuary. Encyc. jaw an oblong rounded head, wliich is, One whose ocreceived into the fossa of the tenqwral CONFECTIONARY, \ cupation is to \ bone, forming a movable articulation. CONFEC'TIONER, the coronoid promake, or to sell sweetmeats, &c. The anterior is called Shak. Boyle. cess. Encyc. [The latter u'ord is most generally used.] CON'DYLOID, H. The apophysis of a bone for sweetthe projecting soft end, or process of a CONFECTIONARY, n. A place meats a place where sweetmeats and Coxe. bone. are CONE, n. [Fr. cone; It. and Sp. conn ; from 2. similar thingsin made or sold. Sweetmeats general things prepared L. conus ; Gr. xuioj W. co?i, that which W. or sold by a confectioner. shoots to a point, from extending An officer in the n. [L.] ronnyn, a tail conyn, a stalk cono, a spruce CONFEeTOR, Roman games, whose business was to kill It coincides in radical sense with fellow. Milner. anv beast that was dangerous. the root of can and begin.] to the art of 1. A solid body or figure having a circle for CONFEC'TORY, a. Pertjjining Beaum. making sweetmeats. its base, and its lop terminated in a point n. [Low L. confoederaCONFED'ERACY, or vertex, like a sugar loaf. tio ; con and fxderatlo, frow fcedus, a league. 9. In botany, the conical fruit of several everSee Federal and ff'ed.] green trees, as of the jiine, tir, cedar and a contract beIt is composed of woody scales, 1. A league, or covenant cypress. tween two or more persons, bodies of men usually opening, and has a seed at the base or states, combined in support of each of each scale. Martyn. other, in some act or enterprise ; mutual cone of rays, in optics, includes all the rays of light which proceed from a radiant engagement federal compact. of a glass. The fiiendships of the world are oft point and fall upon the surface

n.

doubling

1.

It. confederazione ; Low L. confcederatio con &nd fc^deratio.] The act of confederating; a league; a alhance ; compact for mutual sui)port particularly of princes, nations or states.
;

Tlie three princes enter into a strict league and Bacon. confederation.
2.

The United States of America are sometimes called the confederation.

,

V. i. [Fr. conferer ; It. conferire Sp. conferir ; L. confero ; con and fero, to bear, to bring forth, to show, to dectoe. See Bear.] To discourse ; to converse ; to consult to-

CONFER',

gether

implying conversation on some

serious or important subject, in distinction from mere talk or light familiar conversation
1
;

followed by unth.
i.

Adonijah conferred with Joab and Abiathar.

Kings

Festus conferred with the council. Actsxxv. CONFER', V. t. To give, or bestow ; followed by on. Coronation confers on the king no royal auSouth. thority. This word is particularly used to express the grant of fa\ors, benefits and ])rivileges be enjoyed, or rights which are to be to permanent ; as, to confer on one the privileges of a citizen ; to confer a title or an

honor.
2.

To compare
literally, to
If

to

examine by comparison

bring together. [See Compare.)

A right cone,

Addison. Confedcrneies in vice. Encyc. A confederacy of princes to check innovaaxis is perpendicuAnon. tion. sides equal. It is formed by the revolution of a right-angled 2. The persons, states or nations united by a league. plane triangle about one of its sides.
is

confer these observations with others of the like nature. Boyle. [This sense, though genuine, is now obsolete.]
[3.

we

when

its

lar to its base,

and

its

To

contribute
to.

bring

The

much

to the strength

that is, to to conduce to closeness of parts confers of the union, or in:

Vol.

I.

45

CON
transitively, confers to the strength of the Obs. Glanvilte. union.

CON
CONFESS'ARY,
fession.
?i.

CON
To
;

One

Owned acknowledgn. [Fr. conference; Sp. eONFESS'ED, pp. ed ; declared to be true; admitted inj conferencia ; It. conferenza. See Confer.'] words ; avowed ; admitted to disclose to ai 1. The act of conversing on a serious subpriest. ject ; a discoursing between two or more, lor the purpose of instruction, consuha- ONFESS'EDLY, adi\ By confession, or| formal discourse ; acknowledgment ; avowedly ; undenia-| tion, or deliberation Demosthenes was confessedly the oral discussion. bly. For they who seemed to be somewhat, i] greatest orator in Greece. Gal. ii. conference added iiothinc; to me. 2. With avowed ]iurpose ; as, his object was The ministers had a conference at Ratisbon. confessedly to secure to himself a benefice J. meeting for consultation, discussion or

[JVot used.]

wlio makes a conHull

CON'FERENCE,

ed or of the reahty of a fact to give credit to to beheve in, with assurance followed by in. The prince confides in his
;

trust; to rely on, with a persuasion of laithfulness or veracity in the person trust; ;

minister confides in the strength and resources of the nation. confide in the veracity of the sacred historians. confide iw the truth of a report. CONFI'DE, 1'. t. To entrust to commit to the charge of, with a belief in the fidehty of the person entrusted; to deliver into

ministers.

The

We

We

CONFESSING,

;;/)(.

Owning; avowing
;

instruction.
3.

Comparison
comparison.

examination of things by

of observations. The conference of difi'erent passages of scripture.

The mutual conference

declaring to be true or real granthig or admitting by assent receiving disclosurcj of sins, or the state of the conscience of another.
;

j)Ossession of another, safe keeping, or good

with assurance of

Hooker

CONFES'SION,
;

n.

The acknowledgment

\Tliis sense

is,

I believe, notv

obsolete.]

CONFER'RED,
stowed.

;/J.

Given; imparted; be-

of a crime, fault or something to one's disadvantage open declaration of guilt, failure, debt, accusation, &<. Willi the mouth confession vation. Koin. X.
2.
is

CONFER'RER,
bestowing.

n.

who converses; eONFER'RING, ppr.

One who confers; one one who bestows.

Conversing together;
act of bestowing.

made

to sal-

a secret to a prince confides a negotiation to his envoy. The common interests of the United States are confided to the Congress. They would take the property out of the hands of those to whom it was confided by the charter. Hophinson. Congress may, under the constitution, conto.

lowed by
friend.

We

management;

fol-

confide

The

Avowal; the
fession.

act of acknowledging

pro-

fide to the circuit court, jurisdiction of ses against the U. States.

all

otfenStory..

CONFI'DED,

Who
n.

CONFER'RING,
2.

The

before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good

1 Tiiii. vi.

confession.
3.

pp. Entrusted ; committed io the care of, for preservation, or for per forniance or exercise.

Comparison
V.

examination.
t.

CONFESS',

[Fr. confesser ; It. ronfessare ; Sp. confesar ; I'ort. confessor ; from L. confteor, confessvin ; con am\ fateor, to

act of disclosing sins or faults to a of the conscience priest; the disburdening to a confessor ; sometimes called
jirivately

The

CON'FIDENCE,
1.

1.

or avow, as a somecrime, a fault, a charge, a debt, or that is against one's interest, or rejirliing

own or acknowledge Ir. To own, acknowledge

;

auricular confession.
4.
;

faoisdin.]

utation.

Human
I

faults

with

human

5.

grief con/es.s.

Prior.
confess the argument against and not easily refuted. Let us frankly confess our sins.

A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised a creed to be assented to or signed, as a prehminary to admission into a church. The acknowledgirient of a debt by a debtor before a justice of the peace, &c.,
on which judgment
tion issued.
is

n. [L. conjidenlia ; It. confidenza ; Sp. confianza ; Fr. confiance, See Collide.] confidence. or reliance ; an assurance of trusting, mind or firm belief in the integrity, stabil-

ity

or veracity of another, or in the truth

reality
is

and

It

confidence in man.
1

of a fact. better to trust in the Lord, than to put Ps. cxviii.

I

rejoice that

have confidence
is

in

you

ia all

me

is

entered and e.xecu-

things.

2 Cor.

vii.

good

Mutual confidence
piness.
I

the basis of social haj'-

CONFES'SIONAL,
priest or

n.

The

seat

where a
9.

place confidence in a statement, or in an

;

'2.

used by Confess thee freely of thy sins," unless in the Shaks])eare, is not legitimate, sense of Catholics. In the Catholic Church, to acknowledge to disclose the sins and faults to a ])riest state of the conscience to a priest, in prisome vate, with a view to absolution limes with the recijnocal pronoun.
; ;

"

sions

confessor sits to hear confesa confession-chair.

j;.

official report.

Trust
ities,

reliance
;

eONFES'SIONARY, [Sp. confesionaA confession-chair, as above. rio.] eONFES'SIONARY, a. Pertaining to auricular confessior).

orforlitne

applied to one's own ah'dbelief in one's own com-

petency. His times tieing rather prosperous than calm, Bacon. had raised his confidence by success.
3.

CONFES'SIONIST,
profession of faith.

n.

One who makes

;

Mountagu.
Sp. con

The
:3.

beaulifjl votary confessed herself to this "

CONFESSOR,
fesor.]
1.

n.

[Fr. confesseur
;

celebrated father.

.iddison.

That in which trust is i)laced ; ground of trust; he or that which supports. Israel was .ashamed of Beth-el their confidence. Jer. xlviii. Jehovali shall be thy confidence.

To own, avow
Math.
X.

or acknowledge

publicly
to.

One who

confesses

one

who acknowl
word
is

Prov.

iii.

to declare a belief in and Wlioever sliull confess

4.

adherence

me

before

men.

edges his

sins.

One who makes

a profession of his faith

To own and acknowledge,

))les,

as true discifather

The in the christian religion. used to denote one

friends or children.
will
I

Him

confess before

my
;

who

is

in
.5.

heaven.
;

^'""

To own
Then

to

be true, or to admit or assent to in words opposed to deny.

will
I

acknowledge

to declare to
;

confess to Ihee, that thine

own

light

t;.

hand can save thee. Job xl. These confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on earth. Hub. xi. To show by the effect to prove to at; ;

ap who avow: propriately his religion in the face of danger, and adheres to it, in defiance of persecution am It was formerly used as synon torture. afterwards it was ap ynious with martyr; been jicrsecuplied to those who, having ted and tormented, were [lermitted to die It w as used also for such chris in
peace.
tians a? lived a
3.

Safety, or assurance of safety; security. nicy shall build houses and plant vineyards ; Ezek. yea, Ihey sli;dl dwell with confidence.
xxviii.

5.

Boldness; courage. Preaching the kingdom of God with

dence.

all

confi-

Acts

xxviii.
;

6.

Excessive boldness assurance, proceeding from vanity or a false opinion of one's

own

abilities,

good

life,

and died

witli the

Encyc. reputation of sanctity. one wlio hears the confessions

confiilenee credit given to their own wits.

Their

or e.xcellencies. ariseth from

n.

too

much

Hooker.

priest

test.

of others, and has power to grant tliem

absolution.

CON'FIDENT,
ing
; ;

Having

full

beUef; trust-

Tall thriving trees conjessed the fruitful mold.

Romish Church.
pp.
[for confessed.]
;

Pope. 7. To hear or receive the confession of another as, the priest confessed the nuns. CONFESS', I', i. To make confession to disclose faults, or the state of the conscience ; as, this man went to the priest
; ;

CONFEST',
open
;

Owned
;

acknowledged
adv.

apparent

not dis-

relying fully assured. I am confident that much may be done towards the "improvcnirnt of philosophy. Boyle.

The
.3.

troops rush on, confident of success.

puted.

CONFEST'LY,
Avowedly
;

2. Positive;

to confess.

CON'FIDANT, CONFI'DE, V.
to trust
;

[for confessedly.] [Lillle used.] indisputably. n. [See Confident.]

CONFESS'.\NT,
a priest.

n.

One who

confesses to

It.
;

Bacon

Fr. confier

Arm.

[L. confido Port, confiar confidare ; Sji. fi-youi. See Faith.]

I.
;

con and fido,

4.

dogmatical; as a con/deni talker. Trusting without suspicion. Rome, be as just and gracious unto me. Shak. As I am confident and kind to thee. Bold to a vice ; having an excess of assu;

rance.

The

fool rageth

and

is

confident.

Prov. xiv

CON
ON'FIDENT,
Crete
;

CON
se-|
|

CON
may be
confirmed, established or ratified cajiable of being made more certaiu.
;

n.

One

entrusted with

a confidential or bosom friend. Dnjden. Coxe. MilfordJ [This word has been usually, but imjiropI have followed the trly, wrillen (onMam. rci^ular English orthography, as Core and Mitford have done.]

from escape by force or insurmountable obstacles, in o general sense; as, to confine horses or cattle to an inclosure to confine water in a pond, to dam
restrain
;

Brown.

CONFIRMATION,

n.

The

act of confirm-

eONtlDEN'TIAL,

a. Enjoying the confi dcnce of another ; trusty ; that may ht Bafcly trusted ; as a confidential friend. 2. Tliat is to be treated or kept in eonfi-| dence ; private : as a confidential matter. 3. Adinittrd to special confidence. adv. In confidence

CONFIDENTIALLY,
in

reUance or secrecy.
adv.

CONFIDENTLY,
believe confidently
;

With

firm trust;
;

with strong assurance ; without douI)t or as, to wavering of opinion positively

;

CON'FIDENTNESS,
CONFI'DEIl,
n.

to assert confidently. h. Confidence; the

quality or state of having full reliance.

One who
v. i.

confides

one
See

who entrusts

to another.

CONFIG'URATE,
To show hke
Configure.]

[L. ronftguro.

the aspects of the planets toJordan other. CONFIGURA'TION, n. [Fr. from L. con-

wards each

figuro.]
1.

External form, figure, shape; the figure it its external appearance, constituting one of the principal diifercnces between bodies.

which bounds a body, and gives

ing or establishing ; a fixing, settling, estahlishing or making more certain or firm : To immure ; to keep close, by a voluntary establishment. In the defense and confirmation of (he gospel, act to be mucli at home or hi retirement ye are all partakers of my grace. I'lii). i. as, a man confines himself to his studies, 2. The act of ratifying ; as the confirmation or to his house. To huiit or restrain voluntarily, in some of a promise, covenant, or stipulation. 3. act or ])ractice ; as, a man may confine .3. The act of giving new strength; as the liimself to the use ot^ animal food. confirmation of health. 4. To tie or bind to make fast or close ; as, 4. The act of giving new evidence ; as the to confine air in a bladder, or corn in a confirmation of opuiion or report. bag That which confiriris that which gives or sack. new strength or assurance ; additional ev5. To restrain by a moral forci' as, to con idence ; proof; convincing testimony as, fine men by laws. The constitution of the this fiu-t or this argument is a confirmaUnited States confines the states to the e.\ tion of what was before alledgcd. ercise of powers of a local natmc. CONFI'NED, pp. Restrained within limits ; 0. In law, an assurance of title, by the conveyance of an estate or right in esse, from imprisoned ; limited ; secludc<l ; close. one man to another, by which a voidable a. Boundless ; unlimited CON'FINEI.ESS, estate is made sure or unavoidable, or a without end. Shak. ti. Restraint l)articular estate is increased, or a jiosseswithin^ sion ma(l<! perfect. Blackstont. limits; im|irisoiunent ; any restraint of 7. In church affairs, the act of ratifying the liberty by li>rce or other obstacle orneces election of an archbishop or bishop, by sity ; as the confintnunt of a debtor or the king, or by persons of his ap|>ointment. criminal to a prison, or of troops to a be Blackstone. sieged town. 2. Voluntary restraint ; seclusion ; as the 8. The act or ceremony of laying on of hands, in the admission of ba)ilized perconfinement of a man to his house, or to sons to the enjoyment of christian privihis studies.
to confine a garrison in a criminal in prison.
;

a town

to confine

CONFINEMENT,

2. .Aspects

Encyc. of the planets or the face of the horoscope, according to the aspects of the planets toward each other at any time. Bailey. Johnson. 3. Resemblance of one figure to another.
;

3.

4.

CONFINER,
CON'FINER,
lives

Voluntary restraint in action or practice as confinement to a particular diet. Restraint from going abroad by sickness, particularlv bv child-birth. n. Ho or that which hmits or restrauis.
n.

The person to be confirmed brings leges. his godfather and godmother, and takes
upon himself the baptismal vows. This is practiced in the Greek, Roman and EpisHammond. Encyc. copal churches.

CONFIRM'ATIVE, a. conferm' alive. Having

the

CONFIG'URE,
To
figure, to
;

I),

form

Jones. Bailey. [L. configuro; con and fgura, figure.]

t.

borderer;

one

who

power of confirming
n.
a.
;

tending to esor that which

on

confines, or near the border of a

tablish.

form to dispose ure or sha|)e.

a.

in

a certain form,

fig- 2.

Bentley.

CONFI'NABLE,
or limited.

That may be confined

Bp. Hall.

n. [L. confinis, at the end or border, adjoining confinium, a limit eon !uid Jinis, end, bonier, limit It. confine, conjino ; Sp. confin ; Fr. Port, confins. Sei' Fine.] Border edge exterior part the part of any territory which is at or near the end or extremity. It is used generally in the

CON'FINE,

Shak. country. He or that which is near the liinit a near neighbor he or that which is adjacent or contiguous as confiners in art confincrs between plants and animals, as oysters, Wolton. Bacon.
; ; : ;

CONFIRMA'TOR,
confirms.

He

CONFIRM'ATORY,
serves
to

2.

CONFI'NING,
imprisoning.

giving aihlitional strength, force or stability, or additional assurance or evidence. to the rite of confirmation. Pertaining

confirm

conferm' atory.

Brown. That

ppr. Restraining
)i.

jimituig

Bp. Complon.

CONFIN'ITV,
itv
;

CONFIRM'ED,^/).
[L. confinitas.]

nearness; neighborhood.
V.
t.

ContiguDiet

firm
2.

strengthened
to the

conferm'ed. Made established. ;

full

more

Admitted
church.

CONFIRM',
1.

privileges of the

plural,

and applied

territory, cities, rivers, &:c.

chiefly to countries, say, the

conferm'. [L. confirmo ; con ami firmo, to make firm. See Firm.' To make firm, or more firm ; to add
;

CONFIRM EDNESS,
fixed state.

n. conferm'edness

A
;

We

ppr. conferm ing. Makmg I confirm thee in the priesthood. Maccabees. firm or more firm strengthening ratifyConfirm the crown to me and to mine heirs. ing giving additional evidence or proof; Shak. Johnson. 3. To make firm or certain to give new darvestablishing. CON'FINE, v.i. [Fr. confiner ; Sp. confinar ; assurance of truth or certainty to piu CONFIRM'INGLY, adv. conferm' ingly. Li a manner to strengthen or luake firm. It. confinare.] past doubt. B. Jonson. To border on to touch the limit ; to be adThe testimony of Christ was confirmed in 1 Cor. 1. CONFISCABLE, a. [See Confiscate.] That jacent or contiguous, as one territory, you. To fix to radicate as, the patient ha kingdom or state to another usually folmay be confiscated; hable to forfeiture. lowed by on ; sometimes by with. EngBrowne. a confirmed dropsy. land confines on Scotland. Connecticut v. t. [L. confisco ; con and To strengthen to ratify ; as, to confirm an agreement, i)romise, covenant or title. fiscus, a basket, hamper or bag hence, Rlassachusetts, Now- York, confines on Rhode Island and the sound. revenue or the Emperor's treasure to strengthen It. 6. To make more firm as, to CONFI'NE, r. /. [Up. confinar ; Fr. confi- confirm an opinion, a purpose or resolution. confiscare ; Fr. confisquer ; Sp. confiscar.'] See Supra.] ner. 7. To admit to the full privileges of a chris- To adjudge to be forfeited to the public to restrain within 1. To bound or limit tian, l)v the imposition of hands. Johnson. treasury, as the goods or estate of a traitor limits hence, to imprison to shut up to CONFIRM'ABLE, fr. or other criminal, by way of penalty ; or covferm'abk. That
; ; ; ; ;
;

confines of France, or of Scotland, and figuratively, the confines of light, of death, or the grave; but never, the confines of a book, table or small piece of land. CON'FINE, a. Bordering on lying on the border; adjacent having a connnon boun-

strength to to strengthen as, health confirmed by exercise. 2. To fix more firmly ; to settle or establish. the souls of the disciples. Acts Confirming
;

CONFIRM
testor.

ER,

n. conferm'er.

He

or that
;

which confirm.s, establishes or ratifies one that produces new evidence an atShak.

xiv.

CONFIRM'ING,

CONFISCATE,

CON
to

CON
struggling with difliculties to oppose, or overcome. The good man has a perpetual
his evil propensities. 5.

CON
;

condemn
The

private forfeited property to 4.

a striving

2.

public use.
estate of the rebels fiscated.

was seized and conAnon.

conflict with

generally, to reduce to a likeness <t correspondence in manners, opinions or moral qualities.

More

CON'FISCATE,

a.

to tlie public treasury, as the criminal.

Forfeited and adjudged goods of a

A struggling
Col.
ii.

of the mind distress anxie; ;

ty.
(5.

For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his son. Rom. viii.

The

last struggle

of

life

conflict to the pub7. Opposing operations ; countervailing aclic treasury, a.s forfeited goods or estate. tion collision ; opposition. ppr. Adjudging to the In exercising the right of freemen, the man public use. of religion experiences no conflict between his rONFISCA'TION, n. The act of condem/. Appleton. duty and his inclination. V. i. To strike or dash ning as forfeited, and adjudging to the

CONFISCATED,

with death.

agony Thomson.
;

as the

Be not conformed
3.

to this world.
;

Rom.

xii.

To make

agreeable to

to square with a

pp.

Adjudged

rule or directory.

CONFISCATING,

Demand of them why they conform not themselves to the order of the church ?
Hooker.
V. i.

CONFORM',
to
;

To comply

with or yield
;

as the goods of a crimipublic treasury nal who has committed a public offense.
;

CONFLICT',
;

Ezra

vii.

20.
n.

CON'FISCATOR,
feiture.

One who confiscates.

Burke.
a.

eONFIS'CATOllY,
CON'FIT,
faults'.

Consigning
[Sec

to for-

Burke.
n.

3.

sweetmeat.

C'on/ec<.]

opposition contradictory. of the United States and of the inmay, in some cases, conflict Ogden, Wheaton's Rep. eON'FITURE, n. [Fr. from confirc, rnnfil : L. conjectura, conjicio ; con mu\ fticio. This CONFLICTING, ppr. Striking, or dashing

CON'FITENT, n. One who fess.]

[.'Vo^

[L. conftens. confesses his

used.]

See

Co7i- 4.

according to as, to conform to the fashion or to custom. to meet and oi)pose, as conflicting waves or ele- 2. To comj)ly with to obey as, to conform violence to the laws of the state. ments. To drive or strike against, as contend- CONFORMABLE, a. Correspondent having the same or similar external form, or ing men, or armies to fight to contend as an edifice shape like resembling with violence as conflicting armies. To strive or struggle to resist and over- conformable to a model or drafl. 2. Having the same or similar manners, come as men conflicting with difficulties. or opinions or moral qualities. To be in

agamst as bodies driven by

to live or act

sins

and

The laws

much

States, with each other.

dividual

The Gentiles were not the Jews, in that which coming of Christ.
Agreeable
;

made conformable
to

to

was

cease at the

3.

suitable

consistent

Hooker. as, na-

ture

is

word

is

corrupted into

comfit,

which

is

now

conformable to
;

her.self.

J^eivton.

A sweetmeat;
Mr.]

used.]

Bacon. confection; comfit. CONFIX', V. t. [L. conjigo, confixum ; con and fgo, to fix, to thrust to or on. See

fighting contending together gling to resist and overcome. a. Being in opposition contrary
;
;

strug- 4.

Compliant
submissive
;

contra-

ready to follow directions; obsequious peaceable ; dis;

posed to obey.
have been to you At all time to your
I a

dictory.
In the absence of
all

true

and humble wife,

conflicting evidence.

will

conformable.

Story.
;

Shak.
It is generally followed by writers have used with. In
to,

To

fix

down

to fasten.

S7mk.

con and fluo, to flow. See Floio.] the meeting or junc1. A flowing together eONFlXTNG, ppr. Fi.ving to or on fas- tion of two or more streams of water, or; tening. other fluid also, the place of meeting; as CONFIX'URE, n. The act of fastening. the confluence of the Tigris and the Prat, Mounlagu or of the Ohio and Mississip|)i. CONFLA'GRANT, a. [L. conjiagrans, coyi- 2. The running together of people the act of meeting and crowding in a i)lace a flagro ; con and flagro, to burn. See Flacrowd a concourse the latter word is more grant.} Temple. Shak. generally used. Burning together; involved in a connnon Milton. 3w A collection meeting flame. assemblage.
;

CONFIXED,
tened.

pp. Fixed

down

or to

CON'FLUENCE,
confluo
;

n.

fas-

[L.
;

confluentia,

from

but good

its

etymologicapable
to be used. in conrules to

cal sense,

that

may
it

be conformed,

of being conformed,

seems not

CONFORM'ABLY,
; ;

adv.

With or

formity suitably agreeably. Let us settle, in our own minds, what pursue and act conformably.

CONFORMATION,
which a body

n.

The manner
;

in

'

CONFLAGRA'TION,
See Flagrant.]
1.

n.

[L. conflagralio.

i?o l//f.

2.

together streams as confluent streams. Blackmore. Bentley. the world at the consum- 2. In medical science, running together, and mation of things, w hen " the elements spreading over a large surface of the body as the confluent small-pox. shall melt with lervent heat." Encyr. CONFLA'TION, n. [L. conftatio, from con- 3. In botany, imited at the base growing in See Bloxo.] tufts, as confluent leaves running into each Jlo ; con and^^o, to blow. as confluent lobes. of blowing two or more instru 1. The act other, Martyn.
; ;

A great fire or the burning of any great mass of combustibles, as a house, but more
especially a city or a forest.

eON'FLUENT,

[L. confluens.] Flowing meeting in their course, as two

a.

is fonned the particular texture or structure of a body, or disposition of the parts which compose it form structure often with relation to some other body, and with adaptation to some puror eft'ect. pose
; ; ;

Light of

difl'erent

colors

is

reflected

from

The burning of

2.

ments together.
2.

Bacon.
[Little

CON'FLUX,
fluo.
1.

n.

[Low
;

L. confluxio,

from

coti- 3.

melting or casting of metal.

n.

iistd.^

See Confluence.]
a meeting of two or
;

CONFLEX'URE,
used.]

flowing together
;

bodies, according to their different conformation. Varieties of sound depend on the conformation of the organs. The act of conforming the act of producing suitableness, or conformity with to ; as tlie conformation of our hearts and lives Watts. to the duties of true religion. In medical science, the ])articidar make or construction of the body peculiar to an individual as a good or bad conformation.
;

bending.

[J^ot
2.

Shak. more currents of a fluid. A collection a crowd a multitude collected

;

eONFORM'ED,
reduced
to
;

pp.

CON'FLICT,
;

n.

[L. conjlictus,

from

confli

as a general conflux of peo|)te.

go con andfligo, to strike, Eng. to Jiog, to lick ; Sp. conjlicto ; It. conflitto ; Fr. conflit.]

Clarendon.

to a likeness of; suited.

ii.

Made to resemble; made agreeable

Encyc.

CONFLUXIBIL'ITY,
fluids to

n.

1.

rim together.
a.

[Little used.]
;

The tendency of CONFOKM'ER, one who complies

Boyle.

One who conforms;

with estabhshed forms

striking or dashing against each other

or doctrines.

as of two moving bodies in opposition ; violent collision of substances as a conflict of elements, or waves ; a conflict of particles in ebidlition. 2. fighting ; combat, as between men and applicable to individuals or to armies ;
;

CONFORM',
mmXe

[L. conformis
;

con

and
;

CONFORM'ING,
ness
;

forma, form.] to resemble

assuming the same form

CONFORMIST,
;

.3.

like ; resembling. Bacon. [Little used.] V. t. [L. eonformo ; con aiwl formo, to form, or shape, (romfurma, form.] 1. To make like, in external as, the conflict was long and desperate. appearance to Contention strife contest. reduce to a like shape, or form, with In our last conflict, four of his five wits went something else with to ; as, to conform off, to a model. Shak. halting any thing

CONFORM',

Reducing to a likecomplying with. One who conforms or comphcs appropriately, one who complies with the worship of the church ol' England or of the established church, as distinguished from a dissenter, or nonconppr.

adapting

n.

formist.

CONFORM'ITY,

n. Likeness correspondence with a model in form or manner i

;

CON
resemblance agreenjcnt congruify with iblloweil by to or tmlh. soniething else is constnicted in cnufurmily to d moA
; ; ;

CON
united for
fession
friction
;

CON
in

some purpose or
n.
;

some pro
is

as the confraternity of Jesuits.

[It.

Tlic cause of the confusedness of our notions^ jVorria. want of attention.

J!.

a
y.

things hence, di.sorder irregularity as the cohBacon. fusiun of tongues at Rabel. A rubbing against friction. to the divine law. One of the 2. Tumult; want of order in society. )i. CONFRI'ER, Consistency agreement. [Fr. confrere.] The whole city was tilled with confusion. the ff'eever. same religious order. Many instances prove the conformtl;/ of Acts xix. essay with the notions of Hippocrates. CONFRONT', t;. t. [It. confrontare ; Sp. Port.
del, or in

sliip

0NFlllA'T10N,
;

con/ricazione,

CONFLi'SION,
mixture of

conformity vilh a model. True happiness consists in confurmitt/ of

;

L. confrico
;

con ixnd frico, to rub,

.several
;

In a general sense, a promiscuously ;

;

lift-

See

Friction.]

Arbulhnot.

In theologi), correspondence in manners and principles compliance with cnstonis.

;

Live not

in

conformity with
n.

tlie

world.

confrontar ; Fr. confronler ; con and front, L. frons.] the forehead, or front, To stand face to tace in full view to face
;

God

is

not the author of confusion.

;

Cor.

xiv.
i.

Anon.

to stand in front.

ONFOIlTA'TION,

[See ComfoH.] The act of comforting or giving strength. [M'ol Bacon. usedA
V.
t.

He
2.

spoke and then confronts

indistinct blending or confounding combination opposed to distinctness or as a confusion of ideas. perspicuity

;
;

tlie bull.

4.

Dryden

Abashment; shame. O Lord, let me never be

put to coi\fttsion.

L. con[Fr. confondre ; out ; It. confundo ; con and fujido, to pour to fondtre ; Si). Port, confundir. Literally, pour or throw together.] so 1. To mingle and blend different things, or natures cannot be disthat their forms

CONFOUND',

Ps. Ixxi. to oppose. ; lie in shame and our confusimi covcreth did both cmiJer. iii. us. front the Jews, and concur with them. Hooker. 5. Astonishment pertubation agitation set face to face ; to bring into the

To
To

stand in direct opposition

The East and West churches

We

tinguished
8.

to

mix

in

a mass or crowd, so

presence of; as an accused person and u witness, in court, for examination and discovery of the truth followed by with.
;

distraction of mind.

Confusion dwelt in every face. Overthrow defeat ruin.

;

Spectator

that individuals cannot be distinguished To throw into disorder. Let us go down, and there confound their language. Gen. xi. 3. To mix or blend, so as to occasion a mis take of one thing for another. A fluid body and a wetting liquor, because to be conthey agree in many things, are wont Boyle founded. Men may confound ideas with words. to disturb the apprehension 4. To perplex by indistinctnes of ideas or words. Men may confound each other by unintelli;

The makers of idols shall go to confusion toTlie witnesses are confronted with tlie accuis. xlv. gether, sed, the accused with one another, or the witnesses with one another. shameful blending of natures, a shockEncyc. 7.

4.

To set together for comparison pare one thing with another.

When
1

to

com-

ing crime.

Levit. xviii. 23. xx. 12.

a.

CONFU'TABLE,
that

[See Confute.]

That
;

confront a medal with a verse, I ondifly show you the same design executed by Addison ferent hands.

may be confuted, dispro\ed or overthrown may be shown to be false, defective

or invahd
;

as,

an argument or a course of
n.

CONFRONTA'TION,
truth.

n. The act of bringing two persons into the presence of each otlier for examination and discovery of

reasoning

is

confutable.

CONFU'TANT,

One who The

inidertakes to confute.

confutes or Milton.

CONFUTATION,
;

gible terms or
5.

wrong

application of words.

CONFRONT'ED,
in opposition
;

To

abash
;

der to Be thou confounded and bear thy

;

throw the mind into disorcast down to make ashamed.

;

to

pp. Set face to face, or brought into the presence

ppr.

act of confuting, disproving, or proving to be false, or invalid refutation ; overthrow ; as of argun.

of

ments,
error.

opinions,
V.
t.

reasoning, theory,
[L. confuto
;

or

eONFR6NT'ING,
ing face to

shaine.

Setting or stand face, or in opposition, or in

t.

CONFU'TE,
1.

futo ; Sp. confulur ; It. Bd.] To disprove to prove to be false, defective or invalid to overthrow as, to confute to dis- 1. To mix or blend to terrify 0. To perplex with terror things, so that they canto astonish; to throw into consterarguments, reasoning, theory, error. not be distinguished. may to convict of error, 2. To prove to l)e wrong to stupify with amazement. and voices all confused. nation Stunning sounds Milton. by argument or proof; a., to confute an So spake the Son of (ioJ and S.itari stood advocate at the bar; to confute a writer. Every battle of the warrior is with confused A while as mute, confounded what to say. noise. Is. ix. Mllon CONFUTED, f;). Disproved; proved to be To disorder as, a sudden alarm confused false, defective or unsound ; overthrown The multitude came together and were conthe troops; a careless booklveeper has cojiby argument, fact or proof. founded. .\cts ii. CONFU'TER, . One who disproves, or to overthrow. fused the accounts. 7. To destroy to render indistinct Morton. 3. To (icrplex confutes. as, the So deep a malice to confound the race clamor confused his ideas. CONFU'TING, ppr. Disproving ; proving to Milton Of mankind in one root. to cast 4. To throw the mind into disorder be false, defective or invalid overthroweONFOUND'ED, pp. Mixed or blended in down or abash to cause to blush to agiing by argument or jiroof. abashed disorder perplexed dismayto disconcert. CON'tiE, n. tate by surprise, or shame con'jee. [Fr. conge, leave, pered put to shame and silence ; astonished. A sarcastic remark confused the gentleman mission, discharge, contracted from conas a confounded tory. 2. a. Enormous and he could not proceed in his arg-mnent. It. conged ; verb, congedier, to dismiss [ Vulvar.] Confused and sadly she at length replied. gedo, leave, permission congedare, to give CONFOUND'EDLY, adv. Enormously Pope. The verb is a comleave Arm. congea. he was confound- CONFU'SED, Mixed blended, so that greatly ; shamefully as, pp. pound of con and ged ; W. gadatc, to quit, the tilings or persons mixed cannot be dis edbj avaricious. [A loiv word.] to leave, to permit gad, lea^ e. Gadaw is eONFOUND'EDNESS, n. The state of tinguished. the Celtic form of the L. cedo. Conged is Milton. Some cried one thing, and some another for being confounded. therefore concedo.] the assembly was confused. Acts xix. ONFOUNL)'ER, n. One who confounds 1. Leave farewell parting ceremony. the mind, perplexes, re- 2. Perplexed by disorder, or want of system one who disturbs Spenser. as a C07ifiised account. I'ules, frustrates and puts to shame or si2. The act of respect performed at the part3. Abashed lence one who terrifies. put to the blush or to shame ing of friends. Hence, the customary act CONFOUND'ING, ppr. Mixing and blend- agitated disconcerted. of civihly, on other occasions a bow or a, imtting into disorder perplexing CONFU'SEDLY, adv. In a mixed mass; ing courtesy. without order or separation indistinctly disturbing the mind abashing, and putTlie captain salutes you with conge profound. not clearly tumultuously with agitation astonishing. ting to shame and silence Swift. CONFRATER'NITY, n. [It. confrater/iita ; of mind "without regularity or system. Fr. confralemite ; con and L. fraternitas, CONFU'SEDNESS, n. A state of being CONgE', v. i. To take leave with the cusconfused want of order, distinction or tomary civilities to bow or courtesy. fraternity, fvomfrattr, brother.] The preterite congeed is tolerable in Enclearness. brotherhood ; a society or body of men.
Ezek.
ix.

xvi.

Saul confounded

tire

Jews
;

at

Damascus. Acts

presence
confus
;

of.

con and ant. Class confulure.

CONFU'SE,

V.

3 as z.

[L. confiisus

Fr.

tVom L. con/undo. See Confound.]

CON
but congeing will not be admitted, and congccivg is an anomaly. Vonge (V elirc, in ecclesiastical aftaiis, the king's license or permission to a dean and chapter, to choose a bishop; or to an abbey or priory of his own foundation, to choose their abbot or ])rior. The king of (ireat Britain, as so\creign iiatron, had
"lish
;

CON
CONgE'NER,
A thing
The cherry
n.

CON
con and

[L. congener;

gencr, kind, race.] of the same kind or nature.

tree has

ging into ice, or the state of being converted to ice a freezing congelation. Broimi
; ;

gland isasingleorlynqdiatic gland, a small smooth body, covered in a fine skin, admilting only an artery and a lymphati(^ vessel to ])ass in, and a vein and a lymph CONgEN'ERACY, n. Similarity of origin. out. Parr. CONGENERIC, a. Being of the same kind atic vessel to pass v. t. To collect or Coir. form CONGLO'BATE, or nature. into a ball or hard, round substance. a letter missive, containing the name of the CONgEN'EROUSNESS, n. The quality of Grew. he would have them elect, and if person being from the same original, or of belongthey ilelay the election twelve days, the Diet. ;cONGLO' RATED, pp. Collected or formed ing to the same class. into a ball. nomination devolves on the king, who may CONgE'NIAL, . [L. con and genus, ,CONGLO'B.\TELY, adv. In a round or whence genialis, genial. Sec Generate.] appoint by letters patent. roundish f>irm. Vowel. Blachslone. 1. Enci/c. Partaking of the same genus, kind or naC'ON'GE, n. In architecture, a mold in form as congenial eONGLOBA'TION, n. The act of forming ture kindred cognate into a ball a round body. of a quarter round, or a cavetto, -which souls. serves to separate two meujbers from one ;i. CONGLO'BE, V. t. [L. 'conglobo ; con and Belonging to the nature natural agreeglobo, from globus, a round body.] another; such as tijat which joins the shaft able to the nature usually followed by to ; To gather into a ball ; to collect into a round of the colunni to the cincture, called also as, this severity is not congenial to him. mass. Milton. apopliyge. Also, a ring or ferrule, formerly 3. Natural agreeable to the nature adaptused on the extremities of columns to keep BE, V. i. To collect, unite or coaed as a soil congenial to a ])Iant. lesce in a round mass. Milton them from splitting afterwards imitated CONGENIALITY, } Participation of Collected into a ball. in stone-work. Eiict/c. CONgE'NIALNESS, \ the same genus, CONGLO'BED, /;;.. GONgE'AL, v. t. [L. congelo : con and gelo, nature or original cognation natural af- CONGLO'BING, ppr. Gathering into a round mass or liall. to freeze Fr. congeter ; It. congelare ; Sp. suitableness. Wotton. finity CONGLOB'ULATE, v. i. To gather into a congelar ; Arm. caledi. This may be con- CONgEN'ITE, congenilus; con \ "" [L. little roimd mass, or globule. Johnson. neca^l with the W. ceulaic, to curdle or CONGENITAL, and genitus, horn, $ also, from gigno, to beget, gignor, to be born.] CONGLOMER.\TE, a. [L. conglomcro ; coagulate, from coh/, a calf 's maw con and glomero, to wind into a ball, from rennet, curd and cht/Ie. The L. gelo has Of the same birth borji with another; conthe elements of coo/, but it may be a diflerglomus, a ball, a clew. See Glomerate.] nate begotten together. 1. Gathered into a ball or round cnt word.] body. Many conclusions of njoral .and intellectual 1. To change from a fluid to a solid state, as conglomerate gland is composed of many Hale. truths seem to be congenite with us. smaller glands, whose excretory ducts by cold, or a loss of heat, as water in freeNative or congenital varieties of animals. unite in a common one, as the liver, kidzing, hcjuid metal or wax in cooling, blood Lawrence. to harden in stagnating or cooling, &c. neys, pancreas, parotids, &c. Each little ?i. cong'gur. [L. conger or co?iinto ice, or into a substance of less solidity. granulated portion furnishes a small tube, grus ; Gr. xoyypoj, or yoyypoj It. gongro ; which unites with other similar ducts, to Cold congeals water into ice, or vapor into Fr. congre.] form the common excretory duct of the lioar frost or snow, and blood into a less The sea-eel a large species of eel, sometimes Coxe. solid mass, or clot. gland. Encyc. growing to the length of ten feet, and 9. In Ijotany, conglomerate flowers grow on To l)iud or fix with cold. Applied to the 2. weighing a hundred i>ounds. In Corna branching peduncle or foot stalk, on circulating blood, it does not signify absoit is an article of comwall, England, short pedicles, closely compacted together lutely to harden, but to cause a sensation merce, being shipped to Spain and Porwithout order; opposed to diffused. of cold, a shivering, or a receding of the tugal. Encyc. blood from the extremities as, the frightMartyn. CONgE'RIES, n. [L. from congero, to bring S. Conglomerate rocks. [See Puddingful scene congealed his blood. to amass; con and gero, to bear.] stone.] CONtJE'AL, V. i. To grow hard, stiiT or A together, of several collection ])articles or bodies in i'. t. To gather into a thick to pass from a fluid to a solid state one mass or aggregate. Boyle. ball or round body to collect into a round i\Ielted lead to concrete into a solid mass. CONGEST', t'. /. [L. congero, congestum ; mass. Grew. congeals; water congeals ; \t\ooi\ congeals. con and gero, to bear.] eONGLOM'ERATE, n. In mineralogy, a ON'(iE'ALABLE, a. That may be'^ con- To collect or mto a nuiss or aggregatln sort of jHidding-stoiie, or coarse sandstone, gealed; capable of being converted from a Riiieigk. gate. Bacon. fluid to a solid state. composed of pebbles of quartz, flint, siliThat mav be collected CONgEST'IBLIClcaveland. ceous slate, <fcc. CONGE'ALED, /(;). Converted into ice, or into a mass. Gathered into a solid mass, by the loss of heat or other n. A col CONGLOM'ERATED, pp. CONtiES'TION, [L. congeslio.] a ball or round mass. concreted. process lection of humors in an animal body, hard ppr. Collecting inened into a tumor. An accumulation of C0N6E'ALING, ppr. Changing from a li to a ball. blood in a jjart. Eneye. Coxe. quid to a solid state concreting. .MERA'TION, n. The act of gathn. [L. congiarium, from con the state of being thus ONgE'ALMENT, n. A clot or concretion eON'tilARY, ering into a ball Vr. congiaire.] that which is formed by congelation. Also, gius, a measure collected collection accumidatiiui. Properly, a present made by the Roman eni- CONGLU'TINANT, a. [See Conglutinatc] congelation. originally in corn or ])erors to the people Bacon. Gluinsr; uniting; healing. CONCjELA'TION, )!. [L. congelatio.] The wine measured out to them in a congius, a Cf)NG]>U'TINANT, n. A medicine that process of |)assing, or the act of converting vessel holding a gallon or lather more heals wounds. from a fluid to a solid state or the state In present usage, a gift or a donative 'CONGLU'TINATE, v. t. of being congealed concretion. It difie [L. conglutino ; represented on a medal. See eo7i and glutino, from gluten, glue. from crystalization in this: in congelation Encyc. Addison the whole substauc* of a fluid may become Glue.] solid in crystalization, when a salt is form- CONGLA'CIATE, v. i. [L. conglacio ; con jl. To glue together; to unite by some gluand glacio, to freeze glacics, ice.] tinous or tenacious substance. But the coned, a portion of liquid is left. To tiun to ice to freeze. Brown. '2. To heal; to unite the separated parts of gelation of water is a real crystalization. wound by a tenacious substance. Encyc. CONGLACIA'TION, 71. The act of ch;ui;
;

formerly the appointment of all ecclesiastical dignities;

been often grafted on the Miller. laurel, to which it is ^congener. Of the same kind CONGE'NER, I " or nature; allied in ONgEN'EROUS, S as congenerous bodies origin or cause

CONGLO'BATE, a.
conglobo
;
;

[L.

conglohalus, from

make round globus, a ball. See Globe.] Formed or gathered into a ball. A conglobali

con and globo, to collect or t

investing by crosier and ring, and afterwards by letters patent. But now the king, on demand, send.s his conge d^ d Ire to the dean and chapter, with

congenerous diseases.

Brown.

^Irhuthnot.

j
!

CONGLO

"

CONGER,

CONGLOMERATE,
;

CONGLOMERATING, CONGLO
;
:

'

CON
eONGLU'TlNATE,
unite by
tlie

CON
To
coalesce
enlliis.
;

CON
;

v.i.

to

CONGREGATED,
bled in one |)lace.

pp. Collected

assem
I

5.

intervention of a

Johnson.

CON'GRI'.GATING,
sembhng
;
j

i:ONGLV TIN ATFA), pp. Glued

united by a tenacious substance.

together;;

CONGREGATION,
'2.

ONGLU'TINATlNG, ppr.

Gluing logoth-!

er ; uniting or closing by a tenacious sub-j stance. CONGLUTINA'TION, n. The act ofgluing

together ; a joining by means of some tena-j cious substance a liealing by uniting the Arbulhnot.parts of a wound union.
;
;

3.

eONGLU'TINATlVK,
eONGLU'TINATOIl,
the

a.

Having thepow-'
,'.

er of uniting by glue or other substance of 4. like nature.

n. That which has power of uniting wounds. n. cong'go.

CON'GO,
China.
ci|)ation.

A
a.

H'oodward. .species of tea from

6.

ppr. Collecting; as coining together. n. Theact of bringing together, or assembling. A collection or assemblage of separate things; as a congreg-a/ioreof vapors. Shak. More generally, an assembly of persons and appropriately, an assembly of persons met iVjr the worship of God, and for reliHooker. gious instruction. An assembly of rulers. Numb. xxxv. An assembly of ecclesiastics or cardinalir as the congregaappointed by the pope tion of the holy office, &,c. Also, a company or society of rehgious cantoned out of
; ;

G.

meeting of two or more ]iersons in a contest an encounter a conflict. Dnjden. The meeting of the sexes in sexual commerce.
;
;

eONGRES'SION,
use.]

n.

A company.
a.

[jYoI in

CONGRES'SIONAL,
;

Pertaining to a congress, or to the congress of the United States as congressional debates. The congresaional institution of Amphiclyons
in (jreeoc.

Barlotr.
a.

CONGRES'SIVE,
2.

Meeting, as the sexes.

Broicn.

Encountering.
v.-i.

CONGRU'E,
I

To
}

agree.

[M>1 used.]
.S7k//.-.

CON GRUENCE, [L. congrutntia, from CONGRUENCy,^ "-congruo, to agree, or

suit.]

an order. An academical assembly

business of the university.
a.

for transacting Suitableness of

Encyc.

one

tiling to

CONGRAT'ULANT, eONGRAT'ULATE,
To

Rejoicing in parti-

MUlon.
v.
t.

CONGREGATIONAL,
;

England.

ment

[L. congratulor ; con and grahdor, from gratus, gratcfu'

See Grace.] pleasing. profess one's pleasure or joy to anotlier

on account of an event deemed happy or; fortunate, as on the birth of a child, success in an enterprise, victory, escape from danger, &c.; to wish joy to another. We congratulate the nation on the restoration ot peace.

verb was followed by to. " Tiio subjects of England may congratu-

Formerly

this

late /o tliemselves."

Drijden. is The use oi' ivith. entirely obsolete. after this verb, " 1 congratulate u'ilh niy|

IJutthisusei

of /o

coiuitry," is perhajis less objectioiudjli but is rarely used. The intransitive sensel

C0N(;KAT'ULATED,

of the verb may therefore be considered as anti(|uated,and no longer legitimate. ;;/). Complimented

with expressions of joy at a hap])v event. CONGRAT'ULATING, ppr. Professing one's joy or satislaction on account of some iiappy event, prosperity or success. CONGRATULA'TIOiV, n. Tlie act of professing one's joy or good wishes at the success or happiness of another, or on aecoimt of an event deemed liirtunate to botli parties or to the conununity.

CONGRAT'ULATOR,
congratulation.

n.
a.

One who

offers

Milton.

CONGRATULATORY,
community.

Expressing joy for the good fortune of another, or for an event fortunate for both parties or for tlie
I'.

eONGREE',

J.

To
t.

agree.

[J^ol in use.]

Shak.

CONGREC'T,
[.Vut in use.]

V.

To
I.

salute

mutually.
Sluik.
;

ON'GREGATE,
and grex, a herd,

v.

W. gre.

[L. congrego

con

See Grega-

To

rioiLiT]

collect separate persons or things into an to assemble ; to bring into assemblage one place, or into a crowd or united body as, to congregate men or animals ; to con;

gregate waters or sands. Hooker.

.Milton.

Shak.

CONGREGATE,

!-.

i.

To come

together;

to assemble ; to meet. Equals with equals often cotlgregate.

Denhani

CONGREGATE,
close.

a.

[Little liserf.]

Collected; compact; Bacon.

There is no congruili^ lictvvecn a mean subtml an obvious congruitif ject and a lofty style between an elevated station and dignilied deus a congregapastor and govern itself portment. tional church, or mode of worship. 2. I'itness pertinence. n. Ecclesiast A whole sentence may fail of its congruili/ ical government in the hands of each by wanting a p;irticle. Sidnc)/. church, as an independent body. 3. Reason consistency propriety. CONGREGA'TIONALIST, n. One who Hooker. belongs to a congregational church or so 4. In school divinity, the good actions 'hicli ciety ; one who holds to the iinlepen<lence are supposed to render it meet and equitaof each congregation or chinch of christ ble that God should confer grace on those ians, in the right of electing a jiastor, and who perform them. The merit of conin governing the church. gruity is a sort of imperfect (|ualiffeatioii CON'GRESS, n. [L. congnssus, from con- for the gift and reception of God's grace. to come together com and gradior. gredior, MUner. to go or step gratlus, a step. See Grade 5. In geometry, figures or lines, which when and Degree.] laid over one another, exactly correspond, 1. A meeting of individuals; an assembly of are in congruily. Johnson. envoys, commissioners, deputies, &c., par CON'GRUOUS, a. [L. congruus.] Suitaticularly a meeting of the representatives ble consistent agreeable to. Light airy of several courts, to concert measures for music and a solemn or mournful occasion tlieir common good, or to adjust llieir mu are not congruous. Obedience to God is tiial concerns. to the light of reason. Europe. Locke. congruous 2. The assembly of delegates of the several 2. Rational tit. British Colonies in America, which united It is not ci)ngruoi(s tliat God should be alto resist the claims of Great Britain in 1774, ways frightening men into an acknowledgment of the truth. and which declared the colonies independ Jllterbury CON'GRl tnSLY, adv. Suitably pertieiit. 3. The assembly of the delegates of the sev nently agreeably consistently. Boyle. } eral United States, after the declaration of CON'IC, Gr. xuiixo;. [L. coiiicus See Cone.] Iiide|)endence, and until the adoption of CONICAL, the present constitution, and the organiza 1. Having the Ibrni of a cone round and tion of tlie government in 1789. decreasing to a point; as a cofiic ligure During a conical vessel. these jieriods, the congress consisted of 2. Pertaining to a cone; as conic sections. one house only. 4. The assembly of senators and representa- Conic Section, a curve line formed by the intersection of a cone and plane. The conic tives of the several states of North Amerisections are the parabola, hyperbola, and ca, according to the present constitution or political compact, by which they are ellipsis. Bailey. united in a federal republic the legislature CON'ICALLY, adv. In the form of a cone. of the United States, consisting of two Boyle. houses, a senate and a house of representa CON'ICALNESS, n. Tlie state or quaUty of lives. 3Ienibers of the senate are elected being conical. for six years, but the members of the house CON'ICS, )i. That part of geometry which treats of the cone and the curves which of representatives are chosen for two years arise from its sections. Hence the united body of senators Johnson. only. and representatives for the two years, dur- CONIF EROUS, a. [L. conifer, coniferus ; from conns and fero, to bear.] ing which the representatives hold their Thus we say Bearing cones producing hard, dry, scaly seats, is called one congress. the first or second session of the sixteenth seed-vessels of a conical figure, as the pine, congress. fir, cypress and beech. .Martyn. Eneyc.
; ;

Pertaining t congregation appropriately used of such christians as hold to church government by consent and election, maintaining that each congregation is independent of otl ers, and has the right to choose its own

eON'GRUENT, n.

consistency. Suitable

another; agreeMore.
;

CONGRU
tioti

resjioiident.

ITY,

n.

agreeing; corDavits. Suitableness; the rela-

of agreement between things.

CONGREGATIONALISM,

"

(,

CON
CO'NIFORM,
of a cone
;

CON
In forin

CON
and continuing
God
it

a.

[cone

and /orm.]
sx

conical;

as

coniform inoun

fourths, where the same chord is tlie high' est of one and the lowest of the other.

tain of I'otosi.

[Gr. xovi;, dust.] or greenish gray color, which to the air, occurring massive or stalactitic found in Ure. Saxonv and in Iceland. CONJECT', V. t. To throw together, or to

CO'NITE,
of an

71.

Kirwan. A mineral

En eye
CONJOINT'LY,
in

writer or speaker. This hook cost one

he called night.
Virtue

at the pleasure
dollar

of the

adv.

Jointly;

asli

imion

together.
o. [L. conjugalis,
;

unitedly; Dryden.

called the light

and ten cents. day and the darknes

becomes brown by exposure

CON'JUGAL,
;

from conjugium, marriage conjugo, to yoke or coucon andjMgo, id. See Join and Yoke.] ple 1. Belonging to marriage matrimonial
;

are not compatible. righteous shall be gladness. but the expectation of the wicked shall perish. Prov. X.
4.

and vice The hope of the

The

tin'ow. [jVb< used.]

CONJET',

V.

{.

To

Mountagu.
guess.
[L.
[jYot used.]

connubial
ties.

as conjugal relation
;

copulation of the sexes.

conjugal

Shuk

2.

CONJEC'TOR,
One who
cast together
Conjecture.]
;

71.

con and guesses or conjectures.

a.

conjicio, to jacio, to throw.]

from

Suitable to the married state becoming a husband in relation to his consort, or a consort in relation to her husband as
;

CONJUNCTIVE,
|2.
[.3.

Uniting
In

SmitVs Tour. a. Closely united. Shak. serving to imite.

[See
Swijt.

conjugal affection.

CON'JUGALLY,
nubially.

adv. Matritnonially

con-

CONJETURABLE,
a.
;

That may

be

grammar, the conjunctive mode is thai which follows a conjunction, or expresses some condition, or contmgency. It is more generally called subjunctive.
or miion
;

guessed or conjectured.

CON'JUGATE,
to
1.

CONJECTURAL, Depending on conjecture done or said by guess as a con;

couple
;

V. t. [L. conjugo, conjugatus. con and jugo, to yoke, to marry.

CONJUNCTIVELY,
together.

adv. In conjujiction. Broicn.

n.

See Join and

jectural oiiinion.

To join
used.]

Yoke.] to unite in marriage.

CONJUNCTIVENESS,
conjoining or uniting.

The

quality of

[JVb< noio

CONJE'TURALLY,
;

Without proof, or evidence by conjecture by guess as,

adv.
; ;

2.

CONJECTURE,
tura.
1.

conjecturally. [L. conjectura ; Fr. conjecture ; It. congettura, or conghieltura Port, conjectura or conjciSp. conjetura ;
?i.
;

this opinion

was given

Wotton. In grammar, to distribute the parts or in flections of a verb, into the several voices, modes, tenses, numbers and persons, so as

CONJUNCT'LY,
together.

adv.
7i.

In union; jointly:

show their connections, distinctions, and modes of formation. Literally, to con

to

CONJUNCTURE, [Fr. conjoncture. See Conjoin.^ 1. A joining a combination or union, as of

;

causes, events or circumstances; as an un-

See Conjector.] Literally, a casting or

])OssibIe or ])robable

nect

all

the inflections of a verb, according

happy
2.

An

co?yunc<i/rf of affairs.
;

occasion
is

throwing together
events
;

to their derivation, or all the variations

of

preponderance of opinion without proof; CON'JUG.-VTE, n. A word agreehig in de We speak of future or unknown rivation with another word, and therefore generally resembhng it in signification. things by conjecture, and of probable or unfounded conjectures. We have learned in logic, that conjufrates Shak. notion. 2. Idea are sometimes in name only, and not in deed. Brainhall. v. I. To guess; to judge CONJECTURE, by guess, or by tlie iirobability or the ])os- CON'JUGATE, a. In botany, a conjugate leaf is a pinnate leaf which has only one sibility of a fact, or by very slight evidence to form an opinion at random. pair of leaflets a conjugate raceme has two What will be the issue of a war, we may racemes only, united by a common pedun He con- cle. conjecture, but cannot know. Martyn jectured that some misfortune had hap- Conjugate diameter or axi3, in geometry, a pened. right line bisecting the transverse diame Guessed surmised. CONJECTURED, pp. ter the shortest of the two diameters of CONJEC'TURER, n. One who guesses a an ellipsis. Chambers. Encyc. gucsser one who forms or utters an opin- CONJUGA'TION, n. [L. conjugatlo.] A ion without proof. Mdison. couple or pair as a conjugation of nerves. surCONJECTURING, ppr. Guessing; Brown. [Little used.] mising. 2. The act of uniting or compiling union CONJOIN', V. f. [Fr. conjoindre : It. con- assemblage. Bentley. Taylor. giugnere, or congiungere ; L. conjungo ; con 3. In grammar, the distribution of the several nnd jungo, to join. See Join.] inflections or variations of a verb, in their 1. To join together, without any thing indifterent voices, modes, tenses, nunjbers termediate to unite two or more ]>ersons and persons a connected scheme of all or things in close connection as, to conthe tierivative forms of a verb. friends to conjoin man and woman join fl. [L conjunctus, from con Shak. CONJUNCT', in marriage. Dryden. jungo. See Conjoin.] 2. To associate, or connect. Shak. Let that which he learns next be nearly cojt- Conjoined; united; concurrent. See with what he knows alreaily. Locke. CONJUNCTION, 71. [L. conjunctio.
surmise.
; ;
;

or a cas ting of the mind to something future, or a guess, .something past but unknown formed on a sui>posed possibility or prob ability of a fact, or on slight evidence

of

one verb. In English, as the verb undergoes few variations, conjugation consist; chiefly in combining the words which uni tedly form the several tenses in the several
persons.

fiom a union of circumstances.

ture

a critical time, proceeding Juncdesi-

used

in a like sense.

At that conjuncture, peace was very

rable.

3.

Union connection ; mode of union as the conjunctures of letters in words. Holder.

; ;

Connection
1

was

willing to grant to presbytery

reason

it

union ; consistency. ; what with can pretend to in a conjuncture with

episcopacy.

JKng

Charles.

CONJURA'TION,

n. [See Conjure.] The act of using certain words or ceremonies to obtain the aid of a superior being ; the act of summoning in a sacred name ; the practice of arts to expel evil spirits, allay

storms, or perform supernatural or extraordinary acts.

CONJU'RE,
gether,
to
It.

V.

t.

[L. conjuro,
coti
;

swear;
1.

conspire ; congiurare

to swear toand juro, to

Sp. conjurar ; Fr.

cojijurer.] call on

To or sunmion by a sacred name, or in a solemn manner to implore with

;

solenmity.
I

It

signified, to bind

seems originally by an oath.

]

to

have

conjure you

let

him know,
Cato did
;

AVhate'er was done against him,

2.

if.

jlddison.

To
in

bind two or more by an oath to unite conniion design. Hence intransiV.

t.

tivelv, to conspire.

CON'JURE,
affect, in

To

Milton. [JVot usual.] expel, to drive or to

some manner, by magic arts, as by invoking the Supreme Being, or by the

use of certain words, characters or ceremonies to engage supernatural influence ; as, to conjure up evil spirits, or to conjure down a tempest to conjure the stars.
;

Joined

CONJOIN',
league.
ted

V.

i.

To

unite;

to

join;
;

to
|1.

Conjoin.]

Shak
uni-

Union

connection

CONJOIN'ED,
;

pp. Joined to or with associated.

ppr.

or otherwise.
2.

association by treaty Bacon. South.

CONJOIN'ING,
CONJOINT',
ciate.
a.

Joining
;

together
;

stars or planets in the

;

In astronomy, the meeting of two or more same degree of the

uniting; connecting.

United

connected

asso
3.

Conjoint degrees, in nnisic. two notes which follow each other innnediately in the order of the scale; as ut and re. Johnson.

Conjoint

tctrachords,

two tetrachords

or

zodiac as the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. In grammar, a connective or connecting word an indeclinable word which serves to imite sentences or the clauses of a sen tence and words, joining two or more sitnple sentences into one compound one
;

Note. It is not easy to deline this word, nor any word of like import ; as the practices of conjurors are little known, or various and indefinite. The use of this word indicates that an oath or solemn invocation originally formed a part of the ceremonies.

CONJURE,
conjurer
spirits in act.
;

V. i. To i)ractice the arts of a to use arts to engage the aid of performing some extraordinary

Shak.

CON
2. In a vule;ar sense, to behave very strangeto play tricks. ly ; to act like a witch eONJU'R Kl), pp. Bound by an oath.
;

CON
tion, or

C O N
;

by order
;

in

a series

a word

eONJU'REMENT,
solemn demand.

n.

Serious injunction

general import. There is a connection of links in a chain a connection between all parts of the lumian body a connection be;

oj'very

To designate
known
or

witli

something
n.

else

to impl.v

[Ijitlle used.]

Hammond.

CONNOTATION,
imjjlication of

The

act

of making
:

Milton.

tween

virtue

and happiness, and between

;

eON'JURlCR,
ration
;

One who practices one who pretends to the

n.

conjusecret

connubium ; con and 7iHi, to marry.] Pertaining to marriage nuptial belonging CONNECTIVE, n. In f^rammur, a word to the state of husband and wife ; as, connubial rites; connubial love. that connects other words and sentences solemid}'. ONNAS'CENCE, )i. [L. con and nascor, a conjimction. Harris uses the word for CONNUMERA'TION, n. reckoning to Hermes. Porson. to be born.] conjunctions and prepositions. gether. 1. The common birth of two or more at the CONNECTIVELV, adv. In union or con- CON'Nl'SANCE, !. [Fr. connoissance, from to know, L. cognosce] Knowltime production of two or more tosame pmction jointlv. connoitre, " Suijl. ONNEX', I'. <. [L. connexum.] To link edge. [See Cognizance.] gether. Hull. CON'NUSANT, a. Knowing; informed: 2. A being born or produced with another, [JVot in use.] together; to join. Brown. eONNEX'ION, n. Connection. But for apprised. A neutral vessel, breaking a blockade, is liable the sake of regular analogy, I have inser3. The act of growing together, or at the to conliscation, if connusant of the blockade. Wiseman. ted connection, as the derivative of the same time. Browne. CON'NATE, a. [L. con and nabis, born, English connect, and would discard conCON'NY, a. [W. cono.] Brave ; fine. [Lonexion. from jKi.sco)'.] Grose. cal.] 1. Boru with another being of the same CONNEX'IVE, a. Connective having the CO'NOID, n. [Gr. xwioftS);s xuioj, a cone, South. as connate notions. birth power to connect uniting conjimctive and niof, form.] as connexivc ])articles. 2. In botany, united in origin growing from [LAtlle used.] Watts. In geometry, a solid formed by the revoluone base, or united at their bases united tion of a coni(? section about its axis. If as connate leaves or ini- CONNI'VANCE, n. [See Connive.] into one body Propthe conic section is a parabola, the resultthers. Maiiyn. erly, the act of winking. Hence_/?gi/raing solid is a parabolic conoid, or ])arabointenONNAT'URAL, a. [con and natural.' tively, v(dmitary blindness to an act loid if a hyperbola, the solid is a hyperunited in nature tional forbearance to see a liiidt or other 1. Connected by nature bolic conoid, or hyperboloid if an ellipse, born with another. act, generally implying consent to it. an elliptic conoid, a spheroid, or an elli|>These aftections arc connatural to us, ami as Every vice interprets a connivance to be apsoid. Edin. Encyc. l>'n^ith. we grow up, so do they. L'Estrange. probation. 2. In anatomy, a gland in the third ventri2. Participating of the same nature CONNI'VE, V. i. [L. conniveo, connim or cle of the brain, resemliling a cone or Ami mix with our connatural dust. Milton. connixi ; con and the root of nicio, to wink. pine-apple, and called the pineal gland. eONNATURAL'ITY, n. Participation of (,'lass Ng.] Encyc. To wink to close and open the eyelids the same nature natm-al imion. } CONOID'IC, Johnson. Hale " Pertaining to a conoid; rapidly. Spectator. the form of a URALLY, ad. hy the act of] In a figurative sense, to elose the eyes CONOID'ICAL, S having conoid. Hale natiu-e originallv. upon a fault or other act to pretend ignov. f. [L. conquasso.] To CONNAT'URALNESS, n. Participation of rance or blindness to forbear to see to CONQUAS'SATE, shake. [Little used.] Harvey. the same nature natural imion. overlook a fault or other act, and sutler it CON'QUER, r. t. con'ker. [Fr. conquenr, Johnson. Pearson. to pass mmoticed, uncensmed or unpunfrom the L. conquiro : con and qu(ero, to CONNECT', V. f. [L. connecto ; con and ished as, the father connives at the vices seek, to obtain, to conquer Arm. conqeuri. of his son. nccto; It. connetterc. See Class Ng. No. As qucero is written, it belongs to Class 32. 38. 40. 41.] CONNI'VENCY, n. Connivance, whicl Gr. and its preterit to Class Gs. See Ar. to tic or fasten, 1. To knit or link together see. Bacon. as by something intervening, or together, CONNIVENT, a. Shutting the eyes; for- \'i Kurau or quarau, and Ileb. Ch. Ipn by weaving, winding or twining. Hence, Milton. bearing to see. to conjoin, in almost to seek. Class Gr. No. 51. 55.] 2. To join or unite 2. In anatomy, the connivent valves are those 1. To subdue; to reduce, by physical force, any manner, either by junction, by any wrinkles, cellules and vascides, which are to overtill resistance is no longer made intervening means, or by order and relafound on the inside of the two intestines, come to vanquish. Alexander conquered connect letters and words in a tion. iliiun and jejunum. Encyc. Asia. The Romans conquered Carthage. sentence we connect ideas in the mind ^. In botany, closely united converging to2. To gain by force to win to take posseswe connect arguments in a discourse. The Eaton. gether. sion by violent means to gain dominion strait of Gibraltar connects the MediterraCONNI'VER, n. One who connives. or sovereignty over, as the sidjduingof the nean with the Atlantic. A treaty connects CONNI'VING, ppr. Closi)ig the eyes against two nations. The interests of agricultur power of an enemy generally im|)li(s posfaults i)ermitting faults to pass uncen session of the person or thing subdued by are connected with those of commeree. sured. the coiKpieror. Thus, a king or an army Families are connected by maj-riage or by CONNOISSEU'R, n. connissu're. [Fr. from conquers a ct)imtr)-, or a city, which is afterfriendsliip. the verb connoitre, from L. cognosce, to ward restored. CONNECT', V. i. To join, unite or cohere know.] This argument To subdue opposition or resistance of the to have a close relation. a skil 3. .\ person well versed in any subject will by moral force to overcome by arconnects with another. [This use is rare a critical judge or ful or knowing ])erson and not well authorized.] gument, persuasion or other influence. master of any art, particularly of paint CONNECTION, n. [L. connexio ; It. con- ing and sculpture. Anna conquers but to save, See
a.
;

art ot"i)erforniing things supernatural or extraordinary, by the aid of superior powers an impostor who pretends, by tniknown means, to discover stolen floods, &c. Hence ironically, a man of shrewd conjecture a man of sagacity. Addison. Prior. CONJU'RING, ppr. Enjoining or imploring
;

a connection between parent and child, master and ser vant, husband and wife; between motives
this life

anil ihi; future

ference.
to

[lAttle used.]

CONNO'TE,
mark.

designating with something something beside itself; inHalt. 1'./. [L. con and nota; nolo.
JVote.]
;

See

and actions, and between actions and their

consequences. In sliorl, the word is appli cable' to almost every thing that has a de pendence on or relation to another thing.

To make known
used.]

together; to imply note or designate to include.

;

to de[LAttU.

South.
a.
[1,.

CONNU'BIAL,

connvbialis,
;

from

CONNECTIVE,
connecting.

Having the power

of|

'

'

ONNAT
;

We
;

The

state

nessione. Connect.] act of joining or state of being joined ; a of being "knit or fastened together;

CONNOISSEU'RSHIP,
connoisseur.
v.
t.

n.

The

skill

of a

And governs

but to bless.

He went
Rev.
vi.

fortli

Smith. conquering, and to conquer

difficulties
;

union by junction, by an intervening substance or medium, by dependence orrela-

CON'NOTATE,
nota us.]

[con

and

note, L. nolo,

To overcome, as
as obstacles
;

to

surmount,

to

subdue whatever oppo-

Vol.

I.

46

CON
ses; ag, to conquer the passions; to conquer reluctance. 5. To gain or obtain bj' effort as, to conquer freedom to conquer peace ; a French application of the word. ON'QUER, V. i. To overcome to gain the
;
;

CON
right and wrong ; or the faculty, power or] principle within us, which decides on thei lawfulness or unlawfulness of our own actions and affections, and instantly approves or condemns them. Conscience is called by some writersj the morcd sense, and considered as an orij

CON
eON'SCIONABLE,
;

a.
;

According

to

con-

science reasonable just. Let my debtors have conscionable

tion.

satisfac-

Wutton.
n.

CON'SCIONABLENESS,
ness; equity.

ReasonableJJicf.

victory.

ON'SCIONABLY,
agreeable
justly.

adv.

In
;

manner
;

The champions

resolved to conquer or to die.

Waller.

CON'QUERABLE,
;

a.

That may be conSouth.

;

quered, overcome or tiiibdued. ON'QUERED, pp. Overcome won. vanrjuislied gained eON'tiUERESS, n. A female quers a victorious female.
; ;

subdued

who

con-

Fairfax.

CON'QUERING,
C'ON'(iUEROR,

ppr.
;

Overcoming; subobtaining.
;

duing; vantpiishing

?!. One who conquers; one wlio gains a victory one \\lio sub dues and brings into subjection or possesforce or by influence. Tlie man sion, by

ginal faculty of our nature. Others question the propriety of considering conscience as a distinct faculty or principle. They consider it rather as the general principle of moral approbation or disapprobation, a])])lied to one's own conduct and affections; alledging that our notions of right and wrong are not to be deduced from a single principle or faculty, hut from various powers of the understanding and will. Hucheson. Reid. Encyc. Edin. Encyc.

to

conscience

reasonably

Taylor. a. [L. conscitts.] Possessing or power of knowing one's own thoughts, or mental operations. Thus, man is a conscious being. 2. Knowing froui memory, or without extraneous information; as, I am not conscious of the fact. The damsel then to Tancred sent,

CON'SCIOUS,
the
faculty

Who, conscious
event.
3.

of the occasion, feared the

Being convicted by their own conscience, they went out one by one. John viii.

who defeats his CON'QUEST, n.

ta
;

wlio defeats his antagonist in combat is a conqueror, as is the general or admiral

enemy.

The conscience manifests itself in the feeling of obligation we experience, which precedes, attenils and follows our actions. E. T. Fitch.
Conscience is first occupied in ascertaining our duty, before we proceed to action ; then in juilging of our actions when performed.
J.

Dryden. conscience, or internal peror ])ersuasiou as, I am not conception scious of having given any offense. Sometimes followed by to ; as, I am not conscious

Knowing by

to

Sp.

id.;

tus,

from

[Fr. conquite ; It. conquisconqutsitus, qttwsitus, quasThe L. qutiqua-ro, to seek.

li.

myself. jEncas only, conscious

to

the sign.

sivi, qua'situs,

coincides in elements with

the
35.
1.

Eth.'^UJlU. Class Gs.No. sense is to seek, to press or drive towards.] The act of conquering; the act of overcoming or vanquishing opposition by force, phy.sical or moral. Applied to perceisimv,

W.

The primary

Presaged the event. Dryden. say, conscious of innocence, or of ignorance, or of a crime. The estimate or determination of con- ON'SCIOUSLY, adv. With knowledge of science; justice; honesty. one's own mental operations or actions. What you require cannot, in conscience, be If these perceptions, with their consciousdeferred. .Milton ness, always remained in (he mind, the same 3. Real sentiment private thoughts truth thinking thing would be always consciously Locke. as, do you in conscience believe the story present.

So we

M. Mason.

4.

sons, territory

and the

like,\t

usually

iinj)lies

3.

or includes a taking possession of; as the conquest of Canada by the British troops. So we speak of the conquest of the heart the passions, or tlie wilt. Victory success in arms the overcoming of opposition.
; ;

Consciousness knowledge of our own actions or thoughts. The sweetest cordial we receive at last,
;

CON'SCIOUSNESS,

n.

The knowledge of
;

Is

nmscience of our virtuous actions

past.

I)enham

[This primary sense of the word

perhaps
5.

is nearly,

sensations and mental operations, or of what passes in one's own mind the act of the mind which makes known an internal object. Locke. Reid. Encyc. Consciousness of our sensations, and consciousness of our existence, taneous.

icholly oksolete.]

Knowledge of the

actions of others. B. Jonson.

seem to be simulEdin. Encyc.

In joys o( conquest he resigns his breath. 6. In ludicrous language, reason or reasona .Addison. bleness.
'X
; ;

rnaica
-1.

r>.

Tliat which is conquered innocence. possession Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, a A man may betray his consciousness of gTiilt gained by force, physical or moral as, Ja many as you should require. Swift. was a valuable conquest for Eng To make conscience or a matter of conscience, by his countenance. land. is to act according to the dictates of eon- 3. Certain knowledge fi'om observation or In a feudal sense, acquest; acquisition Gibbon. or to scruple to act contrary to experience. science, the acquii'ing of property by other means its dictates. Locke. CONSCRIPT, a. [L. conscriptus, from conthan by inheritance, or the acquisition of CouH of conscience, a court established for con and scribo, to write.] sciibo, to enroll the recovery of small debts in London Written enrolled as consc?ipt fathers, the property by a number in community or by one for all the others. Blackstone. Encyc. senators of Rome, so called because their and other trading cities and districts. names were written in the register of the In the law of nations, the acquisition of Blackstone. senate. conscience. sovereignty by force of arms. ON'SCIENCED, a.
;
; ;

Consciousness must be an essential attriWatts. a. Internal sense or knowledge of guilt or

bute of spirit.

(i.

[L. conscriptio.] ONSCIEN'TIOUS, a. Influenced by con- enrolling or registering. French phrase. science ; governed by a strict regard to 2. Soldiers or forces levied by enrolling. a. [L. consanffuinet'. t the dictates of conscience, or by the known [L.consccro; con and related by x, infra.] Of the same blood or supposed rules of right and wrong ; as sacro, to consecrate, from saccr, sacred. birth descended from the same parent o See Sacred.] a conscientious judge. ancestor. Shak. 2. Regulated by conscience ; according to 1. To make or declare to be sacred, by cern. [L. consanguinitas tain ceremonies or rites ; to appropriate to the dictates of conscience ; as a consciencon and sanguis, blood.] sacred uses to set apart, dedicate, or detious ]>robitv. Ij Estrange. The relation of persons by blood ; the relaadv. According to vote, to the service ai]d worship of God ; tion or connection of |)ersons descended to consecrate a church. with a strictl

The right of conquest is derived from the laws of war. Encyc The act of gaining or regaining by effort as the Conquest of libertj' or peace ; a
:

Having

South.

eON'SCRIPT,

n.

An
.

enrolled soldier;

CON'SCIENT,

a.

Conscious.

[.Vot used.]

word used in France.

Baco7i.

ONSRIP'TION,

An

CONSANGUIN'EOUS,
;

eON'SECRATE,

CONSANGUIN'ITY,

eONSCIEN'TlOUSLY,
regard to right and err conscientiousli).

from the same stock or common ancestor, in distinction from atfinity or relation by
marriage.
It is lineal

the direction of conscience

as,

wrong.
?t.

A man

mayi
[

Thou
and
2.

shall consecrate

Aaron and

his sons.

Ex. xxix.
All (he silver,

CON'SCIENCE,

7!.

or collateral. Blackstone. con'shens. [Fr. from L.

;

CONSCIEN'TIOUSNESS,
its

A scrupulous
;

conscientia, from conscio, to know, to be It. consci j)rivy to ; con and scio, to know cnza, or coscienza ; Sp. conciencia.]
1.

regard to the decisions of conscience a sense of justice, and strict conformity to

dictates.
All his

iron, are

consecrated
:

and gold, and vessels of brass to the Lord. Josh. vi.

Locke. conduct seemed marked with an exact

3.

saint

Internal or self-knowledge, or

judgment of

and unvarying conscientiousness. J. L. Kingsley, Eulogy on Prof. Fisher.

To canonize to exalt to the rank of a to enroll among the gcds, as a Roman emperor. To set apart and bless the elements in
;

the eucharist.

CON
4.

CON
respected

CON
By way of con-j
i.

To

render venerable
a.

to

make

CONSECUTIVELY,

as, rules

or principles consecrated by time.

CON'SKRATE,
;

Sacred; consecrated;
in that consecrate

devoted dedicated. They were assembled

place.

[This word
pottry.]

is noic

Bacon. seldom used, uniess in

CONSECRATED,;);). Made sacred by cer;

agree. When thou sawcst a thief, thou consentse(|uence or succession, in opposition to; edst with him. Ps. 1. Diet.' antecedentli/ or casually. 3. To assent. CONSENES'CENCE,? [L. consenesco,\ I consent to the law that it is good. Rom. to grow old.] CONSENES'CENCY, S vii. 1 Tim. vi. growing old decay from age as the, NEOUS, a. [L. consentaneus. consenescence of tho world. I^H-] See Consent.] n. [L. consensio. See ConAgreeable; accordant ; consistent with ; suitI

ado.

To

CONSENTA
able.

CONSENSION,
sent.]
;

emonies or .siilemn rites; separated from Agreement accord. [Little a common to a sacred use devoted or dedicated to the service and worship of CONSENT', n. [L. consensus;

used.]

Bentley.
It.
;\

The
ous

God

made

venerable.

CON'SERATING,

ppr. Making sacred ; a])propriating to a sacred use ; dedicating to the service of God ; devoting ; rendering venerable. ONSERA'TIOX, n. The act or ceremo-

Fr. cotisentement ; L. consentio, to be of one mind, to agree con and .lentio, to think, feel or perceive Sp. consentir; Port. Fr. id. It. consentire.
;

consenso Sp. consenlimiento ; from

to tlic

practice of virtue Ls unrenewed heart.

not

consentaneAtion.

CONSENTANEOUSLY,
consistently
;

adv. Agreeably;
;

suitablv.

CONSENTANEOUSNESS.n. Agreement
accordance
;

1.

ties. Consecration does not make a person or thing really hob), but dorlaros it to be sacred, that is, devoted to God or to dias the consecration of the vine service
;

ny of separating from a common to a sacred use, or of devoting and dedicating a person or thing to the service and wor ship of God, by certain rites or solemni

See Sense and Assent.] CONSENT'ER, n. One who consents. Agreement of the mind to what is propo- CONSEN'TIENT, a. [L. consentiens, consed or stated by another; accord; hence, sentio.] a yielding of the mind or will to that which Agreeing in mind accordant in opinion. The autlioiity due to the c)icH(in/ judgis proposed as, a parent gives his consent Pearson. ment of the cluirch. to the marriage of his daughter. We g(!n<Mally use this word in cases CON'SEUUENCE, n. [L. consequentia, from consequor ; con and sequor, to follow. Sec where power, rights and claims are con-,
; ;

consistency.

Diet.

cerned.
that

We

give conseiit,

which we have

when we yield a right to withhold

Seek.]

L That which
]irinciple,

follows from any act, cause,

priests among the Israelites; the consecration of the vessels used in the temple; the consecration of a bishop. 2. Canonization ; the act of translating into

not give consent to a mere opin-, In this case, ion, or abstract proposition. we give our assent. But assent is also used

but

we do

heaven, and enrolling or numbering among the saints or gods the ceremony of the Hale. apotheosis of an emperor. 3. The benediction of the elements in the the act of setting a|)art an( encharist blessing the elements in the connntniion.
; ;

conceding what we may withhold. give our assent to the marriage of a daughCon.secpKMitly, assent has a more extensive application than consent. But the distinction is not always observed. Consent often amoimts to permission. Delraiul ye not one another, except with coilin
ter.

We

or series of action.s. Hence, an event or effect produced by somo preceding act or cause. Shun the hitter consequence ; for k-now.

The day

tliou eatcst thereof,

thou

slialt die.

Milton

The conseqttences of intemperance are disgrace, poverty, disease and premature death.
'3.
j

In logic, a

])roi)ositioii

collected from the

;

Encijc.

sent
3.

tor a tittle.

Cor.
;

vii.

eON'SECRATOR,
crates
;

n.

One who
is

conse-

.Accord

of minds

agreement

unity of
excuse.

agreement of other previous propositions the conclusion which results from reason or argument inference deduction.
; ;

one

who performs
a.

which a person or thing

the rites by devoted or dedAtlerbury. sacred.

opinion.
All

with one consent began to

priests

make

icated to sacred purposes.

CON'SECRATORY,
ON'SET.\RY,
a.
;

Making

Luke xiv. The company of

Hos.
3.
vi.
;

Every rational being is accountable to his maker; man is a rational being; the consequence then must be, that man is accountable
to

murder by consent.
;

lip.

[L.

conseclarius,

Morton from

Ms maker. From this train

obvious.

of argiunent, the consequence

;

Agreement

coherence

correspondence;
;

is

consector, to follow

con and sector, sequor.

See Seek.] Following; consequent; consequential; de

ducilile.

in ))arts, qualities, or operation. 3. Connection S\ich is the world's ^reat harmony that springs cution. Froiti union, order, full consent of things.

of cause and effect

I felt

conse-

CON SECTARY,
consequence
corollary.
;

Broicn. 4.
n.

That which follows

Woodward. from
sequor, to

deduction from premises

n.
;

eONSECU'TION,
1.

[L.

consecutio,

consequor, to follow See Seei.] follow.

con
;

and

Pope. Ill the animal economy, an agreement, or .synqiathy, by which oub affected part of the system affects some distant part. This coiuient is supposed to exist in, or be produced by the nerves and the affections'
;

Tliat

must after thee, with this my son Such fatal consequence unites us three.
I

Mdton.
4.

following or sequel

quences from premises

tions.
2.
;

train of conseseries of deduc-

Hale

be connmmicated from one part to an-j other by means of their ramifications and distribution through the body. Thus, the! stone in the bladder, by vellicating
to
fibers,

Influence ; tendency, as to effects. The sense of consequence, in this use, is modified by the words connected with it as,
;

will

Succession series of things that follow each other; as a consecution of colors.

produce spasms and

;

thej
int

colic

3.

astronomy, consecution space between one conjimction of the moon with the sun and another.
In
a.
[It.

JVewton. month is the

the bowels a shameful thing seen or heard will produce blushing in the cheeks.

is of little consequence," that is, of litimportance, small effects will follow is of no consequetice," of no moment, no effect of importance will follow " it is of great consequence," of great impor-

"it
tle

"

it

5.

Qjuncy.

Encyc.

But many
sympathy.

facts indicate that other caus-

tance, great effects will follow. disImportance ; extensive influence tinction as a man of great consequence in
; ;

es than nervous communication

society. produce; In consequence,

by means
a.

of; as the effect of.

CONSECUTIVE,
conscciitif.
\.

Bailey. consecutivo ; Fr

CONSENT',
Noun.]

V.

i.

[L. consentio.

See the

CON'SEQUENT,
The
right

See Consecution.] Hence, to Literally, to think with another. Following in a train succeeding one an agree or accord. More generally, to agree other in a regular order; successive un to yield to what one ha.s. in mind and will interrupted in course or succession as, the power, the right, or the disposition to Arbuthnot. Jifty consecutive years. withhold, or refuse to grant. 2. Following consequential ; succeeding ; If sinners entice thee, consent thou not. of men consecutive to volias, the actions Prov. i. Locke. tion. j\nd Saul was consenting to Stephen's death.' 3. Consecutive chords, in music, imply a sucActs viii. cession or repetition of the same consoOnly let us consent to them, and they will in similar motion. dwell with us. Gen. sxxiv. nance Encyc.
; ; ; ;
;

lowing, -as the natural or 01!.

[L. consequtns.] Foleffect ; with to

was consequent

to,

and

built on,

act perfectly personal. His poverty- was consequent

2.

an Locke.

on

his ^ices.

Following by necessary inference or rational deduction

querit to

CON'SEQUENT,
lows a cause.
Tliey were consequent of
ill

as a proposition conseother propositions. n. Effect that which fol;

ii\

governed, which fAjmeat.

is

always a Davies.

CON
2.

CON
corn,

CON
ice

That which follows from propositions by ratiuiialileduction; that which is deduced from reasoning or argumentation a con;

an

iee-house

for

and other CONSID'ER,

&c., are

things, a receptacle for water,

turely or carefully

called cojiservatories.
2.

None

chisiou or inference.

ONSEQUEN'TIAL,
effect
2.
;

a. Following as the produced by the connection of ef-

A large green-liouse for exotics, in which the plants are planted in beds and bor ders, and not in tubs or pots, as in the
common
and
green-house.
V.
t.

i. To think seriously, mato reflect. ; considereth in his heart, neither is there

V.

2.

fects with

causes

as a consequtntial
;

evil.

Having the consequence

with the premises

justly connected

CONSERVE,

conserv'. [L. conservo ;con

conclusive.

These arguments are highly consequential and concludeiit to my purpose. Hale.

3. 4.

Important. Conceited; pompons; applied to persons.

adv.

CONSEQUEN'TIALLY,
2.
i.
;

With

just

deduction of consequences ; with right connection of ideas. Addison. By consequence not immediately event;

ually.

South.
;

In a regular series

in the order

and
4.

effect.

of cause Addison.

With

assiuTied importance

with conceit.
Camphell.
n.

ONSEQUEN'TIALNESS,
consecution in discourse.

Regular Did.
;

CON'SEQUEx\TLY,
;

adv.

By consequence

by necessary connection of eflects witli their causes in con.sequence of soinfcthiug.

Fr. con sei-ver ; It. conservare ; Sp. conservar. See of your case. The apostles and elders come together to conClass Sr. No. 34. 38. 39. 40. 45. and Claa sider of this matter. Acts xv. Dr. No. 32.] Dniden. To keep in a safe or sound state ; to save 3. To doubt ; to hesitate. See Conto preserve from loss, decay, waste, or in- CONSID'ERABLE, a. [Fr. Sp. That may be considered ; that is sider.] jury ; to defend from violation ; as, to con to be observed, remarked or attended to. serve bodies from perishing ; to conserve It is considerable, lha.t some urns have had the peace of society ; to conserve fruits, inscriptions on them, expressing that the lamps roots and herbs, with sugar, &c. were Wilkins. burning. sweetmeat made of the CON'SERVE, n. [This primary use of the word is obsolesinspissated juice of fruit, boiled with su cent or very rarely used.] Johnson. 2. gar. Worthy of consideration ; worthy of reIn pharmacy, a form of medicine contri gard or attention. ved to preserve the flowers, herbs, roots Eternity is infinitely the most considerable or fruits of sim|)les, as nearly as possible, duration. THllotson. in tlieir natural fresh state. Fresh vegeAs that which is worthy of regard is in tables and sugar of the consistence of some measure important, hence honey. Encyc. Core. 3. of notice of
servo, to hold,
;

keep or guard

knowledge or understanding. Is. xliv. In the day of Eccles. vii. adversity consider. To deliberate to turn in the mind as in the case of a single person to deliberate or consult, as numbers sometimes followed by of; as, I will consider your ease, or
; ; ;

3.

CON'SEQUENTNESS,n.
consecution of discourse.

tion of propositions, following

Regular conneceach other;!

[Liltk used.]

A conservatorv. CONSERVED,
;

Respectable

[JVot usual.]

Evelyn.

some
4.

deserving

Digby.

eONSERVER, n. One who conserves

;

Preserved in a safe and ";);7. sound state; guarded kept; maintained; protected prepared with sugar.
;

Men

distinction ; applied to persons. considerable in all worthy professions,

in

eminent

many ways

of
;

life.

Spralf.

CONSER'TION,
Junction
;

n.

[L. consero, consertum.]

adaptation.

Young}

eONSERV'ABLE,
may
injm-y.

a. [See Conserve.] Tluitj be kept or preserved from decay or

CONSERVING,
defeniling sugar.
sioi}.]
;

one Avho keeps from loss or injury one who a |)reparer of| lays u\) for preservation conserves. Hayward. Temple.
; ;

ppr. Keeping in safety maiutciining; preparing with

n. [L. consessio.

Important; valuable or moderately large, Considerable according to the subject. was expected from the allies. A man has a considerable estate in Norfolk. A considerable sum of money was collected. Sometimes followed by to. lie thought his aid considerable to him.
aid
n. Some degree of importance, moment or dignity a degree of value or importance that deserves
;

CONSERVANCY,
A
Conserve.]

n.

[L. consermns.

See

CONSiD'ERABLENESS,
See Ses
notice.

CONSES'SION,
Thames.
Preserving
;

court of conservancy is held by tlic Lord! Mayor of London, tor the preservation of

eONSERV'ANT. a.
power or
or destruction.

the fishery on the

Johnson. having the

A sitting together. [Little used.] CONSES'SOR, n. One that sits

ers.

with oth

[Utile used.]
v. t. [L. considero, to consider, attentively, from consido or conby ; con and sedeo, to sit. See The literal sense is, to sit by or close,

of things is to be estimated by (heir usefulness, or by their effects on

society.

The considerableness

quality of preserving from decay

n.

CONSID'ER,
to

view

eONSID'ERABLY,
;

CONSERVA'TION,
The
ing
;

[L. conservatio.

See

sideo, to sit
Sit.

Conserve.] act of preserving, guarding or protect-

preservation from
; ;

loss,

decay, injury,
1.

or violation the keeping of a thing in a safe or entire state as the conservation ofj bodies from perishing ; the conservidion of; the peace of society ; the conservation of
privileges.

mind or the eye to hence, to view or examine with attention.] To fix the mind on, with a view to a care fnl examination to think on with care
or to
set the
;
;

adv. In a degree deserving notice in a degree not trifling, or unimportant. And Europe still considerably gains Both by their good examples and their pains.

Rosconwwn

CONSID'ERANCE,
flection
;

to

ponder to study to meditate on. Know, therefore, this clay, and consider
;

it

in

n. Consideration resober thought. See [JVot used. Shak. Consideration.]

;

thy heart.
a.

Deut.

iv.

ONSID'ER.\TE,
1.

CONSERVATIVE,

Preservative ; having power to preserve in a safe or entire state, or from loss, waste or injm-y.

Hast thou considered my servant Job ? Job i. Consider tlie lilies of the held liow they
gi'OW. Matth. vi.

Peacham. n. A preserver; one who preserves from injury or violation. Appropriately, an oflicer who has the charge of preserving the public peace, as judges and sheriffs also, an oflicer who lias the charge of preserving the rights .md privileges of a city, corporation or comnmnity, as in catholic imiversities. It is a word of extensive application. 2. In Connecticut, a person appointed to su-

To view
amine.

attentively

to observe

and exLev.
xiii.

a. [L. consideratus. See Consider.] Given to consideration, or to sober reflection thoughtful ; hence, serious circumsjjcct ; careful ; discreet ; prudent ; not
; ;

CONSERVA'TOR,

The
3.

priest shall consider the leprosy.

;

hasty or rash
.'Eneas
is

not negligent.
and careful of
as,

To
xti.

Blessed

attend to to relieve. is he that considerclh the poor.

to

patient, considerate,

Ps.

his people.

to respect. ; regard Let us consider one another, to j)rovoke to love, and to good works. Heb. x.
5.

To have To

Having resjiect to; regardful; siderate of praise. [LAttle used.]

.3.

Ilryden. con-

Moderate
tion
;

not rigorous.
adv.

Johnson.

CONSID'ERATELY,
with
])rudentlv.

With
;

delibera-

take into view in examination,

or in-

due consideration
ji.

to

account

in estimates.

calmly ; Bacon.
;

perintend idiots, lunatics, &c., manage tlieir property, and preserve it fiom waste.

In adjusting accounts, services, time, and expense ought to be considered.

6.

CONSID'ER ATENESS,
deliberation.

Prudence calm
consideratio.
re-

CONSERVATORY,
of preserving from

a.

Having the
decay or

quality

loss,

eONSERV'ATORY,

n. A place for preserving any thing in a state desired, as from loss, decay, waste or injury. Thus a fish-pond for keeping fish, a granary for

injur}'.

In the imperative, consider is equivalent think with care, attend, examine the subject with a \ iew to truth or the con.<i'quences of a measm-e. So we utic see, obto,

CONSIDERA'TION,
See Consider.]
1.

n.

[L.
;

The
gard
;

act of considering notice.

mental view

serve, think, attend.

7.

Let us take into consideration

:

the conse-

To

requite

to

reward

particularly for
2.

quences of

a hasiy decision.
:

ffratuitous services.

Mature thought

serious dehberation.

CON
with consideration. Sidaei/. 3. Contemplation ; nicditatiou. The lovf you hear to Mopsa hath brought you to the consideration of lier virtues. Sidney.

C O
to

i\

CON
'

Let us

tliink

1.

4.

Some degree of importance

tice,

or regard
is

claim to noa moderate degree of re;

deposit, deliver, consign : ii. To stand or be ; to lie ; to be contained ; consegnare, followinl by in. Sp. conrignar ; Fr. consigner. See Sign The licauty of epistolary writing consists in The .setise is to set to, to thrust or send.] To give, send or set over; to transfer orl ease and freedom. deliver into the possession of another, or 3. To be composed ; followed by of. A landscape should consist if a variety of into a (litferent with the sense
state,
of,

spectability.

"(.

an author of consideration among Addison. the Latin poets. That wliicli is considered; motive of action
;

Lueau

intliience;

ohiiged, siderations, to search an asylum.

i').

He was
;

ground of conduct.
antecedent
to all other con-

fixedness in that state, or permanence of possession. At the <lay of general account, good men are to be consigned over to anotlier state.

To

scenery. consist

together, to coexist

to

have be-

Reason

that which induces to

Dryden. a deterset be-

At death the body

2.
; ;

is

consigned

to the grave.

ing concurrently. Necessity and election cannot consist together in the same act. Bramhall. Atterbury. To consist to be in accordwith, to agree
;

mination. He was moved by the considerations

fore

To deliver or transfer, us a charge or trust to commit as, to consign a youth to the care of a preceptor ; to consign
goods to a factor. To set over or commit, for pennanent preservation as, to consign a history to Addison \vriting.
;

ance with

to be comiiatible. Health consists with temperance alone.

;

CONSISTENCE,?
CONSIST'ENCY,

him.
3.

7.

In taw, the reason which moves a contracting party to enter into an agreement the material cause of a contract; the price or motive of a stipulation. In all contracts, each party gives something in ex-

Pope. standing togeth"' er a being fixed in union, as the parts of a body that state of a boily, in which its component parts

<,

4.

To

appropriate.
V. i.

ONSrGN,

consi'ne.

To
;

Dryden. submit to the

;

remain fixed. The consistency of bodies

rare, tangible,

is

divers

dense,

pneumatical, volatile, fcc.

change

for

what he
is

receives.

same terms with another

also, to sign

to
2.

contract

an agreement, upon suf-

This consideration consideration. express or implied ; ej^>ress, when the thing to be given or done is specified ; imconsideration is plied, when no specific agreed upon, but justice requires it and the law implies it ; as when a man labon for another, without stipulating for wa ! ges, the law infers that he shall receive reasonable consideration. good consida eration is that of blood, or natural love vahuible consideration is such as money marriage, &c. Hence a consideration is an equivalent or recompense ; that which is g-ii'cn as of equal estimated value will
ficient
is

CONSIGN A'TION,
ing
to
;

agree or consent.

Obs. Shah n. The act of consign the act of delivering or committing another person, place or state.
is

degree of density or

Bacon. spissitude, but in-

definite. Let the juices or liquor be boiled into the conArbulhnot. sistency of syrup.
3.

Substance
tion cy
;
;

Despair
ruin.

a certain consignation to eternal

make

firmness of constitu-

Taylor.

Park.

[Little used.

See Consignme7it.]
n.

CONSIGNATURE,
CONSI'GNED,
for keeping, in trust

Full
;

signature

4.

joint signing or .stamping.

pp. Delivered cominitte: or management ; deposited

Ji.

as, friendship of a lasting consistenresolutions of durable consistence. Hammond. South. standing together, as the jiarts of a system, or of conduct, &c. agreement or har-

mony of all parts of a complex among themselves, or of the same

with

CONSIGNEE',

The person
;

to

whom

goods or other things are delivered in trust a factor. for sale or siiperintendance

that

which

is

received.
a.

eONSID'ERATIVE,
sideration.
;

Taking

into con-

CONSIGNER, CONSIGNOR,

I I

"

signs

The person who con one who sends,

;

[Little used.]
;

CONSID'ERED, pp. Thought of with care

; ;

pondered viewed attentively; deliberated on examined. CONSID'ERER, n. A thiidier one who considers; a man of reflection. [Consid^
erator
is

delivers, or commits goods to another for sale, or a ship for si^perintendeuce, bills of lading, papers, &,c.

thing thing itself at diftercnt times ; congruity ; uniformity; as the consistency of laws, regiilati(Uisor judicial decisions; consistency o{ opinions consistency of behavior or of character. There is haraiony and consistency in all /. Lathrop. God's works.
;

5.

standing

a state of

rest,

in

which

CONSIGNIFICA'TION,
Joint signification.

n.
a.

[See Signify.]
Harris.

main

things capable of growth or decrease, reChambers. for a time at a stand.

CONSIST'ENT,

not in use.]
; ;

CONSID'ERING,

mind on; ;*/);. Fivingthe meditating on pondering viewing n itl care and attention deliberating on. Note. We have a peculiar use of this word, which may he a corruption for considered, which may be a deviation from analogy by an
;

insensible cliange in

; llie structure of the phrase It is not possible for us to act otherwise, con ; .^Vs : siderins; the weakness of our nature." with, as goods fiir sale this word must here refer to Ms, or participle, the sentence cannot be resolved by any rule of 2. thing consigned ; the goods sent or delivered to a factor for sale ; as, re English syntax. It would be correct to say, *' It is not j)0ssible for us to act othei-wise, the ceived a large consignment of goods from weakness of our nature being considered ;" or B. ' We, considering tire weakness of our nature, 3. which any thing is conwriting by cannot act otherwise." But the latter phrase is signed. use othbetter grammar, than it is sense. re a. Having '* er participles in like manner ; as, Allowing for semblance. [Little used.] the weight could not be more than a bun tare, n. Resemblatice. [Litdrcd pounds." These and similar phrases are tle used. [ anomalous. But considering is no more a kind

"

[Sec Signify. or jointly significative. Vnllancey, Gram. 57 CONSIGNING, ppr. Delivering to another in trust sending or committing, as a possessioh or charge. CONSIGNMENT, n. The act of consigning consignation the act of sending or committing, as a charge for safe-keeping the act of depositing or management

CONSIGNIF'Ie.VTIVE,
Having
a
like

signillcation,

See a. [L. consistens. Fixed ; firm ; not fluid ; as the Consist.] consistent parts of a body, distinguished from <\)pjluid. flarvcy.
Standing together or in agreement; com-

2.

patible; congruous; uniform; not contradictory or opposed ; as, two opinions or schemes arc consistent ; let a man be consistent with himself; the law is consistent with jusiice

and

])olicy.
tlie soul.

So two consistent motions act

The

eONSIST'ENTLY,
manner;
in

adv.

Pope. In a consistent

command

agreement; agreeably; as, to confidence, a man must act

I S

consistcnth/.

The

CONSISTO'RIAL,

We

CONSISTORY,

[See Consistori/.] Pertaining or relaecclesiastical court

CONSIM'ILAR,

common

ting to a consistory, or

CONSIMIL'ITUDE,
to stand
I.
;

of conjunction, in such phrases, than noun.

it

is

CONSIST',
consister.]

V. i. [L.consisto; con auil Sp. cunsistir ; It. consisiere

sislo,
;

of an archbishop or bishop. Ayliffc. Every archbishop and bishop of a diocese hath a consistory court. Encyc. CONSISTO'RIAN, a. Relating to an order

Fr.

CONSID'ERING,

act of delibcra ting, or carefully attending to ; hesitation ; Sliak. as, many mazed considerings. CONSID'ERINGLY, arfc. With consideration or deliberation. Whole Duty of Man.
n.

The

CONSI'GN,

consi'ne. [L. consigno, to con and signo, to seal oi stamp; signum, a sign, seal or mark; It.
r.
t.

stand together ; to be in a fixed or permanent state, as a body composed ofj parts in union or connection. Hence, to be to exist to subsist ; to be supportedj maintained.
; ;

To

CONSIST 'ORY,
consisto.

ami

seal or sign

before all things, and things consist. Col. i.

He was

by

liiin

alli
i

Bp. Bancroft. 71. [L. consistorium, from See Consist.] Primarily, a place of meeting ; a council-house, or place of Hence, justice. 1. A place of justice in the spiritual court, or the court itself; the coun of every diocesan bishop, held in their cathedral churches, for the trial of ecclesiastical

of presbyterian assemblies.

CON
2.

CON
mary
.sense

CON
2.

.'!.

Tlie causes, arising within the diocese. bishop's chancelloi- or his commissary is Blackstone. tlie judge. An assemhly of prelates ; the college of cardinals at Rome. Pins was then hearing causes in coyisistory. Bacon. A solemn assembly or council.
Milton.

sense

is

either to set or allay, to give

Ar. 5)^^, Heb.nSB'; or the is to strengthen, in which case it The lat coincides with the root of solid.
rest or quiet,
is

ter

most probable.]
;

To

1.

5.

place of residence. [JVot used.] In the Reformed churches, an assembly or council of ministers and elders.
n.

Pope. Shak.

comfort to cheer the mind in distress or to alleviate grief, and give re de])ression freshment to the mind or spirits to give contentment or moderate happiness by re
;
;

denotes also the according intervals. the interval of a consonance is invariable, it is called perfect but when it may be either major Or minor, it is termed im[ierfect. Busby. accord congruity consistAgreement ency agreeableness suitableness as the consonance of opinions among judges; the consonance of a ritual to the scriptures.
It

When

COiN'SONANT,

a.

Agreeing; accordiuff
;

lieving

ONSO'CIATE,
Au
accomplice.

[h. consociatus.
;

See
an

the next word.] associate ; a partner or confederate

v. I.

from distress. congruous ; consistent followed generally The promises of the gospel may well console by to ; sometimes by imth ; as, this rule i;; the christian in all the afflictions of life. consonant to scripture and reason. It is a consoling reflection that the evils of 2. In music, composed of consonances a?
;

life

Haijtviinl.l

Oi\SO'CIATE,
consodo
1.
~'. ;

co!^

companion.
;

3.

as pastors and messengers or delegates ofj churches. Siiijbrook Pkitfunn.l CONSO'CIATE, V. i. To unite to coalesce.!
;

To iniite to join to associate. Tl'oUon.' CON'SOLE, n. [Fr.] In architecture, a To cement, or hoKI in close union. Burnel.' bracket or shoulder-piece or an orna ment cut upon the key of an arch, whici To unite in an assembly or convention,! has a and on occasion serves
; ;

and See

[L. conaociutiis, .forio, to unite; socius, a

Social.]

from

are temporary. I ,im much consoled by the reflection that the religion of Christ has been attacked in vain by all tfie wits and philosophers, and its trimnpli

consonant intervals.

CON'SONANT,
cause
it

has been complete.

P. Henry.

n. A letter, so named beconsidered as being sounded But only in connection with a vowel. some consonants have no sound, even when united with a vowel, and others havf a very imperfect sound. The consonant^
is

jirojectiu'e,

to sujiport little .and vases.

cornices,

figures,

busts

2.

body to Ibrni a consociation of pastors and messengers. Saybnok Platform.

unite, or
;

To

Benllnj.

meet

in a

CONSO'LED, CONSO'LER, CONSOL'IDANT,

forming

Encyc. cheered. ;;;). Comforted; n. One that gives comfort.

a.

[See

Having the quality of uniting wounds

Consolidate.] or

CONSOCIA'TION,
persons
;
;

n.
:

Intimate union of
;

new

Hesh.

'I.

alliance fellowship cninpan union of things. [This word is ionship less used than association.] Ji'otlon. Fellowship or union of churches by their

CONSOL'IDANT,

n. A medicine that heals orunitesthepartsof wounded flesh. Coxe.

v.
t.

CONSOLIDATE,
consolider
;

[It.

Sp. consolidar

consolidare ; Fr con and L. soli

pastors and delegates a meeting of the jiastors and delegates of a number of congregational churches, for aiding and supporting each other, and forming an advi;

dus, solid.
1.
I

To make
tirm.
fixed the waters.

Solid.] solid ; to unite or press together

See

loose or separate parts, and form a eomto harden or make dense and ])act mass
;

sory council in ecclesiastical aflViirs. Trumhull, Hist, of Connecticut. CONSOCIA'TIONAL, a. Pertaining to a consociation. Trumbull.

He

and consolidated the earth above

2.

To
lips

CON

SOL, 7!. [from consolidate.] Consols, in England, are the funds or stocks formed by the consolidation of different annuities.
Crabbe.

Burnet unite the parts of aliroken bone or thr of a wound, by means of applications
Enci/c.

'S.

To

unite

two parliamentary

bills in

4.

CONSO'LABLE,
admits comfort
solation.
;

[See Console.] That capable of receiving cona.

In Ian; to condiine two benefices

v.
i.

one. Johnson. in one.

are better called articulations, as they are the names given to the several closings or junctions of the organs of speech, whicli I)recede and follow the openings of the organs, with which the vowels are uttered. These closings are perfect, and wholly intercept the voice, as in the syllables ek, ep. et ; or imperfect, and admitting some slight sound, as in em, en. Hence soine articulations are called mutes, and others, semii-oicels. The consonants begin or end syllables, and their use is to determine the maimer of begiiming or ending the vocai sounds. These closings or configm-ations of the organs being various, serve to diversify the syllables, as in lUtering ba, da, pa, or ctb, ad, ap ; and although 6 and p may be considered as representing no sounds at all, yet they so modify the utterance of ab, ap, or ba, pa, that the slight difference between these articulations may be perceived as far as the human voice can be distinctly heard.

CON'SONANTLY,
agreement.
consistencv.

adv.
.

Consistently; in

CONSOL'IDATE,
hard
;

To

Encyc. grow firm and

COiV'SONANTNESS,

Agreeableness;

CON'SOLATE.t'.i. To comfort.
Console.]

Obs. [See

CONSOLATION,
Console.]
\.

n.

[L. consolnlio.

See

CONSOL'IDATE,
mass.

to unite and hecome solid. In hurts and ulcers of the liead, dryness maketb them more apt to consolidate. Bacon. Moist clay consolidates by drying. a. Formed into a solid
Elyol.
;;;).

CON'SONOUS,
in

a.

[L. consonus.]
<.

sound

Agreeing
[A^of

.symphonious.
i).

CONSO'PIATE,
used.]
[.Yot used.]
;

To
n.

lull

asleep.

CONSOPIA'TION,

lulling

Comfort; alleviation of misery, or distress of mind; refreshment of mind or spirits; a comparative degree of happiness in distress or misfortune, springing from any circumstance that abates the evil, or supports and strengthens the mind, as hope, joy, courage and the like.
Against such cmeltics.

asleep.

CONSOLIDATED,
uniting.

Made

soHd, hard,
solid;

CON 'SOPITE, V.
|)ose

or compact; united.

t. To [L. consopio.] to lull to sleeji. [Abi used.]

com[JVot

CONSOL'IDATING,
CONSOLIDA'TION,

ppr.
n.

Making

CON'SOPITE,
used.]

a.

Calm

composed.
;

More.
n. [L. consors kind.]
;

The

act of making
;

CON'SORT,
-ort, state,
1.

With inward consolations recom]iensM.

.Milton. 2.

or process of becoming solid the act of forming into a firm compact mass, body or system.

con and sors,

companion
;

a partner

sociate

We have
love.

The annexing of one

particularly, a )>artuer

an intimate asof the bed

bill

to another in
in one.

a wife or husband.

great joy
7.

anil

consolation in thy
3.

Philem.

parliament or legislation. The combining of two benefices

He
Cowel.

^Vell pleased to

single chose to live, and shunn'd to wed, want a consort of his bed.

2.

That which comforts, or refreshes the

spirits; the cause solation of Israel.

Dryden.
2.

of comfort

as the con-

4.

The
flesh.

uniting of broken bones or

wounded

Luke

ii.

CON'SONANCE, n. [Fr. from L. consonanCON'SOLATOR, n. One who comforts. CONSOL'ATORY, a. [L. consolatorius.] tia, co7isonans, from consono, to sound toTending the mind

3.

CONSOL'ATOKY,
CONSO'LE,
lare
;

give comfort; refreshing to Howell. assuaging grief. n.^A speech or writing Milton. containing topics of comfort.
to
;

gether
I.

sic,

v.

t.

Sp. consolur

[L. consolor; Er. consoler. ;

It.

consopri-

The

con and sono, to sound. See 4. A number of instruments played together; a symphony; a concert. In this sense, conSound and Tone.] cert is now used. Accord or agreement of sounds. In muconsonance is an accord of sounds 5. In navigation, any vessel keeping company with another. which produces an agreeable sensatirui in the ear, as the third, fifth and eighth. (^HfKi consort, the wife of a king, as distin;

An assembly or association of persons, convened for consultation. Speiiser. Union; conjunction; concurrence. Merbury.

CON
wlio rules guisheil from a quun regent, alone, ami a (/ueen dowager, the widow of
2.

CON
; ;

CON
jury of the court leet, or if no court is held, they are appointed hy two justices of the In London, a constable is nomipeace. iiateil in each precinct by the inhabitants, and continued at the court of wardmote. Tin: duty of constables is to keep the jieacc, and tor this pur|)ose they are invested with the power of arresting and imprisoning, and of breaking open houses. In the United 6Yn/f4-, constables are town or city otTicers of the peace, with powers similar to those possessed by the constables in Great Britain. They ai-e invested also with powers to execute civil as well as criminal process, and to levy executions. In A*eit' England, tliey arc elected by the inhabitants of towns in legal meeting. To overrun the constable, to sjicnd more than a vulgar a man is worth or can pay
;

eONSOllT', V. i. To associate to unite in company to keep company followed by

;

a king.

loiih.

Which

of the Grecian chiefs consorts

thee.
V.
i.

u-ith

CONSORT',
With
2.

To join

to

Dryden. marry.

In law, one who agrees with another indict an innofalsely and maliciously to cent per.on of felony. Uy the British statute, a conspirator is defined to he one wIkj binds himself by oath, covenant, or olhcri alliance, to assist another falsely and mali-[ to ciously to indict a person, or falsely maintain pleas. Encyc.
v.i.

CONSPI'RE,

[L. conspiro,
;

to

plot;

To

He
3.

Milton. hih consorted Eve. unite in company. with men. begins to consort himself Locke.
[Vot used.}
a.
fr-uitable.

To accompany.

Shak.
ff'otton.
i.

ONSORT'ABLE,
CONSOR'l'HY),
with

in marriage. pp. United Milton.

But the prima con and spiro, to breathe. ry sense is to throw, to wind hence spira, a fold, circle, wreath or band and the sense of the verb is, to breathe together, or more probably, to wind or band together.] To agree, by oath, covenant or otherwise, to commit a crime; to plot; to hatch trea;

son.
Tlie ser\ants of Amnion conspired against him, and slew tlie king in his own house. 2 Kings xxi. They conspired against Joseph to slay him.

ONSORT'ING,
;

ppr. associating.

Uniting in

company
Broivti.

eONSOR'TION, n.
CON'SORTSHIP,
ship.

Fellowship. [ATol used.]

phrase.

n.

Fellowship

partner-

Gen. xxxvii. In law, to agree falsely and maliciously to indict an innocent person of felony. To agree to concur to one end.
;

CON'STABLESIIIP,
stable.

tj.

The office of a conn.

Bp. Hall.
n.

ON'SOUND,
cies

The name of several

n.

eON'STABLEWICK,
eON'STANCY,
sto
1.
I

The
is

district

to

spe3.
;

which a constable's power

limited.

of plants.

0NSP1U'1TY,
brightness.

Conspicuousness

The
Conspire

[Liittle

used.]

Shak.

CONSPI'UOl)S,

a. [L. conspicuus, from con and specio, to conspicio, to look or see ; See Species.] see. obvious to the eye 1. Open to the vipw ; easy to be seen ; manifest ; as, to stand in
. ;

press, the pulpil, and the stage. to censure and expose our age.

Hale. n. [L. constanlia, from con;

Roscommon.'

All things conspire to

make

us prosperous.

plied to
state.

eONSPI'RER,
plots
;

n.

One who

conspires

and sto, to stand.] ; con Fixedness; a standing tirin hence, apGod or his works, immutability; unalterable continuance ; a permanent

2.

a conspicuous place. Jifilton. Or come 1 lesi conspicuous. Obvious to the mental eye clearly or e.\;

ONSPI'RlNG, /)/)r.
;

S/iat. a conspirator. .\greeing to commit a:

orj

2.

CONSPICUOUSLY, adv. In a conspicuous manner obviously in a manner to be eminently remarkably. clearly seen CONSPICUOUSNESS, >i. Openness or exstate of being visible posure to the view a as the conspicuousness of a at a distance
; ;

Lasting aflection; stability in terprise. love or friendship. of, Milton.] 3. Certainty; veracity; reality. Shak. Johnson. eONSPISSA'TION, 7!. [L. conspissatus.] ; ; (1. Fixed; [L. constans.] The actof making thick or viscous; tbick-j firm ; ojiposed xajluid. More.< ness. into a coHs(a;i( body. To turn two fluid liquors n. [L. conspurco ; con'> ; Boyle. and spurco, to defile.] ; [/h this sense, not used.] The act of defiUng ; defilement ; pollution.l tower. 2. Fixed ; not varied ; unchanged ; permaLYot in use] Bp. Hall.\ 2. Eminence; fame; celebrity; renown; a nent ; immutable. n. [Sp. condestable ; Port. The world's a scene of changes, and to be state of being extensively known and disFr. connetabk ; Sp. id.; It. conestabile ; of an Constatit, in nature were inconstancy. tinguislied ; as the conspicuousness a conde, It. oo)i(c, a count, and L.slabulum, Cowley. author. of the stable.] stable h. comes stabuli,i:<Mnl 3. Fixed or firm in mind, purpose, affection CONSPIR'ACY, n. [L. conspiratio, from Constable of Lord
; ;

tensively known, perceived or understood. distinguished ; Hence, eininent ; famous as a man of conspicuous talents; a lady of

2.

crime ; plotting uniting or concurring toj one end. In mechanics, conspiring powers are such as act in a direction not opposite to one Harris., another cooperating po>vcrs.
adv.

Hooker. Fixedness or firmness of mind; perseversteady, unshaken detering resolution to firmmination yiarticularly applicable ness of mind under sullcriiigs, to steadiness in attachments, and to perseverence in en; ;

conspicuous virtues.

eONSPI'RINGLY,
a conspiracy
;

In the

manner

by conspiracy.

CON'STANT,

eONSPURCA'TION,

CON'STABLE,
;

conspiro.
I.

A combination of men for an evil purpose

See Conspire.]

1.

The

an agreement between two or more per sons, to commit some rrinie in concert to commit trea particularly, a combiiuition
or excite sedition or insurrection a stale a plot; against the government of as a conspiracy against the life of a king; a conspiracy against the government. More than fo"ily had made tliis conspiracy.
son,
;

the seventh otiicer of the crown. He had the care of the common peace, in deeds of arms, and matters of war being a jutlge' of the court of chivalry, now called the court of honor. To this ofticer and to the Earl Marshal belonged the cognizance of;
;

High

England,

4.

unshaken unmoved ; as a or piincii)Ic constant iriend or lover. Certain; steady; firmly adherent ; with to ; as a man constant to his purpose, or to
; ;

his duties.

eONSTANTINOPOl, ITAN,
to Constantinople, the

a.

Relating

Acts
9. Ill

xxiii.

law, an agreement between two more persons, falsely and maliciously

indict, or

or
to

3.

an imioprocure to be indicted, cent person of felony. Blackstone.^ a general tendency of concurrence two or more causes to one event.

arms, without the| realm, and combats and blazonry within' The power of this officer wa.sl the realm. so great and so improperly used, that itj was abridged by the 13th Richard II., and| was afterwards forfeited in the person of] Edward Stattbrd, duke of Buckingham, inj It has never been granted to anyi 1521. since that time, except pro hac
contracts, deeds of
jierson,
2.

metropohs of TurFirmly;
;

kev

in

Europe.
adv.

CONSTANTLY,
so.
.\cLi xii.
I

steadily; invariably ; continually perseveringly. Rlioda constantly allinncd tliat it was even
Tliese things
ly.

will tliat

thou aSnn constant-

Tit.

iii.

Sidney.

CONSPI'RANT,
spiring;

a.

commit

plotting; a crime.

Con[L. conspirajis.] engaging in a plot to

Shak.
;

eONSPIRA'TION,
engages

)i. Conspiracy agreement or concurrence of things to one end. CONSPIR'ATOR, n. One who conspires in a plot to commit a one who

crime, particularly treason.

or on a particular occasion. Encyc.t An oflicer of the peace. In England, there are high constables, petty constables, and constables of London. The high con.stables are chosen at the court leets of the franchise or hundred over which they preside, or in default of that, by the justices ofl the quarter sessions, and are removable by the same authority that appoints them. The petty constables are chosen by the!

vice,]

CONSTAT,

In Eng!. [L. it appears.] land, a certificate given by the clerk of the to a pipe and auditors of the exchequer, move for person who intends to plead or a discharge of any thing in that court.
efl'ect of it is to show what appears upon the record, respecting the matter in

The

2.

question. .-Vn exemplification

under the great seal

of the enrollment of any letters patent. Encyc.

CON
CONSTELLATE,
tus
;

CON
Stella,
1.

CON
It.

con

and
;

stello,

To join luster
The

L. consttUaa star.] to sliine with united radiance

v. i.

[Low

to shine,

or one general
tions sliioe forth

hglit.

[Little itsed.]
affec-

several things

and

cotistellate in

which engage our God.

See Statue, Statute. siatuo, to set. constituire ; Sp. constituir ; Fr. constituer.] To set ; to fix ; to enact ; to establish. must obey laws appointed and constituted by lawful authority, not against the law of God.

We

'

Taylor.
3.

inbeing constitutional the state ofbeing herent in the natural frame as the constitutionality of disease. Coxe. Med. Repository. The state of being consistent with the constitution or frame of government, or ol
; ;

CON 'STELLATE,

v. I.

To

Boyle. unite several

[lAttle

To form
istence to
of style.

or
;

compose
to

make a

to give formal ex; thing what it is.

shining bodies in one sidcudor.

excellence Perspicuity constitutes the prime

being authorized by its provisions. The judges of the'supreme court of the United States "have the power of determining the
constitutionality of laws.

CON'STELLATED,
J.
;

pp.

United

Brown. in one

Broicn. splendor. or conStarry set or adorned with stars

stellations.
Jn.

Truth and reason constitute that intcllectuaJ Johnson. destruction. gold that defies or To depute or elect to an office

CONSTITUTIONALLY,
CONSTITU'TIONIST,

appoint,
sheritf
is

Barloic,
,

employment

CONSTELLATION,
stars
;

to make and empower. constituted a conservator of the

;

adv. In consistframe of ency with the constitution or government.

n.

One who

ad-

cluster ol'li.xed

an asterism ; a number of stars] which appear as if situated near each other in the heavens, and are considered as form

peace. A has constituted

heres to the constitution of the country. Bolingbroke

his attorney or agent.

CON'STITUTED,
:
;
,

pp.

Set
;

fixed

estab

CON'STITUTIVE,
;

a.

That

constitutes.

lished made elected appointed. The constella -.[CON'STITUTER, n. One who constitutes ing a particular division. or appoints tions are reduced mostly to tlie figures ol estabhshas CON'STITUTING, certain animals or otlicr known tilings, ppr. Setting the bear, the bull, the ram, the balance, ing; composing; electing: appointing. &c. CONSTITU'TION, n. Tlie act of constior appointFor the stars of heaven, and the constellations enacting, establishing,
;

forms or composes elemental; essential The constilntire parts of a schismatic, beins

the esteem of himself and contempt ofotheis. Decay of Piety. to enact or establish ; in-

Having power

stituting.

CONSTRATN,

t'.

f.

[Fr.

contrainilre;\\.
;

thereof, shall not give

'>.

tlicir light.

Is. xiii.

An
pjp^

excellenassemblage of splendors or

Hammond.

tuting, ing. The state of being; that

ONSTERNA'TION,
from consterno strike down.]
;

11.

[L.

consternatio,

con and sterna, to throw or

,

Astonislmtent

We speak of a robust or 1. To compel or force to urge with irresistconstitution. sufficient to constitution ; a cold, jihlegmatic, ible power, or with a We produce the effect. power sanguine or irritable constitution. or other The spirit witliin me constraineth me. Jof> excessive terror, wonder speak of theconshViifionof tlie air, South.] xxxii. substance the constitution of the solar sysActs i was constrained to appeal to Cesar. CON'STIPATE, V. t. [L. constipo ; con and tem the con.9ii(i(/!on of things. xxviii. or cram, Eng. to stuff, (o 3. The frame or temper of muid, affections slipo, to crowd, For the love of Christ constraineth us. See 5fK/and Stop.] or passions. stop. Cor. V. com- 4. The established form of narrow 1. To crowd or cram into a government in a 2. To confine by force ; to restrain from esBucon. a sy.stcni of pass to thicken or condense. state, kingdom or country cape or action to repress. 2. To stop, by liUing a passage, and preventfundamental rules, principles and ordinanMy sire m caves constrains the winds. to constipate capillary vesstate or n:ices for the government of a ing motion as, Dryden. Arhuthnot. sels. In free states, the constitution is 3. To hold tion. by force to press to confine. and laws enacted 3. To'fill or crowd the intestinal canal, How the "strait stays the slender waist conparamount to the statutes or Broun. make costive. the legislature, limiting and controlling strain. Gay. hy CONSTlPA'TION, n. The act of crowdnig its power; and in the United States, the 4. To constringe to bind. a pressing and its powers desigWhen winter frosts constrain the field with any thing into a less compass legislature is created, as a close consticold. Dryden. together condensation nated, by the constitution. Bentloj. .5. A or regula- .5. To tie fast to bind to chain to confine. pation of particles. particular law, ordinance, He binds in chains % More generally, a crowding or tilling to tion, made by the authority of any superior, froni defecThe drowsy prophet, and his limbs constrains. as the constitutions hardness the intestinal canal, civil or ecclesiastical Dryden. obstipation. tive excretion; costiveness of the churches the novel constitulions ofi 6. To necessitate. Encyc. Cere. Justinian and his successors. Did fate or we the adulterous act constrain ? eONSTIT'UENT, a. [L. conslituens, con 6. A system of fundamental principles lor Pope. See Statue, to set. social stituo ; con and statiio, the government of rational and Shak. to ravish. 7. To force [.Vo< used.] StatiUe.] as a beings. 8. To produce in opposition to nature to parts of a The New Testament is the mor.al constitution Setting; constituting: applied notes. constrained voice ; constrained Grimke. to it. Hence, neof modern society. thing that are essential Waller. or essential ; elemental; forming. CONSTITU TIONAL, a. Bred or inherent cessary CONSTRA'INABLE, a. That may be conessential part. in the constitution, or in the natural frame composing or making as an liable to strained, forced, or repressed tlie three constitof body or mind as a constitutional inBody, soul, and reason, ate Hooker. constraint, or to restraint. Dryden. ardor or dulness. uent parts of a man. firmity'; constitutional or constitnent author- CONSTRA'INED, pp. Urged irresistibly Oxygen and hydrogen are the 2. Consistent with the constitution forced ; restrainnarts oif water. powerfully compelled or fundamental the constitution ized ed confined bound imprisoned necesfONSTIT'UENT, n. He or that which sets, rules by a government legal. of which constisitated. fixes or forms ; he or that An act of congress prohibiting the importation CONSTRAINEDLY, adv. By constraint; tutes or composes. of slaves into the United States is consiituHooker. Their first composure and origination requires by compulsion. tinnal.
amazement or horror thar
or surprise.
its
:

constrignere, or costringere Sp. Port, constringir ; from L. consfringn : con form of being or and stringo, to strain, to bind. See Strain.] to and connection of parts In press ; general sense, to stram ; peculiar structure to drive; to exert force, physical which makes or characterizes a system to urge frame or' or moral, either in urging to action or in or body. Hence the partirular of the i;uinan body is called it. Hence,
;
:

con.ftrcnir

temperament
feeble

.estraining

confounds the faculties, and incapacitates a person for consultation and execution

:i

.;

a higher
'2.

and nobler constituent than chance.

;3.

to the constitution of government. or a Jlrbvthnot. 2. All innovator of the old constitution, stiluenf of the aliment. framer or friend of the new constitution in 3. One who appoints or elects another to an
nflice or

constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part. The lyinph in those glands is a necessary eon-

That which

[CONSTITUTIONALIST,

Relating to the constitution tutional doubt. n.

as a con.Hi-

CONSTRA'INER,
sistible

n.

One who
;

constrains.

Paley.

CONSTRAINING,

An

adherent

ppr. Urging or powerful force compelling ; forcing; repressing; confining; holding bv force; pressing"; binding.
n.

with

irre-

CONSTRAINT,
sistible

emphivinent.
t.

CONSTITUTE," v.

[L. constituo

Burke. con and

France.

Burke.

CONSTITUTIONALITY,

n.

The

state of

any force, or force, or its eflect which compels power, physical or moral,
;

[Fr. conlrainte.]

Irre-

CON
to act or to forbear action, or which urges so strongly as to iiroduco its effect upon tlic body or mind ; conipulHion ; restraint ; confinement. Not by constraint, but by my choice, I came. Dry den. Feed tlie fiock of God, taking the oversight 1 thereof, not by constraint, but willingly.
Pet. V.
1.

CON
i2.

C O N
CONSUBSIST',
[See Subsist.]
alis
1.
;

act of building, or of devising and| forming fabrication. The ti)rm of building; the manner of put ting together the |)arts of a building, a
;

The

v.i.

To
a.

subsist

togetlier.

CONSUBSTAN'TIAL,
con
co-essential.

[L. con*!<6faji/i:

and substantia. See Substance.]

machine, or a system; structure; conformation.

Having the same substance or essence

The orthodox believe tlie stantial with the Father.
Son
to

The
chiefly
3.

sailing

on

its

of a ship and construction.

its

capacity depend
2.

be eonsub-

Encyc.

CONSTRA'INTIVE,
compel.
turn.

a.

Having power

to

[Ill]
V.
t.

Carew.
[1..

In grammar, syntax, or the arrangement and connection of words in a sentence,

Of the same
It

kind or nature.
Hooker.
ii.

ON.STR]T',

constringo, constric;

To

See Constrain.]
together
;

according to establislic<l usages, or the practice of good writers and speakers.

4.
;
; ;

continucUi a body consubstantial with

ours.

dravif

to

bind

to
;

cramp

to

draw

into a

narrow compass
pp.

contract or cause to shrink.

hence, to Arhulhnot.
togetlier;
togetlier;

tONSTRICT'El),
;

Drawn

hoimd contracted. CONSTRlT'ING,/);)r. Drawing

binding
;

ONSTRle'TION,

n. A drawing together or contraction by means of some inherent power, or by spasm, as distinguished from compression, or the pressure of extraneous bodies ; as the constriction of a muscle or fiber. It nujy perhaps be sometimes used as .synonymous with compression.
n.

contracting.

5.

Sense meaning explainterpretation believes in consuhstantiation. Barrow. nation or the manner of understanding ITV, i. The existthe arrangement of words, or of underence of more than one in the same substanding fiicts. Let us find the true cojistance as, the co-eternity and consubstanstruction ; or let us give tlx' author's words' tiality of tlie Son with the Father. a sound, rational, consistent construction. Hammond. What construction can be put uijon tin 2. Participation of the same nature. affair, or upon the conduct of a man Johnson. The manner of describing a figure or CONSUBSTAN'TIATE, v. t. [L. con and
;

CONSUBSTAN'TIALIST,

One who

CONSUBSTANTIAL
;

.'

prolileni in

The

geometry. drawing of such

lines,

Johnson such figure,

(J.

CONSTRICT'OR,
cle wliiih
fice
;

That which draws

together or conlracts. In anatomy, a musdraws together or closes ah oriof the body as the constrictor laliiorum, a muscle of the lips. Encyc. 2. A species of serpents, the black snake of the United States. Enq/c. Also, the Boa constrictor, the largest of

Sec, as are previously necessary for making any demonstration appear more plain and uiuleniable. Encyc. In o/g((ira, the construction of equations is the method of reducing a known eijuation imo lines and figures, in order to a Johnson. geometrical demonstration.
construction or interpretation.
;

To

substantia, substance.] unite in one common substance or nature. Johnson.

v.
i.

CONSUBSTAN'TIATE,
consuhstantiation.

To

profess

Dryden.
n.

CONSUBSTANTIA'TION,

The union

CONSTRUCTIONAL,
CONSTRUCTIVE,
created or

Pertaining to deduced from construction

a.

known serpents. Oi\STRIN(iE, V.

f.

constrinj'.

[L.

co?i-

[Unusual.] It'aterland. a. By construction; constriiclion, or mode of interpretation not directly expressed, but inferred as cons/r(7i it trea- CON'Sl'L,

deduced by
; ;

of the body of our blessed Savior with the sacranirntal elements. The Lutherans maintain that after consecration of the elements, the body and blood of Christ are substantially present with the substance of the bread and wine, which is called consuhstantiation or iinjianation. Encyc.
!.

[L.

consul,

from consulo, to
Ancient Roregal author-

To draw

stringo.

See Constrain.]
;

son.
.'^iipiilations,

Blackstone.
expressed or implied, formal or
Palct/,
1.

consult.]

compass

together to strain into a narrow to contract ; to force to con; tract itself

Strong liquors constringe, harden Uie
fibers,

contractive.

CONSTRl'CTIVELY,
tive

The chief magistrate of the man Republic, inve.sted with

ity for

adv. In a construc-

manner; by way of construction or

:

and coagulate the

together.

lluids.

Arbuttinol.
;

inter|)retation

by

fair inlijrence.

CONSTRIN'tiED,

pp. Contracted
a.

drawn
quality

CONSTRIN'GENT,
CONSTRIN'OING,

Having the

of contracting, binding or compressing.

Bacon. Tliomson. ppr. Drawing or compressing into a smaller compass; contracting; binding.
ronstntctum ; con and struo, to lay, dispose or set in order; Sp. conslruir ; Fr. construire ;
V. t. [I-.

Chauncey. U. States. must have notice ofa blockade, either aeliially by a formal information, or connotice to his goveniinent. A^ent. strurlireli/ by

neutral

CONi^TRUCTURE,
fabric.

n.

An

edifice

pile

[For

this, structure is
V.
t.

more generBlachmore.
'2.

one year. There were two consuls, annually chosen in the Campus Martins. In the first ages of Rome, they were elected from Patrician families or noblemen hut in the year of Rome ,388, the jieople obtained the privilege of electing one of the consuls from their own body, and sometunes both were plebeians. Encyc.
;

allv used.]

CON'STRUE,
struct.]
1.

[L. construo.

Sec Con;

CONSTRUCT',
It. id.

construo,

To

arrange words in their natural order

modem usage, the name consul is given a person commissioned by a king or reside in a foreign country as an agent or representative, to protect the
In
to

state to

to reduce

from a transjjosed
as
;

to a natural

See

1.

put together the parts of a thing in their proi)er place and order; to build;
to

To

Structure.]

order,

.so

sentence
to

to discover the sense of a hence, to interpret ; and when

:|

of the

commerce, merchants and seamen state, and to aid the government in any conmiercial transactions with such
rights,

form

as, to construct

an

edifice.

2.

To devise and comjiose, as to construct a new .system or simply to frame or form, as to construct a telescope. The word may
;

a fijreign language, to translate render into English as, to construe, Greek, Latin or French.
ai)i>lied to
;

.3.

j2.
I

To
I

interpret
pi-ay

to explain

to

show

An adviser. [JVot well authorized.] Bacon. CON'SULAgE, n. A duty laid by the BritLevant Company on imports and exports for the support of the company's afish
fairs.
a.

foreign country.

or

tol

understand the meaning.

that
I

include the invention, with the formation, or not, at the pleasure of ilie writer. A man constructs a ship according to a model ; or a grammar hy a new arrangement of principles or a planetarium of a new form. 3. To interpret or understand. [See Con;

may

not be so understood or

construed.
Tlui"! wfi are
I

Hooker CON'SUL.'VR,
put to constnte and paraphrase words. Stillingjteet

as consular
privileges.

our

own
;

power
)i.

Eton. Pertaining to a consul consular dignity, or

;

CONSTRUED,
I

order
ted.

pp. interpreted

Arranged
;

in
;

understood

natural transla

CON'SULATE,
office

[L.

of a consul.
is applicable to

consulatus.] Jiddison.

The

[This
ppr.

modem

consuls, as

natural well as in the Roman.^ onier expounding interpreting; trans- 2. The jurisdiction or extent of a consul's ED,/);). Built ; formed ; comauthority. Kent. posed compiled. lating. CONSTRUCT'ER, n. One who constructs CON'STUPR.VrE, v.t. [L. constupro ; con CONSULSHIP, n. The office of a consul; or frames. and stupro. to ravish.] To violate ; to deor the term of his office applicable only to

CONSTRUCT
;

strue.]

'COX'STRUrNG,
;
I
1

Arranging

in

CONSTRUCTING,
ini;
;

ppr.

Building

fram-

'

bauch

to defile. n.

composing.
n. [L. constniclio.]

CONSTUPRA'TION,
ishing
;

The

act of rav-

Roman consuls. CONSULT', V. I.

[L. consuUo,

from consulo,

CONSTRUCTION,
Vol.
I.

violation

defilement.

Bp. Hall,

to consult, to ask counsel.

The

last svl-

47

CON
lable
iii;iy I'e

CON
l.<i ;

CON
;

from

tlje

Ar. j

Ileb.Cli.

ed, dis-sipated, wasted or spent tos is not consumabk by fire.

as,

asbes

CONSUIMP'TION,
Consume.]
1.

n.

[L. coiuumptio.

See

If'ilkins.

Sam.
1.

Etli. Ssty to ask.]

seek tiie o])iriion oi- advice of another, by a statement of facts, and suitable in quiries, for the purpose of directuig one's own judgment followed by tnth. Rehoboam cotisulted wiYA tlie old men. Kings xii. David consulted with the captains of thou
;
1

To

CONSU'ME,

importation and exportation of consumLocke. 1'. t. [L. consumo ; con and suto take. So in English we say, it mo, takes up time, that is, it consumes time
able commodities.

The

The

act of

consuming; waste; destruc-

tion

by burning, eating, devouring, scattering, dissipation, slow decay, or by pasas the sing away, as time consumption of fuel, of food, of commodities or estate, of time, &c.
;

1.

sands.
9.

Chron.

xiii.
;

take counsel together to seek opin ions and advice by nuitual statements, en quiries and reasonings to deliberate in
;

To

common.
The

Sp. consumir; It. consumare ; Fr. consuClass Sm.] To destroy, by separating the parts of a thing, by decomposition, as by fire, or by eating, devouring, and annihilating the form of a substance. Fire consumes wood, animals consume flesh and coal, stubble
mer.
;

2.

The

state

of being wasted, or diminished.

Etna and Vesuvius have not suffered any considerable diminution or consumption.
3.

vegetables.

chief priests cansnlteJ that they miglit 2. put Lazarus to death. John xii. 3. To consider with deliberation. Luke xiv.
V. t. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of another, as a guide to one's own judgment as, to conmlt a friend or parent. 9. To seek for information, or facts, in something; ashy e.xaniining books or pajiers. Thus, I consulted several authors on the subject I consulted the otKcial documents. n. To regard to have reference or respect to, in judging or acting to decide or to act in favor of are to consult the necessities, rather than the pleasures of life. are to consult public as well as private interest. He consulted his own safety in

destroy by dissii)ating or by use to to waste to scpiander expend as, to

;

To

Woodward. In medicine, a wasting of flesh a gradual decay or duninution of the body a word extensive signification. But ijarticularof
; ;

consume an estate.

CONSULT',

Ye
that
iv.

ask, and receive not, because ye ask amiss, ye may consume it upon your lusts. James
;

ly, the disease called phthisis pulmonalis, pulinonic consumption, a disease seated in the lungs, attended with hectic fever,

cough, &c.

CONSUMP'TIVE,
ing
;

3.

To spend
time
;

to

cause to pass away, as

as, to consuyne the day in idleness. Their days did he consut?ie in vanity. Ps.
2.
;

a. Destructive; wastexhausting having the quality of consuming, or dissipating as a long con; ;

Ixxviii.

4. o.

We

We

To cause to disappear to waste slowly. My flesh is consumed away. Job xxxviii To destroy to bring to utter ruin to e.\terminate. Let me alone that I may cojisujne them Ex. xxxii.
; ;

Addison. sumptive war. Aftected with a consum|)tion or pulmonic disease, as consumptive lungs; or inclined to a consumption tending to the phthisis jiulmonalis applied to the incipient state of the disease, or to a constitution
; ;

predisposed

to it.

CONSU'ME,

V. i.

To waste away
their xiv.

CONSUMP'TIVELY,
ing to consuir.ption.

adv. In a
n.

slowly;
shall

way

to be exhausted.

tendBeddoes.

flight.

Ere
4.

I'ancy

you

consult, consult your purse. Fianl:lin.

Their flesh

their

To

plan, devise or contrive. Tliou hast cunsnlted shame to

off

consume away. The wicked shall

Ps. xxxvii.

eyes Zech. they perish

;
;

tongue

CONSUMP'TIVENESS,
sumption.

state of being consumptive, or a tendency to a conv.

t.

shall

consutne

tliy

house, by
to

CONTAB'ULATE,
and
;

cuUing

many

people.
is

Hal),

ii.

eONSU'MED,
troyed ded.
;

[This sense
countenanced.]

unusuul and not

he

pp. Wasted burnt up desdissipated squandered expen;

tabula.]

To

[L. contabulo

con

floor
n.

with boards.

CONTABULA'TION,
CON'TACT,

The

Gay I on. act of laying

CONSULT',
effect

n.

The

act of consulting; the

;

CONSU'MER,
consumes.

Ji.

One who
;

of consultation

determination

spends, wastes or tlestroys

that

consumes, which
,

council, or deliberating assembly. Bacon. Dri/den. This word is, I believe, entirely obsolete, except in poetry. It would be naturally accented on the first syllable, but the poets accent the last. ONSULTA'TION, n. The act of consulting deliberation of two or more person.s, with a view to some decision.
;

CONSU'MING,
destroying
ing.
9.
;

ppr. Burning wasting expending eating devour; ; ;

with boards, or of flooring. n. [L. contactus, from contingo, to touch ; co)i and tango, to touch, See Touch^ originally lago. touch ; close union or juncture touching ; of bodies. bodies come in contact,

Two
;

o.

That
The
iv.

destroys. Lord thy God

v.
t.

Deut.

CON'SUMMATE,
Sum.]

they meet without any sensible intervening space the parts that touch are called the points of contact. [L. consummo, con- CONTAC'TION, n. The act of touching.
is

when

consuming

fire

The chief priests held a consultatiiin witli the elders and scribes. Mark x\".
ii.

summafus ; con and summo, from summa sum; Fr. consommer Sp. consumar. See
;

Brown.

CONTA'GION,
\.

The persons wlio consult together; a number of persons seeking mutually each others opinions and advice a council for deliberation as, a consultation of physicians was called. fViscman. IVrit of consultation, in law, a writ awarded by a superior court, to return a cause,
; ;

To end

to finish by completing what was intended to ]ierfect; to bring or carry to the utmost point or degree. He had a mind to consummate the happiness
; ;

n. [L. contagio, from the root of contingo, tango, primarily tago, to touch.]

of (he day.

Tafler.
a.

eONSUM'MATE,
carried to the
a.s

Complete;

perfect;
;

which bad been removed by

utmost extent or degree

per-

|)rohibition

from the court christian, to its original jurisdiction; so called because the judges on consultation find the prohibition ill founded. Blackstone. CONSULT' ATIVE, a. Having the privilege
(if

CON'SUMMATED,
fected
;

consummale greatness or felicitv. /);;. Completed;

ended.
adv.

CONSUM'MATELY,
perfectly.

Completely
;

CONSULT'ED,

H'aiion. ppr. Completing ac2. That which communicates evil from one perfecting. to another infection ; that which propan. [L. consumtnatio.] pp. of, gates mischief; as the contegfio?! of vice or for opinion or advice regarded. Completion ; end ; perfection of a work, of evil exanrples. Milton. Addison. CONSULT'ER, n. One who consults, or jirocess or scheme. asks counsel or information ; as a consult- 2. The end or completion of the present sys- 3. Pestilence ; a pestilential disease ; venomous exhalations. er with familiar .spirits. Shak. Deut. xviii. tem of things; the end of the world.

CON'SUMMATING,
complishins;
;

Hence, Literally, a touch or touching. the communication of a disease by conMore tact, or the matter communicated. that subtil matter which progenerally, ceeds from a diseased person or body, and comnumicates the disease to another person as in cases of small pox, measles, andiseases ginas, and malignant fevers which are communicated without contact. This contagion proceeds from the breath of the diseased, from the perspiration or other excretions.
; ;
;

consulting.

Bramhall.

Asked; enquired
;

CONSUMMA'TION,

Hooker. j,pr. Asking advice seekthe end of life. Shak. ing information deliberating and enquir- 3. Death Consummation of marriage, the most intiing mutually rcfanling. CONSU'MABLE, a. [See Consume.] That mate union of the se.xes, which completes be consumed possible to be the connubial relation. may destroy; ; ;
;

CONSULT'ING,

CONTA'GIOUS,
ting contagion
;

a.

Containing or generathat may be catching

;

comnumicatcd by contact, or by
excreted matter
2.
;

a subtil

as a contagious disease.
;

Poisonous

pestilential

containing con-

CON
tagion
3.
4.
;

CON
;
; ;

CON

as

contagious

air

C'lotllillg.

Containing mischief that may gated as contagious example. Tliat may be communicated to another, or may excite hkc
;

in otiiors.

In whose eyes a vile person is contemned. Contemplation is keeping the idea, brought contagious into the mind, some lime actually in view. Ps. XV. Locke. of rebe propa- 2. To slight ; to neglect as unworthy 2. Holy meditation ; attention to sacred gard to reject with disdain. Wherefore do the wicked contemn God things a particular application of the forefrom one Ps. X. going definition. affections to intend or They contemn the counsel of the Most High To have in
Ps. cvii.
^^ift

His genius rendered his courage more crmtagious.

CONTEMNED,
slighted dain.
;

i)urcontemplation, pose, or to have under consideration.

scorned; Desi)ised p/). neglected, or rejected with dis

;

CONTEMPLATIVE, a.

eONTA'(iIOUSNESS,
being contagious.

n.

Tiic quality of

CONTEM'NER,
despiser
;

n.

One who contemns

a
2.

CON'l'A'IN,
to hold; conlener.
1.

V. I.

Despising; slighting as vile or despicable neglecting or reTo hold, as a vessel as, the vessel con- jecting, as unworthy of regard. v. t. [Low L. contempero ; to have capacity a gallon. taius CONTEM'PER, Hence, con and te.mpcro, to mix or temper. See to he able to hold applied to an empti/
It.

and ieneo, [L. contineo; con conitnere ; Fr. contenir; Sp

;

a scorner.
;

Given to contemplation, or contiimed application of the mind to a subject; studious; thoughtful; as a contemplative philosopher, or mind.

CONTEM'NING, /);)r.

Employed
dious habit

in

study

as a contemplative

life.

Bacon.
3.

See Tenet, Tenure.]

Having the appearance of study, or a

;

stu-

as a contemplative look.

Dcnham.
4.

Having
tion
;

vessel.

Temper.]
;

2.

To comprehend
limits.

to hold witliin specified

To moderate

to reduce to a

lower degree

tlie power of thought or meditaas the contemplative faculty of man.

To comprehend to comprise. The Iiistory of Livy contains a hundred and forty books. to re4. To hold within limits prescribed strain to withhold from trespass or disorder.
3.
;

Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens caunot evntnin thee. 1 Kings viii.

by mixture with opposite or different qualities; to temper. The leaves qualify and contemper the heat

Ray.

CONTEMPLATIVELY,
tenqilation ; attentively
;

adv. AVith conthoughtfully with

;

CONTEM'PERAMENT,

n.

Ray Moderated or

deep attention.

CON'TEJIPLATOR,

n.

One who contemRakish. Brown.

qualified degree ; a degree of any quality reduced to that of another ; temperament.

plates ; one enqiloyed in study or meditation ; an inquirer after knowledge.

Derhajn.

5.

v. t. [See Contemptr.] reduce the quality of, by mixing something op])osito or ditt'erent to Broicn. ff'iseman. moderate. Shak. CONTEMPERA'TION, i. The act of reTo include. This article is not contained ducing a quality by admixture of the conThis number does not in the account. trary the act of moderating or tenqiering.

CONTEM'PERATE,
To temper
;

CONTEMPORANEOUS,
porary.] time.

The King's person cmitains the unruly people from evil occasions. Obs. Spenser. Fear not, my Lord, we can contain ourselves.

to

a. [See CotemLiving or being at the same

CONTEMPORARY, a. [It. Sp. contemporaneo ; Fr. contemporain ; L. contemporalis : con and temporalis, temporarius, from tempus, time. For the sake of easier pronunciation and a more agreeable sound,

C.

Brown. contain the article specified. this word is ofi.en changed to cotempoTo inclose ; as, this cover or envelop con- 2. Temperament ; proportionate mixture ran/.] as the contemperamenl of humors in differtains a letter. Coetnneous living at the same time, appliHale. ent bodies. in continence or CONTA'IN, t'. i. To live ed to persons : being or existing at the same Arbuthnot and Pope. 1 Cor. vii. [Instead of these words, temper and temperchastilv. time, applied to things; as contemporary CONTA'INABLE, a. That may be contain- ament are now generally used.] kings; contemporary events. [See CotemIf v. t. [L. contemplor. Boi/le. ed, or comprised. poran/, the preferable word.] 7(1 is radical, see Class Dm. No. 3. 4. 8.5.] CONTA'INED, pp. Held; comprehended; PORARY, n. One who lives at 1. To view or consider with continued atcomprised ; included inclosed. the same time with another. tention ; to study ; to meditate on. This ppr. Holding : having caSocrates and Plato were cnnteiriporarics. word exjiresses the attention of llio mind, CONTEM'PORISE, r.^ To make contempacity to hold ; coiiiprohending ; comprisbut sometimes in connection with that of ; ing ; including inclosing. porary ; to place in the same age or time. the heavens. CONTAM'INATE, v. t. [L. contamino ; con the eyes ; as, to contemplate Brown. [.Vol used.] More generally, the act of the mind only CONTEMPT', n. and ant. tamino. Qu. Heb. Cli. Syr. N"3I3 See Con[L. eontemptus. is intended ; as, to contemplate the wonClass Dm. No. 19.] to defile. temn.] To defile; to pollute; usually in a figura- ders of redemption ; to contemplate the 1. The act of despising ; the act of viewing state of the nation and its fiiturc prosto tarnish ; to taint. to sully tive sense or considering and treating as mean, vile Lewdness co7itaminates character ; cow pects. and worthless ; disdain ; hatred of what To consider or have in view, in reference is mean or deemed vile. This word is ardice contaminates honor. to a future act or event ; to intend. Shall we now one of the strongest expressions of a mean A decree of the National .Vsscinbly of France, Contaminate our fingers with base bribes opinion which the language aftords. June 26, 1792, contemplates a supply from the Shak. Nothing, says Longiims, can be great, the United Slates of four millions of livres. Addison, contempt of which is great. CONTAM'INATE, a. Polluted ; defiled ; There remain some particulars to complete 2. Tlie state of being despised ; whence in a Shak corrupt. the information contemplated by those resoluscriptural sense, shame, disgrace. Hamilton's Report. tions. CONTAMINATED,;);). Polluted; defiled; Some shall awake to everlasting contempt. tarnislied. If a treaty contains any stipulations which Dan. xi). contemplate a state of future war. ppr. Polluting ; de Kent's Commenlarie 3. In law, disobedience of the rules and orfiling ; tarnishing. ders of a court, which is a punishable ofTo think stud v. i. n. The act of pollut fense. defilement taint. ously ; to .study ; to muse to meditate. ing ; pollution ; He delights to contemplate on the works of CONTEMPT'IBLE, a. [L. contemptilnlis.] CON'TECK, n. Uuarrel contention. [Mit 1. Worthy of contempt; that deserves scorn, creation. English.] Inor disdain despicable ; mean ; vile. pp. Con.sidered with eONTEC'TION, n. [L. fon(fgo.] A coverattention; meditated on; intended. tem|)erance is a contemptible vice. No Sir T. Browne. ing. [jYot used.] ppr. Considering plant or animal is so contemptible as not to CONTEMN', V. t. contem'. [L. contemno ; con exhibit evidence of the wonderfid power with continued attention ; meditating on ; and leinno, to despise ; It. contennere ; Ar. and wisdom of the Creator. musing. -t .; ;

CON'TEMPLATE,

CONTEM

CONTAINING,

.'

CONTAMINATING,

CONTAMINATION,

CON'TEMPLATE,

CONTEMPLATED,

CONTEMPLATING,
The

^
!.

(.

to

drive away, to despise.

Class

CONTEMPLA'TION,

Dm. No. 1. 4.] To desi)ise; to consider and

and despicable
;

treat as

mean

to scorn.

ject.

n. [L. contemplatio.] Tlie pride that leads to duelling is n contemptible passion. act of the mind in considering with attention ; meditation ; study ; continued 2. Apt to despise ; contemptuous. [Not leShak. attention of the mind to a i)articular subgitimate.] n. The state of

CONTEMPT'IBLENESS,

CON
being contemptible, or of being despised
despicalileness
ble maiinei;

CON
;

CON
let us

Having food and raiment,

content.
1

be therewith
;

This

is

meanness
adv.
;

vileness.

CONTEMPT'IBLY,

meanly

in

In a contempti a manner de

CONTENT',
make
position situation
;

CONTEMPTUOUS,

serving of contempt. a. Manifesting or ex scornful pressing contempt or disdain as contemptuous language or manner ; a contemptuous opinion. Applied to men, apt insolent as a na to despise haughty
; ;
;

tion to obtain. V. t. To satisfy the mind to quiet, so as to stop complaint or opcontenzioso.] to appease ; to make easy in I. Apt to contend any used ctiiejly with the reciprocal ;

Tim.

vi.

an end worthy of our utmost conten-

Roeers
a.

CONTEN'TIOUS,
;

[Fr. contenlieux; It.

;

given to angry debate

quarrelsome

pronoun.
not content yourselves with obscure and confused ideas, where clearer are to be obtained

Do

;2.

Watts
Pilate, willing to content the people, released

A continual dropping in a rainy day, and a contentions woinan are alike. Prov. xxvii. Relating to contention iu law to
;

perverse.

relating

btigation; having
[

power

to decide causes
;

tion,

proud, severe, contemptuous. Milton

2.

Barabbas.

Mark

xv.

between contending parties

CONTEMPTUOUSLY,
;

To

In a con adv. tcmptuous manner with scorn or disdain

despitefuUy.

]ilease or gratify.
it dotli much content me. hear him so inclined.

To

The

CONTENT',
most
eminent
cliiistains

n.

apostles and

were poor, and

treateil

contemptuously.
Taylor.
n.
;

mind in the present condition satisfac- ^CONTEN'TIOUSLY, adv. In a contentious manner quarrelsomely perversely. tion which holds the mind in peace, re
; ;

Shak Rest or quietness of the

conterdio-us jurisdiction. S. Exciting or adajHed to provoke tion or disputes ; as a contentious

I t

as a court of Blackstone.
'

contensubject.

Milner.
;

CONTEMPT'UOUSNESS,
to

contempt; act of coiitemi)t

;

Disiwsition insolence

straining complaint, opj]Osilion, or furthei tlesire, and often implying a moderate de

Broivn.
to

CONTEN'TIOUSNESS, n. A disposition
;

scornfulness

gree of happiness.

CONTEND',
I.

wise content his even soul secur'd con and ; By want not shaken, nor by wealth allur'd. Smith. tcndo, to stretch, from teneo, Gr. tstpu. See Tend, Teiiet.] 2. Acquiescence satisfaction without examTo strive, or to strive against to strug- ination. The stj'le is excellent ; in opposition. gle The sense they humbly lake upon content. Distress not the Moabites, nor contend with
; ; ;

haughtiness. V. i. [L. contendo

contend; proneness to contest; perverseness; quarrelsomeness. Bentleu. CONTENT'LESS, a. 'Discontented dissatisfied Shak. unea.iy. CONTENT'LY, adv. In a contented way. ^ Obs.
;

CONTENT'MENT,
1.
;

Deut. ii. Pope 9. To strive ; to use earnest efforts to obtain, 3. The term used in the House of Lords in or to defend and preserve. England, to express an assent to a bill or You sit above, and see vuin men below motion. Contend, for what you only can bestow. contents. CON'^l'SNT, n. often in the
in battle.

them

n. [Fr. contentement.] Content a resting or satisfaction of mind witliout disquiet; acquiescence. Contentment, without external honor, is humility.

Grew.
with contentment
is

Godliness
1

plural,
;

Tim.

great gain.

vi.

once delivered
.3.

To

Dryden. should earnestly contend for the faith to the saints. Jude 3. dispute earnestly to strive in debate. Tliey that were of the circumcisioQ contended

Ye

ivith him. Acts xi. .Tab ix. 4.

To
To
vU.

reprove sharply

to chide
rulers.

to strive

to convince
5.

and reclaim. Then contended I with the

strive in opposition
called to

Neh.

xiii

3.

The Lord God

C.

to punish. ; cnnlend by fire.

is contained the thing or things held, incluiled or comprehended within a limit or line as the contents of a cask or bale; of a room or a ship; the contents of a book or writing. In geometry, the area or cpiantity of matter or space included in certain lines. The power of containing capacity extent within limits as a ship of great con; ; ;
;

That which

2.

Gratification.

CONTERM'INABLE,
nus.]

At Paris the prince spent a day, to give his mind some contentment. Wotton. a. [L. con and termiCaj)able of the same bounds.
Wotton.
a.

CONTERM'INATE,
bounds.

Having the same

B. Jonson.
;

CONTERM'INOUS, a. [L. contenninus

and
termi)ius, a border.]
; ;

con

Amos
wran;

tent.

Bacon.
this sense the plural is generally n.

[But in
(jnnnel
;

To
gle.

to dispute fiercely; to

used.l

Bordering upon toughing at the boundary; contiguous as a people conterminous to

the

The

])arties

contend about

trifles.
as,

CONTENTA'TION,
tion.

Content

satisfac-

Roman

territory.

To contend for, to strive to obtain two competitors contend for the prize.

Obs.

CONTEND',
When

V.

t.

To

disi)ute

to contest.

Ciu-thage shall contend the worlil with "

Rome. Dryden. This transitive use of contend is not

strictly legitimate.
cal,

The

])hrase is ellipti-

for being understood after contend: is admissible in poetry. CONTEND'ED, pp. Urged in argument or debate disputed contested. but
it
; ;

CONTEND'ENT,
poser.

n.

An

antagonist or op-

CONTEND'ER,
;

a n. One who contends Locke. Watts. combatant a champion. GONTEND'ING, ppr. Striving; struggling
;

UEslrange.

terra, country.] easy in mind not complaining, opposing or demanding more. The good man i- Being of the same country. [.Yot ^tsed.] Diet. contented with liis lot. It is our duty to be contented with the dispensations of provi- CONTEST', V. t. [Fr. contester, to dispute. The Sp. and Port, contestar, and L. condence. have CONTENT'EDLY, adv. In a contented testor, to the a different sense, being equivalent manner quietly without concern. Eng. attest. See Test.] To dispute; CONTENT'EDNESS, n. State of resting il. maintain toto strive earnestly to liolil or The struggle to defend. in mind; quiet; satisfaction of mind with troops contested every inch of ground. Walton. any condition or event. To dispute opposition to to CONTENTFUL, a. Full of contentment 3. controvert toto argue into to call litigate ojjpose Barrow. [Mt u.ied.] in question a.s, the advocate contested ev71. contentio. See
; ; ; ; ; ; ;

CONTENT'ED.^p.

Arbuthnol. or n. Satisfied; quiet

CONTERRA'NEAN, eONTERRA'NEOUS, ,1-

[L. conterrane-

us

con

and

CONTENTION,
I.

[L.

10
'I.

oppose

debating
;

urging in argument
;

Contend.] Strife; struggle

quarreling,
a. inf;

something, or to

resist

a violent effort to obtain a person, claim or

iu a

ery point. None have contested the proportion of these ancient pieces. Dryden.

Clashing opposing claims or interests.

n.

rival; as conlend-

injury; contest; quarrel. Multitudes lost their Hves

ral colors.

CONTEST',
tumult raised

V.

i.

To

strive

to

contend

followed by with.

CONTEN'EMENT,
CONTENT',
Literally,

[con

and

Land, or freehold contiguous Blackstone. JVorm. Diet. ment. a. [L. contentus, from conticon and teneo, to hold.] neor, to be held
;

tenement..] to a tenei.

by contention among the paitizans of the seveStrife

in

words or debate
;

gry contest controversy. Avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, and

an argimient adds to the pleaAdam. sure of contesting with it, when there are hopes Burnet. of^ictOly. quarrel ; an9. To vie to emulate.
difficulty of
;

The

Of man

v.\\o

dares in

pomp with Jove conPope.

contained within limits; not disturbed hence, quiet having a mind at peace; easy; satisfied, so as not
held,
;

contentions, and strivings ahout the law. Tit. iii. A fool's lips enter into contentiun. Prov. xviii.
3.

test.

CON'TEST,
superiority, arms. All
test

n.

Strife or

endeavor to excel
;

emulation.
f>hak.

Strife ; struggle for victory, or in defense ; .struggle in

in

10 repine, object, or oppose. Content with science in the vale of peace.

Europe engaged

the con-

4.

Eagerness
endeavor.

Pope.

zeal Obs.

ardor

vehemence of

against France.

The

contest

was

fu-

rious.

CON
;

CON
;

C O N
Each

prince furnishes his contingent of 2. Dispute nun, money and numitiuns. strife in argument. adv. in Pagan history an example surpassed CONTlN'tiENTLY, Accidentally ; Leave ull noisy cuiitests, all iinniodest clamwithiMit design or foresight. PVatts. ors, and hrawhng langua<^e. only by that of Joseph in sacred history. CONTlN'tiENTNESS, n. The state ofbcCONTEST' AJJLE, a. That may Ite disputed 3. Forheaiance of lawful pleasure. Content without lawful vcucry, is continence ; or debated dif^putable controvertible. ing contingent fortuitousness. Grew. CONTINUAL, a. [Fr. continud ; h. conwithout unlawful, is chastity. ONTEST'ABLENES)t, n. Possibility of 4. Moderation in the indulgence of sexual tinuus. S(.-e Continue.] being contested. 1. Proceeding without interruption or cessaenjoyment. A'TKJN, n. The act of contesttion Chastity is either abstinence or continence unceasing not intermitting ; used ing strife dispute. abstinence is that of virgins or widows; contiin reference to time. in domestic contestations After years spent nence, that of married persons. Taylor Clarendon. He tliat hath a merry heart hatli a continual she found means to withdraiv. 5. Continuity I*ro\'. xv. feast. uninterrupted course. [jYot 2. Testimony proof by witnesses. null) used.] 1 have iircat heaviness and continual sorrow Barro 1(1. Ayliffe. of heart. Koni. ix. CONTFST'INGLY, adv. In a contending CON'TliM'.NT, a. [L. continens.] RefrainVery frequent; often repeated; as, the ing from unlawful sexual conunerce manniT. Mcuntagu. charitable man has continual applications moderate in the indulgence of lawful CON'TESTLESB, a. Not to be disputed. for alms. Hill. pleasure chaste. moderate temperate. Continual fever, or continued fever, a feV. t. To weave together. [Mot 2. Kestraineil CONTEX', Sltak. Have a continent forbearance. ver that abates, hut never entirely interusedA Boyk. Shak. mits, till it comes to a crisis; thus distinCON'TEXT, n. [L. contextus, from contexo ; [.3. Opposing restraitiiug. not connected 4. Coiitinuous interrupted. guished from remitting and intermitting mn and lexo, to weave.] The North East part of Asia, if not continent fever. The general series or composition of a disBrerewooJ. 4. Continual with America claim, in law, a claim that is course more particularly, the parts of A continent fever. More generally we made from time to time within every year discourse which precede or follow the now say a continued fever. or day, to land or other estate, the possessentence quoted the passages of scripi. In geography, a great sion of which cannot be obtained without ture which are near the text, either before CON'TINENT, Cowel. hazard. The sense of a passage of extent of land, not disjoined or interruptit or after it. ed by a sea; a connected tract of land ot .5. Perpetual. scripture is often illustrated by the context. extent as the Eastern and West- COiXTiN'UALLY, adv. Without pause or great CONTEXT', a. Knit or woven together ern continent. It ditlers from an isle only cessation; unceasingly; as, the ocean is Derham close firm. New Holland may be denomiCONTEXT', V. t. To knit together. [JVol in extent. continent. Britain is called f continually rolling its waves on the shore. nated a from in repeated succession 2. Very otten 1lSCli,\ as o|)poscd to the isle of Angle time to time. continet^t, n. The manner of inter-

debate

violent controversy

females. Scipio the younger exhibited the noblest example of continence recorded
;

CONTEST
;

CONTEXTURE,

weaving several parts into one body the disposition and union of the constituent
;

sey.
in

Henry, Hist. Brit. i. .34 In Spenser, continent is used fin- ground

general.
thing.
[JVot

Thou
2 Sam.

shalt eat bread at

ix.

my

table continually.

othparts of a thing, with respect to each er; composition of parts; constitution; as a silk of admirable contexture.
not of iuiy delicate contexture ; his Wottun. lindis lalher sturdy than dainty. a. Pertaining to con-

CONTIN'U.U^NESS,
Shak
a.

n.

Permanence.
Hcdes.

That which contains any

used.]

CONTIN'UANCE,
;

He was

CONTINENT'AL,

CONTEX'TURAL,
texture, or to the

human
n.

frame.

CONTIO NATION,
a story.
2.

[L. contignatio

Smith. con
;

Pertaining or relating to a continent; as the continental powIn America, pertaining to ers of Europe. United States, as continental money the in distinction from what pertains to the
separate states
the revolution.
;

[See Contimie.] holding on or remaining in a particular .state, or in a course or series. Applied to a state of lasting; as the time, duration continuance of rain or fair weather for a day or a week. Sensual pleasure is of
short continuance.

?i.

and tignum, a beam.]

A frame

of beams;
li'otton.

a word much
adv.

itsed

during
2.

The

act
in

beams

of framing together, or imiting Burke. a fabric.

>!.

CON'TINENTLY,
rately.

In a

continent

Perseverance as, no excuse will justify a continuance in sin.

;

maimer; chastely; moderately; tempe-

By

patient continuance in well doing. as,

Rom.

CONTIGU'ITY,
CONTIG'lIOUS,
Touching
;

tual contact of bodies

a.

[See Contiguous.] Ac a touching. Hale. [h. contiguus ; core and

;

CONT'IN'gENCE, CONTIN'tiENCY,
pen
1.

?
(,

tango, tago, to touch.] meeting or joining at the surface or border ; as two contiguous bodies or countries.
Tlie houses in ancient
tiguirus.

to

con and

[L. contimrens ; con- 3. Abode ; residence uance in Paris. tingo, to t'all or hap-; See 4. Succession tango, to touch.
'^-

during our contin;

uninterrupted

continuation

Rome were

not conEncifc.
2.

Bacon uses Usually followed by to. iB\lh, but he has not been followed. CONTIG'UOUSLY, adv. In a manner to
touch
;

a prolonging of existence ; as, the brute quality of being contingent or casual ; regards the continuance of his species. a happening; or the possibility of coming Addison. to pass. 5. Progression of time. We are not to build certain rules on tlie conIn thy book all my members were written, South. Ps. whicli in continuance were fashioned. tingency of human actions.
Toucli.]

The

Casualty

accident

fortuitous

event.
(i.

cxxxix.

The

without intervening space.

success of the attempt will depend on contingencies. [See. Accident and Casualti/.]

CONTIG'UOUSNESS,

n. state of con tact; close union of surfaces or b<rders.

?

Dnjdv.n

CONTIN'tiENT,

CONTINENCE,
Tenet.]

continentia, from "' [L. CON'TINENCY, S contineo, to hold, or withhold ; oo)i and teneo, to hold. See
1. 2.

n. Falling or coming by, chance, that is, without design or expecaccidental ; casual. tation on our part On our part, we speak of chance or co)ttingencics ; but with an infinite being, nothing can be contingent.
;

In a general sense, the restraint which a person imposes upon his desires and pas self-command. sions 2. Appropriately, the restraint of the passion for sexiud enjoyment; resistance of con forbearance of lewd pleas cupisceucc ures hence, chastity. But the term is
; ; ;

CONTIN'tiENT,
or expectation.
2.

In lau; depending on an uncertainty Blackstone. as a contingent remainder. n. A fortuitous event that

;

7.

which comes without our design, foresight

i

8.

In law, the deferring of a suit, or the giving of a day for th<! psirties to a suit to apAfter issue or demin-rer joined, as pear. well as in some of the previous stages of proceeding, a day is continually given, and entered upon record, for the parties to appear on from time to time. The giving of this day is called a continuance. Blackstone. In the United States, tlie deferring of a trial or suit from one stated term of the court to another. Cominuity resistance to a separation of parts a holding togetlier. [.\o< used.]
: ;

That which

falls to

one

in a division or

Bacon.

usually applied to males, as chastity

is to

apportioiunent among a number ; a quota ; an equal or suitable share ; proportion.!

CONTIN'UATE,
gether.

v.

t.

To

join closely

to-

Potter.

CON
CONTIN'UATE,
mediately united
tie

CON
Im
2. a.

CON
5.
city.

a.
;

[L. continualus.]

Permanent.
Heb.
xiii.

To
To

used.]
;

holding together. [Lit Hooker.

[Little used.

Here we have no continuing

lable
{>.

shorten by omission of a letter or syl;

as, to contract a
;

word.
;

2.

Uninterrupted

unbroken.
adv.

CONTINU'ITY,
nection

n.

[L. continuitas.]
;

Conclose
contin-'^

epitomize

Peachan,

uninterrupted
;

cohesion

an essay.

to abridge
i.

as, to

contract

CONTIN'UATELY,
without

With

union of ]iaits
;

unbroken texture.

CONTRACT',
Many
.Joined;
2.

V.

To

shrink

to

become

continuity

Philosophers talk of the solution of

uity.

shorter or narrower.
bodies contract by the application of
cold.

interrii|ition.

[Little used.] fVilkins.

VONTINUA'TION, n.

[L. continualio.] Ex tension of existence in a series or line

eONTlN'UOUS,
depth.

a.

[L. contiiums.]
;

without intervening space

;

as continuous}

A hempen

Thomson!
contonpteo, contortus ;\ torqueo, tortus.] To twist togethV. t.

To

y.

succession uninterrupted. These things must be the work?; of providence, for the coiUinuatwn of the species. Hoi/. Extension or carrying on to a further point; as the eontimiation of a story.
:
; ;

bargain

CONTORT',
con and
er
;

[L.

to writiie.

CONTORTED,

li.

Extension in s]iace production a carrying on in length as the coiitiiiuaiion of a liTio in surveying. CONTIN'UATIVE, >i. An expression noting pormanence or duration. To these may be added cniilinuafives : as, Rome remains to this day which includes at least two propositions, viz. Rome was, ami
;

pp. Twisted together. contorted corol, in botany, has the edge of one petal lying over the next, in an obdirection. lique Marlyn.':
)
;
<i

as between two or more persons. have contracted for a load of flour or we have contracted ivith a farmer/or a quanti;

cord contracts by moisture. ; to make a mutual agreement,

We

ty

of jirovisions.

CONTRACT',
betrothed.

for contracted, pp. Affianced ; ShaJ(.

CON'TRACT,
forbear
to

CONTOR'TION, " [Fr. contorsion L.I eONTOR'SION, contortio.] 1. A twisting'; a writhing; a wresting; a
j

n. An agreement or covenant between two or more persons, in which each party binds himself to do or

Rome
)i.

is.

IVatls.

In grammar, a word that continues.

Harris. n. One who continues or keeps up a series or succession. r. (. [Fr. con/uiufr; J^.continuo ; coil antl teneo, to hold It. continuare ;
;

CONTINU A'TOR,
CONTIN'UE,
1.

twist ; wry motion ; as the contorsion of the muscles of the face. SwiJlJ In medicine, a twisting or wresting of a' limb or member of the body out of its natural situation the iliac passion partial dislocation ; distorted spine ; contract-!
; ;

promise

some act, and eacli acquires aright what the other promises a mutual upon lawful consideration or
;
;

cause, wliich binds the parties to a performance a bargain: a compact. Contracts are executory or executed.
2.

ed neck.

Encyc.
n.

Corel

The

>S'!(;>.

act

by which a

man and woman

Court, Cranch''s Rep. are

See Tenet.] S]i. continuar. To remain in a state, or place ; for any time indefinitely. Tlie multitude continue with me now three Matt. xv. days, and have notliing to eat. 2. To last ; to be durable ; to endure ; to be

Shak. betrothed, each to the other. [Fr. contour ; It. contorno ;\ 3. The writing which contains the Sp. id. ; con and tour, torno, a turn.] agreement of parties with the terms and condiTiie outline the line that defines or terminates a figure. tions, and which serves as a proof of the to abitle Johnson.l Enci/c.

CONTOUR',

eONToURNIATED,

a.

Having edges

ap-|

obligation.

pearing as if turned in a lathe. Encyc.\ GON'TRA. a Latin preposition signifying against, in opposition, ents-ring into the permanent. composition of some Ejiglish words. It! Thy kingdom shall not continnc. 1 Sam. xiii. appears to be a compouiKl of con and tra,i to be steadfast or constant 3. To persevere like intra tra for W. Iras. Fr. conlre. in any course. CON'TRARAND, a. [h. contrabbando, con-' If ye continue in my word, then are ye my trary to proclamation, prohibited Sp.' disciples indeed. John viii. rontrahando ; Fr. contrebande. See Ban.]' not to Prohibited. Contraband CONTIiV'UE, V. t. To ])rotract goods are such as; cease from or to terminate. are prohibited to be importe<l or exported,! O continue thy loving kindness to them (hat either by the laws of a particular kingdom' know thee. Ps. xxxvi. or .state, or by the law of nations, or by to 2. To extend from one thing to another In time of war, arms and special treaties. produce or draw out in length. Continue munitions of war are not permitted by Let the line be co;;the line from A to B. one belligerent, to bo transported to the tinued to the botmdary. other, but are held to be contraband and 3. To persevere in; not to cease to do or liable to capture and condemnation. use as, to continue the same diet. CON'TRABAND, n. Prohibition of trading 4. To hold to or unite. [jYot used.] in goods, contrary to the laws of a state The navel continues tbe infant to its mother. or of nations. Jiiown.
; ;
; ;

CONTRACTED,
into

:-'.

pp. Drawn together, or shorter or narrower compass ; betrothed incurred bargained. a. Narrow mean selfish as a man of contracted sou] or mind. CONTRACT'EDLY, adv. In a contracted manner. Bp. JVewton.

shrunk
El

CONTRACT' EDNESS,
being contracted.
2.

n.

The

state

of

Narrowness
fishness.

meanness

excessive selPos.sibility

eONTRACTIBIL'ITY,
;

n.

of

being contracted quality of suffering contraction as the contractibility and dilatibility of air. Arbuthnot. CONTRACT'IBLE, a. Capable of con;

traction.

Small

air

bladders, dilatable and contractible.

Arbuthnot.

CONTRACT'IBLENESS,
of suti'ering contraction
;

CONTIN'UED,
;

pp.
;

Drawn

out

2.
;

Uleeal liatfick.
n.

n. The quality contractibihty.

protract;

2.

as a continued fever, which abates but never entirely intermits. A continued base is performed through the whole ])iece. Continued proportion, in arithmetic, is where the consef|uent of the first ratio is the same with the antecedent of the sec 8 It), in contradistinc Olid, as 4 8
: :
: :

extended in length exed produced tended without interruption. a. Extended in time without intermission proceeding without cessation unceasing
;

CONTRABANDIST,
illegnllv.

One who

trafticks

CONTRACT'ILE,
having
tlie

CONTRACT',
con
S\i.
ter.
1.

v.t.

and

tralio,
;

[L. contraho, contractum ; to draw: It. contrarre;

;

Did. a. Tending to contract power of shortening or of

;

drawing into smaller dimensions; as the contractile forceof certain elastic bodies.
Darwin.

contraer

Vnrt. contrahir

Fr. contrac-

See Draw.]
; ;

tion

from discrete
;

pro|iortioii.

Encyc.
Morris.

together or nearer to draw into a less compass, either in length or breadth to narrow to shorten to abridge to lessen as, to contract an inclosnrc to contract the fncuhies; to contract the jieriod of life; to contract the sphere of action.
; ; ; ; ;

To draw

CONTRACTILITY,
ity

n. The inherent qualor force by which bodies shrink or contract. Bcddoes. CONTRACT'ING, ppr. Shortening or narrowing drawing together; lessening dimensions shrinking ; making a bargain
;
;

CONTIN'UEDLY,
tion

adv.

Without interrupcontinues
3.

To draw
daughter
to a
4.

the parts together; to wrinkle;

betrothing.
2. a. JMaking or having made a contract or treaty; stipulating; as theco)i<rac(Mig-/;arties to a league.

without ceasing.
n.
tlie

as, to contract the

brow.

ONTIN'UER,
one that has

One who

To betroth To draw
gain.

to affiance.

power of perseverance.
Shnk
ppr.

to B. The man of merit.

lady

was

contracted hi contracted
I

CONTRACTION,

ONTIN'UING,
permanent
length.
;

Remaining
;

fixed

or
;

persevering

enduring abiding lasting protracting jirodncing in

;
;

We

dulgence. gance.

to; to bring on; to incur; to! contract vicious habits by incontract debt by extrava

We

n. [L. contractio.] The act of drawing together, or shrinking the act of shortening, narrowing or lessening extent or dimensions, by causing the parts a body to ap|>roach nearer to each oiliof er; the state of being contracted.
;

CON
Oil ot
vitriol will

C O
into
in-

i\

C O
If

I\

throw the stomacli

Arbuthiiot. voluntary eontrndlon^. The cmitraction of the heart is called systole. Some things induce a contraction of the Bacon, nerves. 2. The act of shortoning, aliridging, or re<luciiig witliiii u

means.

iiuiniwor compass by any poem may bu improved by

omissions or contractions. 3. In grammar, the shortening of a word, by the Dtiiission of a letter or syllable as, caji't for cannot ; burst lor bursteil or bursten Swedish and Danish ord, a word. [JVot 4. A contract marriage contract. Shak. used] 5. Abbreviation.
;

inconsisteui Brown. with itself, or opposite to others. CONTRADICT'ORINESS, n. Direct opin assertion or effect. position ; contrariety Baxter. CONTRADICT'ORY, a. Affirming the contrary ; im])lying a denial of what has been arserted ; as contradictory assertions. 2. Inconsistent ; opposite contrary ; as contradictory scbcMies.

dictory

manner

in a

manner

other, but of wliich the fulseliood of on docs not establish the truth of the other.

two universals
;

dilfer in
is

contraries

as,

every vine

quality, they are a tree; no vine is true together;

a tree.
Imt they

These can never be both

may he both

false.

IVatts.

CONTRARIETY, n.
Contrary.]
1.
;

[L. conlrarUlas.

See

CONTRADICT'ORY,
terms
It is
;

n.

proiK>sition
in all its

which denies or opposes another

contrariety
;

inconsistency.
to will contradict-

coimnon with princes

a.

ories.

CONTRACT'OR,

contracts; one of the parties to a bargain one wlio covenants to do any thing for anutbor.
;

n.

One who

CONTRADISTINCT',
opposite qualities.

Distinguished by Smith

CONTRADISTINCTION,
distinction.] Distinction
ties.

9.

Taylor. contracts or covenants with a government to fmnish provisions or other or to ])erform any work or service supplies for the public, at a certain price or rate.

by

Inconsistency ; quality or position destructive of its opposite. Shak. How can these contrarieties agree. n. [contra and CON'^'RARILY, adv. In an opposite manner in opposition ; on the other side ; in opposite quali2.
;

Bacon.

Opposition in fact, essence, quality or princijile repugnance. The expedition failed by means of a contrariety of winds. There is a contrariety in the nature of virtue and vice; of love and hatred; of truth and falsehood. Among men of the satne profession, we find a con<rflWe/i/ of opinions.

One who

speak of sins of infirmity, in contradisSouth tinction to those of presumption.

Wc

opposite wav-s.

CON'TRARINESS,
sition.

n.

Contrariety; oppoDiet.

CONTRADISTINCTIVE,
ing by opposites.

a.

Distinguish-

CONTRA'RIOUS,
repugnant.
positely.

a.

Contrary; opposite;
Milton.
arfr.

eON'TRA-DANCE, COUN'TER-bANCE,

"' [Vi:contre-dnnse;
It.

contraddanza

CONTRADISTIN'GUISH,
distinguish.
|

v.t.

Harns. [conAra and

CONTRA'RIOUSLY,

Contrarily; op-

Sp. contradanza.] in which the partners are arranged in opposition, or in opposite lines. ONTRADlT', v. t. \h. contradtco ; con-

Shak.
adv.
[contrary
;

A dance
tra

To <listinguish

not inerely by differential, but

ideas of soul and body,

CONTRARIWISE,
u-isc,

and

by oppiisite qualities. These arc our complex

as contradistingtiished.

On

maimer.]
;

the contrary

oppositely

on the other

1.

and dico, to spe,ak.] oppose by words to as.sert the conwhat has been asserteil, or to deny what has been affirmed.

Locke
pp.
Distin-

liand.

To

CONTRADISTIN GUISKED,
guished by op))osites.
tinguishing by opposites.

trary to
I( is
rj'

Not rendering evil for evil, nor railing for 1 Pet. iii. railing; but contrariwise, blessing.

known to The Jews

not lawful to contradict a point of histoall the world. Dryden. spoke against those things which

CONTRADISTINGUISHING,
CONTRAFIS'SURE,
n. [contra

ppr.

Dis-

CON'TRARY,
tra,
1.

a.

[L. contraiius,
;

from conIt.

against
;

Fr. coniraire
;

Sp.

con-

awA fissure.]

trario.]

were spoken by Paul, contradicting and

pheniing.
2.

lilas-

Acts

xiii.

To

o]>])ose
truth

No

to be directly contrary to. can contradict another truth. Hooker.

In surgery, a tissm-e or fracture in the cranium, on the side o|)posite to that which received the blow, or at some distance

2.

from

it.

Co.re.

CONTRAIN'DICANT,

n.

A
t.

Encyc.

,ONTRADlT'ED,p;). Opposed in words;

opposed
;

forbids to treat a disorder in

synjptom that the usual way.

Burke.
[contra

Opjjosite adverse moving against or in an opposite direction as contrary winds. Opposite contradictory not merely different, but inconsistent or repugnant. The llcsh lusteth against the spirit, and the
;
; ;

denied.
n.

ONTRADlT'ER,
dicts or denies
;

One who

contraSwift.

CONTRAIN'DICATE,
indicate.]

v.

and

the flesh ; and these are contrary, the one to the otlicr. Gal. v. This adjective, in many phrases, is to be
spirit against

an oi)poser.
ppr.

eONTRADlT'ING,

Affirming the contrary to what has been asserted ; denying; opposing.

n. [L. confradictio.] assertion of the contrary to what has denial ; contrary ; declaration.

CONTRADICTION,
An

In medicine, to indii'ate some method of cure, contrary to that which the general tenor of the disease requires to forbid that to be done which the main or scope of the malady points out. Harvey.
n.

treated grammatically as an adverb, or as an adjective referring to a sentence or aftirmation as, this happened contrary to
;

;'

been said or affirmed

2.

CONTRAINDICA'TION,
symploms or nature of

An 'indication,!

Encyc.

Opposition, whether by words, reproaclies or attempts to defeat.

Consider him that endured such contradicHcb. xii. tion of sinners against himself.

from some pecuUar symptom or fact, thati forbids the method of cure which the main
([uires.

The word here really expectations belongs to the affirmation or fact declared, this happetied for contrary does not, like an adverb, express the manner of happening, but that the fact itself was contrary

my

CON TRAMURE,
Countcrmure.]
tin-e.

n.

An
a.

the disease reArbuthnot. out wall. [See

to my expectation. According, agreeable, pursuant, antecedent, prior, anterior, ^-c, arc often used in the like manner.
?i. A thing that is contrary or of op)>osite qualities. No contraries hold more antipathy, Shak. Than 1 and such a knaTe. 2. A ])roi)osition contrary to another, or a fact contrary to wliat is alledged as, this be a fact, but I will endeavor is stated to to show the contrary. On the contrary, in opposition on the other

CON'TRARY,

3.

Direct opposition or repugnancy ; inconsistency with itself; incongruity or contrariety of things, words, thoughts or propositions. Tliese theorems involve a contradiction.
If

CONTRANAT'URAL,
[Little used.]

Opposite to naBp. Rust.

[L. contra
;

CONTRANI'TENCY,
nitor, to strive.]

n.

and

Reaction

resistance to

force.
perceive truth, wc thcrel>y perceive is false in contradiction to it.

we

whatever

Grcu\

CONTRAPOSI"TION, n. [contra A placing over against; tion.]

position.

and posiopposite
in

side.

Swifl.

To

ONTRADI'TIONAL,
[.\'ot

a.

in vse.]
a.
;

CONTRADICTIOUS,
tradictions

Inconsistont. Milton. Filled with conCollier.

CONTRAPUNT'IST,
counterpoint.
regularity.]

n.

One
n.

the contrary,
it,

to

an opposite purpose, or

skilled

fact.

CONTRAREGULAR'ITY,
reVnlaritv.

Mason, [contra and

JVorris.

Tliey did contrary.

not for want of instruction to the

I

inconsistent.
;

Contrariety to rule, or to
a.

He

said

it

was just, but

v.
t.

told

Hm to

Stillinsjleet.

the con-

2. Inclined to contradict or cavil. 3.

disposed to deny

trary.

CONTRA'RIANT,
n.

[Fr.

from

coiitran'er,

CON'TRARY,

[Fr.

contrarier.]
a.

To
Obs.

Opposite

inconsistont.
itself.

CONTRADIC'TIOUSNESS,
ency
;

to contradict, or run comiter.] Inconsist- Contradictory ; opposite : inconsistent.

JVorris.
lle

contradict or oppose.
[Z<i7-

CONTRARY-MINDED,
minrl or opinion.

Of a

contrariety to

used.]

Jlyliff^.

different Hall.

2. Disposition to contradict or cavil.

CONTRARIES, n.;>fe.
logic,

CONTRADICTORILY,

adv.

In a contra-

propositions

[See Contrary.] In wliich destroy eacli

CONTRAST',
id., to

f.
;

t.

contrast

It.

[Fr. contraster. Norm. contrastare, Sp. Port.

CON
conlraslar, to resist, withstand, strive, deThe primaiy sense is to bate, quarrel. set against, or to strain, to strive.]
1.

CON
struction
effect.
;

CON
ence lending aid rence with others.
;

a defeating of the operation or

to

promote, in concursame end.

Taylor.

To

set in opposition

two or more

figures

of alike kind, with a view to show the difference or dissiniilitnde, and to manifest the superior excellence of the one by the inferiority of the other, or to exhibit the excellence of the one and the defects tti' the other in a more striking view ; as, to contrast
9.

CONTRAVER'SION,
A

The proceedings of the allies were in direct contravention of the treaty. ii. [L. contra and ver.nu, a turning.] turning to the opposite side ; antistrophc.
Congreve.
n. [Sp. contrayerba ; contra and yerba, kerva, a counter herb, an anti-

This measure

is

contribtUive to the

CONTRIBUTOR,
utes
;

one

common to a common
others.

One who contribgives or pays money to a stock or fund one who giv'esaid
n.

who

purpose in conjunction with

a.

eONTRAYER'VA,
Port, contraherva an tier}), L. htrlia
;
;

CONTRIB'UTORY,
;

Contributing to the
;

To

two pictures or

exhil)!t differences

statues. or dissimilitude in

painting and sculpture, by position or atti tude, either of the whole figure or of iti members or to show to advantage by opposition or difference of iposition.
;

dote for poison, or in general, an arjtidote.] The genus of plants, Dorstenia; all low herbaceous plants, natives of the warm climates of America, and useful as diaphoretics.

same stock or purpose promoting the same end bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common
stock.

CONTRIS TATE,
make
sorrowful.

v.

i.

[L. contristo.]

To

Encyc.

[JVotxised.]
n.

Bacon.
Bacon.

3.

set in opposition different things or qualities, to sliow the superior excellence

To

ONTRETA'TION, n. [L. conlreclatio, CONTRISTA'TION, sad. A touching or handUng. [J^ot used.] tracto.]
eONTRIB'UTARY,
Paying

The act of making

of one

to

To

advantage.
will

eontretat

rebellion, thankful.

ON'TRAST,

the goodness of God wilh onr tend to make us humble :tntl Clark, Serin. July -1, 1S14. n. Opposhion or dissimili-

tude of figures, by which one contributes to the visibility or effect of the other.

Ferrand. CON'TRITE, a. [L. contritus, from contero. to break or bruise ; con and tero, to bruise, a. [See Contnbute.] rub or wear. See Trite.] tribute to the same sovereign ; con aid to the same chief or princi- lAferaUy, worn or bruised. Hence, brokentributing hearted for sin deeply affected with grief pal. It was situated on the and sorrow forhaving offended God humGanges, at the place where tliis river received a contrilmlary stream. ble ; ])enitent as a contrite sinner.
; ; ;

Johnson
Contrast, in this sense, is things of a similar kind. of a contrast between a man tain, or between a dog and a observe the contrast between
tage.

D'.'hii'ille, Jin.

We never spca"
tree
;

applicable to

CONTRIB'UTE,

and a mounbut

[L.conti-ibno ; tribuo, to grant, assign, or impart ; It. co7i tribiiire ; Fr. contribuer. S|). contribuir ;

v.

I.

Geog. con and

broken and a contrite heart,

Ps.
Ii.

God, thou

wilt not tiespise.

CON'TRITELY,
ith ))enitence.

adv. In a contrite
n.

manner

we
1.

Sec Tribe, Tribute.]

an

fiak

and

To

give or grant in

shrub, and between a palace and a cot-

to give to a

common with common stock or for

;

CON TRITENESS,
others; a com-

Deep sorrow and

penitence for

sin.

mon

CONTRP'TION,
;

n. [L. contritio.]

The

act

Opposition, or difference of jiosition, alti tude, &c., of figures, or of their several members as in painting and scidpture. or the 3. Op))Osition of things or qualities l)lacing of o])posite things in view, to exhibit the superior excellence of one to more What a contrast between advantage. modesty and impudence, or between a wellbred man and a clown
2.
; ;
!

9.

To impart a mon ])urpose.

Let each

to pay a share. England contributes much more than any other of the allies. Addison. It is the duty of christians to contribute a portion of tlicit substance for the propagation of the gospel.

purpose

of grinding or rubbing to powder.

JVetvton.

Penitence deep sorrow for sin grief of heart for having offended an infinitely holy and benevolent God. The word is usually
;

portion or share to a com-

CONTRIB'UTE,

CONTRASTED,
examined
tion,

pp.

Set in opposition;

in opposition.

contribute his influence to correct public morals. ?;. i. To give a part to lend a irnrtion of power, aid or itifiuence; to have a share in any act or effect.
;

man

understood to mean genuine j)enitence, accomi)anied with a deep sense of ingratitude in the sinner, and sincere resolution to live in obedience to the divine law.
Fruits of

Sown

more pleasing savor, from thy seed with contrition in his heart. Mittmi.
is

Imperfect repentance
called attrition.

by some divines

CONTRASTING,

Placing in opposi;>/)). with a view to discover the diticrence of figures or other things, and exhibit the advantage or excellence of one beyond that of the other. CON'TRA-TENOR, n. in music, a middle part between the tenor and treble ; counter.

There is not a sinjile beauty in the piece, to which the invention must not contribute. Pope. CONTRIB'UTED, pp. Given or advanced to a common fund, stock or purpose paid as a share.
:

CONTRI'VABLE,

a.
;

may be contrived ned, invented, or devised. Perpetual motion may seem

ble.

[See Contrive.] That capable of being planeasily contrivaTVilkins.

CONTRIBUTING, ppr.
eONTRIBU'TION,
;

Giving

in

common

CONTRI'VANCE,
vances.

CON'TRATE-WHEEL,
other wheels, whence
vallo, to fortify
\\^
;

n. In watrh-work, the heel next to the crown, the teeth and liooii of which lie contrary to those of the
its

name.

CONTRAVALLA'TION,

n. [L. contra and Fr. conlrevallation.]

with others to some stock or purpose ; imparting a share. n. The act of giving to a common stock, or iu common with others the act of lending a portion of power or influence to a common ])urpose ; the payment of each man'sshare of some com

[See Contrive.] The act of inventing, devising or|)lanning. There is no v.oik impossible to these contrin.
fVilkins.
;

The
])lan
;

thing invented or planned a scheme ; disposition of i>arts or causes by

fortification, a trench guarded with a parapet, thrown round a place by the besiegers, to secure themselves, and check the saUies of the garrison.
t)..

mon

tiesign. Our bodies are made according to the most orGlanville. derly contrivance.
3.

expense.
is

That which
or jnirpose,

given to a

common

stock

Artifice

either

many.
one

CONTRAVE'NE,
tra

[I.,

conlravenio

con-

s])cak of the contnbution of ]ierson,ortlie contribution oi'a society.

We

by an individual or by

He

; plot ; scheme. has managed his contrivance well.

CONTRI'VE,
1.

venio, to come.] Literally, to come against ; to meet. Hence, to oppose, but used in a figurative or moral

and

Our poet has always some beautiful design, ; which he fust establishes, and then con(n'i'fS the taking. means which will naturally conduct him to his In a military sense, impositions paid by end. frontier country, to secure themselves from Dry den. ; Ohs. Spenser. being plundered by the enemy's army ; or 9. To wear out. visions of the constitution. impositions upon a country in the jiower [This nnjst he from the L. contero, conof an enemy, which are levied under vari trivi, and if the French controuver, and Opposed ; ob pp. ous |iretenses, and fir various piiri)Ose.s. Italian controvare, are the same word dif.structed. n. One who opposes. usuallv for the support of the ariuvferently applied, the ])rimary sense is, to CONTRAVK'NING, ppr. Opposing in prin- CONTRIB'UTIVE, a. Tending to'contrib- invent by rubbing, that is, by ruminating; But the word vue ; contributing ; having the power or or to strike out, as ciple or effect. forge. is probably from trouver, to find.] CONTRAVEN'TION, n. Opposition; ob- quality of giving a portion of aid or influ
sense; to oppose in principle or effect; to contradict to obstruct in operation to defeat ; as, a law may contravene the pro;

Contributions are invoiuntanj, as taxes and or voluntary, as for some unde imposts

V. t. [Fr. controuver trouvcr, to find ; It. controvare.] To invent; to devise ; to plan.

con and

3.

CONTRAVE'NED, CONTRAVE'NER,

CON
eONTRI'VE,
jiluii
;

CON
or design
;

CON
stating
flexibh'
;

as a continnacious child. the accounts of the persons employed in Stat, of United Slates. 2. In law, wilfully disobedient to the orders them, &c. Blackslone. of a i-ourt. n. The office of a This verb i.! really transitive, but follmmd CONTROLLERSHIP, controller. a verb, iti the place of an object or name. CONTL'MA'CIOUSLY, adv. Obstinately; hi/ ) The power or act 0"NTRI'VED, pp. Invented; planned; stidrlxirnly ; perversely; in disobedience "' of orders. devised. ofcoutrolling;the S inctate of being restrained ; control ; re- CONTIJMA'CIOUSNESS, n. Obstinacy CONTRI'VEMENT, n. Contrivance;
v.i.

To form

to

manner and form of keeping and

unyielding; disobedient;

to sclieme.
shall

How

wr

i-nntrive to hide our

shame

CONTROLMENT, CONTROLLMENT,
straint.

vi^iition.

CON'lIU'VER,

n.
;

An

inventor; one

who

perverseness
;

stubbornness
n.

2.

Opposition
refutation.
this

resistance
control
n.

counteraction

plans or devises

a schemer.

CON'TIJMACV,
bornness
bility.
;

[L. contumacia.']

contumac)'. Stub-

ONTRI
de.^igii.

Shak. Swijl. VING,;)/)r. Planning; forming in

)

For

word,

is

now
v.

generally
2.

used.

CON'TROVERSE,

and

Controversy,

CON NTftOL,
COIN INTKOLL,
rolle,

"

[Fr. conlrolle, a counter-register ; contre. an<]

;

and

roll, list

or catalogue

Ann. coun

ler roll.]
1.

I'riiMurily, a l)ook, register or ;icoount kept to correct or check another uccuunt

CON'TROVERSER, " A disputant. Obs. CON'TROVERSOR, \ Mountagu. rules and orders. CONTROVER'SJAL, a. [Sec Controvert, CONTIIME'LIOUS, Controversy.]
;

to dispute.

Obs.
)

unyielding obstinacy; inflexiMilton. In law, a wilful contempt and disobedito any lawful summons or order of court a n^fusal to ai)pear in court when legally smnmoncd, or disobedience to its

ence

Axjliffe.

a.

[L.

contumeliosus.

Relating
course.

to "di.si)utcs

as a controversial dis1.

See Conlumehj.]
;

a counter- register. Hence, check restraint as, to speak, or to act with out control. The wind raged witliout conOnr ])assions should be under the trol. control of reason.
or register;
;
;

CONTROVERSIALIST,
ries

n.

One who

car-

insolent
2.

Haughtily reproachful; contemptuous; rude and sarcastic as contume;

on a controversy
n.

a disputant.

lious language.

CON'TROVERSY,
L
Controvert.]

[L. controversia.

See

Haughty and contemptuous; disposed

utter
;

SwiJl. to
;

3.

Power; authority; government; com maml. Children should be under the con
trol

."?.

of their parents. The events of life are not always under our control. Burke. lie or that which restrains.
?
, '' ,

CONTROL, CONTROLL,
2.

To keep under check

by a counter-register or \ double account. The proper officer controts the accounts of the treasury.

Dispute; debate; agitation of contrary StutA: A dispute is commonly oral, opinions. Johnson. 3. Reproachful; shameful; ignominious. and a controversy in writing. Decay of Piely. a debate of Dispute is often or generally adv. In a contua CONTUME'LIOi:SLV, short diu-ation, a temporary debate with pride and conmelious manner controvcrsii is often oral and sometimes tempt reproachfully rudely insolently. contimied in books or in law for months
;
; ; ;

insolent reproach, or to insult proudly rude ; as a contumelious person.

or years.
This
title.

CONTUME'LIOUSiNESS,
no room
for

n.

Reproach;
from

left

controversy, about

tlie

rudeness

contempt.
n.

To check
I

to restrain

to
its

govern.

Locke.

CON'TUMELY,

[L.

contumelia,

feci

my virtue

struggling in

my soul
power

But stronger passion does

3.

control.

Dryden

2.

To overpower
to counteract
;

to subject to authority ; to have under connnand.

The course of events cannot be controlled by hmnan wisdom or power. to have 4. To direct or govern in opposition
;

.3.

CONTROLLAHLE,
trolled,

su))erior force, or autliority over. A recital cannot control the plain words in the .hhn.<!on^s Reports. 4. Opposition ; resistance. Crantiiig pari nf a deed. .\nd stemming [the torrent] That be con a.

Without controversy, great is tlie mystery of conlumeo ; con and tumeo, to swell.] 1 Tim. iii. Rudeness or reproach compoimded of law a case in which opposing haughtiness and contempt; contemptuouscontend for their respective claims ness insolence contemptuous language. parties before a tribunal. The oppressor's wrong the proud man's conAnd by their word shall every controversy anii Shak. tumely. Deut. xxi. evei-y stroke be tried. CONTUND', V. t. [L. contundo.] To beat carried on. Disi)ute opposition to bruise by beating. [Ldtlle used.] The Lord hath a controversy with the naGnylon. tions. Jer. XXV. CONTU'SE, V. t. s as r. [L. contusus, congodliness. suit in

may

checked or restrained; subject

to

command.
Passion is the drunkenness of the mind, and Sonth not alwavs controllable h\ reason.

CON TROVERT,
troi^ersor
;

controversy.

with hearts of Shak.

tundo.]

To

v.

t.

contra and Literally, to turn against.]

;

[L. controverto, converto, verso, to turn.

;

CONTROLLED,;?;). Checked;
governeil.

restrained;

To dispute

CONTROLLER,
One who

n.

[Norm.

con<re-roi//fr.]

controls, or restrains ; one that has the power or authority to govern or control. The great controller of our fate Deign'd to be man, and lived in low estate.
Drydeti.
'i.

to conto oi)i)ose by reasoning tend against in words or writings; to deny to to disprove or confifte agitate contrary opinions as, to controvert opinions, or principles; to controvert the justness of a conclusion.

beat to bruise to injure the flesh or substance of a living being or other thing without breaking the skin or substance, sometimes with a breach of the skin or substance. Bacon.
; ;

CONTUSION,
1.

n. as :.

[L. contusio,

from

and attempt

2.

CONTROVERTED, pp.
sed
in

Disputed

oppo-

debate.
n.

3.

An

officer

appointed to keep a counter-

CON'TROVERTER,

One who
a.

contro-

verts; a controversial writer.

contundo; con and tundo,to beat.] The act of beating and bruising, or the state of being bruised. The act of reducing to powder or fine Bacon. particles by beating. In surgery, a bruise a hurt or injury to the flesii or some part of the body by a blunt instrument, or by a fall.
;

register of accounts, or to oversee, control or verify the accoimts of other officers; as in Great Britain, the controller of the hanaper, of the household, of the pipe, and of the pells. In the United States, the duty of the controller of the treasury is to superintend the adjustment and preserva tion of the public accounts; to examine all accounts settled by the auditor, and certify to the register the balances due thereon ; to countersign all warrantsdrawn by the secretary of the treasury which shall be warranted by law to report to the secretary the official forms of all papers to be issued in the different offices for oollectine the public revenue, and the
;

B. Jonson.

CONUNDRUM,
conceit.

n.

A
;

low

jest;

mean
Cog-

CONTROVERTIBLE,
disjiutcd
;
;

That may be

not too evident to disputable exclude difJerence of opinion ; as, this is a controvertible point of law. CON'TRO VERTING, pp. Disputing; de-

CON'USANCE,
nizance
;

i.

[Fr.connoissance.]
notice.

knowledge
a.

[See Con-

nusance.]

CON'USANT,
of

Knowing;
>

having notice
[L.
convalesce,

nving and attempting

to refute.

CON'TROVERTIST,
verts
; ;

n.

One who

contro-

a man versed or ena disputant gaged in controversy, or disputation.

CONVALES'CENCE, CONVALES'CENCY,
ger
;

"

How

unfriendly

is

(he spirit of the controvert-

to grow stron^ con and valesco, to get strength, valeo, to be strong, Eng. weU. See fFell and

CONTUMA'CIOUS,
1.

ist to the discernment of the critic. Campbell. a. [L. condimaj:, from con and lumeo, to swell.]

^vail.]

Renewal of health

swelling against ; haughty. Hence, obstinate perverse ; stubborn ; inLiterally,

;

the insensible recovery of health and strength after disease the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness.
;

Vol.

I.

48

CON
CONVALES'CENT,
and
stii'iif^th

CON
CONVENT',
Vo(
MScrf.]
V.
i.

CON
to

a.

Recovering health

To meet;
n.

concur.

after sickness or debility.

n.

Beaum.
[L.
;

0N'VALLARY,
Convuiiaria.

CONVERg'ENCE, ONVER6'ENCY,
cy to one point.

"
^

The

genus of

plants,

e6NVENT'ICLE,
1.

quality of con" vergifig verging ; tenden-

conventictdum,

Gregory.

CONVE'NABLE,
may
2.

Mnhlenberg. a. [Sec Convene.] That be convened, or assembled.

Panoptist,

May

1809.
ve-

Consistent.
nio, to

Ohs.
D. i.

Spenser.
;

dim. of conventus.] An assembly or meeting usually applied to a meeting of dis.senters irom the estabIn lished church, for religious worship. this sense it is used by English writers

CONVERU'ENT,
CONVERti'lNG,
;

o. Tending to one point; approaching each other, as they proceed

or are extending.
ppr.

Tending

to

one

CONVE'NE,
1.

[L. convenio
;

con and
to unite
;

To come
things.

come.] together [Unusual.]

to

meet

as

point approaching each other, as lines statutes. extended. Hence, an ascontempt. sembly, Atterbury. Converging rays, in optics, those rays of In the United States, this word has no light, which proceeding from different appropriate application, and is little used, points of an object, approach, meet and

and

in

Englisli
in

or Tlie rays of light converge and coyivene in the JVewton. 2. eyes.

2.

not at

all.

secret assembly or cabal

v.
i.

together; to meet in the same as persons. Parlia place to assenjble ment will convene in November. The two liouses of the legislature convened at twelve o'clock. The citizens convened in the statehouse.
;

To come

for plots.

CONVENT'ICLE,
venticle.

To

CONVENT'ICLER,
CONVEN'TION,
1.

n.

One who

cross, and become diverging rays. Encyc. a meeting Converging series, in mathematics, is that in whi( h the magnitude of the several Shak. terms gradually diminishes. belong to a conEncyc. South. CONVERS'ABLE, a. [ll. conversabUe ; Fr.
;

supports

conversable.

See Converse.]
;

eONVE'NE,
on
2.

V.

t.
;

To
to

to call togetlicr

cause to assemble, convoke. Tlie Presi-

dent has power to convene the Congress,

To summon
By

special occasions. judicially to

2.

meet or appear.

3.

the papal canon law, clerks can be convened only before an ecclesiastical judge.

Dryden. Qualified for conversation, or rather disposed to converse ready or inclined to muSee tual communication of thoughts; sociable; Convene.] free in discourse. Addison. The act of coming together; a meeting of several persons or individuals. Boyle. CONVjERS'ABLENESS, n. The quality of being free in conversation disposition Union coalition. An assembly. In this sense, the word in- or readiness to converse sociability. cludes any formal meeting or collection CONVERS'ABLY, adv. In a conversable manner. of men for civil or ecclesiastical purposes; a. [It. conversante. See particularly an assembly of delegates or CON'VERSANT,
or frequents conventicles.
n.

[L.

conventio.

ONVE'NED, tONVE'NER,

pp. Assembled; convoked. n. One who convenes or

;

representatives for consultation on important concerns, civil, pohtical or ecclesiastical.

Convei'se.]
1.

meets with others one who

)

calls together.

eONVE'NIENCE, ONVE'NIENCY,
Literally,

"'
S

[L.

convenientia.

In

Great

Britain,

convention

is

the

Keeping company having frequent or customary intercourse intimately associating familiar by fellowship or cohabita;
; ;

from
;

convenio.]

name

a coming together

a meeting.

Hence,
1.

*?.

Fitness; suitableness; propriety; adap tation of one thing to another, or to cir Hooker. cumstances. Commodiousness ease freedom from
; ;

given to an extraordinary assembly of the estates of the realm, held without as the assembly which the king's writ restored Charles II. to the throne, and that which declared the throne to be abdicated
;

tion

acquainted. But the men were very good to us as long as we were conversant with them. 1 Sam. sxv. Never to be infected with delight, Nor conversant with ease and idleness.
;

by James
to the

II. 2.

Sliak.

difficulty.

Every man must want something for

the eon

venience of his life. Calaniy. There is another convenience in this method.

Swift
'X

That wliicli gives ease accommodation that which is suited to wants or necessi;

4.

ty.

])air

of spectacles

is

a great conve-

In the United States, this name is given assembly of representatives which forms a constitution of government, or as the convention political association which formed the constitution of the United States in 1787. An agreement or contract between two parties, as between the commanders of two armies an agreement previous to a
; ;

Acquainted by familiar use or study. correct our style, and improve our taste, by being conversant with the best classical
writers.

We

In the foregoing applications, this word most generally followed by ivith, accorIn was formerly ding to present usage. used and both in and among may be
is
;

used.
3.

nience in old age.

4.

definitive treatv.

CONVE'NIENT,
Some

Shak Fitness of time or place. a. Fit; suitable; proper; adapted to use or to wants commodious followed by to or for ; usually hy for.
;
;

eONVEN'TIONAL,
;

a.

[Fr. conventionnel.]

Concerning to having
;

having concern, or relation

object
;

for its

followed by

Stipulated Conventional services reserved by tenures on

grants, vice.

formed by agreement.
of the

about.

Education

is

made out

crown
a.

or knights ser-

conversant about children. JVotton.

n.
;

arts are peculiarly

ular nations.

convenient to particTiUutson.

Hale.

CONVERSA'TION,
manners
cially as
gospel.
1
;

General course of
;

Feed me with food convenient for me. Prov

XXX.

CONVEN'TIONARY,
contract
tional
; ;

Acting under settled by stipulation conven;

CONVENIENTLY,

adv.

Fitly

suitably

with adaptation to the end or cftisct. That house is not conveniently situated for a tradesman. 2. Commodiously with ease without trou He cannot conveniently ble or difficulty.
; ;

CONVEN'TION ER,
to

as conventionary tenants.
n. n.

Carew

behavior deportment espeit respects morals. Let your conversation be a.s becometh the
Phil.
i.
;

One who belongs One who makes

a Sterne.

i.

a convention.

Be ye holy
Pet.

in all

manner of conversation.
;

CONVEN'TIONIST,
contract.

accept the invitation.

CONVE'NING, ppr. Coming

ing together.

CONVE'NING,
gether
nio, to
^.
;

n.

The

act of

Be a. [Fr. conventud.] longing to a convent monastic as fonvenfual priors. together; callCONVEN'TUAL, ji. One that lives in a Addison convent a monk or nun. to-

CONVEN'TUAL,

familiar intercourse intimate fellowship or association com;

A keeping company

3.

merce in social life. Knowledge of men and manners is best acquired by conversation with the best company. Intimate and familiar acquaintance; as
a conversation with books, or other object.

coming

convention.
i.

CONVERGE,
vergo ; con Verge.]

V. i.

converj'.

[Low

L.

coji-

4.

CON'VENT,
;

[L.
;

2.

assemble An assembly of persons devoted to reli gion a body of monks or nuns. A house for persons devoted to religion an abbey a monastery a niuniery.
; ;

conventus, from conve Fr. couvent.]

and

vergo, to incline.
;

See

To
;

tend to one point to incline and approach nearer together, as two lines which continually approach each other; opposed Lines which converge in one to diverge.
direction, diverge in the other. The moimtains converge into a single ridge. Jefferson.

Familiar discourse general intercourse of sentiments chat unrestrained talk ; opposed to a formal conference. A\'hat I mentioned in coivcersation was not a
;
; ;

new

thought.
is

Swift.
the

[This
timrd.]

now

most general use of the

a.

CONVENT', V. To call before

t.

[L. conventus, convenio.]

,VA*.

CONVERSA'TIONED,
the

Acquainted with
[Vo(
.?erf.]

a judge or judicature.

manner of actuig

iu hfe.

Bacon

Beaum.

CON
CONVERS'ATIVE,
a.

CON
5.

CON
;

ONVERSAZIO'NE,

CONVERSE,

Zion shall be redeemed with judgment, anJ religion to another; her converts with righteousness, is. i. as the conversion of tlie Gentiles. Acts xv. tercourse with men ; 3. In monasteries, a lay-friar or brother, ad6. The act of appropriating to private use plative. mitted to the service of the house, without as in trover and conversion. She chose to endue hiin witli conversative Wotton Conversion of equations, in algebra, the reorders, and not allowed to sing in the choir. qualities of youth. n. [It.] duction of equations by multi)>lication, or meeting Encyc. the manner of altering an equation, when of coinpaiiy. Gray. ED, pp. Turned or changed from one substance or state to another; V. i. convers'. the quantity sought or any member of it is [L. conversor turned from one religion or sect to another; a fraction ; the reducing of a fractional con and versor, to be turned ; Fr. conversLiter er ; It. conversare ; Sp. conversar. changed from a state of sin to a state of equation into an integral one. with ; to be turned holiness; applied to a particular use; apEncyc. Bailey. Johnson. ally, to be turned to or

Relating to an in opposed to contem

change from one

CONVERT'

Coitversio7i of propositions, in logic, is a chanto associate to coging of the subject into the place of the and be intimatepredicate, and still retaining the quality of followed by with. the pro|)osition. Bailey. ly acquainted Conversion of the ratios, in arithmetic, i.s the For him who lonely loves To seek the distant hills, and there converse comparing of the antecedent with the dif Thomson With natuje. ference ot the antecedent and consequent, in two equal ratios or proportions. Guardian. 2. T" have se.\uul commerce.

about.]
;

|>ropriated.

1.

To keep company
;

CONVERT'ER,
who makes

n.

One who

converts; one

habit

to liold intercourse

converts.

CONVERTIBILITY,
1

3.

have free intercommunication of course in mutual thoughts and opinions to convey thoughts followed by with before the reciprocally person addressed, and on before the sub
talk familiarly
;

To

to

Bailey.

CONVERT',
to,

signification

CONVERSE,

Minerals are not convertible into another spethough of the same genus. Harvey. water into ice. 2. So much alike that one may be used for 2. To change from one state to another ; as, another. Usury and interest are not now ] to convert a barren waste into a fruitful n. Conversation: familiar convertible terms, though formerly they field to convert a wilderness into a gardiscourse or talk ; free interchange of were. den ; to convert rude savages into civilized or opinions. That be as one letter for
1.

have often conversed

Converse as friend with friend. ject. toith each other on the merit of Milton's |)oetry. [This is noiB the most general use of the word.

We

D. t. [L. converto ; con and ver to turn coinciding in elements and with barter, and probably from the root of vary, vario, veer, Sji. birar.
;

Port, virar, to turn.

To change
;

or form

as, to convert

Class Br.] or turn into another sub.stance gases into water, or

n. [from convertibU.] 1. The quality of being jiossible to be converted or changed from one substance. former state to another; as the converBurke tibility of land into money. 2. The (jnality of being changeable from one letter to another as the coni'crff WiV^/ of ni with b, or of d into /. <?. Researches. CONVERT'IBLE, a. [Fr. from convertir.] 1. That may be changed susceptible of change transmutable transformable.
;

cies,

thoughts Formed by thy converse happily

to steer

From
2.

grave to gay, from lively to severe.

Pope.

n.

Acquaintance by frequent or customary intercourse cohabitation familiarity. In this sense, the word may include discourse, or not as, to hold converse with pei'sons of different sects; or to hold eon verse with terrestrial things. In mathematics, an opposite proposition; thus, after drawing a conclusion from some thing supposed, we invert the order, ma king the conclusion the supposition or
; ; ;

men. To change or turn from one religion to another, or from one party or sect to an other as, to convert pagans to Christianity
;

j3.
j

may

changed,

another; as
ters.

b,

p and /are

convertible let-

CONVERT'IBLY,
use.]

4.

to convert royalists into republicans. To turn from a bad life to a good one

to

adv. Reciprocally ; with South. interchange of terms. convert. CON'VERTITE, n. [Xot in

change the heart and moral character, CON' VEX, a. [L. convexus ; It. convesso.] from enmity to God and from vicious haRising or swelling on the exterior surface bits, to love of God and to a holy life. into a spherical or round form gibbous Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that opposed to concave, which expresses a round form of the interior surface; as a your sins may be blotted out. Acts iii.
; ;

convcrteth a sinner from the error of James v. his way, shall save a soul from death.
tliat

He

convex mirror or lens.

premises, and draw from it what was first supposed. Thus, if two sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite the sides are equal: and the converse is true; ifj
these angles are equal, the
equal.

To

turn toward a point.

CON' VEX,
convex.

n.

convex body; as heaven's

Ticket.
;

two

sides are
Builey.l
7.

Chambers.
adv.
;

CON'VERSELY,
der
;

With change of oV-;

reciprocally.

in a contrary order
n.

Johnson.

CONVER'SION,
Convert.]
f.

[L.

conversio.

See
8.

2.

In a general sense, a turning or change to another with regard to substances, transmutation as a conversion of water into ice, or of food into chyle or blood. In military affairs, a change of front, as when a body of troops is attacked in the

from one state

Made convex protuberant in a spherical form. Brotcn. CONVEX'EDLY, adv. In a convex form. To turn from one use or destination to Brown. another; as, to cont'crt liberty into an enCONVEX'ITY, n. [L. convexitas.] The exgine of oppression. To apjiropriate or apply to one's own terior surface of a convex body a gibbous or globular form roundness. use, or to personal benefit as, to convert JVewton. Bentley. public property to our own use. To change one proposition into another, CON'V'EXLY, adv. In a convex form; as a body convexly conical. so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second as, CON'VEXNESS, n. Convexity, which see. but CONVEX'O-CON'CAVE, a. Convex on one all sin is a transgression of the law side and concave on the other; having the every transgression of the law is sin. hollow on the inside corresponding to the Hah.

Crystal will callify into electricity, and convert the needle freely placed. \^Vnusual.'\

CON'VEXED,

a.

Brown.

and they change their position to face the enemy. 3. In a theological or moral sense, a change of heart, or dispositions, in which the enmity of the heart to God and his law and the obstinacy of the will are subdued, and ai'e succeeded by supreme love to God and his moral government, and a reformaflank,

turn into another language. B. Jonson V. i. To turn or be changed ; to undergo a change. The love of wicked friends converts to fear Shak That fear, to hate. CON'VERT, )i. A person wlio is converted from one opinion or practice to another a

To

convex surface.

CONVEX'O-CON'VEX,
sides.

a.

Convex on both
;

CONVERT',

CONVEY',
to

t>.

t.

[L. convelu)

con and veho,

carry.

Sax. wcegan, wegan, Eng. to

1.

tion of
4.

life.

Change from one

otlier.

side or party to an-

That conversion

will

parently concurs with interest.

be suspected that ap Johnson.

applied ])aiticularly to those who change 2. their religious opinions, but applicable to to son. political or philosophical sects. 2. In a more strict sense, one who is turned 3. To transfer

person who renounces one creed, religious system or party, and embraces another

See Weigh and If'ay.] To carry, bear or transport, either by land or water, or in air as, to convey a to convey goods from letter or a package
iveigh.
;

France. To pass or cause to pass ; to transmit as, to convey a right or an estate from father

England

to

from

sin to holiness.

to pass a any thing from one person to another, as by deed,

;

title

to

CON
as, to convey assignment or otherwise lands by bargain and sale. to carry to transmit 4. To cause to pass by any medium; as, air conveys sound; words convey ideas. to carry on. 5. To manage [JVot used. I will convey tlie business as I shall find means.
; ;

CON
CONVICT'ING,
I

CON
GONVI'VE,
V.
t.

ppr.

Proving or finding

To

entertain

to feast.

iCONVIC'TION,n. The

Shak
6.

To

impart

to

communicate.
a.
n.

CONVeY'ABLE,
or transferred.

That may be conveyed Burke on the Sublime

eONVEY'ANCE,
dium.
2.

The act of conveying; the act of bearing, carrying, or transi)orting, by land or water, or through any me The

act of transmitting, or transferring, as titles, estates or claims from one person to another transmission transferrence
; ;
;

0.

4.

assignment. The instrument or means of passing a thing from place to place, or person to person as, a vehicle is a conveyance for persons or goods; a canal or atpieduct is a conveyance for water; a deed is a conveyance of land. Removal the act of removing or carryShak. ing.
;

5.

secret practices. Spenser. n. One wliose occujjaCONVEY' tion is to dra\v conveyances of property,

Management

artifice

{In this sense, obsolete.]

ANCER,

deeds, &c.

ONVEY'ANCING,

eONVEY'ER,

n. The act or practice of tirawing deeds, leases or other writings for transferring the title to property from one person to another. 71. One who conveys; he or

that which conveys, carries, transports, transmits or transfers fiom one person or place to another. 2. A juggler. Shak.

CONVEYING,
ity.

ppr.
n.

Carrying

transport;

act of proving, find- CONVIVIAL, a. [L. convivalis, from conviva, a guest, or convivo, to live or eat and ing or determining to be guilty of an of drink together; con and t)to, to live. See fense charged against a person before a as by confession, by the f^ictuals.] legal tribunal verdict of a jury, or by the sentence of Relating to a feast or entertainment festal; social jovial as a convivial meeting. other tribunal, as in the siunmary convic Denham. tions before commissioners of the revenue. 2. The act of convincing, or comj>elUng one CONVIVIAL'ITY, n. The good humor or mirth indulged at an entertainment. to admit the truth of a charge; the act of convivial spirit or disposition. state |2. convincing of sin or sinfulness the of being convinced or convicted by con CON'VOCATE, I', t. [L. convoco, to convoke con and voco, to call. See Voice.] science the state of being sensible of To convoke to call or summon to meet to guilt; as, the convictions of a sinner may assemble bv summons. [See Convoke.] be temporary, or lasting and efficacious. By conviction, a simier is brought to re jCONVOCA'tlON, n. [L. convocatio.] The act of calling or assembling by summons. pentauce. Men often sin against the conAll assembly. viction of their own consciences. j2. 3. The act of convincing of error; confutaIn the first day there shall be a holy convocation. Ex. xii. tion the act of conipelhng one to acknowledge his error, or the truth of what 3. In England, an assembly of tlie clergy, is alledged as, the conviction of a heretic by their representative.?, to consult on ecIt is held during the ciesiastical aftairs. may induce him to abandon his errors. CONVIC'TIVE, a. Having the power to session of parliament, and consists of an convince or convict. In the upper upper and lower hou.se. TIVELY, adv. In a convmcmg house sit the archbishops and bishops; in More. maimer. the lower house sit the inferior clergy, CONVINCE, V. t. convins'. [L. convinco ; con represented by their jiroctors, consisting and vinco, to vanquish'; Sp. convencer ; It. of all the deans and arch-deacons, of one convincere ; Fr. convaincre.] proctor for every chapter, and two for the 1. To persuade or satisfy the mind by eviclergy of every dioi-ese, in all one hundence to subdue the opposition of the dred and forty-three divines, viz. twentymind to trulli, or to what is alledged, and two deans, fifty-three arch-deacons, twencompel it to yield its assent as, to conty-four prebendaries, and forty-four procvince a man of his errors or to convince tors of the diocesan clergy. Encyc. him of the truth. 4. An academical assembly, in which the For he mightily convinced the Jews showbu.siness of the university is transacted. ing by the sciiptuies that Jesus was the Christ. haud. Acts xviii. CONVO'KE, V. t. [L. convoco; Fr. convoto constrain 2. To convict; to prove guilty See f oiVe.] quer. one to admit or acknowledge himself to To call to summon to meet to ;
;
;
;

guilty.

[.Vo< in use.]

Shak.

CONVIC

be guilty

together

eONVICIN'lTY,
CONVICT',
t'.

Neighborhood

vicm;

assemble by summons.
1

Ji'arton
t.

If ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of [by] the law as transgres-

It is

U. States

the prerogative of the President of the to convoke the senate.

[L. convinco,

convictum
;

sors.

James
their

ii.

CONVOKED, pyi. Summoned or assembled

by order.

Rolled together, or is to strain, force, make fast, hence to sub Shak CON'VOLL'TED, \ one jiart on anothObs. due and as n appears to be casual, the CONVIN'CED, pp. Persuaded in mind er as the sides or margins of nascent root is Fg or J'c] leaves in plants, or as the petals and stigsatisfied with evidence convicted. 1. To determine the trutli of a charge n. convins' nient. Con iiias in Crocus. Lee. Martipi. against CONVINCEMENT, one to prove or find guilty of a crime victiou. 'CONVOLU'TION, ji. [L. convolutio.] The [Little used.] act of rolling or winding together, or one charged to determine or decide to be CONVIN'CER, n. He or that which convinces that which makes manifest. guilty, as by the verdict of a jury, by conthing on another; the state of being rollThe jury More. ed together. fession, or other legal decision. convicted tlie prisoner of felony. CONVIN'CIBLE, a. Capable of conviction. 2. A winding or twisting a winding motion as the convolution of certain vines 2. To convince of sin to prove or deter- 2. Capable of being disprovetl or refuted. the co7I!'o?h(jo)i of an eddy. Thomson. mine to be guilty, as by the conscience. Broivn. [lAttle used.] They who heard it, being convicted by t\\el. CONVIN'CING, ppr. Persuading the mind CONVOLVE, V. t. convolv. [L. convolvo ; con own conscience, went out one by one. John \'iii. and !>o/i'o, to roll. See IVallow.] by evidence convicting. ca- To roll or wind together to roll one part a. Persuading tlie mind by evidence 3. To confute to prove or show to be false. on another. Obs. Broivn. pable of subduing the opposition of tlie mind and compelluig its assent. We CONVOLVULUS, n. [L. from convolvo.] 4. To show by proof or evidence. Obs. of the have convincins: proof of the truth Hooker. Bindweed, a genus of plants of many species. CONVICT', pp. for eotivicted. Proved or scriptures, and of God's moral government of the world. found guilty. Shak. CONVOY', V. t. [Fr. convoyer ; It. conviare; CON'VICT, n. A person proved or found CONVIN'CINGLY, adv. In a convincing Sp. convoyar ; Port, comboyar ; con and or more manner to leave no room to manner in a voie, via, way, or the same root guilty of a crime alledged against him, ciClarendon ther by the verdict of a jury or other legal doubt, or to compel assent. ilirectly from the root of L. veho, to carry, decision. Sax. tv(egan, ivegan, to bear or carry, to CONVIN'CINGNESS, n. The power o: CONVICT'ED, pp. Proved or determined convincing. liring along.] to he guilty, either by venhct of a Re ,To accompany on the way for protection, eijury or CONVI TIOUS, a. [L. convUior.] ther by sea or laud Obs. as, ships of war conby the decision of conscience. proachful.
4.

con and vinco, to vanquisli or snlidue Sp. convencer ; It. convincere ; Fr. convaincre. See Convince. The verb vinco is allied to vincio, to bind, the primary sen.se of which
;

To
of all
3.

To To overpower;
;

all that are ungodly among them ungodly deeds. Jude 15 envince to prove. Obs. Shak.

convince

CONVO'KING,

ppr.
I "'

Summoning

to

con-

vene; assembling.

to

surmount

to vanquish.

CONVOLUTE,
;

coo
royed the Jamaica fleet the troops convoy-l ed the bnjifjage wagons. When persons are to be protected, the
;

coo
To
cry, or doves.

coo
Thomson. low sound, as a
stance which abates heat or excitement as, acids arc coolers to the body. 2. A vessel in which liquors or other things are cooled. COOL-HEADED, a. Having a temper not easily excited free from passion. Burke. COOL'ING, ppr. Abating heat or excitement; making or becoming cool.
; ;

make a low

sound, as pigeons or

0(J'ING,
dove.

ppr. Uttering a
71.

won!
nying

escuii is iisoil.
ji.

CON'VOY,

protecting force accompa-'

eOO'ING,
ilove.
V.

Invitation, as the note of the

place sea, a ship or ships of

sliips or property on their way to place, eitlier by sea or land.

from

Young.
t.

By CQQK,

war which accom-

pany merihaijtmen for protection from an' eniiiiy. By land, any body of troops which accompany provisions, ammunition
9.

1.

[Sax. gecocnian ; Sw. koka ; Dan. koger ; D. kooken ; G. kochen ; It. cuocere ; Sp. cocer, and cocinar ; Port. cozinhar ; L. coijuo.] To prepare, as victuals for the table, by
boiling,

COOL'ISH,
jCOOL'LY,
;

a.

Somewhat

cool.

Goldsmith.

or otiier property for protection. Th(! ship or fleet conducted and protect-j ed that which is conducted by a protecting force that which is convoyed. The word sometimes includes both the protectI

loasting,

To
2.
3.

tlress,

baking, broiling, &c as meat or vegetables, for eat-

ing.

To To

prepare for any purpose. throw. [Obs. or local.]

V.
i.

adv. Without heat or sharp cold. 2. In a cool or indilferent manner ; not corwithout passion or ardor. He was dially receiviul at court. Shak. coolly Grose. 3. Without haste; calmly deliberately. The
;

ing and protectcil

fleets.

OOK,

To make the noise of the

Mmiratty
3.

Rtjmiis.

Anderson. Burchett.

cuckoo.
)i.

design was formed with firmness.

n.

coolly,

and executed

The

(,)yK, [Sa.\. coc; D. kok ; Encyc. State Papers. act of attending for defense. kock; Di\ii. kok ; It. cuoco ; Shak. Milton. C0(jUUS.i
Obs.
Sluik.

moderate degree of G.koch; Sw. COOL'NESS, cold a temperature between cold and Ir. coca; L. heat as the coolness of the summer's
;

4.

Conveyance.

ONVOY'ED,

pp. Attended on a passage

One whose occupation is to prepare victuals for the table a man or woman who dress
;

evening.
2.

moderate degree, or a want of passion

;
;

by a protecting force. CONVOY'Ii\G,//)r. Attending on a voyage or passage for defense from enctnies attending and guarding.
;

es

meat or vegetables
;*.

eOPK'ED,
table.

Prepared for the

CWK'ERY,

n.

dressing and

for eating. table. art or the practice of prepaiing victuals for the

The

COOM,

ONVULSE,
pluck.]
1.

1'.

t.

vulsum, convutsus

convuls'. [L. convello, con-\ ; con and velto, to jiuU or

C'Ot^K'ING, ppr. Preparing victuals for the

table.

want of ardor, or zeal indifference want of afiection us, they [larted with coolness. n. [Fr. cambouis ; Sw. kim, soot.] Soot that gathers over an oven's mouth ; also, tln> matter that works out of the naves or boxes of carriage wheels. In Scotland, the useless dust which falls from
;

To draw

or contract, as the muscular

; ;

CQOK'MAID,

n. [cook

parts of an animal body to uftect by irregular spasms as, the whole frame may
2.

servant or maid

who

and maid.]

female

coals.

dresses provisions.

CQQK'ROOM,
for

n.

[cook

and

be C07ivulscd by agony. To shake to aflect" by violent irregular

;

cookery

a kitchen.

On

roojn.]

COOMB or COMB,
Gr.

n.

[Qu. L. cumulus, or

room

board of ships,

xv)i8os.]

dry measure of four bushels, or half a

quarter.
;i.
;

action.

Convulsing heaven and

earth.

a galley or caboose. OOL, a. [Sax. col ; D. koel : G. kiihl ; Sw. Thomson. kail ; Dan. kold, cold kioler, to cool
;
;

COOP,
ing,

G. kufe

CONVUIjS'ED,
shaken
ic

pp. Contracted by
;)/)).
;

spasms

kulde,
1.

cliilline.ss

kuler,
;

to

blow

strong.]
;

ON V ULS' I NG,
ONVL'L'SION,
mal body.
'2.

violently.

contractions

Affecting by spasmodshaking with violence.

Moderately cold being of a temperature between hot and cold as cool air cool
;

Qu.
1.

liollownes.s, or containing, Gr. xv^of. The Latin cttpa

[D. kuip, a tub kuiper, a cooper Fr. cuve ; L. cupa, from bendholding. seems to
; ;

[L. convutsio.] preternatural, violent and involuntary contraction of the muscular parts of an ani-

n.

2.

Any violent and

conunotion; as
sion

i>()litical
fl.

irregular motion ; convulsions.

Enafc! tumult
;

.3.

water. Not ardent or zealous; not angry; not foijfl not e.\cited by passion of any kind indifferent; as a cool friend; a. cool tem per a cool lover. Not hasty deliberate calm as a cool
; ; ; ; ;

side, for

he both coop and cup. See Cup.] A box of boards, grated or barred on one keeping fowls in confinement. It

pin-pose.
4.

is usually applied to long boxes for keeping poultry for fattening or conveyance on board of ships, as cage is used for a small box to keep singing birds in houses. I do not know that it is ever used in Ame-

ONVUL'SIVE,
;

That produces convul;

as convxdsive rage

row. 2. Attended

convulsive sorDrydtn. Prior. with convulsion or spasms; as

convulsive motions; convulsii^e strife.

Not retaining heat light as a cool dress. COOL, JI. A moderate state of cold moderate temperature of the air between hot and cold as the cool of the day the cool of the morning or evening.
; ; ;
; ;

rica
2.

fVir
;

A A
A

jien

pen to confine other animals. an inclosed place for small aniJohnson. Johnson.
elo.se cart.

mals.
li(|Uors.

barrel or cask for the preservation of

Dnjden. Hale. CONVUL'SIVELY,orfi'. With violent shaking or agitation.

COOL,
1.

!'. (.

[Sax. colian, arolian

;

D. koelen;
;

tumbrel or

eO'NY, 0'NEY,
71!)!

)
^^

konyn ; G. kanin : Sw kanin; ban. kanine ; Fr. co[D.

;
,

G. kiihlen ; Daw. kioler.] To allay heat to make cool or cold to reduce the icmperaturc of a substance
as, ice cools water.

Kncyc.

Jamicson^s Diet.
;

COOP,
up,

Send Lazarus, that he may dlji tlie tip of his L. cuniruhis ; It. coniglio finger in water, and voul luy tongue. Luke xv'i cuinin ; W. ciining. The is a shoot, or a shootinu 2. To moderate excitement of temper to to calm, as along.] allay, as passion of any kind rabbit a quadruped of the genus Lepus, anger to abate, as love to moderate, as which has a short tail and naked ears. In to render indifferdesire, zeal or ardor a wild state the (in- is brown, Init the color ent. of the domestic rabbit is various. COOL, r. I. To become less hot; to lose CO;NY-BI;RROW, . a place where rab- heat. Let tea or coffee cool to the temperbits burrow in the earth. ature of the blooil, before it is drank. eO'NY-CATCU, v. i. [cony and catch.] In 2. To lose the heat of excitement or passion the cant of thieves, to cheat to bite to to become less ardent, angry, zealous, or ti-ick. affectionate to become more moderate. Shak.\ CO'NY-ATCHER, n. A thief; a cheat ; a, Speak not in a passion; fii-st let your temObs. sharper. per cool. n. Banter. Obs. 0'i\Y-ATCHiNG, COOL-CUP, )i. A beverage that is cooling. Shak. COOL'ED, pp. Made less hot, or less ardent. COO, V. i. [])robably from the sound.] COOL'ER, n. That which cools any subor
conil
;

V. t. To put in a coop to confine in a coop. Hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow conqiass usually followed by
;

[The

three last senses, not Anifrican.]

Sp. concjo

Ir.

primary sense
;

to coop lip ; sometimes by in. The Trojans cooped within their walls. Dry den They arc cooped in close by the laws of the
.

country.

Locke.

COOPED, jrp.
to

Shut up

in a

coop

cotrflned
kit-

narrow

limits.

CQOP'ER,
fir.]

Ji.

[from coop

D. kuiper; G.
to

One whose occupation

is

make

barrels,

hogsheads, butts, tubs and casks of various kinds.

CQQP'ERAgE,
er's
;

n.

The

work also, a place where cooper's work is done.

V.
i. ;

price paid for coop-

CO-OPERATE,
work
;

[L. con
It.

and

Fr. cooperer

cooperare

opero, to ; Sp. co-

operar.]

COP
I.

COP
parent, citron-colored, and odoriferous. It is not strictly a gum nor a resin, as it has not the solubility in water common to gums, nor that in spirit of wine common In these respects it rather reto resins. sembles amber. It may be dissolved by digestion in lintseed oil, with a heat little less than sufficient to boil or decompost^ the oil. This solution, diluted with spirit of turpentine, forms a beautiful transparent varnish. Encyc. JVicholson.

COP
Ar.

act or operate jointly with another or others, to the same end ; to work or labor

To

\.x^s
to

kafaa, to turn back, to drive

thrust, to
opitose,

with mutual eftbrts to proinote tlie same It has with before the agent, and to before the cud. Russia cooperated vnlh Great Britain, Austria and Prussia, to reduce the power of Buonaparte.
object.
3.

away,

to

equal
to

i.^3
Gb. No.
.

kafai,

to

be

sufficient,

be

equal, to be like, to be a substitute.

53. 55.]

Clasc

to concur in producing Natural and moral events cooperate in illustrating the wisdom of the

To

act together
effect.

the

same

Creator.

0-OP'ERATING,
ting together.

ppr. Acting or opera-

See Coparcener.] parcenier, parcenary. tO-OPERA'TION, n. The act of working, Partner.ship in inheritance ; joint heirship ; or operating together, to one end ; joint joint right of succession or joint succession to an estate of inheritance. operation ; concurrent effort or labor ; as
the cooperation of the combined powers the cooperation of the understaniling am the wdl.

;COP'ARCENARY,

n.

[co

or con and

OP>ARCENER,
from

CO-OP'ERATIVE,
the

a.

Operating jointly

to

?i. [con and part, Fr. parti, L. pars, or the verb partir, lo divide.]
;

Jlddisoit tvitkthe troops of Athens. Till Luther rose, no powisr could cope with D. A. Clark the pope. He was too open and direct in his conduct, and possessed too little management to cope Wirt. with so cool and skilful an adversary. parcener, 2. To contend ; to strive or struggle ; to
.

Norm

To strive or contend on equal terms, 01 with equal strength to equal in combat ; to oppose with success. to match Their Generals have not been able to cope
;
;

combat.
Host cop'd with
war.
3.

same end.
n.

CO-OP'ERATOR,
end.

One who endeavors

promote the same

jointly with others to

0-OP'TATE,

V.

t.

[L. coopto.]

To

coheir one who has an equal portion of the inheritance of his or her ancestor with others. All the coparceners together make but one heir, and have but one estate among them.
Blackstone.

host, dire

was the

din of

Philips.
;

To

encounter

to

or sentiments. To make return

5.

choose

interchange kindness Shak. Obs. to reward. Shak.

[JVof in tise.]

or choose with another.

[JVot used.]
;

Coparceners take by descent

To

joint-tenants,

exchange, or barter.
n.

CO-OPTA'TION,

71.

Adoption

assumption.
Howell.

by purchase.
inheritance.

Id.

COPARCENY, COPARTNER,

n.

An

equal share of an

CO'PEMAN,

A
a.

Bailey.

chapman.

[JVot used.]

Shak.

0-OR'DINATE,
;

from ordino, to regulate. See Order.] Being of equal order, or of the same rank or degree not subordinate as, two courts of
;

n. The same as comWarton partment. [JVvt in use.] See n. [con and partner. co-ordinate jurisdiction. Coparcener.] eO-OR'DINATELY, adv. In the same or 1. One who has a share in a common stock for transacting business, or who is jointly der or rank in equal degree ; without coni-erned with one or more persons, in subordination. eO-OR'DINATENESS,)r. The state of be- carrying on trade or other business a partner an associate, particularly in trade ing coordinate equality of rank and auor manuliictures. thority. sharer a partaker as, coparinera of our CO-ORDINA'TION, n. The state of hold 3. Milton. loss. ing equal rank, or of standing in the same n. Joint concern in relation to something higher. business; a state of having a joint share In the high court of Parliament there is a rare in a common stock, or a joint interest and coordination of power. Howell. concern in business, particidarly in trade 00T, ?!. [D. koet ; W. cwliar, from cwta and manufactures. short, bob-tailed.] 2. The persons who have a joint concern. fowl of the genus Fulica, frequenting lakes and other still waters. The com CO'PATAN, 71. [See Cop.] High raised; Shak. mon coot has a bald forehead, a black pointed. [jVo< in use.] COPE, n. [W. cob; Sax. cmppe ; D. kap ; body, and lobated toes, and is about fifDan. kappe, kaabe ; Sw. kappa or k&pa : teen inches in length. It makes its ne.st Fr. chape, whence chapeau, a hat Sp. among rushes, with grass and reeds, floatcapa ; It. cappa Port, capa.] ing on the water. 1. A cover for the head. COP, n. [Sax. cop, or copp ; W. cop, cob ; D. 2. A sacerdotal ornament or vestment worn hop; G.kopf; Fr.coupeau; Gr. xv8>].] in sacred ministrations. An ornament The head or top of a thing, as in cob-castle worn by chanters and subchanters, when for cop-castle, a castle on a hill a tuft on It reaches they officiate in solemnity. the head of birds. This word is little used from the shoulders to the feet. in America, unless cob, the spike of maize, 3. Any thing spread or extended over the Chaucer. may be the same word. head the arch or concave of the sky the ("OP'AIBA, n. [Sp. Port.] Balsam of copairoof or covering of a house the arch over ba or capivi, is a liquid resinous juice, a door, &c. flowing from incisions made in the stem An ancient tribute due to the king or lord of a tree called Copiiifera officinalis, grow- |4. of the soil, out of the lead mines in some ing in Spanish America, in the province of part of Derbyshire. Encyc. Antiochia. This juice is clear, transpa V. t. To cover as with a cope. rent, of a whitish or pale yellowish color, JCOPE, Addison. an agreeable smell, and a bitterish i)unhawk. taste. It is of the consistence of oil 2. To pare the beak or talons of a

a. [L.

con and ordiiiatus.

COP'ARTMENT,

COPER'NICAN,

Pertaining to Copernicn.s, a Prussian by birth, who taught the world the solar systeiii now received,

called the Copernican system. com n. [cope and mate.] Hubberd. Obs. paiiion or friend. COP'IED, pp. [See Copy.] Taken off; written or transcribed from an original or form ; imitated.

CO'PESM.\TE,

COP'IER, COP'YIST,
;

who " One who copies one from writes or transcribes

;
; ;

COPARTNERSHIP,

an original or form a transcriber itator also, a plagiary.

Addison.

an im-

CO'PING,

n. top or [See Cope, n.] cover of a wall, made sloping to carry off A coping oi'er, 1 Kings vii. 9. the water. is a projecting work beveling on its under

The

Dryden.

side.

CO'PIOUS,
Sp.
id.
;

Ir. coib.

a. [Fr. copieur ; It. copioso ; L. copiosus, from copia, abundance, Qu. Ch. 33J to collect, gather,
L>..:>.

accumulate; Ar. Gb. No 2. 5. 55.]

1.

jabau,
in

id.

Class

Abimdant; full ample

;

plentif'ul
;

great quantities
is

furnishing
its

full supplies.

The

tender heart

And

kindly pours

peace. copious treasures forth

;

Thomson. In various converse. Furnishhig abundant matter; not barren

rich in supplies. The redemption of of contemplation.

man

is

a copious subject
!

Hail, Son of God, Savior of men tliy name Shall be the copious matter of song.

my

.lyrdton

CO'PIOUSLY,
fully
2.
;
;

adv.

Abundantly;
;

plenti-

in large quantities.
;

gent or a

little

thicker.

As

a medicine,

it is

Builcy.
4.

corroborating and detergent.

CO'PAL, n. [Mexican copnlli, name of resins. Cluvigero.] The concrete juice of a tree growing in Mex
ico

Encyc. a generic

To embiace. Obs. COPE, V. i [Dan. kiv,

strive; kappes, to

CO'PIOUSNESS,
;

Shak.

contention ; kives, to 2. Difliisiveness of style or manner of treatstrive, to equal, to ening a subject; as the copiousness of Ho;

Largely fully amjily diffusely. The remains of antiquity have been copiousli/ Mdison dcscdbed by travelers. 71. Abundance; plenty: fiill supply. groat quantity
.

or

New

vy

Sw.
;

kif,

strife

kifwa, to contend or
.strive, to

mer.

Spain, hard, shining, trans

quarrel

khppas, to

emulate

CO'PIST,

n.

Dryden.
copier; on
ill

formed word.

COP
piece of ground teniiinatiiig ill a cop or acute angle. [jVot used in America.] Did. 0-PLANT', V. I. To plant together. [JVot in use.] Howel. n. Equal share. [JVot used.] CO-PORTION,

COP
COP'PER-PLATE,
plate of copper on whicii concave lines are engraved or corroded, according to some delineated
n.

COP
COP'ULATE,
brace
;

COP'LAND,

n.

v.i.
to

njwlied
;

To unite in sexual eiu animals in general.

Spenser.

This plate, when charfigure or design. ged with any colored fluid, imparts an im pression of the figure or design to paper or parchment. Encyc.

COPULA'TION,
COP'ULATIVE,

of coupling the embrace of the sexes in the act of generation coition.

;

n. [L. copulatio.]

The act

a.

That unites or couples.

COP'PED, eOP'PLKD,
Copped

"

[See Cop.]

Rising to a

COP'PER-SMITH,
tion
is to

n.
n.

One whose occupautensils.

I like a

point, or liead. sugar loaf.

mamifacture copper

Wiseman.

COP'PEL. eOP'PER,
koppar
;

COP'PER-VVORK,
per
is

place where cop-

In grammar, the copulative conjunction connects two or njore subjects or predicates, in an aftirmative or negative proposition as, riches and honors are tempta;

[See Cupel.] n. [D. koper ; G. kupfer ; Sw. Ir. copar ; Corn, cober ; L. cucuivre cocvr ;
;

wrought or manufactured.
Woodward.
n.

COPPER-WORM,
ships
;

little

worm
;

in

Port, id.; supposed to be so called Irorn Ctjprus, au isle in the Mediterranean. This opinion is probable, as the Greeks called it j;aXxos xujtpioj, Cyprian brass,

prum Fr. Arm. cuevr,

Sp. cobre

worm

that frets garments that breeds in one's hand.

worm

tions to pride the Romans conquered neither Spain and Gaul and Britain wealth nor honors will purchase immortal
;

happiness.

COP'ULATIVE,
tion.
2.

n.

A
;

copulative conjunc-

COP'PER Y,
taining

In this case, copper was originally an adjective.] AiiiotuI, of a pule red color, tinged with yellow. Next to gold, silver and platina, it is the most ductile and malleable of the metbrass of Cyprus.
als, and
it

Ainsimrlh. a. Mixed with copjier; concopper, or made of copper; like in taste or smell. Woodxoard. copper
/
(,

Connection.
n.

[JVot in use.]

COP'Y,

[Fr. copie

Arm. copy

It.

copia

COP'PICE,

COPSE,

A wood

coupiz, from couper, to cut, Gr. xojtru.]

[Norm,

Sp. and Port, copia ; Ir. coib, coibeadh. This wf)rd is from the root of cope, in
the sense of likeness,

resemblance,
it

Ar.

underwood
The

is

cept steel, metals. It is found native in lamins or fibers, in a gangue almost always ipiartalso found crystulized, and in grains or superficial lamins on stones or iron. It is not ahered by water, but is

more elastic than any metal, exand the most sonorous of all tiie

of small growth, or consisting of or brushwood a wood cut at certain times for fuel.
;

,_i^b
ling,

to

be
the

like

or

is

from doubAr-

covery of
conical.

rale of coppice lands will fall coal-itiines.

on the

dis-

and

root of

Locke.
;

cuff,

iS^-

OI"PLED,a.
fving metals.

[from cop.] Rising to a point

n.

zous;

it

is

ft'oodicard. Literally,

Class Gb. No. 50. See Cope and Cuff.] a likeness, or resemblance of

cqP'PLE-DUST,

Powder used
n.

in purifra

any kind.
1.

tarnished by exposure to the air, and is at last covered with a green carbonated oxyd. Copper in sheets is much used for

COP'PLE-STONES,

Lumps and

inents of stone broke from

the adjacent

covering the bottoms of

sliip.s,

for boilers

and other
zink,
it is

utensils mixed with tin and used in enamel-painting, dyein tin, it forms bell-metal with a smaller proportion, bronze and with zink, it forms brass, pinchbeck, &c When taken into the body it operates as a
:

&c.

mixed with

cliffs, rounded by being bowled and tumbled to and again by the action of water. Johnson. Woodward. In New England, we pronounce this word cobble, cohble-stones, and if the word

violent emetic, and all its preparations are violent poisons. Fourcroy. Encyc. Hooper.

COP'PER,

a.

Consisting of copper.
Cleaveland.

OP'PER,
2.

n.

vessel

made

particularly a large boiler.

diameter, wherever they may be found of copper, COPSE, n. [See Coppice.] COPSE, V. t. To preserve underwoods.
in

Formerly, a small copper coin.

My

friends filled
V.

my

pocket with coppers.

Fraiiltlin.

OP'PER,
rood, that

t.

To
;

cover or slieathe with

as, to copper a ship.

shecas of copper

eOP'PERAS,
is,

n.

co|)per rust, verdigris couperos.]

[Fr. couperose ; D. koperred copper, and koperroest is Arm. couperosa, or

;

Sulphate of iron, or green

vitriol

a salt of a

follow original or pattern, in manners Hence, or course of life. The language of the Copts. Copy the Savior in his humility and obedience. [See Class Gh. No. 8. 14.] COP'ULA, n. [L. See Copulation and Cou- COP'Y, V. i. To imitate or endeavor to be like to do any thing m imitation of someIn logic, the word which unites the ple.] and zink. A painter copies from the Cleaveland. thing else. Fourcroy. subject and predicate of a proposition. COPPER-BOTTOMED, a. Having a bot- Religion is indispensable to happiness. life. An obedient child copies ajter his tom sheathed with copper. Herein is the copula joining rf/ie-ion, the parent. COP'PERED, pp. Covered with sheets of subject, with indispensable to happiness, the They never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the good. copper sheathed. predicate. Dry den. COPPER-FASTENED, a. Fastened with COP'ULATE, a. .Toined. [Little used.] COP'YBQQK, 71. A book in which copies copper bolts. COPULATE, v.t. [L. copulo, to couple; are written or printed for learners to imiCOP'PERISH, a. Containing copper; like Sp. copular It. copulare ; Fr. coupler. tate. copper or partaking of it. See Couple.] COP' YED, Transcribed imitated us-

medicine, as a tonic. The copperas of commerce is usually made by the decomThe term copposition of iron pyrites. peras was formerly synonymous with vitriol, and included the green, blue and whhc vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, copper

j)eculiar astringent taste, and of various colors, green, gray, yellowish, or whitish, but more usually green. It is much u.sed in dyeing black and in making ink, and in

the autograph ; the original archetype. Hence, that which is to be imitated in writing or printing. Let the child write according to the copy. The copy IS in the hands of the printer. Hence, a pattern or examjile for imitation. His Swift. virtues are an excellent copy for imitation. COP'SY, a. Having copses. Dyer. eOP'TIC, a. Pertaining to the descendant 4. Abundance. [L. copia.] Obs. of the ancient Egyptians, called Copts, or COP'Y, t'. t. To write, print or engrave, acto form a hke cording to an original Cophti, as distinct from the Arabians and work or composition by writing, printing other inhabitants of modern Egypt. The or engraving; to transcribe; often followname is supposed to be taken troin Cop ed by out. lint the use is not elegant. as tos, the nietropohs of the Thebaid The men of Hezekiah copied certain proverbs Egypt, AiyiTtros, is probably from that of Solomon. name Sanscrit, agupta, inclosed, fortifi 2. To paint or draw ed. So .Misraim and J\fazor are from according to an origi3.
; ; ; ;

a diminutive of co6, cop, a head, or cub, a heap, we follow the Welsh cob, as tlie English do the same word, cop, in the Saxon dialect. apply the word to small round stones, from the size of an inch or two, to five or six inches or more,
is

"2.

We

a transwriting like another writing from an original or a book printed according to the original hence, any single book, or set of hooks, containing a composition resembling the original work; as the copy of a deed, or of a bond a copy of Addison's works a copy of the laws a copy of the scriptures. The form of a picture or statue according the imitation or likeness to the original of any figure, draught, or almost any ob;

Hence,
;

script

ject.

An

work

^^X

to inclo,se, to bind, to

fortify.

Whatever
3.

nal.

may

be the origin of Copt, the adjective

To form
To
an

according to a model, as in archattempt to resemble

;

Coptic Copts,

now who
n.

refers

are

peojile called 4. christians, and to their

to

the

tecture. imitate or

to

language.

COP'TlC,

COP'PER-NOSE,

n.

red nose.

Shak.

To

unite

to join in pairs.

[Little used.]

pp. ually written copied.

COR
COP'YER,
scribes
;

COR
copies or
trail

COR
to be a

11.

One who

ral

was formerly supposed

COP'YHOLD,

usually written copier. n. In England, a tenure of

;

estate by copy of court roll or a tenure for which the tenant hath nothing to show, except the rolls inaJe by the steward of the lord's court. Blackstone.

ble substance, but is now known to be composed of a congeries of animals. Co-i ral is red, white and black. It is properly tlie shells of marine animals of the polype kind, consisting of calcarious earth com

vegeta-[

name

given also to the keratophyta, horn-plant, or sea-shrub, a sjiecies of Gorn. [Fi: courant, to run, L. curro.]
j(.

is

g-o'"'"-

CORAlNT',

Encyc. running; courir.

COPYHOLDER, n. One who is possessed of land in copyhold. OP'YIST, n. A copier a transcriber.

;

bined with gelatine and other animal matter. In the South Sea, the isles are mostly coral rocks covered with earth.
Encyc. JVicholson Corals seem to consist of carbonate ofj lime and animal matter, in equal jiroporUrc.

A lofty spriglitly dance. Johnson. Temple. CORB, [L. corbis. See the next word.]
1.
'2.

basket used

in coaleries.

OP'YRIGHT,
author has
positions
;

in

The sole right which an liis own original hterary comn.

An ornament in a building. CORB'AN, 71. [L. corbis; D. korf;

Svv.Aorg-; Dan. kurv
;

Fr. corbeille
;

Spenger G. korh: Eth. ;

tions. the exclu.sive right of an author to print, luiblish and vend his own literary 3. piece of coral their necks. works, for his own benefit ; the hke right

Tl^n

worn by

children about
;

COQUAL'LIN,

in the hands of an assignee. J!. A small quadruped of the squirrel kind, but incapable of clindjDid. ojW'a/. Hist. ing trees.
)

COR'AL,
coral.

a.

Made
ft.

of coral

resembling

karbo, a wicker absket Russ. korban, a chuch box or chest, a treasury. But in Ethiopic, korban is an oblation, that which is offered to God, a gilt, a sacrifice, coinciding with the Heh.

CORAL-TREE,

pip,

genus of i)lants, Eryare

all

from
1.

thrina, of se\eral species, natives of Afri-

Dip
to

to

0'QUELI0T, eO'QUELIeO,
COQUET',
coegcn,

[Fr.]

Wild poppy
;

ca and America.

proach,
life
:

They

approach, to cause bring or offer.]

;

to ap-

shrubby

y'' corn rose

hence, the

color of wild popjiy.

COQUETTE,
from owl

a beau, a gen ( " [Fr. coquet, eral lover, a cock-boat $ coquette, a jilt ; from the Welsh or Celtic a vain saucy wench, a
;

flowering plants, adorned chiefly with trifoliate or three-lobed leaves, and scarlet spikes of papilionaceous flowers. COR'AL- WORT, n. A genus of plants, Dentaria, called also tooth-wort or tooth-violet.

tion to the mincha,

without
It
is

coquet,

S[>. coqueta ; It. civetta, an coeg, vain civettare, to play the wag, to trifle, to
;

CORALLA'CEOUS,
taking of its

a.

Fam. of Plants. Like coral, or par2.

civettena, coqueti-y coquet vain young fellow.]

civettino,

COR'ALUFORM,
sembling coral
;

(pialiiies. a. [coral

and form.] Reforked and crooked.

A'iV('a?i.
;

God which you ask of me, and it is no longer mine to give. Encyc. An alms-basket a vessel to receive gifts of charity a gift an alms; a treasury of the church, where offerings are
voted that to
; ; ;

which was an olferin"hfe. a gift, cnrban, by whatsoever thou that is, I have demightest be prohted by uie
;

In Jetvish antiquity, an offering which had an animal offered to God in opposi-

depo.sited.

vain, airy, trifling girl, attract admiration and from a desire to gratify rejects her lover ; a jilt.

who

endeavors to advances in love, vanity, and then

Calmet.
.

COR'ALLINE,
coral
;

Consisting of coral containing coral.

o.

hke

Among Mohammedans,
formed
at

the foot of

a ceremony permount Arrarat in

COR'ALLINE,
Pope

n.

submarine plant-like

The And

light coquettes in sylplis aloft repair, sport and flutter in the fields of air.

Note. In French, coquet is masculine and coquette feminine but as our language has no such termination for gender, it may be better to write coquet for both sexes, and for distinction preiix male to the word when applied to a man.
:

COQUET',
tice,

V. t. To attempt to attract noadmiration or love, from vanity to entertain with compliments and amorous
;

tattle; to treat with an appearance of amorous tenderness.

You

are coquetting a
V.
i.

maid of honor.
love
;

Sifift.

COQUET',

To
a.

trifle in
;

lover from vanity admirers.

to

endeavor

to act the to gain

COQUET'ISH, CO'QUETRY,

Practicing coquetry.

J). [Fr. coquetterie.] Attempts to attract admiration, notice or love, from vanity ; affectation of^ amorous advances ; Addison. trifling in \o\e.

COR'ACLE,
in

n. [W. cwru-gh.] A boat used Wales by fishermen, made by covering a wicker frame w ith leather or oil-cloth. Johnson. n.

COR'ACOID,

[Gr. xofO^, a crow, and

nSoj, form.]
like a

small sharp process of the scapida, shaped crow's beak. Hooper. COR'ACOID, a. Shaped like a beak.

BucJdand.

COR'AL,
Fr.
1.

n.

(-ocoi7,
;

[L. corallium ; Gr. xofaT.'Ki.ov or coral; It. corullo; Sp. corn/;

;

D. koraal

G. koralle

Dan.

koral.]

In zoology, a genus belonging to the order of vermes znophyta. The trunk is radi-

The specated, jointed and calcarious. cies are distinguished by the form of their Ijranches, and are found in the ocean adhering to stones, hones, shells, &:c.

Co-

body, consisting of many slender, jointed branches, resembling some -species of amotig the poor. Encyc. Crooked. [JVot in the form of CORBE, a. [Fr. courbe.] in use.] Spenser. plants, having their steins fixed to other bodies. These stems are comjiosed of ea- CORBEIL, n. [Fr. corbeille ; It. corbello. See Corban.] l)illary tubes, which pass through a calcarious crust and open on the surface. In In forllf cation, a little basket, to be filled with earth, and set upon a parapet, to shelter the Liimean system, corallines are class men from the fire of besiegers. Johnson. ed with the zouphytes. They have been distributed by Ellis into vesicutatcd, fur CORBEL, n. [Seethe preceding words.] nished with small bodies like bladders 1. In architecture, the representation of a ha.sket, sometimes set on the heads of catubular, conqjosed of simple tubes; cdUfe ryatides. rous, which, w hen magnified, appear to he fine thin cells, the habitations of small an 3. The vase or tambour of the Corinthian column so called fiom its resemblance to imals; aiul articulated, consisting of short a basket. of stony or cretaceous brittle m.-itpieces Encyc. n. A short piece of timber in a ter, covered with ijoies or cells, joined by CORB'EL, vvall, jutting six or eight inches, as occaa tough, menibraiious, flexible substance, sion requires, in the manner of a shonlderBut in coni])Osed of many small tubes. this arrangement of Ellis, the term coral picce sometimes placed for strength under the seniigirder of a platform. The line is synonymous with the more ancient under part is sometimes cut into the fonn term lithophyla, iuchnling all the ])olypeof a houltin sometimes of an ogee, or of bearing animals, ami nearly coincicUng a face, &c. with the zoopliyta of Linne, and ihe polyEncyc. Johnson. 2. A niche or hollow left in walls for imaof the French naturahsts. piers ges, figures or statues. Chambers. Encyc. Cyc. COR'ALLINITE, n. A fossil polypier or COR'BY, n. A raven. [.Vo< in xise.] coralline. Did. Mit. Hist. CORCELEJ, ? ^^ ^^^^,^^^ [Fy.corselet,lrom L. corpus, i. A mineral substance or CORSELET, ^ COR'ALLITE, corps, body.] petrifaction, ill the form of coral or a fosIn natural history, that part of sil polypier, winged inlarger than a corallinite. sects, which answers to the breast of othKirwan. Did. A'<. Hist. er animals. COR'ALLOID, Encyc. ( [coral, and itbos, "' ) hut in a difCORC'ULE, ^ [L. corcuhm, CORALLOID'AL, S form.] ferent sense. It is a dimiHaving the form of coral branching like CORC'LE. ^ nutive from cor, the heart.] coral. Dirt. Mit. Hist. COR'ALLOID, ?i. Eschara or honiwj-ack,j In botany, the heart of the seed, or rudiment of a future plam, attached to and involved a species of coralline, resembling woven in the cotyledons. cloth in texture, consisting of arrangeIt consists of the ments of very small cells. One species is! plume or ascemliiig part, and the rostcl, or called narrow-leaved hdrnwrack; radicle, the simple descending part. anotb-j broad-leaved hornwrack. This? er, the Martyn.

Arabia, near Mecca. It consists in killing a number of sheep, and distributing thein

moss; or animals growing

COR
ORD,
Fr. corde ; It. corda ; Sp. cuerda ; D. koord ; L. chorda ; xopinj. According to the Welsh, tliis word Bigniiies a twist, from cdr, the root o{ chon.

COR
G
with cords, wood.
or

COR
pieces of
; ;

ing the kernels or .seeds as the core of an Encyc. apple or quince. It was formerly applied CORDELIER, n. [Fr. from corde, a girdle to place as, in the core of a square. or cord worn by the order.] RiUeigh. A Franciscan friar; one of the order of reli 2. The inner part of an ulcer or boil. rus.] 1. gious founded by St. Francis; a gray fri Dryden. string, or small rope, composed of sevar. eral strands twisted together. Rahal The cordeliers wear a thick gray i. A body. Fr. corps. [JVol used.] Bacon. let down the ypics by a cord tiirough the cloth, a little cowl, a chaperon, and a 4. A disorder of sheep, occasioned by worms in the liver. Chambers. window. Josh. ii. cloke, with a girdle of rope or cord, tied with three knots. a. In the herring fi.shery, rolled 3. A fjuantity of wood, or other material, Encyc. in salt and prepared lor drying. jisA. originally meastned with a cord or linr CORDIAL, a. [Fr. and Sp. cordial ; It. cordiale ; from L. cor, the heart.] The cord is a pile containing 128 cubi' CO-RE UENT, i. A joint regent or ruler. irraxall. feet or a pile eight feet long, four feet 1. Proceeding fiom the heart; hearty; sincere; not hypocritical; warm; afleclion- CORIA'CEOL'S, a. [L. coriaceus, fiom corihigh, anil four feet broad. ate. 3. In scripture, th<^ cords of the wicked arc um, leather.] With looks of cordial love. Milton 1. Consisting of leather, or resembling leaththe snares with which they catch the unV>'e give our friends a cordial reception. er; tough; as coriaceouj concretions. wary. I's. cxxix. The cords of sin are bad habits, or the con- 2. Reviving the sjiirits ; cheering iii\ igora.drbuthnol. ting giving strength or spirits as cordiid 2. In botany, stiff, like leather or parchment sequences of sin. Prov. v. H'i.ieman. The cords of a man are the fair, gentle or waters. applied to a leaf, a calyx or capsule. natural means of alluring men to obedi- CORD'IAL, 71. In medicine, that which sud Martyn. ence. Hos. xi. n. [L. coriandrum ; Gr. denly excites the system, and increases the action of the heart or circulation when The cords ofvimily arc worldly vanities ami xoptor, xopcafOi'.] medicine which increase- A genus of plants of two species. The seeds or proferment or vain lajiguid any pleasures, profit and deceitful arguments and pretenses, of one species, the sativum, have a .strong strength, raises the spirits, and gives life and cheerfulness to a person when weak which draw men to sin. Is. v. smell, and in medicine are considered as and depressed. To stretch a line or cord about a city, is to levstomachic and carminative. 2. Any thing that comforts, gladdens and exel it, or utterly to destroy it. Lam. ii. CORlN'DtJN, n. [See Corundutn.] hilarates as, The cordi of a tent denote stability. To CORINTH, n. city of Greece. Hence, mind. loosen or break the cords, is to weaken or 2. A small fruit, now called currant, which Broome. ee. destroy ; to lengthen the cords, is to en- CORDIAL'ITV, n. Relation to the heart Philips. Broum CORINTH' lAC, a. Pertaining to Corintli. [JVot used.] large. Job XXX. Is. liv. Jer. x. 2. Sincerity; freedom from hypocrisy; sinD^inville. CORD, V. t. To bind with a cord or rope cere afleciion and kindness. to t'asten with cord.s. CORINTH'IAN, a. Pertaining to Corinth, Our fricmls were received with cordiality. 2. To pile wood or other material for a celebrated city of Greece ; as Corinthian mcas-j CORDIALLY, adv. Heartily; sincerely; cohmm Corinthian order Corinthian ureinent and sale by the cord. without hypocrisy; with real affection brass. The Corinthian order, in architecCORD'MAKKR, n. One whose occupation The christian cordially receives the doctrines is to make ture, is the most delicate of all the orders, ropes ; but in America, called! of grace. ami enriched with a profusion of ornarope-maker. n. Wood cut and piled for! CORD'IERITE, n. The mineral called othments. The cajiital is usually adorned eORD'WQOD, sale by the cord, in distinction from long; erwise iolite and dichroite. with olive leaves or acanthus. Encyc. wood i)roperly, wood cut to the length of: CORD'IFOKM, a. [L. cor, the heart, and CO-RIVAL, n. [c&n and nVa/; written imfour feet but in this respect, the practice forma, fiu-m.] jiroperly corriral.] is not imiforni. In Scotland, curd-wood is Heart-shaped having the form of the hu- \ rival, or fellow rival a competitor.

[W.

cord

made of two

CORED,

CORIANDER,

wood conveyed
vessels, floated.
?i.

to

in opposition

market on board to that which

;

of|
is

man heart. CORD'LNER,

wainer.]
)i.

n.

[Ao<

used.

See Cord- CORI'VAL,

equal.
It.

V. I.

Encyc.
[Sp. cordage
Fr.
id.
;

CORD'AtiE,
cord.]

from

CORDON,
1.

[Fr. Sp. cordon

cordone:

CORK,
ecorce

n.

[D. kurk
;

All sorts of cords or ropes, used in the runifmg rigging of a ship, or kept in reserve to supply the place of thut which may be rendered unserviceable. In a mere general sense, the word includes all ropes and
lines

Port, cordam. See Cord.] In fortification, a row of stones jutting before the ram|)art, and the basis of the 1. or a row of stones between the parapet wall of a fortress which lies aslope, and the parapet which is perpendicular; serv- 2.
;

Dan. kork

Shak. to pretend to Shak. G. kork ; Sw. korck ; Sp. corcho ; Russ. korka ; Fr.

To

rival

used on board of ships.

[L. cordatus, with a different signification, cor, the heart.]
I "
<i
;

ing as an ornament, and used only in for-

CORD'ATE, tORD'ATED,

from Having the form of a heart; heart-.sliaped a term used by naturalists as a cordate
;

CORD OVAN,
CORDUROY'. CORD'WAIN,
;
\

of stone- work. Johnson. Encyc. In military language, a line or series of miliiarv posts; as a cordon of troops.
tifications
71.

L. cortex, bark, rind, shell, crust.] ; glandiferous tree, a species of Quercus, in Spain and Portugal, having a thick, rough, fungous, cleft bai-k. The outer hark of the tree, or epidermis, of which stopples for bottles and casks are made. This outer bark is taken off, and a new epidermis is formed, which, in six or seven years, becomes fit for use. This hark is also burnt to make a kind of

grow ing

cordoban; Port, co)-dovnm Fr. cordouan ; from Cordova, or oblong, lieart-sha|)ed lengthened cordate lanceolate, heart-shajied, gradually ta|;erCordoba, in Spain.] towards each extremity, like the head* Spanish leather; goat-skin tanned and dress ing of a lance; cordate-sagittate, heart-shaped, ed. Sp. Diet. Spenser. but resembling the head of an arrow. CORD'WAINER, ji. [from cordicain.] A This word was formerly shoeniaUcr. Martyn. written cordiners. It is evidently from the DORD'ATELY, adv. In a cordate form. CORDED, pp. Bound or fastened with French cordouan, cordouannier properly, cords. a worker in cordwain, or cordovan leather 2. Piled in a form for measurement by the CORE, n. [Fr. cceur: Norm, core ; Sp. cora cord. zon ; Port, corafam ; It. cuore : from L. furnished with cords. 3. Made of cords See Class Gr.] cor, the heart, (Jr. xfop. Shak. 1. The heart or inner part of a thing ; par4. In hcraklrv. a cross corded is one w ound ticularly, the central part of fruit, containJ!.

leaf in botany, resembling the longitudinal section of the heart. Hence, cordatt;

Ji.

A thick cotton stufl'ribbed.

[Sp.

Spanish leather.

light black, called Spanisti black. stopple for a bottle or cask, cut out of cork. CORK, V. t. To stop bottles or casks with
3.

corks
cork.

to confine
n.

or

make

fast

with a
size.

CORKING-PIN,

A pin

of a large

CORK'-SCREW,
from
cork;
bottles.
a.

n.

A screw to draw corks

;

Swijl.

CORK'Y,

made of cork;

Consisting of cork tough.

resembling

CORMORANT,

n. [Fr. cormoran ; Sp. corCormorant is supposed to be correjon. rupted from corvus tnarinus, sea raven. The Welsh also call the fowl morvran, sea crow.]

Vol.

i;

49

COR
1,

COR
CORN'CRAKE,
n.

COR
; ;

water raven, a large fowl of the pel the head and neck are hlark ioaii kind the coverts of the wings, the scai)ulars and the back are of a deep green, edged will black and glossed with blue. The base of the lower mandible is covered with a na ked yellow skin, which extends under the This chin and forms a sort of pouch.
Tlie
:

crake or land rail Horny ; like horn consisting of a homy subthe corn-crow, for kraka, in Sw., and kru stance, or substance resembhng horn ; I'ard. Brown. ge, in Dan., is our word crow, and the name is probably taken from its cry. The Dutch CORN'ER, n. [W. cornel, from corn, a jioint or projection, a horn; Com. kcrmal ; Arm. kraai, a crow, is contracted from kraug,

The

and kraaijen
tales
;

is

to

crow, to vaunt, to
n.

tell

com

ir.

ceama

Sw.

horn.

See Horn
'

G.

krcihe, kriihen.

CORN'-eUTTER,
who

{corn
field

and cut]

One
1. is

fowl occupies the

on
2.

tish,

and

is

cliffs by the sea, feeds extremely voracious.

cuts corns, or indurations of the skin.

n.

CORNFIELD,
growing.

where corn

A glutton. COKN, [Sax.

71.

Encyc
corn
;

CORN'FLAG,
D. hoorii
;

G.
this

kom

Dan. Sw. kom. Not improbably

is

word

n. genus of plants, the Gladiolus, of several species, bearing red or white flowers.

and Grain. Qu. Heb. Ch. Syr. Ar. lip karan, to shoot. The point where two converging lines meet properly, the external point an angle as, we meet at the corner of the State-house, or at the comer of two streets.
; ;
;

3.

The
an

Such transpositions the L. granum. are not uncommon. The word signifies not only tlie hard seeds of certain plants, but hail and shot, L. grando, Ir. gran, grain, hail, shot. Johnson quotes an old
Runic rhyme.
llagul er kaldastur korna. Hail is the coldest com. See Grain.] 1. single seed of certain ])lants, as wheat, a grain. In this rye, barley and maiz sense, it has a plural ; as, three barley corns make an inch. It is generally applied to edible seeds, which, when ripe, are hard. 2. The seeds of certain plants in general, in bulk or quantity as, corn is dear or scarce. In this sense, the word comprehends all the kinds of grain whicli constitute the food of men and horses. In Great Britain, corn is generally applied to wheat, rye, oats and barley. In the United States, it has the same general sense, but by custom, it is appropriated to inaiz. VVe are accustomed to say, the crop of w heat is it is a good' good, but the corn is bad

CORN FLOOR,
thrashing corn.

n.

A
n.

interior point angle.

where two

lines

meet

floor for corn, or for 3.

Is. xxi. Ilos. ix.

CORN'FLOVVER,

A
;

flower or

plant

The space between two converging lines or walls which meet in a point. Hence, An inclosed place ; a secret or retired
place. This thing was not done in a comer.
xxvi.

CORN HEAP,
CORN'LOFT,
granary.

growing among corn as the blue-bottle, wild poppy, &c. Bacon. n. A heap of corn. Hall.
able to the production of corn, or grain.
n.

Acts

eORN'LAND, n. Land appropriated or suitAn

apartment
n.

for

corn a Sherwood.
;

a part. They searched every corner of the forest. They exjjlored all comers of the coimIndefinitely

any part

try.
0.

CORN-MARYGOLD,
CORN'MASTER,
CORN'MILL,
the Sison.
n. n.

The end, extremity or limit ; as the corners of the head or beard. Lev. xxi. xix. cultivates Comer-teeth of a horse, the foreteeth between the middling teeth and the tushes, two corn for sale. [J^ot Jised.] Bacon. CORN'METER,?!. One who measures corn. above and two below, on each side of the

genus of plants,

the Chrysantheminn.

One who

more generally

mill for grinding corn, called a grist-mill.

n.

CORN'-I'ARSLEY,

genus of

plants,

CORN'ERED,
three or
lies at

jaw, which shoot when the horse is four Farrier^s Diet. years and a half old. a. Having corners having
;

more

angles.
n.

CORN'PIPE,
joint

n.

pipe

made by slitting the CORN'ER-STONE,

Johnson.

The

stone which

CORN'-ROCKET,n. A genus
Bunias.

of a green stalk of corn.

of plants, the

them

CORN'ROSE,
Pa])aver.

n.

A
n.

species of poppy, or

the corner of two walls, and unites the principal stone, and especially the stone which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice.
;

Who
xxxviii.

laid

the corner-stone thereof.'

Job

year for wheat and rye, but had for corn. In this sense, corn has no plural.
3.

CORN'-SALLAD,
Valeriana,

whose top
n.

plant, a species of| leaves are said to be

Christ Iiimself being the chief corner .s/one.

The plants which produce corn, when growing in the field; the stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears and seeds, after reaping and before thrashing. We say, a field of] corn, a sheaf or a shock of corn, a load of

CORNSTALK,
larly a stalk
la.

a good sallad.

Eph.

ii.

stalk of corn, particu-

CORN'ER-WISE,
netta,
;

of the maiz.
n.

CORN'-VIOLET,

A species of Campanu- CORN'ET, n. [Fr. cornetto

Tale.
1.

America.

adv. Diagonally the corner in front not parallel.

;

with

comet, cornette; It. corSp. corneta ; from L. cornu,

n. [from Fr. come, L. cornu, a horn.] from the ears. An ancient tenure of lands, which obliged the tenant to give notice of an invasion by 4. In sxirgtri/, a hard excrescence, or iuduration of the skin, on the toes or some Blackstone. blowing a horn. part of the feet, occasioned by the presn. [from L. eornii, a horn.] The sure of the shoes so called from its hardtransparent membrane in the fore-part of ness and resemblance to a corn. the eye, through which the rays of light 5. small hard particle. [See Grain.] pass situated in the sclerotica, and conCORN, V. t. To preserve and season with sidered by some as a portion of it.

The plants or stalks are included in the term corn, until the seed is separated
corn.

CORN'AgE,

a horn. See Horn.] An instrument of music, in the nature of a trumpet, sounded by blowing with the mouth. It was of a winding shape like a horn used in armies and on occasions of
;

CORNEA,
;

joy-

David played before the Lord on cornets. 2 Sam. vi. In modem usage, an officer of cavalry, who bears the ensign or colors of a troop. He is the third officer in the company.
3.

salt in
9.

grains

to sprinkle "with salt

;

as.

to corn beef.

CORN'EL, CORN'EL-TREE,

} )

[L.conuis.from
its
;

form into small grains. COKN'BIND,?!. Climbing buck-wheat. [Logranulate

to
cal.]

To

} n.comi(,ahorn,or
root,

CORNE'LIAN-TREE,

from
;

Grose.

the hardness of the wood corniolo ; Fr. comouiller.]

Sp. corno

It.

eORN'BLADE,

n. The leaf of the maiz. The cornelian cherry or dog-wood, a genus of plants of several species. The tnasCornblades are collected and preserved as fodder, in some of the southern states cula, or cornelian cherry tree, has a stem of America. of twenty feet high, branching and t'orniCORN'-CHANDLER, n. [Chandler, a deal ing a large head, garnished with oblong er in candles, is supposed to be from the leaves and small umbels of yellowishFrench chandelier ; but what has thi green flowers, succeeded by small, red, word to do with corn and ship, in cornacid, eatable, cherrv-like fruit. Kncyc. cftanrf/er and ship-chandler'? In these words CORNE'LIAN. [See Cornelian.] chandler seems to be a corruption of the CORNEMUSE, [Fr. cornemusc ; corne, Teutonic handler, a trader Sw. kornhand- CORN'AMUTE a horn, and muse ; It. Dan. handler ; G. id.; lore, a corn-dealer comamusa.] D. handelaar.] A dealer in corn. A kind of rusti flute. Draijton. CORN'LAD, a. Covered with growing CORN'EUUS, a. [L. comeiis, from cornu, a corn. Barlow. horn. See Horn.]
; ;

.5.

Encyc. a troop of horse. Clarendon. Bacon. a horse [crtronet] is the of lowest part of his pastern, that runs round the coffin and is distinguished by the hair that joins and covens the upper part of the hoof Farrier's Did. A little cap of j)aper in which retailers
.\

company of cavalry
used.] cornet

[.\'ot

The

inclose small wares.

6.

A
A

scarf anciently

worn by

doctors.
Diet. Diet.

\7.

head dress.
n.

iCORN'ETCY,
of a cornet.

The commission
Chesterfield.

or rank

CORN'ETTER, CORN'ETER,
COR'NiCE,
n.
[It.

One who blows a

net.

Stephens. corHakeuill.
corniehe ;
xojjutef.

cornice

Fr.

Sp. cornisa; from L. coronis, Gr. xopurij, a summit, a croum.}

vm

COR
1.

COR
masonry
;

COR
The oflicer who commands a
COR'ON'ER,
71.

In architedure, the uppermost memlier of the entablature of a column, or the higliest projecture ; that vvhicli crowns an orJohnson. der. Kncyc.

2.

httle projecture in joinery or

tlie

Encyc. chimney. Cornice-ring of a cannon, is the ring next from the muzzle-ring backward. Encyc. CORN'IeLE, u [L. corniculum, from corBrown. nu, a horn.] .\ little horn.

as

cornice of a

the parts of fructification, and is composed of one or more flower leaves, called jietals. It is distinguished from the perianth, by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors; but there are many exceptions. It is sometimes inaccurately called blossom and fiower.

[Law

regiment. Obs. Spenser, Lat. coronator, from

corona, a crown.]

An

Marfyn.

COROLLA'CEOUS,
rol
;

a.

Encyc. Darwin. Pertaining to a co-

eORNlO'ULATF^
horn.^
1.

a.

[from L. cornu,

A
net,

inclosing

and protecting Uke a wreath.

COR'OLLARY,
opus. Johnson.
1.

corrnllaceous covering. Ia'C. n. [L. coroltarium, a coro-

More. having horns. producing horned pods bearChambers ing a little spur or horn. eORNIti'EROUS, a. [L.comiger; cornu, a

Honied

2. In botany,

horn,

and
;

gcro, to bear.]
;

Horned
mals.

having horns

as comigerous ani-

Brown
n. A house or place is graindated Pertaining to Cornwall, in

ORN'ING-HOUSE,
where powder

CORN'ISH,
England
or horn.
;

a.

and as a noun, the language

n.

of Cornwall.

CORN'IST,

A
a.

performer on the cornet

Destitute

eORN'LESS,

of corn;

as

from corolla, a crown. Finis coronal Fr. corollaire.] whether wrecks or not, and who is in posconclusion or consequence drawn from .session of the goods; also concerning treasure-trove. As a ministerial officer, premises, or from what is advanced or demonstrated. If it is demonstrated that a the coroner is the sheriff''s substitute and when an exception can be taken to the triangle which has equal sides, has also it follows as a that for suspicion of partiality, process corollary sheriff, equal angles, a triangle which has three equal sides, has is awarded to the coroner. Blackstone, its three angles equal. Encyc. In some of the States, in America, there is a A corollary is an inference from a preceding coroner, but his principal or only duty is J. Day. to inquire into the causes of untimely proposition. Shak. 2. A surplus. In Connecticut there is no such ileatli. COR'OLLET, } ^ One of the partial flow- officer, the duty being performed by a constable or justice of the peace. COR'OLLIILE, ^ "ers which make a com71. one the floret in an aggregate pound [from corona, a crown.]

oflicer whose office is concerned princiOne chief pally with pleas of the crown. part of his duty is, when a per-son is slain or dies suddenly or in prison, to inquire into the manner of his death. This must be done by a jury, on sight of the body, and at the place wlierc the death happenIn England, the coroner is to inquire ed. also concerning shipwrecks, and certify

CORONET,

cornless dwelling i)laces.

flower.

Tooke's Russia.

CORO'N.A,
iure,

71.

[L. a

Martyn. Encyc. In archittccrown.]

An inferior crown worn by noblemen. The coronet of a duke is adorned with

strawberry leaves; that of a marquis has leaves with pearls interposed; that of an earl raises the pearls above the leaves that of a viscount is surrounded with that of a baron has only four pearls only
;

CORNUeO'PFA,
copia, plenty.]
1.

n.

[L.

cormi, a horn,

and

The horn of plenty, an emblem of abunfruits

2.

large flat member of a cornice, crowning the entablature, and the whole order ; called by workmen the drip.

dance of

chambers.
In anatomy, the upper surface of the
lar teeth or grinders.
.3.

2. In architecture

and sculpture, the figure of a horn, from which fruits and flowers are represented as jiroceeding. CORNU'TE, V. t. [L. comutus, from cornu, a horn.] To bestow horns; to cuckold. Burton. eORNU'TED, pp. or a. Grafted with horns horned cuckolded. 2. In botany, horn-shaped.
:

mo-

pearls.

Johnson.

In botany, tlie circumference or margin 2. In poetical language, an ornamental head dress. of a radiated compound flower. Encyc. Also, tlie appendage to the top of seeds, Coronet of a horse. [See Cornel.] which enaliles them to disperse. Martyn. COR'ONIFORM, a. [L. coro7ia, a crowu, 4. In optics, a halo or luminous circle aroimd and forma, form.] Having the form of a the sun, moon or stars. crown. Encyc. COR'ONAL, a. Belonging to the crown or COR'ONOID, a. [Or. xopuij;, a crow, and (i6o;, form.] top of the head as the coronal suture. ORNU'T(), 71. [It.] A man that wears A crown wreath gar- Noting the upper and anterior process of the 71. the horns; a cuckold. COR'ONAL, land. end of the lower jaw, called the coronoid Spenser. ORNU'TOR, 71. A cuckold-maker. Coxe, Jordan. 2. The first suture of the skull. Encyc. process. CORN'Y, a. [L. cornu, a horn.] Horny COR'ON.'VRY, a. Relating to a crown COR'ONl'LE, 71. [from corona, a crown.] A coronet or little crown of a seed the seated on the top of the head or placed or hard like horn rescnililin strong, stitf Brown. as a crown. Milton. horn. downy tuft on seeds. Martyn. CORN'Y, a. [from corn.] Producing corn Coronary vessels, in anatomy, certain vessels CORTOR.VL, 71. [It. caporale ; Fr. caporal ; whicli furnish the substance of the heart Prior. Dryden. containing corn. Sp. caporal ; from L. caput, head, or more corwith blood. from the Celtic root of caput, Sp. ? Encyc. COR'ODY, directly " [It. corredo, provision An redure, to furnish.] eOR'RODY, \ Coronary arteries, two arteries which spring cabo. It. capo, Eng. cape, Oiu- orthography from "the aorta, before it leaves the periis a corruption.] allowance of meat, drink or clothing, due to the king from an abbey or other relicardium, and su|)ply the substance of the i. The lowest officer of a company of infanCoxe. Encyc heart with blood. He has charge for the sustenance of such try, next below a sergeant. gious house, over one of the divisions, places aud reone of his servants, as he thinks good tn Coronary vein, a vein difliised over the extelieves sentinels, &c. rior surface of the heart, receiving the bestow on it. An allowance for the mainCoie. Enci/c 2. The corporal of a ship of tear, is an officer tenance of any of the king's servants livblood front the heart. Cowel. Stomachic coronary, a vein inserted into the under the master at arms, employed to ing in an abbey. teach the sailors the use of small arms; to trunk of the splenic vein, which, by uniCorodies are a right of sustenance, or to reattend at the gangways or entering ports, ceive certain allotments of victuals and ting with the mesenteric, forms the vena and see that no spirituous hquors are Encyc. provision for one's maintenance. In lieu porta. of which, a pension or sum of money is CORONA'TION, i. [from corona, a crown.] brought, except by permission ; to extinBlacl;stone. sometimes siibstitiited. The act or solenniity of crowning a king miish fire and candles, &c. The king is entitled to a corody out of every or emperor the act of investing a prince COR'PORAL, a. [L. corporalis, from corpus, with the insignia of royalty, on his sucbody.] bishopric, that is, to send one of his chap1. Belonging or relating to the body ascorlains to be maintained by the bishop, or ceeding to the sovereignty. a coroto have a pension allowed, till the bishop 2. The |)omp or assembly attending poral pain, opposed to mental, nation. Pope. 2. Material not spiritual. [See Corporeal,] [This has promotes him to a benetice. Shak. Blackstone. Coronation-oath, the oath taken by a king at fallen into disuse.l his coronation. COR'PORAL, ^ A fine linen cloth, used According to the Italian, the latter word is COR'ONEL, 71. kur'nel. [?p. coronet ; Port, COR'PORALE, S to cover the sacred eltne correci orinograpoj. the correct orthography. We follow ements in the eucharist, or in which the irf. ; Fr. colonel ; It. colonnello. COBOL, [L. corolla, a little crown.] I sacrament is put. Todd. the Sp. and Port, orthography in our proIn botany, the inner cov Paley. eOROL'LA,j corol surround nunciation.] Corporal oath, a soleijin oath, so called from cring of a flower. The co
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
;

COR
the ancient usage of touching the corporale, or cloth that covered the consecrated elements. Palty. CORPOKAL'ITY, n, The state of being a body or embodied opposed to spirituality. If this light hath any coijwraUty, it is most subtile and pure. Raleigh. COR'PORALLY, adv. Bodily in or with the body as, to be corporally present.
; ;
:

COR
CORPS,
In military language, a body of troops; auy division of an army as a corj^s de re-

COR
;

n. [Fr. from L. corpus, body. It is 2. To amend ; to remove or retrench feults or errors ; to set right as, to correct a l)ronounced kore, and is an ill word in Enbook ; to correct a copy for the or ; glish.]

press

COR'PORALSIIIP, n. corporal's command

carcase a ileatl bodv. [See Corpse.] Shak. In architecture, any part that projects beyond a wall, serving as the ground of some anil each of these, of three corporalships or .sixdecoration. Encyc. Tonke. ORPSE, 11. Jr. ty nine men who come in the front. corps. [L. corpus, a body COR'PORAS, n. The old name of the cor- corp ; W. corv ; Arm. corf; It. corpo ; Sp. The dead body of a human becuerpo.] )ioral or conmmnion cloth.
3.
;

[iVom corporal.] A in a Russian company, or a division of twenty -three men. Each squailion consists of two companies,

in printing, to correct the press, or errors of the press. ; 3. To bring back or attempt to serve. bring back to jiropriety in njorals ; to punish for in contempt, as used by Milton body, faults or deviations from moral rectitude ; and Dryden, but probably pronounced in to chastise ; to discipline ; as, a child the English maimer, as corpse.

A A

should be corrected for lying. Correct thy son, and he shall give thee
Prov. xxix.
4.

rest.

4.

obviate or remove whatever is wrong or inconvenient; to reduce or change the qualities of any thing by mixture, or other to counteract whatever is ina|)plication jurious as, to correct the acidity of the
; ;

To

COR'PORATE,
poror, to be

a.

[\..

shaped

corporal us, into a body,

from from

corcor-

ing.

Mdison.
}

pus, body.]
i.

eOR'PULENCE, eOR'PULENCY,
1.

'" [L.

corpulentia,

from

2.

United in a body, or community, as a number of individuals, who are empowered to transact busine.ss as an individual formed into a body as a corporate assema corporate town. blv, or society Swi/l. United general collectively one.
;

corpus, body.] I Fleshiness; excessive fatness; a state of being loaded with iicsli as the body of a
;

stomach by alkaline preparations; to correct the rela.xing quality of water by boiling it with animal substances. Jlrhuthnot.

CORRECTED,
errors;

pp.

Set right

freed froin

amended; punished.
Bringing to the stand;

Jirbulhnot. being. 2. Spissitude grossness of matter; as cor/)u

;

human

CORRECTING, jipr.
ing
;

ard of truth, justice or propriety

chastising.
;

amend-

leiice

eOR'PULENT,

They answer

in a ciyrporttte voice.
71.

Shak.

OR'p6rATENESS,

Tho

state

of a
Diet.

Ray. Fleshy: having a great or excessive quantity of fat or flesh, in to the frame of the body; as a jnoportion
[LAttle used.]
a.-

of water.

CORRECTION,?!.

corpora TION,

corporate body.

n.

A body

corpulent child. Corpus C/iristi. [IJody of Christ.] politic or cor-

festival

of correcting from error or deviation, to a just standard, as to truth, rectitude, justice or ])ropriety : as the correction of opinions or manners.
All .sciipture
is

The act [L. con-f/jo.] the act of bringing back,

law to porate, funned and authorized by act as a single person; a society having the capacity of transacting business as an urc aggregate or individual. Corporations sole. Corporations aggregate consist of two or more persons united in a society,

of the church of England, kept on the next Thursday alter Trinity-Sunday, in honor of the Eucharist. Encyc. t'OR'PUSCLE, )!. [L. corpusculum, dim. of
.\ niiiuite
;

profitable for correction.

Tim.
2.

Hi.

Retrenchment of faults or errors; amendment as the correction of a book, or of

;

which is preserved by a succession of members, either forever, or till the corpois dissolved by tlit! ])ower that forit, by the death of all its ineiubers, by surrender of its charter or Iranchises, or by forfeiture. Such corporations are the mayor and aldermen of cities, the head and fellows of a college, the dean and chapter of a cathedral church, the stockholders of a bank or insurance compan}', A corporation sole consists of one &c. person only and iiis successors, as a king Blackstone. or a bishop. 0RP0RA'T0R, h. Tlie member of a cor-

corpus, body.] 3. particle, or physical atom corpuscles are the very small bodies which com-

the press.

ration

med

pose large bodies, not the elementary principles of matter, but such small particles simple or compound, as ai-e not dissolved or dissijjatpd by ordinary heat.
It will ;i(ld

That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong ; as the corrections of a copy are numerous; set the corrections in the margin of a proof-sheet.

4.

much

to our satisfdction,

if

those

corpuscles can be discovered by microscopes,

That whicli is intended to rectify, or to cure faults punishment disciphne chastisement that which corrects. Wiibbold not correction from the cliild. Prov.
; ; ; ;

xxiii.
.5.

.N'ewton

CORPUS'CULAR,
cles, or

a. Relating to corpussmall particles, supposed to be the constituent materials of all large bodies

In scriptural language, whatever tends to correct the moral conduct, and bring back from error or sin, as afflictions.

The

They have
Jer. V.

refused

to

receive

correction.

poration.

0R'P0RATURE,
embodied.

11.

Sergeant. Tlie state of being

;

corpuscular philosophy attempts toj account for the phenomena of nature, by the motion, figure, rest, position, &c., of the minute particles of matter. Encyc.

CORPUSeULA'RIAN,
above.

a.

Corpuscidar, as

{.Yot in use.]
f
<,

CORPO'REAL, eORPO'REOUS,
body
;

Having a body

More. con-

ORPUSeULA'RIAN,

n.

An

advocate for

"-sisting' of a luaterial material opposed to .spiritual or immaterial : as our corporeal trame cor; ;

the corpuscular ))liilosophy.

eORRADLVTION, n. [L. con a.m\ radiatio. See Ray.] A conjunction of rays in one
point.
a.

poreal substance

CORPO'REALIST,

n.

One who denies the CORRF-CT',

;

[L. correctus,
;

Bacon from corrigo

My son, despise not the chastening of the Lord, nor be weary of bis correction. Prov. iii. 6. Critical notice; animadversion. Brown. 7. Abatement of noxious quahties ; the counteraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; as the cojT-cch'on of acidity in the stom.nch. House of correction, a house where disorderly licrsons are confmcd a bridewell.
;

CORRECTIONAL,
;

a.

Tending

to or in-

tended for correction.

existence of spiritual substances. CORPO'REALLY, adv. In body in a bo( Richardson. ily Ibrni or manner.

COiRPORE'ITY,
The one

n. The stale of having a body, or of being embodied; materiality.

attributed corporeity to
V.
I.

God.
;

Stillingllfet.

CORPO'RIFY,
into a body.

To embody
-

to

form
Boyle.

[M)t

Mserf.]

CORTOSANT,

n. [Sp. cuerpo sanlo, holy

body.]
to a luminous appearance often beheld, in dark tempestuous nights, about the decks and rigging ef a ship, but particularly at the mast

name given by seamen

con and rego, to set right rectus, right See Right.] straight. Literally, set right, or made straight. Hence right; conformable to truth, rectitude or! propriety, or conformable to a just stand cor ard not faulty free from error. reel edition of a book is exactly according to the original copy. Correct manners cor respond with the rules of morality and re ceived notions of decorinn. Correct jirinCorrect, ciptes coincide with the truth. language is agreeable to established usage. CORRECT', V. t. [L. correctus, corrigo con
;
;

Walsh.

CORREC'TIONER,
in the

n.

One

that has been

house of correction.

[Xot used.] Shak.

CORRECTIVE,
;

a. Having the power to correct having the quality of removing or obviating what is wrong, or injurious ; tending to rectify; as coiTfrfjVe penalties.

Mulberries are pectoral, corrective of bilious alkaii. Arl)uthnot.

CORRECT'IVR,

n. That which has the power of correcting; that which has the quality of altering or oliviating what is
as, alkalies are co?"wrong, or injurious of acids; penalties are correctives. of immoral conduct.
;

and
1.

To make

rego.

See Right.]
right
;

c/riics
;

to rectify

to bring to the
;

heads and yard-arms, supposed

trical.

to be elec-

Mar.

Diet.

standard of truth, justice, or jnopriety as, to correct luamicrs or principles. Hence,

2.

Limitation

restriction.

[lAtlle used.]

Hate.

COR
CORRECT'LY,
ill
;

COR
manner
at a distance
ters.

COR
let-

adv.

In a roriect

conlbrmity with iruth,

jnslice, rrjcuttiflo

or propriety according to a staiulartl agreeable to a copy or original exactly accurately; without fault, or error; as, to behave curredly ; to write, sjieak or think
;

we

delight to correspond with those love and respect.

We

by sending and receiving

and
1.

rohoro,

to

strengtiien,
;

from robur,

strength.

CORRESPONDENCE,? CORRESPOND'ENCY S
ity
;

Relation; fitness congru;

correctly; to

judge

CORRECTNESS,

correctly. n. Cont'oniiity to truth,

;

nuitual adaptation of one thing to another. There is no correspondence be-

2.

tween a

])olite

education and clownish

manners. as the correctness of 2. Intercourse between persons at a distance, opinioas, of judgment, or of manners as 2. Conformity to settled usages or rules by means of letters sent and answers received. The ministers of the two correclnc.1.1 in writing or speaking. courtsj have had a correspondence on the subject of as the 3. Conformity to a copy or original
justice, or propriety
; ;

Class Rb.] strengthen to make strong, or to give additional strength to ; as, to corroborate the nerves; to rorroborate tlie judgment, }VoUon. H'atts. authority or habits. To confirm to make more certain. The news ^\ as doubtful, but is corroborated by recent advices.

To

CORROB'ORATED,

Strengthened: pp. confirmed: rendered more certain.

Strengthening:
giving firmness or additional assurance. The act of TIO.M, n. strengthening, or confirming addition ol" strength, assurance, or security confirmaas the corroboration of au argument, tion or of intelligence. a. Having the power
; ; ;

CORROB'ORATIXG, ppr.

commerce. Hence, correctness of a book. 4. Conformity to established rules of taste or 3. The letters wliich pass between correspondents. The correspondence of theminproportion ; as the correctness of design in

CORROB(JRA

CORUECT'OR,

painting, sculpture or architecture. )!. One who corrects

i.sters is
;

published.
;

one

4.

who amends faults, retrenches error, audi renders conformable to truth or propriety, as a corrector of the or to any standard press a corrector of abuses. 2. One who punishes for correction ; one
; ;

Friendly intercourse of offices or civilities

reci])rocaI exchange

connection.

CORROBORATIVE,
of giving
strciigtli, e

Let military persons hold good correspondence with the other great men in the state.

tending to confirm.

Bacon.

CORROBORATIVE,
V.
t.

n.

medicine that

who amends
3.

GORRESPOND'ENT,
; ;

a.

Suitable
;

fit

strengthens; a corroborant.
[L. corrodo; con

or reforms by chastisement,
;

congruous agreeable answerable adapt- CORIU)'DE,

ed.
fession,

reproof or instruction.

That which corrects tliat which abates or removes what is noxious or inconvonient an ingredient in a composition which abates or counteracts the force of another: as, an alkali is a corrector of acids.
;

Let behavior be correspondent to proand both be correspondent to good

n.

and

rorfo,

to

gnaw,

Ar.

morals.

aradha, to eat or

CORRESPONDENT,
ponds
;

One who

corres1.

Turpentine

is

a corrector of qtiicksilver.

one w Ith w liom an intercourse is carried on by letters or messages. ^Vhcn

CORREG'IDOR,
gistrate.

n.

[Sp]
[L. con

A
and

Quincy

Spanish maSmollett.
relatus.

A is the correspondent resjmndent of A.

ponding manner.

ol' 1),

]i

is

the cor-

It. corrodere, [qu. raw and crude ;] roderc ; Fr. corroder ; Sp. corroer ; W. rhu-tiaw,to corrode, to rub or fret.] To eat away by degrees; to wear away,

gnaw,

CORRESPOND'ENTLY.at/i'.

In a corresin- 2.

COR'RELATE,
Relate.'

n.

See

CORRESPONDING, ppr.
tercourse by letters.
2. a.

Carrying on
;

or diminish, by gradually separating small particles from a body, in the manner an animal gnaws a substance. Thus, nitric acid corrodes cojiper.

To wear away
impair
;

by degrees

to

prey upon

One who

stands in an opposite relation, as

South.
n.

father and son.

Answering

agreeing
a.

suiting.

CORRELATION,
CORREL'ATIVE,

Reciprocal relation.
Paley,

CORRESPON'SIVE,
ailapted.

Answerable

Shak.
n.

[L. con and relativus See Relate and Relative.] Having a reciprocal relation, so tliat tlie existence of one in a cerUiiii state depends on the existence of anotlier as father and
a.
;

son, liusband and wile, are correlative terms. Tlie term son is correlative to that
offather.

CORREL'ATIVE,
Darkness and

op|io sed to something else in a certain relation. The son is the correlative of his father.j

n.

That which

is

light are correlatives. Rest is| the correlative of motion. CORREL'ATIVELY, adv. In a correlative

Sp. corredor, from L. citrro, to rim, to flow. The tcnnination dor may perhaps be the L. tor, as in curator, cursilor. Corridor signifies a runner; hence, a running, flowing, or long line.] 1. In architecture, n gallery or long aisle round a building, leading to several chambers at Harris. a distance from each other. the covered way lying 2. In fortijication, round the whole compass of the fortifications of a place. Harris. CORRIGIBLE, a. [Fr. from L. corrigo, to

COR'RIDOR,

[Fr.

to consume, or diminisli by slow .Jealousy and envy corrode the constitution. Sidistances an- corroded by time. The anxious man is a victim to corroding care.

to

degrees.

correr, It. correre,

CORRODED,
grees.

pp. Eaton away gradually worn, diminished, impaired, by slow dea.

CORRODENT,
CORRO'DEN'J',
corrodilile.

Having

the

power of

corroding, or wasting by degrees.

n.

Any
n.

cine that corrodes.

CORRODIBIL'ITY,

substance or mediCoxe. Tlie quality ofbeing

CORUO
ly
;

DII5LE,

a.

That may be corroded.

Brown.

correct.]
1.

iTlation.

CORREL'ATIVENESS,
being correlative.

CORREl'TION,

ji.

[L.

reproof; n^pi-imand.

CORRESPOND',

i. [It. corrispondere ; Fr. corresponjre ; Sp. corresponder ; from^ L. con and respondeo, to answer; re and,

v.

That may be reformed as, the young man may be corrigible. corn>io.] Chiding;! 3. Punishable that may be chastised for Hammond.\ correction. He was adjudged corrigible
2.
; ;

n.

The

state ofi

set right, or corrigible defect.

That may be

amended

as a

for abusive words.

CORRI'V.VL,
itor.

n.
V.

A
t.

fellow rival: a

spondeo, to promise.
1.

See Sponsor.] answer to agree to fit to to be adapted to. be congruous Levity of manners docs not correspond with the'

jAIore corrcctlv co-rival,

compel which see.

T(

To

suit

to

COR'RIVATE,
draw water
one.
[Little

rivus.] [L. out ot several streams intOj Burton.l used.]

H.

con and

Burton.i having the power of gradually wearing, consuming or impairing as corrosive sublimate corrosive care a corrosire ulcer. Strengthening having the power or qualto be adequate or propor 2. as a corroborant 2. Having the ity of giving strength I,,et the means of quality of fretting or vexing. tioncd. prosecuting a medicine. Corrosive sublimate, the corrosive muriate war corrcspottd with the magnitude of tl or percldoride of mercury. medicine that' C(tRROB'ORANT, n. contest.

The' dignity of the clerical character. length of a room should correspond with the breadth. Actions should correspond teitk

CORRIVA'TION,

The rnnning of differ-!

[Ao(
rtiuch used.]
|

Eating away gradualimpairing; wasting. CCiR'RODV. [See Corody.] But corrody is the most correct orthography. CORRO'SIBLE, a. [See Corrodible.] CORROSIBIL'ITY, . [See Corrodibilify.] CORRO'SIO.N, n. s as z. [from corrode.] The action of eating or wearing away by slow degrees, as by the action of acids on metals, by w liii-li the substance is gradu'I'his is elVected by the afally changed. finity of the menstruum with the component parts of the substance, in consequence of which the two .substances unite and fiirm new combinations.

CORRO'DING, ppr.

ent streams into one.

CORRO'SIVE,
:

a.

Eating

wearing away;

words. To be equal

CORROB'ORANT,
;

a.

[See Corroborate.l

3.

To communicate
ccivcd
:

t.>

bv letters sent and ic hold intercourse with a person'

streiii:thens the

human body when

v. f.

CORROB'ORATP;,

[L. cmrobero

weak.i : con

CORRO

SIVE,

n.

That which has the

quality of eating or wearing gradually.

COR
2.

COR
!

COR
;

Tbat which has the power of freltiiig.

Hooker.
adv.
;

depraved spoiled fected with errors.

;

maiTed

bribed

in- 2.
3.

CORROSIVELY,

Like a corrosive witii the power of corrosion in a corrosive manner. eORRO'SIVENESS, it. The quality of cor;

CORRUPT'ER,
2.

n.

One who
;

of moral impurity ruptness of a judge.

state

A
A

as the cr
;

wlio vitiates, or taints morals, or of Christianity.

corrupts one as a corrupter of

;

vicious state ; debasement ; impurity as the corruptness of language.

n.

One who

CORRUPT'RESS,
rupts others.

female that cor

bribes

that

which depraves or
possibility of
;

Beaum.
[Fr. corsaire ; Sp. corsario, a ; corsear, to cruise ;

roding, eating

away
a.

or wearing

acri-

mony.

Boyle. 3.

COR'RUGANT,
intf
tlie

[See Comigate.] Havpower of contracting into wrin-

One w ho introduces errors. CORRUPTIBIL'ITY, n. The

being corrupted.

destroys integrity.

COR'SAIR,
It.

n.

cruising by a privateer
corsare, a pirate,

kles.
v. t. [L. corrugo ; con and rugo, to Wrinkle, in our vulgar language, to ruck, W. rhypi, to furrow.] To wrinkle to draw or contract into folds Bacon. as, to corrugate the skin.
;
;

CORRUPTIBLE,
corruUlbilc]
1.

a.

[Fr. corruptible
;

It
be-

career, L. cursus, pirate ; one who

from corso, a course or from curro, to nm.]

cruises or scours the
vessel, without a state, to

COR'RUGATE,

ocean, with an
that

armed

That may be corrupted

come

may

putrid

truction.

Om-

That may L. corpus.] A CORSE, n. [Fr. corps ManOR'RUGATE, a. Wrinkled. ciples corpse; the dead body of a hmnan being Young. susceptible of depravation. a poetical word. ners are corruptible by evil example. Addison. eOR'RUGATED, pp. Wrinkled. into CORRUPTIBLE, n. That which may de- CORSE-ENCUiM'BERED, a. Loaded with eOR'RUGATlNG, ppr. Contracting
;
;

subject to decay and desbodies are corruptible. be vitiated in qualities or prin;

commission from any prince or seize and phmder merchantmen.

COR'SAK,

n.

species of fox.

Pennant.
;

wrinkles.

CORRUGA'TION,

n.

A
A

cay and perish

1

the

human
n.

body.

dead

bodies

as

the

wrinkling;

con-

traction into wrinkles.

This corruptible must put on incorruption. Cor. XV. Susceptibility

corruptibilitv.

plains.

muscle which conOR'RUGATOR, tracts the skin of the forehead into wrinn.

CORRUPT'IBLENESS,
of corru|)tion
;

CORSE-PRESENT,
present paid at the I'ody.

corse-encumbered Barlow. n. mortuary or interment of a dead

Blackstone.
[Fr. corselet;
to
It.

kles.

Coxe.
V.
t.

CORRUPTIBLY,

CORRUPT',
;

[L. corruptus,

from

cor;

rumpo con and rumpo, for rupo, to break Fr. corrompre ; It. corrompere ; Sp. corClass Rh.] romper. Literally, to break, separate or dissolve.
1.

CORRUPTING,
ving; vitiating.

adv. In such a as to be corrupted or vitiated. ppr. Putrefying;

manner
depra-

CORSELET,
eorsaletto
1.

n.

cors'let.

A little
body

from

corse.]

CORRUP'TION,
;

Hence, To change from a sound

;

to a putrid or

to separate the compoputrescent state nent parts of a body, as by a natural process, which is accompanied by a fetid

smell.
2.

n. The [L. corruptio.] pike-men. Ency'c. act of corru])ting, or state of being corrupt 2. [See Corcelet.] or putrid the destruction of the natural V. t. cors'let. To encircle with form of bodies, by the separation of the a corselet. Beaum. component jiarts, or by disorganization, in CORS'ET, n. [Fr. from boddice corse.] the process of putrefaction. jumps; something worn to give shape to Thou wilt not suffer thy holy One to see corthe body ; used by ladies and dandies.

cuirass, or an for protection,

armor

cover the worn formerly bj-

CORSELET,

ruption.

Ps

xvi.
;

To

good
1

vitiate or to bad.

deprave

to

change from

2. 3.

Putrid matter pus. Putrescence ; a foul state occasioned by

putrefaction. Depravitj' ; wickedness ; perversion or deterioration of moral principles; loss of pm-ity or integrity. Having escaped the corn(/)<io that is in the world through lust. 2 Pet. i.

CORS'NED,

n.

[Sax. corsncede,

comp. of
piece

Evil communications corrupt good manners. Cor. XV.

3.

To

waste, spoil or consume.

4. 5.

Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth antl rust doth corrupt. Math. vi. To defile or pollute. Ex. xxxii. To entice from good and allure to evil. 2 Cor. xi.

Corruption in elections
freedom.

is

G.

To
To

pervert

to break, disobey or
;

make
;:
f

worse

7.

8.

Mai. ii. pervert or vitiate integrity to bribe judge. To debase or render inipinc, b}' altera-! tions or innovations; as, to corrupt lan-l
void.
as, to corrupt a

vulsions and paleness, and find no passage. If innocent, it was believed it would turn to nourishment. Blackstone. Shak. CORTE'liE, n. [Fr. from the It. corleggio, Kec]) rny honor from corruption. from corte, court.] train of attendants. Impurity depravation debasement as a
/.

the great

enemy
to

of

needbread, bread oi' necessity.] The morsel of execration, or curse a piece of bread consecrated by exorcism, and to be swallowed by a suspected person, as a trial of his innocence. If guilty, it was sup))Osed the bread would produce con;

corse, curse, and snccd, a mouthful, or bit. It is called also ned-bread,

Adams

Debasement
state.

taint

or tendency

7.

corruption of language. Bribery. He obtained his suit by corruption.

CORT'ES,

n. plu.

guage.
9.

8.

To

pervert;
;

rors
trefy

CORRUPT',
;

to falsify: to infect with er-l as, to corrupt the sacred text. v.i. become putrid; to pu-l
I

To

In law, taint impurity of blood, in consequence of an act of attainder of treason or felon)', by which a person is disabled to iidierit lands from an ancestor, nor can
;

to rot. Animal and vegetable substances speedily corrupt in a warm and! moist air.
2.
1.

retain those in his possession, nor transmit them by descejit to his heirs. Corruption of blood can be removed only by
act of purlianieiit.

To become vitiated to lose CORRUPT', a. [L. corruptus

;

Blcu:kstone,

puritv.
It.

Spanish name of the States of the kingdom, composed of nobility, clergy and representatives of cities the assembly of the States, answering, in some measure, to the parliament of Great Britain. COR'TICAL, a. [from L. carter, bark. See Chart.] Belonging to bark consisting of barker rind; resendjling bark or rind; external belonging to the external covas the cortical part of the brain. ering
; ; ; ;

[from

corte, com-t.]

The

c'orrotto.]]

CORRUPTIVE,
quality.

Changed from
;

a sound to a putrid state, as

1

2. 3.

by natural decomposition. vitiated Spoiled tainted

;

a. Having the quality of corru]itins, tainting or vitiating. It should be endued with some corruptive

cortical

bud

in

jilants

the scales of the hark.

unsound

as]

Say.
a.

Knolles.i corrupt air, or bread. Depraved ; vitiated ; tainted with wicked-| ness.
I

CORRUPT'LESS,

Not

susceptible of

COR'TICATE, COR'TICATED,

I " ^

[L.

Cheyne. proceeds from Martyn. coiiicatus, from

bark.]
tree.

cortex,

Re-

eORRUPT'LY,
We
Neh.
2.

They ore corrupt ; they ble works. Ps. xiv.

4.

have done abominaj

corru|)tion, or decay. Drijden. adv. In a corrupt manner ; with corruption ; viciously ; wickedly without integrity.
;

sembling the bark or rind of a

Brown.

CORTICIF'EROUS,
it.

a.

[cortex

and

/era, to

5.

The earth was cmruptheiore God. Gen. vi. Debased ; rendered impure changed toj a worse state as corrupt language. Not genuine infected with errors or mi.s; ;
;

produce.] have dealt very corruptly against thee. Pioducing bark, or

that

i.

By

bribery.

judgment was obtained

n.

CORTIC'IFORM,

n.

which resembles Did. [cortex and form.] Refull

tukes.

The

corrnptli/.

text

is

corrupt.

CORRUPT'ED,

CORRUPT'NESS,
vitiated:

The

state

pp.

Pmivf.ed:

sembling bark. of being CORT'ICOSF,, )

corrupt

putrid state or putrescence.

CORT'ICOUS, ("

Barky;

of bark.

Did.

COS
CORUND'UM,
n.

COS
xoafioi,

COS
COSMOL'OgY,
The
n. 4 as 2. [Gi: xorifto7M)w ; tin: luiiverse, and 7.oyoi, discourse.] science of the world or universe or a treatise relating to the structure and parts of the system of creation, the elements of bodies, tho modifications of material things, the laws of motion, and the order and course of nature. Encyc. Enfield.
;

COSMOPLAS'TIC, a. [Gr. xo-l^LO(, world, and rtXaaau), to form.] Btackstone. World-forming pertaining to the formation of the world. CO'-SINE, n. [Sec Sine.] \n geometry, tlie HaUywell. a sudden flash sine of an arc which is the complement of Bacon. } or atmosphere. " as z. [Gr. xo^^oj, another to ninety degrees. Encyc. 2. The light produced by the combustion of ^ ^^^,^,^ ^^j a. s as z. [Gr. xoffjuijrtxoj, from JVewton. COSMET'IC, TtoXiTt;!, a citizen.] imflammable gas in the earth. jtoo^o;, order, beauty.] A person who has no fixed residence one are produced by phosArtificial coruscations Beautifying improving beauty, particular who is no where a stranger, or who is at porus and sulphuric acid, or by sulphuri<' ly the beauty of the skin. home in every place a citizen of the acid and iron filings. Encyc. n. Any preparation that ren world. Howell. OR'VET, n. [Fr. corvette. ; Sp. corveta, n OSMET'I, ders the skin soft, pure and white, and Hindoo measure of one English sloop of war leap, a curvet, a boat.] OSS, n. helps to beautify and improve the coman advice boat. mile and a quarter nearly. Asiat. Res. plexion. Encyc COS'SACK, n. The Cossacks inhabit the ORV'US, 71. [L. corvus, a raven.] In as- OS'JVIICAL, a. s as x. [Gr. xou^ixot, from Ukraine, in the Russian empire. tronomy, a constellation of the southern xonuo;, order, the world.] COS'S.\S, n. Plain India muslins, of vari hemisphere, containing nine stars. 1. Relating to the world, or to the whole sysous qualities and breadths. 3. A military engine or gallery used by the tem of visible bodies, including the earth Romans for boarding ships in war. It COS'SET, n. [Uu. G. kossat, like D. huisand stars. was a strong platform of boards at the '2. In lam, and from the root of co<, or house ; It. or setting with the astronomy, rising casiccio, from casn, a house.] prow, movable as on a spindle, and thrown sun not acronical. Encyc. A land) over the side of the enemy's vessel, when brought up by Ijand, or without the OS'MICALLY, adv. With the sun at riaid of the dam. Encyc. grappled. or .setting a star is said to rise or set sing CORYUAN'TIC, a. Madly agitated in- cosmicalh/, when itrisesorsets with the sun. eOS'SIC, a. Relating to algebra. Bp. Hall. flamed like the Corybantes, the frantic COSMOG'ONIST, J^. [See Cosmogony.] COST, n. caust. [G. D. Sw. Dan. host ; Ir. cosdas ; W. cost, coa.t and cost; Fr. cout; Cudworth. One who treats of the origin or formation priests of Cybele. .Arm. const. Sec the Verb.] COR'YMB, n. [h.corymbus; Gr. xvpv^iffos.] of the universe. Enjicld. 1. The price, value or equivalent of a n. s as :. [Gr. xoo^oyoria thing Primarily, a top, head or cluster. In modthe amount in value paid, purchased ern botany, a species of inflorescence, in xoo^^oi, world, and yori;, generation.] charged or engaged to be paid for any which the lesser or partial flower-.stalks The generation, origin or creation of the world or universe. In physics, the science thing bought or taken in barter. The are produced along the common stalk on word is equally applicable to the price in of the origin or formation of tiie universe. both sides, and though of unequal length, money or connnodities as the cost of a rise to the same highth, so as to form an Enfield. Encyc. suit of clothes the cost of a house or farm. )!. scureven surface as in
To flash to lighten ORUSA'TION, n.
; ;

the secant of an arc which is the complecorindon-liarmo ment of another to ninety degrees. Encyr of pliaiK; of HaUy, corindon udamantin n. [Fr. cousu, coudrc.] A botchBroiigniart, the konind of Werner, and CO'SIER, Shale er. It is tho adamantine spar of Kirwan. [JVot used.] COS'INAtiE, n. s as z. [Fr. cousinage, kinoctahedral, rhondwidal or prismatic. dred. See Cousin.] Ure. Ckaveland. In law, a writ to recover possession of an esORUS'ANT, a. [Sec Coruscate.] Flash- tate in lands, when a stranger has entered ing ghttoririg by flashes. and abated, after the death of the tresail, OR'USATE, v. i. [L. corusco, to flash.] or the grandfather's grandfather, or oth Barlow.

The

to ghtter. A [L. coruscatio.] burst of light in the clouds

;

er collateral relation.

COSMOPOLITAN, COSMOPOLITE,

COSMOG'ONY,

spirtea opulifolia,

OSMOG'RAPHER,

vy-grass, &c.

CORYM'BIATED,
ymbs.

a.

Milne. Martyn. Garnished with cora.

One who describes the world or 2. Expense; amount in value expended or phy.] to be expended; charge; that wliich is universe, including the heavens and the earth. given or to be given for another thing.
)

[See

Cosmogra-

ORYMBIF'EUOUS,
;

[L.

corymhifer

corymbus mulfero, to bear.]

OSMOGRAPH'l, OSMOGRAPH'leAL,

"'
S

Relating to the general

will

not

ofl'er

burnt otTerings ivithout cost.

1 Cliron. xxi.

Producing coryiubs bearing fruit or berries in clusters, or producing flowers in chisters.

description of the iiiiiverse.

adv. In a man ner relating to the science of describinj^ the universe, or corresponding to cosmography. eOSMOG'RAPHY, n. sasz. [Gr. xoofuyypafla xoa/iof, the world, and ypa<j)u, to des-

COSMOGRAPH'lALLY,

Milne.
a.

Have e eaten at all at the king's cost 7 2 Sani. xix. Tlie cost of maintaining armies is immense and often ruinous. Anon.
3.

CORYM'BOUS,

Consisting of corymbs: Barton. Lee. in clusters. eORYM'BIILOUS, <i. Having or consistBarton. ing of little corymbs.

eORYPHENE,

ji. A fish with a sloping truncated head, and the dorsal fin extending the whole length of the back.

Pennant.

CORYPHE'US,

n. [Gr.] The chief of a South. chorus; the chief of a company.

COSCINOM'ANCY,
The

n.

[Gr.

xoaxivop,

sieve, and fiaftiM, divination.] art or practice of divination,

In Inio, the sum fixeil by law or allowed coiu't for charges of a suit awarded against the party losing, in favor of the party prevailing, &c. Tlie jury find that cribe.] A descrijition of the world or universe or the plaintiff recover of the defendant ten dollars with rosts of suit or with his cost. the art which leaches the construction of the whole system of worlds, or the figure, 4. Loss or expense of any kind detriment pain ; suffering. The vicious man induldisposition and relation of all its parts, ges his (iropensities at a great cost. and the maimer of representing them on a 5. Siiiiiptuousness Shah. great expense. plane. Encyc. COST, V. I. jiret. and jip. cost. [G. and OS'MOLABE, i. sasz. [Gr. xoa/ioi, world, D. kosten Dan. koster Sw. kosta Fr. ; ; to and

by the

'

'kauSayu,

take.]

ing a sieve and taking it fingers, or by fixing it to the point of a pair of shears, then repeating a fonimla of words, and the names of persons suspectIf the sieve trembles, shakes or turns, ed. wlien any name is repeated, the person deemed guilty. This divination is men tioned by Theocritus, and is said to be stil
i;

by suspendbetween two

An

ancient instrument for measuring distances in the heavens or on eartli, much the same as tlie astrolabe, and called also

couter, iein ;

W.

for couster : Arm. cou.ila, couscostiatv ; It. costare ; Sp. costar ;

;

eOSMOL'ATORY,
world, and

pantacosm.

Encyc.
)i.

s as

:.

[Gr.

xoofioi,

The worship

l^arftvu, to worship.] paid to the world or its parts

cosnam. The noun cost coincides in most of these languages with coast and L. costa, a rib, the exterior part. The [irimary sense of the verb is, to throw or send out, to cast, as we say, to lay out.
Port, cu.itar
Ir.

bv heathens.

Cudtcorth.l
a.

s
(III.

'

->

practiced in some parts of England. The praitice and the name are strangers in

O"SiMOLO0'IAL,
OS.AIOL'0(iIST,
n.

[See

the Ar. and Pers.

Cosmology.]

jj^Ha^^j"

a bal-

Relating to a discourse or treatise of the world, or to the science of the universe.

America.

One who

describes

0-SE'ANT,

n.

[See Secanf.] Ingeometry,

the universe.

ance, or pair of scales, from la>i' to I call this a distribute. transitive verb. In the phrase, a hat costs sLx dollars, the

COT
sense is, it expends, lays out, oi- causes to be laid out six dollars.] 1. To require to be given or expended in barter or purchase to be bought for as,| ihis book cost a dollar; the army and! navy cost four millions a year. :>. To require to be laid oiU, given, bestow-, ed or employed as, Johnson's Dictionary: cost him seven years labor. suftijred. '). To Our; require to be borne or A sense of insins cost us many pains. costs the penitent! gratitude to his inakcr sinner many jiangs and sorrows. COST'AL, (/. [Fr. costal, from L. casta, a coast, side or rib Sp. casta, cost, and
; ;
j

COT
a hovel or stye, an a skirt. abrupt termination, a rump, a tail, Cwta, short, abrupt, bob-tailed ; cwtau, to shorten. This indicates that cot is from cutting off, and hence defending.] A small house ; a hut a mean habitation 2 also, a shed or inclosure for beasts. Chron. xxxii. A leathern cover for a sore finger. An abridgement of cotijuean. Cruse. 4. A cade lamb. [Local.]

COT
wool, as
if

word

signifies

cot,

from

cot,

a short

tail.

But

seems

to be

an

.i\j:abic

word,
C:J

kS,

cor-

responding with a word in Ethiopic and Syriac, wliich signifies to be thin or fine. And with a common dialectical variation, it may coincide with the first syUabte of
gassypiutn and gossamer.] soft downy substance, resembling fine wool, growing in the cap.sules or pods of a shrub, called the cotton-plant. It is the material of a large proportion of clotti for

5.

little

boat.
n.

t'ertaining as costal nerves.

2.

tangent apparel ami fin-niture. is the complement of another to 2. Cloth made of cotton. Harris. ninety degrees. Lavender-cotton, a genus of plants, Santolina. to coast OTE, Ji. A sheepfold. Cot.] [See of several species shrubs cultivated iii a coast; costenr, to pay costs, before to coast or side is the extreme COTE, V. t. To pass by and turn gardens. One species, the chama:cyparysalong. and give a comor sus or abrotanum fiemina, female southgain ground in coursing part, a limit, from extending, throwing [Little used.] to cast.] petitor the txirn. ernwood, is vulgarly called brolany. shooting out, Eng. Shak. Chapman or the ribs to the side of the body Encyc.
j

eO-TAN'(iENT,
which

The

of an arc

'

OTEMPORA'NEOUS,
or being at the
pu.T, time.]

a.

[infra.]

Living

COST'ARD, n. A head. [.Vol used.] An apple, round and bulky, like the

Shak:

same
a.

time.
[L. con, co,
;

head. Johnson.
Billion.

OTEM'PORARY,
porari/ authors.
!/

and temas cotem-

Philosophic cotton, flowers of zink, semble cotton.

which

re-

eOST'ARD-JlONGER,

n.

An
An

apiile-seller.

Living or being at the same time

Silk-cotton tree, a genus of plants, the Bonibax, growing to a great size in the Indies,

Josephus was cotemporaLocke.

and producing a kind of cotton

sules.
a.

in

OST'ER-M5NGER,

eOT'TON, Pertaining -COS'TIVE, a. [contracted from It. costi- eOTEM'PORARY, n. One -who lives at of cotton consisting of cotton; as cotton from the L. cnnslipa, to the same time witli another. pato, costipare, cloth cotton stockings. this word as preferable to crau), to stvff; con and stipo, to cram.] [I consider eOT'TON, V. i. To rise with a nap. 1. Literally, crowded, stuffed, as the intescotHcmporary, as being more easily proJohnson. tines hence, bound in body retaining fenounced.] to unite with a cant word. 2. To cement cal matter in the bowels, in a hard and dry 0-TEN'ANT, n. A tenant in common. Kent. Siin/I. state having the excrements obstructed, 91. A machine to separate or the motion of the bowels too slow. OTT^.RIE', n. [Fr.] A friendly party, or COT'TON-t':IN, the seeds from cotton, invented by that 2. Dry ami hard ; as costive clay. [JVut vseiL] fashionable association. E. Whitney. Mortimer. celebrated mechanician, eOTIC'ULAR, a. [L. coticula, from cos, OT'TON-GRASS, n. A genus of plant.s. OS'TIVENESS, n. A pretornatin-al de- whetstone.] the Eriophorum. Muhlenberg. tention of the fecal matter of the bowels, Pertaining to whetstones like or suitable and dryness; an obstrucKiriran COTTON-MACHiNE, n. A machine for with hardness for whetstones.
to
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

n.

apple-seller.

with Vespasian.

Blackston

capEncyc.

cotton

made

tion or preternatural slowness of cvacua-' Medicine. tions from the bowels.

n.

OTIL'LON,

eOST'LINESS,

n. colil'yun. [Fr. a petticoat.] brisk dance, performed by eight jjer;

carding or spinning cotton.

n. mill or building, with machinery for carding, roving and spinnitig cotton, by the force of water or

[See Cosily.]

Expen-'

siveness; great cost, or expense; sumptuonsness. Rev. xviii. 10. Sidney. OST'LESS, a. Costing nothing. Barrow. OST'LY, a. [trom cost.] Of a high price at a siunptuous ; expensive; purchased as a cosily habit costly great ex[iense
; ; ;

sons together also, a tune which rcgu lates the dance. OT'LAND, )!. Land appendant to a cotJohnson. tage. eOT'QUEAN, n. A man who busies himself with the affairs which jnoperly belong to

jOT'TON-MlLL,
1

steam.
I

!C0T'T0N-PLANT,
climates.

COTTON-SHRUB,
The

women.
n.
71.

A plant or shrub of } ""the genus Gossypium, ofsevcral species, all growing in warm
<,

[Sax. cote and wold.] Shecpcotes in an open country. OOST'MARY, n. [Gr. zojo,-, L. cos1}i.s, an' COTT, Ji. [Sax. cot, cole, a bed. Qu. Gr. aromatic plant, and Maria. Ar. and Pers.l small bed on board of ships, a xoiftj.] bed frame suspended from the beams, for L*M.s kost.] decks Tanacetum alecost.l the officers to sleep in, between the species of lansv, or a piece of canvas, extended by a frame.
a
.1

furniture. Maiy took

.John
\ii.

iiouml of spikemud, very cosily

0-TRUSTEE',

A joint

tru.stee.

Kent.

principal species are,

J.

eOTS'WOLD,

OS'TREL, eOS'TUME,
artist is

n.

bottle.

[JVot in use.']

n. [Fr. costume, custom.] In, or precept by which an! painting, a rule

Mar. Did.

eOT'TAOE,
a small

n.

[from

col.]

cot

a hut

enjoined to

make

every person

mean

habitation.

thejjerbaceous cotton, with smooth leaves and yellow flowers, succeeded bj' roundish capsules, full of seeds and cotton 2. the hairy American cotton, with hairy stalks and leaves, and yellow flowers succeeded by oval pods 3. the Barbadoes shrubby cotton, has a shrubby .stalk, yellow flowers and oval pods; 4. the arboreum or tree cotton, with a woody perennial stalk, bears yellow flowers and large ])ods. The first three species arc annual plants
; ;

obtiling sustain its proper character, or serving the scene of action, the country place, and making the habits, arms, man-!

and

eOT'TAGED,
tages.

sea coast shall be dwellings and cottages for shepherds. Zepli.ii. a. Set or covered with cot-

The

ners,

and proportions correspond. HenceJ the observance of this rule in execution.

Encyc.

Collins.
(I.

0T'TAGER,

One who

lives in a

hut or

cottage. 9. In taw, one who lives on the common, 2. An established mode of dress. 0-SUF FERER, n. One w ho suffers with witlioiu paying any rent, or having land of Johnson. his own. another.

CO-SUPRE'ME,
acy.

n.

partaker of supreni-^
Shak.,
is

CO-SU'RETY,
another.

M.

One who

surety with;

OT'TER, COT'TAR or OT'TIER, n. A cottager. COT'TON, n. coin. [Fr. colon It. colone
;

the last is pcreiniial. Encyc. In the southern states of America, the cotton cidlivated is distinguished into three kinds ; the nankeen cotton, so calleil from the green seed cotton, jn-oducing its color These white cotton with green seeds. grow in the middle and upper country, and are called short staple cotton. The black seed collon, cidtivated in the lower coimtry near the sea, and on the isles near the shore, produces cotton of a fine, white,
;

OT,
OTl'..

>

cot, cote, cyte ; " [Sax. In km : cut.

Mass. Rep.\ G. koth ; D.'

W.

Welsh, the

cadas :h\i. algodon, the cotton-plant or Port. al-\ the wool; colon, jtrinlcd cotton godam ; D. katoni : \V. rotwm, cotton, dag-l
!r.
;

a :ippe;nance, very strong and of long staple. The seeds of the long staple cotton are separated by roller-gin?. The seeds of the short staple cotton are
silky

c o u
a sawseparated with more difficulty, by E. Wliitney. gin invented by

c o u
Drayton.
wliat is press in ob.scure terms, that imply with under. to be understood All this, and more, lies couched under this alL'Estrange. legoiy.
;

c o u
in rough, ruff.

See Class Cg. No.

.

29. 30.
cliafa.

COT'TON-TIIISTLE, n. A

Ramsay.

In Pers.
is
.'V

yjH- chaflah,and ^i^i

plant, the

Ono-

a cough.]

OT'TON-WEED,
The name is

pordiim.

Muhlenberg.
n.

plant, the Filafro. 0.

To

Hence,
involve; to include; to comprise; to

given also to the Gnaphuliuin, ciid-weed, or goldy-lofks.

comprehend or express.
This great argument for a future state, wliich St. Paul bath couched in the words read.
Jltterbury.
7.
8.

violent eftbrt of the lungs to throw off offending matter; a violent, sometimes in-

eOT'TONY,
with
liairs

a.

Downy

nappy

covered

or pubescence like cotton.

Marty n.
2. Soft like cotton.

To To

lie

close.

Spenser.
rest,

fix

CO'TV'LE.
a bone

[Gr. xotuXjj.] which receives the

n.

n.

Tlie cavity of

a spear in the
tlieir

in the posture

end of another
xotVKr^iuv,

of attack. They couched

9.

spears.

in articulation.

COTYL'EDON,
*ori7ij,

[Gr.

from

a hollow or cavity.] 1. In botany, tlie perishable lobe or placenta of the seeds of plants. It involves am' nourishes the embryo plant, and then per Some seeds have two lobes othishes. ers one only, and others none. Milne. Martyn. Encyc. 2. In anatomy, a little glandular body adher ing to the chorion of some animals.
;

mor

Miltoti. Dryden depress the condensed crystaline hu or film that overspreads the pupil of Johnson. the eye. To remove a cataract, by entering a needle through the coats of the eye, and pushing the lens to the bottom of the vi treous humor, and then downwards and

To

outwards,

.so

as to leave

it

in the

under
Encyc.

and outside of the eye.

voluntary, and sonorous expiration, suddeidy expelhng the air through the glottis. The convidsion of the nnisclcs sening for exspiration gives great force to the air, while the contraction of the glottis produces the sound. The air forced violently carries along with it the phlegm or irritating matter which causes tlie convulsion or efliirt of the muscles. Encyc. COUGH, )'. !. Til have the lungs convulsed to make a violent effort with noise to exthe air from the lungs, and evacuiitft pel any offending matter that irritates the parts or renders respiration difiicult. COUGH, V. t. To ex|)el from tin; lungs by a convulsive effort with noise to expectorate followed by iip ; as, to cough up
; ; ;

3.

Coxe. Encyc. A gemis of plants, navel-wort, or kidneyEncyc. wort, of several species. eOTYLED'ONOUS, a. Pertaining to cotyledons having a seed-lobe.
;

OUCH, n. A
2.

The true phrase is, to couch but we say, to coMc/i the eye, or
bed
;

a cataract

the patient.

COUGH' ER,
ratimr.
5

phlegm.

n.

One

that coughs.

A
A

COUCH,
lay

V.

i.
;

down

ease, on which it is comnion to lie down to Milton. Dryden undressed. [Fr. conche, a bed ; courher, Norm, couchx:, a concli, and laid 3. layer or stratum; as a couch of malt.
to

a place for rest or slee]) Milton. Dryden. a place for rest and seat of repose
;

COUGH'ING,
by a violent

ppr. Expelling from the lungs effort with noise; exjiecto-

COULD, ])ron. COQD.

in
;

bent down, slouching; Port. to crouch agacbarse, oiagacharse, aca(aparsc, to stoop, crouch, our vulsquat; Arm. cooc/ia and scoacha, (J. hocken ; Dan. gar scooch ; D. kukken ; The ])rimary sense is to lay linger. throw down. See Class Cg. Gk. No. 7.

double;

Sj). g-acAo,

stoop,

4.

5.

8.9.1
1.

G.

To To
To
lie

lie

down, as on a bed or place of re-

Mortimer. In painting, a. lay or impression of color, in oil or water, covering the canvas, wall, or other iiuitter to be painted. Encyc. Any lay, or ini|)ression, used to make a thing firm or consistent, or to screen it Ironi the weather. Encyc. A covering of gold or silver leaf, laid on any substance to be gilded or silvered.

[The past tense ofcan, according to our customary arrangement grammar but in reality a distinct word, can having no past tense. Could, we receive through the Celtic dialects, W. g'ailu. Corn, gaily, Arm. gallout, to be able;
Heb. St, Ch. SnJ, Eth. TliJA to be L. caileo. Either of the able, to prevail Oriental verbs may be the root, and all may be of one family. In the past tense, couW signifies, was able, had power.] Had sufficient strength or physical powsick man could not lift his hand. er. Isaac was old and couW not see. Alexander could easily conquer the effeminate
;

1.

pose.
2.

Encyc.

the knees; to stoop and recline on the knees, as a beast. Fierce (igers couched around. Dryden.
lie

down on

COUCH' ANT,

3.

lie

down
earl of

in

secret or in
in

ambush

to

close

and concealed.
Angus couched
a lion.

[Fr. See Couch.] Lying down ; squatting. In heraldn/, lying down Asiatics. with the head raised, which distinguishes the posture of conchant from that of dor- 2. Had adequate means or instruments. Tlie men could defray their own expenses. iiumt, or sleeping applied to a lion or oth
a.
I

The

a furrow.
xlix.

or beast.

Hayward. Levant and conchant,

Judah couched as
Gen.
to he in abed or stratum. 4. ; Blessed of the Lord be his laud for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath. Deut,

To

lie

The country was exhausted and could not Encyc. in law, rising up and supiiort the war. heard lying down ; apj)lied to beasts, and indi- 3. Had adequate moral power. the story, but coxdd not believe it. The cating that they have been long enough on land to lie down and rise up to feed, or intemperate man could have restrained his He could have Blackstone. one night at least. apjietite for strong drink.
I

We

xxxiii.
.S.

COUCHED, pp.
;

Laid
;

down
;

laid

on
;

lii(

To

stoop

to

lower

in reverence, or to

bend the bodj' or back bend under

to
la

included or involved
the rest, as a spear as a cataract.

laid close

fixed in
4.

refrained, if he would. My mind could not be towards

Jer. XV.

Uiis people.

depressed or removed

bor, pain, or a burden.

Issachar is a strong ass, couching down between two burdens. Gen. xlix. These couchings, and these lowly courtesies. Shak

COUCH'EE,
ing at night.

n.

[Fr.]

Bedtime;

late visit-

Had power or capacity by the laws of its nature. The tree could not grow for want
of water.

OUCH,

V.

t.

To

lay

down

bed or place of rest.

Doth couch
3.
his limbs.
;

c-ouches cataracts. a resi 2. In old English statutes, a factor dent in a country for traffick. to repose on a Encyc. 3. book in which a religious house regis?^.
;

COUCH'ER,

One who

Dryden.
5.

Had competent

legal

power

had

right,

Wliere unbniised youth, with unstuffed brain

.SAnA"

ter their acts.

COUCH'-FELLOW,
companion

n.

bed fellow

Encyc. a
;

To
To

lay

down

to spread

3.

C. Had sufficient capacity. The world coiUd not contain the books. John xxi. ppr. Lying down ; laying lying close : involving ; including ; 7. Was capable or susceptible, by its nature or constitution, as of some change. He expressing tlepressing a cataract. 4. To hide ; to lay close, or in another body. COUCH'ING, n. The act of stooping or found a substance that could not be fused. It is in use at this day, to couch vessels in Shak. 8. Had adequate strength or fortitude ; as, bowing. walls, to gather the wind from the top, and pass COUGtf, n. The ele he foiiW not endure the pain or the rekavf. [Qu. D. kuch. Bacon it down in spouts into rooms. nients are not both of the same organ but proach. 5. To include secretely ; to hide ; or to exare sometimes interchanged, as 9. Had motives sufficient to overcome obgh and

as, to

couch malt. lay c!o.se, or in a stratum.

on a bed or floor MoHimer.

close as

in lodging.
?!.

COUCH'-GRASS,
COUCH'ING,
down
;
;

species of grass, ve

or had the requisite qualifications. Formerly, a citizen could not vote for officers of govermnent without the pos.sessiou of some property. AB could not be elected to the office of senator, for want of estate. BC, not being of the blood of the ancestor, could not inherit his estate.

ry injurious to other plants.

The waters couch themselves, as

may

be, to tlic center of the globe.

Burnet

Vol.

I.

50

c o u
jectioiis.

c o u
sulo,

c o u
is

comply
10.

lie tliouglit at first he could not with the request but alter con;

to consult,

which

probably the
Ar.

sideration he determined to comply. Had competent knowledge or skill. could solve the most difficult problems.

Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. Eth.

He

hm,

l..^

to ask. Class SI.

No.

16. 42.

The

radical

a. Willing to receive disposed to follow the advice or Clarendon. opinions of others. OUN'SELED, pp. Advised ; instructed

eOUN'SELABLE,
counsel
;

admonished.

COUL'TER.
COIJN'C[L,

[See Colter.]
n. [Fr. concile
;

1.

Sp.concilio; It. conciglio, concilio ; from h. concilium ; con and calo, to call, Gr. xaXtui, W. galw, Ch. N^:) in Aph., to call. See Hold. "Class Gl. This word is often confounded with com/iwith which it has no connection. sel, Council is a collection or assembly.] An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation and advice.

sense of the verb, to ask, is to set upon, urge, or press. Hence the Oriental verb is probably the root of the L. scdio, assilio, or from the same root. See the like analogies in L. peto, to ask, to assail.] 1. Advice ojiinion, or instruction, given upon retpiest or otlierwise, for directing the judgment or conduct of another opinion given upon deliberation or consultation.
;
;

eOUN'SELING,

ppr. ing; admonishing.

;

Atlvising

instruct-

OOUN'SELOR,
advice

7(. Any person but properly one who

who
is

gives authoriz-

ed by natural

relationshi]), or by birth, office or profession, to advise another in regaril to his future conduct and measures.

Every

puii)ose

is

established

by

cou7isel.

The

false witness.

chief priests and all the council sought Matth. xx. 2.

Prov. XX. Tliou hast not hearkened to 2 Chron. x\v.

my

rmtnsel.
2.

ITie kings of England were foimeily assisted 3. by a grand council of peers.

Consultation; interchange of opinions.

\Ve took sweet counsel togctlier. Ps. Iv. Dehberation e.xaniination of consequen;

The word is applicable to any body of men, api>ointed or convened for consultation and advice, in important affairs ; as, a council of divines or clergymen, with their lay delegates; a council of war, consisting of the principal officers, to advise a the commander in chief or admiral council of physicians, to consult and advise in difficult cases of disease.
;

ces.

They
a

all

first catise,

confess that, in the working of that 3. counsel is used, reason followed, and
;

is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients. ment, or the faculty or habit of judging with caution. Privy Counselor, a mcniber of a prrvy counhow comely is the wisdom of old men, and understanding and owu/isf/ to men of lionor. Ou'n'SELORSHIP, n. The office of a
Ecclus. XXV. The law shall perish from the priest, and counsel from the ancients. Ezek. vii. In o bad sense, evil advice or de-signs
;

Hooker. way observed. Prudence deliberate opinion or judg-

His Ahithophel was David's counselor. his counselor to do wickedly. 2 Chron. x.\ii. In Great Britain, the jieers of the realm are hereditary counselors of the crown. The members of a counsel ; one appointed to advise a king or chief magistrate, in regard to the adnjinistration of the government. One who is consulted by a client in a lawcase; one who gives advice in relation to a question of law one whose profession

mother was

2.

A body of men specially designated to advise a chief magistrate in the administration of the governinent, as in Great
Britain.

counselor, or privy counselor.

OUNT,

art

machination.
of the froward
is

0.

4.

.'").

In some of the American states, a branch of the legislature, corresponding with the senate in other states, and called legislaA'ew Jo'sey. tive council. An assembly of prelates and doctors, convened for regulating matters of doctrine and discipline in the church. consultation of a Act of deliberation
;

The counsel
long.
G.

carried head-

Job
;

V.

Secresy
tation
;

Common-Council of a

Milton. council. To show the immutability of his counsel. city. In London, a court Heb. vi. consisting of the lord mayor and alder- 8. Directions of God's word. men in one house, and of representatives Thou shall guide me by thy counsel. Ps. of the several wards, called common-counIxxiii. But more generally cil-men, in the other. The will of God or his truth and docthe common-council is considered as the trines concerning the way of salvation. body of representatives of the citizens, as 1 have not shunned to declare to you ail tlie distinct from the mayor and aldermen. counsel o{ God. Acts xx. Thus in Connecticut, the cities are incorThose who give counsel in law; any the name of "The Mayor, Al- 10. porated by counselor or advocate, or any number of dermen, Common-Council and Freemen, of counselors, barristers or Serjeants; as the the city of Hartford, New-IIaven, &c." plaintiff's counsel, or the defendant's counEcumeniccd Council, in church history, a The attorney-general and solicitorsel. of prelates general council or assembly general are the king's counsel. In this and doctors, representing the whole sense, the word has no phual but in the church as the council of Nice, of Ephesingular number, is ai)])licable to one or
;

a man keep his own counsel. In a scripturcd sense, purpose ; design w ill decree. What thy couyisel determined before to be done. Acts iv.
; ;

the secrets entrusted in consulsecret opinions or purposes. Let

1.

v.t. [Fr. confer; It. contare ; Sp. Port, contar; Arm. counta or contein. Qu. the root. The Fr. has compter, also, from the L. computo ; the Sp. and Port, compuand the It. computare. The Eng. tar, count is directly frtrm center ; and it may be a question whether confer and contar are from the L. computo.] To number to tell or name one by one, or by small numbers, for ascertaining the whole number of units in a collection; as, to count the years, days and hours of a man's life; to count the stars. Who can count the dust of Jacob? Njmb.
;

xxiii.

2.

To

reckon

to preserve

a reckoning

to

compute. Some tiibes

of rude nations count their years by the coming of certam birds among them at certain seasons, and leaving them at others.
; ;

;3.

4.

Encyc. sus, and of Chalcedon. Privy Council, a select council for advising a king in the administration of the gov-

more

Locke. To reckon to place to an account to ascribe or impute to consider or esteem as belonging. Abraham believed in God, and he counted it to him for righteousness. Gen. sv. To esteeu) to account to reckon to think, judge or consider. I count ihem my enemies. Ps. exxxix. Neither count I ury life dear to myself. Acts
;
;

ernment. AuLic ou.NCiL.

1 count all thhigs loss. Phil. iii. V. (. [L. consilior.] To give advice or deliberate ojiinion to another for 5. To impute ; to charge. Roive. the government of his conduct ; to advise. OTJNT, V. i. To count on or upon, to reckon 1 cimnsel thee to buy of mc [See 4u/ic.] gold tried in the upon to found an account or scheme on ; tire. Rev. iii. to rely on. cannot count 07i the friendeOUN'CIL-BOARD, n. Council-table the To exhort, warn, admonish, or instruct. ship of nations. Count not on the sincertable round which a council holds consul 3. ought frequently to counsel our chiltation. Hence, the council itself in delibity of sycophants. dren against the vices of the age. COUNT, n. [Fr. conie and compte ; Sp. eration or session. cuenta aud cuento ; It. conto. The Spanish They that will not be counseled, cannot be COUN'CILOR, n. The member of a counFra7iklin. helped. has also computo, and the It. id-] cil. [See CouiLielor.} To advise or recommend ; at^jio counsel a 1. Reckoning ; the act of numbering as, i3. eOUN'CIL-TABLE, n. Council-board. ci'ime. this is the muuber according to my count. CO-UNI'TE, V. t. To unite. [.Vol used.] Unjden. [JVot much i/st(/.]

(tersons.

XX.

COUN'SEL,

We

We

More

iCOUN'SEL-KEEPER,
I

n.

One who can

Shak.

2.
|3.

Number.

Spen.'ier.

^OUN'SEL,

consailh It. consiglio ; Sp. consejo ; Port, conselho from L. consilium, from the root of con
n. [Fr.
;

consdl

Arm.

keep a
crets.

secret.
a.

|OUN'SEL-KEEPlNG,
I

Keeping seShak

In law, a particular charge in an indictment, or narration in pleading, setting, forth the cause of complaint. There ma

c o u
be
different

c o u
same dcclara
;

c o u
prefixed
to

cowits in the
;

tioii.

refrain from expressing This word is chiefly verbs laughter, joy, anger or other passion, by

by passion

to

many

others,

and nouns, expressing oppov.

I.

COUNT,

To put in countenance, to give assurance ; to Kn^hsh nobility, according to tlieir rank encourage or to bring into favor ; to supDuke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, and port. Blackslone. Baron. Encyc. counleyiance, confounded COUNT-WHEEL, n. The wheel in a clock Out of tiKMountenance cast down abashed not bold with which moves round and causes it to or assmed. put out of countenance, to cause the counCOUNTABLE, a. That may be numbered. Totenance to fall to abash; to intimidate; Spe7iser. to disconcert. COUNT'ED, pp. Numbered told esteemCOUNTENANCE, t>. (. To favor; to ened reckoned inqjUted. courage by opinion or words. n. COUN'TENANCE, [Fr. conlenance, The design was made known to tlie minister from conknant, containing, from conUnir. to countenance it. Anon but he said
are
; ; ; ;
;

Sp. conde; L. comes, comi; from a coinpanion or associate, a fellow tis, traveler. Ciu. con and eo.] title of foreign nobility, equivalent to the wliose domain is a Knfilisli earl, and An carl the alderman of a sliire^ county. as the Saxons called him. The titles of
It.
;

n. [Fr. comit Port.irf. ; Arm. condt

conie

an UT)changed countenance.
/;i

sition.

countenance, in favor; in estimation. If the profession of relijiion were i/l coun/faiiiiing men of distinction, it would have a iiajjpy cITcct on society. To keep in countenance, to give assurance or courage to to support to aid by favor to i)revenl from shame or dismay.

COUNTERACT',
To

[coujiter
;

and

act.]

jwncr

act in opposition to to hinder, defeat Good or frustrate by contrary agency. precepts will sometimes counteract the effects of evil example but more generally are counteracted by bail exgood precepts
;

amjjles.

COUNTERACTED,
trated
;

pp.

Hindered

frus
frus-

defeated by contrary agency.

COUNTERACTING.ppr. Hindering;
trating.

COUNTERACTION,
tion
;

n.

Action in opposin.

hindrance.
[counter

COUNTER-ATTRACTION,
and
attraction.]

Opposite attraction.
Shenstone.
v.
t.

COUNTERRAL'ANCE,
balance.]

[counter

and

to contain, L. contineo

con and teneo, to

2.

1.

hold.] Literally, tlie contents of a body; the outline and extent wliich constitutes the

abet

whole

appearance. figure or external Appropriately, the human face; the whole form of the face, or system of features
visage.

.3.

nothing aid ; to support ; to encourage ; to to vindicate ; by any means. ; Neither shalt thou countenance a poor man Ex. xxiii. in his cause. To encourage ; to appear in defense.

To weigh

against
;

to

weigh against with an

To

equal weight to act against with eipial power or eflect to countervail. A column of thirty inches of quicksilver, and a column of thirty-two feet of water, counterbalance the weight of a like column of
;

He

countenanced the landing

in

his

boat.
4.

long Wotton.

To make
Each

a show

of.

lueriy heart

maketh a cheerful countejiance.

of a sad counte- 5.

to these ladies love did

countenance.
Spenser.

the whole atmosphere. The pleasures of sin never counterbalance the pain, misery and shame which follow the commission of it.

Prov. XV.

COUNTERBAL ANCE,
any thing. Money is
purchasable.

n.

Be not, as the hypocrites, Matt. vi. jiance.

2.

To keep an
aged
;

Equal weight,
0|>positioD to
all

appearance.
;

Shak.

look ; aspect ; appearance of the as in the phrase, to change or alter face the countenance. as a horse 3. The face or look of a beast of a good countenance. 4. Favor; good will; kindness.

Air

COUNTENANCED,
supported.

pp. Favored encourn.

power or agency acting

in

the counterbalance of

COUN'TENANCER,
COUN'TENANCING,
;

One who

things

counte-

Locke.

nances, favors or stqiports.

ppr. Favoring; en

COUNTERBAL'ANCED,
equal weight, power or

pp.

Opposed by

effect.

Thou
nance.

hast made Vs. xxi.

him glad with thy counte-

COUNT'ER,

Hence in scriptural language, the KgW of God's countenance IS his .smiles or fa vorahle regards, his favor and grace and to hide his face or countenance is to mani
;

2.
'i.

displeasure, and withdraw his gracious aids. So the relinke of his counte nance indicates his anger and frowns. Ps.
fest

bis

cnuraging supporting. n. [from coin!*.] A false piece of money orstanqied metal, used as means of reckoning; any thing used to keej) an account or reckoning, as in games. Shak. Moiu\v, in cnntenqit. A table or board on which money is counted a table on which goods in a shop are laid for examination by purcba
;

COUNTERBALANCING,
COllN'TERBOND,

ppr. Opposing by equal weight, power or operation. n. [counter and bond.] A bond to save harmless one who has given bond for another. COUNTERBl FF', v. t. [counter and hujf.] To strike back or in an opposite direction to stop by a blow or imto drive back
;
;

I.xxx.

which sccMis

Thi.s application efface or cnuntenanrc, 10 be of high antiquity, pro

4. 5.

Dryden. sers. COUN'TERBUFF, ti. A blow in an opposite direction a stroke that stops motion In lieu of this, we sometimes .see written or causes a recoil. the French comptoir, from compter, compu Sidney. to : but counter is the genuine orthogra- COUNTERBUFF'ED, pp. Struck with a
:

pulse in front.

reeded probably from the practice of turn ing away the face to express anger, dis
pleasure and refusal a practice still common, hut prol)ably universal among rude nations. The 0|)posite conduct would of course express favor. The grant of a pe tition is accompanied with a look directed to the petitioner the refusal or denial, witii an averted face. Hence,
; ;

pliy.

blow

in opposition.

The name of certain prisons in London. OUN'TERCAST, n. ance contrary cast. One that counts or reckons; also, an au;

Delusive
n.

contriv-

Spenser.
[counter
;

ditor.
().

COUN'TERCASTER,
/cr.]

and

cas;

5.

Encounter. [.Vol used.] In ships, an arch or vault, whose upper part is terminated by the bottom of the stern. The upper or second coimter is above the former, but not vaulted. Counter of a horse, that part of a horse's aid encouragepatronage Support forehand which lies between the shoulder ment favor in promoting and maintainFarrier's Diet. and imder the neck. ing a person or cause. contre; L. contra; COUN'TER, miv.
7.
; ; ;
;

caster of accounts
in

bookkeeper,
change.]

contempt.
71.
;

a reckoner a Shak.

COUN'TERCH.INgE,
Exchange

[counter reciprocation.

and

COUNTERCHA'N6E,
receive
;

COUNTERCHA NgED,
COUN'TERCHARM,
charm.

It is

the

province of the magistrate, to give

[Fr.

v.t. To give and or to cause to change places. pp. Exchanged. In heraldry, intermixed, as the colors of the field and charge.

countenance to piety and virtue. Attert)ury. Let religion enjoy the countenance of die
laws.

1.

Give no countenance
duty.
5.

to violations of

moral

Sp. It. contra; probably a eomj)ound of con and tra, as in extra, ultra.] Contrary in opposition in an opposite direction used chiefly with run or go; as, he to run counter to the rules of virtue
; ; ; ;

n. and [counter charm.] That which has the power of dissolving or opposing the effect of a
v.
t.

COUNTERCIUARM,
effect

To
t.

Show
The

resemblance

siqierficial
ire

appear2.

tcent counter to bis

own
;

Pope. destroy the

[counter and some obsta-

interest.

of enchantment.
i-.

ance.
election

The wrong way

course.

being done,

made

counte'i.

contrary to the right Shak.

COUNTERCHECK',
To oppose check.] cle to check.
:

or stop by

Ascham nance of great discontent thereat. C'ouel. 7. In ktu; credit or estimation. To keep the countenance, is to preserve a or natural look, unruffled calm, composed

Contrariwise; in a contrary manner. Locke

4.

The

COUNTERCHECK,
buke
;

face, or at the face.

[.Yot xised.]
Sandys.',

ji. Check; stop; reor a censure to check a reprover.

BaiUy.

c o u
COUNTEReUR'RENT,
curmil.l
a.

c o u
{counter direction. Kirivan.

c o u
An
artificial

aud

3.

One who endeavors

false colors.

to set oS' a thing in 3.

cavity

made

in the teeth ot

Running

in

an opposite
n.

OUN'TERURRENT,
opposite direction.
tinction.

COUN'TERFEITLY,
falsely
;

adv.
n.

By

forgery;
4.

current in an
n.

fictitiously.

COUNTERFER'MENT,
ContradisMore.
ferment.]
[counter anAdraiv.]

eOUNTERDISTINC'TION,

Ferment opposed
n.
;

[counter and to ferment.

horses, that have outgrown their natural mark, to disguise their age. A mark added to a medal, a long time after it has been struck, by which its several changes of value may be known.

Addison

Chambers.

COUNTERDRAW, v.t.
means
ot'a

COUNTERFE'SANCE,
sance.]

[Fr.

contrefai-

la painting, to copy u design or painting,

The

COUNTERM>ARK,
to disguise his age.

v.

t.

To mark

the cor-

act of forging
)

forgery.

Obs.
tal-

ner teeth of a horse by an

an oiledi l)y paper, or other transparent matter, whereon the strokes appearing through, they are^ tracctl with a pencil. The same is done! on glass, and with frames or nets divided into squares with silk or thread, or by means of instruments, as the parallellotine linen cloth,

eOUN'TERFOIL,

That part of a

artifirial cavity, Farrier''s Diet.

COUN'TERSTOCK,
Exchequer, which

^"-ly
is

struck in the kept by an officer in

COUN'TERMINE,

n.

[counter and

mine.]

that court, the other being delivered to the person who has lent the king money on the account, aud is called the stock.
Bailey. 2.

In militaiy affairs, a well and gallery sunk in the earth and running under ground, in search of the enemy's mine, or till it meets
it,

to defeat its eflTect.

Means of opposition or

Military Did. counteraction.

grani.

dUNTERDRAW'ING,
means of
liiies

Encyc. ppr. Copying hy

transpalines

drawn on some

rent matter.

OUNTERDRAW'N, pp.
drawn on something
evidence.}

Copied from
n.
;

else.

COUNTER-EVIDENCE,

[counter

and

Opposite evidence evidence or testimony which opposes other evidence. Burnet.

eOUN'TERFEIT,
frefaire,

v.
;

t.

coun'terfit.

contrefait

contre

and

faire,

[Fr. conto

make
1.

L. contra and fario ; It. contrajf'are, ; ; Sp. contrahacer, contrahecho.] forge to copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with a view to deceive or defraud, iiy jiassing the copy or thing forged, for that which is original or genuine as, to counterfeit coin, bank notes, a seal, a bond, a deed or other instrument in writing, the hand writing or signature of another, &c. To make a likeness or
contraffatto

To

Sidney. stratagem or project to frustrate any Zi' contrivance. port a wall or terrace subject to bulge. Estrange, Chambers. COUNTERMI'NE, v. t. To sink a well and COUN'TERGAGE, n. [counter and gage._ gallery in the earth, in search of an eneIn carjientry, a method used to measure my's muie, to frustrate his designs. the breadth of a 2. To counterwork to frustrate by secret the joints, by transferring mortise to the ])lace where the tenon is to and opposite measures. n. be, in order to make them fit each other. COUN'TER-MOTION, [counter and Chambers. An opposite motion a motion motion.] and guard.] COUN'TERGUARD,n. [counter counteracting another. Digby. Collier. In fortification, a small rampart or work n. Amoveinent raised before the point of a bastion, conin opposition to another. sisting of two long faces parallel to the COUN'TERMURE, n. [Fr.contremur ; confaces of the bastion, making a salient antre and mur, L. murus, a wall.] It is some- A wall raised behind another, to supply its gle, to preserve the bastion. times of a iliflTereut shape, or ditterently place, when a breach is made. situated. Euct/c. COUN'TERMURE, n. To fortify with a To hinwall behind another. v. t. COUNTER-INFLUENCE,
3.

COUN'TERFORT, n. [counter and foil.] A buttress, spur or pillar serving to sup-

COUNTER-MOVEMENT,

der by opposing influence.

[Little used.] Scott.

COUNTER-NATURAL,
natural.]

a.

[counter
n.

and

Contrary to nature.

Harvey.

COUN'TERLIGHT,

n.

[counter and light.]

COUNTER-NEGOTIA'TION,
and
yiegoliation.]

resemblance of any thing with a view

defrauil.
2.
; ;

to

To imitate to copy to make or put on a resemblance as, to counterfeit the voice of another person to counterfeit piet}'.
; ;

COUNTERMAND,
contre
1.

Alight opposite to any thing, it appear to disadvantage.

v.
t.

which makes
Chambers.
;

[counter Negotiation in opposi-

tion to other negotiation.

aud munder,

XFv. contremandtr L. mando, to com-

COUN'TERNOISE, n. [counter and noise.] A noise or sound by which another noise

or sound
is

COUN'TERFEIT,
semble
;

v. i.

to carry

on a
a.

To feign to disfiction or deception.

;

Shah.'

COUN'TERFEIT,

false; fabricated without right; made inj imitation of something else, with a view! to defraud, by ])assing the false copy furl genuine or original as counterfeit coin a a counterfeit bill counterfeit bond or deed
;

Forged;

fictitious;!
2.

mand.] To revoke a former command; or to give an order contrary to one before given, which annuls a former connnand and forbids its execution as, to countermand or;

overpowered.

Calamy.

COUNTER-O'PENING,

n. [counter and An aperture or vent on the opopening.] posite side, or in a difterent place. Sharp.

ders.

To oppose
another.

to contradict the

orders of Hooker.
;

COUN'TERPACE, . A step or measure in

er
;

[counter and pace.] ojiposition to anothSivifl.

contrary measin-e or attempt.

a.

3.

of exchange.
2.

Assuming the appearance of something;

false
;

hypocritical
;

3.

Having the resemblance

genuine
;

as a counterfeit friend. of; false; not

;

as counterfeit modesty.

COUN'TERFEIT, person one who

is

not

one

who

a deceitful n. A cheat pretends to be what he personates another an

;

Harvey. contrary order revocation of a former order or command. Shak. COUNTERxMANDED, pp. Revoked; annulled, as an order. COUNTERMANDING, ppr. Revoking a former order; giving directions contrary to a former command.

COUN TERMAND,

Ti> prohibit.

[Little used.]
n.

COUN'TERPALED,

[counter

and

In heraldry, is when the escutcheon is divided into twelve ])ales parted perfesse, the two colors being counterchanged so that the upper and lower are of different
;

pale.]

COUNTERM^ARCH,
march.]

v.

i.

[counter

Encyc. COUN'TERPANE, n. A particular kind of coverlet for a bed. [See Counterpoint.] Obs. 2. One part of an indenture. B. Jonson. and

colors.

2.

impostor. In law, one %vho obtains money or goods by counterfeit letters or false tokens.

To march

back.
n.

COUNTERMARCH,
2.

COUNTERPART,
;

n.

marching back

The correspondent
cate.

[counter and part.] part the part that an; ;

3.

Encyc. That which is made in imitation of some-: thing, but without lawful authority, and with a view to defraud, by passing the false for the true. say, the note is a

Collier a returning. A change of the wings or face of a battalion, so as to biing the right to the left or

swers to another, as the two papers of a contract or indentures; a copy a dupliAlso, the part which fits another, as the key of a cipher. John.non. Addison. In music, the part to be applied to another as, the base is the counterpart to the
;

the front into the rear.

3.

Cyc.
alteration of con-

We

change of measures;

duct.

Burnet.

2.

counterfeit.

COUN'TERFEITED,
in

COUNTERFEITER,
;

2.

to several.merchants, that may not be opened, but in the presence copied feigned. of all the owners. n. One who coun2. The mark of the goldsmiths' company, to terfeits a forger. show the metal to be standard, added to One who copies or imitates one who asthat of the artificer. sumes a false appearance.

Forged; made; imitation of something, with a view to

pp.
; ;

COUN'TERMARK, n. [counter and murk.] A second or third mark put on a bale of

goods belonging
it

COUNTERPAS'SANT,

defraud

imitated

Enci/c. Bailey. a. [counter and is when two lions in passant.] In heraldry, a coat of arms are rejircsented as going Bailey. Encyc. contrary ways.

treble.

COUNTER-PETI

"TION,

n.

Apetitionin
Clarendon.

opposition to another.

c o u
OUN'TERPLEA,
In
laio,

c o u
Coivel.

c o u
a secretary or other subordinate officej, countersigned to a writing. Below the Imperial name is commonly d
eounti:r.<iiKnature o(
ters.

[cmmter and plea.] a replication to a |)lea, or retjiiest.

n.
v.
t.

opposition to another, before given, as in the negotiation by the other party of a treaty. Swift.\

given

in

COUNTERPLOT',
To

[counter

and
;

plot.]

COUN'TERI'ROOF,

oppose one plot to another to attempt to frustrate stratairnn by stratagem.

OUN'TERPLOT,
posed
to anotlu'r.

n.

plot or artifice opn.

COUNTERPLOTTING,
eOUN'TERPOINT,
n.

U Estmnf^t.
plotting in

n. [counter a\n\ proof.\ In rolling-press printing, a print taken oft" f"rom another fresh printed, which, by being passed through the ])reBs, gives tlie figure of the former, but inverted. Encyc.
v.
t.

one of the cabinet minis7\)oke.

COUNTERSIGNED, pp.
COUNTERSIGNING,
statute, or ordinance.

Signed by a sec-

retary or other subordinate ofiicer.

ppr. Attestiug the signature of a subordinate ofiicer.
n.
n.

hy

COijN'TERPRoVE,
prove.']

[counter

and

opposition to a stratagem.
[Er. contrepoiiUe Arm. contrepoentenn ; contre and point.] 1. coverlet a cover for a i)ed, stitched or woven in squares; written corruptly coun-

COUNTERSTAT'UTE,

To

contrary
Milton.

take off a design in black lead or red ch;iM<, by passing it through a rollingpress with another piece of paper, both, being moistened with a spunge.

COUN'TERSTROKE,
stroke
;

a stroke returned.
,,.

contrary
Spenser.

COUNTER-SURETY,
securitv.

2.

counterpoint is when the musical characters by which the notes in each part are .signified, are placed in such a maimer, each with rospecl to each, as to show how the parts answer one to anothIn
mtisic,
er.

terpane.

Chamhers.

COlrNTER-REVOLU'TION,

n.

A
and

or a surety to secure one that has given

A counterbond,

revolurestor-

tion op|)osed to a former one, fiii; a former state of tilings.

COUN'TERSWAY,
oppo.site influence.

n.

Contrary sway "

Milton.
n.

cot;NTI:R-REV0LU'TI0.\'ARY,
iiang to a counter-revolution.

a.

Per-

COUN'TER'l'ALLY,
ing to another.

A tally correspondand
tatte.]

Hence counterpoint
of"

in

composition

is

COUXTEit-REVOLU'TIOMST,
eojiiaged in or befriending lution.

One COUN'TERTASTE,
Opposite or false

n. [counter
>

the art
3.

combining and modulating conEncyc.

v.
t.

sonant sounds.

An

opposite point.
s as
; ;

Busby. Sandys.

COUN'TERROLL,

COUN'TERPOISE,
peser
It.

conlrappesare

z. [Fr.eontreSp. contrapesnr ;

contre, contra,

and

pestr, pesar, to
;

weigh.

Shenstone. [counter and tenn. In music, [counter and roll] COUN'TER, ^- or.] one of the middle parts, between the tenor In law, a counterpart or copy of the mils, and the treble ; high tenor. relatmg to appeals, inquests, &:c. liailey. As a verb, this word i.s contracted into COUN'TERTIDE, n. [counter and tide.]

a counter-revo-

taste.

COUNTERTEN'OR,

See
1.

Poise.]
;

control,

which

see.
n.
a.

Contr.irv tide.

to weigh counterbalance against with equal weigh! to be equiponderant to to ccjual in weight.

;

To

COUNTERRO'LMENT,
count.

Dryden.

counter ac-

COUN'TERTIME,

[See Control.]
[Fr. contre

COUNTER-SA'LIANT,

and

a bad horseman or the bad temper of the borse. Encyc. i. Resistance opposition. Dryden. the axis. It. JVitkins conlrascnrpa ; Sp. contracsrarpa ; contre COUN'TERTURN, n. The hightli of a'play, which puts an end to expectation. and escarpe, Scarpa, escarpa, a slope, from! 2. To act against with eciual power or efthe root of carre.] to balance. The \vi.*dom of the senfect Dn/den. ate may be able to counterpoise the rasli In foiiifcnlion, the exterior talus or slope of! COUNTERVA'IL.r. t. [counter and L. ialeo, to avail or be strong.] the ditch, or the talus that supports the; im])etuosity of a democratic house. To act against with equal force, or power : earth of the covered way but it often n. COUN'TERPOISE, [Fr. contrepoids ; sig-[ to equal to act with eipiivalent cfl^ect nifies the whole covered way, with itSi It. contrappeso ; Sp. confrapeso.} to balance as when it is said, the; to comagainst any thing para|)et and glacis 1. Equal weight acting in opposition to enemy have lodged themselves on the! pensate. a
; ;
|

saillir, to leap.] The force and distance of weight's counterpoisIn heraldry, is when two beasts are borne in ing each other, ouo'ht to he reciprocal. Di^hi^ a coat leaping from each other. The heaviness oi bo<!ios must be cintnterpoisBaileij. ed by a plummet fastened about the pulley to COUN'TERSeARP, n. [Fr. contrescarp'e ;

n. [counter and time.] In the manege, the defense or resistance of a horse that interrupts his cadence and the measure of his manege, occasioned

by

something;
;

sufficient to
site scale

eqniponderance weight balance another in the oppo;

counterscarp.

Harris.

2.

.Milton. equal balance. Equal power or force acting in opposia force sufficient to balance another tion
;

COUN'TERSCUFFLE,
fie
;

?i.

Encyc.l Ojqjosite sciif-;

The

profit will hardly

countervail

tlic

incon-

veniences.

contest.
v.t.

COUN'TERSEAL,
er.

To
i'.

seal with anoth-

Although the enemy could not countervail (he king's damage. Estli. v\i.

force

Shak.
/.

equipollence.

COUNTERVAIL,
strength
viate
;

nobles are a counterpoise to tlie Bacon.\ higher nobility.

3.

The second

COUNTER-SECU'RE, [counter and To secure one who has given ieeurc]

security.

power or value
eft"ect
; ;

any

n. Equal weight or sufficient to obequal weight or value;

In the manege, a position of the rider in

comiiensatiou
Security given has entered into bonds or befor another.

requital.

which

his

body

is

<luly

balanced
to

in his

COUNTER-SECU RITY, n.
to

Spenser.

South.

scat, not inclined

more
pp.

one side than

Enct/c.

one

who

COirNTERVA'ILED,
eomjieiisated.

pp.

Acted against
;

the other.

come surety

COUN'TERPOISED,
power.

Balanced by an

COUN'TERSENSE,
COUN'TERSIGN,
v.

equivalent opposing weight, or by equal

Bailey. n. Opposite nieaning.j Howell.l

with e(|ual force or jxiwer

balanced;

COUNTERVAILING, ppr.
equal strength or value
viating an
eft"ect.
;

eOUN'TERPOISING,
equal weight equal power.
poison.]
in

Balancing by the opposite scale, or by

ppr.
. s

Literally, to sign

t. [counter and sign.]] on the opposite side ofj

Op].osing with balancing; ob-

COUN'TERPOISON,
One

as

z.

[counter am]

poisi>n that destroys the ef;

fect of another; an antidote a medicine that obviates the effects of poison.

an instrument or writing; hence, to as secretary or other subordinate ofiicer,' a writing signed by a priiieii)al or superior,; to attest the authenticity of the writing Thus charters signed 'w a king are coun
sigtied

COUN'TERVIEW, sign,!
2.

[counter and view.] .\n ojiposite or opposing view opposition a posture in whicli two persons front each other. Milton. Contrast a position in which two dissimn.
;

Jlrbuthnot.

COUNTERPRAC'TICE,
position to another.

n. Practice n.

op-

Bank notei a secretary. by tlie president are countersignedl bv the cashier.

tersigncd by
n.

ilar

things illustrate each other by opposiSwift.

v. t.

tion.

COUN'TERVOTE,
tion
;

To

vote in oppoScott.

COUNTERPRESS'URE,
pressure.]

[counter and a force or ; pressure that acts iu a contrary direction.

Opposing pressure

Blackmore.

OUN'TERPROJET,

n.

[counter

and

A project, scheme

project.]

private signal, word or phrase, given to soldiers on guard, with orders to let no man pa.ss unless he fii'sti names that sign; a military watchword. Advance and give the countersign. COUN'TERSIGNAL, n. A signal to answer or correspond to another ; a naval term.

COUN'TERSIGN,

to outvote.
r. t.

COUN TERWEIGH,
weigh against
;

[See Weigh.]

To

to counterbalance.

.Ischam.

COUN'TERWHEEL,
wheel
in

v.

t.

To

cause U>

an opposite direction.

or proposal, of one party,

COUNTER-SIG'NATURE,

n.

The name of*

COUN'TERWIND, n. Contrarv wind. COUNTERWORK'. [See Hark] To .vork

c o u
to hinder to counteract in opposition to any effect by contrary opei-ations.
; ;

c o u
He
3.

c o u
not only things of the same kind, but likeness, equality or customary association. pair is a couple ; but a couple may or may not be a pair.

spoke in his country language. Maccahees.

;

That counterworks each

tolly

and caprice.

Rude

ignorant.

Dryden.
2.

Country-dance, an erroneous orthography. [See Contra-dance.] Counteracted opposed by contrary acn. One born in the same tion. country with another. This man is my OUNT'ESS, n. [Fr.comtesse; It. contessa ; countryman. [See 2 Cor. xi. 26.] Sp. condesa. See Count.] The consort of 2. One who dwells in the country, as oppoan carl or count. sed to a citizen a rustic a farmer or husCOUNT'ING-IIOUSE, ? "' [See Count, the bandman a man of plain impolished man-

COl'NTERWROUGHT,
;

pp.

Pope counterrmW

COUNTRYMAN,

Two things of any kind connected or linked together.

.3.

riage, betrothed or allied

male and a female connected by maras a married

; ;

couple
4.

a young couple. That which links or connects two things

D.
It.
<.

together; a chain.

COUNTING-ROOM,
The house

verb.]

or room appropriated \)y merciiants, traders and niunnfacturers to the business of keeping their bool^s, accounts,

ners.
3.

COUP'LB,
copular
1.
;

eOUNT'LESS,

and |ia|jcrs. and less.] That (I. [i-ouiif not liaving tJie inuiicannot be counted innuber ascertained, nor ascertainable merable. The sands of the sea-shore are
letters
; ;

An inhabitant or native of a region. What countryman is he ? COUN'TY, n. [Fr. cornt^ Sp. condado It.
contin
\.

To

[Ft. coupler copulare.]

h.copulo; Sp.

link, (diain or

connect one thing with

countless.

COLTN'TRY,

orkun'try. [Tlie correct thography would lie cunlnj, Fr. conlree, It. contrada, contracted iioni L. conterra,
n.

con and terra, land adjacent to a city. Hence the citizen says, let us go into the The Latin has conterraiieus, a eountry.

countryman.]
1.

a Properly, the land lying about or near the territory situated in the vicinity ; Our friend has a seat in the city. countn/, a few tniles from town. See Mark
city

of a
V.
'i.

Luke

viii.

Hence,

;}.

1.

5.

territory of a kingdom or say, the state, as opposed to city. gentleman has a seat in the countn/, at any distance from town indetinitely. Hence, COUR'AGE, cceur, kur'rage. [Fr. In EngAmerica, depend on statutes. L. cor, the heart Arm. couraich ; Sp. Any tract of land, or inliabitod land any land, it is incident to the jurisdiction of the recorage ; Vort, coragetn ; \l. coraggio.] region, as distinguished from other sheriff. that quality of mind gions; a kingdom, state or lesser district. intrepidity Bravery palatine, in England, is a county diswhich enables men to encounter danger speak of all tlie countries of Europe or County so tinguished by particular privileges and difficulties with firmness, or without Asia. called a palatlo, the jialace, because the AnJ they came iulo the country of Moab fear or depression of spirits valor boldowner had originally royal powers, or the Ruth i. ness resolution. It is a constituent part same powers in the administration of jusThe kingdom, state or territory in which offortitude ; but fortitude implies patience but the land of nativity or the tice, as the king had in his palace one is born to bear continued suffering. their powers are now abridged. The particular district indetinitely in which one Courage that grows from constitution, often counties palatine, in England, are LanAmerica is my country, or Con is born. forsakes a man when he has occasion for it Chester and Durham. caster, iiecticut is my country. courage which arises from a sense of duty, acts Laban said, it must not be so done in our coun Comity corporate, is a county invested with in a uniform manner. Jiddison. Gen. xxix. Be strong, and of good courage. Deut. xxxi. trif. particular privileges by charter or royal The region in which one resides. a. grant; as London, York, Bristol, &c. bold;

The whole

We

)!. Union. Spenser. other officers employed leOUP'LEMENT, COUP'LET, 7). cup'plet. [Fr.] Two verses; in the administration of justice and the a pair of rhymes. execution of the laws. In England there 2. A division of a hymn or ode in which an are fifty two comities, and in each is a equal number or equal measure of verse.s Lord Lieutenant, who has command of the is found in each i>..rt, called a strophe. The several states of America are militia. 3. A pair as a coiy)/e< of doves. [JVotused.] divided b}' law into counties, in each of Shak. wtiich is a county court of inferior jurisdicin couples fasttion and in each, the supreme court of COUP'LING, ppr. Uniting ening or ciinnecting together; embiacinff. the state holds stated sessions. COUP'LING, n. That which couples or con2. .\ count; an earl or lord. Ohs. Shak. nects. 2 Chron. xxxiv. County court, the court whose jurisdiction is 2. The act of coupling. limited to a county, whose powers, in n. from

another; to sew or fasten together. ; ; Thou shall couple the curtains with taches. L. comitatus. See Count.] ; Ex. xxvi. Originally, an earldom ; the district or ter- 2. To marry ; to wed ; to unite, as husband Now, a circuit ritory of n count or earl. and wife. Suxijl. or jjarticular portion of a state or kingC. >UP'LE, V. i. To embrace, as the sexes. from the rest of the terridom, separated Dryden tory, for certain purposes in the adminisas two things eOUP'LED, pp. United, It is called also a shire. tration of justice. linked married. sheriff
.

[See Shire.]
its

Each county has

its

and

coiut, svith

We

He

stranjije

6.

Land, as opjiosed
territory. Tlie sliipmen

sojourned in the land of promise, as in a Hob. xi. country. or inhabited to water

;

COURA'GEOUS,
intrepid
; ;

OUN'TY,
eoUPEC',

a.

Pertaining to a county

as

county court.
[Fr. rouper, to cut.] tion in dancing, when one leg is a
n.

Brave; daring; hardy to encounter difficulties and dangers adventurous enterprising.

;

molittle

Be hou
bravely
;

stiona:

and courageous.
rfi'.
;

Josh.

i.

some country.
.5.

that they Acts xxvii.

deemed

drew near

to

COURAGEOUSLY,
boldiv

With courage;
Courage; bold-

The

irdiabitants
XV.

All the

of a region. country wept with a loud voice.

;

bent and suspended from the ground, and with the other a motion is made forward. Chambers.
2

stoutly. C0URA"'GE0USNESS, .

8.

Sam. A place of residence nent habitation.

COUPLE,
It. Sp. kuppel
;

n. kup'pl.

a region of iierma-

id.;

Arm. Sw. koppel

id.

[Fr. couple; h.copida: couhle ; D. koppel ; G.

;

COURANT', COURAN'TO,
;

Van. kobbel
to

Heb.
:

They declare
Hell. xi.

plainly that they seek n country

'733;

Ch.
id.;

and Ssp
to shut.]

double or fold

ness; bravery; iiitrepiiUtv; spirit; valor. [Fr. co'urante, running.] I ^"" A piece ofmusic in triple time also, a kind of dance, con.sisting of a time, a step, a balance and a coujiee.

Encyc.
2.

Syr.
desire

Sam.

They
Heb.
9.
xi.

a better country,

heavenly

1.

In law, a jury or jurors

country, per pais.
a.

as, trial

by the

OUN'TRY,
; ;

Pertaining to the country ruor territory at a distance from a city ral rustic as a rouii/r^ town; a country seat a country sf|uire a country life thf country party, as opjiosed to city party. 2. Pertaining or pecuhar to one's own coun;
; ;

try.

of the same species or kind, and near or considered together as a I have couple of men a couple of oranges. canplanted a coHjoZe of cherry trees. not call a horse and an ox a couple, unless we add a generic term. Of a horse and ox feeding in a pasture, we should say Among huntsinen and couple of animals. as a soldiers, brace is used for couple Znff of ducks; a trace of pistols. Couple differs from pair, which implies strictly.
in
|)lace,
; ;

Two

COURAP',
dies;

We

of a newspaper. n. distemper in the East Ina kind of lieriies or itch in the armEncyc. pits, groin, breast and face.
title

The

COURB,
in use.]

V. i.

[Fr. courier.]

To

bend.

[Aof

CdUKB,
:

(T.

Crooked.
n.

COURBARIL,

aninie, which flows from the Hynienaia, a tree of South Amerused for varnishing. ica Fourcroy. CtlURTER, n. [Fr. courier, from coitrir, io

Gum

[JVot in use.]

run, L. curro.]

c o u
A messenger sent
express, for conveying let ters or dispatches on public hiisiness. COURSE, Ji. [F'r. course ; Sp. cttrso ; It. corso ; Ir. cursa lioiii L. cursiis, f'niiii curro, to run, W. f^i/ru, See Class Eiig. hurry.
;

C O L
St.

C O U
in

1.

continued range of stones, level or of the same hi^'hth, throughout tlie w hole length of the biiihling, and not interrupted by anyl A laying of bric'ks, il'c. aperture. IG. The dishes set oti table at one time service of meat. (Jr. No. 7. iri. ;. ;t4.] In Us ^enend sense, a passing; a moving, 17. Kegularity order; regular succession or motion I'orward, in a direct or curving as, let the ela.sses follow in course. line as, comjdiinents are often applicalilc to any body or substance, 18. Empty form words of course. bolid or fluid. Of course, by consequence; in regular or Jlpiilied to animals, a running, or walk natural order in the common manner of ing u race a career a pas.ing, or pass without s|>ecial direction or age, with any degree of swiftness indeli proceeding This eftect will follow of course. nitely. i)rovision. f the defendant resides not in the state, Applied to fluids, a flowing, as in a stream the cause is continued of course. as a straight course, or in any direction
;
;

5.

0.

Persons who compose the retinue or council of a king or emperor. Temple. The [lersons or judges assembled for aiul deciding causes, civil, crimihearing as a nal, mihtary, naval or ecclesiastical court of law; a court of chancery a court martial; a court of admiralty an ecelesi;
;

Paul was brought into the highest court Athens. JlttertniTy.

asticaT court
7.

court

baron

&,c.

Hence,

Any jurisdiction,
siastical.

civil,

military or eccle-

8.

The
tion vor.
;

art

of pleasing
;

the art of insinua;

civility

flattery

address to gain fa-

Hence the

|)hra>e, to

make

court, to

It is applied to water or vvindiuff course. other liquids, to air or wind, and to light,

COURSES,

in the

sense of nintion or passing.

to solid bodies,
;

Applied

it

signifies

motion
;

In a sbii), the principal sails, as the main sail, fore sail, and mizen sometimes the name is <,'iven to the stay sails on the lower masts; also to the main
n. plu.

9.

or passing as the course of a rolling stone stay sails of all brigs and schooners. the course of a carriage the course of the Mar. Diet. 2. Catamenia earth in its orbit. menstrual flux. to pursue to Applied to navigation, it signifies a pass- COURSE, V. t. To himt or motion on water, or in balloons in chase. ing couiis of the LMrd. air a voyage. We coursed him at the heels. Shak. 10. In the U. States, a legislature consisting of line of advan2. The direction of motion 2. To cause to run to force to move with two houses as the CcHfra/ Cour< of Mascing point of conn,)ass, in which motion is s|)eed. May. sachusetts. The. original constitution of directe<l as, what course shall the pilot 3. To run through or over. Connecticut established a General Court In t<!chnical languajie, the angle steer The hlooil courses (he wiiidinp; arteries. in 1639. B. Trumbull. contained bclween the nearest meridian The bounding steed cottrsen the dusty plain. 11. A session of the legislature. and that point of compass on which a ship sails in any direction. Mar. Diet. COURSE, V. i. To run to move with speed COURT, V. t. In a general sense, to flatter to endeavor to please by civilities and adto run or move about as, the blootl courses. 3. Ground on which a race is run. dress a use of the u-ord derived from the 4. A passing or process; the progress of any Shak. manners of a court. The grayhoimds coursed through the fields. thing; as the course of an argument, or of a debate a course of thought or reflexion. COURSED, /);/. Hunted; chased; pursued 2. To woo to solicit for marriage. A thousand court you, though they court in 5. Order of proceeding or of passing from caused to run. vain. an ancestor to an heir as the course of COURSER, n. A swift horse; a runner; a Pope. 3. To attempt to gain by addre.s,- to solicit; descent in inheritance. war-horse a word used chiefly in poetry. to seek 6. Order; turn; class; succession of one to as, to court commendation or apDryden. Pope another in ollice, or duty. 2. One who hunts; one who pursues the plause. The chief latheis of every course. 1 Chron. Johnson. eOURT-BAR'ON, n. A baron's court; a s[)ort of coiusing hares. xxvii. court incident to a manor. Blackstone. 3. A rlisputant. Wood. [.Vb/ in usc.'\ Solomon appohitcil the courses of the priests COURSEY, n. Part of the hatches in a gal COURT-BRED, a. [See Breed.] Bred at 2 Chron. viii. court. Churchill. Sherwood. ley. 7. Stated and orderly method of proceeding ji. Education at a COURSING, ;>/)). limning; chasing run- COURT-BREEDING, usual manner. He obtained redress ii court. Milton. ning flowing; compellinj.' to run. due course of law. Lea\ e nature to her eOURSING, Ji. The act or n. The trifle of a court. sport of chasing COURT-BUBBLE, course. Beaum. and hunting liares, foxes or deer. 8. Series of successive and methodical prom. COURT, n. [Sax. cur/; Fr. cour; Arm. court; COURT-CHAPLAIN, chaplain to a cedure a train of acts, or applications; kins or prince. It. corte ; Sp. cortc ; Port, corte ; L.curia ; Ir as a coiirse of medicine administered. The primary sense and ap|ilieiition COURT-CUP' BOARD, n. The sideboard of cuirt. 9. A nietluidical series, applied to the arts or ancient days. Shak. are not i)erfectly obvious. Most probably sciences ; a systeniized order of principles in the word is from a verb which signifies to COURT-DAY, n. A day in which a court arts or sciences, for ilhistration or instrucsits to administer justice. go round, to collect. W. cwr, a circle tion. say, the author has completed COURT-DRESS, n. A dress suitable for an acottrse of principles or of lectures in phiAr. a|)pearanee at court or levee. to go round, to collect, to bit \^ the order a losophy.
;

attempt to please by flattery and address. In .sciipturr, an inehjsed part lA' the entrance into a palace or house. The tabernacle had one court; the temple, three. The first was the court of the (Jentiles; the second, the court of Israel, in which the peojde worshiped the third was the court of the ])riests, where the priests and Levites exercised their ministry. Hence ])laces of public worsliip are called the

.'

We
;

Also,

student

as,

pursued by he has completed a course of

Hence apphed
Class Gr. No.
allied to yard,

COURT-DRESSER,
COURT-FASHION,
court.

n.

flatterer.

to a
'^i.

yard or inclosure. See

It

Locke.
n.

studies in law or physics. 10. Manner of jirocecding ;

34.

may
;

jiossibly
it

way of life or conduct; deportment; series of actions.

That I might finish my course Hilh joy. Acts XX. Their course is evil. Jcr. xxiii.

Goth, gards

or

may

be be

The

fashion of a
Fuller.

derived fiom a verb signifying to cut oft' or separate, and prinunily signify the fence that cuts offnr excludes access. The
1.

COURT-F.WOR,

n.

favor or benefit be-

11.
12.

Lineof conduct manner of proceeding; as, we know not what course to pursue.
;

will.

Natural bent in-o])ensity ; imeontrolled Let not a perverse child take his
;

2.

own course.

13. Tilt; act of running in the lists. 3. ; 14. Orderly structure : system. or sovereign prince. The ton;ue setteth on hie the course of na

most probable.] A place in front of a house, inclosed by a wail or fence in popular language, a Bacon. Dryden. court-yard. A sjiace inclosed by houses, broader than a street or a space forming a kind of recess from a public street. A palace the place of residence of a king
is
;
;

former

COURT-HAND,
ceedings.

stowed bv a court or prince. Estrange. ji. The hand or manner of writing used in records and judicial proShak.
ji.

COURT-HOUSE,

house

in

which

es-

tablished courts are held, or a house apjjropriated to courts and public meetings.

America.

COURT-LADY,
is

tare.

James

'

iii.

4.

The
is

Europe
justice

ji. A lady conversant in court.

who

attends or

hall,

chamber or place where

COURT-LEET,
once a year,
in

15.

Any

regular series.

In

architectxire,

administered.

ji. A court of record held a particular hundred, lord-

c o u
or manor, before the steward of the le''t. Blackstone. eoURT-IVrARTIAL, n. A court cousistiiigj of military or iiaval officers, for tlie trial of] offences of a military character. COURTED, pp. Flattered wooed solicited
.lii|>
;

C O V
COURTLING,
a court.
n.

C O V
;

courtier

a retainer to B. Jonson.
Relating to

COURTLY,
a court

a.

[court

and

like.]

The covenant of grace, is that which God engages to bestow salvationby on man, upon the condition tliat man shall believe
in Christ and yield obedience to the terms of the gospel. Cruden. Encyc. In church affairs, a solemn agreement be-

COURT'
1.

being elegant ners; civil; obliging; condescending

;

; elegant ; polite witli dignity ; ap plied to men and manners ; flattering, ap ; ; plied to language. Pope. in marriage adv. In the manner of courts ; sought. E(3U.S, n. hiH'eous. [from court; elegantly; in a flattering manner. Fr. rourtois ; It. cnrlfse : Sp. n. The act of soliciting favor. COURTSHIP, cortes.] i'ohte ; wellbrcd of man

COURTLY,

n/>

2.

The
a

Sioijl.

COVENANT,
;

act of

plied

to persotis.
;

woman
;

wooing

in love

solicitation of

to marriage.

a. Polite

Dryden.
Obs.

graceful elegant plaisant applied to mamiers, &c. COURT'EOUSLY, adv. In a courteous

; ;
; ;

civil

com-

3.

Civility

elegance of manners.

Donne.

manner

COUSIN,

with obliging
;

civility

and con-

complaisantly. h. Civility of man ners obliging condescension complaisance. COURTER, . One who courts: one who solicits in marriage. Slienrmd. COURT'ESAN, n.htrt'ezan. [Fr. couHisane ; Sp. corlesana ; fi-om eouii.] \ prostitute a woman who prostitutes her-

descension
:

n. kuz'n. [Fr. cousin. Qu. contracted from L. consobrinus or consanguior is it allied to the Persian neus,

tvifeen the members of a church, that they will walk together according to the precepts of the gospeh in brotherly affection. V. i. To enter into a forma! to stipulate to bind one's agreement self by contract. A covenants with B to convey to him a certain estate. When the forms are expressed, it has /or before the thing or price. They covenanted ivith him for thirty pieces
;

of silver.

Matth. xxvi.
II.

COURT'EOUSNESS,

COVENANT,
U~^.>relatcd, kindred.]

t.

To

grant or promise by

covenant.

COVENANTED,
b}'

pp. Pledged or promised

n.

ted

self for hire, especially to

men

In a general sense, one collaterally relamore remotely than a brother or sisBut, Appropriately, the son or daugliter of an uncle or aunt the children of brothers
ter.
;

covenant.

COVENANTEE',
a covenant
is

The person
ppr.

to

whom

made.

Blackstone.

COVENANTING,
nant
;

Making a covea cov

;

ol"rank.

COURT'ESY,
Sp.
1.

i.
;

It.

corlesia

kuH'esii. [Fr. coiiiioisie ; Port, corlezia ; from Fr.

Sp. cortes, courteous, from court.] Elegance or politeness of manners especially, politeness connected with kindness; civility complaisance as, the gentlemanl
coitrtois,
;

and sisters being usually denominated cousins or cousin-germans. In the second generation, they are called second cousins.
3.

COVENANTER,
nant.

sti|)uliuing. n.
>

He who makes

Blackstone.

given by a king to a nobleman particularly to those of the council.

title

[See Covin.] Collusive fraudulent deceitful S as a covenous lease of lands. Bacon. COVER, y. t. [Fr. couvrir ; Sp. Port, cubrir :

f O'VENOUS, CO' VINOUS,

It.

Jolinson.

ropiire;

Norm,

ccwerer

and

converer

he courtesy to strangers treats bis friends with gi-eat courtesy. J 2. An act of civility or respect an act ofl
; ;

shows great

COUSIN,

a.

kuz'n. Allied. Obs.

cof, cofe,

Chaucer.
1.

from L.

COVE,

3.

kindness or favor performed with politeness. Shali. Bacon. The act of civility, respect or reverence, performed by a woman a full or inclination of the body, corresponding in design to the bow of a gentleman. Dryden. 4. A favor as, to hold upon courte.ty, that is, not of right, but by indulgence. Tenure by cottrtcsy or curtesy, is where a, man marries a woman seized of an estate of inheritance, and has by her issue born alive, wliich was capable of inheriting herj estate in this case, on the death of hisi wife, he holds the lauds for his life, as ten;

an inner room, a den. Qu. Obs. L. cuvuni. The Spanish has the word with the Arabic prefix, alan alcove ; Port, atrova ; It. alcovo. coba, It may be allied to cubby, W. civb, a hollow place, a cote or kennel or to cave, Ar.
n.

[Sax.

overspread the surface of a thing with another substance to lay or set over as, to cover a table with a cloth, or a floor with
; ;

To

cooperio.]

a carpet.

The The
Ex.
2.
X.

Ps. Ixv. valleys arc covered with com. locusts shall cover the face of the earth
.

To

hide

,_^3

to arch, or

i_,L3

to
;

make

to conceal

by something over-

hollow.]

spread.
If I say, surely the darkness shall cover Ps. cxxxix.
i.

small inlet, creek or bay a recess in the sea shore, where vessels and boats may sometimes be sheltered from the winds

me

and waves.

conceal by some intervening object: as, the enemy was covered from our sight by
a forest.

To

COVE,
Obs.

V.

t.

To

arch over; as a coved ceW'mg.

Sii'inburnc.
a.

4.

CO'VENABLE,

[Old Fr.] Fit

suitable.

ant bv curtesy.

COURT'ESY,
civility,

V.

i.

To perform an

Blackstone. act of

COVENANT,
cijile cif

respect or reverence, as a woman. Note. This word was formerly applied to the other sex but is now used only of the acts of reverence or civility, perform;

ed by women.

mckliffe. !. [Fr. convenant, the pa'rticonvenir, to agree, L. convenio, con men. Ex. xiv. come ; Norm, concvence, a Let them be covered with reproach. Ps. covenant; It. convenzione, from L. con Ixxi. ventio. Literally, a coming together ; a 6. To conceal from notice or punishment. or agreement of minds.] meeting Charity shall coticr the multitude of sins. 1

To clothe; as, to coi'fr with a robe or mantle; to rorer nakedness. 1 Sam. .xxviii. 14. Ex. xxviii. 42. To overwhelm. The waters covered the chariots and horse-

ami

venio, to

COURT'ESY,
[JVot in use.]

II.

/.

To

treat

with

civility.
|

1.

more persons,
act or thing
;

mutual consent or agreement of two or to do or to forbear some

;

Pet. iv.
7.

To

conceal

to refrain

from disclosing or

COURTIER, n. ko'rfyur. [from court.] A man who attends or frequents the courts
of princes.
i.

Bacon.

One who
;

Dryden.
2.
;

courts or solicits the favor of

another one who flatters to please one; u ho possesses the art of gaining favor by address and complaisance. There was not aiiiono; all our princes acjreater

courtier of the people than Richard III. Surl.iin^. 3.

COURTIERY,
ier.

;.

[JVot used.]

COURTING, />/>r.

The manners of a courtB. Jonson. Flattering; attempting to

;

gain by address marriage.

wooing
;

soliciting in

To pardon or remit. Blessed is he whose sin is covered. Ps. writing containing the terms of agreexxxii. parties or the 9. To vail, applied to ivomen. 1 Cor. xi. clause of agreement in a deed containing To wear a hat, ajrplied to men. Be covthe covenant. ered, sir. In theology, the covenant of works, is that 10. To wrap, infold or envelop; as, to cover iujplied in the connnands, prohibitions, and I package of goods. promises of God the promise of God to man, that man's perfect obedience should 11. To shelter; to protect; to defend. A entitle him to happiness. squadron of horse corered the troops ou This do, and the retreat. that and die. live

a contract stipulation. A created by deed in writing, sealed and executed or it may be implied in the contract. Encyc. Blackstone.

confessing.

covenant

is

He tliat covereth his sin shall not prosper. Prov. xxviii.

ment or contract between

do,

COURTLIKE, a. COURTLINESS,

Polite
n.

[See

elegant. Camden. EleCourtbj.]

;

gance of maimers; grace of mien civility; complaisance with dignity. Digby.'

The covenant of redcmption,\s the mutual agreement between the Father and Son, respecting the redemption of sinners byl
Christ.
I

And
12.

the soft wings of peace cover

as,

him around.
Cou^lvy.

brood to incubate ing her eggs.

;

To

a lien cotierAddison.

C O V
copulate with a female. 14. equiil, or be of equal extent; to be as, the receipts do not cover efiuivaleiit to the expenses; o mercanlile use of the ivord. 15. To disguise to conceal hypocritically. 16. To include, embrace or comprehend. This land was covered by a mortgage.
13.
; ;

C O V
COV'ERTNESS,
n.

c o
privacy. shelter deMilton. Bacon.
; ;

w
:

To To

COVERTURE,
fense.
2.

n.

Secrecy Covering

1.

COVER,
2.

n.

Any

thiiig

which
;

Johyison's Rep is laid, set or

In law, the state of a married woman, who is considered as under coi'er, or the power of her husband, and therefore called a! The covert-! feme-covert, or femme-coMvert. ure of a woman disables her from making' contracts to the prejudice of herself or

2.

brood or hatch of birds; an old fol with her brood of young. Hence, a small flock or number of fowls together as a Addison. covey of partridges. A company a set.
;

CO'VIN,

is a secret place or meeting.] In/or/i^co/ion,a space In law, a collusive or deceitful agreement of ground level with the field, on the edge between two or more to prejudice a third of the ditch, three or four fathoms broad, person. Encyc. Cowel. ranging quite round the half moons or oth n. [See Cove.] In building, a er works, towards the country. It has a COVING, term denoting an arch or arched projecparajjct raised on a level, together with its ture, as when hou.ses are built so as to 4. Concealment and protection. The army banquets and glacis. It is called also the project over the ground-plot, and the turnadvanced under cover of the night. corridor, and sometimes the counterscarp, ed jnojecture arched with timber, lathed 5. Shelter retreat in hunlinsbecause it is on the edge of the scaip. and plastered. Harris. Johnson. Harris. Encyc. COV'ERCHIEF, n. covering for the a. Deceitful ; collusive fraudhead. Ohs. Chaucer. COVET, V. t. [Fr. convoiter, to covet Norm COVINOUS, ulent. small cover; a lid. 6V'ERCLE, n. [Fr.] coveitant, covetous covetise, greediness n. plu. old kine. [Sax. COV'ERED, pp. Spread over hid con- W. cybyz, a covetous man cybyzu, to cov COW, D. koe G.cows; Sw. phi. Dan. koe : L. cu ; kuh ; ko ; ; cealed clothed; vailed; having a hat on et. riie Welsh word is pronounced cyceva ; Hindoo gaj, or gou : Pers. koh : vrrai)ped ; inclosed sheltered protected bylhu ; and cy has the power of con, and Pahlavi, g-ao ; Sans. go, a cow, and gau, an disguised. may be a contraction of it. The last conox; godama, a cowherd.] stituent part of the word coincides in eleCOVERING, ppr. Spreading over layin The female of the bovine genus of animals; over ments with the Latin pelo, and more nearconcealing clothing vailing a quadruped with cloven hoofs, whose wrapping ; inclosing protecting ; dis ly with the Gr. no9iu. to desire.] milk furnishes an abundance of food and 1. To desire or wish for, with cuising. eagerness to COVERING, n. That which covers; any desire earnestly to obtain or possess in a profit to the farmer. a Sea-cow, the Manatus, species of the Trior laid over another, whether thing spread good sense. chechus. [See Sea-cow.] for security or concealment. Covet earnestly the best gifts. 1 Cor. xii I'. /. [Qu. Ice. ktfwa, or kuga, to deNoah removed the covcri7ig of the ark. Gen. 2. To desire inordinately to desire that COW, Tiii. press.] To depress with fear; to sink the which it is unlawful to obtain or possess to oppress with habitHe spread a cloud for a covering. Ps. cv. spirits or courage in a bad sense. ual timidity. Destruction hath no covering. Job xxvi. Shak. Thou shall not covet house
;

spread over another thing as the cover of a \essel; the cover of a bed. Any thing which vails or conceals a screen disguise superficial appearance. Aft'ected gravity may serve as a cover ibr a deceitful heart. 3. Shelter ; defen.se protection. The troops fought under cover of the batteries.
;

husband, without mation.

liis

allowance or

confir-

[Qu. Ar. ,xr gabana, to More probably this word besome verb in Gb. signify ing to conceal, or to agree. In Norm. Fr. cot^ne
defraud.

n.

longs to

COVERT- WAY,

?i.

2.

thy neighbor's

Numb.
3.

cover a lid. Every open vessel

;

wife or servant. Ex. xx.

that

hath no covering.
;

COVET,
1

t'.

i.

To have

an earnest desire

COW'-BANI^, n. [cow and bane.] A popular name of the JEthusa cynapium.

I

xix.
;

Tim.

vi.

COW'HAtiE,
;

dress. Tliey cause the naked to Iodo;e without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold.

Clothing
Job xxiv.

raiment

garments

COVETABLE, a. That may be coveted. COW-ITCH, ^ COVETED, jjp. Earnestly desired great- tive of warm
ly

"

climates.

A leguminous plant of the genus Dolichos, a naIt has a fibrous

wished or longed
ppr.
;

for.

COVETING,
n.
[cover,
;

Earnestly desiring or

COVERLET,

a bed designed to be spread over coveruig of a bed.

The cover of

and Fr. HI, a bed a piece of furniture

all

the

otliei

Dryden.

COVETING, COVETISE, n.

wishing for desiring inordinately to obtain or possess. 71. Inordinate desire.

Avarice.
[.Xot in

Shak\
|

iwc]

COWHERD,
occujjation

root and an herbaceous chmbing stalk, with red papilionaceous flowers, and leguminous, coriaceous pods, crooked and covered with shar|) hairs, which penetrate the skin, and cause an itching. Encyc
n.
is

COV'ER-SHAME,
conceal infamv.

n.

Something used to Dryden

COVETOUS,

a. [Fr. convoileux.}

Spenser.'i Very de-i

;

COW'-HOUSE,

COV'ERT,
1.

a.

[fr. convert, participle otcou-

vrir, to cover.]

sirous ; eager to obtain ; in a good sense as covetous of wisdom, virtue or learning.

2.
;

[See Herd.] One whose cows. A house or building iji which cows are kept or stabled. Mortimer.
to tend
n.
n.

Covered; hid; private; secret; concealed.

Whether of open war,

2.
3.
4.

or covert guile.

.Milton

Disguised Sheltered

insidious.

not open or exposed

as a

covert alley, or place.

Bacon.

Under

Pope
;

cover, authority or protection

as

a feme-covert, a married woman who is considered as being under the influence and protection of her husband.

One whose business Broome. [See Leech.] One who professes to heal the diseases of cows. n. The act or art of COW'-LEECHING, the distemi>ers of cows. COVETOUSLY, adv. With a strong or in- healing Mortimer. ordinate desire to obtain and possess; eaCOW' -LICK, n. tuft of hair that apShak. Taylor. Inordinately desirous excessively eager to obtain and possess; directed to mon-\ ey or poods, a\ aricious. A bishop then must not be covetous. 1 Tim
is

COW-KEEPER,
to

keep cows.

COW-LEECH,

n.

COV'ETOUSNESS,

COV'ERT,
ter
;

n.

a place which covers and shelters

a defense.
tabernacle
Isa. iv.

A covering, or covering place

;

a shel-

gerly; avariiMOusly. n. strong or inordinate desire of obtaining and ])ossessing some siqiposed good usually in a bad sense, and applied to an inordinate desire of

pears as

if licked

by a cow.
n.

COW'-PARSNEP,
Heracleum.

A plant of the genus

COW'-PEN,

n.

[len for
7!.

A
rain.
Ixi

wealth or avarice.
for

covert

from storm and

Ps,
2.

Out of the heart proccedclli covetottsness

Mark
which

vii.

I will trust in the covert ol thy wings.

Mortify
is

your
;

members
Col.
iii.

and

covetousness

idolatr)'.

Quaking grass, the Briza, a genus of plants. > plant of tlic genus Pri^ COW'S-LIP, ^ mula, or primrose, of sev-

COW-POX, n. The COW-QUAKES,

cows. vaccine disease.

COWSLIP,

thicket

COVE ERTLY,
private
Nero.
;

place. 1

Sam. xxv. Job xxxvni.

adv.

a shady place, or a hiding

Secretly
;

closely

Shai. eagerness. COVEY, >i. [Fr. coui'ee, a brood; couver, to sit on or brood, to lurk or lie hid in It.
;

Strong desire

eral varieties.

The American cowshp

be-

Among

insidiously. the poets, Persius covertly strikes

at

; Sp. cobijar, to brood, to cover cubo,incubo. S"ee Class Gb. No. 14.

covare

L.I

longs to the genus Dodecatheon ; the Jerusalem and moimtain cowshp, to the genus Puhnonaiiu.
n.

Dryden.

31, 30, 88.]

25.|icOW'S'-LUNGW0RT,
II

A plant

of the

Vol.

genus Verbascuiu.

I.

51

cow
eOW-WEED,
0\V'-VVHEAT,
Melanipyruin.
n.
n.

C
COWL'ED,
in
a.

R A
;

C
hooded
;

R A

plant of the genus plant of the genus

Wearing a cowl

Cha;ro|)liyllum, or chervil.

shape of a cowl, as a
a.

coivled leaf.

COWLIKE,
;

eO-WORK'ER,

Resembling a cow. Pope. n. One that works with L

engrave, L. seribo, OrSee ypo^ju, literally, to scrape or scratch. Class Rb. No. 30. 18. &c.] A crustaceous fish, the cray-fish, Cancer, a

Eng.

to grave,

another a co-operator. n. [Fr.couard; Arm. couhard ; genus containing numerous species. They have usually ten leet, two of which are Sp. and Port, cobarde. The original French COW'RY, n. A small shell, the Cyprcea mofurnished with claws two eyes, pedunneta, used for coin in Africa and the East orthography was culvert, and it has been Indies. To this to be from culum vertere, to turn culated, elongated and movable. supposed n. the tail. This suggestion receives coun- COX'CO.^IB, genus belong the lobster, the shrimp, &c. [cock's comb.] The top of] the head. Shak. 2. A wild apple, or the tree producing it; so tenance from the corresponding word in named from its rough taste. Italian, codardo, codardia, wliich would 2. The comb resembling that of a cock, A peevish morose person. wliich licensed fools wore formerly in Johnson. seem to be from coda, the tail and it detheir caps. Shak. 4. A wooden engine with three claws for rives confirmation from the use of the word in heraldry. In Welsh, it is cagan, 3. A fop a vain showy fellow a superficial lanching ships and heaving them into the dock. pretender to knowledge or accomplishPhillips. cacgi, from the same root as L. coco.] ments. 1. A person who wants courage to meet Dryden. Pope. 5. A pillar used sometimes for the same pnrMar. Did. ])06e as a capstan. danger a poltroon a timid or pusillani- 4. A kind of red flower a name given to a mous man. species of Celosia, and some other plants. 6. Cancer, a sign in the zodiac. A cotcard does not always escape with dis- COX'COMBLY, a. Like a coxcomb. [M'ot Crab's claws, in the materia niedica, the tips South. but sometimes loses his life. of the claws of the common crab; used as Beaum. used.] grace, 2. In heraldry, a term given to a lion borne COXCOM'ICAL, a. Foppish absorbents. vain conEncyc. in the escutcheon with his tail doubled Crab's eyes, in pharmacy, concretions formceited ; a lore word. between his legs. ed in the stomach of the cray-fish. They Eucyc. COY, a. [Fr. coi, or coy, quiet, still, con rOW'ARD, . Destitute of courage; timid; tracted probably from the L. quietus or its are rounded on one side, and depres.setl base as a coward wretch. and sinuated on the other, considerably root, or from cautus.] 9. Proceeding from or expressive of fear, or Modest; silent; reserved; not accessible; heavy, moderately hard, and without as coivard cry coward joy. smell. timidity They are absorbent, discussive shy not easily condescending to familiarShak. Prior. and diiu-etic. Encyc. ityLike Daphne she, as lovely and as coy. COWARDICE, Ji. [Fr. couardise ; Sp. coCrab-lice, small insects that stick fast to the 'Waller. Want of courage to face danskill. bardia.] ger timidity pusillanimity fear of ex- COY, V. i. To behave with reserve to be CRAB, a. Sour; rough; austere. [Qu to refrain from speech silent or distant crab, supra, or L. acerbus.] posing one's person to danger. or free intercourse. Cowctfdke alone is loss of tame. Dryden. Dryden. CRAB-APPLE, n. A wild apple. [See Did cowardice ; did injustice ever save a To make diliiculty to be backward or Crab, No. 2.] Ames. sinking state. unwilhng not freely to condescend. CRAB'-GRASS, n. A genus of plants, the

OW'ARD,

COW'ARDLIKE,
ard
;

a.

Resembling a cow-

mean.
n.

.3.

COW'ARDLINESS,
timidity
;

Want

of courage;

cowardice.
a.

To smooth or COY, for decoy,

COY'ISH, eOY'LY,
become

COWARDLY,
face
2.

Wanting
;

danger
;

timid
;

pusillanimous.

courage to fearful timorous Bacon.

;

Muhlenberg. bears Shak. Shak. CRAB'-YAW'S, n. The name of a disease a. Somewhat coy, or reserved. in the West Indies, being a kind of ulcer adv. With reserve with disinon the soles of the feet, with hard callous
stroke. to allure.

Shak. Shak.

CRAB -TREE,
crabs.

Digitaria.

n.

The

tree that

[jVo/ in use.]

3.

COWARDLY,

COW'ARDOUS,

COWARDSHIP,

familiar; disposition to avoid free aust<u-e sour; peevish; morose ; cynical ; intercourse, by silence or retirement. Shak. applied to the temper. Sovlh. When the kind nymj)h would coyness fcipi, 2. ardly silence. Rough ; harsh ; applied to things. adv. In the manner of And hides but to be found again. liryden 3. Dili cult; perplexing; as a cra66erf author Kiiolles. COYS'TREL, 71. of degenerate coward ; meaidy ; basely. species or subject. Dryden. 'a. Cowardly. hawk. [JVot used.] Diyden CRAB'BEDLY, adv. Peevishly ; roughly ; Barret COZ. contraction ofcousin. Shak Johnson. morosely ; with perplexity. Cowardice. n. [Mot COZ'EN, V. t. c%iz'n. [Qu. .Arm. cougzyein, CRAB'BEDNESS, n. Roughness ; harshSItak. couchiein, concheza, to cheat, or to waste used.] ness. COW'ER, V. i. [W. cwrian, to squat, or and fritter away. In Russ. koznodei is 2. Sourness peevishness ; asperity. cheat. cower ; cwr, a circle ; G. kauern. See Q.U. chouse and cheat.] 3. Difficulty perplexity. \. To cheat ; to defraud. Class Gr. No. 33. 34. 37.] Moxon. He that sutlers a t:;ovein!nent to be abused by CRAB'BY, a. Ditiicuh. To sink by bending the knees ; to crouch ; Widlon. does the same carelessness and CRAB'ER, n. The water-rat. or sink downwards.
:

as a base 3Iean befitting a coward cowardly action. Proceeding from fear of danger as coio; ;

clination to familiarity.

Chapman.
to

lips.

COY'NESS,

n.

Reserve; unwillingness

CRAB' P.ED,

Encyc.
a.

[froin crai.]

Rough; harsh;

to squat

to stoop
sits

neglect,

thing

Our dame

cowering

o'er a kitchen

COWER,
iised.]

V.

t.

To

cherish with care.

COWISH,
ly.

a.

Timorous;

COWL,
1.

[lAttle used.] n. [contracted

from

with him that corruptly sets himself to cozen it. L'Estrange. To deceive ; to beguile. Children may be cozened into a knowledge Spenser. Locke. of the tetters. cowardfearful; deShak. COZ'ENAgE, n. Cheat; trick; fraud; ceit; artifice; the practice of cheating. Sax.
tire.

CRACK,

Dryden

'[.\b(

2.

cicgle,

t'. /. [Vr. craquer ; D.kraaken; G. krachen ; Dan. krakker ; It. croccare ; W. rhecaiu ; Sp. rajar ; Port, rachar ; probably from the root of break, wreck, and coinciding with the Gr. tpfixu, pijyi-vu also with Eng. creak, croak. The W. has also crig, a Owen. See crack, from rhig, a notch.
;

cugele ; L. cucullus ; Ir. cochal ; Sp. cog^dla ; Port, cogida, cucrda.] A monk's hood, or habit, worn by the

Dn/dtn.

Swifl.

C07JENF.D,
guiled.

pp. Cheated; defrauded;

n.

be-

1.

Bernardines and Benedictines. It is either white or black. What differ more, you cry, than crown and
cowl ? Pojie 2. A vessel to be carried on a pole betwixt two persons, for the conveyance of water Johnson. COWL'-STAFF, n. A staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two
persons.

eOZ'ENER,
frauds.

One who

cheats, or de;

COZ'ENING,
beguiling.

ppr.

Cheating

defrauding;
;

Rg. No. 34.] To rend, break, or burst into chinks to break partially to divide the parts a little from each other as, to crack a board or a rock or to break without an eirtire severance of the parts as, to crack glass,
Cla.ss
; ;
; : ;

or
[Sax. crabba and hrefen

ice.

CRAB,
krabbn
kreejl
;

n.

Sw.

2.
3.

crav,

SucklingA

Dan. krabbe, krcebs ; D. krah ; G. krabbe, krebs ; Fr. ecrevtsse ; claws cravanc, a crab cravu, to Gr. xafa8oi;h. carabus. It may scratch; be allied to the Ch, 3"C) kerabh, to plow,

To To

break in pieces break with grief;

;

as, to crack nuts. to affect deeply

to

We
4.
1

pain; to torture; as, to crack the heart. Shak. now use break, or rend. To open and drink as, to crack a bottle of wine. [Low.]
;

C R A
thrust out, or cast with smartness ; as,; to crack a joke. 0. To snap to make a sharp sudden noise ; as, to crack a whip. "7. To break or destroy. 8. To impair the regular exercise of the in tcllectual farultios ; to disorder ; to make as, to crack tlie brain. cra/.y to open in chinks u. i. To l)ur.st as, the eartli cracks by frost: or to be marred vvitliout an opening; as, glass cracks by a sudden application of heat.
5.
: ;

C
Heb. Tin,
to

R A
Poesy
2.
is

C
Cunning,

R A
skill

To

tremble or shake, to palpi tate ; Syr. in Ethp., to rub or scrape. With out the first letter, W. rhyd, Heb. Ch. Eth.
In Ar.

tHe poet's

or craft of

making

.
art or skill, in

Jorjjton.

a bad sense, or
; ;

ty) to tremble, to shake.

j^c J

applied to bad purposes artifice guile ; skill or dexterity employed to effect pur-

raada,to thunder, to impress terror, to tremble to

;

poses by deceit.

The
Mark Art
;

and

CRACK,

j^

I.

to run hither

and

thither,
j3.

might take him by

xiv.
.skill
;

chief priests and scribes sought how lliey craft, and put him to deaUi.

move one way and

or

the other, to trem-

ble

shako.

The Arabic

Jvs

to

dexterity in a particular manual occupation hence, the occupation or employment Itself; manual art; trade.
;

2.

ruin, or to be impaired. The credit of the exchequer crac/ts, when little comes in and much goes out. [JVot eleDryden. gant.] 3. To utter a loud or sharp sudden sound as, the clouds crack ; the whip cracks. Shak. 4. To boast to brag that is, to utter vain, pompous, blustering words with of.
fall to
; ; ; ;

To

The Ethiops of their sweet complexion crack.

[JVo< elegant.]

Shak.

CR.\CK,
;

71.

[Gr. poya;.]

disruption
;

a
1.

chinkor fissure; a narrow breach a crevice a partial separation of the parts of a substance, with or witliuiit an opening; as a crack in timber, in a wall, or in jjlass. 3. A burst of sound a slinrf) or loud sound, uttered suddcidy or with vcJitincnce the .sound of any tiling suddenly rent; a vio lent rc[)ort as the crack of a falling house the crack of a whij). Shak. 3. Change of voice in puberty. 4. Craziness of intellect; or a crazy person
;

loading or unloading ships, as lighters, hoys, barges, scows, &.C. and this from rhi/d ; so that cnidiaw and Small craft is a term given to small vessels gri/diaw are from the same root, and from of all hinds, as sloops, schooners, cutters, this we have crij, and rr;/ implies rough&c. ness, coinciding with the Syriac, supra, to See R'AFT, V. {. To play tricks. [jVol in use.] scrape, whence jsrra/f, gride, &,c. Shak. Owen's Welsh Dictionary, and Castle's CR AFTILY, adv. [See Crafty.] With craft, He])taglot.] A movable machine of various construc- cunning or guile ; artfully cunningly ; with more art than honesty. tions, placed on circular pieces of board, ti. Artfulness; dexterity for rocking children or infirm persons to CR-AFTINESS, in devising and effecting a purpose cunsleep, for alleviating pain, or giving mod ning artifice stratagem. erate exercise.
; ; ; ;

thunder, coincides with the Latin rudo, to roar, and the W. frrydiaw, to utter a rough sound, to shout, whoop or scream, ^i/dwst, a murmur, from ffri/rf, a shout or whoop,

Ye know

that

by

this craft

wc have
In

our

wealth. Actsxi.x. 4. All sorts of vessels

employed

Me let the
To
2.

tender office long engage. rock the cradle of reposing age.

He
Job
V.

taketh

the wise in their

own

craftinesn.
tlie

Pope.

state
3.

Addison.
5.
G.

A boast, or
Breach
[Loiv.]

boaster.
;

[Low.]

4.

Infancy. From the cradle, is from the of infancy in the cradle, in a state of infancy. That part of the stock of a cross-bow, where the bullet is put. Encyc In surgery, a case in which a broken leg
;

Not walking in craftiness, nor handling word of God deceitfully. 2 Cor. iv.

CR'AFTSMAN,
ic
;

71.

An

artificer;

a mechan-

one skilled

In

a manual occupation.
71.

CR'AFTSMASTER,
craft or trade.

One

skilled in his

of chastity an instant.
;

and a

])rostitute
5.

is laid,

after being set.

7.

lad

[J^ot ttseiL]
a.

RACK'-BRAINED,
impaired
;

Having

intellects
6.

CRACK'El),
2.

ken Impaired

crazy. pp. Burst or split; rent; bro partially severed.

;

In ship-building, the bottom of a ship for lanching. It sup ports the ship and slides down the timbers or passage called the ways. Encyc.

Encyc a frame placed under

CR'AFTY,

a. Cunning; artful; skilful in devising and pursuing a scheme, by deceiving others, or by taking advantage of

their ignorance; wily; sly; fraudulent. He disappointeth the devices of the crafty.
2.

.standing bedstead

for

wounded

.sea-

men.
7.

Mar.

Diet.

eRACK'ER,
2.

rocket a quantity of gunpowder confined so as to explode with noise. 3. A hard biscuit. America. 4. That which cracks any thing. A wretch fated to the RACK'-HEMP, )
;
;

sloping side, used In scraping mezzotintos, and preparing- the ]>Iate. Encyc. S. In Inishandry, a frame of wood, with long bending teeth, to which is fastened a sythe, for cutting and laying oats and olh er grain in a swath. "' one who RA'DLE, V. t. To lay In a cradle to rock RACK'-ROPE, I gallows in a cradle to compose, or quiet. deserves to be hanged. Shak. It cradles CRACK'ING, ppr. Breaking or dividing 2. To nurse Intheir fears to sleep. Z>. .1. Clark D. Webster. infancy. partially opening itnjiairing snapping 3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain. uttering a sudden sharp or loud sound CRADLE, V. i. To lie or lodge in a cradle boasting casting jokes. Shak. CRACK'LE, v.i. [dim. of fracA-.] To make slight cracks to make small abrupt noises, RA'DLE-LOTHES, n. The clothes used for covering one in a cradle. rapidly or frequently repeated to decrepitate CRA'DLED, pp. Laid or rocked in a cradle as, burning thorns crackle. CRACK'LING, ppr. Making slight cracks, cut and laid with a cradle, as grain. or abrupt noises. CRA'DLING, ppr. Laying or rocking In a cradle rutting and laying with a cradle, n. The making of small CRACK'LING, as grain. abru])t cracks or reports, frequently reSliak.

crazy. n. noisy boasting fellow.

In engraving, an instrument, formed of steel, and resembling a chisel, with one

Job v. Artful cunning laudable pursuit.

;

in

a good sense, or in a
2

Being crafty,
Cor.
xii.

caught j-ou with guile.

Ir.

CRAG,

craig ; Gaehc, creag; Corn, karak ; .Arm. garrecq; probably Gr. fiaz^a, pojjis, from the root of p>jynu, to break, like rupes,'m Latin, from the root of rumpo, rupi, and crepido, from creSee Crack. The name Is taken from po. breaking, h. frango, forfrago; and fragosus, and craggy, are the same word with
dificrent
;

n.

[W. Scot.

peated.

The
vii.

crackling of thorns under a pot. Eeclcs

n.

CRACKNEL,
biscuit.
1

hard

brittle

cake

oi

Kings
n.

xiv. 3.

CRA'DLE,

[Sax. rocking or shaking, a cradle shake, or tremble cn/rfinui, rrydiau\\d.i froin rlij/d, a moving Ir. crentham, to shake Gr. xpo^ou, id. and to swing
;
; ; : ; ,

cradel

W.

cryd, a en/dxi, to

The prefixes Eng, ragged. Kpayoj in Cilicia, mentioned by Straho and Phny, retains the Celtic orthography.] a rough broken rock, steejj rugged rock or point of a rock. CRAG, 71. [Sax. hracea, the neck Scot. crag, or craig ; Gr. pa;ir'J. The same word probably as the preceding, from its roughW'e now call it rack.] ness, or break. The neck, formerly applied to the neck of a human being, as in Spenser. now apply it to the neck or neck-piece of mutCR"AFT, 71. [Sax. crcrfl, art, cunning, i)ow ton, and call it a rack of mutton. G. Sw. Dan. krafl, power, force a. Full of crags or broken er, jCRAG GED, rocks rough faculty W. crfr, crjjr, strong creru, to rugged ; abounding with cry, to scream, to crave .-CTT/rau, to strengthprominences, points and inequahtles. en, to wax strong craf a clasp crafu, CRAG'GEDNESS, 77. The state of aboundcrato hold, to comprehend, to perceive with crags, or broken, pointed rocks. ine The primary CRAG'GINESS, jj. The state of fts, of quick perceiHlon. being sense is to strain or stretch. Hence, craggy. strength, skill, a crying out, holding, &c.] CRAG'GY, a. Full of crags aboimding I. Art; skill. with broken rocks rugged with projecability; dexterity;

We

e
A

R A
;

C
of the stomach.

RA
cramp
;

R A
n.

as the craggy side ling points of rocks of n mouiitaiii; a craggy clift'. boast. f'RAKE, n. [See Crack.]

like electricity, causing a slight shock and producing iiutiibness, tremor, and .sickness

CRANIOL'OgIST,
CRANIOL'OtiY,
and

One who
is

craniology, or one who science of the craniimi.

Xoyo;, discourse.]

treats of versed in the

RAKE, n.

Spenser. [Qu. Gr. xpit, fi-om xptxu,.] Tlie corn-crake, a migratory fowl, is a species of the rail, Ralhis, found among grass, Its cry is very sincorn, broom or furze. gular, crek, rrck, and is imitated by rubbing the blade of a knife on an indented bone, by which it may be decoyed into al
net.
n.

CRAMPTNG,
confining.

ppr. Affecting with

n.

n. [Gr. xponor, the skull,

CRAMP'-IRON,
see.

An

iron used for fast;

A discourse
;

ening things together

a cramp, which

CRA'NAGE,
The

n.

[from crane.

Low L.

cran-

CRAKE-BERRY,

Encyc
species of

Empe;

agiiim.] liberty of using a crane at a wharf for raising wares from a vessel ; also, the money or price paid for the use of a crane.

or treatise on the craninm or skull or the science which investigates the structure and uses of the skulls in various animals, particularly in relain n to their specific character and intellectual

powers.

Ed. Encyc.
[xpoviw, the skull, and

CRANIOM'ETER.ra.
fittfimi,

trum or berry-bearing heath. CRAM, i\ t. [Sax. crammian ; Sw. krama coinciding in sense and probably iu origin
with ram.]
1.

Cowel.

Encyc.

An

CRAN'BERRY,

n. [crane
;

and

berry.]

measure.] instrument for measuring the skulls of

a.

animals.

press or drive, particularly in filling to or tlirnsting one thing into anotlier

;

To

superfluity ; as, to cram any thing into a basket or bag ; to crmn a room with people ; to cram victuals down the throat. 2. To fill with food beyond satiety to stuff.
;

stuff; to

crowd

to

fill

to

Children would be more free from diseases they were not crammed so much by fond Locke mothers. 3. To thrust in by force ; to crowd. Fate has cratiwied us all into one lease.

species of Vaccinium a berry that grows on a slender, bending stalk. Its botanical name is oxycoccus, [sour berry,] and it is also called moss-berry, or moor-berry, as on peat-bogs or swampy it grows only The berry when rijie is red, and of land. the size of a snjall cherry or of the hawThese berries form a sauce thorn berry. of exquisite flavor, and are used for tarts. The cranberry of the United States is a distinct species, the V. macrocurpon. [The common proiumciation, crumberry, is erroneous.]

CRANIOMET'RICAL,
craniometry.

Pertaining to
art

CRANIOM'ETRY,

n.

The

of measur-

ing the cranium, or skulls, of animals, for discovering their specific differences. CRANIOS'COPY, n. [xpaoi., supra, and axoifia, to view.] The science of the eminences produced in the cranium by the brain, intended to discover the particular part of the brain iu which reside the organs which influence particular passions or faculties.

Ed. Encyc.
n.

CRANE,
kraan
trane
;
;

[Sax.

cran

; ;

Oryden CRAM, beyond sato stuff. tiety Pope CRAM'BO, n. A rhyme a play in which one person gives a word to which anoti er finds a rhyme. Swift. CRAM'MED, 'pp. Stuffed; crowded thrust
V.
i.

Sw. kran, or trana

'/(paios,

G. krahn ; D. Dan. krane, or

CRA'NIUM,
skidl of

n.

[L. fi-om Gr. xpo,,.]

;

The

To

eat greedily or
;

W.garan; Com. krana; Arm. gaGr.

ran

plant, crane's-bill.

whence geranium, the The word in Welsh

in

filled

CRAM'MING,
crowding
ciency.
;

with food. in ppr. Driving

signifies a shank or shaft, a crane or heron. This fowl then may be named from its long legs. Qu. pp to slioot.]
1.

stuffing;
suffi

eating beyond satiety or

CRAMP,

G. n. [Sax. hramma ; D. kramp Dan. Sw. krnmpe It. rampone, a cramp iron. Qu. Ir. crampa, a knot. If m is
; ;

radical,

this

word may accord with

the

Celtic crom, G. krumm, crooked, from shrinking, contracting. But if^ is radical, this word accords with the VV. craf, a to secure hold clasp, a cramp-iron, crafu, to shrink of, to comprehend, Ir. crapadh, or contract. The sense is to strain or
stretch.]
1.

the contraction of a limb, or some muscle of the body, attended with pain, and sometimes with convulsions, or numb

Spasm

ness. ilestraint

J.

confinement that which hinders from motion or expansion. A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great miud. L'Estrange A piece of iron bent at the ends, serving to hold together pieces of timber, stones,
; ;

&c.

cramp-iron.

[Fr.

crampon

It

2.

To pain or affect with V. t. spasms. To confine; to restrain; to hinder from action or expansion as, to cramp the exertions of a nation to cramp the genius. 3. To fasten, confine or hold with a cramp or cramp-iron.

rampone.]

CRAMP,

CRAMP,
vulsed
;

a. Difficult

CRAMP'ED,
ray, the

[Link used.] Goodman. conpp. Affected with spasm

;

knotty.

confined

restrained.

CRAMP'-FISH,

n. The torpedo, or electric touch of which affects a person

A migratory fowl of the genus Ardea, belonging to the grallic order. The bill is straight, sharp and long, with a finrow moving a piston, the saw in a saw-mill, from the nostrils towards the point the &e., and causing it to rise and fall at nostrils are linear, and the feet have four every turn. toes. These fowls have long legs, and a Shak. 2. Any bend, turn or winding. long neck, being destined to wade and :J. A twisting or turning in speech a conseek their food among grass and reeds in ceit which consists in a change of the The common crane is marshy grounds. form or meaning of a word. about four feet in length, of a slender Quips and cranks, and wanton wiles. Milton. body, with ash-coloured feathers. 4. An iron brace lor various purposes. machine for raising great weights, con2. Mar. Did. of a horizontal arm, or piece of sisting ICRANK, a. [D. krank ; G. id., weak Sw. timber, projecting fiom a post, and furkrancka, to afflict Dan. krwnker, id., or nished with a tackle or pulley. krcenger, to careen a ship.] 3. A siphon, or crooked pipe for drawing In seamen's language, liable to be overset, liquors out of a cask. as a ship when she is too narrow, or has n. The plant Geranium, CRA'NE'S-BILL, not sufficient ballast to carry full sail. of many species so named from an appen- 2. Stout bold erect as a cock crowing ; dage of the seed-vessel, which resembles crank. Spenser. the beak of a crane or stork. Some of the } CRANK, [SceO-a)iA-,5!.,andOmi^- ' have beautiful flowers and a fraspecies CRANK'LE, I Me.] To run in a windgrant scent, and several of them are valuing course to bend, wind and turn. ed for their astringent proixirties. [See See how this river comes me trankUng in. Shak. Encyc. Crane.] 2. A pair of pinchers used by surgeons. CRANK'LE, 1'. t. To break into bends, CRA'NE-FLY, n. An insect of the genus turns or angles to crinkle. mouth is a Old Vaga's stream Tipula, of inany species. The Philips. Crankling her banks. prolongation of the head the upper jaw the palpi are two, curved and CRANK'LE, n. A bend or turn a crinkle. is arched is the proboscis CR.\NK'NESS, n. Liabihty to be overset, longer than the head as a ship. short. Encyc. CRANIOG'NOMY, n. [Gr. x?o.v<.m, the 2. Stoutness erectness. CRAN'NIED, a. [See Cranny.] Having skull, and yruj/ia, knowledge.] crannied wall. rents, chinks or fissures as a The knowledge of the cranium or skull; the Brown. Shak. science of the expression of human temGood. CRAN'NY, n. [Fr. cran; Arm. cran, a and talents. per, disposition L. crena ; from the root of CRANIOLOG'IC.^L, a. Pertaining to cra- notch Arm. ranrend, Sax. hrendan or rcndan ;
; ;

an animal the assemblage of bones which inclose the brain. CRANK, n. [This word probably belongs D. to the root of cringe, krinkle, to bend. krinkel, a curl kronkel, a bend or windand krank, weak, is probably from ing bending; Ir. frcanc, to make crooked. Qu. yo, or the root of crook.] 1. Literally, a bend or turn. Hence, an iron axis with the end bent like an elbow, for
;

niology.

C
!!(,

R A
j

OR
;

A
manding

R A

to split ; crenna, to cut off; W. rhaiiu, Ir. roinnim, or to divide ; rhan, a piece ruinnim, to divide; Gr. xfuvu; L. cemo.
;

See Class Rn. No.

1.
;

4. i:}.

Hi.]

the blood, as distinct from the serum, or aqueous part the clot. CRASS ITUDE, n. [L. crassiludo.] Grossness coarseness thickness ; applied to
; ;

gratification ; as an appetite eraving food. CRA'VING, n. Vehement or urgent desire, or calling for a longing for.
;

Bacon, ff'oodward. liquids or solids. Properly, a rent but commonly, any small GlunvUle. ojieniiig, fissure, crevice or chink, CR.VSS'N'ESS, JI. Crossness. as in a wall, or other substance. CRATCH, JI. [Fr. creche.] A rack ; a grated In a firm biiiMiiis;, the caviues ought to be crib or manger. craiiyties. filled with brick or stoiit, fitted to the [I believe not used in JVeu) England.] Dryden. CRATCH. [See Scratch.] 2. A hole a secret retired place. CRATCH'RS, n. plu. [G. krutze, the itch, Arbuthnot. He peeped into every cranny. cratches kratzen, to scratch.] 3. In glass-making, an Iron instrument for In the manege, a swelling on the pastern, Encyc. forminf; the necks ofglasses. under the fetlock, and sometimes under CRANTS, n. [G. kranz!] Garlands carried the hoof of a horse. before the bier of a maiden and hung over CRATE, n. [L. crates.] A kind of basket or Shak. her grave. hamper of wicker-work, used for the RAPE, n. [Fr. cripe, and criper, to curl, transportation of chhia, crockery and simto crisp, to frizzle Arm. crep ; >Sp. cresilar wares. pon, crape; crespo, crisp, curled i crespar, CRA'TER, n. [L. crater, Gr. *poTjp, a to crisp or curl Port, crespam. Crape is great cup.] contracted from cresp, crisp. G. 1. The [D. krip, aperture or mouth of a volcano.

CRAW,
cropa

n.

narrow

Word coincides
;

Sax. crop

Danish kroe

[Dan. *roe ; Sw. krltfva. This in elements with crop ; W. The ; D. krop ; G. kropf.
signifies the craic,

and a

vict-

It ualling house, tavern or alehouse. seems to be named from gathering.] Che crop or first stomach of fowls. Ray. CRAW-FISH, I [Craw is contracted from CRAY-FISH, ^"- crab, or from the Welsh crag, a shell pysgod cragtn, shell-fish. See Crab. Qu. is nmf.ih, these words, from the last syllabic of the French ccre;

visse')]

A thin

krepp, Dan. krep.]

hec Crisp.]

transparent stuff, made of raw silk twisted on the mill, woven without crossing, and nuicli used in mourning. Crape is also used for gowns and the dress of the clergy.

2.

gummed and

constellation of the southern hemisphere, said to contain .31 stars. CR'AUNCH, V. I. [D. schranssen ; Vulgar
.scrait)ic/.]

CRAWL,

To
I

saint in crape
V.
t.

is

twice a saint in lawn.

crush with the teeth lence and noise.

to

chew with

vio-

species of Cancer or crab, a crustaceous found in streams. It resembles the but is smaller, and is esteemed very delicate food. V. i. [D. krielen ; Scot, croid; Dan. kravkr, to crawl up, to climb Sw. krbla, to ciawl, to swarm D. grielen, to swarm ; grillcn, to shiver or shudder Fr. grouilter, to stir about, to crawl with insects It. Qu. Dan. kriller, to grillare, to simmer.
fish,

lobster,

itch.]

CRAPE,
lets
;

To

Pope.
cm-l
;

to

form into ring-

A claw. Spenser. CRAP'LE, CRAP'NEL,n. A Imok or drag. Clu. grapnel. CRAP'ULENCE, n. [L. crapula, a surfeit. A See
Crop.]

as, to crape the hair. n. [W. crav.]

Cropsickness

drunkenness; a surfeit, or the sickness occasioned bv intemperance.

;

Diet.

CRAP'ULOUS,
liquor
;

a.

Drunk surcharged with

;

sick
I',

by intemperance.

Diet.

CRASH,
seems

to

t. Crush [Fr. ccra.ffc. to crush. be allied to crush and to rush,

To

Sa.\. hreosan.] break to bruise.

;

CRASH,

V. i.

To make

nmltifarious sound of and breaking at once.

Shak. the loud, clattering, many things falling

When convulsions cleave the lab'ring earth Before the dismal yawn appears, the ground Trembles and heaves, the nodding houses
crash.

Smith

ppr. Crushing with the 1. To creep; to move slowly by thrusting teeth with violence. or drawing the body along the ground, n. as a worm ; or to move slowly on the [Fr. cravaie ; It. cravatta ; corbaia ; Port, caravata. In Dan. hands and knees or feet, as a human beSp. worm crawls on the earth ; a boy krage, and krave, is a collar, a cape, the ing. neck of a shirt, &c.] craicts into a cavern, or up a tree. neck-cloth ; a piece of fine muslin or other 2. To move or walk weakly, slowly, or timcloth worn by men about the neck. orously. He was hardly able to crawl about the room. r. t. CRAVE, [Sax. crajian, to crave, ask, .Irbtithnot. implore ; W. crevu, to cry, to cry for, to To creep; to advance slowly and slyly; crave ; crev, a cry, a scream ; Sw. krlifia : to insinuate one's self; as, to crawl into" faDan. krcever ; Ice. krefa. See Class Rb. No. vor. use is vulgar.] 2. 4. Syr. So also D. roepen. Sax. [This hreopcn, Goth, hropyan, to cry out, as our vulgar 4. To move about ; to move in any direction ; used in contempt. phrase is, to rip out. The primary sense is to cry out, or call.] Absurd opinions crawl about the world. To ask with earnestness or importunity ; South. to beseech ; to implore ; to ask with sub- 5. To have the sensation of insects creeping about the body ; as, the flesh crawls. mission or humility, as a dependent ; to n. [Qu. D. kraal.] pen or inbeg ; to entreat. closure of stakes and hurdles on the sea As for my nobler friends, I crave Uieir pardons. Shak} coast for containing fish. Mar. Did. went in boldly to Pilate, and craved n. He or that which Joseph

CR'AUNCHliNG,

CRAVAT',

CRAWL,

CRASH,
many

ji.

The

loud mingled

sound of

things falling and breaking at once as the sound of a large tree falling and its branches breaking, or the sound of a falling house.

the body of Jesus. call for, as

To

for

to I'equire or
;

or appetite craves food.

as,

CRAWL'ER, crawls; Marls xv. a creeper a reptile. a gratification to long CRAWL'ING,;>;)r. Creeping moving slowdemand, as a passion the ground, or other substance ly along the stomach or appetite moving or walking slowly weakly or tuno; ; ; ;
,

CRASH'ING,
falling

n.

and breaking
shall

The sound of many things

at once.
hills

There Zeph. i.

be a great crashing from the

CRA'VED,
quired.

intransitively, with for before the thing sought ; as, I crave for mercy. pp. Asked for with earnestness ;

Sometimes

CRAV

rously insinuating. or CRA'YER, n.

;

A small sea vessel,

[See

[.Vot in use.]

CRAV-FISH,

n.

The

river lobster.

unplored;

entreated;

longed

for;
that
for

re-

n. [Gr. xpasif, from xipavmfii, or mix, to temper.] 1. The temper or healthy constitution of the blood in an animal body ; the tempera nient which forms a particular constitution of the blood. Corf. 2. In grammar, a tigurc by which two different letters are contracted into one long letter or into a diphthong; as aJujSta iiito

CRA'SIS,

CRAYON,
is,

xffiau, to

CRA'VEN, CRA'VENT, CRA'VANT,

1.

i [Qu. from crave, > n. one who begs

his

word of obloquy, used formerly by one vanquished in trial by battle, and yielding
to

life,

when

Craw-fish.] n. [Fr. from craie, chalk, from L. crela, Sp. greda.] general name for all colored stones,

vanquished.]

earths, or other minerals

and substances,

the

conqueror.
;

Hence, a recreant

coward
2.

a weak-hearted spiritless fellow.

used in designing or painting in pastel or paste, whether they have been beaten and reduced to paste, or are used in their prim-

Shak. Shak. CRASS, a. [L. crassxis, the same as gross. CRA'VEN, V. t. To make recreant, weak or which see.] Gross; thick; coarse; not Shak. cowardly. thin, nor fine applied to fluids and solids ; CRA'VER, ti. One who craves or begs. as, crass and fumid exhalations. [Little CR.V'VING, ppr. Asking with importunity
OKijdri
;

Tvxio; into

nxw;.

vanquished, dispirited cock.

Red crayons are made of blood-stone or red chalk black ones, of charcoal or black lead. A kind of pencil, or roll of paste, toEncyc. draw
itive consistence.
;

lines with.

A
oi-

Dryden.
Johnson.
V.
t.

drawing or design done with a pencil

crayon.

used.]

Brown.
n.

CRASS' AMENT,

The

thick red

urging for earnestly ; begging ; entreating. part of|; 2. Calling for with urgency ; requiring ; de-

CRA'YON,
Hence,

To

sketch with a crayon.

C
9.

RE
;

C R E
to paper
2.

C
as the cream of a

R E
in

jest or story. act or art Creatn of lime, the scum of lime water ; or that part of lime which, after being dissol of drawing with crayons. GRAZE, V. t. [Fr. ecraser ; Sw. krossa ; to ved in its caustic state, separates from the water in the mild state of chalk or limebreak or bruise, to crush. See Crush.] stone. Encyc. to weaken; to break or im1. To break; Cream of tartar, the scum of a boiling solupair the natural force or energy of. Coxe. of tion of tartar. Till

to plan sketch one's first tlioiishts.

;

To

to

commit

The best

part of a thing

Bolinghroke

Would

Your eye

Scotland

creoie soldiers,

and make

women fig5>t.
Shak.

CRAYON-PAINTING,

n.

The

abstinence creates uneasiness in the stomach ; confusion is created by hurry. 4. To beget to generate ; to bring forth. The people which shall be created, shall Ps. cii. praise the Lord.

Long

To make

or produce, by

new combinaand by

length

years,

And sedentary numbness,

3.
3.

craze

my limbs.
Milton.

The
;

purified
V.
t.

and

tions of matter already created,

;

crystalized supertar-

To
To

trate of potash.

Chim. skim;
to take off cream

crush in pieces crack

tlie
;

to grind to
;

powder

REAM,
2.

To

as, to craze tin.

by skimming.
;

brain
as, to

the intellect
grief.

to shatter to impair be crazed with love or

To

take

oft"

the quintessence or best part

G.

Shak
;

of a thing.

investing these combinations with new forms, constitutions and quahties to shape and organize. God created man in his own image. Gen. i. To form anew to change the state or
;

character

to

renew.
a clean heart.

CRA'ZED, pp. Broken bruised crushed impaired deranged in intellect decrepit. CRA'ZEDNESS, n. A broken state; decrepitude; an impaired state of the intel;
;

CREAM,
2.

v.i.

To

gather cream

to flower

Create

in

me
ii.

Ps.

li.

or mantle.

We
Jesus.

are his

workmanship, created pp.

;

in Christ

To grow
cream.

sliflT,

or formal.
n.
a.

CRE'AM-BOWL,
CRE'AM-FACED,
a coward look.

Shak. bowl for holding

;

F.ph.

CREA'TED,

Formed from nothing;

;

lect.

Hooker.
}
^

White

GRA'ZE-MILL, eRA'ZING-MILL,
grinding
tin.

A mill
grist

pale; having

resembhng a
mill,

Shak.
n.

used for
Enci/c.

RE'AM-POT,
cream.

caused to exist generated ; produced invested with a new character; formed into new combinations, with a peculiar
shape, constitution and properties
;

vessel

for holding
;

re-

newed.
a.

CRA'ZILY,

adv. [See Crazy.]

11.

In a broken

or crazv manner.

eRA'ZINESS,
2.

[See Crazy.]

of being broken or weakened; ziness of a ship or of the hmbs. The state of being broken in mind imbeof intellect derangecility or weakness ment.
;

Full of cream like cream : havingthe nature of cream luscious. The state CRE'ANCE, n. [Fr. from L. credo, credens.] as the crahi falconry, a fine small line, fastened to a

CRE'AMY,

CREA'TING, ppr. Forming

;

fi-om nothing

hawk's leash, when she

n.

is first

originating producing giving character; constituting new beings from matter by shaping, organiz,iiig and investlured. with new properties forming anew. ing Bailey. iCREA'TION, n. The act of creating; the
; ;

new

CREASE,
Dan.

[Qu. G. krciusen, Sw.

;

kriisa.

eRA'ZY,
;

2.

A line or mark made by folding or doubling Broken, weakened, or disordered in intel any thing a hollow streak, like a groove deranged, weakened, or shattered in CRfiASE, r. t. To make a crease or mark mind. We say, the man is crazy. in a thing by folding or doubling. GREAGHT, n. [Irish.] Herds of cattle. CRE'AT, n. [Fr.] In the manege, an usher
;

Broken ; dea. [Fr. ecras^.] applied to the body crepit weak ; feeble or constitution, or any structure ; as a crazy body ; a crazy constitution ; a crazy ship.
;

kruser, Scot, creis, to curl, to crisp.

2.

act of causing to exist ; and especially, the act of bringing this world into existence.

Class Rd. No. 73. 83. or Fr. creuser, to make hollow, from creur, hollow. Class

Rom. The act of making, by new combinations

i.

Rg.

See Crisp.]

lect

3.

[JVot used.]

Dairies.

REAGHT, v.
used.]

i.

To

graze on lands.

to a riding

master.
v.t.
;

Enryc.
It. erf ore

[Not

Davies.
; ;

CREA'TE,
and and

[Fr. creer; Port, criar ; L. crfo

Arm.

Sp. croui :
;

14.

of matter, invested with new forms and properties, and of subjecting to different laws the act of shaping and organizing : as the creatior) of man and other animals, of plants, minerals, &c. The act of investing with a new character; as the creah'oit of peers in Englaud. The act of producing.
;

CREAK,

V. i. [W. crccian, to scream, to crash crec, a scream, a shriek connected with creg, cr^^gc, rough, hoarse, harsh, from the sense of which is rhijg, Eng. rye, but

Corn, gurei.

W.

cri'u signifies to create, to bej crcu, to cry, to crave, to caw, crelh and crez, con.stitutinn, temper

In

W.

The things created creatures the world the universe. As subjects then the whole creation came.
; ;

Dcnham.

The Sax. cearcian, to be the same word, the letters transposed as may the Sp. cruxir, to rusand tle, Gr. xptxu, to comb, scrape, rake, Russ. crik, a cry, krichu, to cry. On this word are formed shriek and screech.] To make a sharp harsh grating sound, of some continuance, as by the friction of liard substances. Thus, the hinge of door creaks in turning; a tight firm shoe creaks in walking, by the friction of the
pe"i-ha]>s

Indeed this is radically the rough, rugged. same word as rough, L. raucus. Tlie L, and nigio is probably from the same root,
rugo.
;

also, a trembling or shivering with Ir. croth or crvfh. foiin, shape cnithaighim,
:

mid.

Ch

Any part

creak,

may

maintain. I''roni the Celtic then it ajipears that the L. ereo Tl is contracted by the loss of a d or Ih.
to create, to prove, assert,

7.

Any

of the things created. Before the low creation swarmed with men. Parnel. thing produced or caused to exist.

false creation.

Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain.

Shalt.

and criatr, to from erf cry, both deduced by Owen but ere is a contraction of rrenu, to cry, or

Welsh has

also

cri,

a cry,

CREA'TIVE,

a.

Having the power

to cre;

a ofgryd, a crying or whoo)iing, or ciyd, shaking. In' Welsh also cri signifies rough, raw, crude ; all which unite in the root of The primary to bray. cry, cradle, L. rudo, sense of create and of cry is the same, to throw or drive out, to ))roduce, to bring
forth,

ate, or exerting the act of creation creative fancy ; creative power.

as

CREA'TOR,
Remember
vouth.

?!.

[L.]

The being

or person

that creates.
thy creator in the days of thy Eccles. xii.

leather.

CRE'AKING, ppr. Making a harsh gratin sound as creaking hinges or shoes.

;

precisely as in the Shcraitic N13. But the Welsh creu and creu may perhaps

thing causes.

The

that
n.

creates,

produces

or

RE'AKING,

?i.

harsh grating sound.

1.

REAM,
rahm
1.
:

cremor ; G. [Fr. creme ; L. Sax. ream ; Ice. riome ; D. room

n.

be from different roots, both however with the same primary sense.] To produce; to bring into being from nothing to cause to exist.
;

CREA 'TRESS,
anv thing.

female that creates

Spenser.

CRE'ATURE,

n.

[Fr.]

That which

is

Sp. cremrt. Class Rm.] In a general sense, any part of a liqunr that separates from the rest, rises and col More particularly, lects on the surface. the oily part of milk, which, wlien the milk stands nnagitated in a cool place, rises and forms a scum on the smface, as it is spe rifically lifjhtci- than the other part of the Tills by agitation forms butter Jiquor.

In the Iieginnins;,

God
i.

created the heaven

and the

earth.

Gen.

To make or form, by investing with

character

new

created ; every being besides the CreaThe tor, or every tiring not self-existent. sun, moon and stars; the earth, animals, darkness, air, water, &c., are
plants, light, the creatures of

God.
;

on

; as, to creeite to create a manor.

one a peer or bar

In a restricted sense, an animal of any kind a living being a beast. In a more

;

create

you
to
;

restricted sense,

Companions
3.

our person.

Shah.

was
jS.

in trouble

man. Thus we say, he and no creadtrc was present

To
of.

produce

to

cause

to

be the occasion

to aid

him.
idle being, in contempt; as an

A human

C R E
artature ture !
4.
hiiriiaii
;

C
;

R E

R E

a poor creature

what a

crea-

With words of endearment,

a sweet
creature.

it denotes a being beloved; as a pretty creature;

5.

That which
gineil
;

G.

is pnKhiced, formed or imaas a crtalure of the imaginiition. person who (iwes his rise imd fortune
;

to

another
is.

one

who

is

made

to

be what

he

Great princes thus,

when

favorites they raise,

Tojustify their grace, their creatures praise.

A dependent a person who is subject to the will or influence of another. RE'ATUIIELY, a. Having the qualities of a creaturf. [Little tised.] Chtyre. CRE'ATURF.SIUP, n. The state of a creature. Care. [UlUe used.]
7.
;

Dry den.

CRE'DENCE,
Creed.] 1. Belief;

n.

and supported by evidence! 6. In book-keeping, the side of an account in which pajment is entered; opposed to or uiiinqicachable testimony, for his pow-| er is unlimited. With regard to humanj debit. 'J'his article is carried to one's credit, and that to his debit. We speak of the aflairs, we do not apply the word to things credit side of an account. barely possible, hut to things which come within the usual course of human conduct, 9. Public credit, the confidence which men entertaui in the ability and disposition of a and till' gencr.'d rules of evidence. '2. nation, to make good its engagements with Worthy of belief; having a claim to credit A credible person is its creditors or the estimation in which applied to persons. individuals hold the public promises of one of kiiown veracity and integrity, or whose veracity may be fairly deduced from paynient, whether such promises are exThe term is also circumstances. We believe the histury of pressed or implied. Arislides and Themistocle.s, on the auapplied to the general credit of individuals in a nation when merchants and others thoritv ol' credible historians. CREU'lBLENKSS, n. Credibdity; worthi- are wealthy, and punctual in fulfilling enness of belief; just claim to credit. gagements; or when they transact busi[See ness with honor and fidelity; or when, Crolihiltty.] transfers of property are made with ease CREI IBLY, adv. In a manner that deSo we sneak of the for ready payment. serves belief; with good authority to suphis perfections,
: ; ;

[h.credenza: Fr.ereance;
to believe.

from L. credens, from credo,

;

See CRED'IT,
id.;
1.

port hciief.

credit
is

credit reliance of the mind on evidence of fai-ts derived from otiier sources than personal knowledge, as from the testimony of others. We give credence to a historian of unsuspected integrity, or to a story which is related by a man of known

n. [Fr. credit; h. credito ; Sp. L. creditiim. See Creed.] Belief; fiiith; a reliance or resting of the mind on the truth of something said or done. give credit to a man's declaration, when the mind rests on the truth of

We

of a bank, when general confidence placed in its ability to redeem its notes and the credit of a mercantile house rests on its supposed .ihility and probity, whicli induce men to trust to its engagements.
;

veracity.
2.

That which gives a claim to credit, belief or confidence a.s a letter of credence, whicii is intended to commend the bearer to the confiilence of a third person.
;

2.

without doubt or suspicion, vvliich is attended with wavering. We give credit to testimony or to a report, when we rely on its truth and certainty. Reputation derive<l from the confidence of
it,

it

the public credit is questionable, raises the i)remiinn on loans.

When

Clicri>h public credit.

U'aslungton.

10.

notes or bills which are issued by the public or by corporations or individuals, which circulate on the confidence of men in the ability and disposition in those

The

CREDE.N'DA,
faith
;

[L. In theologu, things to be believed; articlesof

tical duties.

n.

See Creed.]

distinguished from agenda, or pracJohnson.

a.

who is.sue them, to redeem them. They others. Esteem ; estimation ; good opinare sometimes called bills of credit. ion founded on a belief of a mall's veracias a 11. The time given for payment for lands or ty, integrity, abilities and virtue ; goods soKI on trust ; as a long credit, or a physiiian in high credit with his brethren.
Hence,
:?.

short credit.
things.
;

CRE'DENT,
2.

easy of belief.

Having

credit

Believing; giving credit: Shak. not to be questioned. Shak.

used,

Honor; reputation; estimation;

to

men or

A man

applied
lose

12.

gains no credit

by profaneness
credit

by criticism. The credit of a man de))ends on his virtues; the credit of his
writings,
lief;

and a poem

may

no

A sum of money due to any person any thing valuable standing on the creditor A has a credit on the side of an account. books of B. Tlie credits are more than balanc(Ml by the debits.
;

[This word

is rarely

and

in the latter

on

their worth.
is

[In this sense the icord has the plural entitled to beber.]

num-

sense is improper.]

That which procures or

n.

CREDEN'TIALS,
That which gives
title

plu.

[Rarely or never

nsid in the singular.]

credit; that which gives a or claim to confidence the warrant belief, credit or authority claimed, iunong strangers; as the letters
;

on which

authority derived from one's character, or from the confidence of believe a story on the credit others. of the narrator. believe in miracles on the credit of inspired men. trust to the credit of an assertion, made by a man

testimony

CRED'IT,
2.

We

We

We

[from the Noun.] To believe; to confide in the truth of ; as, to credit a report, or the man who tells it. To trust to sell or loan in confidence of futiH-e payment as, to credit goods or
i>.

t.

money.
3.

of commendation and power given by a government to an embassador or envoy, which give him credit at a foreign court. So the power of working miracles given to the ajio.stles may be considered as their
credentials, authorizing

the gospel, and entitling

them to propagate them to credit.

trom L.

of known veracity. Influence derived from the reputation of veracity or integrity, or from the good opinion or confidence of others; interest; power derived from weight of character, from friendship, fidelity or other cause. A minister may have great credit with a
prince.

creditor honor; to do credit to give reputation or honor.

To procure
May
To
credit

4.

To

stand so. rude age. enter upon the credit side

here her

monument

tliis

Waller. of an acpaid.

count
o.

as, to credit the

amount

REDIBIL'ITY,
crcdibitis.]
;

n.

[Fr. credibitite,

Credibleness the quality or state of a thing which renders it |)ossible to be believed, or which admits belief, on rational principles the quality or state of a thing which involves no contradiction, or absurdity. Credibility is less than certainty, and greater than possiliility indeed it is less than probability, but is ncarlv allied to it. [See
; ;

G.

Credible.]

CRED'IBLE,
be believed
credible,
;

a.

[L. credibilis.]
it

worthy of credit.
is

That may

when
it
it

known

thing

is

to

be

possilile,
is

or ^vhen
-surdity
;

involves no contradiction or ab]morecrffHbte,

when it

known

the ordinary laws or operations of nature. With regard to the

to

come within

or evil with a friend a servant, with his master. In commerce, trust transfer of goods in confidence of future paynient. When the merchant gives a credit, he sells his wares on an expressed or implied promise that the i)urchaser will pay for them at a future time. The seller believes in the solvability and probity of the purchaser, and delivers his goods on that belief or trust or he delivers them on the credit or reputation of the purchaser. The purchasertakes what In like manner, money is sold, on credit. is loaned on the credit of the borrower. The capacity of being trusted or the reputation of solvency and probity which en;
;

To set to the credit of; as, to credit to a He may employ his credit to good man the interest paid on a bond. RED ITAPLE, a. Reputable that may purposes. A man uses his credit
;

be enjoyed or exercised with reputation or A man pursues a esteem; estimable. creditable occupation, or way of hving.
Arbuthnot.
n.

RED'ITABLENESS,
timation.

Reputation
;

es-

Johnson.
adv.

CREDITABLY,
credit
;

Reputably
;

with
;

CREDITED,

without disgrace. pp. Believed trusted passed to the credit, or entered on the credit side of an account.
;
;

CREDITING,
CRED'ltOR,
to

Believing ppr. trusting entering to the credit in account.

titles a

man

to

be trusted.

customer

Divine Being and his operations, every

thing
is credible

has good
chant.

credit

or no aedit with a mer-

which

is

consistent

witU

or other thing ia due, by obligation, promise or in law properly, one who gives credit ui commerce but in a general 8enae,one who has a just
; ;

whom

n. [L.

See Creed.]

A person

sum of monej'

R E
1.

C R E
the belly on the ground, or the surface of any other body, as a worm or serpent without legs, or as many insects with feet and very short legs; to crawl. To move along the ground, or on the surface of any other body, ui groyvth, as a vine to grow along. To move slowly, feebly or timorously as an old or infirm man, who creeps about
; ;

C
nate.

R E
said to be doubly cre-

claim for money, correlative to debtor. In a figurative sense, one who has a just claim Addison. to services. Creditors have better memories than debtors
Franklin.
9.

To move with

upon them, a leaf is

One who believes. [JVb< used.'] Shak eRED'ITRIX, n. A female creditor. eREDU'LITY, n. [Fr. creduliU, L. credulilas,

3.

n. scollop, like a notch, or in the style of a plant. Bieelou: RENKLE, ? ra r. 7 i CRENGLe! [^^^ Cnngle.]

CREN'ATURE,
in

MaHyn.

leaf,

CREN'ULATE,
Having

from

credo, to believe.

See Creed and

3.

. [dim. used by Linne.] the edge, as it were, cut into very

Credidous.]

Easiness of bchef; a weakness of mind by which a person is disposed to believe, or yield his assent to a declaration or proposition, without sufficient evidence of the truth of what is said or proposed a disposition to believe on slight evidence or no evidence at all.
;

his
1.

chamber.

To move

CRE'OLE,
pace from day
to

slowly and insensibly, as time. To morrow, and to morrow, and to morrow,

Creeps in
this petty

small scollops. Martyn. n. In the West Indies and Spanish America, a native of those countries

descended from European ancestors.

day Shak.

CREP'ANCE, CREP'ANE,
leg,

)
^^

[L. crepo, to burst.]

CRED'ULOUS,
;

a.

[L. creduhis,

from

secretly ; to move so as to escape detection, or prevent suspicion.

To move
Of

'chop or cratch in a horse's \ caused by the shoe of one hind foot crossing and striking the other hind foot.
It

credo.

this sort arc

See Creed.] Apt to believe without

they

who

sufficient

evidence
;

and lead captive

;

silly

^voincn.

creep into houses, 2 Tim. iii.

sometimes degenerates into an

V.
i.

ulcer.

Encyc.

unsuspecting easily deceived. CRED'ULOUSNESS, n. Credulity easi ness of belief; readiness to believe with out sufficient evidence.
the credulmisness of Beyond all credulity atheists, who believe that chance could make the world, when it cannot build a house.
is

C.

To

steal in

7.

and unseen; edly or unobserved as, some error has crept into the copy of a history. To move or behave with serviUty to
;

to move forward unheard to come or enter unexpect-

CREP'ITATE,

[L. crepito, to crackle, from crepo, to crack, to burst with a sharj> sound : It. crepitare, crepare ; Fr. crever ;

Ued

Sax. hreopan ; Goth, hropyan ; D. roepen ; alto Eng. lip, and probably from the root

fawn.

CREE'PER,

S. Clarke.

CREED,

n.

This word seems to Sp. introduced by the use of the Latin credo, 1 believe, at the beginning of the Apostles' creed, or brief system of christian faith.
credo.

[W.

credo

Sax. creda

and have been

;

It.

ofnimpo, rvpi, &c. See STI and o ^^i !. One who creeps; that which creeps a reptile also, a creeping garafa. Class Rb. No 97. and No. 18. 20. plant, which moves along the surface of 30.] the earth or attaches itself to some other To crackle to snap to burst with a small
; ; ;

Shak.

body, as

ivy.

iron used to sUde along the grate in kitchens. Johnson.

An

1.

credu; Corn, credzhi ; Arm. creidim ; It. credere ; S|>. creer Fr. croire ; Norm, crere, cruer. The primary sense is probably to throw, or to throw on or to set, to rest on. See Creed. Class Rd.] A brief summary of the articles of chris tian faith; a symbol; as the Apostolic

L.

crerfo
;

W.
;

A kind
4.

of patten or clog worn by women.

Johnson.

sharp abrupt sound, rapidly repeated ; as salt in fire, or during calcination. It differs from detonate, which signifies, to biu'st with a single loud report.

cridi

Ir.

Port, crer

Creeper or creepers, an instriunent of iron with hooks or claws, for drawing up things from the bottom of a well, ri\er or
harbor.

REP'ITATING,
ping.

ppr.

Crackling; snap-

CREPITA'TION,

creed.
2.

CREPT, pret. and pp. of creep. Eiicyc. i from hole into which an CREPUS'CLE, " [L. crepusculum, REPUS'ULE, ^ crepo or its root, a litescape notice or dan tle burst or break of light, or broken Ught. a subterfuge an excuse. ger also, Creperus is from the same root.] Johnson. the light of the morning from the CREE'PING, ppr. Moving on the belly, or Twilight first dawn to sunrise, and of the evening close to the surface of the eartli or othei' Crack.] from simset to darkness. It is occasioned or silently a recess in the small inlet, bay or cove body moving slowly, secretly, 1. bvthe refraction of the sun's rays. moving insensihlv stealing along. shore of the sea, or of a river. CREPUSCULAR. } " Pertaining to twiThey discovered a certain creek with a shore CREE'PINGLY, adv. By creeping slow- CREPUSC'ULOUS, \ light glimmering ; in the manner of a reptile. Acts xxvii. ly Sidney. noting the imjierfect light of the morning Shak R"EE'PLE. [JVot used.] [See Cripple.-] 2. Any turn or winding. and evening; hence, imperfectly clearer 3. A prominence or jut in a winding coast. CREESE, n. A Malay dagger. luminous. Broicn. Glanville. CREMA'TION, n. [L. crematio, from creino, [This sense is prohuhly not legitimate.] CREPUSC'ULINE, a. Crepuscular. [JVot Davies. to burn.] used.-] 4. In some of the American Slates, a small A burning particularly, the burning of the This sense is not justified by ety river. dead, according to the custom of many RES'CENT, a. [L. crescens, from eresco, to " ancient nations. grow Fr. croissant. See Crow.] mology, but as streams often enter into Kncyc. creeks and small bays or form them, t! CRE'MOR, n. [L. See Cream.] Cream; Increasing growing ; as crescent horns. MMon. name has been extended to small streams any expressed juice of grain yeast scum a substance resembling cream. in general. CRES'CENT, n. The increasing or new Coxe. CREEKY, a. krik'y. Containing creeks full moon, which, when receding from the of creeks; winding. } [L. crena, a notch, sun, shows a curving rim of light, termiSpenser. CRE'NATE, whence crejiaius, notchREEI', V. i. pret. and pp. crept. [Sax. CRE'NATED, \ nating in points or horns. It is applied to ed. See Cranny.] the old or decreasing moon, in a like state, creopan, ciypan ; W. crepian, cropian ; D. In botany, but less pro])erly. krinpen ; Sw. krypa ; to creep Dan. kn/- Notched indented scolloped. Dryden. Ir. dreapam ; Sp. and a crenate leaf has its edge, as it were, cut The figure or likeness of the new moon ; 1)en, a creeping; Port, trepar; L. rcpo Gr. tprtu. The sense with angular or circular incisures, not inas that borne in the Turkish flag or natiois to catch, to and the latter is ; towards either extremity. When nal standard. The standard itself, and grapple clining from the same rout, Welsh crapiaw, allied the scallops are segments of small circles, Gibbon. figuratively, the Tmkish power. to L. rapio, and to VV. it is said to be obtusely crenaled ; when 3. In heraldry, a bearing in the form of a cripian, to scrape or scratch. Class. Rb.] the larger segments have smaller ones half moon.
;

That which is believed any system ofi or professed principles which are believed
;

A genus of birds, the Certhia, or ox-eye of many species. These birds run alont the body or branch of a tree, and when they observe a person near, they rim to the side opjiosite, so as to keep out of sight

n. The act of bursting with a frequent repetition of sharp sounds ; the noise of some salts in calcination ;

2.

by a siu'geon

Coxe. Encyc. crackling. The noise of fractured bones, when moved to ascertain a fracture.

Encyc.

as a political creed.
v.t.

harsh shaip noise Shak. [See CreaA;.] REEK, n. krik. [Sax. crecea ; D. kreek ; Fr. criqiie ; W. crig, a crack crigyll, a See creek ; rhig, a notch or groove.

CREEK,

To make a

CREE'PIIOLE, n. A animal may creep to

;

'

C
4.

R E
A
Encyc.
into a crescent. Seivard.

a military order, instituted by Renatus of Aiijou, king of Sicily; so called from its syniliol or badge, a cres-

The name of

cent of gold enameled.

CRES'CENT,

V.

t.

To form
a.

CREVICE,
CREV'IS,

rhomboids. It occurs in primitiva rocks burst, to crack ; It. crepalura ; L. crepo, to with oetahedrite. burst. See Crepitate and Rip.] Urr. crack ; a cleft ; a fissure ; a rent ; an CRICK, n. [See Creak.] The creaking of a door. as a crevice in a wall. Addison. [JVot jiserf.] opening ; 2. V. t. To crack to flaw. spasmodic affection of some part of the
;

RES'CENT-SHAPED,
;

In botany, lunate lunated ; shaped like a crescent as a leaf. Marlyn. CRES'CIVE, a. [L. tresco, to grow.] InShak. creasing growing.
; ;

CRESS,
creczon
cresaen.
cresco.]

n.
;

[Fr. cresson; It. crescione ; Arm D. kers ; G. krtsse ; Sax. ccerae or Qu. its alliance to grass, or to L.

The name of several

species of plants, most of them of the class Mradynamia. Watercresse.s, of the genus Sisymbrium, are used as a salad, and are valued in medi-

cine for their antiscorbutic qualities. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste. They grow on the brinks of rivulets and
in other moist grounds. erally used in the plural.

body, as of the neck or back; local spasm or cramp. CREW, n. [contracted from Sax. crcad, or CRICK'ET, n. [D. krekel, from the root of creak ; W. cricell, cricket, and cricellu, to crvth, a croiod ; D. rot ; G. rotte ; Sw. role ; chirp or chatter crig, a crark.] Eng. rout, an assembly, a collection, froi An insect of the genus Gryllus, belonging to gathering or i)ressing. Class Rd.] the order of Hemiptcrs. There are seve1. A company of as a people associated ral species, so named noble creiv ; a gallant crew. probably on account of their creaiing or clnr|)ing voice. Spenser. Chevy-Chase. The cricket chirping in the hearth. 2. A company, in a low or bad sense, xrhich is Goldsmith. now most usual; a herd; as a rebel creiv. Milton. CRICK'ET, 71. [Qu. Sax. cricc, a stick.] So we say, a miserable crew. play or exercise with bats and ball. Pope. 3. The company of seamen who man a ship 2. .\ low stool. [British krigct, a little elevessel or boat the company belonging to vation. yVhilaker. Qu. Sw. krycka, stilts a vessel. Also, the company or gang of a or crutches.]
If'otton.

n.

The craw-fish.

[Little u.icd.]

The word is gendim. of

caq)enter, gumier, boatswain, &c. It is appropriated to the common sailors. CREW, pret. of crow, but the regular preterit

CRICK'ETER,
et. et.

n.

One who
n.

plays at crick-

CRESS'ET,

n.

[l''r.

croiselte,

CRI'ED, pret. and part, of cry. [Qu. D. klewel] Yarn twist- CRI'ER, ; ^ [See Cry.] One w ho cries ed and wound on a knot or bull, or two- CRY'ER, ^ one who makes proclamagreat light set watch tower. Johnson. Sliak. threaded worsted. Johnson. Bailey. tion. The crier of a court is an ofliccr 2. A lamp or torch. Milton. Holinshed. CREWET. [See Cruet.] whose duty is to ])roclaiin the orders or commands of the court, to open or adjourn REST, n, [Fr.crHe; L. crista; h. a-esta ; CRIB, n. [Sax.crybb; D.krib; Sw.krubba Dan. krybbe ; Ir. grib. Qu. the root of the court, keep silence, &c. A crier is Sp. cresto7i. This is probably, a growing or shooting up, from the root of cresco, also employed to grapple, to catch.] give notice of auctions, Fr. croiire ; Norm, crest, it rises, it accrues 1. The manger of a stable, in which oxei .iiid for other purposes. Russ. rastu or rostii, to grow; rost, growth and cows feed. In America, it it distin- CRIME,)!. [L. crimen ; Gr. xpi^o; It crime,Port. id. ; Sp. critnen ; Fr. crime ; Ann. crirn ; size, talhiess.] guished from a rack for horses. 1. The plume of feathers or other material Norm, crismc. This word is from the root of Where no oxen arc, the crib is clean. Prov on the top of the ancient helmet the hel Gr. xpaio, L. ccrno, to separate, to judge, to met itself Shak. The manger for other beasts. decree, to condenni. But this verb seems a. The ornament of the helmet in The ass knoweth his master's crib. Is. i. to be composed of two distinct heraldry roots, for ill Latin, the Encyc. 2. A small habitation or cottage. Shak pret. is crevi, which cannot be formed from cemo ; and in Greek, the de3. The comb of a cock also, a tuft of feath- 3. A stall for oxen. ers on the head of other fowls. 4. A case cir box in salt works. rivatives, xpi.6u, xpi'jii, xpiftji, cannot be Encyc.

cross, because beacons formerly es on their tops. See Cross.]

had

crotx, cross-

and

)/articiple,

croived, is

now most

CRICK'ET-MATCII,

Duncombe. match at crickDuncombe,

;

CREWEL,

commonly

used.

n.

on a beacon, lighthouse, or

4.

Any
mien.

tufl

or ornament
pride

worn on
;

the head

5.

Dryden.
5. Loftiness
;
;

courage

spirit

a lofty
Shrik.
;

CRIB,

A small building, raised on posts, for storU. States. ing Indian corn. V. t. To shut or confine in a narrow habitation to cage. Shak.
;

regularly
xfiifia

is

Norman

formed from xptvu. The Gr. undoubtedly a contraction, for in

the

word

is

crisme.
is

REST,
2.

V.

t.

To

furnish with a crest

to

for. Shak. long streaks. [from crest] Wearing a crest adorned with a crest or plume as a crested helmet ; a liaving a comb crested cock. 2. In natural history, having a tufl like a

serve as a crest

To mark with REST'ED, a.

;

CRIB'BAGE, n. 'A game at cards. CRIB'BED, pp. Shut up; confined; caged. CRIB'BLE, n. [I,, cribeltum, from cribrum,
and
bar
;

this

from

Port,

cribro, to sift ; Sp. criba, cricrivo ; It. cribro, cribrare, and

;

crivello, crivellare

cribatr, to

comb
;

or card

Fr. crible, crihler ; Arm. krihat ;

;

W.
Ir.

riobtmr, a sieve

allied to - - o ^

Eng.

garble.

See L

rhidyll, Eng. W.rhidiaw,to secrete, to separate. have screen, a riddle, from the root of and 7-iddle, from the Celtic root of To judge is to decide, to *pi<"5, xpiTt;;. separate or cut off, hence to condemn a crime is that which is condemned.]

then of these derivatives the Ir. criathar, a seive,

riddle;

The root the .same as of

W.

We

xpivu,

An

act
;

which
;

violates

CREST'-FALLEN,
bowed;
2.

a.

Dejected
Shak.

sunk

Ch.
;

"7313,

Ar-

J,j^r

Cli. Sai,

to sift or

dispirited; heartless; spiritless.

riddle.
1.

Howell.

-CREST'LESS,
;

Having the u])per part of the neck hanging on one side, as a horse. Encyc. a. Without a crest; not not of an emdignified with coat-armor inent family of low birth. Shak.
;

2.

Class Rb. No. 30. 34. 46.] corn-sieve or riddle. Coarse flour or meal. [JVbt userf in the U.

an act which violates a rule of moral duty an offense against the laws of right, prescribed by God or man, or against any nde of duty jjlainly inqdied in those laws. A crime may consist in omission or neglect, as well as in commission, or positive transgression. The commander of a fortress who sufiers the to

human

a law, divine or

States.]

CRIB'BLE,
of

V.

t.

To

through a sieve or

sift ; to riddle.

cause to pass

RETA'CEOUS,
ta,

a.

chalk.
;

Sp.

It. id.

[L. cretaceus, ; Fr. craic ;

from

cre;

G. kreide Sw. krita.] Chalky; having the qualities of chalk; chalk abounding with chalk.
;

D. kryt

like

RE'TI,

n.

[Gr, xp>;f ixo;.]

])octic foot

of three syllables, one short between two long syllables. Bentley. RE'T1N, n. A name given to certain de-

formed and helpless

CREVICE, n. Vol. I.

[Fr. crevasse,

idiots in the Alps. from crever, to

n. [See Cribble.] The- act siftins or riddling used in i)hannacy. CRIBRIFORM, a. [L. cribrum, a sieve, am" forma, form.] Resembling a sieve or riddle a term appli ed to the lamen of the ethmoid hone, through which the fibers of the olfactory nerve pass to the nose. .inat. CRICH'TONITE, n. A mineral so called from Dr. Crichton, physician to the Emperor of Russia. It has a velvet black color, and crystalizes in very acute small
; ;

CRIBRA'TION,

take possession by neglect,

enemy

is as really criminal, as one who voluntarily opens the gates without resistance.

But in a more common and restricted sense, a crime denotes an offense, or violation of public law, of a deeper and more atrocious nature a public w rong or a violation of the commands of God, and the
;
;

52

ofi'enses against the laws made to preserve the i)ublic rights; as treason, murder, robThe minor wrongs bery, theft, arson, &c. committed against individuals or private rights, are denominated trespasses, and the

C R
callctl

I
are

C
2.

R
tlie

I
crimp
earth.
PAiZt^JS.

C
jiCRIN'GER, and flatters with
n.

I
cringes, or
;

minor wrongs against public rights misdemeanors. Crimes and misdemeanors are punisiiable by indictment, in
Ibriuation or public prosecution ; trespassof the ines or private injuries, at the suit

The fowler treads

One who

boWS
ser_

servility.

consistent. [Qu. Dan. iram, crooked, or supra, easily broken.] [JVol vsed.]

Not

CRIN'GING,
vilely.

ppr.
n.

Shrmking

bowing

./iriiU/uiof.

cRIN'GLE,

But in many cases an dividuals injured. act is considered both as a public oftensc
jnmishable both by
;

RIMP,
To

v.

t.

[W. ciimpiaw,
;

to pinch,

to||

cring'gl. [D. kring, knnkel, See kronkel, a bend, turn, ring, or twist.

9.

and a trespass, and is Crimple.] the publif' and the individual injured. CRIMP, V. t. [Sax. ^ecnpnpL] To curl or This is Any great wickedness iniquity wrong frizzle as, to crimp the hair.
;

form into a ridge or rim.] catch to seize to pinch and hold. [See
;

Crank and

Cn'iig-e.]

No

crime was thine,

it

"tis

no crime

to love

Pope
crime punishable with death. Capital crime, a fRI'MEFUL, a. Criminal wicked parto law, right or " taking of wrous; contrary
; ;

evidently the
ing.

same \vord as

the forego-

CRIMP,
2.

In England, an agent for coaliiii nierchants, and ibr persons concerned

n.
Daileij.l

.shipping.

duty.

?''"''

R1'MELESS,
cent.

a-

Free from crime; inno'^'''"*';

;

One who decoys another

Obs.

into the

nava

withe for fastening a gate. [Local.] In marine language, a hole in the boltthe rope of a sail, formed by intertwisting division of a rope, called a strand, alterand through the nately round itself, strand of the bolt-rope, till it becomes three-fold, and takes the shape of a ring. Its use is to receive the ends of the ropes to its yard, by which the sail is drawn up or to extend the leech by the bow-linebridles.

or military service.

eRIM'INAL,
to 2.

a.

Guilty of a crime

applied
;

X A game at cards. CRIMPLE, i'.<. [D.krimpen;

krimpa
curving,

G.

id.;

Sw.

are open rings ruHIron-cringles or hanks, the heads of ning on the stays, to which
the stay sails are

persons. a crune Partaking of a crime ; involving that violates public law, divine or human; act. as, theft is a cri'miiin/ wicked. a. That violates moral oliligation ; to crimes ; opposed to civd ; as a
4.

Relating

criminal code

criminal law.

CRIM'lNAL,

?^.

a vio ted an otlense against public law More parlater of law, divine or humau. with ticularlv, a person indicted or charged
;

person

who has commit CRIMP'LED,

curled.

en/mu, to bend. See Crumple and Rumple, troni the same root, AV. rhimp, rim., a rim.] To contract or draw together; to shrink to Jl iseman. cause to shrink; to curl.

Dan. krymper ; Scot, craii;* ; VV. ; to pinch ; crwm, crom crimpiaxc, to shrink,
bending,
shrinking
;

made

fast.

Mar. Did.

CRINIti'EROUS,
hair,

and

g-f ro,

a. [L. criniger ; crinis, to wear.] Hairy ; over-

grown with hair. CRI'NITE, a. [L. crinitus, from

Qu.

Did.
crinis, hair.

W.

crinaw, to parch, to frizzle.]

Hav-

pp.

Contracted

shrunk

CRINK'LE,
hring.]

of hair. ing the appearance of a tuft V. i. crink'l. [D. krinkelen, to wind or twist. Uu. crank, and riiig, Sax.
;

CRIMP'LING, ;);.
curling
sino
;
;

Contracting; shrinking
^^''
[It.

a public otiense,
guilty,

verdict, Criminal conversation, the illegal

by

and one who is lound confession or proof

hobbling.
ri.

To

CRIM'SON,

knm'zn.
;

cremisi, cremi-

commerce

Fr. rramoisi

Sp. canncsi
;

RIM1NAL'ITY, ( The qualuy ol bea hig criminal, or CRIiM'INALNESS, S ol

violation of law; guilfmcss; the quality

ofthese.xes; adultery.

carmoasy ; D. knrmoxyn ; Sw. karmesin ; Dan. karmesie

Arm. G. karmosm
;

turn or wind to bend to wrinkle to in and out in little or short bends or as, the lightning crinkles. CRINKLE, V. t. To fcuni with short tum; ;

run

turns

from Ar.

kirmizon, kcrmes, the cochineal

insect or berry.]
also, a

or wrinkles; to mold into inequalities. n. A wrinkle; a winding or turn sinuosity. CRI'NOSE, a. Hairy. [See Crinile.] [Little

CRINK'LE,
;

being guilty of a crime. This is liy no means the only

criminality.

used.]
lilue;

ciitcrion of Blackf^tone, iv. cli. 17.

A deep red color; a red tinged with

CRINOS'ITY,
CRIP'PLE,
n.

)!.

Hairiness.
kroppel,
It

RIM'INALLY,
law
in
;

Panoplist. Enet/e. adv. In violation of public

red color in general; as the virgin Sliak. crimson of modesty.

crip'l.

[B. kreupd
;

[Little used.] G. kriip;

pd
to

Dan. krypling,
krob, a

and krobhng,
Ice. crypen,

wickedly a wrong or iniquitous manner.

in violation
v.
; _
_

of divine law

He made

the vail of blue, and purple, and

iii.

from
this

creeping animal

crimson. 2 Chron.

move crooked.
is
;

would seem that

CRIM'INATE,
lus.\

t.

crimina [L. criminor,

.

CRIM'SON,
the crimson

a.

Of

lilusli

a beautiful deep red as of modesty a crimson

;

from the root of creep.]

To

stream of blood. to al charge with a crime ; CRIM'SON, V. t. To dye with crimson ; to of a crime, oftense orji make red. ledge to be guilty dye of a deep red color; to CRIjM'SON, I', i. To become of a deep red wrong. aOur municipal laws do not veqime the oHendcolor to be tinged with red; to blush. liiinsell. rr to plead guilty or criminate Her cheeks crimsoned at the entrance of her JJeloe's Ileroil
.

accuse

to

creeps, lame iiersou jirimarily, one halts or limps ; one who has lost, or never the use of his limbs. Acts xiv.

who

enjoyed
tially

The word may

or totally limbs. See the blind beggar dance, the cripple smg.

is parsignify one who disabled from using his

Scott on Lev. vi.

Chrift.

CROriNATED,
with a crime.
to be guilty.

pp.

Accused
Accusing
. .

Obs chart'cd

lover.

CRIM'SONED,
deep
red.

pp.

Dyed

or tinged with a
tinginj

IcRIP'PLE,
and
2.

n.
t'.

Lame.
(.

Pope. Shak.
;

CRIPPLE,
Dyeing or
feet.

CRIMTNATING, ppr.
.
;

alledmnc

CRIM'SONING,
CRINC'UM,
CRINCiE,
V.
Ji.

ppr.

to deprive of the use of the limbs, particularly of the legs

To lame

with a deep red.

, n -nhe J [L. cnminalw.] CRIMINA'TION, accusation charge of, act of accusing ofbavin"- been guilty of a criminal act,
;

cramp; a contraction a turn or bend; a whim. [A vulgar word.]

Hudibras.
the root [jirobably from of crank, crinkle, Ileb. and Cli. yi3 from the root of crook, with a nasal sound G. krieclien; VV. last
i.

To disahle ; to deprive of the power of was crippled in exertion. say, a fleet the eni;'a;;ement.

We

fense or wrong.

Johnson.]
a.

crinj.

CRIP'PLED,

CRIM'INATORY,
tion
;

Relating to accusa.

pp. Lamed ; tent in the limbs; disabled.

)!.

rendered impo-

CRIP'PLENESS,

Lameness.

accusing.
a.

CRIMINOUS,

Very wicked
[A''ot

hainous

involving great crime.

used.]
;

Hammond.

CRIM'INOUSLY,
ously
;

adv.

Criminally

enormously.

RIM"'IN0USNESS,
criminality. [Xot

[JVot vsed.] n. Wickedness; guilt:

CRIP'PLING, ppr. Laming; depriving of consonant; of the the use of the limbs; disabling. cnjcu, to curl.] to contract; to draw CRI'SIS, n. plu. cri'ses. [Gr. xptuis, L. crisis, Properly, to shrhik; from the root of xpiiu, to separate, to detoi-ether a popular use of the word. [Vulhaintcrmine, to decide. See Crime.] gariy, scringe.] disease Shak. 1. In medical science, the change of a his face.
; ;
1

You

see

him cringe

used.]

King

Charles.

CRINIjE,
servility

I',
;

i. cri7ij.

To bow
;

CRIM'OSIN. [See Crimson.] CRIMP, a. [Sax. acrymman. to crumble

kruim, a
1.

to

fawn

to

bend with make court by mean

;

to

compliances.
Flatterers are always

crum

'kruimelen, to
friable
;

crumble
[Ltl

howingand cringing.
jlrbiithnot
:

that change which indicates its event which indicates recovery or death. It is sometimes used to designate the excretion of something noxious from the body, or ol
;

See CraiiiWf .] Easily crumbled

tie

brittle.

CRINgE.

11.

crinj.

A bow

servile civility.
Pliiltps
2.

the noxious fluids in a fever. Encyc. Parr. The decisive state of tilings, or the point

used.]

I
to its suffer

I
2.

C R O
write remarks on the merit of a pcrforuLance to notice beauties and faults. Cavil you may, Imt never criticise. Pope. 3. To animadvert upon as faulty to utter censure as, to criticise on a man's manLocke. ners, or his expenses. CRITICISE, V. t. To notice beauties and blemishes or faults in to utter or write remarks on the merit of a pcrforniance as, to criticise the writings of Milton.
;

of time when an affair is aiTived hightli, ami must soon tenniiiatu or a material cliange.
This hour's
tlie

very crisis of your fate.

-CRISP, a. [L. crispus; It. crespo ; See tlie Verb.] 1. Curled fortiied into curls or ringlets. 8. Indented: winding; as cm cliuiuiels.
;

Dryden G. kraus

habit or taste, can perceive the difTerenco between propriety and impropriety, in objects or works presented to his view; between the natural and umiatural the high and the low, or lofty and mean the congruous and incongruous the correct and incorrect, according to the established rules of the art.
;

To

An

Shall.
3. Brittle
;

examiner a judge. And make each day a critic on

;

the

last.

friable

bled.

crumeasily broken or Bacon.

Pope.

2.

RlriI', 11. t. [L. crispo ; It. creapare ; Syt.^ crcspar ; Fr. crtper ; Dan. kruscr ; Sw.j krusa : \V. cris, a crust crisb, a crisp coaling; cn^bin, cris|), friable; fvom rhis,
; ;

One who judges with severity censures or finds fault.

Pope.

one

who

pass judgment on with respect to merit or blame as, to criticise an author;

;

To

to criticise the con<luct.

CRIT'IC,

a.

(^ritical

Swift. relating to criticism,

Watts.

CIUT'ICISED,

;;/).

Examined and judged

or the art of judging of the merit of a litebroken into points, mince allied to ci-esu, rary performance or discourse, or of any work in the fine arts. [See Critical.] crasu, to roast or parch. From the Gothic we observe that p is not radical. CRIT'IC, V. i. To criticise to play the crit dialects,
;

1.

Class Rd. No. 20. 73. Ar.] To curl to twist to contract or form into ringlets, as llie hair; to wreathe or in-; terweave, as the branches of trees. B. Jonson. Milton.
!

ic.

CRIT'ICAL,
See
1.

[Litlle used.] a. [L.

CViVi'c]

criticus

Temple. Gr. xpinxoj.

;

Relating to criticism
critical ilissertation

nicely exact

as a

on Homer.

with res[)ect to beauties and faults. CRITICISING, ppr. ICxamining ami judging with regard to beauties and faults; remarking on; animadverting on. CRIT'ICISM, n. The art of judging with propriety of the beauties and fiiulls of a hterary performance, or of any production in the fine arts as the rules of criticism. 2. The act of judging on the merit of a perremark on formance ainmadversion
; ;

2.

To

indent. Jolnison.
is,

To

twist or eddy.
;

Having the
tinguisli
critical
;

skill

or

power

But the sense

little

to curl

to

Mason.' wrinkle in
i

beauties

from blemishes; as

nicely to dis a

judge; a

critical

auditor; a critical
;

beauties and faults; critical observation, verbal or written. \Vc say, the author's criticisms are candid, or they are severe.

ear critical taste. undulations, as a fretted surface. From that sa|)phire fount the crisped brooks,' 3. Making nice distinctions critical rules. Rolling on oncnt peavl antl sands of gold, Milton. Ran nectar, visiting each plant. of with
n.

CRITIQUE,
accurate
;

as

CRIT'IC,
its

examination of the merI of a performance remarks or animad;

"

[Fr. critique'.]

critical

CRISPA'TION,
.state

The

act of curling, or

Bacon. CRISP' ATURK, n. A curling; the state of Lee. beuig curled. Botany. Curled; twisted; frizzled. CRISP'ED, pp. CRISP'ING, ppr. Curling frizzling.

of being curled.

CRISPING-PIN,
RISP'NESS,
n.

)!.

curling-iron. Isaiah.

state of

being curled

C.

accuracy ; disCapable judging cerning beauties and faults; incclyjudi cious in matters of literature and the fine arts; as, Virgil was a critical poet. Capable of judging with accuracy conforming to exact rules of propriety ; exact |)articular as, to be critical in rites and ceremonies, or in the selection of books. Inclined to find fault, or to judge with se;
:

2.

versions on beauties and faults. Addison wrote a critique on Paradise Lost. Science of criticism standard or rules of judging of the merit of performances. If ideas and words were distinctly weighed, and duly considcretl, they would alibril us another sort of logic and critic. Locke.
;

CRIZ'ZEL, CRIZ'ZELING,
rency.

I " \

[See Crisp.] A kind of roughness on the

its

also, brittleness.
|

verity.
;'

CRISPY,
a. Brittle

a. Curled; formed into ringlets as crispy locks. Shak.\ dried so as to break short as a crispy cake.
; ;

7.

[See Crisis.'] Pertaining to a crisis mark ing the time or state of a disease which indicates its ternnnation in the death or recovery of the patient as critical days, or
;
;

surface of glass, which clouds

transpa-

CROAK,
yan
;

v.i.

L.

[Sax.

cracelfan
;

Encyc. Goih. hruk;

crocio,

crocito

CRIST'ATE, CRIST' ATED,

I "'

[L. crisfatus,
ta,

from

cris-,

critical
8.

a crest.]
ap-l
tuft,

In botany, crested; tufted; having an

pendage like a crest or thers and flowers.

as

some anMaiiyn.

CRITERION,
from
tlie

)i. phi. criteria. [Gr. j:|xrw""s root of xpcrw, to judge. See Crime.] standard of judging any established law,
;

principle or fact, by which facts, propositions and opinions are compared, in order to discover their truth or falsehood, or by which a correct judgment tnav l)e formed.
rule,

CRITH'OMANC V, n.
A
ftavTna, divination.]

[Gr.

xf>i$r;,

barley, and

kind of divination by means of the dough of cakes, and the meal strewed over the
victims, in ancient sacrifices. Encyc. n. [Gr. xpi-nxo;, from xpiT);;, a judge or discerner, from the root of xpiwj,' to judge, to separate, to distinguish. See

CRIT'IC,

Crime^
3.

literary

judging of the merit of one who is able to discern and distinguish the beauties and faults of
skilled in
;

A person

works

writing.

In a

more general

sense, a per

son skilled in judging with propriety of any combination of objects, or of any work of art and particularly of what are denominated the Fine Arts. A critic is oue who, from experience, knowledge,!
;

groan Ir. ^rag, gragam ; coinciding in elements with \V. creg, cryg, hoarse, Sa.x. crygu, to make rough or hoarse Gr. hreog, rough, and hreowian, to rue These xpufui, xpuyuof, and xpa^u, xp(v)'fif. all appear to be of one family, and from the root of rough, and creak, W. rhyg. Sec Crow.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog or other animal. 2. To caw to cry as a raven or crow. 3. To make any low. nmttering sound, resembling that of a frog or raven; as, their bellies croak. Locke. 4. In contempt, to speak with a low, hollow voice. ically. 2. At the crisis at the exact time. CROAK, n. The low, harsh sound uttered 3. In a critical situation, place or condition, by a frog or a raven, or a like .sound. so as to command the crisis as a town CRO.^KER, n. One that croaks, murmurs situated. or grumbles one who complains unreacritically Mitford. CRIT'IC'ALNESvS, )!. The state of being sonably. critical incidence at a particular point of CROAKING, ppr. Uttering a low, harsh time. sound from the throat, or otlier similar 2. Exactness sound. accuracy nicety ; minute care in examination. CROAKING, n. low, harsh sound, as of a CRITICISE, !'. t. s as i. To examine and frog, or the bowels. judge critically to judge with attention: CRO'ATS, II. Troops, natives of Croatia.
;

9.

in a disease as a critical sweat. Decisive; noting a time or state on which the issue of things depends important, as] regards the consequences as a criticall time or moment a critical juncture. 10. Formed or situated to determine or decide, or having the crisis at command important or essential for determining as! a critical post. Mifford.] CRIT'ICALLY, adv. In a critical manner;! with nice discernment of truth or falsehood, jjropriety or impropriety with nice scrutiny accurately exactly as, to examine evidence critically ; to observe cr!7-

symptoms. Producing a crisis or change

;

crocciare ; Fr. croasser ; krcichzen; D. kraaijen,to crow,

g:en, to
;

Sp. croa.rar Arm. crozal

It.

G. ; and kruch-

indicriiing a crisis

;!

to lieauties

literary

and faults as, to criticise on a' work, on an argument or dis-l

;
1

CRO'CALITE,

n.

[from crocus,
color.
It is

saffron.]

course.

mineral, a variety of zeohte, of an or-

ange or brick red

sometimes

C R O
found in renifortn or globular masses, with Cleaveland. a radiated texture. CRO'CEOUS, o. [L. croceus, from crocus,
consisting of saffron. RO'CHES, n. Little buds or knobs about the tups of a deer's horn. Baitey.
;
;

R O
ward
;

C
Pennant.

R O

Chesapeak and the large rivers in Virginsometimes of three feet in length. ia

saffron.] Like s.iflVon

CROM'LECII,

?!.

[W.

cromler:

crom, bent,

perverse ; going out of the path of rectitude ; given to obliquity or wandering from duty. They are a perverse and crooked generation.
Deut. xxxii.

yellow

CROCITA'TION,
ing.

n.

[L. crocito.]

concave, and llec, a fiat stone.] Huge flat stones resting on other stones, set on end for that purpose supposed to be the remains of druidical altars.
;

CROOK'EDLY,
2.

Untowardly
or turning
;

adv. In a winding manner. not compliantly.

n.
;
;

CROOK'EDNESS,
2.

croak-

CROCK,
krug
;

W.
An

7i. [Sax. cruce, crocca; D. kruik ; G. D. kriikke ; Sw. kruka ; Fr. cruclic ; cregen, an earthern vessel; crocan, a

CRONE,
old.]

n. [Ir. criona, old ; crion, crionaim, to wither, fade, decay

Rowland, Mon. Antiq. withered

;

curvity
;
;

A winding, bending curvature inflection. Hooker.

;

W.

crin

Perverseness

mitowardness
iniquitv
;

deviation

aw, to wither, to

become

brittle

Gr. ytpuv,

from rectitude
duct.
3.

obliquity of con-

pot.]

earthern vessel
n.

a pot or pncher; a cup.

Obs.
crock, supra,

2.

CROCK,

[Qu. from
^3 j.~

or from

1. An olil woman. An old ewe. CRO'NET, n. [coronet.]

Sliak.

Dryden
Tusser.

Deformity of a gibbous body.

V.
t.

The

hair

which

CROOK'EN,
in use.]

To make
a.

Johnson, Taylor. crooked. [ATot

grows over the top of a horse's hoof

"3.

Ch. pn, Ar.

charaka, to burn.]

The

Soot, or the black matter collected from combustion on pots and kettles, or in a

CRONICAL, CRONYCAL.
cat.]

Johnson. iron at the end of a tiltuig spade. Bailey.

eRQQK'lNG,ppr. Bending; winding.

CROOK'-KNEED,
knees.
shoulders.

Having
a.

crooked
Shak.

[See Acroni

CROOK'-SHOULDERED,
CROOP,
CRoUP,
The
}
'

Having bent

chinmey. But this n. [See Crone. CROCK, V. <.or To black with soot, or other CRO'NY,to carry the sense of seems
i.

Rmj.

word

disease called technically cynanche trachealis, an aflijction of the throat accomI)anied with a hoarse difficult respiration. Sec Crock.] crocenyz, a potter. It is vulgarly called rattles. familiar friend. Earthern ware vessels formed of clay, glaCROP, n. [Sax. crop, cropp, the crop of a To oblige your crony Swift, zed and baked. The term is api)lied to new year's gift. fijwl, a cluster, ears of corn, grapes, grains Swift Brin^ our dame the coarser kinds of ware the finer kinds of corn D. krop ; G. kropf; W. crop, the Hence an old crony is an intimate friend of being usually called china or porcelain. crop or craw cropiad, a gathering into a long standing. CROC'ODILE, 71. [Gr. xpoxoStao; [qu. CROOK, n. heap, a creeping ; crojiian, to creep. Here [Sw. krok ; Dan. krog ; Fr. croc, ami Jtao;, fearing ;] L. crocxpoxoj, saffron, we see that crop is a gathering, and that it crocliet Arm. crocq Ir. cruca ; VV. erwg, ndilus ; It. coccodrillo ; Sp. cocodrilo.'] is coimected with whose radical croca Goth, hrugg, a An amphibious animal of the geims Lacerta crwca, which; in Italian is rocco shepherd's sense is to catch orcreep, hold. Hence take W. crug, ; crook, It has a or lizard, of the largest kind. a heap, a rick ; Sax. hric ; Eng. a ridge ; crop coincides with I.^ carpo, carpus, and naked body, with four feet and a tail it G. riicken, the back, or ridge of an aniperhaps with reap, rapio, as it does with has five toes on the fore feet, and four on Hence we see how the crop of a mal. These words appear to be connectgrapple. It grows to the length of the hind feet. ed with L. ruga, a wi-inkle, Russ. kryg, fowl, and a crop of grain or hay, are consixteen or eighteen feet, runs swiftly on sistently the same word.] WriTikling forms rougli okrug, a circle. but does not easily turn itself It inland, ness, and this is the radical sense of 1. The first stomach of a fowl; the craw. habits the large rivers in Africa and .Asia, The top or highest part of a thing; the hoarseness. It. 7-oco, hoarse, L. raurus, and lays its eggs, resembling those of a end. Chaucer. [JVot in use.] Eng. rough, W. cryg, rough, hoarse. The goose, in the sand, to be hatched by the radical sense of crook is to strain or draw 3. That which is gathered ; the corn, or heat of the sun. [See .dlligator.] fruits of the earth collected harvest. The hence, to bend.] Encyc. 1. Any bend, turn or curve or a bent or word includes every species of fruit or a captious and sophistical ar'I. In rhetoric, produce, gathered for man or beast. speak of a crook curving instrument. gument contrived to draw one into a Coi-n and other cultivated plants while in a stick of tind)er, or in a river and any snare. hook is a crook. growing a popular use of the word. a. Pertaining to or like a CROCODILE, 2. shepherd staff", curving at the end; a 5. Any thing cut off or gathered. crocodile as crocodile tears, that is, false When used by a bishop or (J. Hair cut close or short. staff. pastoral or affected tears, hypocritical sorrow. it is called a crosier. CROP, v.t. To cut oft" the ends of any thing ; CRO'CUS, n. [Gr. xpoxo{, from the Shemitic abbot, left his crook, lie lell his flocks. Prior. to eat oft"; to pull oft"; to pluck to mow; He 3. A" gibbet. to reap; as, to crop flowers, trees, or grass. pT , and its yellow color.] a trick. Cranmer. 4. An artifice Man crops trees or plants with an instruI. Saffron, a genus of plants. a yellow ])owder any metal CROOK, V. t. [Fr. crochuer; Sw. krbka ; 3. In ment, or with his fingers; a beast crops
join, to associate ; whence its derivative, an associate.] .Vn intimate companion ; an associate ; a
; -a
;

matter collected from combustion or to black with the cohning matter of cloth. JVew England. CROCK'ERY, rt. [W. crocan, a boiler or pot; crocenu, to make earthern vessels;
;

fellowship,

a hoarse

and

[ScoLcroup, crope,crupe, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with voice Goth, hropyan ; Sax.
;

is

precisely the Ar.

j.i'

karana, to

hreopan, to call out.]

We

chimistry,

calcined to a red or deep jcllow color. Encyc. CROFT, n. [Sax. croft allied probably to L. crypta, Gr. xpurtro, to conceal.] A little close adjoining or near to a duelling house, and used for pasture, tillage or other
;

1.

2.

Dan. krOger ; W. crwcau, crocau.] To bend to turn from a straight line make a curve or hook. To turn from rectitude ; to pervert.
;

with his teeth.

;

to

To

cut

oft"

prematurely

to gather before
fruits,

it falls.

While force our youth,

crops.

like

untimely

Bacon.
3.

Denham.
yield harvest.
[.Voi in use.]

purposes.

CROISA'DE,

n. [Fr. from croix, a cross.] holy war; an expedition of christians against the infidels, for the conque.st of| Palestine. [See the more common word Crusade.] CROIS'ES, n. [See Cross.] Soldiers en rolled under the banners of the cross.

"i.

Pilgrims

who
n.

CRO'KER,

Shak. CROP'-EAR, 11. [crop and ear.] A horse turned from a right line Shak. whose ears are cropped. Camden. wind. CROOK'-BACK, n. A crooked back one CROP'-EARED, a. Having the ears cropB. Jonson. who has a crooked back or round shoul- ])ed. Shak. CROP'FllL, a. Having a full crop or belly ders. Milton. ;:itiated. CROOK'-B-ACKED, a. Having a round Cut oflf; plucked eaten Jack, or shoulders. Dryden. CROP'PED, ? P^' off; Btirke. CROOK'ED, pp. or a. Bent; curved; curv- CROPT. reai>ed, or mowed. \ CROP'PER, n. A pigeon with a large crop. g winding. carry the cross. fValtoii. Johnson. A fowl that inliabits the 2. Winding in moral conduct; devious; froEncyc.
;

To thwart. [Little used.] CROOK, V. i. To bend or be

CROP,
bent to be to curve to
; ; ;

V. i.

To

C
CROP'PING,
eating
ofl';

R O
ofT; pulling off;
off.

C
To
bles
13.

R O
verse bars.

R O
a.

CROP'PING, 71. The act 2. The raising of crop^. CROP'-SICK, a. Sirk or

;

In mining, two nicks cut in the surface of the earth, thus +. indisposed from a Cross and pile, a play with money, at which it is stomach sick with excess in put to chance whether a coin shall surcharged fall with that side Tale up, which bears the eating or drinking. cross, or the other which is called pile or CROP'-tilCKNESS, n. Sickness from rereverse. L. crapula. pletion of the .><toniarli. craus. Transverse n. kro'zhur. [I'V. crosse, a cro- CROSS, a. CRO'SIER, oblique crasser, to play jiassiiig from side to side sier, a bat or gaff-stick falling athwart at cricket Ann. cro^z ; from the root of as a cross beam.
; ; ;
; ;

ppr. Cutting reaping, or mowing. oC cutting

take

and

up the cross, is to submit to trou afilictions from love to Christ.

CROSS'-BARRED,

Secured by
n.

trans-

Milton.

CROSS -BAR-SHOT,

bidlet with

an

iron bar passing through it, and standing out a few inches on each side used in naval actions for cutting the enemy's rig;

ging.

Encyc.

CROSS-BEARER,

cross.]

The

cross refraction of a second prism.

bishop's crook or pastoral staff, a symIt bol of pastoral authority and care. consists of a gold or silver staff, crooked at the top, and is carried occasionally before bishops and abbots, an<l held in the hand when they give solemn benedictions. The use of crosiers is ancient. Originally a crosier was a staff with a cross on the Encyc. top, in form of a crutch or T. 2. In astronomy, four stars in the southern hemisphere, in the form of a cross.
1.

M'ewton.
2.

Adverse;
times with
clinations.

oi>posite
to
;

obstructing; someas an event cross to our in; ;

?i. In the Romiskchurch, the chaplain of an archbishop or jiriinatc, who bears a cross before him on solemn occasions. Also, a certain olhcer in the inquisition, who makes a vow before the incpiisitors to defend the Catholic faith, with the loss of fortune and life. though

CROSS
bill

:}.

as the cross circumstances of a man's temper. South.

;

Perverse

untractable
;

Encyc. -BILL, n. In chancery, an original by which the defendant prays relief

Blackstone.

4.

Peevish

fretful

ill-humored

CROSS'-l$ILL,

persons or thiitgs ; as a cross husband a cross answer.

;

woman

applied

to

or

?i. A species of bird, the Loria curvirostra, the mandibles of whose bill curve opposite ways and cross each

against the plaiulilT.

other.

o.

Contrary

contradictory

Contradictions that couth.

6.

seem

to lie cross

perplexing. and unSouth.

CROSS'-BITE,

n.

A
t.

Encyc.
deception
;

a cheat.

Encyc. ROS'LET, n. [See Cross.] A small cross. In heraldry, a cross crossed at a small distance from the ends. Encyc.

Adverse
siifn.

unfortunate. Behold the cross and unlucky issue of

; ;

CROSS'-BITE,

V.

To
In

L'Estrange. thwart or contraCollier.

my

de-

vene by deception.

Ulaurille.

CROSS'-BOW,
a stock.

n.

archery,

missive
Baileii.

CROSS,
Russ.

Interchanged a brother and sister intermarry with two persons who have the same relation to each other. Bailey. 8. Noting what belongs to an adverse i)arty through th(! Fr. croix, croiscr ; It. croce as a cross interrogatory. Kent. Sp. cruz; W. crvg, coinciding with the Ir. CROSS, prep. Athwart transversely over regh, riagh. Qu. the iilentity of these words. from side to side so as to intersect. The Irish has cros, a cross crosadh, crolimits cut a
n. craus.
;

[W.

croes

Arm.

croaz

as a cross marriage,

when

weapon formed by placing a "bow athwart

kors ; Dan. kryds and kors ; Class Ud. But the English cross would seem to be from the L. crur,

G. kreuz

Sw.

CROSS'-BOWER,
a cross-bow.
f.

n.

One who

shoots with
Raleigh.

krest.

[\

CROSS CUT, V. To cut across. CROSSCUT-SAW, n. A saw managed

CROSS'ED,
;

ical is

saim, to cross, to hinder. If the last radDryden. g or f, this word belongs to the This is admissible in poetry, as an abbreviaroot of crook. Chaucer uses crouche for tion of across.
cross.]

And

cross their

sloping way.

at each end. pp. Having a Hue drawn over; canceled; erased; passed over; thwarted opposed obstructed counteracted.
; ;

by two men, one

CROSS-EXAMINA'TION,

n.

The exam-

or run a line, or lay 1. A gibbet consisting of two pieces of tima body across another as, to cross a word ber placed across each other, either in in writing to cross the arms. form of a T or of an X. That on which 2. To erase to cancel as, to cross an ac our Savior suffered, is represented on coins' count. and other monuments, to have been of the 3. To make the sign of the cross, as catho former kind. Encyc. lies in devotion. and 1. To 2. The ensign of the christian religion to pass or pass from side to side hence figuratively, the religion itself move over as, to cross a road to cross a Rowe I crossed the English river, or the ocean. monument with a cross upon it to ex3. from Dieppe to Brighton, in a cliaimel, cite devotion, such as were anciently set fV. sleam-boat, Sept. If, 1834. Johnson. Shak. 5. in market places. To thwart to obstruct ; to hinder to 4. Any thing in the form of a cross or gibembarrass ; as, to cross a purpose or de-

CROSS,

ji.

/.

To draw

ination or interrogation of a witness called by one party, by the opposite party or his counsel.

CROSS-EXAMINE,

v. t. To examine a witness by the opposite party or bis counsel, as the witness for the plaintiff by the defendant, and vice versa.

The opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses has been expressly waived. Kent.
pp. Examined or interrogated bv the opposite party. V. i. To flow across. Milton. CROSS'-GRAINED, a. Having the grain or fibers across or irregular as in timber, where a branch shoots from the trunk, there is a curling of the grain. 2. Perverse; untractable; not condescend-

CROSS-EXAM'INED,
CROSS'-FLOW",

bet.

Johnson. 6. Any thing that thvvai'ts, obstructs, or per plexes hindrance vexation misfortune
5.

line

drawn through another.

;

sign.
C.

opposition;

trial

of patience.

Heavcu
7.

prepares good

men

with crosses.
li.

7.

counteract to clash or interfere with to be inconsistent with as, natural appetites may cross our principles. To coimtoract or contravene to hinder
; ;
;

To

ing.

CROSS'ING,
;

body by Eph. J.9. The doctrine of Christ's sufferings and of the atonement, or of salvation by
Christ.

Shak. 9. To deliar or preclude. n. Drydcn To cross the breed of an annnal, is to thwarting ; impediment; produce CROSS'ING, right side or face of a coin, stamped vexation. Shak. young from different varieties of the spewith a cross. Encyc.\ sail extendCROSS-JACK, n. cro-jeck. cies. 9. The mark of a cross, instead of a signa-; ed on the lower yard of the mizen mast; CROSS, V. I. To lie or be athwart. ture, on a deed, formerly impressed by| but seldom used. 2. To move or Encyc. laterally, or from one those who could not write. Encyc side towards pass other, or from place to CROSS'-LEGGED, a. Having the the legs Davies. 10. Church lands in Ireland. across. place, either at right angles or obliquely ; 11. In theology, the sufferings of Christ by Bedford. CROSS'LY, adv. Athwart ; so as to interas,to cross from Nantucket to crucifixion. sect something else, 3. To be inconsistent : as, men's actions do Tliat he might reconcile both to God in one not always o-oss with reason. [.Vol used. ]\\2. Adversely ; in opposition ; unfortunately. the cross. ii. a cross.

Money

Jonson or coin stamjied with the Cgure of

by authority
8. i'o

to stop. [See
,

contradict.

No. 5.] Bacon. Hooker.

ppr. Drawing; running or passing a line over; erasing; canceling; thwarting opposing ; counteracting ; passing over.

8.

The

New

CROSS'-ARMED,
i '

a.

With arms

Sidney.la. Peevishlv ; fretfullv. across. [cROSS'NESS, ji. Peevisliness; fretfulness;

The
perish,

preachina: of the cross 1 Cor. i. foolishness.

is

to

ihem

that'

Gal. v.

\n bofrini/, brachiate ; decussated; having'( illhmiior; perverseness. branches in pairs, each at right angles|iCROSS-PIECE, n. A rail of timber extendwith the next. Martyn.ii ing over the windlass of a ship, furnished

R O
4.

C
A
;

R O
;

C
a whim, or
to

R O
but not

with pins with which to fasten the rigEncyc. ging, as occasion requires. CROSS'-PURl'OSE, 78. A contrary purpose ; contradictory system also, a conversation in whicli one person does or pretends to misunderstand another's meanAn enigma a riddle. Mason. ing.
;
;

peciihar turn of the mind fancy a perverse conceit.

All the devices
tions.

swagger.

[A popular,

use of the word.]

an elegant

and crotchets of new invenHotvell.

a.

CROW-BAR,
one end,
weights.

CROTCH'ETED,
ets.

Marked with

Grandison. n. A bar of iron sharpened at used as a lever for raising

crotch-

CROW-BERRY,

CROUCH,
crank.
scrooch.]
1.

CROSS'-QUESTION,
ine.

r.

t.

To

cross

exam-

ROSS'-ROW,
to
2.

because a cross

show
row
;

KiUine;beck. !. The alphabet, so named is placed at the beginning, that the end of learning is piety.

V. i. [G. kriechen, kroch, krochc, to creep, to stoop, to cringe, probably allied to crook, Fr. crochu, as cringe to

n. plant of the genus Enipetruni, or berry-bearing heath. One species bears the crow-crake berries.

Class
;

Rg.

Vulgarly,

crooch,
lie

To bend down

to stoop

low

to

close

Johnson.

Shak.
across
2.

that crosses others.

n.

CROSS-SEA,
others
tions.

Waves running
n.

to the ground ; as an animal. dog crouches to his master ; a lion crouches in the thicket.

a swell running in different direc-

To bond
fawn
;

servilely to cringe.
that
is

to stoop
left

meanly
house

to

CROSS'-STAFF,

instrument to take the altitude of the sun or stars. CROSS'-STONE, n. A mineral called also harmotome, and staurolile. It is almost

An

Every one
1

in thine
for a

shall

come and crouch

Sam.
ii.

to

him

piece of bread.

Encyc. n. In surgery, a kind of forceps for extracting bullets and other things from wounds. Encyc, CROW'S-FEET, n. The wrinkles under the eyes, which are the effects of age. Obs. Chaucer. -FLOWER, n. A kind of campion. CROW-FOQT, n. On board of ships, a complication of small cords spreading out from a long block used to stispend the awn-

CROW'S-BILL,

CROW

CROUCH,
the cross

v.t.
;

[See Cross.]

To

sign with
2.

ings, or to keep the top sails from striking fretting against the tops. Encyc.

and

always

in crystals.

Its single crystals

arc

to bless.

[JVot in use.]
;

Chaucer. rectangular tbur-sidcd prisms, broad oi' compressed, and terminated by four-sided CROUCH'ING, ppr. Uending stooping pyramids, with rhombic faces, which cringing-. stand on the lateral edges. But this min- CR6U1', ^ [Fr. " tockscroupe, a ridge, top, buteral is generally foiuid in double crystals, CROOP, 8p. grupa ; Port, garucomposed of two of the preceding cryspa ; It. groppa ; W. crib; Russ. krivei,
;
<,

In botany, plants.

the

Ranunculu.s, a genus of
!.

each other, that the two broader planes of one prism are perpendicular to the broader planes of the other, throughout their whole length. Its color is a grayish white or milk white, sometimes with a shade of yellow or red.
tals,

so

intersecting

Cleaveland.

.CROSS'-TINING,

n.

In hushamlry, a har-

rowing by drawing the harrow or drag back and forth on the same ground.
Encyc.

CROSS-TREES,

n. In ships, certain pieces of timber, supported by the cheeks and trestle-trees, at the upper ends of the lower masts, to sustain the frame of the top, and on the top masts, to extend the to])

In the military art, a machine of iron, with four points, so Ibrmed that in whatever way it falls, there is one jioint upwards, and intended to stop or embarrass the approach or march of the crooked krivlyu, to bend.] enemy's cavalry a caltrop. Encyc. the buttocks of a CROWING, 1. The rump of a fowl; ppr. Uttering a particular voice, as a cock; boasting in triumph vaunting; horse, or extremity of the reins above the hips. bragging. The cyuanche i. [Scot, croup. See Croop.] CROW-KEEPER, n. A scarecrow. [Abt trachealis, a disease of the throat. Shak. used.] CRoUPA'DE, } "' [from croup, or its root.] CROW-NET, ?!. In England, a net for catchIn the manege, a leap in CROOPA'DE, ing wild fowls the net used in New Engwhich the horse pulls up his hind legs, as land for catching wild pigeons. if he drew them U]> to his belly. Encyc. n. A plant, the Confena CROUT, ? " [G. kraut, cabbage, an herb CROW-SILK, ivalis. Fam. oj Plants. Sour cruut is !>. kruid.] KROUT, S n. A plant ; as the tufted made by laying minced or chopped cab- CROW-TOE, crow-toe. Milton. a with a handful

CROW'S-FOOT,

<,

A way or road that I " crosses another road I or the chief road an obscure path interJohnson. Shak. secting the njain road. an unfan. A side wind CROSS'-WIND, vorable wind. BoyI< CROSS'-WISE, 0(/i'. Across in the form of a cross. of the genus CROSS'-WORT, )!. plant Valantia. CROTCH, >i. [Fr. croc, a hook. See Crook
CROSS'-WAY, CROSS'-ROAD,
; ;
;

gallant shrouds.

Mar.

Diet.

then ramming down the whole, covering it, pressing it with a heavy weight, and suffV:ring it to stand, till it has gone through fermentation. It is an efficacious preservative against scurvy in long Encyc. voyages. CROW, n. [Sax. craice : Dan. krage ; Sw. kraka ; D. kraai G. krahe ; so named from its cry, G. krdhtn, D. kraaijcn, Goth.
layers
; ;

barrel, bage in layers in of salt and caraway seeds between the

CROW'D,
An

}
ji

[Ir.

cruit

W.

crwth,

GROWTH,

swelling or bulging, a

mu;

sical instrument.]

instrument of music with six strings kind of violin.

n.

CROWD,
Crew.]
1.

[Sax.

cruth,

cread.

See

Projierly, a collection ; a number of things collected, or closely pressed together.

2.

A number of

persons congregated and

;

Crutch.] fork or forking ; the parting of two legs or branches as the crotch of a tree. 2. In ships, a crooked timber placed on the keel, in the fore and aft jjarts of a ship. 3. A piece of wood or iron, opening on the
1.

and

CROTCH' ET,
croc.
1.

top and extending two horns or arms, like a half moon, used for supporting a boom Mar. Diet. a s|iare tojnnast, yards, &c. CROTCH'ED, a. Having a crotch forked.
;

)i.

[Fr. crochet, croche,

from

See Crook.]
iiichiding words, a

pressed together, or collected into a close hruk, a croaking, lirukyan, to croak or crou\ L. erocio, Gr. xpcifu, xpa|w, xixpaya. It body without order a throng. Hence, nuiltitude; a great number collected. has no comiection with L. corvus, but rook 3. number of things near together ; a j4. is of the same family.] number promiscuously assembled or lying 1. large black fowl, of the genus Corvus near each other as a crowd of isles in the the beak is convex and cidtrated, the noswith bristly feathers, the Egean Sea. trils are covered 5. The lower orders of people ; the poputongue is forked and cartilaginous. This lace the vulgar. on carrion is a voracious fowl, feeding Dryden. V. f. To press ; to urge ; to drive and grain, particularly maiz, which it pulls after it appears above ground. together. up, just 2. To fill by pressing numbers together withTo pluck or pull a crow, is to be industriout order ; as, to crowd a room with peoous or contentious about a trifle, or thing Johnson. ple to crowd the memory with ideas. of no value. 3. To fill to excess. bar of iron with a beak, crook or two 2.

A A

CROWD,

In printing, a hook sentence or a passage the rest, thus [ ]. 2. In music, a note or time to half a minim, quaver, thus *
:X

distinguished from
character, equal and the double of a
in

piece of wood resembling a fork, used as a support in builduij;.

claws, used in raising and moving heavy Moxon. weights. 3. The voice of the cock. [See the Verb.] CROW, ti. t. pret. and pp. crowed; former[Sax. crawan ; D. kraaijen ; ly, ])ret. crew. G.kruhen; Gr. xpafu. See the Noun.] 1. To cry or make a noise as a cock, in joy, gayety or defiance. 2. To boast ill triumph to vaunt; to vapor
;

Volumes

of rejiorts croitd a lawyer's library.

4.
5.

G.

Shah. to dun. In seamanship, to crowd sail, is to carry an extraordinary force of sail, with a viewto accelerate the course of a ship, as in
; ;

To encumber by multitudes. To urge to press by solicitation

chasing or escaping from an carry a press of sail.

enemy
;

to

CROWD,

1'. i.

To press

in

numbers

as,

the

C R O
hiultitudc crowded through the gate or into
tlie

C
;

R
;

U
;

C
tcr-

R U

room.
press;
to
;

garland or distinction recompensed Uiinated completed perfected.

;

CRUCIF'ERGUS,
cross, cross.

and

2.

3.

urge forward crowded into the room. To swurtii or be numerous.

pp.
; ;

To

as, the

man CROWN'ER,
or coMijilctes.

n.
n.

He

or that which crowns

coronet,
it

a. [L. crucifcr ; crux, a fero, to bear.] Bearing tlio Diet.

CROWN'ET,
;

A
this
n.

ROWD'ED,

1. A cross on which the one who plays English window-glass. body of Christ is fastened inefiigy. eROWN-IlMPE'RlAL, n. A plant of the Encyc. genus Fritillaria, having a beautiful [2. A representation, in painting or statuary, Pressing together of our Lord fastened to the cross. riower. assembling pushing driving ur- CROW.\''IN(;, ppr. Investing with acrown, Johnson. in a promiscuous multitude filling ; or with royalty or sui)renie [)ower hon 3. Figuratively, the religion of Christ. [Little used.] CROWN, )i. [Fr. couronne ; Arm. curun : oring with a wreath or with distinction Taylor. W. coron ; D. kroon G. krone ; Sw. krona : adcMiiing; rewanling finishing; ])erfect- CRU(TFIX'ION, n. [See Crucijbc.] The Dan. krone ; Ir. coroin ; L. corona ; ir>|). It. ing. nailing or fastening of a person to a cross, for the purpose of putiiiig him to death; Tlie radical letters ajipear CROWN'ING, n. In architecture, the finishid.; Gr. xopuii jj. the act or punishment of putting a criminal to be Cr, as corolla, without n, indicates. ing of a member or any ornamental work. to <leatli by nailing him to a cross. Qu. a top or roundness. See Chorus.] 2. In marine tanp;u'i!;e, the finishing part of 1. Am ornament worn on the head by kings Mdison. a k!iot, or interweaving of the strands. a. as a badge of impe- ROWN'-OFFlCE, h. In and .sovereign princes, [L. crux, a cross, and England, an of- CRU'CIFOUJI, rial or regal power and dignity. forma, form.] Cross-shaped. fice; Figurabelonging to the court of King's In botany, consisting of four equal petals, distively, regal power; royalty; kingly govBencli, of vvhicii the king's coroner or aternment, or e.xecutive authority. posed ill the form of across. Martyn. torney is conunonly master, and in which 2. A wreath or garland. the attorney general and clerk exiiibit in- CRII'CIFV, V. t. [h. crucifigo ; crux, KTOss, and figo, to fix Fr. crucifier ; It. crocifg3. Honorary distinction; reward. formations for crimes and misdemeanors. They do It to obtain a corruptible crown ; we, CROWN'-POST, H. In building, a post which gere ; Sp. crucificar.] an incorruptible. 1 Cor. ix. stands upright in the middle, between two I To nail to a cross to put to death by nail4. Honor splendor dignity. ing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet, ])rincipal rallers. Bailet/. The crown has fallen from our heads. Lam. ROWN'-SCAB, n. A scab formed romid sometimes anciently, by fastening a crimV. Phil. iv. inal to a tree, with cords. tlie corners of a horse's hoof, a cancerous Encyc. A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband. But they cried, crucify him, crucify him. and painful sore. Fai-rier's Vict. Prov. xii. Luke xxiii. 5. The top of the head the top of a moun- CRO\VN'-THISTLE, n. A flower. In scriptural language, Xosuhdne; to mortain or other elevated object. The end of ROWN'-WHEEL, n. In a watch, tlie upto destroy the power or tify ruling influan anchor, or the point from which the per wheel next the balance, which drives ence of the balance, and in royal pendulums, is callarms proceed. They thatare Christ's have cructfiedHtie flesh, ed the swing-wheel. 6. The part of a hat which covers the top of with the affections and lusts. Gal. v. the head. n. In fortification, nn out- 3. To reject and despise. work running into the field, consisting of 7. A coin anciently stamped with the figure They crueifi/ to themselves the Son of God afresh. Heb. vi. of a crown. The FiUglisb crown is five two demi-bastions at the extremes and an The Frencbcrown is a To be crucified with Christ, is to become entire bastion in the middle, with curtains. shillings sterling. dead to the law and to sin, and to have hundred and nine cents. Other coins It is designed to gain some bill or advanbear the same name. Gal. ii. indwelling corruption subdued. tageous post, and cover the other works.

CROWD' ER,
;

Collected and pressed; filled driven pressed together urged by a promiscuous multitude.
)i.

Shakspeare has used

last

for chief

wliich seeend or

CRU'CIFIER, n. [See Crucify.] A person who crucifies one who puts another to
;

death on a cross.

purpose; but

sense

CROWN'-GLAtirf,

The

is singular. finest sort of]

CRIj'CIFIX,
to
fi.x

n. [L. crueificus, from cruci/igo, to a cross ; crui aindfigo, to fi.x.J

fiddler;

on a crowd.

CROWU'ING,

ppr. thrusting

CROWN-WORK,

8.

9. Clerical

accomplislnnent. tonsure in a circular form a litshaved on the top of the head, as a mark of ecclesiastical office ordistinc
;

Completion

Diet.

and
4.

vi.

tle circle

CROYL'STONE,

n.

Crystalized cauk,
ff'oodward.

in

To

vex or torment.

[JVot used.]

which the crystals are small.

Johnson.

CRUCIFYING, /jpr.
cross or gibbet
life
;

Burton. Putting to death on a

CRU'CI.\L, a. [Fr. cruciate, from L. cri(.r, Among jewelers, the upper work of a I cross.] rose diamond. In surger;/, transverse inpassing across In botany, an appendage to the top of a tersecting; ill form of a cross; as crucial seed, which serves to bear it in the wind. incision. Sharp. V. t. To invest with a crown or CRF'CIAN, 71. A short, thick, broad fish, of Hence, to invest with regal oinainent. Diet, of .Vat. Hist. deep yellow color. regal dignity and power. CRU'CI.'VTE, V. t. [L. crucio, to torture, from 2. To cover, as with a crown to cover the crux, a cross.] top. To torture to torment ; to afliict with exAnd peaceful olives croimed his hoary head. treme pain or distress but the verb is sel10.
11.
; ;

tion.

sif

and power of
n.

CRUD,
It.

Curd.

[Sec Curd, the usual or-

thogra]iliy.]

CRUDE,

CROWN,

a. [L. crudus ; Fr. crud, cru ; Sp. cntdo : Port. cri( ; Arm. criz ; W. cri ; D. riinuw ; Sax. hreaw ; G. roh ; Eng. rate ; either from the root of cry, from roughness, [W. cri, a cry and crude :] or from

e
\

the Ar.
kle, to

ws

to eat, to corrode, to ran-

3.

To
Ps.

Dri/den

honor; to dignify to adorn. Thou hast crowned him with glory and
;

dom

used.

[See Ercruciate.]
[Little used.]
!.

become raw,
35.]

L. rodo,

rosi.

Class

honor,
re-

viii.

CRU'CIATE, a. Tormented. The act CRUCIA'TION,

torment.

Rd.
1.

No.

of torturing
Hail

4.

5.

; ; [LAltle used.] ; )i. ; [It. c/og-iuo/o, and crociuolo ; raw is more generally used. Sp. crisol ; Port, chrysol or crisot ; Fr. It is from 2. Not creuset ; D. kroes, smelt-krocs. changed from its natural state ; not crux, a cross, as Luiiier supposes, from altered or prepared by any artificial proJioscommon the (igiiio of the cross, formerly attached cess ; as crude salt ; crude alum. 6. To terminate or finish ; to complete ; to But qu.] to it. 3. Rough: harsh; unripe; not mellowed by cbimical vessel or melting pot, made of 1. air or other means ; as crude juice. perfect. 7. To ternfinate and reward ; as, our effort; earth, and so tempered and baked, as to 4. Unconcocted ; not well digested in the

To reward To reward

ward

to bestow ; or distinction on

an honorary

as the victor

CRU'CIIJLE,

Raw; not cooked or prepared by lire or beat in its natural state undressed as crude flesh crude meat. lu this sense,

crowned with kuuel.

;

to recompense. She'll crown a grateful and a constant flame

were crowned with success.

CROWN ED, pp.

;

Invested with a crown, or with regal power and dignity honored dignified rewarded with a crown, wreatl),
;

i2.

endure extreme heat without melting. It is used for melting ores, metals, &c. .\ hollow place at the bottom of a cbimFourcroy.

stomach.
5.
;

Bacon.

Not brought to perfection; unfinished; immature as the crude materials of the

earth.

ical furnace.

Milton.

C
6.

R U
n.
t'.
;

C
I.
;

R U
CRU'OR,
n.
z.

C
[L.]

RU
Gore
n.
;

7.

Milton. Having indigested notions. jRUISE, Indigested not matured not well form Rt}ISE,
;

[See Cruse.]
s as

coagulated blood.
GreenhiU. buttocks.
;

ed, arranged, or
as,

prepared
;

in the intellect
;

;
j

kruis, a cross
I

crude notions

a crude plan

a crude

Fr. croiser.

G. kreuzen See Cross.]

forth,

[D. kruissen, from Dan. krydser ; ;

CRUP

or

CR6UP,
;

The

theory.

Milton
;

To

sail

back and

or to rove on the
;

CRUP, a. Short; brittle. [.VWintisc] CRyP'PER, n. [Fr. croupiere It. groppie-

ra ; Sp. grupera from croupe, groppa, gruin search of an enemy's ships for or pa, a ridge, the buttocks of a horse. See capture, or for protecting commerce to rove for plunder as a pirate. The ad Crotip.] miral ci-uised between the Bahama isles 1. In the manege, the buttocks of a horse ; the rump. and Cuba. cruised off Cape Finis A pirate was cruising iu the gulf of 2. A strap of leather which is buckled to a terre. Mexico. in its natural state. saddle, and passing under a horse's tail, state of being unformed, or indigested CRUISE, n. 2. prevents the saddle from being cast forvoyage made in crossing ward on to the horse's neck. a sailing to and fro in search oi as the crudeness of courses imuiatureness an enemy's ships, or by a pirate in search CRUP'PER, v.t. To put a crupper on; as, theory. to crupper a horse. RU'DITY, . [L. cruditas.] Rawness; of plunder. crudeness. Among physicians, undigested CRUISER, n. person or a ship that CRURAL, a. [L. cruralis, from crus, cruris, the leg.] cruises usually, an armed ship that sails substances in the stomach or unconcoctas the crural artery, to and fro for capturing an enemy's ships, Belonging to the leg ed humors, not well prepared for expul which conveys blood to the legs, and the sion excrements. In the latter senses, it for protecting the commerce of the councrural vein, which returns it. admits of the plural. Coxe. Encyc. try, or for i)lunder. Encyc. V. I. To coagulate. But this CRUISING, ppr. Sailing for the capture of CRUSA'DE, !. [Fr. croisade; It. crociata; RUD'LE, word is generally written curdle, which an enemy's ships, or for protecting comSp. cruzuda ; from L. crux, Fr. croix, Sp. Class Rg.] see. f?'i(:. It. croce, a cross. merce, or lor plunder as a ])irate.
adv. Without due preparation without form or arrangement; without maturity or digestion. RU'DENESS, n. Rawness unripeness an undigested or unprepared state as the ourfenci^ of flesh or plants, or of anybody

CRU'DELY,

ocean

We

RUD'Y,
in use.
S.

Raw

a. Concreted See Curd.]

chill.

coagulated. [JYot
Spenser.

CRUM, A

krume

[JVot iised.

See Crude.]
Shak.
Jj.

eRU'EL,
crudele.
1.

a.

[Fr. cruel

crudelis

It.

n. G. [Sax cruma ; D. kruim Ileb. Cli. mj to enaw, or break. ; Class Rni. No. 14. 16. IR 25. 26.] small fragment or piece usually, a small piece of bread or other food, broken or cut
; ;

See Crude and Rude.]

off.

Disposed to give pain to others, in body or willing or pleased to torment, vex afflict inhuman destitute of pity, fierce ferocompassion or kindness cious savage barbarous hardhearted

Lazarus, desiring to be fed with the crums

military expedition undertaken by christians, for the recovery of the Holy Land, the scene of our Savior's life and sufferings, from the power of infidels or MoSeveral of these expedihammetlans. tions were carried on from Europe, under the banner of the cross, from which the

mind
or

which
xvi.

fell

from the rich man's

table.

Luke

name

originated.
n.

CRUSA'DE,
v.
I.

Portuguese coin, stamp-

applied
9.

persons or their dispositions. have no mercy. Jer. vi. Inhuman barbarous savage causin pain, grief or distress exerted in tormenting, vexing or afflicting. Cursed be their vviatli, for it was cruel. Gen.
to

They

are cruel, and

;

break or cut into small pieces as, to crum bread into milk. CRUM'BLE, V. t. [V>. kruimekn ; G. kriun;

CRUM,
eln.]

To

ed with a cross.

CRUSA'DER,
crusade.

n.

person engaged in a
Robertson.

CRUSE,
xiv.

71.

[D. kroes.

See

Crucible.]
1

To

break into small pieces minute parts.

i.

to divide into

small cup.

Take with thee

a cruse of honey.

Kings

CRUM'BLE, V.
to
I

To

fall

into small pieces;

will

idix.

break or part into small fragments.

a stone
fall to
is

The tender mercies

Prov. xii. Others had
xi.
trials

of the wicked are cruel.

brittle,

it

crumble into
jlrhuthnot.

In New England, it is used chiefly or wholly for a small bottle or vial for vine-

gravel.

of cruel mockings.

Heb.
;

9.

to perish shall crumble into dust.

To

decay

as,

our flesh
into

CRU'SET,

CRU'ELLY,
;

adv. In a cruel

manner

with
in

CRUMBLED,
small pieces.

gar, called a vinegar-cruse. n. [Fr. creuset, formerly croiset. See Crucible.]

pp.

Broken or parted

inhumanly; barbarously. cruelty Because he cruelly oppressed, he sfiall die his iniquity. Ezek. xviii.
1.

goldsmith's crucible or melting pot. PhiUips.

CRUM'BLING,
fragments;

ppr.

Breaking into small

;

CRUSH,
Sw.

falling into small pieces

n.

de-

Painfully
as,

with severe pain, or torture caying. an instrument may cut the flesh most iCRli'MENAL,
;

[L. crumena.]
;

cruelhi.

[JVot used.]

purse. Spenser.

CRU'E'LNESS,

n.

Inhumanity
;

cruelty.

ICRUM'MY,

a.

Full of cnims

soft.

In V. t. [Fr. ecraser ; Ir. scriosam. krossa, in Dan. kryster signifies, to In It. croscio is a crushing; and crosciare, to throw, strike, pour, or rain hard. There are many words in the Shemitic languages which coincide with crush
squeeze.

in elements

and

CRU'ELTY,
1.

Spenser. CRUMP, a. [Sax. cnimp ; D. krom ; G. Fr. cruaut/-.] krumm ; Dan. krum ; W. crom, o-ion, crooka savage or barbarous dis ed ; Ir. crom, whence cromaim, to bend, or temper, which is gratified in the hip-bone, the rump. position croman, Crump, giving umiecessary pain or distress to othrump, rumple, crumple, crimple, are doubters barbarity less of one family.] applied to persons ; as the cn(f% of savages the cruelly and envy of Crooked as cru/H/j-shouldered. the people. Shnk. CRUMP'ET, n. A soft cake.
n.
;

signification.

Ch. Heb.
(j
j,

[L. crudtlitas

Syr. D"U to break in pieces; Ar.

id.
:

~
;

Inhumanity

Eth.

fn 4 8

to

grind,

whence

grist

Heb. and Ch.

pn, and
;

Ch. Syr. to Heb.yi-|

break, to crush
sa, to bruise.
1.

Ar.

the same.

So

9.

Barbarous deed any act of a himian being which inflicts urjuecessary pain any act inteniled to torment, vex or afflict, or which actually torments or afflicts, with out necessity; wrong; injustice; oppres
: ;

[from crump. See Rum pie, the same word without a prefix.] To draw or press into wrinkles or folds; to

CRUMP'LE,
rumple.

V. i.

Mdison.
v.i.

and Fr. biiser, Ann. freuSee Class Rd. No. 16. 20. 22. 41. 48. and Syr. No. 36. See Rush.] To press and bruise between two hard
crash, in English,

CRUMP'LE,
wrinkles.

To

sion.

contract; to shrink. Smith.

bodies to squeeze, so as to force a thing out of its natural shajjc to bruise by pres; ;

With
them.

force
]'"zek.

and with cruelty have ye ruled

xxxiv.
a. [L. rruentatus.]

CRUMP'LED,
into wrinkles.

pp.

Drawn

or pressed into

sure. Tlie ass

wall.

crushed Balaam's
xxii.

foot against the

Numb.

CRU'ENTATE,
ed with blood.

Smear- CRUBIP'LING, ppr. Drawing or pressing

GlanviUe.

[Little iised.]

CRU'ET,
clietle,

n. [Qu. Fr. ere r, hoflow, or cnt from cruche. See Cruse.]

CRUMP'LING,
|)le.

?j.

vial or

small glass bottle, for holding vine

gar,

oil,

&c.

IcRUNK, ICRUN'KLE,

I I

"

'

crush gra))es or apples, is to squeeze them till bruised and broken, so that the A small degenerate ap- juice esca|)es. Hence, to a-ush out, is to John-wn. out by pressure. force To crv like a crane. 2. To press with violence ; to force together into a mass. [J\/ut used.]

To

C R U
3.

CRY
to beat or
I

CRY
sound, from rhyd, the Welsh root of cryr
du, to shake or tremble, whence cradle. [W. crelh, a trembling or shivering with
cold,
tion.]

by pressure ; force down, by an incumbent weight, with breaking or bruising as, tlie man was crushed by the fall of a tree. To crush the pillars which the pile sustain.
;

To overwhelm

CRUSTA (.EiJUSNESS,
having n
soft

form a class by themselves. They include the crab, lobster, shrimp, &c. Ed. Encye.
n.

The

quality of]

and jointed
a.

shell.

from

ere

CRUSTALOti'lCAL,
iCRUSTAL'OtilST,
I
I

[See Crustalogy.
describes,

The

; also, constitution, tlisposilatter root rhyd, crydu, would

to to subdue or is versed in the science of crustaceous animals. conquer beyond resistance as, to crush one's enemies; to crush a rebellion. CRUSTAL'OOY, n. [L. rn<af, a shell, and 0. To oppress grievously. Gr. ^oyo;, discoiu'se.] Tliou shah l)c only oppressed and crushed al- That part of zoology which treats of crustaways. Deut. xxviii. ceous animals, arranging them in orders, 6. To bruise and break into fine particles by tribes and families, and describing their beating or grinding; to comminute. forms and habits. f;RUSH, V. i. To be pressed into a smaller [Crustaceology, the word sometime.'! used, compass by external weight or force. is ill-formed, and its derivatives inconCRUSH, )!. A violent collision, or rushing veniently long. Who can endure such together, wiiich breaks or bruises the words as crustaceological ?] bodies ; or a fall tliat breaks or bruises inCRUST' ATED, a. Covered with a crust; to a confused mass as the crush of a large as crustated basalt. Encyc. free, or of a building. n. An adherent crust; inThe wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds. CRUSTA'TION,
1.
; ; ;
I

Who are crushed before the To overwhelm by power

Dryden
moth.

Job

Pertaining to erustalogv.
n.

iv.

One who

give cri, rough, raw, crude. Cry is a contracted Word biu whether from the former or latter class of roots, may be less obviou.s j>ossil)ly all are from one source. If not, I think cry is from the P'rench crter,
;

and
1.

this liom gridare, gritur.] To utter a loud voice to speak, call or exclaim with vehemence in a very gener; ;

al sense.
2.

to utter a loud importunately voice, by way of earnest request or prayer. T'he people cried to Pharoah for bread. Gen.
call
;

To

xli.

The Numb.
3.

people cried to Mose.s, and he prayed.

xi.

JIddison.

crustation.

CRUSH'ED,
fall
;

pp. Pressed or squeezed so as to break or bruise ; overwhelmed or subdued by power broken or bruised by a
;

grievously oppressed ; broken or bruised to (mwder coirnninuted. CRUSH'ING, ppr. Pressing or squeezing into a mass, or until broken or bruised overwhelming subduing by force ; op
; ;

pressing

comminuting.
[L. crustu
;

CRUST,
ta
;

n.

Fr. croilte

It.

cros-

korst ; G. kruste ; W. crest, trom parch or scorch, cres, a harden ing by heat. But the primary sense is

D.

cresu, to

pp. Covered with a crust. adv. [from crusty.] Peevishmorosely. CR'UST'INESS, n. The quality of crust hardness. 2. Peevishness; moroseness surlines.". [CRUST'ING, ppr. Covering with crust. CRUST'Y, a. Like crust of the nature of crust pertaining to a hard covering hard as a crusty coat a crusty surface or substance. a 2. Peevish morose snappish surly word used in ftunUiar discourse, but not

CRUSTED,
Iv
;

utter a loud voice in weeping ; to utter the voice of sorrow ; to lament. But yc shall cry for sorrow of heart. Is. Ixv. Esau cried with a great and bitter cry. Gen.
xxvii.

To

CRUST'ILY,
harshlv

Also, to weep or shed tears in silence a popular use nfthe word.

;

4.

To

utter a loud

sound
Is.

in distress; as,

Heshbon shall cry. He ^iveth food to

cry.
5.

xv.

To
out.

exclaim

the young ravens Ps. cxlvii. to utter a loud voice

;

which
;

with

.And, lo, a spirit taketh him, crieth out. Luke ix.

6.
;

and he suddenly

.\l. G. kriicke ; S. krycka ; Dan. krykke ; To bawl ; to squall ; as a child. j7. radically the same as crotch and crook.] It may be used for the 1. staff with a curving cross piece at the 8. To yelp, as a dog. 88.] uttering of a loud voice by other animals. head, to be placed under the arm or 1. An external coat or covering of a To cry against, to exclaim, or utter a loud tiling, shoulder, to support the lame in walking. which is hard or harder than the iiucrnal 2. voice, by way of reproof, threatening or Shak. Figuratively, old age. substance ; as the crust of bread ; the crust I', t. To support on crutches ; to censure. of snow ; the cn(s< of dross the crust of Arise, go to Nineveh, and cry against it. prop or sustain, with miserable helps, that

shrink, contract, probably harden, whetlier by cold or heat, and it is probably alhed to crystal, freeze, crisp, &c. See Class Rd. No. 19. 33. 73. 76. 83. 85.

to

deemed elegant.

eRUTCH,
kruk

n.

[\t. croccia,

or gniccia

D.

To proclaim to utter a loud voice, in giving public notice. Go, and cry in the ears of Jerusalem. Jer. ii. The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness.
Is.

CRUTCH,
which
is

2.
3.

A piece of crust;
A A
shell,

pie.

feeble.
their

Jonah
cry

i.

a waste piece of bread. Dryden. Estrange.

Two

fools that crutch

feeble

sense on

To
2.

out,
;

to
to

virsc.

and some other animals.

4.

as the hard covering of a crab

scab.

5.

To cry to, to call on in prayer to implore. linving a triangular head and mouth. cover with a hard case or Diet. .\hl. Hist. CRY, V. t. To proclaim; lo name loudly and coat to spread over the surface a sub- CR'i", r. i. It ought to publicly for giving notice as, to cry goods pret. and pp. cried. stance harder than the matter covered to cry a lost child. he cryed. [Fr. crier. The Welsh has cri, to incrust to depreciate by a cry, and rough, raw, criaw, to cry To cry down, to decry as, to crust a thing with clay to crust cake with sugar crusted with bark. words or ui writing to dispraise to conclamor or weep and crevu, to cry, to Mdison. demn. crave ; both deduced by Owen from ere, a 2. To cover with concretions. Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, beSwift. combining cause, a prinqiple, beginning or CRUST, V. i. To gather or contract into a first motion also, what pervades or pencause they would not be under the restraints of hard covering to concrete or freeze, as it. Tillotson. This is the root of create, etrates, a cry. matter. or from the same root. superficial Cre, Owen dedu- 2. To overbear. CRUSTACEOLOtiY. [See Cmstalosy.' ces from rhe, with the prefi.x cy : and rhe, Shak. Cry down this fellow's insolence. he renders a run or swift motion. This is To cry vp, lo praise to applaud to extol CRUSTA'CEOUS, . [Fr. crustacie, fr L. cnista.] as, to cry up a man's talents or patriotism, certainly contracted from rhed, a race, the to crust like crust ; of the naOwen to the contrary not- or a woman's beauty; to cry up the adPertaining root of ride ; ture of crust or shell. Crustaceous aniAll the senses of these ministration. withstanding. mals, or Crustacea, have a crust or shell words unite in that of shooting forth, dri- 2. To raise the i)rice by proclamation as, to composed of several jointed pieces, and in ving forward or producing. There is a cry up certain coins. [jVoI in use.] their external form have a great resembclass of words a little different from the Temple. lance to insects but in their internal foregoing, which exactly give the sense of To cry off, in the imlgar dialect, is to publish structure and economy, they are quite difIt. gridare ; intentions of marriage. cry. Sp. and Port, gritar ; ferent. Sax. grcedan ; Sw. grn'a ; Dan. grader; CRY, 71. plu. cries. In a general sense, a They were arrangetl by Linne, in the same class with the insects, but now D. kryten ; W. grydiaw, to utter a rouffh lound sound uttered by the mouth of an
;

The superficial substances of the are, in geology, called its crust.

jj.

a cross.] Any puzzles and vexes. [Little used.'] Dr. Sheridan. earth CRU'YSHAdE, n. fish of the shai-k kind
n.
[Ij. cnij-,

CRUX,

Dryden. thing that

scream

exclaim clamor.

to vociferate

to

conijilain loudly. To cry out against, to complain loudly, with a view to censure ; to blame ; to utter cen-

To

sure.

CRUST,
;

t.

To

Vol.

I.

53

C
aiiiiiuil
;

R Y
tlie

CRY
voice of

CUB

of the class Cryptogamia, including ferns, Crystaline heavens, in ancient astronomy, two or beast, and articulate or inarticulate. mosses, sea-weeds, mushrooms, &c. spheres imagined between the primuni 2. A loud or vehement sound, uttered in CRYPTOG'AMY, n. [Gr. xpvrtros, concealmobile and the firmament, in the Ptolemaic system, which sujiposed the heavens it weeping, or lamentation may be a ed, and ya/ioi, marriage.] shriek or scream. to be solid and only susceptible of a a term applied to Concealed marriage single And there shall be a great cry in all the land motion. whose stamens and pistils are not plants Encyc. of Egypt. Ex. xi. well ascertained, or too small to be num- Crysl(dinc humor, ? a lentiform pellucid bodjf, 3. Clamor; outcry; as, war, war, is the pub bered with certainty. Smith. Ed. Encyc. Crystaline lens, ^ composed ofa very white, lie cry. CRY'PTOG'RAPHER, n. One who writes transparent, firm substance, inclosed in a And there arose a great cry. Acts xxiii. membranous capsule, and situated in a dein secret characters. 4. Exclamation of triumph, of wonder, or of CRYPTOGRAPH'ICAL, a. Written in se pression in the anterior part of the vitreous other passion. humor of the eye. It is somewhat concret characters or in cijiher, or with sym 5. Proclamation public notice. vex, and serves to transmit and refract the pathetic ink. At midnight there was a cry made. Matt of to the vitreous humor. hid
;

applicable to

man

XXV.

CRYPTOGRAPHY,

0.

Tlie notices of hawkers of wares to be sold ill the street are called cries ; as the
cries

The

7.

of London. Acclamation expression of jiopular

;

n. [Gr. xpv^toi, den, and ypoijiu, to write,] act or art ol writing in secret characters; also, secret characters or cypher. n.
[(Jr.

rays

light

CRYS'TALIZABLE,
That may be

a.

Encyc. Hooper. [from ciystalize.]

;

crystalized

that

may fonn
Lavoisier.

fa-

CRYPTOL'OgY,
and
cal language.

xpvrtToj,

.secret,

or be formed into crystals.

Clavigero.

vor.

Xoycj, discourse.]
)(.
;

Secret or enigmati;

The
8.

A loud voice in
importunate

cry went once for thee.

call.

Shak. distress, prayer or request

Ps.

CRYSTALIZA'TION,
[L. crystalliis

CRYS'TAL,
Fr. cristal
kristal
it
;

Gr. xpufoJAos
crisUtUo
;

Sp. crista!;

It.

D,

He

forgetteth not the cry of the humble.

ix.

is

said,

G. kryslall ; ^V. cri.siat, from cris, a hard crust. It is from the same

9.

There was a great cry in Egj-pt. Ex. xii. Public reports or complaints; noise fame. Because the cry of Sodom and Uornorrah I will great go down, and sec whether they have done altogether aceoidiiig to the cry of it. Gen. xviii.
;

root as crisp,

and

W.

cresti, to ]iarcl;, crest,

n. [from crystalizc] act or process by which the jiarts of a solid body, sejiarated by the intervention of a fluid or by fusion, again coalesce or If the unite, and form a solid body. process is slow and undisturbed, the par-

The

i,

10. Bitter

cnmplaints of oppression and infor

justice.

He

looked
Is. V.

righteousness, and

behold

cry.

11.

or voice of irrational animals expi'ession of jo}', fright, alarm, or want as the cries of fowls, tlie yell or yelping of
: ;

The sound

ticles assume a regular arrangement, each substance taking a determinate and regular form, accoriling to its natural laws but if the process is rapid or disturbed, the substance takes an irregular form. This words, supra, and frtXu, to set. The pri process is the effect of refrigeration or mary sense of the Welsh words is to Lavoisier. Kirwan. a sense equally ap evaporatioiL shrink, draw, contract 2. The mass or body formed by the process plicable to the effects of heat and cold. of crystalizing. Uoodward. Qu. Ar. , j,i' karasa, Ch. tyip kerash, CRYS'TALIZE, v. t. To cause to fonii
; ;

a crust, crasu, to roast. The Greek, from which we have the word, is comjmsed of llie root of xpto;, frost, a conlracted word, prcjbably from the root of the Welsh

dogs, &c.
12.

1.

pack of dogs.
n. n.
71.

Shnk.

CRY'AL,
heron.

[W.

cregyr. a screamer.]

The
2.

Ainsworlh.

to congeal. Class Rd. No. 83. 85.] In chimislry and mineralogy, an inorganic body, which, by the operation of affinity, has assumed the form of a regular solid, terminated by a certain number of jilane

crystals.

Common

salt is

crystalized by the evaporai.

tion of sea water.

CRYS'TALIZE,

r.

To

be converted into

CRY'ER, RY'ER,
swift.

A A

crier,

which

see.

and smooth surfaces.

Cleaveland.

a crystal ; to unite, as the separate particles of a substance, and tbnn a determi-

con gentle, an enemy

kind of hawk, called the falto pigeons, and very

.fHnsworth.
;

CRY'ING,
claiming

CRY'ING,

ppr. Causing to crystbrming or uniting in crystals. Encyc. JVicholson. CRYSTALLITE, n. A name given to as a crying sin or abuse. CRY'ING, n. Importunate call clamor 3. A substance of any kind having the form whinstone, cooled slowly after fusion. Hall. of a crystal. Thomson. outcry. CRYSTALOG'RAPHER, n. [infra.] One CRY'OLITE, n. [Gr. Z|jvo;, cold, and >.i9o5, 4. The glass of a watch-case. Rock crystal, or mountain crystal, a general who describes crystals, or the inanner of stone, ice-stone.] name for all the transparent crystals of their formation. .\ fluateofsoda and alumin, found in Greenquartz, particularly of limpid or colorless CRYSTALOGRAPH'IC, Pertaining land, of a pale grayish white, snow white, ^ quartz. or yellowish brown. It occurs in masses CRYSTALOGRAPH'ICAL, \ "to crystalof a foliated structure. It has a glistening, Iceland crystal, a variety of calcarious spar,j ographv. or crystalized carbonate of lime, brought CRYSTALOGRAPH'ICALLY', adv. In the Jameson. Cleaveland. vitreous luster. It occurs CRYOPH'ORUS, n. [Gr. xpvos, frost, and from Iceland. divisible into in laminated! manner of crystalographv. rhombs, and is CRYSTAL0G'P.AP11Y, )!. masses, easil)' as [crystal, $opsu, to bear.] remarkable lor its double refraction. Frost-bearer an instrument for .showing the above, and ypat'?) description.] Cleaveland.' 1. The doctrine or science of relation between evaporation at low temcrystalization, CRYS'TAL, a. Consisting of crystal, ori teaching the principles of the process, and and the jiroduction of cold. peratures lucid like ci'j'stal clear transparent the forms anti structure of crystals. M'ollaslon
;

ppr. Uttering a loud voice

pro-

&c.

factitious body, cast in glass houses, called crystal glass ; a species of glass, perfect in its composition and manThe best ufacture, than common glass. kind is the Venice crystal. It is called al-

nate and regular solid.

Each
form.

more

species of salt crystalizes in a peculiar Lavoisier.

RYS'TALIZED,;)p. Formed into

crystals.

CRYS'TALIZING,
talize
;

a.

Notorious;

common;
;

great; Addison.

so factitious crystal or paste.

;'

CRYPT,

n.

[Gr. xpurtru, to

hide.]

sub-

pellucid.

2.

cell or cave, especially under a church for the interment of persons; also a subterranean chapel or oratory, and the grave of a martyr.

terranean

My

crystal streams that

murmur through

the'

CUR,

meads.

CRYS'TAL-FORM,
crvstal.

a.

Having

Ihydcn.' the form of

branch, a shoot.
v.ord
1.
is

discourse or treatise on crystalization. n. [allied perhaps to Ir. caobh, a But the origin of the
uncertain.]
; ;

CRYP'TIC, CRYP'TICAL,

Hidden se [supra.] li'atts. 9"' cret ; occult. CRYP'TICALLY, adv. Secretly.

I
;

CRYS'TALINE,
xfv^aT.'Kivoi.
1.
]

a.

[L.
;

crystallinus

Encyc.' Gr. ;

Consisting of crystal
ace.

CRYP'TOGAM,

n.

[See

Cryptogamy.']

In

as a crystaline palShuk.
;

The young of certain quadrupeds, as of the a whelp. a puppy bear and the fo.\ Waller uses the word for the young of the whale.

2.

A young A
t.

boy or

botany, a plant whose stamens are not distinctly visible.

and

pistils 2.

Resembling crystal
parent
;

peliuci j

CRYPTOGAM'l.\N,

a.

Pertaining to plants

pure clear transas a crystaline sky. CUB, n. Milton. ICUB, v.

; ;

stall for cattle.

To

contempt. Shak. Congi-ere. [JVot in use.] forth a cub, or cubs. In. bring

girl, in

CUB
a rontempt, to bring forth young, as

cue
woDryden.
[JVot in

CUD
;

man.

UB,
lie

V.

t.

To

sliut

up or confine.
from

use.]

CUUA'TION,
down.]

n. [L. cubatio,

Jiurlon. cubo, to

The

act of lyinff

down
a.

a recHning.

Did.
Ihcl.

CU'BATORY,
incumbent.

Lying down; reclining:

CU'HATIJRIC,
body.
n.

71. [from cube.] The finding of a exactly the solid or cubic contents

Hanis.

L. cubus, a die or CUBE, [Gr. cul)e Fr. cube ; It. cubo ; Sp. cubo ; Port, cubo. In the two latter huiguages, it signifies also a pail or tub, and in Port, the nave of a wheel. W. cub, a bundle, .'leap or aggrexuSo;
;
;

gate, a cube

Ch.

to square, to 2ps;

form

into a cube
xtiSfia. It

N*31p

the

game of

dice, Gr.

CUBIFORM, Having the form of a cube. Coxe. CU'BIT, n. [L. cubitus, the elbow Gr. xi.Siroi probably allied to L. cubo, and signifying a turn or corner.] the ulna, a 1. In atuitomi/, the fi)re arm bone of the arm from the elbow to the Coxe. Encyc. wrist. 2. In mensuration, the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the extremity of the middle; finger. The cubit among the an cients was of a diftijrent length among Dr. Arbuthnot states different nations. the Roman cubit at seventeen inches and the cubit of the scriptures four tenths a little less than ii'2 inches; and the !it Encyc. English cubit at 18 inches. CU'BITAL, a. Of the length or measure of Broivn. a cubit. as the 2. Pertaining to the cubit or ulna
a.
;
; ;

CUCKOO-FLOWER, " A plant, a speCUCK OO-BUD, f les of CardaS

(

cuckoo lays its eggs in a nest formed by another bird, by w liich tliev are hatched.
mine.

cyCK'OO-PINT
Arum.

n.

plant, of the

genus

CUCK'OO-SPIT,

ciJCK'OO-tJPlTTLE,
ender and rosemary.

or exudation found on plants, especially about the joints of lavI ""

^

A dew

Or

a truth or

spume

fiiund

Brown. on the leaves

of certain
poppy.

])lants,

or catch-fiy,

as on while field-lychnis called sometimes spatting

CU'UFE.\N, ji. [Fr. coquine.] A vile lewd li. Jonson. woman. [jVo< in use.]
CU'CULL.-VTE,
[L.
cucullalus,

Encyc.

CU'CULLATED, >Jcowl.]
1.

cucuUus,

from a hood, a
with a

seems

to

be

allied to L. cubo, to

cubital
cle.

nerve
a.

set
1.

which

or throw down, and to signify that is set or laid, a solid mass.] In fre.ometiy, a regular solid body, with si.\

cubital artery

cubital

musCore.

Hooded
hood.

cowled

covered

as

Hooper.

CU'BITED,
bit.

Having the measure of a cuSheldon.

2.

Having the shape or resemblance of a hood or wide at the top and drawn to a
;

equal sides, and containing equal angles. 2. In nrillimetic, the product of a number
itili)

CUBO-DODECAHE DRAL, a.

Presenting

point below, in shape of a conical roll of

;

the two forms, a cube and a dodecahe paper as a cucullate leaf and that product Cleavetand. CU'CUMBER. n. [Fr. cnucombrc, or concomdron. nuiltililied bre, from L. cucvmer or cucuinis Sp. comultiplied into tbt^ saua; number; or it CU'BOID, a. Having the form of a cube, or formed by multiplying any number twice hombro I), komkommer Ir. cucamhar.] diflering little from it. by itself; as, 4X4=16, and 16X4=64, the UBOID'.\L, a. [Gr. xvffos, cube, and iiBa;, The name of a plant and its fruit, of the gecube of 4. nus Cucuniis. The flower is yellow and form.] Thp law of llie planets is, that the squares of Cubiform in the shape of a cube as the bell-shaped and the stalks are long, slender aiul trailing on the ground, or climbthe times of their revolutions arc in proportion Walsh. cuboidal bone of the foot. to the cubes of their mean distances. UB0-0CTAHE'DRAL, a. [cube and octa- ing by their claspers. CU'CUR BIT, )i. [L. cucitrWfa, a gom-d It. Cute root, is the number or quantity, wliich, hedral.] Fr. cucurbite id. from L. curvitas.] then into the Presenting a combination of the two forms, multi])lied iiuo itself, anil Cleaveland. .\ chimical vessel in the shape of a goiu-il or which, a cube and an octahedron. product, produces the cube but some of them are shallow, with a twice multiplied into itself, jiroduces the eUCK'INGSTOOL, n. [Qu. from choke.] number of which it is the root; thus, 3 An engine for punishing scolds and re- wide mouth. It may be made of copper, also brewers and bakthe cube root or side of '27, for JiX-i^O, glass, tin or stoneware, and is used in disfractory women tillation. This vessel, with its head or and 3X0=27. ers called also a tumbrel and a trebuchet. cover, constitutes the alembic. CUHK-OIIE, n. Hexahedral olivenite, or The culprit was seated on the stool and Old Eng. Law. CUCURBITA'CEOUS, a. Resembling a thus inunersed in water. arseniate of iron, a mineral of a greenisli as cucurbilaceous ))lants, such as )!. cokewold. The gourd [Chaucer, Ure eUCK'OLD, color. the melon and pumpkin or pompion. s> ^ ^ ^ first syllable is Fr. cocu, which seems to Milne. JMartyn. be the lirst syllable of coucoii, cuckow W. Class Gb. No. U'BEB, n. [Ar. i,A^ Dan. giog. The Dutch CUD, 71. [.Vs this word is often vulgarly coi;-; Sw. g-i'it; 45. Sp. cubeba.] call a cuckold, hoorndraager, a honi-wearcr ; pronounced quid, I suspect it to be a corThe small s[iicy berry of the Piper cubeba, of the D. kaauwd, gekaauwd, from /m/ai, a and the Germans, hahm-ei, ruption from .lava and the other E. India isles. chewed, from kaauwen, to chew, Arm. coc^; the Spaniards and Portuguese, cor/iitwas formerly called, from its short, It Fr. cornard, cornuto, horned chaguein. Sax. ceowan. See Chew and do, Ital. stems, Piper caudalum, or taded j)epper. obs. t^ee Spelman's Glossary, voc. .'Irgn.] Jaiv.] It resembles a grain .of pepper, but is lA man whose wife is false to his be<l the 1. The food which ruminating animals chew somewhat longer. In aromatic warmth at leisure, when not grazing or eating; or wusband of an adulteress. Swifl.' and pungen cy, It IS lar mferior to that portion of it which is brought from v.i. To make a man a cuckr.hl: pepper.^ CUCK'OLD, Core. Encyc. the first stomach and chewed at once. ^y ciiuiiual conversation with his wife;! cubicu } Shak.' 2. A |)ortioii of tobacco held in the month bicus, from cubus. to the .fcdnrer. eU'Bic, J'BIC, [L. upfilied antl chewed. See Cube. ex 2. To make a luisband a cuckold by crimi;T'BIAL,J"nal con\ersation with another man; ap-\ 3. The inside of the mouth or throat of a proper Having the form or properties of a cube aviiig beast that chews the cud. that may be or is contained within a cube ilied Dryden.' Encyc. plied to the ififr. A clown a low rustic A cubic foot of water is the water tliMt may :UCK'0 LDDOM, n. The act of adulterv ;|Cl'D'DEN,
itself,
; ; ;
;

...._.

be contained within six equal sides, each a

foot square.

the state of a cuckold.

Johnson.

Dn/den.]

CUDDY,
hide, sight

"

dolt.

<,

[AW

used.]

Cubic

nu)iiber, is a

tiplying a

number produced by mulnumber into itself and that pro;

CUCK'OLDLY,
a cuckold
;

a.
;

Having the
sneaking.
7i.

qualities

of

mean

Sliak.'

CUCK'OLD-MAKER,
;

One who has

criminal conversation with another man's number wife one who makes a cuckold. Dryden. a square number by its root. [See Ciffce.]' CUCK'OO, 7!. [I,, cuculits ; Gr. xoxxvi: Fr. CU'BICALNESS, i." The state or quality of coucou ; Arm. coucouy ; Sax. geac ; Dan. beiuir cubical. giOg ; Sw.gok: W. cog; D. koekoek; G. CUBIC'lILAR, a. [L. cubicidum.] Belongkurkuck ; Sp. cuco or cuclUlo ; It. cuculo. Sin- dawk.] ing to a chand)er. CUBIC'ULARV, a. [L. cubiculum, a bed- A bird of the genus Cuculus, whose name is room.] supposed to be called from its note. The note is a call to love, and continued only Fitted for the posture of lying down. [Little Brotcn. iwfrf.] during the amorous season. It is said the

duct by the same luunber

or it is the arising from the multiplication of

t'. i. [Arm. cuddyo ; W. cuziaw, to lurk, to cover or keep out of Sax. cudele, the cuttle-fish. Qu. hide and cheat. See Class Gd. No. 26. 30. 31 38.] To retire from sight to lie close or snug to

Dryden.

CUD'DLE,
to
;

squat.

CUDDY,

Prior. In ships, an apartment; a cabin under the pooji, or a cook-room. It is

71.

applied to different ai)artments, in different kinds of ships.

2.

The

cole-fish.
71.

CUD'GEL,

[W.

cogel,

from

cug, a mass,

lump, or short piece of wood.

The

Scot.

C U F
cud, Teut. koddc,

C U L
is

C U L
;

kudse,

the border and

different|

sew together
;

Ch. t]D to

To
to

deceive

to trick, cheat or
n.

impose on

g-,

from, EiigJisli being generally dg as in pledge, bridge, alledge, &.C.] short thick stick of wood, such as may be: used by the hand in beating. It differs which is larger at one strictlyfrom a club, end than the other. It is shorter than a and thicker than a rod.

word

bend
pus.

Heb. <^D

Gr. xvtcru

Low
;

L. ci^-

jilt.

Class Gb. No. 65. 68. 75.] and The fold at the end of a sleeve the part [Cully words.] of a sleeve turned back from the hand. n.
t^rbuthnot.

CUL'LYISM,
its

The

state of a cully.

derivatives are not elegant

CULM,
1.

[L.

culmus
;

Ir. colbh
;

W.
kool.

colov

a stalk or stem

L. caidis

D.

See

CUIN'AfiE,

n.

The making up of

tin

into

pule,

Dryden.

Locke
;

To

cross the cudgels, to forbear the contest

a phrase

borrowed from the practice of

Bailey. Cowel. pigs, &c., for carriage. UIRASS', n. kweras'. [Fr. cuirasse ; It. coeurazza ; Sp. coraza ; Port, couraca ;

QwiW and Haulm.]

In botany, the stalk or stem of corn and grasses, usually jointed and hollow, and supporting the leaves and fructification.

W.

cudgel-players, another.

who

lay one cudgel overi Johnson.]

or|

UD'GEL,
9.

v.

t.

To
n.

beat with a cudgel,

thick stick. To beat in general.

the heart.] breast-plate; a piece of defensive armor, made of iron plate, well hammered, and covering the body from the neck to the
ros.
cor,

Qu. from

Marty n.
2.

The straw

or

dry stalks of

com and

3.

Sidfl.'^

Shak.i

girdle.

eUD'GELLER,
cudgel.

One who
a.

beats with
to
resist

a,

eUlRASSIE'R,
armed

UD'GEL-PROOF,
cudgel
;

Able

Encyc. soldier with a cuirass, or breast-plate. Milton.

n. kioerassee'r.

n. kwis. [Fr. cuisse, the thigh or leg \V. coes; Ir. cos.] Hudibras. and fero, to bear.] small Defensive armor for the thighs. stalks. Culmiferous plants have Shak. Dryden Producing a smooth jointed stalk, usually hollow, and sea fish. ",'"', of the genus Una-; UL'DEE, n. [L. cultores dei, worshipers CUD'WEED, ?!. A plant wrapped about at each joint with single, or eternal flower, of of God.] narrow, sharp-pointed leaves, and their phalium, goldv-locks remarka- A monkish priest, remarkable for religiousj seeds contained in chaffy husks, as wheat, many species." The flowers are if The Culdees formerly inhabited rye, oats and barley. duties. AElne. ble for retaining their beauty for yeai-s, Quincy. Ireland and Wales. weather. EncycJ Encyc. CULMINATE, v. i. [L. culmen, a top or Scotland, gathered in dry name Another ridge.] CUE, n. [Fr. queue; L. coitdu ; It. Sp. corfa.J eU'LERAtiE, n. [Fr. cm/.] To be vertical to come or be in the meridThe tail the end of a thing as the long; of the arse-smart. eU'LICIFORM, a. [L. culex, a gnat or flea, ian to be in the highest point of altitude ; curl of a wig, or a long roll of hair. which Milton. as a planet. 2. The last words of a speech, aaAfurma, form.] aj resembling CULMINA'TION, n. The transit of a planis to answer, catches and re-; Of the form or shape of a flea player, who A hint a flea. to begin. Encyc. et over the meridian, or highest point of gards as an intimation on the stage, wliat CULINARY, a. [L. culinarius, from cuhna. altitude for the day. Encyc. given to an actor orj Johnson. Encyc. a kitchen, W. cyl. See Kiln.] when to speak. Top crown. art of CULPABILITY, n. [See Culpable.] Blam3 A hint an intimation a short direction. Relating to the kitchen, or to the Swijl. ableness culpableness. cookery used in kitchens as a culinary a culinary vessel culinary hcrlis. fire which any man is to play in his CUL'PABLE, a. [Low L. culpabilis ; Fr. 4. Tlie

not to be hurt by beating.

CUISH,

found in small A masses, not adhering when heated, difiieult to be ignited, and burning with little flame, but yielding a disagreeable smelJ. Journ. of Science. JVicholson. CULMIF'EROUS, a. [L. culmus, a stalk,

grasses. species of fossil coal,

eUD'LE,

n.

[Qu. Scot, cuddie.]

part
it

turn.

JVeivlon.

coupable
fault
1.

V. t. [Qu. Fr. niei//rV, It. cogliere, to To gather; Norm, culhir ; It. scegliere. or to take.] cxdl, is rather to separate, gar.] Beaum. To or more things or farthing's worth. C.'^A farthinff, pick out; to separate one used in playing bil from others to select from many as, to 7. The straight rod, to cull hoops and staves for cull flowers liards. . , i CUER'PO, n. [Sp. cuerpo, L. corpus, body.] market. Pope. Prior. Laws of Conn. To be in cuerpo, or to walk in cuerpo, are CULLED, pp. Picked out; selected fl'om for being without a cloke many. Spanish phrases or upper garment, or without the formali- CULL'ER, n. One who who picks or choosof the es from many. ties of a full dress, so that the shape Encyc. 2. An inspector who selects merchantable is exposed. body hoops and staves for market. Ch. Laws of Mass. and Conn. n. li kafa, a blow

Were

my

cue

to fight.

AftflA.

5.

Humor;

turn or temper of mind.

CULI,,

[Vul-

It. colpabile ; from L. cidpa, a ; cwl, a fault, a flagging, a drooping, like fault, from/at7.]
;

W.

Blamable deserving censure as the person who has done wrong, or the act, conduct or negligence of tlie person. say, the man is culpable, or voluntary ignorance is culpable.
; ;

We

UFF,
t|pj

[Pers
Ar.

id.

^xi
oft',

nakafa,

to

strike

But Sinful criminal ; immoral ; faulty. less generally, culpable is applied to acts atrocious than crimes. 3. Guilty of; as culpable of a crime. [Abf Spenser. M,sf</.] CUL'PABLENESS,!!. Blamableness ; guilt; the quality of deserving blame. eULLIBIL'ITY, 91. [from cidly.] Credulity; CUL'PABLY, adv. Blainably ; in a faulty manner; in a manner to merit censure. easiness of belief [J^ot elegant nor used.]
3.
;

Surifl.

CUL'PRIT, n. [supposed
cul, for culpable,

to

be formed from
;

to sever by striking, coup coincides with but it is supposed to be cuff in elements, from It. colpo, L. colaphus. Cuff contracted however agrees with the Gr. xortru.] a bo.\. I. A blow witli the fist ; a stroke Shuk. Swijl. It is used of fowls that fight with their i. Johnson. talons. to fight with blows of the To be

Heb.
to

tipj, kill.

to strike

The French

CULL'ING,
many.

ppr. Selecting

choosing from

CULL'ION,
;

n. cb/'^oh. [U.coglione.]

A mean
1.

2.

wretch. If from cully, one easily deceived a dupe. Dryden. Around or biilhuus root; orchis. L. colexis.

and prit, ready certain abbreviations used by the clerks in noting the arraignment of criminals the prisoner is guilty, and the king is ready to prove
;

him

so.

Blackslone.]

person arraigned

in court for

a crime.

ClJLL'IONLY,
CUL'LIS,
strain.]
1.

a.

Mean;
coulis,

base.

[A bad
Shak
couler,

Any
inal.

per.son convicted of a crime

'I.

Dryden. a crimsee.

word, and not used.]

n.

atfisty-cuffs,
V.
t.

[Fr.

from

u CUL'TER,

[L.]

A
a.

colter,

which

fist.

CUFF,

fist, as a man or with talons or wings, as a fowl. Congreve. Dryden.

CUL'TIVABLE,
CUL'TIVATE,
cultivar
to
1.
till,
;

[See Cultivate.]

CapaIV.

To strike

with the

UFF, V. i. To fight to scuffle. UFF, 11. [This word probably

;

Beaum. Broth of boiled meat strained. Marston. 2. A kind of jelly. CUL'LY, n. [See the Verb.] A person who
is
;

ble of being tilled or cultivated.

Med. Rtpos. Edwards,

!'.

i.

[Fr. cultiver
;

Ind. Sp. Port.

fold

or doubling

Ar.

o^

meanly deceived, tricked or imjiosed on, signifies a as by a sharper, jilt, or strumpet a mean Hudibras. dupe. to double UL'LY, V. t. [D. kvllen, to cheat, to gull.]

Dryden.

It.

coltivare

from L.
crops
; ;

colo, cvltus,

To

till

to dwell.] to prepare for

;

to

manure,

plow,

drcs.'-'i

sow and reap

to labor on.

C U L
manage and improve
cultivate
2.

CUM
;

C U N
Symphytum
n.
;

in

husbandry

as, to

land

to cultivate a i'arni. Sinclair.

;

Thomson. pigeon. dove-cote. CULVER-HOUSE, n.

pigeon,

or

wood

sometimes written comfrey,

; ;

comfry, and cumphry.

[L.

To improve by labor or stiuly to advance the growtli of; to refine and improve by correction of faults, and enlargement of powers or good qualities as, to cultivate to cultivate a taste for poetry. talents to labor to improve or ad3. To study
;
;

vance
4.

as, to cultivate

philosophy
;

cuminum Gr. xvfiivov Oriental n. [Fr. couleuvrine ; It. colubriThe verb with which |1D3 kanion. tliis word seems to ho connected, signifies, Sp. culehrina ; from L. coluhrinus, in Ar. Ch. Syr. and Sam., to retire from from coluber, a serpent.] A long slender piece of ordnance or artillery, sight, to lie concealed.] serving to carry a ball to a great distance. .\n annual plant of one species, whose seeds have a bitterish warm taste, with Encyc. an aromatic flavor. to cul- UL'VERKEY, n. A plant or flower. Encyc.

Hannar. CUM'LN,

CUL'VERIN,
na
;

tivate the

mind.
; ;

IValton.

cherish to foster to labor to promote and increase as, to cultivate the love of excellence; to aUlivate gracious affections.

To

CUL'VERT,

n. A passage under a road or canal, covered with a bridge an arched drain for the passage of water. Cyc.
;

eU'MULATE,

v.t.
;

[L.

cunmto ; Rus.s.
;

*o;;i,

a mass or lump L. cumulus, a heap; Fr. combler,rumulrr ; Sp. cumular It. cumulare.] To gather or throw into a heap to form a
;

CUL'VERTAIL,
tail, in

i.

[culver
a.

and

taU.]

Dove-

heap

to

heap together.
is

H'oodivard.

or to labor to ; to meliorate, better ; to correct ; to civilize ; as, to cultivate the wild savage. 6. To raise or jiroduce by tillage ; as, to cul5.

To improve

joinery and car|>entrv.

;

Utccumidalc
gether
;

more generally
n.

make
tivate

CUL'VERTAILED,
CUM'BENT, a. eUM'BER, V.
mem,
1.

United or fastened as pieces of timber by a dove-tailed joint term used by shipwrights. Encyc.
[L. cum6o.]

CU.MULA'TION,
a heap.

The

used.] act of heaping to-

eU'MULATlVE,
a heap
2.
;

corn or grass.
p;).

Sinclair.

CUL'TIVATKD,
excellence
; ;

Tilled;
;
;

improved

in

UN, v. t. [Xot used.] [See load, or crowd. Con.] variety of frivolous argumenU cumbers tlie [See Locke. 2. To direct the course of a ship. memory to no purpose. Cond, the true orthographv.] reeling ; fostering ; civilizing ; producing 2. To check, stop or retard, as by a load or TION, n. [L. cu'nctor, to delay.] by tillage. weight ; to make motion difficult ; to obDelav- \JVot much used.] CULTIVA'TION, n. The art or practice struct. ;i. One who delays or linof tilling and preparing for crops; husWhy asks he what avails him not in fi<;ht. Hammond gers. [Little used.] bandry; the management of land. Land And would but cumber and retard his tlight. Ten is often made better by cultivation. CUND, V. t. To give notice. [See Cond.] Dry den acres under g-ood cullivalion will produce .{. To or embarrass ; to distract or perplex CU'NEAL, a. [L. cuneus, a wedge. See more than twenty when badly tilled. trouble. 2. Study, care and practice directed to imCoin.] Having the form of a wedge. Martha was cumbered about much servmg provement, correction, enlargement or Luke X. increase ; the application of the means of ("'^^''^=--''^P*^J4. To trouble ; to be troublesome to; to improvement ; as, men may grow wiser [L. cuneus, a wedge, and cause trouble or obstruction in, as any U'NEIFORM, ) U'NIFORM, \ forma, form.] Having by the cultivation of talents ; they may thing useless. Thus, brambles cumber a belter by the cultivation of the mind, the shape or form of a wedge. grow To
A
; ;
;

corrected and or condition meliorated ; civilicherished enlarged zed produced by tillage. CUL'TIVATING, p/)r. TilUng; preparing for crops; improving in worth or good cor enlarging meliorating qualities

Lying down. t. [Dan. hummer, distress, incumbrance, grief; D. kommeren G. kiim

;

to
;

grieve

arrest, to concern, to trouble, to Fr. encombrer, to encumber.]

[See Accumulation.] a. Composed of parts in Bacon. forming a mass. That augments by addition that is added to something else. In law, that augments, as evidence, facts or arguments of
;

the

same

kind. To ktiow.

CUNCTA

eUNeTA'TOR,

fu'NEATED,

"

3.

of virtue, and of piety. The producing by tillage tion of corn or grass.

n.
;

garden or

field.

[See Encumber, which

;

is

as the cultiva-

mure generally

used.]
;
; ;

eUN'NER,

CUM'IJER,

One who tills, or preUL'TIV.\TOR, one who manages a parers hunt for crops
fiirin, or carries on the operations of hus bandry in general a farmer a husbandman; an agriculturist.
;

n. Hinderance obstruction burdcnsomeness embarrassment dis

;

A kind offish, less than an oyster, that sticks close to the rocks. Ainsworlh.
n.
[tepas.]
a.

turbance distress. Thus fade thy helps, and thus thy cunibers
spring.

CUN'NING,
to

kunnan, to know

[Sax. cunnan, connan Goth. Sw. kunna, to be able,

:
;

Spenser.
is

know

kunnig,

known;

also,

knowing,

[Tliis

word
;

now
a.

scarcely used.]

3.

One who
in

promote and advance

growth.
a.

studies or labors to improve, to in good qualities, or

[L. cullratus,
;

UM'RERSOME,
den.soine
3.
;

Troublesome;
;

bur
;

embarrassing cumbersome obedience.

;

vexatious

as
1.

skilful, cunning ; D. kunnen, can, to be able, to hold, contain, unclerstand, or know G. konnen. See Can.]
;

Sidney.

Knowing;
structed.

skilfid
is

eUL'TRATRD,
a knife.]
;

from

culter,

formed like Sharp-edged and pointed knife as, the beak of a bird is convex and
cultrated.

not easily unmanageable Unwieldy borne or managed as a cumbersome load a cumbersome machine.
adv. In a
n.

It

ap))lied

experienced; well-into all kinds of

CILM'BERSOMELY,
eiicumbor.
the quality and troublesome.

manner

to

knowledge, but generally and appropriately, to the skill and dexterity of artificers, or the knowledge acquired by experience.

Encyc.
n.

art.

Corvu.9.

Sherwood.

CUL'TURE,
Cultivate.]
1.

[L. cultura,

from

colo.

See

CUM'BERSOMENESS,
ness
;

Burdensome of being cumbersome

2.

Esau was a cunning hunter. Gen. xxiii. I will take away the cunning artificer.
iii.

Is.

act of tilling and preparing the earthi for crops ; cultivation ; the ai)plicalion of

The

A
That which obstructs
; ;

eUM'BRANCE,
ficult
;

ctinning workman.
;

Ex. xxxviii.
;

)(.

labor or other

We
2.

ought

to

means of improvement. blame the culture, not the soil

The
to

Pope application of labor or other means improve good qualities in, or growth

retards, or renders motion or action dif burden eneum and toilsome hinderance brance oppressive load Milton. embarrassment.
;

Wrought with
make them.

skill curious ingenious. With cherubs of cunning work shall thou

Ex. xxvi.

eUM'BROUS,
some some
;
;

a.

Burdensome
;

trouble3.

rendering action difficult or toilvirtue. oppressive as a cumbrous weight Milton. Dryden. or charge. 3. The appUeation of labor or other means as the culture of com, or 3. Giving trouble vexatious as a cloud of in producing cumbrous gnats. Spenser. grass. 4. Any labor or means employed for im 3. Confused jumbled obstructing each other as the cumbrous elements. Milton. provement, correction or erowth. In a cumbrous manCUL'TURE, V. t. To cultivate. Thomson. UM'BROUSLY, adv.
as the atWure of the

mind

the culture o{

[The foregoing senses occur frequently in our version of the scriptures, but are nearly or quite obsolete.]
Artful; shrewd; sly; crafty astute ; designing as a cunning fellow. They arc resolved to be cunning; let others
; ;

eUL'VER,
o2m
;

[Sax. culfer, culfra L. columba.]

>i.

Arm.

ner.

CUM'FREY,

n.

genus of plants,

tlie

run the hazard of being sincere. South. In this sense, the purpose or final end of the person may not be illaudable but cunthe use of artifice to accomii"ng implies plisli the purpose, rather than open, candid, or direct means. Hene,
;

CUP
4. Deeeitftil
;

CUR
CUP'BOARD,
Origin[cup and board.] for cups to stand on. ally, a board or shelf In modern houses, a small case or inclosure in a room with shelves destined to receive cups, plates, dishes and the like.
n.
V.
t.

CUR
CU'RACY, CU'RATESHIP,
>

trirkish

employing stratagems
;

for a
5.

bad purpose.
subtilty
artful.

"

[See
rate.]

Cure and

Cu-

The
the

ofiice or

Assumed with

employment of a curate;
and

CUN'NING,
dexterity.

Accounting liis integrity to be but a ainiiiiig face of falsehood. Siibiei/ V. Knowledge ; art ; skill
;

of a clergyman who represents the incumbent or beneficiary of a church, parson or

vicar,
2.

employment

Obs. Let iny light hand forget her cunning. Vs. cxxwii. artfulness craft shrewd3. Art artifice ness the faculty or act of using stratagem to accomplish a purpose. Hence in It bad sense, deceitfulness or deceit; fraudulent skill or dexterity.
; ;
;

CUP'BOARD,
board
;

To

Dryden. collect into a cupShak.

Bacon.

officiates in his stead.

Svdfl.

benefice
n.

held
[L.

by license

from

tlie

to

hoard.
(!.

CUP'GALL,

singular kind of gall found on the leaves of oak, &c. It contains the worm of a small ilv. Encyc.
n.

[JVot used.]

bishop.

CU'RATE,

CUP'-ROSE, eU'PEL, n.

Discourage cunning in a child cunning is the ape of wisdom. lAichc. CUN'NINGLY, adv. Artfully; craftily ; with subtilty ; with fraudulent contrivance.
;

We
bles.

have not followed cunningly devised

2 Pet
i.

fa-

CUN'NINGMA>f,

n.

A man who
how
Cunning;

to tell fortunes, or teach stolen or lost goods.

pretends to recover
Butler. craft; de-

UN'NI\GNESS,
ceitfulness.

n.

A [L. cupella, a little cup.] small cup or vessel used in refining metals. It retains them while in a metallic state, but when changed by fire into a fluid Thus when a scoria, it absorbs them. mixture of lead with gold or silver is heated in a strong fire, the lead is o.xydated and vitrified, and sinks into the substance of the cupel, while the gold or silver remains pure. This kind of vessel is made usually of phos]ihate of lime, or the residue of burnt bones, rammed into a
mold, which gives
Enrt/c.
it

The poppy.

from See Cure.] clergyman in the church of England, who is employed to perform divine service in
curator, or curatus,

CMra, care.

the place of the incumbent, parson or vicar. He must be hcenced by the bishopor ordinary, and having no fixed estate in the curacy, he may be removed at pleasure. But some curates are perpetual.
2.

CU'RATIVE,
;

Encyc. One en)ployed to perform the duties of another. Dryden. . Relating to the cure of diseases tending to cure. Arbuthnot.
n. [L. See Cure.] One who has the care and superintendence of any

CURA'TOR,
thing.

its

CUP,
It.

id.;

[Sax. cop, or cupji ; D. kop ; Dan. Fr. coupe; Ann. coupen ; ; Ir. capa, or capan ; coppa ; 8i>. copa W. cwh, cicpan ; L. cupii, cuppii, whence Ch. 3D Ar. cupella, a cupel, a little cup
n.

figure.
.\^icholson. 2.

Lavoisier.
n.

Sw. kopp

CUPELLA'TION,
CUPID'ITY,

or silver by a cupel or by scorification. Lavoisier. JVicholson. Encyc. /!. [L. cupiditas, fioni cupidus,

The retmiw^ of

gold

3.

,_,

Class Gb. No. 48.

See also No.

6.

sense may be, hollow, bendSee No. ing, Russ. kopnyu, or containing.
50. 52.
1.

The primary

An

2.

CU'POLA, ?i. [It. cupola ; !^y>. cuptila ; fnmi coli'ee-cups are often exceptions. the root ol' cup, or rather from W. cop, a contents of a cup; the hi|Uor contop or summit.] tained in a cup, or that it may contain ; as In architecture, a spherical vault on the top See 1 Cor. xi. a cup of beer. of an edifice ; a dome, or the round top of 3. In a scripturitl sense, sutierings and ntUica dome. Enci/c. 2. tions that which is to be received or enand

A small vessel of capacity, used commonIt is usually made of ly to drink out of. But metal as a silver cup ; a tin cup. the name is also given to vessels of like shape used for other purposes. It is usubut tea-cups ally more deep than wide
;

m. and 'Coop.]

from cvpio, to desire, to covet. See class Gb. No. 22. 24.] eager desire to possess something an ardent wishing or longing inordinate or milawfid desire of wealth or ]iower. It is not used, I believe, for the animal ajipelite,
; ;

guardian a])pointed by law. Ayliffe. the Romans, a trustee of the afand interests of a person emancipated or interdicted. Also, one appointed to regulate the price of merchandize in the cities, and to superintend the customs and

Swift.

Among

fairs

tributes.
4.

Encyc.

aflairs

In the United Provinces, or Holland, the Cin-ator of a University superintends the of the institution, the administration of the revenues, the conduct of the

like lust or

concupiscence, but for desire

is

])rofessors,

&c.

Encyc.

of the mind.

CURB,
secure

No
er.

property
to

when

it

becomes

large
1.

n. [Fr. cojtcier, to bend ; Russ. 4oroblyu, to bend, to draw in, to straiten.]

enough

tempt the cupidity of indigent powBurke.

The

In the manege, a chain of iron made fast to the up])er part of the branches of the bridle, in a hole called the eye, and running over the beard of the horse. It consists of three |)arts the hook, fixed to the eye of the branch the chain or links; and the two rings or mails. Encyc. Restraint check hinderance.
; ;

dured.

CU'POLAID,
used.]

a.

Having a cupola.

[.Vol

my
from
4.

father, if it he possible, let this nie. Math. .\.\vi.

cup

Herbert.
n.

Religion should operate as an effectual curb

to the pas.sions.

pas'

CUP'PER,

Good

received
Clip

My

Take

the

; blessings and favors. runneth over. Ps. xxiii. cup of salvation, that is, re-

a cuppm; r-"!;. ClIP'PING, ppr.

[from cup.] a scarifier.

One who

applies 3.

frame or a wall round the mouth of a

;

with scarification
a cupping-glass.

ceive the blessings of deliverance and redemption with jiiy and thanksgiving. C'rudc7i. Broioi as the cup 5. Any thing hollow like a cuj) of an acorn. The bell of a flower, and a calyx is called ajlower-cup. fi. A glass cup or vessel used for drawing
;

well. Aiijjlying a cupping-glass, 4. [Fr. courbe a drawing blood with ; basket.]

n.

CUP'PING-GLASS, glass vessel like a cup, to be a|)plied to the skin, before and after scarification, for ilrawing blood.

[L. cupreus, cuprum, Johnson. swelling beneath the elbow of a consisting of copper resenihling horse's hoof Bailey. blood in scarification. copper, or partaking of its qualities. To restrain to guide and manI', t. CURB, Encyr. Boyle. Cup and can, familiar companions; the can Milton. age as a horse. the large vessel out of which the cup CUPRIF'EROUS, a. [L. cuprum, copper, being 2. To restrain to check to hold back to and fero, to bear.] is filled, and thus the two being constantly confine to keep in subjection as, to curb associated. Swip. Producing or affording copper; as cupriferthe passions. ous silver. Tooke, Russ. Cups, in the plural, social entertainment in Anil wisely learn to curb thy sorrows wild. eUR, n. [Qu. Lapponic coira; Basque di(U(drinking merry bout. jntton Milton. irra ; Ir. syr, gai'er, a dog.] Thence from cups to civil broils. CUP, V. i. In surgeiy, to apply a cupjiing- A degenerate dog and in reproach, a worth 3. To furnish or surround w ilh a curb, as a well. less man. Addison. Shak. Dryden. glass to procure a discharge of blood from a scarified part of the body. [Xot used.] Enci/c. CU'RABLE, a. [See Cirre.] That may be 4. To bend. 9. To supply with cups. Shak, healed or cured admitting a remedy as CURB'EI), ;>;;. Restrained; checked kept Obs. in subjection; furnislied with a curb. CUP'BEARER, 71. An attendant of a prince a curable wound or disease a curahh: evil or at a feast, who conveys wine or other Dryden CUR B'ING, /);. Holding back; checking; restraining. liquors to the guests; ;in officer of the CU'RABLENESS, n. Pcssihility of beinj; CURBING, . A check. king's household. Neh. I. cured, healed or remedied.

CU'PREOUS,
copper.]
;

a.

from
;

It. corba, a disease and a hard and callous swelling on of the hock of a horse's leg, attended with stifli"ness, and sometimes pain and lameness. Encyc. A tumor on the inside of a horse's hoof.

the hind

jiart

Coppery

CUR
stone placed at the CURB'-STONE, to hold the work toi!(l^e of a i)!ivcnient, It is written sometimes kerb or
n.

CUR
Christ gave his disciples Luke ix. eases.

CUR
to cure dis
a tree

power

ferher. irb.

URD,
.

n.

The

times ill See Crystal.] is to congeal or eougulate. of milk, coagulated or thickened part which is formed into cheese, or, in some eaten as common food. The countries, he used for word may sometimes perhaps the coagulated part of any liquor.
V.
I

Somecrntk ; Scot, cnids. sense English, rn/. The primary

[Ir.

the person and the disease are both mentioned, cure is followed by o/ heThe physician cured the fore the disease.

When

man q/"his fever. To remedy to remove an

;

Bacon. An object of curiosity that which excites a desire of seeing, or ileserves to be seen, as novel and extraordinary.
;

on the north side of a wall, and at a height, to draw it through tlic wall, &c.

little

evil,

and restore

Wc took

a ramble together" to see the curios.

to a
I

ities

PaliciKO will alienate calamities, which it cannot cure. as, 4. To dry ; to prepare for presenation ; or to i)repare by salt, or in to cure hay
:

good

state.

[The first and

used.]

Jiddisnn of this great town. the last senses are chiefy

n.
[It.]

CURIO'SO,
virtuoso.

curious person

Bacon.
Shnk.

CURD,

To
r

cause to coagulate

to turn
crudle.

to curd.

CURDLE,
1.

[sometimes written

'

See Curd.]

To

change
2.

to thicken, or coagulate or concrete; Milk curdles by a mix into curd.

to

prevent speedy pu trefaction as, to cxtre fish or beef. CU'REI), ;)/). Healed; restored to health or soundness removed, as a disease remedied dried, smoked, or otherwise piepar ed for jireservation. CU'RELESS, a. That cannot be cured or not admitting of a incurable healed
; ;
;

any manner, so as

to

CU'RIOUS,
See Cure.]
1.

a.

[L. curiosus,

from euro, care.

is

Strongly desirous to see what

to discover

novel, or

see or to

what is imknow n know; inquisitive.

solicitous to

Be not curious in unnecessary matters, nor to pry into the concerns of your neighbors.
2.

ture of riimiet.

To thicken;
1'.

congeal;

as,

the blood cur;

remedy
ill.

as a cureless disorder; a cureless

dles in the veins.

eURD'LE,

t.

To change

into cur<l

to

cause to thicken, coagulate, or concrete Runnet or brandy curdles milk.

At P'lorcnce choke flowers.
llicy

CU'RER, n. who heals.

A
n.

Dryden. one healer; a physician

;

addicted to reHabitually inquisitive search or enquiry a.s a man of a curious turn of mind sometimes followed by after.
;

and sometimes by

of.
;

Curious after things elegant and beautiful

curious of antiquities.
;

Harvey.

CUR'FEW,

curdle their milk with artiJuncyc.

2.

To
dled

congeal or thicken.

The

recital cur-

[Fr. couvre-feu, cover-fire.] The ringing of a bell or bells at night, as a 3. Accurate careful not to mistake ; solicitous to be correct. their signal to the inhabitants to rake up Men were not curious what syllables or parThis i)ractice orifires and retire to rest. Hooker. ticles they used.

Woodward.

Dryden.

my

bloo<l.

CURD'I.ED,

CURDLING, j)}ir.
CURD'Y,
ulated.
a.

Coagulated; congealed. Coucieting; coagulating. Like curd; full of curd; coag;</).

Arhuthnol.

CURE,

[L.cura ; Vr.cure; h. euro, to cure, to take care, to jircpare ; W. cur, care, a blow or stroke, atllictioii; curaw, to beat, throb, strike; curinw, to trouble, to vex, to Fr. curcr, to cleanse ; Iiine or waste away ; " se curer les dents,''' to It. pick the teeth 2. cum, care, dilig<Mice ; curare, to cure, attend,
n.
;

ginated liani the conqueror, who directed that at the ringing of the bell, at eight o'clock every one should put out his light and go This word is not used in Ameri to bed. ca although the |ira<-tice of ringing a bell at nine o'clock, continues in many phu'-es
;

in

England from an order of Wil

4.

Careful

nice;

solicitoiLS

in

selection;

difficult to please.

and

is

considereil in

New

curious o/ delicacies. Taylor. Nice ; exact ; subtile; made with care. Both these senses embrace their objects with Holder. a more curious discrimination.

A temperate man is not

England, as a

retire from company signal for people to to'their own abodes ; and in general, the

Artful; nicely diligent. ornament

about her seemly lies. Each By curious chance, or careless art, composed.

signal
.\

is obeyed. cover for a fire

Fairfax.
;

a fire-plate.

[.Vo<

or esteem Sp. curd, protect also, to value cure, remedy, guardiunsliip curar, to administc'r medicines; to salt, as meat; to season, as tindier; to bleach thread or lin;

used.]

Bacon

to recover from to take care en Shak. ness; tnoio, curious, neat, clean, hand- CU'RING, ]ipr. Healing restoring to health 10. Rare; singular; as a cunous fact. or soundness; removing, as auevil; pre some, fine, careful. The radical sense of CU'RIOl'SLY, adv. With nice inspection for preservation. this word is, to strain, stretch, extend, paring attentively. inquisitively which gives the sense of healing, thai is, CURING-HOUSE, n. A building in which I saw nothing al first, but observing it more A'ewton. making strong, and of care, superintendcuriously, the spots appeared. sugar is drained and dried. But the Welsh has the sense oi'drience. If. Ind. 2. With nice care and art Edwards, exactly neatly of extending, Ps. cxxxix. vive;, a moditied application elegantly. CURIOLOti'IC, a. [Gr. xtpioJ^oyia, propriety and this gives the sense of seiiaration and 3. In a singular manner; unusually. of speaking.] to hay, timto excite curipurification. In its a[>|)hcation a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in CURIOUSNESS, n. Fitness he to Designating ber, provisions, &c., the sense may osity exactness of workmanship. which a thing is represented hy its picture. make right, as in other cases hut of thii fl'arbitrton. l2. Singularity of contrivance. I am not confident.] See Cu- ;!. Curiosity. [L. curiositus. restora CURIOSITY, n 1. .'V healing; the act of healing CURL, J'. It. [D.krullen: Van. kroUer ; to i-ious.] tion to health from disease, and to sound curl, to crisp; Corn. An7/i.] to a medicine 1. A strong desire to see soinething noveI,or 1. To turn, bend or form into ringlets iiess from a wound. say, to discover something unknown, either by will effect a cure as the hair. crisp research or inquiry a desire to giatily the that as a serto coil 2. Remedy for disease ; restorative 2. To w rithe ; to twist is new or imsenses with a sight of what which heals. pent. usual. Or to gratify the mind with new '3. To dress with curls. CoUls, hunger, prisons, ills witliout a cure. discoveries inquisitiveness. A man's cuThe snaky locks Dryden leads him to view the ruins of Bal.Milton. Tliat curled Mcg^ra. riosity the care of 'i. The employment of a curate bee, to investigate the origin of Homer, toj 4. To raise in waves or undulations to ; souls; spiritual charge. discover the component parts of a miner-; See the Noun.] To <. cTO. ripple. CURE, ti. [L. actions. al, or the motives of another's Seas would be pools, without thebrashineair heal, as a person diseased or a wounded 2. Shak. Nicety delicacy. To fu/-; the waves. Dryden. limb; to restore to health, as the body, or 3. Accuracy exactness nice performance to soundness, as a limb. To bend in contraction ; to V. i. curiousness; as the ci(riosi7_y of workman- CURL, The child wis cured from that very hour. shrink into ringlets. Boyle. Bay. lil). Miith. xvii. \ nice experiment a thing unusual ori 2. To rise in waves or undulations to ripthin? 2. To subdue, remove, destroy or put an end pie; and particularly, to roll over at the worthy of curiosity. summit as a curling wave. There hath been practiced a curiosity, to set a disease. to to as
; ; ; ; ;
;

li. [L. curiaiis, from curia, a 8. court.] .\cts xi.x. arts. The privileges, prerogatives, or retinue of a Bacon. 9. Rigid ; severe ; particular. com't. sick[.\"ot used.]

CURIAL'ITY,

elegant; Wrought with care and art neat; finished; as a cunoua girdle curious work. Ex. xxviii. xxx. care and nicety; as curious Requiring
; ;

[Little used.]

We

||

'

heal,

CUR
;i.

CUR
roll!
'

CUR
Crawford.
scrape, or of a word of like signification. The Sp. and Port, word seems to be allied to cortex, bark, from stripping or to L. But the L. curtus, short, from cutting. corium is jirobably from a root signifying to scrape, or to peek See Class Gr. No.
,

4.

a winding current, and to over at the ends as curling smoke. To writhe to twist itself. Then round her slender waist he curled.

To

rise in

thority.

and

often applied to bank notes, to notes issued by government.

It is a.
;

CUR'RENT,
.

Dryden
0.

flow or run

[L. cvirens, from cuiro, to Fr. courir, whence courier

To
sink.

shrink

He
11.

CURL,
2.
3.

to shrink back ; to hend and curled down into a corner. ringlet of hair, or any thing
;

and
to

discourir,
;

concur, &c.;

of]

run

W. gyru,
seems

to discourse, concourir, to It. coirere ; Sp. Port, correr, to drive, or to

a like form. Undulation

ure.

hurry.
;

It

run Eng. be connected with the

;

1.

a waving

sinuosity ; flexATewton.

roo t of car, cart, chariot, like cvrrus. See Ar,

5 and 8.] To dress leather, after it is tanned to soak, pare or scrape, cleanse, beat and color tanned hides, and prepare them for
;

use.

winding
;

in the grain
;

of wood.

CURL'ED, pp. Turned

lets

or formed into ring;

j^
15.]
1.

and
^sj._

Class Gr.

No.

2.

To

rub and clean with a comb

;

as, to

undulated. CUR'LEVV, n. [Fr. courli.s or corlieu.] An aquatic fowl of the genus Scolopax and the
crisped

twisted

3.

curry a horse. To scratch or claw

to tear, in quarrels.

Literally,

flowing,
;

running,
;

])assmg
4.

It has a long bill; its color grallic order. and the is diversified with ash and black largest species spread more than three feet
;

Hence, passing from person to person, or as curfrom hand to band circulating current coin. rent opinions Hence, common, general or fashionable generally
; ;

By setting brother a^inst brother. To cidw and curry one another. Butler. rub or stroke; to make smooth; to to humor. But genertickle by flattery

To

of wing.

It

winter, and

in

frequents the sea shore in summer, retires to the

2.

mountains.
2.

!bwl, larger than a partridge, with longer legs, which frequents the corn-fields in Trerour. Spain" CURL'INESS, n. A state of being curly. eURL'ING,y)/*r. Bending; twisting; form-

as the ctirrent notions received |)opidar of the day or age; currcjitCohy. Watts. Swift. Pope. Established by conunon estimation; gen-j as the current value of orally receivetl
; ; ;

coin.
3.

Passable
ted.

that

may

be allowed or admitShak.
;

used in the phrase. curry favor, to seek or gain favor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious civilities. Hooker. [.Wot elegant.] CUR'RY-COMB, n. [See Comb.] An iron instrument or comb, for rubbing and cleanhorses. ing
ally

To

CURRYING, ppr.
cleaning
;

Scraping and dressing

ing into ringlets.

4.

URL'I\G-IROi\S,
hair.

An
for

instrument
curling
the

present in its course ijassing the current month or year.

;

Now

as

scratching.
]>ret.

CURSE,
Ar.
1.

V. I.

and pp. cursed or

;

curst.

CURLING-TONGS,^"CURL'Y,
full

CUR'RENT,
stream
;

n.

applied to fluids
air.

a.

Having
n.

curls; tending to curl;

[Fr.
creitc,

water, or of
sets into the

The

flowing or passing; a as a current of ; gulf stream is a rethe Atlantic.

[Sax. cursian, corsian

Arm.

argarzi.

Qu.

Jij.^.J
utter a
evil

of ripples.
heart,

markable current
2.

in

A current
move

To

CURMUDGEON,
nicchant, evil.

and

Course

A'arM.

Mediterranean. progressive motion,

;

imprecate
or

or injury to

fall

wish of upon upon

evil
;

against one; to to call for mischief to execrate.

Qu.]

An

niggiird

CURMUD'OiEONLY,
ous
;

avaricious churlish fellow; a iiii,ser Hudibras. a churl. a. Avaricious; covet;

.3.

CUR'RANT,
of a well

The fruit )!." [from Corinth.] known shrub belonging to the genus Ribes, of which Grossularia is now
;

niggardly

churlish.

UEstrange.

the grossberry or considered a species gooseberry and the cuiTant falling uudcr the same genus. Currants are of various the coiniuou red; species and varieties as and white currants, and the black currant. tii:n; general reception. 2. A small kind of dried gnipe, imported 2. Fluency; easiness of pronunciation. l.Vot from the Levant, chiefly from Zante and much ^lsed.] Cephalonia ; used in cookery. Cl'R'RlLE, n. [L. curriculum, from curro, CUR'RENCY, n. [See Current] Literally, a to run.] a continued L A cliaise or carriage, with two wheels flowing, rumiing or passing drawn by two horses abreast. or uninterrupted course, like that of a 12. A chariot. as the currency oi' time. stream [JVot in jise.]
:

as the current of continuation Ex. xxii. Bless and curse not. Rom. xii. connected series; successive course Curse me this people, for they are too mighty as the current of events. Num. xxii. for me. as the current or main course 4. General 2. To injure; to subject to evil; to vex, harof opinion. ass or torment with great calamities. eUR'RENTLY, a. In constant motion On impious reahns and barbarous kings impose with continued progression. Hence, com Thy plagues, and curse 'em with such sons as with gen those. monly; generally; popularly; Pope, oral reception as, the story is currently a. To devote to evil. rej)orted and believed. CURSE, V. i. To utter imprecations to affirm or deny with imprecations of divine CUR'RENTNESS, n. Currency; circida
;

ment

Thou

shalt not curse the ruler of thy people.

time.

vengeance. Then began he

xxvi.

to curse

and

to swear.

Math,

CURSE,
curse.
2.

n. Malediction; the expression of a wish of evil to another.

Sbimei who cursed 1 Kings ii. Imiirecation of evil.

me

with a grievous

|3.

course.

[.Yot inuse.]
3.

They entered
Neh.
x.

into a curse,

and into an oath

2.

continued course in public opinion, be- CUR'RIED, ;);j. [See Curry.] Dressed by a passing from |)crson or reception currying; dressed as leather; cleaned; to person, or from age to age as, a re))re)iarefi. CUR'RIEH, ?i. [h. curiarivs ; Fr. corroyeur. port has had a long or general curreHo/. Johnson. See C'urry.] 3. A continual passing from hand to hand, \ man wlio ilrcsses and colors leather, after circulation as it is tanned. as coin or bills of credit the cunoici/ofcents, or of English crowns CUR'RISll, . [See Cur.] Like a cur; hav brutal; maligthe currency of bank bills or treasury ing the <|uarities of a cur notes. nant; snappish; snarling; churlish; inreadiness of utterance but in tractable 4. Fluency quarrelsome. this .sense we generally use Jlucncy. Sidney. Fairfax. Shak in a bruta 5. General estimation the rate at which any CUR'RISHLY, adv. Like a cur
lief
;

Affliction; torment; great vexation. I will make this city a curse to all nations.
Jer. xxvi.

4.

Condemnation

sentence of divine ven-

geance on sinners.
Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of die law. Gal. iii.
5.

Denunciation of The priest shall

book.

evil.

write

all

these curses in a

Num.
;

v.

CURSED,

thing

is

generally valued.

manner.

pp. Execrated; afllicted; vexed; tormented blasted by a curse. 2. Devoted to destruction.

churlThou art cursed from the earth. Gen. iv. Feltham. 3. a. ishness. Deserving a curse execrable ; hateful detestable abominable. CUR'RY, 1!. <. [Fr. corroyer ; Arm. co%irreza That which is current or in circtdation, 6. Sp. curtir ; Port, cortir. The French am 4. a. Vexatious; as a ciirsfrf quarrel cursed as a medium of trade. The word may be thorns. Armoric word seems to be compounded of Dryden. Prior. L. corium. a hide, and the root oi'rado, to CURS'EDLY, adx'. In a cursed manner applied to coins, or to bills issued by au
takes greatness of kingdoms accordina; to their bulk and currency, and not after intriiisici Bacon value.

He

CUR'RISHNESS,

n.

Moroseuess;

CUR
a manner to be cursed or detested. [A low wont.] CURS'EDNESS, n. The state of being under a curse, or of being doomed to execra tion or to evil. CURS'ER, n. One who curses, or utters a

CUR
in

c u s
Low
to Class Gr,

enormously

miserably

curse.

eUR'SHIP,
ness
evil
;

n.

[See Cur.] Dogship; meanHudibras.

Exccr.itini;
evil
;
;

ill-nature.

ClIRS'ING,

ppr.

imprecating
to evi"

on; denouncing
n.

dooming
;

misery, or vexation.

CURS'ING,
a curse
to run.]
;

Execration the uttering of a dooming to vexation or misery

n.

CUR'SITOR,

[from the L. cutso, cursito

In England, a clerk in the court of chancery, whose business is to make out original writs. In tlie statute 18 Edward III the cursitors are called ckrks of course

They

a corporation among themselves. To each are assigned certain counties, to which he

issues writs.

are twenty four in number, and are

CUR'SIVE,
Running
;

a.

[It.

Encyc. See corsivo, running.

is

but qu., lor cur, a circle in Russ. it is krivei.] D. gordyn ; Fr. courThis word may Bending; crooked; inflected in a regular from the form, and forming part of a circle as a be from the root of court, and curve line, which may be cut by a right sense of separating. I think it is not a line in more points than one. contraction of the It. copertina.] Encyc. A curve line is that which is neither a 1. A cloth hanging round a bed, or at a winwhich may be contracted, spread or dow, straight line, nor composed of straight lines. drawn aside at pleasure ; intended for orCyc. nament, or for use. Also, the hangings CURVE, Ji. A bending in a regular fi)rm, about the ark, among the Israelites. or without angles that which is bent; a 2. A cloth-hanging u.scd in theaters, to con\n geotnrtry, a. flexure; |)art of a circle. ceal the stage from the s])ectator8. This line which may be cut by a right line in Hence is raised or let down by cords. more points than one. Encyc. the phrases, to drop the curtain, to close CURVE, V. t. [L. cuno ; Fr. courber ; Russ. the scene, to end to raise the curtain or To bend to crook to inflect. krivlyu.] tcill rise, to denote the opening the curtain CURV'ED, pp. Bent regularly inflected. of the play. And to dratv the curtain, is to CURV'ET, 71. Fr. courbette ; [It. corvetta; close it, to shut out the light or to conceal Sp. corveta. See Curve.] an object or to open it and disclose the 1. In the manege, a ])articular leapof a horse, Behind the curtain, in conceal when he raises both his fore legs at once, object. ment, in secret. equally advanced, and as his fore legs are 3. In fortif cation, that part of the rampart all fidling, he raises his hind legs, so that which is between the flanks of two bas his legs are raised at once. Encyc. bordered with a

eUR'TAIN,
L.
tine,

n.

kur'lin. [It. cortina;

;

W.

Sp. Port.
in

id.

fortification.

tions,

para])et five

feet

"2.

Course and Current.] Cursive hand flowing.

a.

a run-

high, behind which fire on the covered

the

way and

soldiers stand to into the moat.

A prank CURV'ET,
ter
;

a frolic.
[ll.

v.i.

corv( '.tare

Fr. courbet-

ning hand.

Fry
[JVot 4.

Encyc.
;

il.

To

In jcW/jiure, tents; dwellings. Hab. iii. 7. eUR'SORARY, Cursory ; hasty. in use.] Shak. CUR'TAIN, V. t. To inclose with curtains to furnish with curtains. Shak. CUR'SORILY, a. [See Cursory.] In a run ning or hasty manner .slightly hastily CUR'TAIN-LECTURE, n. Reproof given without attention in bed by a wife to her husband. as, I read the paper
;

Sp. corvctear.] leap to bound; to spring and form a

;

curvet.
I

2.

To leap and frisk. CURVILIN'EAR, ) "' CURVILIN'EAL,

<,

[L. curvus, bent, an<l

linea, a line.]

cvrsorili/.

Jlddison.
71.

CUR'SOklNESS,
tion.

Slight view or atten-

CURT'AL,
CURT'AL,

n. o.

A horse with
Short
;

n. The state of being curvilinear, or of consisting in curve See Course.] lines. Guth. Quinctilian. Pref. 1. Running hasty slight superficial; care- CURT'ATE, a. [L. curtains, from curto, to CURVING, ;)j)r. Bending in a regular form; shorten.! less; not with close iittention ; as a curcrooked. The curtate distance, in astronomy, is the son/ reading; a curson/ view. 71. bending in [L. curvitas.] 2. Running about not stationary. distance of a planet fiom the smi to that CURV'ITY, Holder. a regular form ; crookedness. of curse. [See Cursed.] where a perpendicular let fall from CURST, pp. point, CUSH'AT, n. The ring-dove or woodthe planet meets with the ecliptic. CURST, a. Hateful detestable froward Scott. pigeon. tormenting: vexatious; peevish; malig Encyc. CUSHION, 71. ctish'in. [Fr. coussin ; It. nant mist-hievous malicious sM.irling Or the intenal between the sun or cuscino D. kusse7i G. kiissen ; ; ; Sp. corin ; a word however which can be hardly said and that point where a perpendicuearth, Port, con'ni ; Ann. (iu. Ar. coufzin. to have a definite signification. It is np lar, let fall from the planet, meets the eclipIn some of tic. plied to any thing vexatious. Cyc. ^1 Ch. '02 keesi, a little cushion its applications in old authors, it appears CURTA'TION, n. [See Curtate.] The into be the Dutch korsi, crust, and to signify: terval between a planet's distance from for the elbow.] the sun and the curtate distance. crusty, crabbed, surly. 1. A pillow for a seat a soft pad to be plaChambers. CURST'NESS, n. Peevishness; malignity; ced on a chair a bag, stufled with wool, frowardness; crabbedness; surhness. CURT'ILAlJE, n. In latr, a yard, garden, hair or other soft njaterial. CURT, a. [L. curlus.] Short. [Rareh/ vsed inclosure or field near and belonging to a 2. .V bag of leather filled with sand, used by andnot eliirant.] Brown. messuage. [This is probably from court engravers to support the plate. or the same radix.] CURTA'IL, V. t. [composed of L. curlus, 3. In gilding, a stuffing of tine tow or wool, Fr. court, short, and tailler, to cut taille, CURT'LY, adv. Briefly. [JVot in use.] covered by leather, on a board used for CU'RULE, o. [L. curulis, from currus, a receiving the leaves of gold from the paedge.] To shorten to cut oft" the end or apart as, chariot.] per, in order to its being cut into proper to curtail words. Hence in a more gene- Belonging to a chariot. The curule chair or sizes and figures. E7icyc. ral sense, to shorten in any manner to seat, among the Romans, was a stool withLady's cushion, a plant, a species of Saxifraout a back, covered with leather, and so as, to curtail our abridge to diminish Liee. ga. It is followed by of before the made as to be folded. It was conveyed in privileges. Sea cushion, sea pink or thrifl, a species of a chariot, and used bv public officers. thing shortened. His name was curtailed Statice. Lee. are curtailed of our CURV'ATED, a. o/'threc letters. [See Curve.] Curved; V. t. To seat on a cushion. CUSH'ION, bent in a regular form. rights. See CySH'IONED, a. Seated on a cushion; )i. CUR'TAIL-DOG, n. A dog whose tail is [L. curvatura. Johnson. supported bv cushions. cut off, according to the forest laws, and Ciiri'f.] 71. A httle cushion. Shak. A bending in a regular form crookedness, CySH'IONET, therefore hindered from coursing. Beaum. CURTA'ILED, pp. Cut short or shorter; or the manner of bending flexure by n. kind of ivory cup. [Xotin which a curve is formed. ' abridged. Encyc. CUSK'IN, or short- CURVE, a. cun: [L. cun-tf.?, bent, crooked: use.] Baiiey. URT.\'lLING,ppr. Cuttingshort Fr. courbe, CUSP, 71. [L. er: abridiiing. ej/To, to l)end, turn or wind The pointer ciispii, a point.] CURTAILING, n. Abridgment; abbrevi- courbcr ; It. rurro, rurvare : Sp. curvo, cor- horn of the moon or other Ituninary. If i is not radical, this word belongs var. ation. Su}ifi.

CUR'SORY,
;

a.

[L. cursoriiis,
;
;

from cursus

abridged

a docked tail. B. Jonson. brief Milton.

;

Having a curve line; consisting of curve lines bounded by curve lines as a cur;

vilinenr fignn;.

URVI LINEARITY,

We

CURVATURE,

Entyc.

Vol.

I.

54

c u s
eUSP'ATED, a.
;

CUT
ed a
cut,

CUT
and our common people, when
they urge a person to ride or run with The fact is haste, cry out, cut on, cut on. same with many other words which now signify, to separate with an edffed tool. See Class Gd. No. 2. 4. 8. 43. 49. 5G. 59. and in a different dialect, Class Gs.
the

Render custom to whom custom is due. [L. cuspis, a point.] PointRorn. xiii. ed tndiiig in a point. CL'SP'IDAL, a. Ending in a point. Customs, in the plural, the duties imposed

by law on merchandize imported or ex In Great Britain and the U. States, CUSP'IDATE, I [L. cuspidalHS, from portetl. this word is limited to these species of duties. CUSP'IDATKD, S cuspis, a point.] like the point of a spear; CUS'TOM-HOUSE, n. The house where (liiving asliarp end, vessels enter and clear, and where the tcnninating in a bristly point as a cusJMartmi customs are paid or secured to be paid. pidate leaf.
More.
;

1.

habitual; Johnson. caws, frequent. 2. Subject to the payment of the duties callA composition of milk and eggs, sweetened ed customs. Law of Massachusetts and baked or boiled, forming an agreeable eUS'TOMABLENESS, n. Frequency conkind of food. formity to custom. [Dijtle used.] CUSTAKD-APPLE, n. A plant, a species ellS'TOMABLY, adv. According to cusof Annona, growing in tlje West Indies, tom in a customary manner. Hayward. whose fruit is of tlie size of a tennis ball, CUS'TOMAUILY, adv. [See Customary.] of an orange color, containing a yellowish -R"?/. Habitually; commonly. US'T0MARINESS, n. Frequency compulp, of the consistence of custard. monness habitual use or practice. Encyc.

Cl'S'TARD,
I

n.

[Cynibiic cicstard.
syllable to

Junius.

suspect the curd, cheese.]

first

be

W.

US'TOMABLE,

a.

Common;

No. 5. a 28. 32. 40. 41. 42. (u.] To separate the parts of any body by an edged instrument, either by striking, as with an ax, or by sawing or rubbing to make a gash, incision or notch, which sep;

arates the external

cut the flesh.
;

jiart

of a body, as to

signifies also, to cut into pieces to sever or divide ; as, to cut timber in the forest. But when an entire separaIt

pieces, or other

CUSTO'DIAL,
to

a. [from custody.] custody or guardianshij).

Relating

CUS'TOMARY,

rUS'TODY,
id.;

n." [L.

custodia

It.

and Sp.
2.

1.

from I.. custos,a watchman, a keeper. This word has the elements of castle., W. cas, the [irimary sense of which is to separate, to drive off; hence, to defend, to hold. See Chaste] A keeping ; a guarding care, watch, in;

a. [Fr. covtumier.] According to custom, or to established or common usage as a customary dress customary compliments. as ctis Habitual in common practice
;

body is intended, it is usually followed by off, down, asunder, in two, in word denoting such severance. " Ye shall not ci(< yourselves," that is, ye shall not gash your flesh. Deut. xiv.

ration of the

2.

To hew.
Thy

servants can

skill to ctil

timber. 2

Chron

ii.

3.

To

carve, as divide
;

meat

to

:?.

4.

loinary vices. lioldiiig by custom ; as customary ten arus, ho are co|)yliolders. Held by custom ; as a customary free
ln)ld.

in scidpture.
4.

carve or engrai e Addison.

To To
ly
;

as, a
5.

spection, for keeping, preservation or security-

to cleave, by passing through ; ship cuts the briny deep. penetrate to jiierce to affect deep;
;

Under

the

cu.'^toily

and charge of the sons of

CUS'TOMARY, A book mier.]

or customs
;

as, a

n.

[Fr. coutumier,

coustu

(j.

Merari shall be the boards of the tabernacle.

Num.
The
of the 2.

containg laws and usages, as the customary of the NorC'omt.

a.

To
and

sarcasm cuts to the qtiick. divide, as a pack of cards as,

; ;

to cut

shuffle.

7.

To

intersect

to cross.

iii.

mans.
was committed to the cui<tody Hence, confinement restraint of
; ;
;

prisoner
sheritl'.

eUS'TOMED,
we
2.

Usual

common

to

which
8.

Imprisonment
liberty.

[See Accustomed.] Shah. Bacon. Furnished with customers.

n.

are accustomed.

other at right angles. equator.

One line The ecliptic

cuts ancuts the

To

To
To

castrate. cut across, to pass

oft"

;!.

Defense from a foe

rity.

])rescrvation

secu-

US'TOMER,
;

There was prepared a fleet of thirty ships ibr Bacon. the custody of Ihe narrow seas. 2. C'UiS'TOM, n. [Fr. contumc, for coustame ;
It. costuma, costume; ^p. cost iiinljre ; I'ort. costume ; Arm. custum. Qu. L. consuetus.] Frequent or common use, or practice a freqtieut rejjetition of the same act hence, way ; established manner habitual prac;
;

sake of purchasing goods one who purchases goods or wares. One who frequents or visits any place for procuring what he wants. say, a Hence a person mill has many customers. who receives sujiplies is called a customer

Oite place of sale for the

who

as to cut

by a shorter course, so an angle or distance.

;

frequents any

cut asunder, to cut into pieces to sever.

to divide

He
ed.

liath cut

asunder the cords of the wickfell

We

Ps. cxxix.

To

cut

down, to
shall cut

to

cause to

fall

by sev-

ering.

1.

tice.

The
1

priest's
ii.

custom with the people was

1

Sam.

We Iiave
The
2.

no such rtiftnm.

Cor.

xi.

custom.1 of the people are vain.

;

Jer. x.

buying of goods jiractice of frequenting a shop and purchasing or procuring to be done. Let him have your custom, hut nrjt your
votes.

the smith, the shoemaker and the tailor have their customers ; and the codee-house has its customers. Obs. 3. A toll-gatherer. CUS'TOS, n. [L.] A keeper; as cu.'!tos hreI'ium, the principal clerk ol the common custos rotulorum, keejier of the pleas rolls and records of the sessions of the
;

Yc
ble
;

down

their groves.

Ex. xxxiv.

Hence, to dejiress
to

quence

cuts

shame; to down the

to abash ; to hum; silence; as, his elofinest orator.

Addison.

[This phrase
ular
tise.]

is not elegant,

hut

is in

pop-

To

peace.

Eni^land.
n.

CUS'TUEL,
A

[(iu.

Old Fr.

coukiltier,
2.

cut off, to separate one part from anothto er; as, to cut off a finger, or an arm cut off the riirht haixi figure; to cut off n
;

from L. scutum.]
buckler-bearer. Also, a vessel for holding wine. [J\'ut in use.]
V.
t.

Addison.

or syllable. To destroy to extirpate untimely.

letter
;

to

put to death
1

extensive custom, or a good run of custom. A mill or a manufacturer has e.xtensive custom, or little
custom.
3.

The shopkeeper has

CUT,
cut.

irret.

and

|ip.

rut.

[Norm,

cotu,

Jezebel cut off

l]i(i

prophets of the Lord

off.

This word coincides in elements with the W. cat, a piece, cateia, to cut,
3.

Kinss

xviii.

Evil doers shall be cut

Ps. xxxvii.

In law, long established practice, or usage, which constitutes the unwritten law, and long consent to which gives it aitthority. (,'ustomsare general, which extend over a
state or

cwta, short, cwtau, to shorten, and witi ysgythru, to cut nff, to lop, to shred, to carve, which Owen deduces from ys!;iotk, a push, from swth, a push or thrust, i^wth-

se|)arate to preveut all intercourse.

;

To

to

remove

to a distance, or

A man
is

in

an-

other coitntry or in prison his country or his friends.

'4.

cut

off'

from

kingdom, and particular, which

Enci/c.
]'.

are limited to a city or district.

eUS'TOM,
CUS'TOIM,

t.

To make

familiar.

[See

.iccustom, Vf\dc\i is the 2. To give custom to.

n.

word

used.]

Bacon.

Whether cut iaw, to push, thrust, press. is derived to us from the AVelsh or not may be a question but I have not found the word in any of the Gothic or TeutonIt is obviously from a comic languages. mon root with the L. cado and cndo, and
;

5.

To interrujjt To separate To

as, to cut

q^'communication.
;

to

remove

to

take

away

as, to cut offlcn

().

years of

life.

intercept; to hinder from return, or union. The troops were cut off from the
ships.

[Fr. coufume,
is,

from
cost

coulcr, for

tlie

primary sense
.\ni\

is
off"

couster, to cost.]

strike;

to cut

Tribute, toll or tax; that paid to the public.

or charge

off.

have proof of this in our own language for a stroke with a whip is call;

We

to thrust, to drive, to 7. end is primarily to (n7if troversy.

8.

To

to finish; as, to cut off all conoffa.\i

To prevent or preclude; as, to cui occasion of blame.

CUT
9.

CUT
a picture is carved, and by which it is impressed. 10. The act of dividing a pack of cards. Also, the right to divide as, whose cut
; ;
;

CYC
').

To

preclude or

sliiit

Ijiiiiself o/Tfi'Oiii tlie

The sinner cuts 0. out. benefits of cliristianity.

or silence.
counsel very short.

The stamp on which

officer in the exchequer that provides wood for the tallies.

;

An

10.

To

(!.

sto|), iuterruiit

The juilgc

cul off
;

tlie

A ruffian; a bravo a destroyer. Obs. A murderer; an assasCUT'-THROAT,

7i.

Bacon. is it? To cul on, to hasten to run or ride with the 11. Manner in wliich a thing is cut form utmost speed a vulgar phrase. fashion as the cut of a garment sliape to quicken 2. To urge or drive in striking the cut of his beard. Stilling/leet.: blows to hasten. 12. A fool a cully a gelding. [.Vol in use. To cut out, to remove a part by cutting or from a board Cul and long tail, men of all kinds; a procarving as, to cut out a piece verbial ejrpression borrowed from dogs. to cul out the tongue. Hence, 2. To shape or form by cutting as, to cut CUTA'NEOU.S, a. [See Cuticle.] Belonging out a garment; to cut out an image; to to the skin, or cutis existing on, or affeccul out a wood into walks. as a cutaneous disease cuHence, ting the skin to prepare 3. To scheme to contrive taneous eruption. as, So we to cut out work for another day. or fain
; ;
; ;

sin

a ruffian.
a.

South.
;

Dryden.
;

CUT'-THROAT,
barous.

Murderous cruel barCarew.

Cut.]

CUT'TING,

Dividing by an edged instrument cleaving by the stroke or motion of an edged instrument, as by a knife, ax, or saw hewing carvppr. [See
; ; ;

2. a.

ing; intersecting; piercing. Piercing the heart ; wounding the feelings deeply affecting with shame or remorse ; pimgent; pii]uant ; satirical; as a
;

cutting

reflection.
;

CUTII,

say, to utrike out. He is not cut out to adapt. 4. To sliape for an author. [JVot ekganl.] 5. To debar. Pope. [Mot common.]
;

Saxon, signifies known, Hence, Culhwin, a famous con queror; Cuthred, a famous or knowingi

CUT'TING,
vines.
2.

mous.

71. A separation or division a as the cuttings of piece cut off; a slip

;

counselor

Culhbert,

known

bright, or fa-

The

operation of removing a stone from

>

6.

To

take the pretfcrence or precedence of;

as, to cut out a prior

7.

judgment

creditor.

mous for skill. CU'TICLK, 71. [L.

skin, the
1.

Gibson.
culicula,
ilim.

the bladder.

of

cutis,

8.

To step in and take the place of, courting and dancing. [.'2 vulgar phrase.], To interfere as a horse, when the shoe of one foot beats off the skin of the pastern joint of another. To cut short, to hinder from proceeding by suilden interruption.
Achilles cut

Kent. as in

as hide, which see.] The scarf-skin ; the thin exterior coat of the skin, which rises in a blister ; a thin p(!llucid nieinhrane covering the true skin.

same

CUT'TLE, CUT'TLE-FISH,
or hiding,
hide.
1.

allieil

to cuddle,

Arm.

culajf,

W. cuziaw, to or cuddyo, to hide.]

[Sax. cudele, from the "'sense of withdrawing

3.

3.

The thin external covering of the bark of a plant. Darwin. A thin skin formed on the surface of liJSTevAon. quor. a. Pertaining to the cuticle or external coat of the skin.
n.

him
to

short.

Dryden.
;

2.

To

CUTIC'ULAR,
CUT'LAS,
zen
;

shorten

abridge
;

as,

to cut short

of provisions or pay
short.

to

cut the

matter

cut up, to cut in pieces ; as, to cut up beef 2. To eradicate ; to cut off; as, to cul up

To

It. coltcllaccio

word seems
71

|Fr. coutelas x Arm. contelagPort, cutelo. This ; to be from the L. cultellus, at

least the Italian

in

and French are so

is

shrubs.

and

pass into or through and sever to enter and divide the parts; as, an instrument cuts well. 2. To be severetl by a cutting instrument as, this fruit cuts easy or smooth. 3. To divide by passing.

CUT,
;

V.

i.

To

the Armoric
in

casual, as

in

other
curtis

words
ax,

that
to

dialect.

The

curteleaxe
2.

or curtelax of

some

authors, and

seem

be corrupted, or they are from

Cutlas
the

8p. corlar, L. eurto, to cut. more correct orthography.]

A knife. [.Vo/ in use.] CUT'-WATER, n. The fore

;

genus of 77ioWica, called Sepia. They have small arms, with serrated cups, by which they lay fast hold of any thing. They have also two tontucula longer than the arms; the moulh is in the center of the arms, and is lnuiiy, and hooked like the bill of a hawk. They feed on sjirats, lobsters and other shell-lish. They have a little bladder under the throat, [near the liver, Cuvier,] from which, when pursued, they throw out a black liquor that darkens the water, by which means they escape. Hence cuttle is used for a foul-mouthed fellow one who blackens the character of another. Encyc. Shak.
;

Shak.
part of a ship'.s

The
4.

teeth are ready to cut.

Arhulhnol.

A broad curving sword

a hanger; used by

sin-gical operation by cutting, especially in lithotomy. He saved lives by cutting for tlie stone.

To

perform a

s<ddiers in the cavalry, by

seamen, &c.

prow, or knee of the head, w hich cuts the water. Also, a water-fowl, a species of or rather, the Rynchops, or razorgull
bill.

CUT'LEK,
It.

[Fr. coiiWier; Norm. coW/e7-,iVrni. cnnlrlternv coutellour ; Port, cutileiro;

H.

CUT'-WORK,
CY'ANITE,
1

77.

Embroidery.

[.Vol in ttse.]

coltellinaio

from L.

B. Jonson.
[Gr. xiai-o;. sky-colored.] mineral of a Berlin blue color, passing into gray and green; called bv Hady, disthene.
71.

culler,
is

Pope.
5.

a knife.]

and other cutting instruments. CUT J.ERY, (I. The business of making, CY.VN'OtiEN, 71. [Gr. ivo.os, blue, and knives or more generally, knives and other ynvau, to beget.] divided hewn carved el'T, pp. Gashed Carbureted azote, or carburet of niti-ogen, intersected |>iorced deeply affected caseilged instruments in general.
;
;

interfere, as a horse. To cut in, to divide, or turn a card, for determining who are to play.
;
; ; ;

To

One whose occupation

to

make

knives;

trated.

Cut and dri/, prepared from hetvn timber.

CUT'LET,
for

77.

[Fr.

cottlelte,

little

side or

use

a metaphor

rib

the compound base ofPrussic acid; otherwise called Prussine. Ure,

a.

cute, side.]

CUT,
2.

cuts purses for stealing them or their con 11. opening made by an edged instrument,! pin. [Gr. xuxJ.oj, a circle.] a practice said to have been com CYC'LADES, tents A number of isles arranged round the isle distinguished by its length from that made moil when men wore purses at their girwith a pointed instrument. by perforation of Delos, in the Grecian Sea, in the form dles. (Jne who steals from the person a 3. stroke or blow with a whip. of a circle. Shak. Bentley. thief; a robber. 4. channel made by cutting or digging a CYCLE, 71. [Gr. xvx?.o{, L. cyclus, an orb a furrow a canal. ditch a groove CUT'TER, n. One who cuts or hews. or circle; Ir. ciogal. Qu. Eng. gig; Ch. as a good cut 2. An instrument that cuts as a straw-cutter. 5. A part cut iilf from the rest Hell. Jin. Class Gk. No. 1.3. 10.] of beef; a cu< of timber. Also, any small 3. A fore tooth, that cuts meat, as distin 1. In chronology, a period or series of numpiece or shred. guished from a grinder. from first to bers, which regularly 6. A lot made by cutting a stick as, to draw A small boat used by ships of war. Also, last, and then return proceed to the first, in a percuts. Sidney. a vessel with one mast and a straight run Hence, petual circle. 7. A near passage, by which an angle is cut ning bowsprit, which may be run in uponj 2. The off; as n shorter cut. cycle of the moon, or golden number, deck rigged nearly like a sloop. or Metonic cycle, so called from its invent8. A picture cut or carved on wood or tnetal, Mar. Did. and impressed from it. Brown. or Mcton, is a period of nineteen years.
;
[ I

n. The action of an edged instrument a stroke or blow, as with an ax or sword A cleft a gash a notch a wound tlu
; ; ; ;

small |)iece of meat for cooking; as a

veal
cutlet.
77.

CY.VTHIFORM,
Gr.
xi-aOof,]

[L.

cyathus,

a cup;

CUT'PURSE,

[ci(/

and

/)i(re.]

One who

In the form of a cup, or drinking glass, a little widened at the top. Lee.

A A

C Y L
being completed, Uie new and lull moons return on tlie same days of the
wliicli
3.

C Y N
Sp. cilindro
;

C Y
;

It. id.

Fr. cylindre

Heb. Ch.

n. A slight covering; a scarf: surly or snarling man or philosopher; a and n6o{ form.] CYMAR', follower of Diogenes a misanthrope. A geometrical curve on which depends properly, simar. Shak. a liyureh CYMA'TIUM, ) [h.; Gr. xv/^anov, a litthe doctrine of pendulums tie wave, from xvfia, a CYNTALLY, adv. In a snarling, captious J made by the upjicr end of the dianie ter ofii'-'^ '^'"^i or morose manner. Bacon. wave.] a circle, turning about a right line. n. Moroseness conBailey. In architecture, a member or molding of the CYN'ICALNESS, tempt of riches and amusements. The genesis of a cycloid maybe conceived by cornice, the profile of which is waving, that is, concave at the top and convex at CYN'lS, ?!. In ancient history, a sect of phiimagining a nail in the circumference of a bottom. the line which the nail describes who valued themselves on their wheel; losophers, in the air, wliile the wheel revolves in a CYM'BAL, n. contempt of riches, of arts, sciences and [L. cymbalum ; Gr. xvfiSaXov Johnson. amusements. They are said to owe their It. cembalo.] right line, is the cycloid.

montl). Ar. to roll. hhi, Tlie cycle of the sun, is a period of twenty In geometry, a solid body supposed to be and malignant .sore throat. years, which having elapsed, the the rotation of a parallelo generated by dominical or Sunday letters return to their n. [Gr. xvu*, adog, and gram round one of its sides ; or a long cirformer place, and j>roceed in the former avdpuTtoi, man.] cular body of uniform diameter, and its to tlie Julian calendar. order, according extremities forming equal parallel circles. A kind of madness in which men have the 4. Cycle ofindiclion, a jieriod of fifteen years, qualities of dogs. Encyc. Bailey. at the end of which the Roman empen. [Gr. xvuv, a a. Cylindrical. [Lit- CYNARTOiM'AHY, dog, rors imposed an extraordinary tax, to pay CYLINDRA'CEOUS, tle Lee. Bot. apxToj, a bear, and t^azr;, a fight.] used.] the soldiers who were obliged to serve in ) the form of Bear-baiting with a dog. [Jl barbarous word.] CYLIN'DRIC, the army for that jjeriod and no longer. "" Having a cylinder or partaHudibras. 5. round of years, or period of time, in CYLIN'DRIeAL, king of its properties. } CYN'IC, [Gr. xmixo;, canine, from which the same course begins again ; a xvuv, a dog.] Having the Holder. CYLIN'DRIFORM, a. [cylinder and form.] CYN'IeAL, ^ jieriodical space of time. qualities of a surly dog ; snarling ; capHaving the form of a cylinder. 6. An imaginary orb or circle in the heavens. tious; surly; currish austere. jMillon. iCYL'INDROID,n. [cylinder and uio,, form.] solid body, approaching to the figure Cynic spasm, a kind of convulsion, in which CYC'LOGRAPH, n. [xvx'm^, circle, and the patient imitates the of a cyhndcr, but differing in some res howling of dogs. ypaijiuj, to describe.] having the bases elliptical, but Encyc. An instrument for describing the arcs of peets, asand man of a canine temper; a ])arallel equal. Encyc. CYN'IC, n. circles.

^L^

eiglit

disease of the throat, attended with I'nflanmiation, swelling, and difliculty of breathing and swallowing. It is of several kinds and eomiireheuds the quinsy, croop

CYNAN'THROPY,

<,

CYCLOID,

71.

[xvxXof, circle,

' ^^ '

CYeLOID'AL,
;

a.

Pertaining or relating to

1.

musical
like
is

a cycloid as, the cycloidal space is the space contained between the cycloid and Chambers. its substance.

cients,

what
form
2.

instrument used by the anhollow and made of brass, somea kettle-drum but the precise
;

origin to Antisthenes of .Athens.

Encyc.

CYN'OSURE,

not ascertained.

Or the space contained between the curve or crooked line and the subtense of
the figure.
Bailey.
)i.

CYC'LOLITE,
pores.
/Tpfio, to

A name

given to MadreDiet. JVat. Hist.

CYeLOM'ETRY,
CYLOPE'AN,
CYLOPE'DIA, JY'CLOPEDE,
(

n. [Gr. xvx-Ko;, circle, and measure.] The art ofmeasur Wallis. ing cycles or circles.
a.

A mean instrument used by gypsies and vagrants, made of a steel wire, in a triangular form, on which are passed five rings, which are touched and shifted along the triangle witli an iron rod held in the left hand, while it is supported in the right by
a ring, to give
it

free motion.

Encyc.
a boat, and

CYM'BIFORM,
forma, form.]

a.

[L. cymba,
like

[from
;

taining to the Cyclops

)

Cyclops.]^ vast ; terrific. Hall.

Pe:

Shaped
xvfta,

a boat.

CY^'ME,

" [Gr.

xvxJ.o;, circle, and ai6ita, discipline, eru-

CY'MA,

swell.] Literally, a sprout, parI Technically, an ticularly of the cabbage.

"

[Gr.

fetus,

Martyn. from xiu, to

CYON. [See Cion.] CYPHER. [See Cipher.]

CY'PRESS,

n. [Gr. xvmaovpa, the tail of the dog, ursa mhior, the little bear.] riie constellation near the north pole, conof seven stars, four of which are sisting disposed like the four wheels of a chariot, and three lengthwise, like the beatn hence called the chariot or Charles's wain. As seamen are accustomed to steer by this constellation, it is sometimes taken for that which directs or attracts attention. Encyc. Milton.
;

dition.]

The

circle or compass of the arts and sciences circle of human knowledge. Hence, the book or books that contain treatises on every branch of the arts and sciences, arranged under pro])er heads, in alphabetical order. [Sue Encyclopedia.] C'YCLOP'IC, a. Peitaining to the Cyclops
;

aggregate flower composed of .several florets sitting on a receptacle, producing all the primary peduncles from the same point, but having tlie partial peduncles
scattered and irregular all fastigiate, or forming a flat surface at the top. It is naked or with bractes. Martyn.
;

gigantic

savage.
n.

Bryant.
;

CYM'LING, n. A squash. CYM'OPHANE, n. [Gr. xvua,

ijjoiwj,

Virginia.

genus of plants or trees. The most remarkable arc the sempervirens or common cypress, the evergreen American cypress or white cedar, and the disticlia or deciduous American cypre.ss. The wood of these trees is remarkable for its durability. The coffins in which the Athenian heroes and the mummies of Egypt were deposited, are said to have been maile of the first species. Encyc.
'2.

n. []j.

cupressus

Gr.

xnrtapifferos.]

a wave, and

C'Y'CLOPS,
and

[Gr. xvx%u.^

xvxio;, a circle,

U1+, eye.] In fabulous history, certain giants, the sons of Neptune and Araphitrite, who had but one circular eye in the midst of the forehead. They inhabited Sicily, and assisted Vulcan in making thunderbolts for Juiriter.

an

to appear.] mineral, called also chrysoberyl. Its color

;

The emblem of mourning for the dead, cypress brandies having been anciently used at funerals.
Had success attended the Amciicans, the death of Wancn would have been sufficient to damp the joys of victory, and the cypress would have been united with the laurel.
Eliot's Biog.

green of iliflercut shades its fracture conchoidal <u- undulated, and in hardness the sapphire. it ranks next to
is

Hauy.

Cleaveland.

Having a wavy CYP'RIN, a. Pertaining to the fish of the chatoyant. genus CyprinusCYDER. [See Cider.] CY'MOSE, ^ Co ntaiiiing a cyme in the;|cY'PRUS, ji. A thin transparent black stuff. E, form Shak. Madyn.' CYG'NET, n. [L. cygnus, cycnus, a swan CY MOU S:^'-for of a cyme. Shak. CYNAN'CHE, n. [Gr. xwayxVi dog-col- CYRIOLOU'Ie, a. [Gr. xtipwj, chief, and Gr. xvxvo^.] A young swan. CYL'INDER, n. [Gr. xuXtrSpos, from xvxn- lar, angina xv^v, a dog, and ay;j;"ito press ?.oyo5, discourse.] Ilelatitig or pertaining to capital letters. L. cylindrus ; or bind, to suflocate.] Encyc. &io, to roll, from xvJ.tu, id.
a.

CYMOPH'ANOUS,
floating light
;

Lempnere.

opalescent

DAB
CYST,
a bladder.] A bag or which includes morbid matter in ann. [Gr. xv;is,

DAD
CYT'ISUS,
CZ'AR,
n. n.

DAG
A
shrub or
tree. Also,

stance, suijposed to bo generated in the IJrt. bladder or rather in the kidneys. tiiiiir imal bodies. Encyc. CYSi'TOCELE, n. [Gr. xuytj, a bladder, and a. Pertaining to a cyst, or conCYST'l, xr(Kri, a tumor.] tained in a cyst. The ojslic duct is the A hernia or rupture formed by the protrusion of the urinary bladder. membranous canal that conveys the bile Hooper from the hepatic duct into the gall-blailY, n. [Gr. xvf i$, a bladder, am der. The ci/atic artery is a branch of the rf/ii'w, to cut.] The act or practice of opening encysted tuHiio/iii: hepatic. mors, for the discharge of morbid matter. Cystic oxyd, a name given to a peculiar sub-

a ge-

nus of trees;

tree-trefoil.

CYSTOT'OM

king; a chief; a title of tlie emperor of Russia pronounced tzar, and so written by good authors. (JZARlNA, ?i. A title of the empress of
;

Russia.

CZWRISH,
Russia.

a.

Pertaining

to the

czar of

D.
JJ,
in

letter

the

same place

to dip a little or often hence, to the English alphabet, is the fourth Literally, wet to moisten to spatter to wet by litand the third articulation. It holds tle dips or strokes ; to sprinkle. in the English, as in the
; ; ;
;

bial

dental,

in

tad,

dud,

and

labial, ni

mamma,

papa.
ti.

DAD'DLE,

i.

To walk

with

hands, throw water and splash about the eighth in the Russian, the fifth to play in nnul and water. in the Ethiopic, the nineteenth letter. 2. To do any thing in a slight or superficia a dental articulation, formed by placi Did. the die. manner to tamper to touch here and the end of the tongue against the gum Or a cubical base of a column. there. It is nearly just above the upper teeth. Thomson. You have, I think, been dabbling with the allied to T, but is not so close a letti r, (jr text. Atterbury D.,E'DAL, a. [L. Doedalus, Gr. Acwio^s, an rather it does not interrupt the \u\v.v so 3. To meddle to dip into a concern. ingenious artist.] suddeidy as T, and in forming the articun. One who plajs in water or 1. Various; Spenser. variegated. lation, tliere is a lin/;ual and nasal soiuid, muil. i. Skilfid. which has induci'd some writers to rank 2. One who dips slightly into any thing one [See Dedalian.] the lingual letters. It has but among who meildles, without going to the hot allied to deaf.] ) one sound, as in do, din, bad; and is nev tom a superficial meddler as a dabbler DAFF, " [Ice. dauf er quiescent in English words, e.vcept in a DAFFE, \ stupid blockish fellow. Obs. in politics. Chaucer. rapid utterance of such words as hand- DABBLING, ppr. Dii)])ing supei-ticially or Croat. V. t. To daunt. kerchief. often playing in water, or ui mud med DAFF, [Local.] a imnieral, D represents_^i'C hundred, and As DAFF, V. t. To toss aside to put off. [See dling. when a dash or stroke is placed over it, Shak. Doff.] n. [Qu. from adept, with ster, DAB'STER, thus I), it denotesyjre thousand. DAF'FODIL, )!. [D. affodille ; G. doppelte Sa.\. stcuran, to steer.] stands for Doctor; as One who is skilled one who is narcme, double narcissus It. usfodillo ; Fr. As an abbieviation, expert a M. D. Doctor of Medi(-ine D. T. Doctor asphodele ; L. asphodelus ; Gr. as^oStXoj.] master of his business. [JVo< ati elegant of Theology, or S. T. D. Doctor of Sacred plant of the genus Narcissus, of several ivord. See Dapper.] These have a bulbous root, and species. Theology D. D. Doctor of Divinity, or DACE, n. [D. daas. Qu. Fr. vendoise.] beautiful flowers of various colors, white, D. D. D. dat, dicat, dedidono dedit a small river fish, the Cyprinus leuciscus cat and D. D. D. D. dignum Deo donuni yellow anil purple. Encyc. Walton fish, resembling the roach. n. dedit. [Fr. dague, from thrusting.] n. [Gr. 6a>.Tt*o{, a finger; L DAG, Da Capo. [It. from the head.] In music, dactylus ; probably a shoot. See Digit.] dagger a hand-gun a pistol. [Xot in Burton. these words signify that the tirst part of A use.] i)octical foot consisting of three syllables ji. Dew. the tune is to be repeated fi'om the begin[Not in use.] the first long, and the others short, like DAG, n. [Sax. dag.] loose end, as of ning. the joints of a finger; aSjlegmUie, carmine. DAG, locks of wool called also dag-locks. DA15, V. t. [Fr. dauber, or from the same DAC'TYLET, n. Hall. dactyl. Bp. It has the elements of dip, dub and root. Bailey. DACTYLIC, o. Pertaining to or consisting 2. leathern latchet. Gr. Tvrttu, and of daub. Class Db. tap, of dactyls; as dactylic verses; a dactylic DAG, V. t. To daggle. [JVot in use.] No. 3. 21. a8. 58.] flute, a flute consisting of unequal interObs. 2. To cut into slips. Chaucer. to slap 1. To strike gently with the hand vals. Encyc. DAG'GER, n. to box. [Fr. dague ; D. dagge ; Arm. BaUey\ DACTYLIST, n. [from dactyl.] One who 2. To strike gently with some soft or moist dagcr ; Sp. daga ; Port, adaga ; It. daga ; writes flowing verse. H'arton. Ir. daigear. In G. and D. degen is a substance as, to dab a sore with lint. n. [UxrVKoi, finger, and sword.] Sharp. DACTYLOL'OGY, 1. short sword a poniard. ^oyo5, discourse.] Sidney. D.^B, n. gentle blow with the hand. small lump or mass of any thing soft The act or the art of communicating ideas 2. In fencing schools, a blimt blade of iron 2. Deaf and or thoughts by the fingers. with a basket hilt, used for defense. or moist. . dumb persons acquire a wonderfid dex 3. With printers, an obelisk, or obelus, a 3. Something moist or slimy thrown on one. mark of reference in the form of a dagan 4. In laiD man. terity in this art.
it is
; ;
;

Hebrew, Samaritan, Syriac, Greek and Latin alphabets. In the Arabic, DAB'BLE, the
Chaldee,

Suii/I.

If'iseman

v.i.

To

play

in

water;

to dip

and
is

a child or an old man. [Little uscrf.j t'. t. To hold up by leading strings. Drayton. [Little used.] D'ADO, n. [Ital. adic.] The plain part of a column between the base and the cornice ;

tottering,

like

DADE,

DABBLER,

D^DALIAN.

DACTYL,

5.

expert language, [See DAD, \\\. lad; It. taid; Ann. tad; \ small flat fish, of the genus Pleuronec- DAD'DY, \ Corn, tad or taz ; ancient L. lata; Port. /ai<rt; Gypsey, dad, dada ; Sans. tes, of a dark brown color. DAK'CHICK, n. [dab or dip and chick.] A tada ; Hindoo, dada; Russ. tiatia ; Finn. small waler-fowl. taat.] DAB'BLE, !'. t. [Ileh. h2a tabal, or from Father a word used by infants, from whom it is taken. The first articulations of inthe root of dip, Goth, daupi/an, Belgici dabben or dabbelen. See Dip.] fants or young children are dental or Jo
Dabster. ]

"

ger

thus

f.

DAG'GER,
to stab.

V.

t.

To

pierce with a dagger

n.

DAGGERS-DRAWING,
drawing daggers
;

The
to

act of
at-

approach
;

open

tack or to violence

DAG'GLE,
or
its root.]

V.

t.

a quarrel. Swift. [probably from dag, dew,

D A
To
trail in

I
to'

DAL
;
;

DAM
ing
;

Grounds were turned much in England either to feeding or dairy ; and this advanced the dirty, Temple. mud and. trade of English butter. I', i. To run through DAG'GLE, 2. The place, room or house, where milk is water. set for cream, managed, and converted in pp. Dipped or trailed mud| butter or cheese. into Dryden. or HjuI water; befouled. Bacon. Milk-tarm. DAG'GLE-TAIL, a. Having the lower endsi DA'IRYHOUSE, } house or room ap of i^arnients defiled with mud. DA'IRYROOM, \ propriated to the manDAGGLING, ppr. Drawing along in mudj asement of milk. or fold water. DA'IRYMAID, n. A female servant whose kind] DAG-SWAIN, n. [dag, a shred.] Addison. business is to manage milk. Harrison.' of carpet. Full of daisies; . DAG'-TAILED, a. The same as daggle- DA'ISIED,with[See Daisy.] Shak. daisies. adorned

wet grass to befoul as the lower end of a garment.

or

mud

trifling;
;

wasting time in
;

idle

amuse-

ment

DAM,
see.]
1.

n.

toying fondling. [supposed to be from dame, which

;

DAGGLED,

tiiil

trailed in
a.

mud.

DAILY,
;

[Sax.

dteglic,

froin
;

dag, day.]
;

DA'ISY,

n. s as z.

[Sax. dmges-ege, day's

genus Bellis, of several varieblue daisy belongs to the genus Globularia, as does the globe daisy; the to the ge Lord's Prayer. greater or ox-eye daisy belongs nus Chrysanthemum; and the middle dai DA'ILY, adv. Every day day by day as, a Fam. of Plants. sy, to the Doronicum. thing happens daily. DA KER-IIEN, n. A fowl of the gallinaDA'INTILY, adv. [from dainty.] Nicely ceous kind, somewhat like a patridge or elegantly as a hat daintily made. [JVot Diet. ATat. Hist. quail. Bacon. nor in use.] hgitinin'lc, The corn-crake or land-rail, a bird of to with nice regard 2. Nicely fastidiously Ed. Encyc. the grallic order of Linne. wliat is well tasted as, to eat daintily. n. In English statutes, ten hides, DA'KIIt, 3. Deliciously as, to fare daintily. or the twentieth part of a last of hides. 4. Ceremoniously scrnpulouslv. Encyc. DAINTINESS, !. Delicacy softness; ele-: Dan. and Sw. dal ; as the daintiness of the DALE, 11. [Goth, dalei ; gance nicety G. tJtul: D. drd; W. dOl ; Russ. dol, udol, B. Jonson., 06*. limbs.
ties.

Hapjicniug or being evei^ day done day by day bestowed or enjoyed every day as dailij labor a daily allowance. Give us tins day our dady breiul.
; ; ;

eye.] plant of the

The

female parent used of beasts, particuof quadruped.s. Shak. mother, in contempt. i. [Fr. dame, the queen Sp. dama.] A uowned man in the game of draughts. n. [D. dam ; G. diamm ; Sw. id. ; Dan. DAM, dam, a piuid. See the Verb.] A mole, bank or mound of earth, or any wall, or a frame of wood, raised to obstruct a current of water, and to raise it, for the purpose of driving inillwheels, or for other purposes. Any work that stops and confines water in a pond or bason, or causes it to rise. DAM, ti. <. [Qa.x. demman ; G. diimmen ; D. dammen ; Dan. dccmmer ; Ch. Dl3 to stop, ? lleb. Ch. DUN, Ar. to shut; is I to
larly

A human

stop or shut.
id.

Qu. Ch. DHD, Ar.

This

is

the root of rfum6.

See^ss

1.

Dm. No. 17. 18. 23. 39.] To make a dam, or to

2.

3.

To confine or re.strain from escaping; to usei! bij Shakespeare offire, and by shut in Milton of light.' a vale or valley hills nice; \ low place between 4. Ceremoniousness scru))nlousiiess DAM'AGE, n. [Fr. dommage; Arm. dou poetic word. Obs. attention to manners. maich : Norm, damage ; Sax. dem ; L. DA'INTREL, n. A delicacy. [.\ut in use.] DAL'LIANCE, n. [See Dally.] I/iterally damnutn; S\). daho ; Port, dano ; It. donDA'INTY, a. [W. deintiaiz ; i^coi. dainty : delay a lingering appropriately, acts of no ; Ir. damalite. This word seems to be fondness interchange of caresses toyfrom dant, daint, the teeth, L. dens, Gr. allied to the Greek C);/*'") ^ fi"^ or mulct, as j-outhfnl Ch. nnt or 'DI to impose a fine. But qu. ing, as males and females o6ov5. Sans, danta.] Milton. dalliance. I. Nice; jileasing to the palate; of exquisite See Damti.] commerce of the 1. Any hurt, injury or harm to one's estate ; delicious as dainty food. taste Conjugal embraces Milton. sexes. His soul abhorreth dainty meat. Job XKxiii. any loss of property sustained any hinnice in se- 3. Delay. Shak. 3. Delicate; of acute sensibility Ohs. derance to the increase of property or lecting what is tender and good squeam- DAL'LiER, n. One who fondles; a trifle any obstruction to the success of an enterluxurious as a dainty taste or soft ish as a dallier with pleasant words. A man suffers damage by the deprise. Ascham. struction of his corn, by the burning of palate a dainty people. ceremonioiis. 3. Scrupulous in manners his house, by the detention of a ship which V. i. [W. did or data, to hold, bear, DALLY, Shah defeats a profitable voyage, or by the failkeep, stop; Arm. dalea, to stop or retard neat; ef4. Elegant; tender; soft; piu-e ure of a profitable undertaking. Damage Russ. dlyu. The sense of Ir. dail, delay as dainty hands or feminately beautiful " then is any actual loss, or the prevention holding is often connected with that of Milton. Shaki limbs. Ar out in time of profit. It is usually and properly appliextending, drawing Nice affectedly fine as a </fiiH/^ speak7>. ed to property, but sometimes to reputaPrior.' er. tiou and other things which are valuable. \ \.]s to prolong, to delay. Class Dl. No. nice and
;

applied to food ;\ Delicacy as the (/((iiidViMSof prorisions. Nicety in taste; squeamislmess fastidi-| ousncss as the daintiness of the taste.
;
;

deliciousness

Welsh

Tht allied perhaps to dell. ; dol signifies a winding, bend oi meander, and a dale through which a riv a ring, &c. In D. daalen cr runs; a band,
aiM\ doiine
signifies to descend, to sink.
;

stop a stream of water by a bank of earth, or by any other work; to confine or shut in water. It is the verb, in, up, or common to use, after out ; as, to dam in, or to dam up, the water, and to dam out is to prevent water from
entering.

2.

It'otlon.l
;

DA'I.VTY,
licious
;

n.

to the taste

Something that which

delicate|

But

is

exquisitely de1.

20.

See also No.

a delicacy.
xxiii.

Literally,

to delay;

24. 20.] to

linger;

to wait.

in the latter case, injury rectly used.

is

moi-e cor-

2.

Be
ceitful

not desirous of dainties, for they are de-

Hence,

meat. Prov.

To

trifle; to lose

2.

term of fondness.
W|]y, that's

[.Xot

much

used.]

fles; to
It is

amuse

time in idleness and trione's self with idle play.

Calamy.

my

dainty.

Shak.
3.

niadness to dally any longer.

DAIRY,

n. [This word I have not found in any other language. lu Russ. doyu signifies til mill;, and Junius mentions dey, ani old woril Vnr juilk, and Icelandic deggia, It to milk. may be, and probably is, a

To
To

toy and wanton, as

man and woman;

;

value of what is lost; the estimated equivalent for detriment or injury sustained that which is given or adjudged to repair a loss. This is the legal signification of the word. It is the province of a jury In this to assess damages in trespass. sense, the word is generally used in the

The
;

to interchange caresses
4.

to fondle.

plural.

Shak.
sjjort
;

DAM'AGE,
damager

v.

t.

[It.

danneggiare; but Norm.

to play.

is

to oppress.]

1.

'

contracted word.] Milk, and all that concerns it, on a farm or the business of managing milk, and of making butter and cheese. The whole establishment respecting milk, in a family, or on a farm.
;

She
oflT;

dallies with Ihe wind.

II.

Shak.

To

DAL'LY,

To

to annise

till

delay; to defer; to put a proper opportunity

[.Vo/

as, to dally off the time.

much

used.]

Knolk.

DALLYING,

ppr. Delaying

procrastinat-

hurt or harm; to injure; to impair; to lessen the soundness, goodness or value a Rain may damage corn or hay of. storm may damage a ship a bouse is often damaged by fire, when it is not destroyed heavy rains damage roads.
;

DAM
DAM'A(iF.,
V.
I.

D A M
;

D A M
plant of the gc- 2.
IIesi)eris; call-

To

receive

liariii

to

be

or value jiiied or inipaired in soundness, or as, green corn will damage iu a

in-|
;

mow

stuck.

DAMAiiE-FEASANT,
[Fr. fiiisant,

a.

dam' age-fez' ant.

from

frtire.]

Doing injury

trespassing, as cattle.
Blackstoite.

DAM'A6EABLE,
;

a. That may be injured as or impaired susceptible of damage damageable goods.

;

2. Hurtful; jiernicious.

[Rare.]

DAM'A(iKl), pp. Hurt; impaired; injured. DAMAi'ilSii, ppr. Injuring; impairing.

DAM'ASCENE,
Damascus.]
1.

n.

[L.

damascenus,

from

2.

A particular kind of plmn, now pronounced damson, which .see. It may be locally applied to other species of plums.
Sp. damasco

DAM'ASK,
1.

silk

Fr. damns; [It. dommasco ; from Damascus, in Syria.] stuti', having some parts raised
n.
;
;

above the ground, re])resenting flowers and other figures originally from Damas
cus.
2.
3.

ed also queen's gilliflower, or rocket. It DAMNIFYING, ppr. Hurting; injuring; is remarkable for its fragrant odor, and Impairing. ladies are fond of havhig it in their apart- DAMNING, ppr. Dooming to endless punishment condenuiing. ments. DA'MIANISTS, in church history, a sect 2. a. That con<lemns or exposes to damnation as a damning sin. who denied any distinction in the Godhead believing In one single nature, yet D.\.M'NIN(iNESS, n. Tendency to bring ilaumation. Hammond. calling God, the Father, Son, and Holy Encye. DAMP, o. [U dnmpf ; V. damp ; Sw.damb; Spirit. DAMN, r. /. dam. [L. damno ; Fr. damner ; Dan. damp, steam, vapor, log, smoke ; steam is from the same root, frotn Arm. dauna ; It. dannare ; Sp. daiiar ; perhaps The Portuguese word is Port, danar. wasting Sans, dhuma. See Class Dm. No. :$!.] rendered to hurt, to danuufy, to corrupt or spoil, to imdo or ruin, to bend, to Moist; hiunid being In a state between dry as a damp cloth and wet The latter sense damp air : crook, to make mad. be from the L. demcns, and as, the atmosphere is would seem to sometimes, foggy damnitm is by Varro rclerretl to demendo, damp ; but It may be damp without visible vajior. demo, which is supposed to he a compound chilled. sunk of de and emo. But qu., for damno and condepressed Dejected Milton. demno coincide with the English doom.] [Unusual.] Moist air; humidity moisture ; 1. To sentence to eternal torments in a fu- DAMP, /I. Milton. ture state; to pimish in hell. fog. chill. fie that believeth not shdll be damned. Mark 2. Dejection depression of spirits
; ;

DAME'S- VIOLET, DAME-VVORT,

To

hurt

to injure

to impair; applied to

nus

the pirson.

Spenser.

xvi. 2.

kind of wrought linen, made in Flan dors, in Imitation of damask silks.

To condemn
worthy
*

We say,
on the

to strike a

damp, or

to cast a

damp,

to decide to be wrong or of punishment ; to censure ; to 3.

;

spirits.

Mtllon.

Red

color,

from the dainask-ro.se.

Fairfax.
is

reprobate.

He

that iloublcth

is

damned
;

if

he

eat.

Rom.
be

plu. No.xious exhalations issuing from the earth, and deleterious or fatal to animal life. Those are often known to

Damps,

xiv. 3.

Damnsk-steet,
chiefly

bad, mean, or disj)loasing, by hissing or anti iiitlas blades. any mark of disapprobation ; as, to damn a play, or a in''an author. DAM'AHK, V. t. To form flowers on stuffV a term of to diversify; as, a hank 4. .V word used in profaneness also, to variegate execration. Milton. damasked with fio^vers. 2. To adorn steel- work with figures. [See DAM'NABLE, a. That may be damned or

from

a fine steel from the Levant, Damascus, used for sword

To condenm

to

explode

to decide to

which continue long covered and not used, and in mines and coal-pits and scunetimes they issue from the old lavas These damps are usually of volcanoes.
exist In wells,

the carbonic acid gas, vulgarly called chokedamp, which instantly suflbcates; or some inflammable gas, called fire-damp.

DAMP,
2.

V.

t.

To

moisten; to
;

make humid.

Damaskeen.]

DAM'ASK-PI.UM, DAM'.\SK-ROSE,
which
is

n. n.

A small black plum. A species of rose

is

rod,

and another w hich

I
.

white.
I

condenuied deserving damnation ; worMore genethy of eternal puuislnncnt. or renders liable rally, that which subjects as damnable heresies. 2 to dauHjation
;
;

or moderately wet.

To

chill; to
;

deaden

to abate

as, to

damp

to depress or deject ; the sjiirits ; to damp

Stcifl.

the ardor of passion.

;3.

DAM'.\SKEN,

[Fr. damnsquiner.

Pet.
2.

ii.

To weaken;

to

make

dull; as, lo

damp

DAMAHKEE'N,
To make
;

fill them ment used

incisions in iron, steel, &e., and with gold or silver wire, for ornacliiofly

S.

-See Damask.]

for

adorning sword-

blades, guards, locks of pistols,

&c. Chambers

low or ludicrous sense, odious, detestShak. able, or pernicious. NABLENESS, n. The state or quality of deserving damnation. DAM'NABLY, adv. In a manner to incur eternal puni>hment, or so as to exclude

Inn

sound.
4.

Bacon.
as action or vigor; discourage; as, to

DAM

To check or restrain, to make languid; to

damp
Industry.
(

DAM I" ED, pp.

hilled

Bacon, depressed; abated;

;

DAMASKEE'NED, pp.
and

Carved into figures mercy. 2. In o low sense, odiously inlaid with golil or silver wire.
I

South.

weakonod; chocked; discouraged. DAMPER, )i. That w Inch damps or checks

DAMASKEE'NIXG,

ppr Engraving ano adorning with gold or silver wire inlaid. DAMASKEENING, i. The act or art of beautifying iron or steel, by engraving and inlaying it with gold or silver wire. This art partakes of the mosaic, of engraving, and of carving. Like the mosaic, it has inlaid work; like engraving, it cuts the metal into figures; and as in chasing, gold

times, excessively.
n.

ID.AMNA'TION,

2.

somca valve or sliding plate in a furnace to stop ; detestably ; or lessen the quantity of air admitted, and thus to regulate the heat or extinguish the [\..damnatio.] Sentence condeumatlon to everlasting punishfire. or Edwards, W. Ind. Rumford. ment in the future state; or the stale of 2. A part of a piano-forle,by which the sound is dojuloned. eternal torments. deflow can ye escape the daninatiim of hell. /)/)r. Chilling; deadening; Matt, xxiii. chockiiTg; weakening. jecting abating Condemnation. Taylor. DAJIP'ISH, a. Moderately damp, or moist.

DAMPING,
:

DAMNATORY,

a.

Containing a sentence
to

DAMP'ISHNESS,

!.

moderate degree of
;

and

silver is

wrought
n.

in relievo.
.so

Enci/c.

of condoMinallon.

DAIM'ASKIN,

saber,

called from D.\M'NI".D, pp.

;
;

Sentenced

the manufacture of Damascus. DAME, . [Vr. dnme ; Sp. Port. It. (f(r77in 2. word chirfij used in profaneness by persons from L. dumlna, a mistress or governess, from doino, Gr. ^aunu, to subdue, Eng. to of vulgar manners. tame. Class Dm. No. 3. 4. 23. '34.] iDAMNIF'IC, a. [Sec Damnify.] Procuring a title mischievous. loss hence, a lady Literally, a mistress of honor to a woman. It is now generally DAM'NIFIED,/)/). [See Damnify.] Injur ed endamaged. applied to the mistress of a family in the conunon raidvs of life; as is its compound DAM'NIFV, i'. t. [L. damnifico; datnnum madam. In poetry, it is applied to a wo a.iu\facio ; It. dannificare.] man of rank. In short, it is applied with 1. To cause loss or damage to to hurt in to endamwho is or ha: to injure estate or interest propriety to any woman been the mistress of a family, and it some age as, to damnify a mania his goods or
; ; : ;

pmilslmiont In a futm-c state; condemned. a M.-Uctid (/. detestable; ahominahle

If'uterlond. dampness, or molslncss slight humidity. Moisture; fogginess ; everlasting D.\MI"Ni'.SS, n. molstnoss ; moderate humidity ; as the dampness of the air, of the ground, or of

a cloth.

DAMPS, . [See Damp.] DAAH'Y. a. Dejected;

used.]

DAMSEL,
icelles,

demoi.ielle, a

gloomy. [Little Hayward. s as :. [Fr. damoiseile and gentlewoman, and damoiseav, a spark or beau Norm, damoisells, or demJi.
;

times comprehends

women

in general.

estate.

nobles, sons of kings, princes, knights, lords, ladies of quality, and damfemale infants Sp. damoyscles, dam.sels, isola, a yoimg gentlewoman, any girl not of the lower class. The Arm. ma-mesell.
;

DAN
va-mesell, or vian-mesell, a
is

DAN
or

DAP
;

woman

mad- D'ANCER,

n.

One who

practices dancing,

[contracted damascene, the Damascus plum.] The fruit of a variety of the Prunus domesa small black jihim. tica
;

or is skilful in the performance. am, seems to indicate that the first syllable a prefix, and mesell, Eng. miss, a distinct D'ANCING, ppr. Leaping and stepping to the sound of the voice or of an instrument But damoiselle. Norm, demicdle, word. from which we liave damsel, is doubtless moving in measured steps; frisking about. from the Italian damigella, a diminutive D ANCING-MASTER, n. One who teaches Valiant he should be as fire. the art of dancing. formed from dama, like the L. domiciiium, Showing danger more than ire.] from domus, and penicilbis, from the root D' ANCING-SHOOL, n. A school in which Peril risk hazard exposure to the art of dancing is taught. injury, loss, ofpenna. The Italian damigello, in the maspain or other evil. culine gender, shows the propriety of the DAN'DELION, n. [Fr. dent de lion, lion's Our craft is in danger to be set at nought. ancient application ofdamsd to males.] tooth.] Acts .xix. A young womnn. F'ormerly, a young man A well known plant of the genus Leontodon, It is easy to boast of despising death, when or woman of noble or genteel extraction having a naked stalk, with one large there no danger. flower. as Damsel Pepin : Damsel Richard, prince of Wales. It is wow used only of young DAN'DIPRAT, n. [Fr. rfanrftn, a niimy It. DANGER, V. t. To put in hazard ; to expose to loss or injury. Shak. But rarely used. women, and is applied to any class of dondolone, a loiterer dondolo, any thing [See Endanger, which is generally used.] swinging dondotare, to swing, to loiter. young unmarried women, unless to the The Sp. and Port, fonlo, a dolt, may be of DAN6ERLESS, a. Free from danger most vulgar, and sometimes to country without risk. [Little used.] the same family. Qu. prat.] Sidney. girls. hazardous ; an urchin a word offondness DANGEROUS, a. Perilous z\little fellow With her train of damsels she was gone. or contempt. Johnso7i. exposing to loss; unsafe; full of risk; as a Dryilen. a dangerous experiThen Boaz said, whose damsel is this ? DAN'DLE, V. I. [G. tandcln, to toy, to trifle, dangerous voyage ment. to lounge, to dandle Fr. dandiner, to jog Ruth ii. 2. (creating It. dondolare, to swing, to loiter danger causing risk of evil as This word is rarely used in conversation, !Sp. and a dangerous man a dangerous conspiracy. Port, tontcar, to dote, to talk nonsense or even in prose writings of thf present Scot, dandill, dander. These words seem DANGEROUSLY, adv. With danger with day but it occurs frequently in tlie scriprisk of evil with exposme to injury or to be allied.] tures, and in poetry. ruin 1. To shake or as, to be hazardously perilously jolt on the knee, as an infant: from DAM'SON, n. dam'zn.
;

English laws, it denotes a payment in money by forest tenants, to their lord, for permission to plow and sow in the time of pannage or mast-feeding. The primary sense is not obvious. Spenser has the following couplet.

i.s

to

move up and down

fondle; to

in

the hand

liter-

dangerovsli) s\ck; dangerously situated.

n.

ally, to amuse by play. Ve shnll lie dandled on her knees.

2.

DANgEROUSNESS,
Is. I.wi
;

Danger; hazard;

To
1

amuse
to

DAN,

!.

[Sp. (/on.
to

Qu. from

rfo;n in us,

orAr.
Cli.

to treat as a child

to toy with.

a state of being exposed to evil ; as the dangerousness of condition, or disease. DAN'GLE, r. i. [Dan. ding-icr, to swing to
peril
;

am ashamed
delay
;

be dandled thus.
.flddiscm
.

and
1.

fro.

(^

be

chief,

to judge,

Heb.

Qu. dandle orCh. Syr.

of honor equivalent to maste7- ; used by Shakspeare, Prior, &c., but now obsotitle

Syr. Eth. ;n.

Class Dn. No.

2. 4.]

Z.

lete.

D'ANCE,
zare
;

t).

i.

dans. [Ft. danser

Sp. rfnn;

zar; Port, dancar;

ser
;

Arm. danfzal

\t.

dan-

G.tanzen; Sw. dansa ; Dan. danddaivisen; Basque (//: ; Rus^. Qu. the radical letters, and the tanlzyu. Oriental vn, with a casual n.]
\).
1.

To hang loose, flowing, shaking or waving to hang and swing. He'd rattler on a gibbet dangle. Hndibras. Spenser. DAN'DLED, pp. Danced on the knee, or in 2. To hang on any one to be a humble, ofthe arms ficious follower with after or about ; as, to fondled; amused by trifles or play. dangle about a woman ; to dangle afler a DAN'DLER, n. One who dandles or fondles minister fiir favors. children. DAN'GLER, n. One who dangles or hangs
To
to protract

bpn.]

by

trifles.

Obs.

DAN'DLING,
the knee
;

Primarily, to leap or spring; hence, to leap or move with measured steps, regulated by a tune, sung or |ilayed on a musical instrument; to leap or step with graceful motions of the body, corresponding with the sound of the voice or of an instru-

ppr. Shaking and jolting on moving about in play or for amusenjent, as an infant. DANDRUFF, n, [Qu. Sax. tan, a scab, tetter,

about.

DAN'GLING, ;)/)?. Hanging loosely

or officiously adhering
to.

busily

DA'NISH,
Denmark.

a.

and

drof, sordid

or Fr. teigne,

Ann.

Belonging to the Danes or

tign, or taign.]
oft'

scurf which formson the head, and comes in small scales or particles.
n.

DA'NISH,

n.

DANK,
moist
;

a.

humid

The language of the Danes. [Qu. G. /nnAen, to dip.] Damp;

;

wet.
;

DAN'DY,
diprat.]

[Qu. Scot, dandie.

See Dan-

DANK,

n.

Moisture
a.

humidity. Milton.

Shak.

In modern vsage, a male of the human S[ieThere is a time to mourn, and a time to dance. cies, who dresses himself like a doll, and Eccles. iii. who carries his character on his back. to move nimbly 2. To leap and frisk about DAN'DYISiM, n. The manners and dress of or up and down. a dandy. dance attendance, to wait with obsequi- DANE, n. A native of Denmark. To ousness; to strive to please and gain favor DA'NEGELT, n. [Dane and gelt, geld, by assiduous attentions and otficions civilimoney.] ties In England, an annual tax formerly laid on as, to dance attendance at court. D' ANCE, V. t. To make to dance to move the English nation, for maintaining forces to oppose the Danes, or to furnish tribute up and down, or back and forth ; to dandle to procure peace. It was at first one shilas, to dance a child on the knee.
;
; ;

ment.

Somewhat damp. DANK'ISHNESS, 7i. Dampness; humid-

DANK'ISH,
ity.

DA'OURITE,

n. A mineral, called rubellite, resembling shorl, but differing from it in chimical characters. Its color is red of various shades. Clec.veland.
ji.

DAP,
or

i.

let

fall

[Goth, daupyan, to dip.] To drop into the water; o word ti^ed by

Walton,.
n.

anglers.

DAPH'NATE,
])rinciple

A compound

of the bitter

of the

Bacon.

DANCE,

2.

)p. In a general sense, a leaping and frisking about. Approjiriately, a leaping or stepping with motions of the body adjusted to the measure of a tune, particuA lively larly by two or more in concert. brisk exercise or amusement, in which the moveitients of the persons are regulated by art, in figure, and by the sound of instruments, in measure. A tunc by which dancing is regulated, as the minuet, the waltz, the cotillon, &c.

and aflerwards two, for every hide of land, except such as belonged to the
ling,

Daphne Alpina with a

base.

DAPH'NIN,
Daphne

church.

DA'NEWORT,
Sanibncus
;

Encyc. n. A plant of the geiius a species of elder, called dwarf-elder or wall-wort.

n.

n. The bitter principle of the Alpina, discovered by Vauquelin. It is obtained in small crystals, hard, transparent, of a grayish color and a bitter taste. n.

DANGER,

[Fr.

Arm.

DAP'IFER,
bear.]

[L.

rfn/JCS, feast,

and/ero, to

Scot,

danger

Norin. daungerous, dubious. This word in Scottish, according to .Tamieson, signifies peril, power, or dominion, doubt, hesitation. In Chaucer, it signifies peril, and coyness, sparingness or custody. In old

One who

brings meat to the table. Formerly, the title or office of the grand-master of a king's household. It still subsists in

Germany.

Encyc.
a.

DAP'PER,

[D.

dapper, brave, valiant

D AR
Sw. and Dan. tapper;
G. iapfer. Class Db. No. l.'i. -JS.] Active; nimble; brisk; or little an<l active a dapper iieut tight ; as a dapper fellow
; ;

D A R
See DA'RED,p. Challenged; defied.
4. 5.

D A R
To make dim;
Let
their

DA'REFUL,
DA'HER,
n.
n.

a. Full

One who

spark.

VEstrangc. DAR'lC,

of defiance. [JVolnscd.] Shak. dares or defies. gold coin of Darius the Mede,

To
ened.

to deprive of vision. eyes be darkened. Roui. xi.

;

render gloomy
Is.

as, all

joy
;

is

dark-

xxiv.

DAr'I'EULING,
DAI"I'LE,

value about Mli cents. n. A dwarf; u <landi|>nit. Having courage sufficient a. [most probably allied totahh;/, DA'RliNG, ppr. fiir a pur])ose challenging defying. and from dipping, or to W.davtiu, to drop. The word sijinidcs spotted, and J^pots are 2. a. Hold; courageous; intrepid; fearless; adventurous; brave; stout. often from dropping or sprinkling.]
; ;

deprive of intellectual vision to render ignorant or stupid. Their foolish heart was darkened. Rom. i. Having tlie understanding darkened. Eph.
iv.

To

7.

To

obscure

to perplex

to render less

Marked with

spotted of color, spots of dirtercnt colors or shades as a dnppte-hny or dapplr-^rnt/ ; applied to a horse or other beast. It may somelinies express streaked, but this is not its true sigspots
; ;

variegated with

Grieve not,

daring

|)rince, that

noble

licart.

Pope.
3.

as

Audacious; impudeiuly bold and defying; in heaven-daring, defying Almighty

adv. Boldly; courageously; impudently.
9.

power.

nification.

DA'RINGLY,
fearlessly
;

DAP'Pl-E,
spots.

V.

I.

To

spot

to variegate v\ith

To sully D'ARKEN,
also, to

clear or intelligible. Wlio is this that darkeneth counsel by word' without knowledge ? Job x.xxviii. To render h'ss white or clear; to tan ; as, a burning sun darkens the complexion.
;

to m!d<e foul.
v.
i.

Titlotson.

The

Dapples the drowsy

gentle day east with spots of gray.

principles of onr holy religion arc dar. JJnon ingly attacked from the press. DA'iliNGNESS, n. Uoldness; courageous-

The

DARKENED,
ignorant.

dark or darker; white or clear. pp. Deprived of lidit; obrendered dim; made black; made scured;

To grow

grow

less

Shah.
Prior.

ness

audaciousness.
a.

Tlie dappled pink, and blushing rose.

D'ARK,
s

[Sax. rfeorc;

\r.doreha;

Pers.

DARKENING, fG,
DARK-HOUSE,
housc.

ppr.

DAV'VhV.D,

pp. Spotted; variegated of color. spots of ditierent colors or shades

with

making black or
""ik, dark.
l.'i.]

Depriving of light; less white or

old

vAj

tii'ah,

dark

DAP'PLING, />/. DAR, X " A (ish

found

Variegating with spots, the Severn.

oCjjIj

n.

An

wordforamadShak.
the dark,
Milton.
or

DART, DARE.

BaUey.
pret.
rfur.'!*.

darkness. See Class Dr. No. Destitute of light; obscure.

dark at-

[Sax. dearran, durran ; D. damn, durven ; G. durfen ; Sw. dicrfms, to dare, and tiiras, to dierf, hohl dare Dan. tvr, to dare, and tor, dry, tor-[ Dan. tiirhed, dryness, barrid, L. lorrco ;
V. I.
;

renness

torstig,

thirsty.

The German
in Dntch mad, sot-

luosphere is one which prevents vision. Wholly or partially black; having the quality opposite to white as a dark color or substimce. Gloomy; disheartening; having imfavorable prospects; as a dark tinte in politictd
;

DARKISH, a. DARKLING,
D'ARKLY,

Duskv; somewhat dark.

a.

Being

in

without light; a poetical

ivord.

Shak.
;

adv. Obscurely
;

dindy

blindly

to durfen, coniponnded, bcditrfcii, signifies,

afiiiirs.
'I'here is in

want,

to

need, to laik, anil this

Isderven.

The Sw.

rfucc,

rasli,

tish, d&ra, to infatuiite,

Dan.

d/tare.r,

may
4.

of heavenly fire, which dark hour of adversity.

every tnie woman's heart a spark beams and blazes in the

Irving.

uncertainly with imperfect light, clearness or knowledge. 'f'bey learn only what tradition has darkly Anon. conveved to them.

D^ARKNESS,
Gen.
i.
;

n. Absence oflight. And darkness was on the face of

the deep.

The Gr. Sappeu, be of the same family. and Russ. derzayu, to dare, are evidently
the

Obscure
])lained
;

not easily understood or exas a dark passage in an author;

a dark saying.
5.

same word.
;

Ar.

ti
in

to

be
;

bold,
to

Mysterious; as, the ways of Providence are often dark to huiiJiin rea.son.

want of clearness or perspiOb.scurity that quality or state which renders cuity any thing dilficult to be understood as the darkness of counsels.
; ;

audacious
i)le.

to be angry, or averse
flee;.

be

().

terrified, to

darra, to trenidaring, is sometimes from the sense of advancing but some of the senses of these words indicate the sense of receding.]

So

Sw.

The sense of boldness,

Not enlightened with knowledge desti tute of learning and science; rude; igno;

3.

A
iii.

state of being intidlectually clouded

ignorance.

rant

as a dark age.
vivid
; partially black. [JVot in xise.\

Men

loved darkness rather than

light.

John

Not
l8.
jit.

Lev.

xiii

lilind.

A
Wm-

Dryden.
as a dark

private place

secrecy ; privacy.
in darkness, that speak

To

Addison. strength of mind or hardihood to under- 10. Obscure; concealed; secret; not undernot to take, any thing to be bold enough stood as a dark design. be afraid to venture to be adventurous. ill. Unclean; i\n:\. Milton. ! dare do all th;it may become a man. Shall. 12. Opake. But dark and opake are not syDare any of you go to law betbie the unjust Chalk is opake, but not dark. nonymous. 1 Cor. vi. 13. Keeping designs concealed. None of l)is disciples durst ask him, who art The dark unrelenting Tiberius. Gibbon thou. John xxi. n. Darkness; ob[Sans, tareki.] In this intransitive sense, dare is not gen- D^ARK, the absence of light. say, scurity followed by the sign M before anotherally we can hear in the dark. er verb in the infinitive though to maybe Shall (hy wonders be known in tlie dark f used with propriety. In German, the verb Ps. Ixxxviii.

have courage

for

any purpose

to

have

Gloomy; not cheerful;

])er.

What
light.

tell

you

ye

in

Matt. X.

Infernal gloom ; hell; as utter darkness. Matt. xxri. C. Great trouble and distress; calamities;
perplexities. A day of clouds and thick darkness.
Is. vui.

Joel

ii.

7.

Empire of Satan.
Wlio
liath delivered

We

us from

tlie

power of

darkness.

Col.

i.

Opakenes.'. Land of darkness, the grave.

(7.

is

numbered among
V.
;

the

auxiliaries.

the transitive form,

it is

regular: thus,
:

D.\RE,
lenge

t.

to

man

To chalpret. and pp. dared. to defy provoke as, to dare a

;

In 2. Obscurity ; secrecy ; a state as, things done in the dark.

3.

unknown D'ARKSuMP',
;

Job x. Dark; gloomy obscure

;

Obscurity;
are
all in
V.
/.

a state of ignorance;

as,

we

as a darksome bouse; a darksome cloud. Milton. Dryden.

a.

the dark.
Obs. to obscure. Stern of aspect: as dark-browed Hotspur.
;

D'ARK-WORKING,
ness or
ill

Working
;

in

to fight.
I

dare thee to discover and such a lover. Dryden To dare larks, to catch tliem by means of a looking glass, or by keeping a bird of prey

Time,

D'AKK,

To darken
a.

Such

a youth,

DARK-BROWED,
frowning
;

D^ARLING,
and/ine-,

secrecy. a. [Sax. deorling

darkShak.

deor, dear,

which primarily denotes

D.

Percy''s MasqjieJ
I',

hovering aloft, which keeps them till caught to terrify or amaze.

;

in

DARE, DARE,

Dearly beloved ; favorite ; regarded with close the shutters and darken the rooiri. Dryden 2. To olisc^nre to cloud. great kindness and tenderness ; as a darn. Defiance ; challenge. [JVot u.icd. ff'atU. His confidence seldom darkened his fore/j7ig child: a rfar/ing science. Shak. Bacon D'.'VRLING, n. One much beloved; a favorsij;ht. n. small fish, the same as the rfacf. 3. To make black. ite ; as, that son was the darling of his Johnson The locusts darkened the land. Ex. x. father. Encyc.
Johnson.
;

t. ddrkn. [Sax. adeorcian.] amaze D'ARKEN, to deprive of light; as, 1. To make dark;

and in some words, is G. liebling, leveling,

Dear.]

a diminutive.

likeness, So in

lieveling.

See

Vol.

I.

55

DAS
DARN,
dame
;

DAS
darn;
Fr.

DAT
DAS'TARDIZE,
Cowardliness.
v.
t.

v.t.

[W.dam; Arm.

Thou
vessel.

shall dasli thein in pieces, as a potter's

To make
n.

cowardly.

To

a. Cowardly; meanly timShak. DAS'TARDLY, base sneaking. Herbert. id strike and break or disperse. DAS'TARDNESS, n. Cowardliness ; mean At once the bmsliing oais and brazen prow D'ARN, place timoroiisness. Dash up the sandy waves, and ope the deplli D'ARNEL, ji. A plant of the genus ZyoKiim, below. Dryden. n. Cowardliness base timida kind of grass; the must remarkable spe- 6. To mix and reduce or adulterate by DAS'TARDY, ity. cies are the red darnel or rye-grass, and throwing in another subtance as, to dash D.\TA, n. the white darnel. plu. [L. data, given.] Things wine with water the story is dashed with quantities, princigiven, or admitted D'ARNER, )i. One who mends by darning. fables. ples IT facts given, known, or admitted, by D'ARNING, ppr. Mending in imitation of 7. To form or sketch out in haste, carelesswhich to find things or results unknown. the original texture -sewing together as a Pope. ly. lUnusual.] torn stocking, or cloth. n. An oflicer of the chancery to DA'TARY, to strike out 8. to erase at a stroke DARNING, n. The act of mending, as a blot out or obliterate as, to dash out a line of Rome, who affixes the datum Homes hole in a garment to the p<ipe's bulls. or word. Pope. DAR'R.AIN, v.t. [J^orm. dareigner, dereyier, 9. To break to destroy to frustrate as, to 2. Tlie employment of a datary. dereigner, dcraigner, to prove, to testify, to dash all their schemes and hopes. DATE, n. [Fr. date; It. Sp. data; L. datum, darrein clear himself, to institute noun, to put to to confuse 10. To confound given, from do, to give. Sans, da, datu.] or derene, or rfVeig-df, proof also, derrtishame to abash to depress by shame or 1. That addition to a w riling which specifies In Chaucer, the word ner, to endeavor. the year, month and day when it was givfear as, he was dashed at the appearance is interpreted to contest. en or executed. In letters, it notes tho of the judge. But tor tliou art a worthy gcntil knight. Jjasli tbo proud gamester in his gilded car. Pope. time when they are written or sent; in Ami wilnest to dariaiiie liiit- by bataille. DASH, r. i. To strike, break, scatter and deeds, contracts, wills and other papers, it water and it will dash Tlie word is probably compound. But fly ofl"; as, agitate specifies the time of execution, and usualare to take efover the sides of a vessel the waves rfas/ineither the origin nor the signitication is ly the time from which they ed over the side of the ship. fect and operate on the rights of persons. obvious.] To rush, strike and break or scatter; as To the date is usually added the name of To iirepare, or to order or to try to enthe waters dash down the precipice. the place where a writing is executed, deavor to prove; to apply to the contest. To rush with violence, and breakthrough Cartw. Spenser. Sliak. and this is sometimes included in the term Ohs. DART, n. [Fr.dard; Ani\. dared or dard; as, he dashed into the enemy's ranks or he date. In Sw. daslied through thick and thin. 2. The time when It. Sp. Port, dardo ; Russ. drot. any event happened, The word is from some DASH, ?i. Coilision a violent striking of| when any thing was transacted, or when dart is a dagger. two bodies; as the dash of clouds. verb signifying to throw or thrust. In Cir. any thing is to be done as the date of a Thomson. the date of Cesar's arrival in Bribattle iopv is a sjiear or lance.] to be thrown 2. Infusion; admixture; something thrown tain. 1. iiointed missile weapon into another substance as, the wine ha; 3. End; conclusion. [Unusual.] Dryden. by the hand a short lance. a. dash of water. missile weapon that which pierces W liat time would spare, from steel receives 2. Any .Iddison Innocence, with a dash of folly. Us date. and wounds. Pope. of purple. 3. Admixture as, red with a rfiw/i And tVom about ber shot diirls of desiie Duration continuance ; as, ages of end4. A rushing, or onset witii violence; as, to Milton. ess dale. D'ART, V. t. To throw a pointed instruake a dash upon the enemy. ment with a sudden thrust; as, to dart a. 5. A sudden stroke; a blow an act. DATE, V. t. To write or note the time when a letter is written, or a writing executed to Dryden. javelin. She takes upon her bravely at fiist dash. or rapidly to send; '2. To throw suddenly Shak express, in an instrument, the year, month shoot applied to small objects, S. to to emit and day of its execution, and usually the flourish as, the blustering jiarade irhirh pass with rdocity as, the sun darts place as, to date a letter, a bond, a deed, young top ina.le a dash. [J'utgar.] his beams on the earth. or a charter. 7. A mark or line in writing or printing dart. ill a breaker stop in tlie sentence; 2. To note or fix the time of an event or Or what eyes malignant glances noting transaction. Historians rf<i/e the fulfillment Pope. or a pause or as in Virgil, quos ego of a ]iropliecy at difterent periods. DART, r. i. To fly or shoot, as a dart to the division of the sentence. DASH'ED, pp. Struck violently driven 3. To note the time when something begins; fly rapidi}'. to start as, to date a disease or calamity from a 2. To spring and run with velocity against bruised, broken or scattered by certain cause. from collision bes])iinklcd mixed or adulterasuddi'idy and run as the deer darted broken cast DATE, V. i. To reckon. ted erased, blotted out the thicket. to have origin. 2. To begin D'ARTED, pp. Thrown or hurled as a down confounded abashed. sent with velocity. DASH'ING, ppr. Driving and strikinj The Batavian republic dates from the sucpointed instrument or violently n. One who throws a dart. . Everett. cesses of the French arms. against; striking suddenly DARTING, ppr. Throwing, as a dart; breaking or scattering by collision infu DATE, n. [Fr. (/((f, for dacte ; It. dattero ; sing; mixing; confounding; blotting out; hurling darts flying rapidly. Sp. dalil ; L. dartylus ; Gr. baxrv^oi.] t. Dan. dask signifies a blow rushing. DASH, V. [In The fruit of the great palm-tree, or datein Scot, dusch, to a. Rushing; in Sw. dosha, to strike driving; blustering; as a This fruit tree, the Phoenix
;

a piece or ])atrli.] To throw water suddenly, in separate .3. a rent or lii)le, by imitating tlie water on the head. portions as, to dash texture of tlie clotli or stuff with yarn or To bespatter ; to sprinkle ; as, to dash a to sew together with 4. tliread and a needle
lueiid
;

Ps. U.

Howdb

DAS'TARDLINESS,

[^rom. dastardly.1 Barrett.

yarn or tinead.
stockings.
n.

It is

used particularly ol' Gm/. Swifl.

garment.

5.

To

mended by darning.

DARTER,

dashinir fellow.
a.

dactylitera.

rush.

In Persic

\.j

is

an assault on an
3. 4. 5. 14. 22.

Precipitate; rushing carelessly on

enemy.
I.

See Class Ds. No.

Burke.

30. 31. 40.] To strike

DAS'TARD,
suddenly or violently, whether as, to dash one stone Bacon.
;

throwing or falling against another.

A coward

n. [In Sax. ndastrigan frighten, to deter.]

is

to

a poltroon shrinks from danger.

;

one
;

who meanly
Dryden.
slirink-

is somewhat in the shape of an acorn, composed of a thin light glossy membrane, somewhat pellucid and yellowish, containinu a soft pulpy tiuit, firm and sweet, esculent and wliolesoine, and in this is in-

closed a hard kernel.

Encyc.

Lest thou dasft thy foot against

a stone.

D.VS'TARD,

a.

Cowardly

meanly

DA'TIj-TREE,

n.

The tree that bears ilates;

MaU.
1.

iv.

To
by

strike

and bruise or break

;

collision

to break ; but usually with the words, in

ing from danger. Curse on their dar^fard

the great i)alm-tree.

;

souls.

DAS'TARD,
intimidate
;

V.

t.

To make

pieces.

to dispirit.

Jlddison. D.\'TED, pp. Having the time of writing or exeiiition specified having the time of cowardly; to happening noted.

Dnjden.

D AU
DA'TELESS,
DA'TER,
;

DAW
linvingj

DAY
;

a.

Having no date;
that dates.

DAUB'RY,
adhesive.

no fixed term.
n.

One

ShakJ IJAIIB'ERY, i"- ful UAUB'Y, n. Viscous

I

D.'V'TING, ppr. Expressing tlie ting or of executing a paper or instrument noting tlie time of happening, or
originating.

time of wri-

D.V'TIVE, a. [L. duth'us, from do, to give.] In grammar, the epithet of the case of
nouns, wliich usually follows verhs that
expres.-5 giving, or

t. To waste time; to trifle. Obs. Shak. n. A trifler. Obs. slimy n. \ hollow, rupture or incision in Dn/den. D.'VWK, .Moxon. DAUGHTER, n. daxo'ler. [Sax. dolder : U. timber. [L<icat.] dogter ; (i.tochter; Sw. and Dan. dotler ;' D.'VWK, V. t. To cut or mark with an incision. Gr. Ovyartjp; Goth, dauhtar; Russ. doch ; o , o J know not that tliis word is used in [/ Pers. doehlar, a daughter; also .America.]

daubing
;

any thing
;

arl-

DAWDLE,

r.

glutinous

DAWDLER,

^X=.i

DAWN,
;
;

some

act directed to
tihi, it
is

Cviii

an

given niissum est illi, it was sent to to you him fecit mihi, lie made or did to or for me loquehatnr illis, he spoke to them. It also follows other words expressing something to he given to a person or for his benobject.
; ; ;

Thus, datur

docht, daughter, and a virgin alSans, dugida. The so, strength, power latter words coincide with the Sax. dugan, to avail, to be good dugoth, strength,
;

grace,
I.

1.. dcra.i.

In vobis, useful to you. English, this relation is expressed" by to or 3. for.

efit
;

as,

ntilis

or woman a female iliild of any age. A daughter in law a son's wife. Ruth iii. female inhabitants. woman; plu.

The female offspring of a man

;

See Derenry.]

I. I'. [Sax. dagian ; G. tagen: D. daagen ; Sw. dagas ; from the root of day, which see. The primary sense is to shoot, as rays; hence, to open or expand, to shine. Weob.servein this word, the n of the Saxon infinitive is retained.]
;

I.

Dative Executor, in law, one appointed by the judge of probate an administrator. DAT'OLITE, I The siliceous borate of DATIl'OLITE, \ "-Ume, a mineral of two
;

land.
4.

Dinah went out to see the daughters of the Gen. xxxiv.

3.

female descendant; lineage of females.

i.

Luke
5.

sul>sp(^cies, the

common

and the hotryoi

The

fetnale penitent of a confessor.

Shtik. 3.
4.

dal.

More. daughter. The conduct becoming a daughter. DAl'GIl'TERLY, a. Becoming a daughter mitted. [See Data.] Cavendish. DATU'RA, >!. A vegeto-alkali obtained from dutiful.
TJre.

The common is of a white color, of| various shades, and greenish gray. It oc curs in granular distinct concretions, and The botryoidal occurs in crystali/ed. nammlllary concretions, or in botryoidal masses, white and earthy. It is named from its want of transparency.
Phillips.
n. [L.]

This word is used in scripture for the inhabitants of a city or country, male and Matt. xxi. Also as a Is. xvi. 2. female. term of allection or kindness.
Daughter, be of good comfort.
Matt.
ix.

To begin to grow light in the morning to a.s, the day dawns ; the mornlight ing daivnsr 1 began to daicn towards the first day of the week. Matl. xxviii. To begin to open or expand to begin to show intellectual light, or knowledge as, the genius of the youth begins to daum. When life awakes and dawns at every line. Pope. To glimmer obscurely. Locke. To begin to open or appear. Dryden.
grow
1
;

DAWN,
vi.

)[. The break of day tlie pearance of light, in the morning.

;

first

ap-

They

arose about the

dawn of the

day. Josh,

DAUGH'TERLINESS,
9.

n.

The

state

of a

The word may express

from the
rise.
first

appearance of

the whole time fight to sun;

DA'TUM,

Something given or ad

First opening or expansion

first

appear-

Datina stramonium. DAUB, V. t. [W. dwbiaw, to daul) dwb, mortar; Ir. dnhhaimh, to daub; doib, ])las;

D'AUNT,

ance of intellectual light ; as the daim of V. t. [In Scot, dant, dantor}, signigenius, intellect, or mental powers. In Dan. daaiier, Sw. daiia 3. Beginning ; rise ; first appearance as fy to sidjdue. L. domito, to faint or swoon. Qu. Shak. the rfuici! of time. signifies
;

1.

Fr. dompter, contracted.] to intimidate that is, to throw or put on, and the root of To repress or .subdue courage to check by fear of danger, to dishearten this word probably occurs contracted in It expresses less than fright and terrify. the L. induo.] Some presences daunt and discourage us. To smear with soft adhesive matter; to
ter
;

allied

probably

to Fr. dauber, to strike.

4.

feeble or incipient light ; first beams. These tender circumstances diifuse a dawn of serenity over the soul. Pojye.
ppr.

DAWN'ING,
"2.

Growing
;

light; first ap-

plaster

to

cover with mud, slime, or oth

Glanville.

Repressing courage ppr. disheartening. D>.\Ui\TLESS, a. Bold; fearless; intrepid 2. To paint coarsely. as a dauntnot timid not discouraged If a picture is daubed with niany bright less hero ; a dauntless spirit. M^atts colors, the vulgar admire it.
intimidating
; ;
;

er soft substance. She took lor him .in ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch. Ex. ii the wall ye have daubed I will break down with untempered mortar. Ezek. xiii.

D'AUNTED, pp. Checked by

dated.

fear

intimi

pearing luminous opening; as the (/aipning day. Opening; expanding; beginning to show
intellectual light
;

D'AU.XTING,

DAWN'ING,
light in the

;i

11. The first appearance of morning. opening or appearance of the inas the first tellectual powers beginning dawning of notions in the understatiding.

beginning.

The

first

3.

cover with something gross or specious to disguise with an artificial cover;

To

D'AUN'TLESSNESS,
trejiiditv.

7i.

Fearlessness

in-

Locke.

DAY,
>i.

n.

[Sa.x. derg, deg,

;

dag; Goth, dags;

DAU'PHiN,
Sp.
delfin.]

ing.

[Fr. dauphin, a dolphin

;

L.
;

D. dag ; G. tag
1.

Sw. dag ; Dan. dag. See

So smooth he daubed
virtue. 4.

his vice with

show of Shah

delphin, delphinus

Gr. iAftv

It.

delfno

lay or put on without taste ; to deck awkwardly or ostentatiously, or to load with affected finery. Let hiiri be daubed with lace Drydcn

To

The

eldest son of the king of France, presumptive heir of the crown.

n.

and

lution

Dawn.] That part of the time of the eEU^h's revoon its axis, in which its surface is
presented to tiic sun the part of the twenwhen it is light or t!ie space of time between the rising and setting of the sun called the arlifcial day.
;

DAU'PHINESS,
dauphin.

The

wife or lady of the

ty foiu- hours
;

5.

To

hcxaliedral form and laminar texture; so Conscience will not daub nor flatter. South called in honor of Sir H. Davy. Jount. of Science. DAUB, V. i. To practice gross flattery to Shak. DAVIT, II. A beam used on board of ships, play the hypocrite. as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anD.\UB'ED, pp. Smeared with soft adhesive chor to the top of the bow, without injumatter plastered painted coarsely disring the sides of the ship; an operation guised loaded with ill cho.sen finery. c.i\\vi\ falling the anchor. D.AUB'ER, Ji. One who daubs a coarse a low and gross flatterer. D.VW, i. .\ word that is found in the compainter: pound names of many species of birds; as D.^l'|{'Ii\G,7;;)r. Plastering painting coarse; ;
; ;

flatter grossly.

DAVIiVA,

n.

Anew Vesuvian

mineral of a
2.

Anil (;o(l called

tlie light

day.

Gen.

i.

The whole
four hours
first
;

tion of the earth

time or period of one revoluon its axis, or twenty

called the yiatural day.
tlie

Anil the evening and

.

morning were the

Gen. i. day. In this sense, the day may any period of the revolution.
;

commence at The Baby;

'disgu sing chunsily; decking ostentatiously flattering grossly.

ly
; :

the jackdaw

the

blue

daw

the purple

dan:
>: i.

DAUB'iN'G,

II.

Plastering"; coarse painting; D\^\',

To dawn.

[.Vo< in use.

See

gross flattery.

Dawn.]

lonians began the day at sun-risiii!; the the Eg_\ ptians, at Jews, at sun-setting midnight, as do several nation'^ in modern times, the British, French, Spanish, .AmerThis day, in reference to civil ican, &c. transactions, is called the civil day. Thus

DAY
iMtli US llie (lay is flatcH, begins and
3.

D E
Ephemera. The species are numerous, some of which live scarcely an hour, othnegative
;

D E A
Encyc. hired or performed
as in derange. Sometimes it augments the sense, as in deprave, despoil. It coincides nearly in sense with the

when

a legal instrument ends at midnight.

tlie

Light
I.ct
xiii.

sunshine.
day.

us walk honestly as in

Rom.
dis

DA'YLABOR,
by the day.

ers, several days. n. Labor

French des and

L. dis.

DEACON,
It.

4.

Time

specified

any period of time

;

DAYLABORER,

?!.

One who works by

;

n. de'kn. [L. diacoms, from Gr. SMxomi, a minister or servant 8ia, by, and
;

the day. age time, of a per- DAY'LIGIIT, )?. The light of the day the the son or thing. light of the sun, as opposed to that of He was a useful man in his dai/. moon or of a lamp or candle. In the day thou eatest thereof thou shalt D.\'Y-LILY, n. The same with asphodel.
;

tingiiislied from otlier time witli reference to the existence

xoiju, to serve

Fr. diacre ; .\rm. diagon ; Sp. diacono ; D. diaken.] person in the lowest degree of holy orders. The oflice of deacon was instituted by the
;

surely die.

often used ; as, from the il(V)s of tlie judges ; in the daijs of our fathers. In this sense also, the word is often equivalent to life, or earthly exis-

In

tiiis

Gen. ii. sen^e, the plural

Johnsoii.
is

Bot. species of Ilemerocallis. DA'YLY, a. The more regular orthography

apostles. Acts ti, and seven persons were cliosen at first, to serve at the fea,sts of christians and .listrihute bread and wine to the communicants, and to minister to

of daily.

tence.
5.

D.\'ySMAN,
mediator.
Neitlier
is

n.

An umpire

or arbiter; a
us.

The contest of a day coml>at.

The day
is

battle

or day of

there
n,

any daysman betwixt

Job

i\'.

his

own.
tliat is,

He won
0.
7.

the

diiy,

he gained the

D.Y'YSPRING,
ning of the
light.

The dawn;
first

day, or

the beginapjiearance of

victory. An ap|)ointed or fixed time. If my ilebtors ilo not keep their day. Dryden.

WTiereby the dayspring from on high hath

visited us.

Luke
)i.

i.

Time of conunemorating au
versary
;

the

same day of

any future year.

our Savior's
;

We

event annithe mouth, in celebrate the day of

;

DA'YSTAR,
Venus; the
ing
liglit.

The morning

star,

Lucifer

star
71.
;

which precedes

the

morn
Milton.

time of the sun's light on the earth opposed to nightDay by day, daily; every day; each day in without inter- D.VY WEARIED, a. Wearied with the lasuccession continually Shak. mission of a day. the (lav. bor of Datj by day, we magnify thee. DA'YWORK, "i!. Work by the day dayla
birth.

Common

Bui or only from day to day, without temporarily. ty of contimumce

;
;

Prayer. certainSJiak.

Days of mercv

To-day, adv. [Sax. to-dag.] On "tlie present day this day or at tlie present time. the time when grace', in theology,
;

is

offered to sinners.
if

Days of

will hear his voice, harden not To-day, your hearts. Ps. xev. grace, in law, are days granted by the court for delay, at the prayer of the Encyn. plaintiff or detludant. Three days, beyond the day named in the writ, in which the person suimnoned may Blackstone. and answer.

ye

Days of grace,

in commerce, a customary days, in Great Britain and America, three, allowed fijr the [layment of a note or hill of exchange, after it becomes du.5. A note due on the sevejith of the month is payable on the tenth. The days of grace are different in dil In France, they are ten ; fereiit countries.

appear

number of

iiion and their office in presbyterian and iuilependeiit churches is to distribute the bread and wine to the cominmiicants. In the latter, they are elected by the members of the church. bor. In Scotland, an overseer of the poor, and DA'Y'S-WoRK, n. The work of one day. the master of an incorporated company. the account or reckon Among seamen, DE'ACONESS, n. de'kness. A female deaing of a ship's course for 24 hours, from '(111 ill the primitive church. Encyc. noon to noon. Encyc DAZE, V. t. [Qii. Sax. dwas, dysi, dysig, Eng DF'ACONRY, ) " The office, dignity or DE'ACONSIIIP, I See Dazzle.] ministry of a deacon dizzy. or deaconess. To overpower with light; to dim or blind Encyc. a. ded. [Sax. dead, probably conby too strong a light, or to render the .sight DE.\D, tracted from deged ; D. dood ; G. todt ; unsteady. [.'Vt>( now used, unless in poetry.] Sw. dbd: Dan. dod. See Z>je.] Dvydtn. DAZE, n. Among miners, a glittering stone. 1. Deprived or destitute of life that state of a being, animal or vegetable, in which the D.YZ'ZLE, V. t. [In Sax. dwces is dull, studwa:scan, to extinguish; dysi pid, fiolish organs of motion anJ life have ceased to or dysig, dizzy.] perfiirm their functions, and have become with light to hinder dis1. To overpower incapable of performing tlieni, or of being tinct vision by intense light or to cause to restored to a state of acti^ ity. shake to render unsteady, as the sight. The men are dead wlio sought thy life. Ex. iv. say, the brightness of the sun dazzles
; ;
; ; ; ;

DA'VTUME,

The

the wants of the poor. In the Romish Church, the oflice of the is to incense the otficiating priest ; to lay the corporal on the altar; to receive the cup from the siibdeacon and present it to the person officiating; to incense the choir to receive the pax from the officiating prelate, and carry it to the subdeacon ; ;md at the pontifical mass, to put the miter on the bishop's head. Encyc. In the church of England, the office of deacons is declared to be to assist the jiriest ill administering the holy comminu-

deacons

We

ti. i. To be overpowered by light Encyc. D.V'ZZLE, to waver, as the to shake or be unsteady Days in hanli, in England, days of appearsight. ance in the court of common bench. I dare not trust these eyes Blackstone They dance in mists, and dazzle with surDA'YBED, n. A bed used for idleness, in Dryden prise. Shak. dulgence, or rest during the day. D.VZ'ZLED, pp. Made wavering, as the DA'YBOOK, n. A journal of accounts a sight overpowered or dimmed by a too book in which are recorded the debts and strong linht. credits or accounts of the day. DAZ'ZLEJIENT, n. The act or power of UA'YBREAK, n. The dawn' or first apDonne. dazzling. [JVot used.] pearance of light in the morning. or DA'YCOAL, n. A name given by miners to DAZ'ZLING, ppr. Rendering unsteady wavering, as the sight overjiovvering by tlie upper stratum of coal. Encyc DA YDREAM, n. vision to the waking a strong light striking with splendor. Mason.' D.\Z'ZLINGLY, adv. In a dazzling mansenses.
; ;

at Naples, eight ; at Venice, Amsterdam and Antweri), sir; at Hamburg', twelve in Spain,/oMrieera ; in Genoa, thirty.

the eyes or the sight. To strike or surprise with a bright or intense light to dim or blind by a glare of a literal or figulight, or by splendor, in rative sense as, to he dazzled liy res|)lendent glory, or by a brilliant expression.
;
;

It is

cause of death
fever.
2.

sometimes followed by o/" before the as, dead of hunger, or of a.

;

Having never had

pri%ed of
child
vital

was

life, or having been deaction before birth; as, the born dead.
:

3.

Without

life

All, all but truth,

press.

Without vegetable
Imitating

inanimate. drops dead-hora from the Pope. life as a dead tree.

;

death; deep or sound; as a

still
; ;

dead sleep.
6.

Perfectly
;

motionless as death
;

as a

7.

dead calm a dead weight. Empty vacant not enlivened by variety; as a dead void space a dead plain.
;

We
8.

Dryden. say also, a dead level, fir a perltictly

;

level surface.
;

DA'YFLOWER,
111
i

n.

C o mel na. PA'YFLY, n. A genus

genus of plants, the

ner.

Mu fdenberg.\ DE,

of insects that live one day only, or a verv short time, called

a Latin prefix, scparaticn; as in deduct, decamp. Hence

useless A unprofitable. Unemiiloyed man's faculties may lie dead, or his gooils remain dead on his hands. So dead capital or stock is that which produces no profit. denotes a moving from inactive as a dead sale of comdebark, decline, decease, 9. Dull
;

it

often exjiresses a

modities.

D E A
10. Dull
;

D E A
;

DE A
DEAF,
[Sax. deaf; Ice. dauf; Ddoif; G. taub ; Dan. dbv : Sw. dof; D. dooven, to qtieneli or stifle Dan. dbver, to deafen coinciding with Cli. N3t3, to exn. deef.
; ;

and pierced with holes, to receive the lannot enlivened as Addisun. a dtad winter a dead season. iard, used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes. obscure as the dead dark11. Still tleej) ness of the night. DEAD'-HEaRTED, a. Having a dull, faint Hull. heart. not resembling life ; as 12. Dull; not lively the dead coloring of a piece n dead eye. DEAD-lll'.AR'I'I'.DNESS, n. Pusillanimity. a hope13. Dull; heavy; as i, dead souud. Boi/le. DE-AD'-LIFT, n. A lieavy weight less exigency. Hudibras. cold not animalifeless 14. Dull frigid DEAD'-LIOliT, n. ded' -light. A strong ted; not affecting used of grayer. wooden port, made to suit a cabin winAddison. used of li15. Tasteless ; vapid ; spiritless dow, in which it is fixed, to prevent the water from entering a ship in a storm. quors. as dead walls. Arbuthnot. DEAD' LI HOOD, ?i. The state of the dead. Ifi. Uninhabited Pearson. without natural lijrce or efficacy 17. Dull not lively or brisk as a dead lire. DEADLIM'.SS, n. ded'liness. The quality of being dcailly. 18. In a state of spiritual death ; void of DEAD'LV, a. ded'ly. That may occasion grace; lying under the power of sin. fatal destructive as a death mortal 19. Impotent uniible to procreate. Roni.iv.

gloomy
;

still

tinguish,
Heii((!

L.

slipo,

Fr.

we say, thick nf hearing. The true English proniujciation of fliis word is deif as appears from the poetry of Chaucer, who uniformly makes it rhyme with leaf; and this jiroof is confirmed by poetry in the

etoufftr,

to

stuff".

20.

Decayed in grace. Thou hast a name that

dead.

deadly blow
thou
livest,

m wound.
;

anil art 2.

Rev.

iii.

21.

Not proceeding from producing good works;

spiritual life ; not as, faith without

Mortal; imiilacablc aiming to kill or deas a deadly enemy deadly malice stroy
;

1.

works

is

dead.

James

DEAD'LY,
2.

a deadly li'ud. adv. ded'ly. In a

works of Sir W. Teraiile. Such pronunciation which our ancesbrought from England. The word is ill analogy with le(f, sheaf and the long souiiil of the vowels naturally precedes the semi-\oHel/. Def i'rom the Danish and Swedish pronunciation, is an anomaly in English of a singular kind, there being not another word like it in the language. See Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Prologue.] Not perceiving sounds; not receiving impressions fi-oni sonorous bodies through

was
tors

the

manner resemI.

ii.

bling death

22. Proceeding

from corrupt nature,

not

as deadly pale or wan. Shak.

from spiritual life or a gracious principle; lleb. ix. 14. ns dead works, 23. Ill law, cut off from the rights of a citi- i. Implacably; destructively. zen : deprived <d' tin? power of enjoying 4. In a vulgar or ludicrous sense, very ; e.tthe rights of property ; ns one banished or tremely ; as a deadly cunning man. Arbufhnot becoming a monk is civilly dead. Blackstone. DEADLY-C.4RROT, n. plant of the gelon-

Mortally. With groanings of a deadly woumlcd man E/ck. xx\.

3.

Dtad language, a language which

;

is

no

life or vital power, in an animal or i>laiit as the deadness of a limb, of a body, or of a tree. Mar. Diet. 2. Want of animation dullness ted on tlie lower I'uttock. ; languor DEAD, 71. ded. The rfearf signifies dead men. as the deadnes.i of the eye. Ve shall not make cuttings for the dead. 3. Want of warmth or ardor; coldness I.cv. xix. as the deadness oi' the affections. frigidity or death. 2. The state of the dead .3. Vapidness want of spirit as the deadTliij is .lohn ihc Baptist ; he is risen from tlie ness of li(|Uors. dead. Matt. xiv. 4. State of being incapable of conception, This may be understood thus, he is risen according to the ordinary laws of nature from among the dead. DEAD, n. ded. The time when there is a !5. Rom. iv. IS). mortification of the natural IiidifTerence remarkable stillness or gloom depth as desires alienation of heart from tempo The in the uudst of winter or of night. as deadness to the world. ral pleasures dead of winter, the rfeu(/ of night, arc faDEAD'NETTLE, n. A plant of the genus miliar expressions. Lamium, and another of the genus GaleDE.\D, V. i. ded. To lose life or force.
;

ger spokon or in common use by a people, anil known only in writings as the 14c brew, Oreck aiui Latin. Dead riji'iig or risinu; li/ie, the jjarts of a ship's lluor or bottom throughout her length, where the floor timber is termina-

nus Thapsia.

DEADLY-NIGHTSHADE,
the genus Atropa.

n.

plant of

4.

the air; as a deafvur. Wanting the sense of hearing; having organs which do not perceive sounds as a deaf imui. It is followed by to before that, which ought to be heard as deaf to the voice )f the orator. In a metaphorical sense, not listening; not regarding not moveil, jiersuaded or convinced rejecting as deaf to reason or arguments. Men are deaf to the calls of the gospel. Without the ability or will to regard spir; ;

itual tilings;

unconcerned;

as,

hear, ye

DEAD'NE.SS,

)i.

ded'ness.

Wantofnatura
1.

deaf.
;

Is. xlii.

Deprived of the power ofhearing; deafened as deafw'nh clamor. (J. StiHeil; imperfect; obscurely heard: as a deaf noise or murmur. Dryden. DEAF, V. t. to deafen, is used by Dryden, but is obsolete, unless perhaps in poeliy. DE'AFEN, (. deefn. To make deaf; to to imde]irive of the power of hearing pair the organs of hearing, so as to render
1'.
;

them unimpressible
2.

to sounds.

To

stun

to render incapable

ing sounds distinctly; clamor or tumult.

of perceivas deafened with

DE'AFLY,

adi:
n.

dee'fly.

Without sense of

sounds; obscurely heard.

DE'AFNESS,

[Obs.]

DEAD,
visor.

V.

t.

ded.

To
a. a.

Bacon. deprive of life, force or

opsis.

DE.\D PLEDGE,
iiig

n.

A mortgage
n.

or pawi
Bailei/.

[Oi..]

Bacon
Destructive
;

DE.\D'-DdlNG,

killing

DEAD- RECKONING,

of things, or thing pawned.

In

DEAD DRUNK,
DEAD'EN,
en.]
1.
;

[Oos.]

Spenser.

navigation, the judgment or estimation of the place of

deefness. Incapacity of perceiving sounds ; the state of the organs which prevents the impressions which constitute hearing ; as the deafness of the ears hence, applied to persons, want of the sense ofhearing.
: ;

So drunk as
self.

to be in-

caple of helping one's

v.t. ded'n.

[D.dooden; G.todt-

To deprive of a portion of vigor, force or sensation to abate vigor or action as, to deaden the force of a ball to deaden the
; ;
:

natural [mwers or feelings. to render less susceptible or 2. To blunt as, to deaden the senses. finding to lessen velocity or motion 3. To retard as, to deaden the motion of a ship or of the wind. 4. To diminish spirit to make vapid or spiritless as, to deaden wine or beer.
;

a ship, without any idjservatioii of the 2. Unwillingiie.ss to hear and regm'd volunheavenly bodies; or an account of the tary rejection of what is addressed to the distance she has run by the log, and of car and to the understanding. the course steered by the comjiass, and King Charles. this rectified by due allowances li)r drift DE.-VL, V. t. pret. and pp. dealt, pron. delt. JiLu: Diet. lee-wav, &c. [Sax. dalan, bcda:lan, gededan ; Goth. DEAD'STRUCK, o. Confounded; struck dailyan ; Sw. dela ; Dan. detler ; G. thtilHall. with horror. en ; D. dcelen, bedeelen Russ. delyu ; W.
;

DEAD'WATER,
sing in

i.

The eddy water

clo

dydoli, to separate

dy and

taivl,

separa-

DEAD

with a ship's stern, as she passes tliron;;li the water. WOOD, n. Blocks of timber laid on the keel of a ship, particularly at the exn.

tion, a throwing off, tawltt, to throw off, to sejiarate ; Ir. and Gael, dailim, to give ; dail, a part, Eng. dole ; Heb. and Ch. Sl3

tremities.

to separate, or divide

Ar.

DEAD'WORKS,
when
she
is

The

J j^ j badala,

parts of a ship
jvater,

DEAD'-EYE, n. ded'-eye. Among ..crmcH. a round

[dctd-man's
flattish

ej/e.]

which are above the surface of the

wooden

balanced for a voyage.

block, encircled by a rope, or an iron band,

Mar. Diet

to exchange, or give in exchange ; j Jv j badhala, to give, to yield. [Qu. W. gozol', to endow.] There is a remarkable coin-

D E A
cidence between the Shemitic word and the Sax. and Dutch, hediElan, bedeekn. Tlio Welsli tawlu gives the true original spnse.J To divide to part to separate hence,
; ; ;

D E A
DEALBA'TION,
a whitening.
n.

DE A
grant letters of administration, probate of wills, &c. His office is nowstitute, to

The

act of bleaching;

to (Hvide in portions followed by out.

Is
Iviii.
it

to distribute

often
Is.

not to deal thy bread to the hungry

And Rome
gold.

deals out her blessings and her ' Ticket.

2. 3.

To scatter to throw about; as, to deal out feathered deatlis. Dryden. To throw out in succe.^sion to j;ivc one after another as, to denl out blows. 4. To distribute the cards of a pack to the
;
; ;

players.

DEAL,
tiate.

V.

i.

To

traffick
sell,

to trade

to

nego-

lost in that of the archdeacon and cliann. One who deals; one who eellor. has to do with any thing, or has concern E'tiyc. Dean of a Monastery, a superior established with as a dealer in wit and learning under the abbot, to ease him in taking care Swijl: A trader: a trafficker; a shopkeeper a often monks. Hence his name. Encyc. broker; a merchant a word of very ex-j Dean and Chapter, are the bishop's council, to aid him with their advice in affairs of tensive use as a dealer in dry goods a a dealer in stocks a dealer in hardware religion, and in the temporal concerns of his see. a dealer in leather a dealer in lumber Encyc. dealer in linens or woolens a small dealerl DEAN'SIIIP, n. The office of a dean. in groceries ; a money-dealer. DEAR, a. [Sax. deor; G. theuer, dear, rare 3. One who distributes cards to the players. theure or theurung, dearness, scarcity, dearth D. duur, dear duxirte, dearth Sw. DE'ALING, ppr. Dividing distributing dyr, dear dyrhet, deartli Dan. dyre, dyrtid, throwing out. id. It seems that the primary sense is 2. Trading trafficking negotiating.

DE'ALER,
;

3.

They buy and

2.

they dcid and

;

traffick.

South

DE'ALING,
behavior;

To

act
;

between man and man

to

to inter-

vene

transact or negotiate between

men.
that deals between his own credit with both. 3.
;

He

man and man,

;

raisetli

To behave well or ill to act one's self in relaliou to others.

Thou
Lev.
distribute cards. deal by, to treat, either well or deal well by domestics.

Bacon to conduct

shall not steal, nor deal falsely, nor lie xix. 3.

ill
;

behaving. 71. Practice; action; conduct; observe the dealings of the men who administer the government. But it is now more generally used of the actions of men in private life. Conduct in relation toothers; treatment as the dealings of a father with his children. God's dealings with men are the' dispensations of his providence, or moral
;

Treating

as,

narrow this is obvious from dearth. So in L. cams, caritas.] Class Dr. No. 7. 8. 19. and Class Sr. No.
scarce, rare, or close,
;

4. 34. 47.]
1.

2.

;'

government.
fick

4.

To

valued beloved ])recious. And the last joy was dearer than the rest. Intercourse of bushiess or friendship Pope. Locke. Be ye followers of God, as dear children. concern. To deal in, to have to do with to be en Eph. v. llie .Iew have no dealings with the Samarito practice. in gaged lan**. John iv. DEx'VR, a. [Sii\. derian, to hurt; Scot, dere They deal in political matters they deal in DEAM'BULATE. v. i. or deir, to annoy, and dere, to fear.] [L. deambulo.] To; low humor. walk abroad. [.,Vo( used.] Huriful grievous hateful. Obs. IShak. 9. Totra<le in; a.s,ludealin silks, or in cutlery. 71. The act of walking: DEAR,!)./. To make dear. [JVol used.] To deal inth, to treat in any manner to DEAMBULATION, abroad. Shelton. Eli/ot. use well or ill. Now will we deal worse with thee. Gen. DEAM'BULATORY, a. Pertaining to! DEAR, )!. A darling a word denoting tenwalks. der affection or endearment as, 771^ dear. six. BOUGHT, a. [See Bought.] PurReturn and I will deal well zvith thee. Gen. DEAM'BULATORY, n. A place to walk in. xxxii. DEAN, n. [Fr. doyen, the eldest of a cor- chased at a high ])rice as dearbought exto treat with, by way 2. To contend with poration Arm. dean ; Sp. dean, decano perience dearbought blessings. of opposition, check or correction: as, he Port, deam, decano ; It. decano ; from L. DE'ARLING. [Sec Darling.] Shak. has turbulent passions to deal u-ilh. decanus, the leader of a file ten deep, the DE'ARLOVED, a. Greatly beloved. head of a college, from decern, Gr. Sixa, DE'ARLY, adv. At a high price; as, he 3. To treat with by way of discipline, in ec W. deg, ten; so named localise originally! |)ays dearly for his rashness. to adinonish. clesiastical aflairs DEAL, n. [Sax. dcel, dal, gedal; Ir. dal; he was set over ten canons or prebenda-! 2. With great fondness as, we love our rics. children dearly dearly beloved. G. theil; Dan. deel; Sw. del; D. deel Ayliffe.] 1. In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary in DEARN, rt. [Sax. rfeo7(i.] Lonely Riiss. dolia. See the Verb.] solitarjcathedral and collegiate churches, and the Obs. Shak. L Literally, a division; a part or portion melancholy. head of a chapter the second dignitary DE'ARNESS, n. Scarcity; high price, or a hence, an indefinite quantity, degree or of a diocese. Ancient deans are elected; than the customary one; as extent as a deal of time and trouble a higher price the dearness of corn. deal of cold a denl of space. liy the chapter in virtue of a conge d'elire, Formerly from the king and letters missive of rec- 2. Fondness; nearness to the heart or affecit was limited by some, as some deal ; but ommendation but in the cha])ters foundIn genertions great value in estimation jjreciousthis is now obsolete or vulgar. we now qualify the word with great, ed by Henry VIII., out of the spoils of dis-j ness tender love as the dearness of al, solved monasteries, the deanery is dona-! as a great deal of labor; a great deal of friendship. Obs. time and pains a great deal of land. In tive, and the installation merely by the; DEARNLY, arfu. Secretly; privately. the phrases, it is a great deal better or king's letters patent. Emyc' [See Dtrnli/.] worse, the words, great deal, serve as mod- 2. An officer in each college of the universi-; DEARTH, 71. rfe/V^. [See Dear.] Scarcity; ties in England. Warton: as a dearth of corn. and worse. ifiers of the sense of better Shak. The true construction is, it is, by a great 3. In the U. States, an officer in a medical 2. Want; need; famine. as a dearth of plot. school. 3. Barrenness deal, belter; it is better i_y a great deal, sterility that is, by a great ])art or diftercnce. DE'ANERY, n. The office or the revenue Dryden. of a dean. Clarendon. Swift. DEARTIC'ULATE, v. t. To disjoint. [Xot 2. The division or distribution of cards; the '2. The bouse of a dean. Shak art or practice of dealing cards. 3. The jurisdiction of a dean. DEATH, 7!. rfdft. [Sax. death; D. dood ; G. and the cut.
Such an one deah not
fairly

To

as, to

Intercourse in buying and selling trafAmerican business negotiation.

;
; ;
j

3.

Shak. Scarce; not plentiful. Obs. Bearing a high price in comparison of the usual price; more costly than usual; of a than the customary one. higher price Wheat is dear at a dollar a bushel, when the usual price is seventy five cents. This sense results from the former, as dearness is the effect of scarcity and demand. Of a high value in estimation greatly
;
; ;

by his
;

own mind

merchants have extensive dealings with the merchants of Liverpool.

'

DEAR

The

deal, the shuffle,

Swift.

3.

division of a piece of timber made by a board or plank ; a sense much more used in Engbtnd than in the U. Stales.

The

erie.'i.

Each archdeaconry is divided into rural dean-\ and each deanery is divided into parishes.
Blackstone.

tod
1.

Sw. dud

Dan.

dcid.

See Die and

sawing

Dead.]

DEAL'lUTE, V. [L. dralbo de and albus, white.] To whiten. [Liltlt used.]

t.
;

Rural dean, or arch-presbyter, had originally jurisdiction over ten churches; but afterwards he became only the bishop's sub-

That state of a being, animal or vegetable, but more |iaiiicuhirly of an animal, in which there is a total and |iermanent cessation of
all

the vital functions

when

the organs

D E A
'

DEB
DEATH'-WATCH,
n.

D E
insect

IJ

have not only

the
cessiitii'ii

ticking is weakly supposed, by superstitious and ignorant people, to prognosticate of respiration ami cin-iilatioii death. ill an animal may not be rleatli, fi>r dining Gay. To gild. t. [L. deauro.] hybernation some animals become entire- DEAU'RATE, v. ILittle used.] ly torpid, ami soirie animals and vef;etables may be subjected to a fixed state by DEAU'RATP:, a. Gilded. n. [Fr.] A breaking or burstfrost, but liein^' capable of revived activi- DEI5.A'I.E, Buckland. ing Ibrth. ty, they are not deail. The geological deluge, which is suppos2. Tlie state of the dead; as the gates of ed to have swept the surface of the earth, death. Job xxxviii. and to have conveyed the fragments of 3. The manner of dying. 'I'lioii shah ilie the deaths of them that are rocks, and the remains of animals and slain ill Uiu midst of the seas. Ezek. xxviii. vegetables, to a distance from their native Let me die the death ot the righteous. Numb. localities. Ed. Eitcyc.
xxiii.

oeascil to act, but liavo lost the siiscoi)til)ility of rKiicwt'd anion. Tlui8

A small

whose

rity
2. a.

or elegance

degrading
to

lenderinjj

mean. Lowering; tending

;

debase or de-

DEBATABLE,
tion.

grade as d( basinfr vices. a. [See Debate.] That may be debated ; disputable ; subject to controversy or contention ; as a debatable quesli. [Fr. debat; Sp. debate; Port. de and buttre, to beat.]

DEBATE,
id.
;

L Contention

in words or arguments; discussion for elucidating truth strife in argument or reasoning, between fieisons of
;

DEB'AR,
;

V.
;

t.

[de

and

bar.]
;

To

cut

oft'

from

of mortality represented by a Shak. as a death's head. Bacon. 5. Murder; as a. man of death. 6. Cause of death. O thoii man of God, there is death in tlie pot. 2 Kings iv.
4.

The image

skeleton

to preclude to hinder from approach, entry or enjoyment to shut out or exclude as, wo are not debarred from

entrance

different 0|iinions, each endeavoring to prove his own opinion right, and that of his oppo.scr wrong dispute ; controversy; as the debates in parliament or in con;

2.

gress. Strife

any rational enjoyment us from no real pleasure.

religion

debars
3.

contention, liohold, yo last lor strife and debate.

;

Is. Iviii.

We
7.

say, he caught his death.

;

Destroyer or agent of death a.s, he be the death of his poor father. 8. In poetry, the means or instrument of deatli as an arrow is called the feathered death ; a ball, a leaden death. Deaths invisible come winged with fire. Ihyden. 9. In theology, perpetual separation from God, and eternal torments; called the sec;

[Fr. debarquer ; de barque, a boat or vessel.] will To laii<l from a shi)) or boat to remove
V.
I.
; ; ;

DEB'ARK,

and
4.

The power of being

qu(^stion
is

disputed
debate

as,
;

this

settled

beyond
debate.

the sto-

ry

is

true

DEBARK,

DEBARKATION,
barking.

Debate or debates, the published report of arguments for and against a measure as, the debates in the convention are printed. [It is less used, especially in a transitive DEBA''I'E, ^. ^ [Fr. debutlre ; Sp. debalir ; sense, than disembark.] Port, debater. See Beat and Abate.] v.i. To leave a ship or boat and To contend for in words or arguments ; to strive to maintain a cause by reasoning ; to pass to the land as, the troops debarked at four o'clock. to contest, to discuss; to
; ;

from (Ml board any water-craft, ami jilace on land to disembark as, to debark artillt ry.

biyond

n.

The

disjiute

argue;

act of

disem

ond
10.

death.

Rev.

ii.

as opposing p.irties as, the question debatal till a late hour.

;

was

Separation or alienation of the soul from God; a being under the dominion of sin, and destitute of grace ortUvine life called
;

DEB'ARKED,
I

pp. Removed to land from on board a ship or boat.

to the land
;

Debate thy cause with thy neighbor himself.

Prov. XXV.

DEBARKING,

sjiirituid death. tinow that

We

we have

life,

because
i.

we

passed from dtatli to love the brethren. 1 John iii.

Preventing from ap Civil death, is the se))aration of a man proacli, entrance or enjoyment. from civil society, or from the eiijoynieni DEB.A'SE, V. t- [de and base.] To reduce from a higher to a lower state or rank, in of civil rights as by banishment, abjuraestimation. tion of the realm, entering into a monasBUtckstone. terv, &c. The drunkard debases himself and his character. DEA'TH'-BED, . deth'-bed. The be.l on which a person dies or is confined in his Intemperance and debauchery deJoic menal

Luke

/ii/jr. Removing fromashi] ;DEB.\'TE, v. i. To debate on or in, to dehbgoing from on board a vessel. erate to discuss or examine different arDEBARRED,, [from debar.] Hindered giiments in the mind. Shak. from a|)proacn, entrance or possession.
;
\

,2.

DEB*.\R1<1NG,

ppr.

[3.

To dispute. To engage in combat.

pp.

Tatler.

[JVbt in iise.]
;

DEBA'TED,
cussed.

Disputed

argued

dis-

DEBA'TEFUL, a. Of things,
casioning contention.
2.

contested
;

oc-

persons, [Little used.]

Of

quarrelsome

Spenser. contentious.

last

sickness.
a.

most

to a level with beasts.

DEBA'TEFyLLY, ok/u. With

contention.

DEATH-BODING,
ing death.

Portending death.
a.

2.

DEATH -DARTING,
DEATH'S-DOOR,
death
;
;

Daring

Shnk. or inHictShtik. 3.

n.

near approach to
;

the gates of deatli. Taylor. DEATH'FL'L, a. Full of slaughter limrderous destructive. These eyes behold
Tlie dtathful scene.

reduce or lower in quality, purity, or value to ailulterate as, to debase gold or silver by alloy. To lower or degrade to make mean or Religion should not be dedes|)icable. based by frivolous disputes. Vicious habits debase the mind, as well as the charac;

To

Shenvood. Controversy; deUberation. Shak. [Little used.] DEB.\'TER, n. One who debates ; a dispu-

DEBA'TEMENT,

n.

tant; a controvertist.

DEBA'TING,

DEBAUCH',
baueha.

ter.
4.

Po]h\

To

DEATH'FULNESS,n. Appearance ofdeath.

;

DEATHLIKE,
gloomy
;

Taylor. DEATH'LESS, a. Immortal not subject DEB.^'SED,/)/;. Reduced ip estimated rank lowered in estimation ; reduced in purity, to death, destruction or extinction ; as linenes.s, quality or value adulterated ; de deathless beings deathless fame. graded ; renderotl mean. a. death
; ;

by meanness as, to debase use of Milgar words.

;

sink in purity or elegance; to vitiate style by the

still

Resembling calm quiet peaceful

;

DEBA'SEMENT,
;

n.

The

act of debasing
;

ppr. Disputing discussing contending by arguments. D."<. [Fr. debaucher ; Arm. diThis is said by Lunier, to be compounded of de and an old French word, signifying a shop, [bauche,] and that its primary sense is to draw or entice one from his shoi) or work, and in this sense it is still used. Hence embaucher is to help a journeyman to employment, and to enThe general sense then list as a soldier. of debauch, in English, is to lead astray,
; ;

2.

death in horror or in motionless; ness; as deathlike slumbers. Resembling deatli cadaverous.

like
;

still-

DEATH'S-MAN,
hangman.

n.

An

executioner; a Shak.

degradaliiiii reduction of purity, fineness 1. To corrupt or vitiate ; as, to debauch a adulteration a state of quality or value prince or a youth to debauch good princibeing debased as debasement of charac jiles. ter, of our faculties, of the coiu, of style, 2. To corrupt with lewdness as, to debauch
; ;
[

like seduce.]

&c.

DEATH-SHADOWED,
the shades of death.

a
3.

woman.
seduce from duty or allegiance an army.
n.
;

a.

Surrounded by
More.
indicates

DEBA'SER, n. One who

in estimation,

DEATH'-TOKEN,. That which

DEATH'WARD,

approaching death. adv.

debases or lowers or in value one who degrades or renders mean that which de;

To

as,

to debauch

ShakJ

DEBAUCH',

bases.

[Fr.

debauche
;

Ann.

di-

Toward

death.

DEB.\'SING,
or worth;

BeaumJ

bauch.] ppr. Reducing in estimation E.xcess in eating or drinking intemperance drunkenness gluttony ; lewdness. adulterating; reducing in pu;

DEB
inauner.
Cowley.

DEC
decade,"
;

DEC
consisting of ten
c)f l^ivv.
?
;

as the debit] DEBAUCH'ED, pp. Corrupted; vitiated inl used in mercantile language, side of an account. morals or purity of character. debt as, to DEBAUCIIEDLY, adv. In a profligate DEBIT, V. I. To charge with debit a ])Urchaser the amount of goods

as a decade of years
" ^^ ^^'^"y-

the

DEA'1ENCE,

DECA'DENCY,

re n i ^^"^ ^"^"^l

DEBAUCH'EDNESS,

Intemperance. Bp. Hall. DEBAUCHEE', n. A man given to intemperance, or bacclianalian excesses. But
chiefly, a

n.

sold.
2.

n. [Gr. &!xa, ten, and ywvi, a enter an account on the<iebtor side of orner.] a book as, to debit the sum or amount of In geometry, a jilane figure having ten sides

DECAGON,

To

goods

sold.

and ten angles.

pp.

lewd. DEB,\UCH'EI!, n. One who debauclies or a seducer to lewdness, or corrujits others to any dereliction of duty. DEBAUCMI'ERY, n. E.xcess in the pleasures of the tahle gluttony intemperance Bur chiefly, haliitiial lewdness: excessive
lialjitualiy
;

man

DEBITED,
3.

Charged

in

debt;

made DE'AGRA]M,
a weight.]

n.

[Gr. Htxa, ten, and gram,

debtor on account.

Charged

to one's debt, as

money

DEBITING,
2.

3.

DEBAUCIl'MENT,

decimals, avoinlupoise. [Gr. itxa, ten, and ywjj, a feujale.] In botany, a plant having ten pistils. unlawful indulgence of lust. DEBOISE, DEBOISH, for debauch. [JVut DEAgYN'1AN, a. Having ten pistils. Corruption of fidelity seduction from dua. Having ten sides. in use.] ty or allegiance. DEBONNA'IR, a. [Fr.] Civil wellbred DEtAHE'DKON, n. [Gr. i(xa, ten, and The republic of Paris will endeavor to comIn geometry, a figure or Millon. fApa, a base.] complausant elegant. Burke. plete tlie debauchery of the army. DEBOUCH, V. i. [Fr. deboucher ; de and body ha\iivg ten sides.
; ;

ppr. Making count, as a person. Charging to the debt of a

or goods. debtor on ac-

A French

weight often grams, or 154 grains, 44 decimals, equal to tj penny weights, 10 grain.*, 44 decimals, equal to 5 drams, 65

person, as

goods.

DECAGYN, n.

DEBITOR,

11.

debtor.

Shak.

DECAHEDRAL,

n.

The

act of debaiicli

ing or corrupting; the act of scducin from virtue or dutv. Taylor.

bour.he,

mouth.]

DECALITER,
ten
liters,

To

issue or

march out of a narrow

place, or
;

A French measure
two

DEBEL'LATE,
due.

r.

i.

[h. debello.]

To

from

[Mit

u.ial.]

sub Bacon.

DEBKIS,

defiles, as troops. n. rfe/.nc'. [Fr.]

;

Fragments

rub-

DEBELLA'TION,

DEBENTURE,
owe.
1.

act of coii<|uei .\]ore. inff or subduiue. [jVot used.] . [Fr. from' L. dcbeo, to
n.

The

to the bish ; ruins apjilied particularly Bucliland. fraiiments of rock.s. DEBT, n. del. [h. debitum, contracted ; Fr.
dctte
1.
;

DECAL'OGIST, n. See Decalogue.] One who explains the decalogue. Gregory.

\

n. [Gr. itxa, ten, and liter.] of capacity, containing or G10.28 cubic inches, equal to gallons and 64.44231 cubic inches.

DECALOGUE,
and
J-oyos,

n. dec'alog. [Gr. txa, ten.

Class Dli.] writing acknowledging a debt a writing or certificate signed by a pulilic officer, as eviilence of a debt due to some person.

Sp.

It. debito. is

That which
;

See Debit.] due from one person

speech.]

to

The

This paper, given by an officer of tlic customs, entitles a merchant exjiorting goods. to the receipt of a bounty, or a ibawback of duties. When issued by a treasurer, it entitles the holder to a sum of money fron
the state. 2. In the cu.<!tom.'!, a certificate of drawback a writing which states that a person iscntitleil to a certain sum from the govern nient, on the exportation of specified goods, the duties on which bad been paid. JJEBEN'TUliED, a. Debentured goods are those fur which a debenture has been given, as beini; entilled to drawback. DEB'ILE, a.' [L. dMtis ; Fr. deblle ; It. de bill ; Sp. debit. See Class Db. No. 1. 2. 3.
5. 7.
1.5.
;

another, whether money, goods, or servi ces that which one person is bound to as the debts af to another jiay or perform a bankrupt the debts of a nobleman. It is a common misfortune or vice to be in
;

connnandments or precepts given to Moses at mount Sinai, and originally written on two tables of stone. DECAiVI'ETER, n. [Gr. &ta, ten, and
ten

by

God

uftfiov,

debt.

2.

Vthen you run in debt, you give to another Pranlilin. power over vour liberty. That wliich any one is obliged to do or to
suffer.

French measure of length, consisting of ten meters, and equal to 393 English inches, and 71 decimals.
par
;

measure.]

DECAMP',
To remove
oft';

.3.

Your son, mv Shak. Hence death is called the rfcK of nature. In law, an action to recover a debt. This
is

lord> has paid a soldier's debt.

V. i. [Fr. decamper ; Sp. decamde and camp.] or depart friun a camp ; to march as, the armv decamped at six o'clock.

DECAMP'MENT,
cam])
:

n.

Departure

from a

marching
n.

oft".

customary

ellipsis.

He brought
: ;

DECANAL,
a deanery.

[See Dean.]

Pertaining to

</c6(,

47. 51.]
; ;

instead of an action of debt. In siiiplure, sin trespass guilt crime that which renders liable to punishment. Lord's Prayer. FoiKive us our debts. DEBT'ED, pp. dcl'ted. Indebted ; obliged t
;

DEe.VN'DER,
male.]

a ?i. [Gr. hxa, ten, and avijp, In botany, a plant having ten sta-

mens.

weak feeble Relaxed without strength.

languid

faint:

\Yot

!(.9P(/.]

Shak.
detlee'.
is

nEC;\N'DRIAN, a. Having ten stamens. DEeAN'GUL.\R, a. [Gr. 6a, ten, and angular.]

Shak.

DEBTEE',
wliom
a

n.

creditor

one to

Having
}'.

losing; literallv, to throw; Fr. decanter, DEBT' LESS, to pour ofl"; Sp. decantar; It. decantare. itis.] Chaucer. To weaken to impair the strength of; to See Cant.] enfeeble to make faint or languid. In-j DEBT'OR, n. del' tor. [L. debitor.] The per- To pour oflT gently, as liquor from its sedison who owes another either money, of diges-| ment or to jiour from one vessel into antemperance dtbilitates the organs or services. Excessive indulgence debilitates thei tion. goods other as, to decant wine. bi Alliens an insolvent dctilor became slave DECVNTA'TION, n. The act of pouring system. to his creditor. Mitford. DEBIL'ITATED, ;>p. Weakened; enfee- 2. One who is under obligation to do some- liquor gently from its lees or sediment, or from one \essel into another. bled relaxed. thing. Poured ofl", or from one enDECANT'ED,

DEiilL'lTATE,
;

v.

t.

[L. dcbllito,

from

dcb-

debt

due.

Bluekstotie.

DEC.\NT',

t.

ten angles. [L. decanto ; de

Lee.

and

canto,

a. del'less.

Free from debt.

DEBIL'ITATING,

ppr. Weakening; I am debtor to the Greeks and barbaiian-. feebling; im])airing strength. Rom. i. Ke is a debtor to do the wlinle law. Gal. v. DEBILITA'TION, n. The act of weaken\\\'j leLnxation. 3. The side of an account in which debts are charged. DEBIl.'lTV, H. [L. debilila.f, from rfeiifo.] [See Debit.] Uelaxaliun of the solids; weakness; fee- DE'AHORD. I [Gr. 6(xa. ten, and string. bleness; languor of body ; faintness ; imS
;

pp.

DECANT'ER,

becility
[ft

may

as, iiii>rbiii sweats induce rfeWhXv 1. be iipplied to the mind, bvt this is 2.
:

DECACHORD'ON, A iiiusical iustnmient

DE'.\DAL,

often

W%

'essel into another. vessel used to decant n. decanted liquors. liquors, or for receiving used for holding glass vessel or bottle wine or other liquors, for filUng the drink-

A
2.

ing glasses.

strings.

One who decants

liqimrs.

le.H.'!

com moil.]
n.
[\j.

Something consisting often

parts.

DECANT'ING,
cfra;,hei>d.l

Watson.
;

froui its lees, or

DEBIT,
Fr.
;

debilvm, from dibco, to owe,

a. Pertaining to ten

consist

DECAP'ITATE,

as liquor ppr. Pouring off, from one vessel to another. v. t. [L. decapito ; de and

See ini of teii.s. doverc. It. dcvdir, i^p. deher. decade Duly. ":'!ie sense is probably to press or DEC'ADE, n. [L. deras, decadis; Fr. See Ten. bind Or. Stu.] Sp. decada from Gr. Sixa, ten. Debt. It is usually written debt. But it is Tlie sum or number of ten an aggregate
;
;

Tobrheail ;tocutoft"thehead.
o.

DECAPITA'TION, n. The act of beheading.

DECAPHYLLOUS,
faiJ.!\,oj',

and [Gr. Sixa, ten,

a leaf.] Having ten leaves. Marlyn.

DEC
DECARBONIZE,
To
steel.
v.
t.
;

DEC
and carhonizt
decarbonize
Chimistry.

DEC
is
i:

{dt

of the participle of an intransitive verb

If

we

say
1

we have no
i.
;

sin,

wc

deceive our-

deprive of carbon

as, to

not infrequent, but the word omitted He has deceased. It is prop really has.
erly an adjective, like dead.

selves.

John

2.

DEC AKBONIZING, ppr.

bon.

DEC'ARBONIZED,pp. Deprived
n.

ofcarbon.

Depriving of carj

DECE'ASING,
dyinc

ppr.
n.

Departing from

life

to cheat. Your father hath deceived me, and changed my wages ten times. Gen. xxxi.

To

beguile

3.

DE'ASTR;II,
a verse]

A poem

DECASTYLE,
A
a cnlinnn.]
in front.

[Gr. 6ixa, ten, am\ s^x"!, consisting of ten lines. n. [Or. Sixa, ton, and ynXoj,

DECE'DENT,
I

[{..decedens.']

A deceased
4.

To cut ofl" from exiieclation; to frustrate or disa])point as, his liopes were deceitied.
;

person.
n.

Laws of Penn.

building with an ordnance often columns

Encyc.
1'.

DF^A'Y,

J.

cado, to fall, decaer; Port, descahir.]

1.

[Er. dechoir, from L. dc and or decedo ; It. scadere ; Sp.

pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or ix^rtect stale, to a less perfect state, or towards destruction to fail to decline to be gradually inij)aired. Oin- boilies rfecay in old age; a tree decays; buildings
; ;

To

DECE'IT, [Norm. rfecci/(, contracted from L. deceplio. See Deceive.] 1. Literally, a catching or ensnaring. Hence, the misleading of a |)erson the leading of another person to believe what i.s false, or not to believe what is true, and thus to ensnare him fraud; fallacy; cheat; any doclaiation, artifice or practice, which misleads another, or causes him to believe
i

To

Dryden.
take from
fruit
;

to rob.
Iaro;e

Plant

trees in

borders,

and

set

therein tine flowers, but lliiii and spariiijily, lest they deceive the trees. [The literal seme, but

not

now

used.']
;)p.

Bacon.

DECEIVED,
beguiled
;

cheated

Misled; led into error ; deluded.

;

'

DECE'IVER, 71. One who deceives one who leads into error a cheat an impos;
;

what

is false.
lips sliall

tor.

My
2.
j

not speak wickedness, nor

artifice
;

my

shall

seem

to

tongue utter deceit.

decay;
9.

To become weaker
V.
t.

fort un(!S i/ecay.

Stratagem
mislead.
xxxviii.

Job xxvii. device intended to

all

my fatlier as

a deceiver.

Gen.

xxvii.

DECE'IVING, ppr.
beguiling
;
;

Misleading

ensnaring

to

fail

Jis,

our

strengtb decays, or liopes decay.

They imagine
3.

deceits

the day long.

Ps.

DECA'Y,

To

DECEM'BER,
March.]

cause to
state.

fail

to impair;
ilolh

to bring to a
Infiriiiity,

worse
tliat

The last month in the year, in which the sun Zeph. enters the tropic of Capricorn, and makes In lau; any trick, device, craft, collusion, the winter S(dstice. shift, covin, or underhand practice, used DECA'Y', n. Gradual failure of health, a. [L. dicem, ten, ami to defraud another. Cowel. strength, soundne.ss, prosperity, or any DECE'ITFUL, a. Tending to mislead, de- dentatus, toothed.] Having ten points or desjiecies of excellence or |)erfection teeth. ceive or ensnare ; as deceilful words ; decline to a worse or less perfect state ten a. [L. decern, ten, and fido, to DEC'EMFID, ceitful practices. dency towards dissolution or extinction Favor is deceitful. Prov. xxxi. divide.] astateof depravation or diminution. Old '2. Full of deceit trickish ; fraudulent ; Ten-cleft; divided into ten parts; having men feel the deca)/ of the body. perten divisions. cheating as a deceitful man. Martyn. ceive therfcTOi/of the faculties in age. a. [L. decern, ten, and adv. In a deceitful manlament the decay of virtue and patriotism DECEITFULLY', loculus, a little bag or cell.] Having ten ner; fraudulently; with deceit; in a manin the state. The northern nations invacells for seeds. ner or with a view to deceive. .Martyn. ded the Roman iMiipire, when in a state of Tlie sons of Jacob answered Shechem and DEC'EMPEDAL, a. [L. decern, ten, and pes, decay, Hamor liis father deceitfully. Gen. xxxiv. a foot.] Ten feet in length. 2. Declension from prosperity ; decline of n. [L. decern, ten, and vir, a iDECE'ITFULNESS, n. Tendency to misfortune. lead or deceive ; as the deccitfulness of man.] If tliy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in One of ten magistrates, who had absolute sin. Lev. xxv. decay. authoritv in ancient Rome. 2. The rpiality of being fraudident ; as the 3. Cause of decay. [Ao/ usual.] DECEM'VIRAL, a. Pertaining to the deHe that plots (o be the deccitfulness of a man's practices.
I

make better the fool. [The transitive sense of the verb

decays the wise,

over Shak.

In scripture, that which is obtained guile, fraud or oppression. Their houses aie full of deceit. Jcr.
i.

by
v.

cheating. n. [L. december, from decern, ten this being the tenth mouth among the carlv Romans, who began the year in

is

now

rarelv used.]

1.

DECEMDEN'TATE,

We

We

DECEMLOe'ULAR,

DECEMVIR,

only figure
ivbole age.

among

ciphers,

is tlie

decay of

tlie

,3.

The

Sacon.

deceiffuliies.t

disposition to deceive; mav be habitual.

'a.

as,

a man's

cemvirs

in

Rome.

DECEM yiRATE, n.
Decemvir.]
1.

Encyc.
[L. decemviratus.

See

DECA'YED,

pp.

Having
;

fallen
;

from a good

DECE'ITLESS,

Free from

deceit.

or .soimd state diminished.

paired
;

impaired
n.

weakened

Hall.

The

office or

term of ofhce of the decem-

DECA'YEDNESS,

DECE'IVABLE,
state of

being im-

decayed state. DEA'YER, 71. That which causes decay.

Shak.

n. [i^cc Deceive.] Subject capable of being misled or entrapped exposed to imposture as, young persons are very deceiva-

to deceit or imposition
; ;

virs or ten magistrates in Rotiie, who absolute authority for two years.
2.

had

Abodv often men

n.

in authoritv.
;

DE'CENCY,

[Fr. decence

h. decentia,

ble.

DECA'YING, ppr.

Failing; dfclining passing from a good, pros]ieroii>; or sciind state, to a worse i-ondilion perishing. DEC.VYING, )i. Decay; decline.
: ;

2.

Subject or apt to produce error or deception

;

deceitful.

Fair promises often prove deceicable.

Mitton.

DECE'ASE,
to depart
deces.]
;

n.

[L. dccessus,

from decedo,
;

Hayward.

de and cedo, to

itlnlraw

Fr.

[The

latter use

of the

word is

incorrect, and

I believe, not now used.]

Literally, departure; hence, departure from deceived. this life ; death; applied to human beiiif;s 2. Liableness to deceive. only. The deceii'ableue.ss of imrighteousness. 2 Moses anil F.Iias, who appeared in glory, and The--.:, il. spoke of bis ilecease, which he should accomLuke ix. plish at .lerusalem. DECE'IVE, t). <. [L. decipio, to take aside, to ensnare; de and capio: Fr. decevoir ; V. i. To depart from this life ;
(

jDECE IVABLENESS,

n. Liableness to

be

froM decens, deceo, to be fit or becoming ; Sp. decencia ; It. decenza. The L. decto coincides in elements with the G. taugen, to be good, or fit for D. dev/ren, to be good or virtuous Sax. (/gH, to avail, to be strong, to be worth dugiilh, virtue, valor; (/oA/jg-, doughty rfoA/cr, daughter W. tygiaw, to prosper, to befit, to succeed. The Teutonic and Welsh wordshave for their radical sense, to advance or In Welsh proceed, to stretch forward. also, /fg- signifies clear, fair, smooth, beau;

tiful

tes^i, to nialie

which would seem

DECE'ASE,
to die.
(ien.

whence
18. 25.]
1.

Arm.

decevi.

Washington deceased,
year of his age.

December

14,

L To

Sec Capable.]
;

to decus, decoro.

smooth, fair, beautiful, be allied to deceo,

See Class Dg.

No

179!1, in the 68th

mislead the mind cause to believe what

lieve lude.
xxiv.

to
is

DECF/ASED, pp.
This
is

cause to err to false, or disbe; ;

or a. Departed from life. used as a passi\e larticiplc. He is deceased, for he has deceased he was deceased, for he had deceased. This use
;

what

is

true

to

impose on

to de-

in ; in social intercourse, in actions or discourse

That which is fit, suitable or becoming, words or beha\nor propriety of forrn,

;

Take heed

tliat

no man deceive you.

Matt.

proper formality becoming ceremony. It has a special reference to behavior as decency of conduct ; decency of worship.
;

Vol.

I.

56

DEC
to speech it is used also in reference discoursed with decency. Those thousand decencies, that daily flow Afilton. all her words and actions. Froin 2. Suitableness to character; propriety.

DEC
:

DEC
Cropped.
planets,

But

DECERPT',
.\'ot

a.

[L. decerptus.]
n.

as, lie

used.]

DECERP'TION,
ofi" ;

[L. decerpo, to pluck

DECILITER,

3.

Propriety
1.1

in

speech; modesty; opposed

de and cnrpo.] pulling or plucking off; a cropping. GlanviUe.'

?!.

they are distant from eacfi other a tenth part of the zodiac. Encyc. n. A French measure of capacity equal to one tenth of a liter.
[L. decimus, tenth, from Gr. Sura; Goth. Wg, ten, Sax.
a.

when

DECIMAL,
decern, ten;

ribaldry, or oliscenity. '\\M\lai decency is want of sense.

Po])e. It

DECERTA'TION,
ecrto, to strive.]

[L.deceHatio

deand
1.

tie.]

Strife

contest for mastery.

[Little used.]
;

be also used for propriety of speech, opposed to rudeness, or disrespectand for propriety in dress, ful language opposed to raggedness, exposure of naked

may

DECES'SION,
to pass.]

n. [L. rfeccs.sjo
V.
t.

Broum. de and cedo, See

to dis-

3.

ten; as decimal progressLocke. as deIncreasing or diminishing by ten cimal numbers ; decimal arithmetic deciion.
;

Numbered by

Departure.

[Little used.]

DECIPARM,
Chaiin.]

[Fr.

decharmer.
;

3.

mal tractions. Teinh as a decimal

;

])art.

ness, filthiiicss,

&c.
?i.

UEC'ENNARY,
from
1.
'.'.

[L. decennis, deceiinmm,

To remove
enchant.

a spell or enchantment

DECIMAL, n. DECIMALLY,
decimals.
I

tenth.

arfi;.

By

tens; by

means of
decern,

decfin, ten,

and annus, a year.]

Harvey.]

A period
A

of ten years. and tithing consisting often freeholders

Blackstone.
a.
;

their families.

DECIP ARMED, ;>/). Disenchanted. DECH'ARMING, p;)r. Removing a spell. DECIMATE, ten.] DECHRIS'TIANIZE, [de and cliris-\ To tithe to
i;.

ti.

t.

[L. decimo,

from

/.

take the tenth part.

lot
;

DECENNIAL,
years
;

[L. decennalis,as above.] Continuing for ten years consisting of ten or iiapiiening every ten years as a
;

tianizc]

To

tian belief

decennial period

</f ce/uuV//

games.

turn from Christianity; to banish chrisand principles from. J. P. Smith:

a.

To

select

DEC'ENNOVAL, DECEN'NOVARY,

DECENT,
Decency.]
1.

[L.rffccm,ten,and novem, nine.] S Pertaining to the number nineteen designating a i)eriod or circle of nineteen vears. Holder. [Little rised.] Fr. decent. See a. [L. decens
;

DECI'DABLE,
DECI'DE,
1.

That may be
;

decideil.
Jones.l

V.

t.

[L. decido

de

and

crrrfo, tol

strike, to cut.] Literally, to cut off, thus to end. Hence,

and

Becoming;

fit

havior, dress and

(fece)i<

suitable, in words, beceremony; as decent lan-

To end ; to determine, as a controversy, of by verdict of a jury, or by a judgment court. say, the court or the jury deci

every tenth man a practice in armies, for punishing mutinous or unfaithful troops. To take every tenth. Mitford. DECIMA'TION, n. A tithing a selection of every tenth by lot. 2. The selecting by lot for punishment every tenth man, in a couq)any or regiment, &c. DECIMATOR, n. One who selects every South. tenth man for punishment.
;

by

and punish with death

We

DECIM'ETER,

n.

French measure of

guage; ornaments or dress.

2.

conduct or actions; decent

ded the cause in favor of the plaintiff, or of the defendant. To end or determine, as a dispute or
quarrel.
3.

length equal to the tenth part of a meter, or .3 ini hes and 0-3710 decimals.

DECIMO-SEXTO,
DECI'PIIER,
chiffre,

n.

[L.]

A
is

book

is in

Comely

A
3.
4.

sahle

not gaudy or ostentatiou.s, stole of Cyprus lawn

O'er the decent slioulders drawn.

Mlton.
4.

Not innuodest.
; ;

In popular language, niodeiate, hut coma decent fortune. So petent not large as a decent pei-son is one not highly accom rude. plished, nor offensively DE'CENTLY, adv. In a decent or becom

To end or determine a combat or battle to the charge, as, a body of reserve, brought decided the contest. To iletermine; to fix the event of.
The
fate of the bill is decided.
;

decimo-sexto, when a sheet si.xteen leaves.

folded into

Taylor

rar

v.t. [Fr. dechiffrer; de and a cipher; It. deciferare ; Sp. descifSee Cipher.] Port, decijrar. to ex-

To

find the al))liabet of a cipher;

In general, to end

to terminate.
;

plain

what
letter

is

DECIDE,

1'.

j'.

To

ing manner or speech.

9.

with propriety of behavior

definite opinion ; We cannot decide

or practicable.

to form a determine to come to a conclusion.

what

written in ciphers, by finding each character or mark reprea letter written in

sciits;

as, to decipher

how

far resistance is

lawful

ciphers.

To

unfold

to unravel
is

what

is

intricate

Without immodesty.
Past hope of safety, 'twas his latest care. Like falling Ciesar, decently to die.

The

court decided in fivor of the defendant.

to explain

what
;

DECI DED, p/).

cluded.
.

understood
scription.

Determined; ended; conclear

3.

as, to decipher

obscure or difiicult to be an ambiguous

speech, or an ancient mainiscript or in-

Drydcn

DECI'DED,
I

a.

That implies decision;

to

To
ters.

DE'CENTNESS,

n.

Deccncv.
)(.

unequivocal; that puts an end todouht.

find

DECEPTIBIL'ITY,

The

quality or state

of being capable cr liable to be deceived. GlanviUe.

DECEP'TIBLE,
DECEP'TION,
i^ee Deceive.]
\.

a.

)i.

That may be deceived Brown DECI'DEDLY, ndr. In a decided or determined manner; clearly; inilisputahly in \l.. decept:io,{iom decipio.
;

haps improper.] reproach myself, that ! have lived so long, and have given no decided 4. To stamp ; to and public proofs of my being a christian. [Unusual] Sketches. P. Henry, Wirt's

much cause

write out to mark down in charac[This use is now uncommon, undperLocke.

;

mark
pp.

to

cliaraclerize.

DECIPHERED,
I

Explained

Shak. unravel-

led
is

marked.

DECIPHERER, n. One who explains w hat

written in ciphers.

a njanner to jirecliulc doubt.

The

act of deceiving or misleading.

DECLDENCE,
oft".

n.

[L. dicidcns.]

falling

DECI'PHERING, /?p-.
DECTS'ION,
.

Explaining; detect-

All deception is a misapplication of the established signs used locoininunicale llioughts.

[J\'nt

DECI'DER,
or contest.

in use.] . One

Brown

who determines a cause

Determining;
ending
1.
;

ing the letters represented imiblding; marking.

s as
;.

by ciphers;
decisio.

Jlnnn.

[L.

See
;

9.

The state of being deceived or misled. Incautious and inexperienced youth is peculiarly exposed to decfjition. Artifice practiced ; cheat ; as, a
is all

DECI'DING,
one hiding.

ppr.
a.

Decide.]

DECID'UOUS,
and cado,
;

[h. deciduus, decido

d(

3.

scheme

to fall.]

DECEP'TIOUS,

not perennial or permanent. Falling falls botany, a deciduous leaf is one which in autumn a deciduous calyx, is that w hich Shak deceitful. falls after the corol opens havdistinginslu'd; DECEP'TIVE, a. Tending to deceive; from permanent. Martyn or impress fiilse opining power to mislead, countenance or ap- DECIDUOUSNESS, n. The quality of falli<jiis; as a deceptive ing once a year. pearance.
a deception.
a.

In

Tending

to

deceive:

DECEPTORY,

a.

containing qualities or mislead.

Tending to deceive; means adapted to

DECIGRAM,
DE'CIL,
n.

n.

French weight of one

tenth of a gram.
.-Vn

aspect or position of two

Determination, as of a question or doubt final judgment or opinion, in a case which has been imder deliberation or discussion as the decision of the Suprenje Court. He has considered the circumstances of the case and come to a decision. Determinatien of a contest or event end of a struggle as the decision of a battle liy arms. 3. In Scotland, a narrative or report of the proceedings of the Court of Sessions, Johnson. 4. Report of the opinions and determinations
; ; ;

DEC
ol'

DEC
1.

DEC
To clear;
])lain.

one who attempts to convince by a harions of the Court angue. One who speaks clamorously. 5. Act of sttparation chvision. [N'ot uscrf.] a. Havinu; the power or (juahty DEt'L A'lM ING, ppr. DECI'SIVE, Speaking rhetoricalof (leteriniriing a question, doubt, or any ly haranguing. subject ofdeiiberation final; conchisive; DECLAIMING, n. A harangue. as, the Bp. Taylor. ])uttiiig an end to controversy A opinion of the court is decisive of the DECLAMATION, n. [L. decUimatio.] speech made in public, in the tone and (juestion. mamierof an oration acliscourseaiUlress2. Having the power of determining a cona set ed to the reason or to the pa,ssions test or event as, the victory of the alhes was decisive. speech a harangue. This word is applied especially to the public speaking and DECl'SIVELY, adv- In a conclusive man speeches of students in colleges, practiced uer; in a maimer to end deliberation, confor exercises in oratory. It is applied also Chesterfield. troversy, doubt or contest. DECI'SIVENESS, n. The power of an ar- to public speaking in the legislature, ami in the pulpit. or of evidence to terminate a difVery often it is used for a gument ference or doubt conclusiveness. noisy harangue, without solid sense or ar2. Tlie power of an event to put an end to gument as, mere declamation ; empty declaany
tribunal.

say, read the decisof King's Bencli.

;

We

to free

from obscurity word

is

to

make
Boyle.

yin this literal sense, the

no longer
;

in vse.]
2.

To make known

to tell explicitly

to

manliest or communicate plainly to others by words. I will declare what he hath done for my soul.
I's.

Ixvi.
;

i.

To make known
to the
ifest
xix.

to show to the eye or understanding to exhibit to manby (jtlier means than words. The heavens declare the glory of God. Ps.
; ; ;

To
xvi.

publish to proclaim. Dcrlare his gloiy among the heathen.

Chron.

Declaring the convcr.sion of the Gentiles.

i>.

a contest.

mation.
a.

DECrSORY,
mine.

Able to decide or deterSherteood.

piece spoken in public, or intended for

n.
a.

to affirm story to be false.

;

Acts XV. To assert

declare

as,

he declares the
off reserve

To

one's

DECK,
tlickia
;

V. I.

[D. dekken;
;

G.decken;

Sw DEeLAMA'TOR,
used.]
I.

the public.

self,

to

throw
;

dcclairaer.

Dan. Icekker thecan and theccnn ;

Sax. gedecan, and

[ATol Tid/lor.
'

and avow one's opinion to show openly what one thinks, or which side he es|)ou8es.

L. lego, to cover, The Gr. tectum, a roof, Fr. toil. lias tiyof, a roof, but the verb has a ])ielix. Hence L. tegula, a tile. ffyu, to cover.

DEL.<\M'AT(>RY,

[L. declamalorius
;

DECLA'RE,

I',

i".

To make

whence

The

Ir. teach,

to ty,

may

Ger. dach Class Dg. No. 2. 3. also of this family. The primary sense is to put on, to 10. throw over, or to jjress and make close.] to put 1. Primarily, to cover; to overspread on. Hence, to dress the person 2. To clothe but usuto clothe with more than ordinary eleally,
;

a house, contracted in Welsh In be of the sanu; family. is a roof, and thatch may be

Relating to the jiractice of declaimin;: liertaining to declamation treated in the inanner of a rhetorician ; as a declamatory ffotton. theme.
A|)|)earmg to the passions; noisy; rlwlorical without solid sense or argument
as a declamatory
:

to proclaim or

avow some

a declaration opinion or res;

;

oinlion in favor or in opposition

to

make
;

known exjilicitly some determination with

for or against
the
allies
;

as, the

the

allied

prince declared for powers declared

they wait
;

a.

again.^t

France.
for success

Like Livvning courtiers,

way
a.

or stvle.

DECLARABLE,
;

mav DEC'LARA'TION,
dared
.

[Hee'Declare.] be declared, or proved.

n.

That
2.

[L. declaratio.]

An
:5.

an open expression of facts aftirmation or opinions; verbal utterance as, he dehis sentiments, declaration.

and

rely

on

his
I

smiling, and declare for fate. Dryden. In law, to recite the causes of complaint against the delendant as, the plaintifl'rfeclarcs in debt or trespass. To show or manifest the issue or event; to de<i<le in favor of; as, victory had not
;

And then come

gance ; to army to a<lorn The (lew with spangles decked

; ;

to cmbellisli. the ground.

declared
plicitly;

liir

(Mthrr ]>arty.

3.

furnish with a deck, as a vessel. DECK, n. The covering of a ship, which constitutes a floor, made of timliers and planks. Small vessels have only one deck A larger ships have two or three decks. flush deck is a continued tioor from stem
to stern,
2.

To

Dryden

Expression of facts, opinions, promises,' predictions, &c., in writings; records or re-l ports of what has been declared or uttered. The scriptures aboundiii (iecZaradoiis of
I

DECLA'RED,
liublished
j

pp. Made known; told exavowed; exhibited; manifested;

;

proclaimed
adv.

recited.

3.

(i'ojioftlie
).

on one line. pack of cards piled regularly on eacl other. Grew. DKCK'F.V), pp. Covered; adorned; fur

).

nished with a deck.

n. One wlio makes known astherf<'c/ara-|[DECLA'RER, or publishes; that which exhibits. greatnessofMordecai. Esth. x. A public amiuuciation; proclamation; as jDECL.V'RING, ppr. Making known by Declaration of Independence, July 4,! words or by other means; manifesting; tbe^ 1' ~'jpublishing atlirming reciting the cause Ill law, that of complaint. jiart of the process or pleadiiigs in which the plaintitf sets forth at DECLA'RING, n. Declaration; proclamathe narra-l his cause of complaint tion. large
|

cy to penitent sinners. Publication; manifestation;

mer-j

DECLAREDLY,
cilly.

Avowedly;

expli-

DECK'ER,
2.

n. One who decks or adorns; a coverer; as a table-decker. Of a ship, we say, she is a two-decker or a three-decker, that is, she has two decks or three decks.

tion or count.

DECLENSION,
clino.
1.

n.

[L. declinatio,

from

dc-

DECL.XR'.ATIVE, a. Making declaration; making show or manifestaexplanatory tion; a.s, the name of a thing may be rfe-j
;

See Decline]

clarative
3.

of its form or nature.

adv.

Greici

DECK

ING,

ppr.
n.

Covering

arraying

Making proclamation, or
or exhibition.

Literally, a leaning back or down ; hence, a falling or declining towards a worse a tendency towards a less degree of state
;

publication.

adorninw.

DECLAR'.\TORILY,
Ornament; embellishment.
Homilies.
i.
I',

By

declaration,]

DECK'ING,
DECLA'IM,
to cry out.
1.

[h.declamo;

rff

and clamo,
;

DECLAR'ATORY,

See Claim

To speak a set oration in public to speak rhetorically ; to make a formal speech, or oration ; as, the students declaim twice

aiul Clamor.]

2.

defines what is right and what is wrong.j week. A deciaralory act, is an actor statute which] To harangue; to speak loudly or earnestly, sets forth more clearly and explains the to a pubhc body or assembly, with a view intention of the legislature in a former act. to convince their minds or move their DECLA'RF', V. t. [L. dcclaro de and claro,
;

a. Making declaration, clear manifestation, orexhibition expressive; as, this clause is declaratory of the The declaratory will of the legislature. part of a law, is that which sets forth ani'
;

2.

passions.

DECLA'IjVI,
2.

I',

t.

To speak

to
in public.

make

clear

Ir.
;

glunir, or gleair

W.

To

speak

in favor of; to

advocate.

[.Vot

eglur, clear, bright eglurau>, to make clear Fr. de-' or plain, to manifest, to explain.
clarer

in use.]

DEeLA'IMANT,
DELA'IiMER,

One who
,

declaims
in

See : Sp. declarar; It. dichiarare. Clear and Glory. The sense is to open,

r'' a speaker

public

to separate, or to spread.]

excellence or perfection. The declension of a state is manifested by corruption of morals. speak of the declension of of manners, of taste, of the virtue, sciences, of the fine arts, and sometimes of life or years but in the latter application, decline is more generally used. Declination; a declining descent slope; as the declension of the shore towards the sea. Burnet. In grammar, inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns the declining, deviation or leaning of the termination of a word from the termination of the uomitive case; change of termination to form the oblique cases. Thus from rex in the nominative case, are formed regis in the genitive, regi in the dative, regem in the accusative, and rege in the ablative.

We

DEC
DECLI'NABLE,
cases
;

DEC
be declined
;

DEC
head
the body. It is especially used of St. John the Baptist, and of a painting
frofii

a.

Tliat

may
in

cliaiigiiig its teniiinatioii

the oblique
2.

In melancholy deep, with head declined. Thomsoii.

;

as a declinabk noun.
a. [L. decliiuitus.\

DECL.INATE,

In botany,
;

bending or bent downwards, in a curve declining. Maiiyni

3.

DECLlNx-V'TION,
bending
head.
i.

down

n. A leaning; tlie act of as a declination of the!

|

declining, or falling into a worse slate 4. fliurigc from a better to a worse condition decay ; deterioration ; gradual failure or
;| ;,

To bend to one side to move from a fix- which represents his beheading. ed point or right line. DLCOLOKA'TION, n. [L. decoloratio.] AbTo shun or avoid to refuse; not to en- sence of color. Ferrand. gage in to be cautious not to do or in- DE'COMPLEX, a. [de and complex.] Comor comply with not to accept terfere pounded of complex ideas. he declined the; as, he declined the contest Gregory. Locke. orter he declined the business or pursuit.j DECOMPOSABLE, a. s as z. [See DeTo inflect; to change the termination of compose.] for forming the oblique case a word, That may be decomposed; capable of being resolved into its constituent elements. as, Dominus, Domini, Domino, Dominum,
;

diminution of strength, soundness, vigor or excellence. 3. A deviation from a right line, in a literal sense oblique motion as the dedinalion of a descending body. Benlkij} 4. Deviation from rectitude in behavior ori morals obliquity of conduct as a dtdi-' nation from the jiath of integrity. 5. In astronomy, a variation from a fixed point or line. The distance of any celes;
; ; ;

Domine.
n. Literally, a leaning from hence, a I'alling off; a tendency to a worse diminution or decay deterioration state the decline of as the decline of life the decline of virtue and relistrength gion the rfec/ine of revenues the decline of agriculture, commerce or manufactures the decline of learning. DEeLI'NED, pp. Bent downward or from

DELI'NE,
;

Davy.
V. t. s as z. [Fr. decompode and composer, to compose, from L. compono, compositus.] To separate the constituent parts of a body or substance to disunite elementary particles combined by affinity or chimical attraction to resolve into original elements. DECOMPO'SED, pp. Separated or resolved into the constituent parts.

DECOMPO'SE,
ser
;

fleeted. object from the equinoctial line, or DECLI'NING, ppr. Leaning deviating equator, either northward or southward. falling; failing; decaying; tending to a Encyc. decaying ; tend worse stale avoiding retiising inflect6. Declination of the compass or needle, is thej variation of the needle irom the true meing. n. [L. declivitas, from decliridian of a place. Encyc. DECLIVITY, de and clivus. See Cliff.] vis, sloping 7. In dialing, the dechnation of a wall or Declination from a horizontal line descent plane, is an arch of the horizon, contained of land inclination downward a slope between the plane and the prime vertical a gradual descent of the earth, of a rock circle, if reckoned from the east or west, or other used of the earth, or between the meridian an<l the plane, if thing chiefly and opposed to acclivity, or ascent the you reckon from the north or south. same slope, considered as descending, being Bailey. a declivity, and considered as ascending, or the inflection 8. In grammar, declension an accliviti/. of a noun through its various terminations.
tial
;

DECOMPO'SING,;)p-. Separating
stituent parts.

into con[L. de

DECOMPOS'lTE,
and compositus.

a.

decompoz'it.

See Compose.] Compounded a second time; compounded with things already composite. Bacon.

DECOMPOSP'TION,
Decomposition

n. Analysis the act of separating the constituent parts of a substance, which are chimically combined.
;

differs

from

mechanical

divi.sion, as the latter efl^ects no change in the properties of the body divided,

whereas the jiarts chimically decomposed have properties very different from those
2.

Jolmsoit.

DECLI'VOIIS,
sloping.
V.

DECLINA'TOR, DECLIN'ATORY,
ment
in dialling.

inslrunient for $ taking the declinaan instrution, or inclination of a plane

)

""

An

DECLIV'ITOUS,

"

Gradually descend;

ing

not precipitous

of the substance itself. A second composition.

note used.]
v.
t.

[In this sense, not

Boyle.
[dc

Encyc.

Chambers.

Declinatory plea, in law, aplea before trial or conviction, intended to show that the party was not liable to the penalty of the law or was specially exempted from the jurisThe plea of benefit diction of the court.

of clergy
lean.
1.

is

a declinatory plea.
V.
i.

lilackston

DECLI'NE,

[L. declino
;

de

and

compound.] [L. decoqiio, decoctum; de To compound a second time ; to comcoquo, to cook, to boil.] pound or mix with that which is already 1. To prepare b}' boiling; to digest in hot or compound ; to form by a second compoBacon boiling water. Boyle. Locke. N'ewton. To digest by the heat of the stomach to sition. 2. To decompose. [Little used, or not at all.] prepare as food for noini.shing the body. a. Composed of things Davics. or words already compounded ; com3. To boil in water, for extracting the prinpounded a second time. Boyle. Bacon. ciples or virtues of a substance.

DECOCT',
and

t.

DECOMPOUND',

and

DECOMPOUND',
2.

clino, to 4.

To

See Lean.^

To

boil

up

to

a consistence
jtscd,

to invigo-

lean

downward

rate.
as, (lie

Shak.
is little

head

declines

2.

towards the earth. To lean from a right a literal sense.

[This verb

and

in

its last sense,

line

to deviate

in

is hardlij proper.]

A decompound leaf, in botany, is when the primary petiole is so divided that each part forms a compound leaf. A decompound Jioivcr is formed of compound flowers, or
containing, within a common calyx, smaller calyxes, common to several flowers.
a.

DECOCt'IBLE,
digested.

a.

That may be boiled

[Fr.
decoction
;

or
dc-

3.

lean or deviate from rectitude, in a moral sense ; to leave the path of truth or justice, or the course jirescribed.

To

DECOCTION,
cozione.
1.

n.

It.

Yet do I not decline from thy testimonies Ps. cxix. 157.

4.

'?.

To
close

fall
;

to

tend or
;

draw towards the

;

See Decoct.] act of boiling a substance in water, for extracting its virtues. The liquor in which a substance lias been boiled water im))regnated with the priii-

DECOMPOUNDABLE,
lecompounded.

Marly n. That may be

The

DECOMPOUNDED,
second time
;

pp.

Compounded a
Compounding
from decus, See Decency.]
;

composed of things already

ppr.

compounded.

5.

as, the day declines. To avoid or shun to refuse not to comnot to do as, he declined to take any j)ly part in the concern.
; ;

fi.

to siidi to decay ; to be unpaired ; to tend to a less perfect state as,! the vigor of youth declines in age hcaltlr declines ; virtue declines ; religion declines ;\
fall
;

To

ci](les of any animal or vegetable substance boiled in it as a weak or a stron, decoction of Peruvian bark. DECOCTTVE, a. That may be easily de;

DECOMPOUND'ING,
a second time.

DECORATE,
1.

v. t.

[L. decora,

to fail

cocted.

DECOCT'URE,
decoction.

n.

A
t.

decor, comeliness, grace. adorn; to beautily

To

to

embellish;

substance drawn by
[L.
decollo.]

DE'COLLATE,
head.

v.

To

be
2.

national credit and prosperity decline, un der a corrupt administration. 7. To sink to diminish to fall in value as, the prices of land and goods decline at the close of a war.
;

Burke.

DE'COLLATED, pp. Beheaded. DECOLLA'TION, n. [L. decollatio,

decollo,

from
the
3.

to

behead

de

and

collum,

neck.]

DECLI'NE,

. t.

To bend downward

to

The

bring down.

act of beheading the act of cutting oft' the neck of an animal, and severing the
;

used of external ornaments or apparel; to decorate an as, to decorate the person editice; to decorate a lawn with flo\:ers. To adorn with internal grace or beauty; to decorate the mind to render lovely as, with virtue. To adorn or beautify with anything agreeable to embellish as, to decorate a hero with honors, or a lady with accomplishments.
;
; ;
;

DEC
DEe'ORATED,
;

DEC
;

DEC
of the lamens of molecules, applied to the faces of the [)riniitive form, by which the secondary forms are sup|)osed to be jiroduced. llaiiy. DECREP'IT, a. [L. decrepitus, from de and
to

Sp. decrecer; Ann. digrisgi. See eiiibellished. Grow.] DECORATING, ppr. Adorning; cmbel To become less to be diminished gradually, in extent, bulk, quantity, or amount, or in rendering heautiful to the eye, or lishiiig lovelv to the mind. strength, <|Midity, or excellence; as, the
pp.

Adorned

beautified

cere;

DECORA'TION,
;

n. Ornament; emlicllisliment any tliinf; added wliirli n^idcrs more agreeable to tlie eye or to tbe intel-

days decrease cember.

in length
I

from June

De-

He
iii.

Broken down with age

must decrease. John
lessen
;

crepo, to break.]

must increase, but

v.
t.

lectual view.
2.

In arcldleclure, any thing wbieh adorns and enriches an edifice, as vases, paint-

DECRE'ASE,

To

to

make

or worn by ; wasted the infirmities of old age being in the last stage of decay weakened by age.
; ;

.Milton.

ings, figures, fiistoons, iStc. 3. In theaters, the .scenes, which are

changed
or em-

as occasion requires.

DECORATOR,
bellishes.

n.

One who adorns

DECOROUS,
;

[L.deconis. Sec Decency.] Decent; suitable to a character, or to the time, place and occasion becoming pro])er befitting as a decorous speccli ilecoa decorous dress for a rous behavior
a.
;
;

DECREPITATION, n. The act of roastppr. Becoming less ; diing with a continual crackling or the wanijig. separation of parts with a crackling noise, occasioned bv heat. [h. decrctum, Crom decerno, to and carter, bark.] de and cerno, to judge, to divide ITNESS, ) "' [See DeerepU.] The To strip off bark; to peel; to busk; to take judge; It. and Sp. decreto.] Fr. dccret ; DECREP'ITI'DE, ^ broken, crazy state ofTtbe exterior coat; as, to decoHicaie bar Judicial decision, or determination of a of the body, produced by decay and the ,/lrbutlinot. jl. ley. as a decree of the court infirmities of age. litigated cause DECOR'TICATED, pp. Stripped of bark of chancery. The decision of a court of See a. [L. decrescens. husked. peeleil equity is called a decree ; that of a court Decrease.] ofi" DEeOR'TICATING, ppr. Stri]>ping of law, a judgment. Decreasing becoming less by gradual dimibark or tlie external coat peeling. 2. In the civil taio, a determination or judgnution as a decrescent moon. DEeOR'I'lCA'TION, n. The act of stripment of the emperor on a suit between a. [See Decree.] Appertainping otf bark or husk. to a decree ; containing a decree ; a.s parties. Encyc. DECO'RUM, n. [L. from deceo, to become. 3. An edict or law made by a council for ing a decretal epistle. Jlyliffe. See Decency.] letter of the pope, deregulating any business within their juris- DECRE'TAL, n. 1. Propriety of speech or behavior; suitablediction as the decrees of ecclesiastical termining some point or question in ecness of speech and behavior, to one's own councils. law. The decretals form the clesiastical Encyc. character, and to tbe characters inesent, 4. In genera!, an order, edict or law made second part of the canon law. Encyc. or to the place and occasion seemhness; by a superior as a rule to govern inferiors. 2. A book of decrees, or edicts a body of There wont a decree from Cesar Augustus, ilccency opposed to rudene-ss, licentious laws. Spenser. that all the world should be taxed. Luke ii. ness, or levity. 3. collection of the pope's decrees. To speak and behave with decorum Is essen 5. Established law, or rule. Howell. He made a decree for the rain. Job xxviii. tial to good breeding. deDECRE'TION, n. [See Decrease.] 2. In architecture, the suitableness of a build- 6. In theology, predetermined purpose of Pearson. LVot used.] creasinff. God the purpose or determination of an ing, and of its parts and ornaments, to its immutable Being, whose plan of opera- DECRE'TIST, n. One who studies or proand uses. place fesses the knowledge of the decretals. DECOY', V. t. [D. kooi, a cabin, birtli, bed, tions is, like himself, unchangeable. adv. In a definitive manDECREE', V. t. To determine judicially fold, cage, decoy kooijcn, to lie, to bed.] Goodman. ner. to resolve by sentence To lead or lure by artifice into a snare, with a.s, the court ile (. Judicial; definitive escreed that the properly should be restored a view to catch to draw into any situatablished by a decree. or they decreed a restoration of the propertion to be taken by a foe to entrap by The decretory rigors of a condemning senty. any means which deceive. The fowler South, tence. decoys ducks into a net. Troops may be 2. To determine or resolve legislatively ; to in which there is fix or ajipoint to set or constitute by 2. Critical determining decoyed into an ambush. One ship decoys some definiti\e event as, critical or dccreedict or in purpose. another within reach of her shot. Brown. Thou shalt decree a thing, and it shall be estory (lays. DECOY', 71. Any thing intended to lead inJob xxii. tablished. DECRENV, v.i. To decrease. [JVotintisc] to a snare any lure or allurement that Let us not be solicitous to know what God DECRI'.VL, 71. deceives and misleads into evil, danger or [See Decry.] A crying down; Anon. has rfecreerf coDcerning us. condemnation by a clamorous censure the powerof an enemy. censure. 2. A place for catching wild fowls. DECREE'D,j5i;). Determined judicially reDECOY'-DUCK, n. A duck employed to solved appointed established in purpose. DECRIED, pp. Cried ilown ; discredited; brought into disrepute. draw others into a net or situation to be DECREE'ING, ppr. Determining ; resolvDECRI'ER, . One who decries. ing appointing ordering. taken. Lured or drawn into a DEC'REMENT, n. [L. decrementxem, from DECROWN', I', t. [de and crown.] To de-

judge.
ner.

DECOROUSLY,

adv. In a

becoming man;

smaller in dimensions, amount, quality or excellence, &c. to diminish gradually or by small deductions as, extravagance decreases the means of charity every l)ayment decreases a debt; intemperance de creases the strength and powers of life. DECREASE, n. A b(!coming less; grad-J ual diminution decay ; as a decrease of] revenui! a decrease of strength. 2. The wane of the moon the gradual diminution of the visible face of tbe moon from the full to the change. DECRE'.VSED, pp. Lessened diminished.
; ;
; ;

DECREP ITATE,
To

Pope.

i-. t. fL. dccrepo,to break or burst, to crackle de and crepo.] roast or calcine in a strong heat, with a continual bursting or crackling of the substance as, to decrepitate salt. DECREPITATE, v. i. To crackle, as salts
; ;

when

DECREP ITATED, pp. crackling noise. DECREP ITATING, ppr.

ing

roasting.

Roasted with a
;

Crackling roasting with a crackling noise suddenly burst;

when exposed

to heat.

JDECREASING,
I

DECORTICATE,

v.

I.

[L. decortico

de

minishing

DECREE',

n.

DECREP

DECRESCENT,
; ;

DECRETAL,

DECRETORILY,

DECRETORY,

DECOY'ED,
ception.

pp.

snare or net

allure<l

into

danger by de

decrcsco.
1.

See Decrease.] Decrease waste the state of becoming

;

prive of a crown.
t.

[Little ttsed.]

DECOY'ING,
net by ger.

ppr. Luring into a snare or deception ; leading into evil or dan

n.

less gradually.

Rocks and mountains

crement.
2.

suffer

a continual de-

Ifoodward.

DECRY', f. To cry.]
mean
poen)'.
2.

[Fr. decrier

Overbury. de and crier, to

;

cry

down;
;

to

censure as faulty,
to
;

or worthless

to

DECOY'-MAN,
DECRE'ASE,
cresco,

A man employed in
[L. decrcsco
;
:

clamor against
as,

de-

coying and catching fowls.

V.
;

I.

de

and

3.
'1.

to

grow

Fr. decroitre

It.

decres-

The quantity lost by gradual diminution, or waste. In heraldry, the wane of tbe moon. In crystcdography, a successive diminution

discredit

by finding

fault

to decry

To
ry
;

cry down, as improper or unnecessato rail or clamor against to bring in:

D E C
to (iisrnpiite
;

D E D
measures of
lines,

DEE
O
2.

as, to deer)) llie

)i.

administration.

OECIIBA'TION,
ol'

lying

down.
?

UEUM'BENCR, DEeUM'BENCY,
The
down.

rays or nerves, which meet in a point and then proceed and diverge. Encyc. [L. decumho.] Tlie act Evelyn. DEDA'LIAN, a. [from Dmdalus, the AtheVarinian, who invented sails or wings.] derumhens, irhm "' [L. ous variegated intricate complex ex</(Ci(mio,toliedown;
; ;
; ;

goddess, say, shall I deduce iny rhyme? From the dire nation in its early times ?

To draw from, in reasoning; to gather a truth, opinion or proposition from premises ; to infer something from what precedes.

Pope.

de and cnmho,\n lie down.] act of Ijing down ; the posture of lying

pert.

DED'ALOUS,

Brown.
a.
;

In botamj, declined or having the stamens and pistils l)cnding down to the lower side us a deciimhent flower. .Mnrlyn. DECUM'BITUIJE, n. The time at wliicli a person takes to his bed in a disease. '.I. In aslrolozy, the scheme or aspect of the

DEUM'IJEXT, bending down

a. Ha[from Daedalus.'] ving a margin with various windings and] turnings; of a beautiful and delicate tex-j ture a term applied to the leaves of plants.\
;

Reasoning
cings

is

unknown

known.
3.

nothing but the faculty of dedutruths from piinciples already Locke.

Alartyn.

DEDEC'ORATE,
disgrace.
used.]

r.

I.

[L.

dedecoro.]

To deduct. [ATot in use.] B. Jonson. 4. To transijlant. [.Wot in use.] Selden. Lee.' Drawn from; inferred; To DEDU'CED, ;)/*. from as a or
conse(iuence
principles

DEDECORA'TION,
DEDENTU'TION,
DED'leATE,
is to
I',

[JVot vsed.] n.
n.

prem-

A
[de

ises.

disgracing. [JVot

DEDU'CEMENT,
;

n.

The
;

thing
that

drawn from
is

heavens, by which the prognostics of covery or death are discovered.

re-

and

dentition.]

DECUPLE,
from
licxa,

[L. decuplus ; G'r. SfxartXoii;, Tenfold ; containing ten ten.]

J!.

a.

times as many.

DE'UPLE,
peated.

Broivn. [L.dedico ; de and dico, dicare, to vow, promise, devote, dedicate. See Class Dg. No. 12. 15. 4.5. The sense
t.

The shedding of teeth.

or deduced inference lected from jjreinises.

which

col-

Dryden.

DEDU'CIBLE,
inferable
;

a.

collectible

That may be deduced; by reason from

premises; consequential.

number

ten times re

send, to throw

hence, to

set, to

ap-

The properties of a triangle are deduciile from the complex idea of three lines including
a space.
Loclte.

point.] DEcU'RION, H. [L. decurio, from i/f cem, Gr. 1. To set apart and consecrate to a divine dixa, ten.] Being, or to a sacred purpose ; to devote An officer in tlie Roman army, who com- to a sacred use, by a solemn act, or by remanded a decuria, or ten soldiers, which ligious ceremonies as, to dedicate vessels,
;

j)art of the tnrma, and a of the legion of cavalry. Encyc. Temple. DECUR'RENT, a. [L. decurrens, from dede and curro, to run.] curro, to run down tijird

was a

thirtieth

ppr. Drawing from; infercollecting from principles or facts already est.iblished or known. DEDU'CIVE, o. Performing the act of deduction. [Little used.] treasures, a temple, an altar, or a church, to God or to a religions use. DEDUCT', V. t. [L. deduco, deductum. See Vessels of silver, of c;oKi, and of brass, whicl Deduce.] David did dedicate to the Lord. 2 Sam To take from to subtract to king or

DEDU'CING,
ring
;

separate

viii.

appropriate solemidy to any person or to give wholly or chiefly to. The ministers of the gospel dedicate themselves, their time and their studies, to the service DEeUR'SION, n. [L. dccursio, from decur- of Christ. A soldier dedicates himself to ro ; de and ciirro, to run.] the ])rofession of arins. The act of running down, as a stream. 3. To inscribe or address to a patron as, to Hale. dedicate a book. DECUR'SIVE, a. Rinming dov.n. DED'leATE, a. Consecrated; devoted: Decursively pinnate, in botany, applied to a Shnk. appropriated. leaf, having the leaflets decurrent or runDEDICATED, pp. Devoted to a divine ning along the petiole. Being, or to a sacred use consecrated DEURT', ii. t. [L. dccuiio.] To shorten by to. appropriated given wholly cutting ofT. [j\'ol in iise.l to a divine ppr. DECURTA'TION, n. [L. dcciirlo, to shor- DED'It'ATIXG, sacredDevoting consecrapurpose Being, or to a ten de anil eurto.] The act of shortenappropriating giving wholly to. ting ing, or cutting short. DEt'URY, n. [L. decniin, from decern, Gr. DEDICA'TION, n. The act of consecra A set often men under an of- ting to a divine Being, or to a sacred use, 6txa, ten.] often with religions solemnities solemn ficer called decurio. to cut or appropriation as the dedication of SoloDE'ClJSSATE, V. t.

E.\tending downwards. A decurrent leaf is a sessile leaf having its base extending downwards along the stem. Martyii.

2.

To

remove,

in

pmpose

cidating. Thus we say, from the sum of two numbers, deduct the lesser number; from the amount of profits, deduct the char-

mmdiering, estimating or cal-

ges of freight.

DEDLCT'ED, pp. Taken from subtracted. DEDUCT'ING, ppr. Taking from; sub;

tracting.

DEDUCTION,
of deducting.
2.

n.

[L.

deductio.]
;

The

act

That
taken

wliicii is
froiri
;

ment
3.

as,

deducted sum or amount another; defalcation; abatethis sum is a deduction from the
is

yearly rent.

That which

drawn from premises;

fact,

To

[L. dccusso, strike across.] or in 2. iiuersect at acute a^ngles, thus to intersect ; to cross ; as lines, 3. general,

opinion, or hypothesis, collected from jninciples or facts stated, or established data ; inference consequence drawn ; conclusion ; as, this opinion is a fair deduction from the |)rinciples you have advanced. DEDUCT'IVE, a. Deducible ; that is or
;

mon's temple.

ray.s,

or nerves in the body.

)

Encyc.
;

DE'CUSSATE,

DECUSSATED,

In botany, decussated leaves and branches, are such as grow in ]iairs which alternately cross each other at right angles, or in a regular manner. Lee. .Marly n. In rhetoric, a decussated period is one that
<,

"'

Crossed

intersected.

act of tievoting or giving to. address to a patron, iirefixcd to a book, testifying respect ami reconniiending the woik to his protection and favor. Pope. DEDICATOR, n. One who dedicates ; one wlio inscribes a book to the favor of a pat-

The

may
All

An

DEDUCTIVELY,
tion
;

be deduced from premises. Glanville. knowlcdse is deductive. adv. By regular deducby conseby way of inference
;

quence.

Broivn.

DEED,

ron.

DEDTCATORV,
tion
;

a.

Composing
rfcrfiYio,

Pope. a dedicato

1.

as an

ejiistle dedicatory.

[Sax. deed; D. daad ; G. that; the participle of Sax. don, ; Goth, tauyan, G. thun,\). doen, to do; a contracted word.] probably That which is done, acted or eflected ; an act; a fact a word of extensive applin.

Dan daad

consists of

rising an<l two falling clauses, placed in alternate ojjposition to each For example, " If impudence other.

two

DEDL'TION,
yield.]

n.

[L.

from dedo,
;

cation, including

whatever

is

done, good

The

act of yielding
a.

anv thing

could elTect as nuich

try,

in

courts of justice,
tlie

surrendry. Hale.

as msolence souietirnes does in

coun-

DED'OLENT,
compunction.

[L. dedolco.]
[J^'ot iwcrf.
] :

Feeling no
2.

Csesina would now yield to the impudence of Ebutius, as he then yielded to

his insolent assault."
J.

or bad, great or small. And Jose])h said to them, what deed is this which ye have done ? Gen. xliv. We receive the due reward of our deeds. Luke XXV.

Q. Adams, Led.
Intersecting
act
at

DEDUCE,

V.

t.

[L. deduco

DE'CUSSATING,
acute angles
at
;

ppr. crossing.
71.

The lead, bring or draw. Sax. teo^an, teon, Eng. to tug, to tow, (i. Ziehen ; hence L. dux, Eng. duke. See Duke.
Class Dg. No.
1.
.5.

de and diico, to L. duco is the

Exploit

achievement illustrious act. Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn.
; ;

Dryden.
.3.

Power of action
\\ illi will

agency.

PEeUSSA'TION,

of crossin unequal angles; the crossing of two

The

12.

1.5.

37.

(i2.

To draw from

G4.]

to

bring from.

Milton. and deed created free. writing containing some contract or agreement, and the evidence of itscxecu-

DEE

DEE
; ;

D E F
;

A\ ith a dark hue, or strong color ; as a as deep tlon; particularly, an instniincnt on paper 10. \'ery still ; solenni profound silence. or parclinicnt, conveying real (estate lo a deeply red liquor deeply colored. This instrument 11. Thick; black; not to be penetrated by (I. (iravely ; as a deeply tuned instrument. punlias(M- or donee. 7. With profound skill tlie sight. with art or intricainnst lie executed, anil the execution attesNow deeper darkness brooded on the ground. cy ; as a deeply laid plot or intrigue. ted, in the manner prescribed by law. Hoole. This word cannot These words in reality. Indeed, in fact easily be defined in all its various applications. In general it gives But 12. Still sound not easily broken or disare united and called an adverb. turbed. sometimes they are separated by very, in emphasis or intensity to the word which The Lord God caused a deep slee|) lo fall on it qualities. rety deed ; a more eniphatical ex|>ression. Adam. Gen. ii. Ex. ix. DEE'P-iAlOLTIIED, a. Having a hoarse, sunk low, metaphorically loud, hollow voice; as a deep-moullied(\o^. DEED, ji. /. To convey or transfer by deed 13.asDejiressed deep jioverty. a popular use of the word in America ; as, Shak. as a 14. Dark intense strongly colored he deeded all his estate to his eldest son. DEE'P-MLSlNG,fl. Contemplative; thinkhroNvn a deep crimson ; a deep blue. ing closely or profoundly. DEED-ACIIIE'VING, a. That accom- deep Pope.
: ; ;
;

A people of deeper speech than thou canst a. Inactive; not performing Is. xxxiii. perceive. or having performed deeds or exploits. 16. Heart-felt; )]enetrating; affecting; as a Pope. guilt. DEED-POLL, n. A deed not indented, tliat 17.deep sense ofnot Intricate easily understood or unis, shaved or even, made by one party raveled as a deep plot or intrigue. Blarksione. only. This word often qualifies a verb, like an adDEEM, V. t. [Sax. deman ; D. doemctt ; verb. 8\v. doiiui; Dun. dfiminer ; whence doom. Drink deep, or taste not the Pieiian sjiring. Knss. dumiiyn, to think, reflect, reckon, J'ope. believe ; dnma, a tliought or idea, a DEEP, n. The sea; the abyss of waters; privy couiu'il dumnoi, a privy counselor. the ocean. See "Class Dm. No. 5. 36. 39. and Class He maketfi the deep to boil like a pot. Job

plishes great deeds.

15.

Lnknown

unintelligible.

DEE'PNESS,
And

Ji.

Depth

;"

remoteness from
; ;

DEE'DI.ESS,

the surfa('C in a descending line interior distance iVoni the surface profundity.
forthwith llioy sprung up, because they had no deepness o\' ir.irlh. ^IaU. xiii.
2.

DKE'P-READ,

Craft; insidiousness. [Unusual.] a. Having fully read; pro-

foundly versed.

DEEP-K EVOLVING, a.
ving or meditating.

VEslrange.
Profoundly revolShak.
throats.

DEE'P-THKOATED,

a.

With deep

DEEP-TONED,
grave tone.
vault or arch.

a.

Having
.

Milton. a very low or

like

Sm. No.

,5.]
;

\li.

\.

be of opinion to conclude on consideration; as, he deems it

think
to

To

judge

to

2.

a great collection of water. Lanch out into the deep, and let down your
lake
;

DEEP-VAULTED,

Formed

a deep
Milton.

prndi'iit to

be

silent.
I

nets.
less tlian god.

Luke

v.

DEE

For never can

deem him
tliat

3.

The
2.

shipnicn

deemed
[Obs.]
'

DrydcH. they drew near (o

4.

some country.

Acts xxvii.

That which is profound, not easily fathomed, or incomprehensible. Thy judgments are a great deep. Ps. \\\vi. The most still or solemn part; the inirlst;
as, in rfff/)

waist, as a ship when the ciuarter deck and forecastle are raised from four to si.\ feet above the level of the main deck.

P-\\A1^^TED, o. Having a deep

Mar.

Diet.

To

estimate.
ri.

DEEM,
[Obs.]
.sed.

Opinion;
;);).

judgment;
;

Spenser. surmise. Shak.

of

nii;ht.
a.

Slink.

Pliilips.

DEER,
dier
lish
;

DEE'P-DRAWING,
the water.

Sinkhig deep into

Sliak.

DEE'WED,
lieving.

Thought; judged

suppo-

DEE' PEN,
;

DEE'BUNG,

ppr. Thinking; judging; be

n.
2.

To make deep or V. I. dee'pn. deeper to sink low er as, to deepen the chamie! ofa river or harbor; lo deepen a
;

well.
in the Isle

DEE'.'MSTER,

[deem and slcr. See Steer. of Man and in .lersey. Johnson. DEEP, a. [Sax. deop, di/pa; D. diep ; G. tie/; Sw. divp ; Dan. di/b. It seems to be allied to dip and dive, whose radical sense is to thrust or plunge. Qu. W. dwvyn.] 1. Extending or being far below the smface

A judge

3.

To innke dark or darker; to make more <ir gloomy; as, to deipen the shades of night; to rfce^cK gloom. To give a darker hue, or a stronger color; as, to deepen a color; to deepen a red, blue
thick

and plu. [Sax. deor ; D. Sw. diur ; Dan. dyr ; Po; Gr. Sr;p, a wild beast. The luimary sense is simply roving, wilil, untamed hence, a wild beast.] quadruped of the gemts Cervus, of several species, as tlie stiig, the fidlow deer, the roe-buck, the raue or rane-deer, &c. The.se animals are wild and hunted in the forest, or kept in parks. Their flesh called venison, is deemed exc client food.
JI.

sing,
;

G.

thier

zwiers

or crimson color.
\

DEER-STEALING,
of stealing deer.

DEE'R-STEALER,i. One who steals deer. n. The act or crime

11.

4.

To make more
as, to

poignant or distressing; deepen grit'f or sorrow.

frightful;
as,

DE'ESS,
in use.]

[Fr. deesse.]
V.I.

goddess.[

Mit

descending

far

downward; profound;

po.scd to sltidlow ; as deep pit or well. 2. Low in situation being or

; ;

opwater; a deep

.5.

To make more

to deepen
as, to deep-

Croft.

Ci.

3.

descending far below the adjacent land as a deep valley. Entering far; piercing a great way. A' tree in a good soil takes deep root. A
spear struck deep into the flesii. Far from the outer part secreted.
;

the horrors of the scene. To make more sad or gloomy en the nnuinurs of the flood.

DEFA'CE,
1.

[Arm. dlfacza ; de andL. facio; Fr. defaire, to undo or unmake.]

7.

grave tones of an organ.

ji.

To make more
?.

as, to

deepen
;

tlie

To destroy or mar the face orsurface ofa thing; to injure the superficies or beauty ; to disfigure a, to deface a monument ; to
;

DEE'PEN,
the
lead.

To become more deep

at

as,
2.

water deepens

every cast of the

4.

A
5.

spider deep

ambushed

in

her den.

Dry den.

DEE'PENED, pp. Made more deep. DEE'PENING, ;);)r. SiiJ^^ing lower; making more deep.
.3.

Not
cret.

superficial or obvious

hidden

se-

deface an edifice. To injure any thing; to destroy, spoil or mar to erase or obliterate ; as, to deface letters or writing ; to deface a note, deed or boinl ; to difice a record. To injure the appearance ; to disfigure.
;

DEE'PLY,
discovereth deep things out of darkness.

He
Job
6.

adv. At or below the surfaoe as

;

to a great depth far a passion deeply root;

DEF.V'CED,
disfigured
;

pp.

Injured on the surface

;

niarreil

erased.
obliteration
disfigures.
;

xii.

ed in our nature

Remote from comprehension.

precepts deeply engra-

DEFA'CEMENT,
or beauty
;

n. Injury to the surface

; ;

ven on
ed

tiie

heart.
;

rasure

that

O
xcii.

Lord,

tliy

thoughts are very deep.

;

Ps. 2. Profoiuidly
in ethics
3.

7.

Sagacious penetrating having the pow-, er to enter far into a subject as a man of deep thought a deep divine. 8. Artfid; contriving; concealing artifice; as a friend, deep, insidious designing hollow, treacherous. 9. Grave in sound; low; as the rfeep tones
; ;
; ;

To or heart with great sorrow

;

thoroughly; as rfecp^/ skillor anatomy. from the imnost recesses of the

;

which mars beauty or

most

feelingly.

DEFA'CER, n. Heor that which defaces one who injures, mars or disfigures. DEFA'CING, ppr. Injuring the face or surface
;

He He
4.

sighed deepli/ in his spirit. Mark viii. was deeply aliected at the sight, .inon.
;

To a great degree fended.

They
IIos. ix. l)ave

deeply

of an organ.

disfiguring erasing. De facto. [L.] actually in fact existing ; as a king de facto, distinguished from a as, he has deeply ofking rfe jure, or by riffht. n. [Fr. See FaU.] Failcorrupted themselves. DEFA'ILANCE, ure; miscarriage. Obs. Taylor.
;
: ; ;

marring

D E F
DEFAL'CATE,
sickle.]

D E F
self or attorney, is usually called

D E F
a non-

fatcare ; li-oin L. defidco; de

[Fr. defalquer ; lt.de Sp. desfalcar ; Port, desfalcar ;

v.
I.

DEFE'AT,
as an

and fako, Ivomfalx, a To

;

appearance. suffer a default,

ing
;

is

to permit an action to

be called without ajijiearing or answerapplied to a defendant.

To overcome or vanquish, army ; to check, disperse or ruin by victory ; to overthrow ; applied to an army, or a division of troops ; to a feet, or to
J',

t.

To

cut ofl'; to take away or deduct a part used chiefly of money, accounts, rents income, &c. DEFALA'TIOi\, n. The act of cutting deduction dim off, or deducting a part
;

DEFAULT, V.
tract or

i. To fail in performing a conJohnson agreement. DEFAULT', V. t. In law, to call out a de-

inution
'I.

ahatenieni
is

as, let

him

Iiavc the

amoiuit of liis rent witljout defidcaiion.

Tiiat wliirli
defalcation
V.
l.

cut

off; as, this loss is a

a commander. The English army defeated the French on the plains of Abraham. Gen. Wolf rfcfaded Montcalm. The French defeated the Austrians at Marengo. to the common exfendant, [according To call a defendant officially 2. To frustrate ; to prevent the success of; pression.] to disappoint. to a])pear and answer in court, and on his Then mayest thou for me defeat the counsel to answer, to declare him in d
I

failing

from the revenue.

DEFALK,
utteriiig to injure

To

defalcate.

[JVot in tise.]
lip.

Hall

fault, and enter judgment against him; as, let the defendant be defaidted. No costs are to be aw arded for such town, if
'i.

of Aliithophei. 2 Sam. xv. and xvii.

We

say, our dearest

hopes are often

;

de-

feated.

DEFAAIA TION,

n. [See Defame.] of slanderous words with a view

;

The

another's reputation the njalicious uttering of falsehood respecting an other wliicli tends to destroy or imi)air his good name, character or occupation slan
:

3.

dcr

calumny.

To

constitute defamation

To DEFAULT, DEFAULT'ED, pp.

J',

Mass. Laws which the defendant docs not ap]iear, and enter judgment the cause was defaulted. on the dcfaidt as, Milton To fail in performance.
defaulted. To call out a cause, in
;

j3.
I

j4.
I

render null and void title or an estate. To resist with success

;

To

as, to defeat

as, to defeat

an

attempt or assault. IDEFE'ATED, pp. Vanquished

resisted
;

t.

otiend.

Obs.
a^

overthrown

frustrated

eftectuaUy disap; ;

words must be false and spo ken maliciously. Defamatory words written and pubhshed are called a Hhel.
in law, the

Called out of court, a delendant or his cause.

2. a.

DEFAULT'ER, n. One who makes

one
2.

Having

defect.
to

Blackslone

who

fails

default a])pear in court when

rendered null or inoperative. DEFE'ATING, ppr. Vanquishing subduing; opposing successfully; overthrowing frustrating ; disappointing ; renderpointed
;
;

ing null and void.

DEFAM'ATORY,
jurious

called.

Calumnious; slanderous; containing defamation false and ina.

;

DEFE'x\TURE,
fails to

n.

Change of feature.
ShalK.

One who

words

as to reputation defamatorij defamatory reports or writings.

:

])articularly,

one

who

perform a public duty fails to account for

;

2.

Overthrow
/o-r, dregs.]

defeat.
v.
t.

Obs.
[L.

DEFA'ME,
1.

V.

t.
;

[Fr. diffamer

It.
;

Sp. disfamar

from L. dfffamo
falsely

diffamare de or dis
;

DEFAULTING,
;

andfama, fame.]

To

slander;

and maliciously

2.

to
3.

utter words respecting another which tend to injure his reputation or occupation ; as
to say, a judge jured a trader
;

public money entrusted to his care a delimiuent. to fulfil a con/);)/. Failing tract delinquent. Failing to ])erform a <luty or legal requireJl'alsh. ment as a defaulting creditor.
; ;

DEF ECATE,
L To
2.

defwco

de

Beaum. and

purify

or impurities
liquor.

to refine ; to clear from dregs to clarify ; as, to defecate ;

;

is
is

corrupt a knave.
;
:

man
by
;

is

per-

2.

S|>eak evil of; to dishonor to liliel ports to cahuuniate rcjiulation by acts or words.
;

To

fal.se re-

to

impair
iv.

Bciiis;

defamed,

we

entreat.
;

Cor.

DEFA'MED,
injiu'ed

pp. Slandered
n.

dishonored or

hv

evil reports.

DEFA'MER,
DEFA'MING, DEFA'MJNG,
[jYot

slanderer; a detractor;

a cahmuiiator.
ppr.
71."

Slandering
;

injuring

the character bv false reports.

Defamation
a.

slander.
Jei'emiali.

DEFAT'IGABLE,
much
used.]

Liable to he wearied.
Glanville.

Calling out of court, and entering ju<lgfor non-appearance, as a defendant. DEFE'ASANCE, n. s as z. [Norm, defesemce ; Fr. defesunt, from defaire, to inido de andfaire, L.facio.] a rendering null; 1. Literally, a defeating the ])reventing of the operation of an instrument. In law, a condition, relating to a deed, which being performed, the deed is deor a collateral feated or rendered void deed, made at the same time with a feoffment or other conveyance, containing conditions, on the performance of which the estate then created may be defeated. A defeasance, on a bond, or a recognizance, or a judgment recovered, is a con-

To purify from admi.xture purge of extraneous matter.

Pinified
;

to clear; to
clarified
;

ment against

DEF'ECATED,;?/;.
fined.

re-

DEF'EeATING, DEFECA'TION,
DEFECT',/!.
defecto
1.
;

ppr.
!.

Purifying

purging

of lees or impurities.

The

act of separating

from lees or dregs

; purification Iroin impurities or foreign matter.

[L^ defectus;
defieio,

It.

difetto; Sp.
;

from L.

to fail

de

and

fteio, to

make

or do.]
; ;

or absence of something necessary or useful towards perfection fault imperfection.

Errors have been corrected, and defects supplied.

Want

Sanies.

We

say, there are

numerous

defects in

the
2.

])lan,

or in the work, or in the execufault

;

DEFAT'IGATE,

DEFATIGA'TK)?^^
used.]

v.t. [L. difntigo ; de and See Fatigue.] To weary faligo, to tire. Herhi rt. or tire. [Little used.] n. Weariness. \Litik

DEFAULT',
definUii; to
1.

Bacon n. [Fr. defaut, for default, from fail; de and faillir, to fail. See
be done

Fail and Fault.] A failing, or failure; an omission of that

vifhich

neglect to do what duty or law requires; as, this evil has liajjpened through the governor's deA d fault or fault, may be a crime, fault. a vice, or a mere defect, according to the nature of the duty omitted. 2. Defect want failure.

ought

to

A defeasance differs from the conunon condition of a bond, in being a separate deed, whereas a conunon condition is inBlackstone. serted in the bond itself 3. The writing containing a defeasance Obs. 4. Defeat. Spenser. DEFE'ASIBLE, a. s as t. That may be deas a defeasible title feated, or annulled a defeasible estate. DEFE'ASIBLENESS, n. The quality of
;

dition which,

when performed,

defeats

it.

tion.

Failing

njisiake
in

imperfection in
lives

moral conduct, or

deep conviction of the defects of our tends to make us humble.

;

judgment.

Trust not yourself but, your defects to know. Make use of every^ friend and every foe.

Pope.
.3.

Any want, or imjierfection, in natural objects ; the absence of any thing necessary to perfection anything unnatural or mis;

being defeasible.

DEFE'AT,
1.

71.

[Fr. difaite,

from

undo; de and/(nVc.] Overthrow; loss of

battle;

deformity. placed blemish speak of a defect in the organs of seeing or heara defect in timber a deing, or in a limb fect in au instrument, &c. the check DEFECT', V. i. To be deficient. [J^ot in
; ;

We

defaire,

t<

Cooks
.

f oulil

muke

aitificial birds, in

defavlt

of]

real ones.

.irhuthnot.] 2.

In law, a failure of a]>pearance in coiu't at a day assigned, particularly of the defend-j .3. ant in a suit when called to make answer.!; It may be applied to jurors, witiiessi>s,&c. 4. but a plaintiff's failing to appear by hira-jl
;j.

rout, or destruction of an army by the victory of an enemy Successful resistance as t]>e defeat of an attack. nd void Frustration a rendering nu as ibi difeat of a title. as Frustration; prevention of success the defeat of a plan or design.
; ;
;

use.]

Brown.
??.

jDEFECTIBIL'ITY,
fection.

[Little vsed.]
a.

DEFECT'IBLE,
wantins.
1.

Deficiency; imperDigby. Hale. deficient Imperfect

DEFECTION,
Want
falling
iir

[Little used.] n. [L. defectio.

;

Hale.

See

Defect.]

failure
;

away

of duty particularly, a apostasy the act of aban;

DE F
Zoning a person or cause to which one is iioiiml by allcfriancK or duty, or to wliicli one has attached himself. Our defection The I'roin God is proof of our depravity.
Ivin;^ was rendered desperate by tlie defection of the nobles. Revolt used ofnationn or slates. J)EFECT'IVE,a. [L. drfertivus. ^ee Defect.]

D E F
2.

D E F
VN

cause of the
;

2.

own

an assailant, or against the approach ol evil or danger. In/((H', the party that opposes a complaint, demand or charge he that is summoned into court, ami defend'!, denies or opposes the demand or charge, and inaiiUains hi
;

ars preventive,

upon just

fears, are tiue de-

femives.

Bacon.

To

be on the defensive, or to stand on the defensive, is to be or stand in a stale or pos-

1.

VVantiufr either in substance, quantity or quality, or in any thing necessary; iinpcr tect ; as a difective limb ; defective timlier

whom a demand is made in er the |)arty denies and defends, or admits the claim and sutlers a default.
court, wheth-

right.

It

is

applied to any party of

DEFENS'IVELY.arfr.

ture of defense or resistance, in opposition to aggression or attack. In a defensive manner; on the defensive; in defense.
v.
t.

DEFER',
to bear.]
1.

[L. differo

dis,

from, and/ero,

a defective ac a defective copy or book count. />_/t'((tiie articulation, in speaking, renders utterance indistinct.
;

2.

Wanting moral qualities faulty; blani not conforming to rectitude or rule able
in
;

ns a defective character.
3.

In grammar, a difective noun is one which wants a whole number or a jjarticular

case
4.

an indeclinable noun. defective verb, is one which wants some

;

pp. Opposed; denied; pro maintained by resistance vindi cated preserved uninjured secured. DEFEND' ER, n. One who defends by op one who maintains, supports, position protects or vindicates; an assertor a vin dicator, either by arms or by arguments; a champion or an advocate. DEFEND'ING, ppr. Denying; opi)osing resisting; forbidding; maintaining imin jured by force or by reason securing from
liibited
; ;

DEFEND'ED,

To

delay

future time a design.

to put off; to postpone to a ; as, to defer the execution of

it.

When thou vowest a vow, defer not to pay Ecclcs. V.

Hope
xiii.

deferred maketh the heart sick.

Prov.

of tlie tenses.

evil.

DEFEC'J"'IVELY,
ner
;

adv. In a defective
n.

man- DEFENS'ATIVE,

imperfectly.

DEFEeX'IVENESS,
of being imperfect
;

Want;

the state

Guard defense bandage, i)la.ter, or the like, to secure a vvounil from external injury. Jnhn.ion.
n.
; ;

refer; to leave to another's judgment JBocon. [In this sense, refer is now used.] DEFER', t). i. To yield to another's opinion ; to submit in opinion ; as, he defers to a the opinion of his father.
2.
;

To

and determination.

DEF'ERENCE,
siibuiission

n.

DEFECtUOS'ITY,
iness.

faultiness. n. Defectiveness; fault-

DEFENSE,

of judgment

yielding in opiniou; to the opinion or

;

DEFECT' UOUS,
ttsed.]

[J^ot used.]
a.

Montacru
Full of defects.
[Little

DEFED.'V'TION,
uae.\

n.

IVorthington. Pollution. [Xot in

Bentlcij.

[L. defensio.] Any judgment of another. Hence, regard often decline acting in opthing that opposes attack, violence, danresjjeet. ger or injury ; any thing that secures the position to those for whose wisdom we the possessions of have a great deference. person, the rights or men fortification guard protection ; se- 2. Complaisance ; condescension. Locke.
n. defens'.

We

curity.

garrison,

is

DEFEND',
ftndo
;

fender

W.

to op])ose, to prohibit. The primary sense is to strike, thrust or cirive oil"; to repel.] J. To drive from ; to thrust back hence, to
;

v. t. [L. defendo ; Fr. defendre ; It. difendere ; Port. id. : Arm. difenn or divenn ; Norm, fendu, struck defender, ; difi/n
;
;

de and

obs. Sp. de-

The Ahnighty
2.
;

wall, a parapet, a ditch, or a 3. Submission. Addison. the defense of a city or fortress a. Bearing; carrying; con' is the Bacon. defense of the right veying. [Little n.ied.]

DEF'ERENT,
conveys.

eous. Ps. lix. Vindication justification; apology; that which repels or dis[)roves a charge or accusation. Men, bre'Jiren, fathers, hear ye my defen.te. Acts xxii.

DEF'ERENT,
imaginary
.systeiri,

;i.

That whicli

carries or

The
is

deferent of a planet, is an circle or orb in the Ptolemaic

to carry

supposed body of the planet.

that

about the
Bailey.

2.

vessel in the

human body
a.

for the con-

to repel a demand, charge, or accu- 3. In laid, the defendant's reply to the plainsation ; to oppose : to resist the efiect of tifl's declaration, demands or charges. 4. Prohibition. Obs. which is to maintain one's own claims. Temple. 2. To forbid; to prohibit that is, to drive 5. Resistance Shak opposition. from, or back. Milton calls the foibidden G. The science of defending against enemies ;

deny

veyance of fluids.

Chambers.

DEFEREN'TIAL, Expressing deference. DEFER'MENT, n. Delay. Suckling. DEFER'RER, n. One who delays or puts
ofl'.

B. Jonson.
:

the defended truit. use of wine in some places is defended Temple. by customs or laws. [This application is nearly obsolete.] 3. To drive back a foe or danger; to repel from any thing that which assails or annoys to protect by opposition or resistance; to support or maintain; to prevent from being injure<l, or destroyed.
fruit,

military
7.

skill.
,

The

In fnrliftcntion
other.
V.
t.

a work that flanks an

l)EFER'RING,;);)r. Delaying

DEFI'.VNCE,
sense.

n.

[French,

in

postponing. a diflerent
;

DEFENSE,
tification.

defens'.

To

defend by

for- 1.

Obs.
Fortified.
a.

Fairfax.
defens'less.

DEFEN8'ED,;>/).

DEFENSELESS,
it

Bein;

4.

There arose, to defend Israel, Tola the son of Puah. Judges x. To vindicate; to assert; to uphold; to maintain uninjured, by force or by arguto defend as, to defend our cause and privileges to defend reputation. secure against attacks or evil; to forto set obtify against danger or violence stacles to the approach of any thing that
;
;

without defense, or without means of re 2. pelling assault or injury applied to a town, denotes unfortified or ungarrisoned charge ; an invitation cause or j)oint. open to an enemy ; applied to a person, it
;

a challenge to fight invitation a call to an adversary to enGoliath bid defiance counter, if he dare. to the army of Israel. A challenge to meet in any contest; a call upon one to make good any assertion or
;

A daring

See Defy.]
;

to

combat

to

maintain

any

denotes naked
;

unarmed

unprotected

3.

ment

nrqirepared to resist attack; weak; ima ble to o))pose uncovered unsheltered.

;

DEFENSELESSNESS,
The
state

n.

drfejis'lessness.

Contempt of opposition ordanger; a daring or resistance tliat implies the contempt of an adversary, or of any opposing power. Men often transgress the law and act
in defiance

rights

5.

To

of being unguarded or unpro

a.

of authority.
a.

tected.

DEFI'ATORY,
That may be defended
;

Bidding or bearing
,

defi-

DEFENS'IBLE,
;

ance.

can annoy.
a grove.

garden may be defendedlyy camp may be defended by a

wall, a hill or a river.

DEFEND',
the party
says.

V. i.

To make

comes

as, opposition into court, defends and

;

as a defensible city. 2. That may be vindicated, maintained or as a defensible cause. justified DEFENS'IVE, n. [Fr. defensif] That serves
to defend; proper
sive

DEFI"CIEVCY, \ " [L. deficiens, DEFI"CIENCE, \ ficio, to fail

1.

Shelford. fi'om de;

de and
;

for defense; as defen

2.

facio, to do.] a falling short ; imperfection failing as a deficiency in moral duties.

DEFEND'ABLE, a. That may be defended. DEFEND'ANT,a. [French participle of rfffendre.]

2.

armor, which repels attacks or blows, opposed to offensive arms, which are used
I

2.

Defensive

proper for defense.

Shak.
in the

defect; something less thr\n is necessary as a deficiency of means a defiin attack. ciency of revenue; adeficiency of blood. Carried on in resisting attack or aggres- DEFP'CIENT, 0. Wanting; defective imas defensive war, in distinction from sion perfect ; not sufficient or adequate as de; ;

Want;

Making defense
of a defendant.
n.

being

DEFEND' ANT,
Vol.
I.

He

war, which is aggressive. In a state or posture to defend. Milton. JtTteaton's Rep. DEFENS'IVE, n. Safeguard; Uiat which that defends against defends.
nffen.nre

ficient estate
2.

character

.3.

Wanting
supply
in the
;

not having a as, the country

;

deficient strength. full or

adequate

means of carrying on war.

may

be deficient

57

D E
Deficient

F*

D E F
in

D E F
English
;

ble of having its signification rendered cer tain, or exjjressed with certainty or pre cision as definable words. 3. That may be fixed, determined or ascer tained ; as, the time or period is not dejina n. Want; deficiency; asixdefDEF'ICIT, Ue. cit in the taxes or revenue. DEFI'ER, n. [See Defi/.] challenger; DEFI'NE, V. t. [L. defmio ; de and fnio, to one who dares to combat or encounter; end, to limit, from jf/ii.?, end ; Fr. defini

numbers, in arithmetic, are those] numbers, wliose parts, added together, inake less than the integer, whose ])arts Johnson. they are.

le,

la, les, in

French

il,

la, to,

in Italian.

Thus
;

tree is

counnon noun

an appellative or

the tvee,this tree, thai tree,

designate a particular tree, determinate or

known. Homo signifies man; /c homo, ille homo, a But in ])articular man, &c. some languages, the definitives have lost
their original use, in a great degree; as in the Greek and French. Thus " La force de la vertu," iiuist be rendered in English, the force of virtue, not the force of the virtue. The first la is a definitive the last has no definitive eliect. adv. Determinately ;
;

one who acts in conone who braves tempt of opposition, law or authority as
; ;

Sp. definir
1.

It. dejinire.]

To

a defer of the laws.

it;

DEFIGURA'TION,
in use.]

n.

determine or describe the end or limas, to define the e.xtent of a kingdom or

disfiguring.

DEFIG'URE,
use.]

V.

f.

To

delineate.

Hall. 2. To determine with precision ; to ascer tain; as, to define the limits of a kingdom. [JVol in Jf'eever. 3. To mark the limit ; to circumscribe ; to
4.

[.Vol

country.

DEFINITIVELY,
positively
;

expressly.

DEFI'LE,

r. t. [Sax. afi/lan, befylan, gefijhin, See Foul. afidan, from fid, fula, foul. The Syr. ""^.Sli is almost precisely the

1.

2.

3.

English word. Cast. 1553.] To make unclean; to render foul or dirty in a general sense. To make impure to render turbid as the water or liquor is defded. To soil or sully to tarnish as reputation
; ;
;

2. F^inally; conclusively; unconditionally; bound. To determine or ascertain the extent of as, the points between the parties are dethe meaning of a word to ascertain the finitively settled. to e.xjilain what a DEFIN'ITIVENESS, n. Determinateness signification of a term decisiveness conchusiveness. word is imderstood to express; ag, to deto fasten. fine the words, virtue, eourage, belief, or DEFIX', v. t. [L. dejigo.] To fix
; ; ;
;

5.

&c.

He
hands.

is

among
sli;ill

however

the greatest prelates of the age his character may be dejiicd by dirty
Sitift.

To describe ; to ascertain or explain the distinctive iiroperties or circumstances of a thing ; as, to define a line or an angle. DEFI'NE, V. i. To determine ; to decide
[JVol used.]

charily.

[.\~ut

used.]
n.

Herbert.

DEFLAGRABIL'ITY,
Combustibility;

[See Deflagrate.]
fire
;

the quality of taking

and burning away, as a metallic wire

a chimical term.
a.
;

Boyle.

They
xxviii.
4.

defile

thy

brightness.

Ezek

To pollute clean. To
late

to

make ceremonially unitself,

3.

That which dieth of

5.

he

shall not eat, to

defile liimself therewith.

;

Lev.
to

xxii.
;

debauch to viocorrupt chastity to tarnish the purity of character by

;

lewdness. Schechem
6.

To

taint,

defiled Dinah. Gen. xxxiv. in a moral sense ; to corrupt

to vitiate ; to render impure with sin. Defile not yourselves with the idols of Egypt Ezek. XX. He hath defiled the sanctuary of the Lord

pp. Determined extent ascertained having the significa tion determined. the precise limit marked, or hav Having ing a determinate limit as, the shadow of a body is well defined. DEFI'NER, n. He who defines; he who ascertains or marks the linjits be who de termines or explains the signification of a word, or describes the distinctive proper ties of a thing. DEFI'NING, ppr. Determining the limits; ascertaining the extent explaining the meaning describing the properties. DEF'INITE, a. [L. defi.nilus.] Having cer

DEFI'NED,

Bacon having the

DEFLA'GRABLE, Combustible having the quality of taking fire and burning, as alcohol, oils, &c. Boyle.

DEFLAGRATE, v.
To
fiagro, to burn.] set fire to ; to

I.

[L. deflagro
;

de and
;

burn

to

consume

as, to

DEFLAGRA'TION,
ting bustion.
fire to

deflagrate oil or spirit. n.

A
;

kindling or set-

a substance
spirit is

burning

com-

The
.

strength of

proved by deflagra-

Numb.

xix.
i.

DEFI'LE, V.
ofi".

[Fr. dejiler

de &m\file, a
;

row
2.

or line, from h.fhim, a thread.] To march oft" in a line, or file by file

to file

Roscoe
.
line.]

DEFI'LE,
thread, a

[Fr.

defiU,

from fl,

Jile,

a
3.

narrow passage or way,

may march
row
front
;

im-n aside; to turn or bend from a right line or regidar course. DEF'INITENESS, n. Certainty of extent BEFILED, pp. Made dirty, or foul; pol- certainty of signification deterniinateDEFLECT'ED,});?. Turned aside, or from violated viluted ; soiled ; corrupted ness. a direct line or course. In botany, bending

in which troops only in a file, or with a luira long narrow pass, as be-

4.

bounded with ])recision de as a definite extent of land dimensions dtfinile measure. Having certain limits in signification de as a definite terminate certain precise word, term or expression. Fixed; determinale exact; precise; as a definite time or period. limiting determining the exDefining as a definite word. tent
tain limits;
;

tion Encyc. A rapid condiustion of a mixture, attended with much evolution of flame and as of niter and charcoal. vapor, Cyc. This term is also applied to the rapid condjustion of metals by galvanism.

terminate

DEF'LAGRATOR,
ment
for
larly the ces.

n.

galvanic instru-

definite

producing combustion, ])articucombustion of metallic suhslanHare.

I',

DEFLECT',

i.

[L. deficcto
;

de

and fleclo,

to turn or bend.]

To tmn from or aside to deviate from a true course or right line to swerve.
;

The needle defitcts from

the meridian.

Brown.

tween

hills, &.C.

DEF'INITE,)!. Thing

defined.

A/Uffe.

DEFLECT',

1'.

t.

To

tiated.

DEFILEMENT,
uncleanness.
2.

n.

The
;

state of being defiled

act of defiling, or foulness; dirtiness;

DEFINI"TION,
1.

n.

[L.

d'finitio.

See

downward
ing from a

archwise.
;

Corruption of morals, princi])les or character; impurity jiolhilion by sin.

:

The chaste cannot rake into sucli out danger of defilement. DEFI'LER, n. One who defiles;
corrupts
pure.
2.
<ir

filth

with-

Add, son. one who

violates; that
p;jr.

DEFI'LING,
Marching
in

Polluting;

which pollutes making im-

file,

or with a narrow front.

turnor regular course. n. Deviation the act of aside a turning from a true fine the explication of the essence of 2. In logic, tmning or the regular course. a thing by its kind and ditference. 3. In lericography, an explanation of the sig- 2. The dejiarture of a ship from its true nification of a word or term, or of what a course. word is understood to exjiress. 3. A deviation of the rays of light towards the surface of au opake body inflection. DEFIN'ITIVE, a. [L. definilivus.] Limit determinate Hooke. positive ing the extent a express; as a definitive term. DEFLEX'URE, >i. A
Define.] A brief description of a thing by its properties; as a definition of wit or of a circle.
ritrht line

DEFLECT'ING, yjy7r. Tm-ning aside

; ;

DEFLECTION,

bending down;

DEFI'NABLE, a. [See Define.] Literally, that may be limited, or have its 'limits asHence, capable of having its extent ascertained with precision cap; of being fixed and determined. The excertained.
;

2.

2.

tent of tire Rus.sian cm]>ire is hardly dejin able. The limits are hardly defimible. That may be defined or described ; capa-

deviation. Limiting; ending; determining; ojijiosed to condilionfil, provisional, or ivter- DEF'LOR ATE, a. [ L. dfioralus, from deflorutoru ; as a drfinitive sentence vr decree. See loro, todefiour; de and fioreo, fios. DEFIN'ITIVE, n. In gTaramd/-, an adjer Flower.] live used to define or limit the extent of In lioluny, haviiig cast its farin, pollen, or of an appellative or com the signification fecundating du.<t. JUartyn. mon noun. Sui-h are the Greek o, ;, to DEFLORA'TION, n. [Fr. Sec Defiour.] the Latin hie, Hie, ipse ; t!u, this and tluil. I. The act of deflouring; the act of depri-

final

turning aside

D E F
\ing of the flower or prime beauties par tii-iiliirly, the act of taliingaway a woman's
;

D E F
possession the rightfidownerof an estate he against wliom a fictitious action is brought in line and recovery. Blackstone. whicli DEFO'KCING, ppr. Keeping out of lawful
;

1)

E F

virginity.
2.

A
is

scleotion of the flower, or of tliat most valuable. Tile laws of Normnndy are, in a e;reat
tlie

'i.

jtossession,
njeas-

withhold wrongfiilly from another what is due to him. Difraud not the hireling oy his wages. To prevent one wrongfully from obtaining what he may justly claim.

To

DEFORM',
1.

urc,

defloratinn of the English laws.

Hole.

DEFLOUR',
1.

v.t.

[L. defloro; de

and

floreo,

or Jlos, a flower; Fr. deflorer; It. dejlorare, or dffiorart ; Sp. dcs/lorar. See Flower.] To deprive a woman of her virginity, When by either by force or with consent. force, it may be equivalent to ravish or
violate.

t'. t. [L. dformo ; de and /orma, form; Sp. rfrs/ormnr; h. dcformare.] To mar or injure the form; to alter that form or disposition of parts which is nat-

A man
sume

of fortune who permits his son to conthe season of education in hunting, shoot-

ing, or in

ural

and esteeme<l
it
;

render

3.

3.

To

take

away

the prime beauty and grace

of his soul

of any thing. The sweetness

3.

me as, a hump on the back deforms the body. To render ugly or displeasing, by exterior applications or appendages as, to deform the face by paint, or the person by unbe;

beautiful, and thus to 4. displeasing to the eye todisfi

;

frequenting horse-races, assenihllcs, &c., defrauds the comnmnity of a benefactor, and bequeaths ihem a nuisance. Paley. To defeat or frustrate wrongfully.

By

the duties deserted

by

the claims de-

frauded.

Patey.
pp.

DEFRAUDED,

Deprived of property

coming
was defloured.
Taylor.
3.
4.

dress.
[

To

render disjileasing.
I

To deprive of flowers. Montiu^u. DEFLOllR'ED, pp. Detirived of iiuiidenhood

;

To

Thomson \Vin(ry blasts deform the year. injure atid render displeasing or dis;

ravished

robbed of

jjriuie

beauty.
"a

DEFLOIMl'ER, woman of her

n.

One who

deprives

DEFLOUR'ING
ity

virginity.

ppr.
;

or maidenhood
V. i.

Depriving of virginrobbing of |)ritu('

beauties.

DEFLOW,
r.'Vof

[L. dejluo.]

To

flow down.!

in use.]
a.
;

Brown.

DEF'LIIOUS,
flow.] tle used.]
Jliiius.

[L. defluus ; de andjluo, to Flowing down falling oft". [Lit-

DEFLUX',

n. [L. depixus ; de and Jluo, See Flow.] a running downward as flowing down a dejlux of humors. [See Dejluxion.] Bacon.
; ;

DEFLUX'ION,
to flow

n.

down;

[L. defluxio, from dejlm, de and Jluo, to flow. See

Flow.]
flowing, nmningorfallingof humors or from a superior to an inferior properly, an inflammapart of the body tion of a part, attended with increased secretion. 2. discharge or flowing off of humors; as a d-Jlui'ion from the nose or head in catarrh. DEF'LY, rtrfr. Dextrously skilfully. Ohs.
1.

Dei>riving another of his pro[>erty or right by deception or arti5. To dishonor; to make ungraceful. fice injuring by withholding wrongfully Dryden. what is due. DEFORiM', . [L. deformis.] Distigureil n. The act of defraudbeing of an uimatural, distorted, or disproMilton. ing. form displeasing to the eye. portioiied DEFRA'Y, . . [Fr. defrayer; de undfrais, Spenser. Ann. defraei.] y>ix, expense Sight so d(fonn what heart of rock could long 1. To pay; to discharge, as cost or exAfdtoti. Dry-eveil behold pense to bear, as charge, cost or expense. DEFORMA'TION, n. disfiguring or deIt is followed chiefly by expense, charge or facing. cost. The acquisitions of war seldom dein the form disDEFORM'ED, pp. Injured fray the expenses. The profits of a voyfigured distorted; ugly; wanting natural will not always defray the age charges, or beauty, or symmetry. even the cost of the first outfits. 2. Base B. Jonson. disgraceful. DEFORM'EDLY, adv. In an ugly manner. 2. To satisfy ; as, to defray anger. 06s. Spenser. DEFORM'EDNESS, n. Ugliness; a disa3. To fill Obs. as, to defray a bottle. greeable or unnatural form.
;
i

to disgrace to disfigure mora! gusting as, all vices deform tho character beauty of rational beings.
;

or right by trick, artifice or deception; injured by the withholding of what is due. DEFRAUD'ER, n. One who defrauds; one who takes from another his right by dece|)tion, or withholds what is his due; a cheat a cozener an embezzler a pecu; ;

lator.

DEFR AUD'ING, ppr.

;

DEFRAUD'MENT,
;

.'

DEFORM' ER,
form

n.

One who

deforms.

Spenser.

fluid matter,

DEFORM'ING,

ppr. Marring the natural or figure; rendering ugly or dis-

DEFRA' YED, pp.

pense, or cost.

Paid

discharged ; as ex-

pleasing; destroying beauty.

DEFORM'ITY,

[See Deft.]

'Spenser.'.

DEFOLIA'TION,
foliage,
Folio.]

n.

[L.

de

and

DEFRA'YER, n. One who pays or discharn. [L. defirmitas.] Any ges expenses. unnatural state of the shape or form want of that uniformity or synnnetry DEFR.\'YIN(;, ppr. Paying; discharging. Shelton. which constitutes beauty distortion ir- DEFRAYMENT,?!. Paynient. DEFT, a. [Sax. daft-] "Neat handsome ; regidarity of shape or features disprospruce; ready dextrous ; fit convenient. defect crookedness, portion .)f limbs Obs. Shak. Dryden.
:
;

folialiu;

&c. Hence, ugliness; as bodily

2.

rff/brmiV^.

from folium, a

leaf,

or

folior.

See
\

Literally, the fall of the leaf or shedding of leaves; but technically, the time orseason

thing that destroys beauty, grace or absurdity ; gross proi)ricty irregularity deviation from order, or the established

Any

DEF'T'LV,
skilrtd

adv.
n.

Neatly

m.mner.

DEFT'NESS,
DEFUNCT',
to
id.]
;

of shedding leaves
trees

in

autumn

and

shrubs.

applied to' Linne.\

formity
acter.

laws of propriety. Thus we speak o{ dein an edifice, ov deformity of charn.

dextrously in a Shak. Obs. Gray. Neatness; beauty. Obs. Drayton.

;
;

DEFO'RCE,
seize

t). (. To dis-! [de M\A force.] and keep out of lawtul possession of an estate; to withhokl the possession >A an estate from the rightful owner a[)plied to any possessor whose entry was origin;

DEFO'RSER,
v.te.]

[from force.]
[///

One

casts out by force.

formed and

that not in

a. [L. defandus, from defungor, perform and discharge; de and fungor, Having finished tlie course of life; dead deceased. Shak.

DEFRAUD',

v.t.

[L.

frawlo, to cheat,

Blount. defrnudo ; de and fraus, fraud ; It. de-

DEFUNCT',
ceased.

n.

A
n.

dead ))erson
Death.

one deShak.
'

DEFUNC'TION,

[.Yot used.]

ally lawful,

but whose detainer

pp.

mdawful.

DEFO'RCED,
session.

Kept

DEFO'RCEMENT,
;

n. The holding of lands' or tenements to which another person has a general term includinff abatea right

Shak. fraudiire ; S]t. defraudar.] I. To depri\ e of right, either by obtaining DEFY',!'./. [Vr.difier; de, des, from, and Black-stone.l something by deception or artifice, or by fer, to trust ; It. sfidnre ; Sp. desqfiar ; des out of lawful postaking something wrongfully without the and far; Vort. id.; .\rm. difyal ; Low L. knowledge or consent of the owner ; to and from to
is

become

to cozen cheat the thing taken ;

;

as, to

followed by of before defraud u man of

diffidare,

diffiduriare,

See

Faith. The wonl dijfidare seems originally to have signified, to di.s.solve the

f do,

trust.

2.

ment, intrusion, disseisin, discontinuance, or any other sjiecies of wrong, by which he that bath a right to the freehold is kept out of possession. Blackstone. In Srollnnd. a resisting of an oflicer in the execution of law.
n.

his right. \Vc have corrupted no man, 2 Cor. vii. fraiiiled no man.

we have

de-

The asent who embezzles

drfioHils the slate.

public properly,

The man who by deception

for a

DEFOR'CIANT,

He

commodity above

its

obtains a price value, dejrauds the

bond of allegiance, as between the lord and his vassal: opposed to affidnre. Spelman, ad roc. Hence it came to be used for the denunciation of enmity and of war. If we understand Hence, to challenge.
dt/ier to signify to distrust, then to defy is to call in question the courage of anotn-

that keeps out

of

purchaser.

DEC
C1-,

D E G
"you
is
'J.

D E G
priving of honors or offices reducing lu value or estimation lowering. a. Dishonoring; disgracing the chax'acter; as degrading obsequiousness.
; ;

9.

considered a rffg'enej'ak being. A coward is a man of degenerate spirit. dare iiiit fight me."] To ilaie to provoke to combat or strife, DEgEN'ERATELY', adv. In a degenerate Milton. or base manner. by appealing to the courage of another; to challenge to invite otic to contest as, DEgEN'ERATENESS, n. degenerate Goliath defitd the armies of Israel. state; a state in which the natural good To dare to brave to offer to hazard a qualities of the species are decayed or lost. conflict by manifesting a contempt of op- DEciENERA'TION, n. A growing worse, or losing of good qualities; a decline fiom hostile force as, to defy position, attack or the virtue and worth of ancestors; a dethe arguments of an opponent to (if/J/ the cay of the natural good qualities of the spepower of the magistrate. Wore we to abolish the common law, it wo\ild cies; a falling from a more excellent state rise triuiiipluiiit above its own ruins, deiiding to one of less worth, either in the natural and defying its iainotent enemies. or moral world.
acL-ording to the popular jjlnase,
; ;

The

inordinate love of

money and

of fame are

DEGRA'DINGLY,
maimer, or in a

base and degrading passions. adv. In

Wirt.

a degrading

way

to depreciate.
;

DEGREE',
Syr.
1.
, ;
j

n.

[Fr. degre

Norm,
grado,

from h.gradus, Sp. and

radah, to go.

It.

W.

degret ; rhaz,

See Grade and

Dupmueau.
.').

"2.

The

Degenerated; fallen from a state of excellence, or from the virDEFY', n. A'challenge. [.\o( used.] tue and merit of ancestors. Hence, Dryden. DEFY'ER. [See Dcfier.] 9. Low; base; mean; unworthy; as a de UEGARNISH, V. t. [Fr. degamir; de and generous passion. Dryden See Garnisk.] DEgEN'EROUSLY, adv. In a degenerou; ("(irmV, to lin'uish. to strip of furniture, orna1. To unfnniish manner basely meanly.
a.
;
;

To

thing degenerated.

Brown.

challenu:e to say or

do any thing.

DEgEN'EROUS,

Degrade.] A step a distinct portion of space of indefinite extent a space in progression ; as, the army gained the hill by degrees ; a balloon rises or descends by slow degrees ;
;
;

2.

ment;; or ajiparatus. To deprive of a garri.son,or troops nece.sli)r defense; as, to degnniish a city or fart. Washtiiiston^s LMer. .Vol'. 11. 1778.

DEGLU'TIN.\TE,
and

sary

To unglue
low
I.

v.t. [L. deglutino ; de 9. See Glue.] glutino, to glue. to loosen or separate substances
;

and figuratively, we advance in knowledge by slow degrees. Men are yet in the first degree of improvement. It should be their aim to attain to the furthest degree, or the highest degree. There are degrees of vice and virtue. A step or portion of progression, in elevaas a man of tion, quality, dignity or mnk
;

glued together.

Scott.

great degree.

OEG-ARNISHED,
defense.

Stripjied of fmnitiire or apparatus; ileprived of troops tcir

pp.

DEGLUTL'TION,
;

n.

The

de and glutio. act of swallowing; as, deglutition

;

[L. deglulio, to See Gtutton.]

swal
is

We speak
;

of

men of high

Spenser.
degree, or of

low degree of superior or inferior degree. It is supposed there are different degrees
or orders of angels.

ppr. Stripping of furuitme, dress, apparatus or a garrison. DEG'ARNISHMENT, n. The act of depriving of liu'nitin'c, apparatus or a garrison.

DEG^ARNISIIING,

diliicult.
9.

The power of swallowing

is lost.

as, deghdttton
3.

They purchase
1

to

themselves a good degree.

Tim.

iii.

DEg'EN'DER,
use.]

v.i.

To

degenerate. [JVolin
Spenser.

DEGRADA'TION, n. 1. A reducing in rank

;

[Fr. See Degrade.] the act of depriving

DEtiEN'ERACY,
Verb.]
1.

n.

[See Degenerate, the

9.

;!.

or inferior; a decline or a state of being less in good qualities vahiable as tlie degenereicy of a plant. In moruls, decay of virtue; a growing worse departure from the virtues of ancestors; desertion of that which is good. speak of the ilegeneracy of men in modern times, or of the degeneracy of manners, of the age, of virtue, &c., sometimes without reason. Poorness; meanness; as a (^fg-eneraci/ of
;

A growing worse
;

9.

one of a degree of honor, of dignity, or of rank; also, deposition; removal or dis mission from otHce as the degradation of a peer, of a knight, or of a bishop, in England. The state of being reduced from an elevated or more honorable station, to one that is low in fact or in estimation baseness
; ;

4.

We

degeneracy.
Deplorable
3.
is

the degradation of our nature. Smith.

4.

spirit.

DEgEN'ERATE,

1'.

i.

[L. degenero,

from

i.

degener, grown worse, ignoble, base ; de and gener, genus; Fr. dcgencrer ; Sp. degenerar.] To become worse to decay in good qualities; to pass from a good to a bad or worse state ; to lose or suffer a diminution of valuable qualities, either in the natural In the natural world, or moral world.
;

Diminution or reduction of strength, efficacy or value. In painting, a lessening and obscuring of the appearance of distant objects in a landscape, that they may ajipcar as they would do to an eye placed at a tlistance.

a degree that is intolerable. We sutler an extreme degree of heat or cold. In geometry, a division of a circle, including a three hundred and sixtieth part of its circumference. Hence a degree of latitude is the 3()0th part of the earth's surface north or south of the equator, and a degree of longitude, the same part of the surface east or west of any given meridian.

In genealogy, a certain distance or remove in the line of descent, determining the as a relation in the proximity of blood tljird or fourth degree. Measure extent. The light is intense to
; ;

In music, an interval of sound, marked by a line on the scale. Rousseau. Busby. In arithmetic, a degree consists of three figures; thus, 270, 3tj0, compose two de-

plants and animals degenerate wiien they to a less size than usual, or lose a part of the valuable qualities which belong In the moral world, men 10 the species. degenerate when they decline in virtue, or other good qualities. Manners degenerate

grow

when

they become corrujjt.

Wit may

de-

generate into indecency or impiety.

DEGEN'ER.\TE,

a. Having fallen from a perfect or good state into a less excellent or worse state ; having lost something of the good qualities possessed ; having declined in natural or moral worth.

Johnson. Encyr. Diminution; reductionof altitude or magJourn. of Science. DEGRA'DE, v. t. [Fr. degrader; Sp. Port. degradar ; It. degradare ; h. deani\gradus, a step, a degree. See Grade] 1. To reduce from a higher to a lower rank or degree; to deprive one of any ofiice or dignity, by which he loses rank in society to stri|> of honors as, to degrade a nobleman, an archbishop or a general otlicer. 9. To reduce in estimation to lessen the value of; to lower to sink. Vice degrades a man in the view of others; often in his own view. Drimkenness degrades a man to the level of a beast. 'i. To reduce in altitude or magnitude.
5.

nitude.

9.

A division, .space or interval, marked on a mathematical or other instrument as on a thermometer, or barometer. In colleges and universities, a mark of distinction conferred on students, as a testimony of their proficiency in arts and sciences giving them a kind of rank, and This entitling them to certain privileges. is usually evidenced by a diploma. Degrees are conferred pro meritis on the almnni of a college; or they are honorary tokens of res])ect, conferred on strangers of distinguished reputation. The frst de;

grees.

Althougli the ridge

self has

is still

been degraded.

theie, the ridge itJourn. of Science.

gree is that (if Bachelor of Arts ; the second, that (if Muster of Arts. Honorary degrees are those of Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Laics, &LC. Physicians also receive the degree of Doctor of Medicine.

The degenerate
H,

DEGRA'DED,pi). Reduced in rank;

ved of an otifice or dignity lowered reduced in estimation or value.
;

depri;

By

plant ol'a strange vine.

Jer.

sunk

tle
;

2.

Low

base

mean

corrupt

fallen

from

primitive or natural excellence ; having lost the good qualities of the species. Man

DEGRA'DEMENT,
or office.

n.

Deprivation of rank
in

degrees, step by stej) gradually by litand little by moderate advances. Frecpient drinking liirms by degrees a confij'med habit of intenii)erai:ce.
; ;

DEGR.VDING,/)j?r. Reducing

rank

Milton. de;

DEGUSTA'TION,
ting.

n. [L. degusto.]

tas-

Bp. Hall.

DEI
DEHIS'CENCE,
to giipi;
;

D E
dehisco,

J
;

DEL
A
; ;

n.

[L. dtkiscens,

de

and

hiscu, id.]

gajjiiig.

sules

In botani/, the opening of capthe season wlien capsules open.

MuHyn.

DEHIS'CENT,
of a plant.

a.

Opening, as
delioiior,

tlie

capsule Eaton.

[L. dt and hortor, to advise. J To dissuade ; to advise to the

DEllORT',

v.l.

to dissuade;
;

contrary counsel not to do nor to undertake.

fVilkins.

to

IVard.
;

The doctrine or creed of a deist the belief DEJECTION, n. casting down; deprcs sion of mind lowness of or system of religious opinions of those melancholy who acknowledge the existence of one spirits, occasioned by grief or misfortune. MUtwt. God, hut deny revelation: or deism is the belief in natural religion oidy, or tho.se 2. Weakness; as rfijcciion of appetite. [UnArbidhnot. usual.] truths, in doctrine and practice, which man is to discover by the light of rea.soii, 3. Tlie act of voiding the excretnents or the matter ejected. R"}!ind(!pendent and exclusive of any revelation from God. Hence deism implies in DEJECT'LY, adv. In a downcast maimer. ORY, a. Having jiower or tendlidelity or a disbelief in the divine origin of the scriptures. ing to cast down, or to promote evacuations hv stonl. The view which tlie rising greatness of our Ferrand.
;

DEJECT

DEHORTA'TION,
or counsel

n.
a.

Dissuasion

advice

aijaiiist sotnetliing.

DEHORT'ATOKY,
ing to dissuasion.
71.

Dissuading

belong-

DE'IST, )!. [Fr. deiste It. deista.] One who Adissuader; an adviser believes in the existence of a God, but denies revealed religion one who |)rofessDEHORT'ING, ppr. Dissuading. es no form of religion, but follows the light DE'ICIDE, )i. [It. dticidio; L. deus, God, of nature and reason, as his only guides and casdo, to slay.] in doctrine and j)rnctice a freethinker. 1. The act of putting to death Jesus Christ, I DEISTTC, I'ertaining todeism or to Prior. our Savior. DEIST'ICAL, ^ 'deists; embracing deism, 2. One concerned in putting Christ to di'ati as a deisticttl writer or containhig deism, DEIF'IC, a. [L. dtus, god, and facio, to as a deistical book. make.] Divine; pertaining to the gods. DE'ITY, n. [Fr. deile ; It. deita; Sp. rfciTrans, of Pausanias. dad \.. deitas, from deus, Gr. Sfo;, God

country presents to my eyes, is greatly tarnished by the genera! prevalence of deism, which, witli ine, is but another name for vice and (ieP. Henry, Ji'irl's .Sketches. pravlly.
;

DEJEct'URE,
excrements.

n.

That which
n.

is

ejected

Jlrbuthnot.

DELACRYMA'TION,
.\

[L. delacrymatio

DEIIORT'ER,

to the contrary.

de and larrymntio, a weeping.] preternatural discharge of watery humors from the eves; waterishness of the eves.
iHel.
n.

DELACTA'TION,
weaning.

[L. delactntio.]

DELAPSA'TION,

[JVot used.] n.

Did.

falhng down.

Ray.

DELAPSE,
sus
;

II.

t.

slide

de and down.

labor,

delaps'. [L. delabor, delapto slide.] fall or

To

DELAP'SION,

n.

falling

down of

the

2.

Making divine. DEIl'TCA'TION,

[See Deify.] of deifying; the act of exalting to the rank of, orcnrolling among the heathen deities DEIFIED, pp. Exalted or ranked among the gods regarded or praist.'d as divine.
;

n.

The

act

W.duiv;

DE'IFIER, n.^One DE'IFORRI, a. [L.

form.]

that deities. deus, a god, ani[ forma,

;

Ir.dia; .\nii.doue; Vv.dieu; It. Port, deos ; Gypsey, dio, iddio ; Sp. dios The latt.;r or dewe, dewel; Sans. deva. thography coincides with the Gr. btos, ^n;, Jupiter, and L. divus,a god, and diiim, the open air, or light. So in W. di/w, is day;
;

uterus, anus, &,c.

DELAPS'ED, DELA'TE, V.
1.

pp. Fallen down. t. [L. delatus ; de and lalus,

[Little used.]

part, oi' fero, to bear.] carry ; to convey.

To

2.

Like a god

of a godlike form.
Trans, of Pausanias

These

souls exhibit a deiforni power.

V.
t.

DEIFY,
make.]
1.

[L. deus, a god,

;

and facio,

to

"2.

exalt to the rank of emoll among the di ties; as, Juhus Cesar was deified. To exalt into an object of worship to treat as an ohject of supreme regard as, a covetous man (/<(/? his treasures. Prior.

To make

a god
;

to

a heathen deity

to

1.

Ciu. Ilindoo, diw ; Gypsey diwes, liiiy. Chinese Ti. The word is probably contracted from dg, and may coincide witi day, Sa.x. doeg, the primary sense of which is to o|)en, expand, or to shoot forth, as the morning light. 15ut the precise jiri luary meaning is not certain.] Godhead; divinity; the nature and essence of the Supreme Being; as, the deity ol" the Supreme Being is manifest in his

Bacon. To accuse to inform against that is, to hear a charge against. B. Jonson. DELA'TION, n. Carriage conveyance ; as the delation of sound, [l/ittle used.]
; ; ;

Baco7i.
2.

Accusation
a term of the

act

of charging with a crime

lau:

civil
jt.

DELA'TOR,
former.

[L.]

An

accuser; an inSandi/s.

DELA'Y,
tar,

ti.

/.

Port,

works.
2.

id.,

[Fr. delai, to delay

;

delay
It.
;

dilata,

Sp. di'ladelay
;

God

the

Supreme Being,

or infinite self-

dilatare, to dilate, to
tus,
1.

differo.

We

spread

from L.
is

dila-

see

that delay

fi-om

3.

exalt to a deity in estimation erence or praise as a deity.

To
by

to rev
3.

existing Spirit.

fabulous god or goddess

a superior

The pope was

his votaries.

fornieily extolled

and deified

being supposed, by
exist,

and

to preside

heathen nati(Uis, to over particular de

;

spreading, extending. Dilate.] To prolong the time of acting, or proceed-

See

ing; to put off; to defer.

2.

DEIFYING,
deity
;

DEIGN,
nare
;

ppr. Exalting to tlie rank of a treating as iliviiie. V. i. dune. [Fr. daie^ner ; It. deg-, Sp. dignarse ; Port, id.; h. dignor,]
;

])artmeiUs of nature
.'Ipollo,
I.

as Jupiter,

Juno,

Diana, &c. The supposed divinity or divine qualities of a pagan god. Spenser. Raleigh.
II.

My lord delayeth his To retard to stop,

;

a time;
it

to
;

restrain

slow

as,

coming. JIatt. xxiv. detain or hinder for motion, or render the mail is delayed by bad

roads.
Thyrsis,

from dignus, worthy.] To think worthy to vouchsafe

scend.

DEJECT',
to throw.]
1.

f.

[L.
;

drjicio

de

and

jacio,

to

condePope.
;

To
to

cast

down

usually, to cast

down

the
;

whose artful strains have oft delayed The huddling brook to hear his madritral.
.Wilton.

O deign DEIGN,
I',

to visit

our forsaken seats.

couiuenance;
to

t.

dane.

To

grant or allow
burial of
liis

condescend to give to. Nor would we deign him

men.
Skull
2.

to cause to fall with grief make to look sad or grieved, or to express discouragement. But gloomy were his eyes, dejected was his
face.
'

3.

To

allay.

[.Yot in use,

nor proper.]
Spenser.
;

DEL.V'Y,

Dryden.
dis-

V. i. To linger to stop for a time.

to

move slow or
;

DEIGNING,
LYnt used.

ppr. thinking worthy.

da'ning.
i-.

Vouchsafing,
disintegrate.

(hipress the spirits; to sink; to pirit; to discourage ; to dishearten.

To

DEIN'TEGRATE,
DEIP'AROUS,
a.

t.

To

Nor

think to die ilejtrts

my

lofty

mind.

There are certain bounds to the quickness and slowness of the succession of ideas, beyond which they can neither delay nor hasten. Locke.

See Disintegrate.]
[L. deiparus.] Bearing or god an epithet applied to
;

Pope.

DELA'Y,
2.

DEJ1'>T', a. [L. dejeetus, from dejicio.] S.'iak. Cast down ; low-spirited. the Virgin Man/. DEJEeT'ED, pp. Cast down; depressed; DEIPNOSOPiriST, n. [Gr. 6.-tvo,, a feast grieved discouraged. and no$tf)j5, a sopliist.] DEJECT' EDLY, adv. In a dejected manOne of an ancient sect of philosophers, wlio BcKon. ner; sadiv; heavily. were famous for their learne(l conversa DEJECT'EDNESS," n. The state being tioM at meals. ,'ish. Observer. cast down lowness of spirits. DETSM, n. [Fr. deisme ; Sp. dcismo ; It. DEJECTING, ppr. Casting down; deid. ; from L. deus, God.] pressing dispiriting.
brimfing forth a
;

3.

DELAYED,
DELA'YER,
lingers.

n. A lingering stay stop. putting ofl" or deferring; procrastinaas, the deiay of trial is not to be imputed to the plaiiitiff. Hinderance for a time. pp. Deferred; detained; hindered for a time retarded.
; ;

tion

n.

One who

defers; one

who

DELAYING,

Putting off; defeiTingj procrastinating; retarding; detaining.

;)pr.

DEL
Gower. UELA'YMENT, Hinderaiice. DE'LE, V. t. [L. imperative of ddeo.] Blot
?!.

DEI.
1.

DEL
; ;

out

erase.
a.

DEL'EBLE,
blotted out.

[L. ddebilis.]
a.

Tiiat can be

More.
[L.
deledahilis,

DELE'TABLE,
Deliglitful
;

from

deledor, to delight.
;

See Delight.]
;

highly pleasing that gives great joy or pleasure as a deleclaUe garden

n.

In councils, the bishops have a deliberative quality of destroying, or exvoice. destructive poisonous Encyc. tinguishing life 3. Apt or disposed to consider. as a deleterious plant or quality. Bp. Barlow. 2. Injurious DELIB'ERATIVE, n. A discourse in which pernicious. DEL'ETERY, a. Destructive ; poisonous. a question is discussed or weighed and examined. A kind of rhetoric employed in Hudibras. DELE'TION, n. [L. deletio, from deleo, to jiroving a thing andto convincing others of its truth, in order persuade them to blot
IIa\ ing the
; ;

out.]

1.

The

Milt07}. 2. Destruction.

DELEC'TABLENESS.

Delightfnhiess

Burnt.

DEL'ETORY,
DELF,
mine
2.

act of blotting out or erasing. Hale. [Little used.] n. That which blots out.

adopt
tion.

it.

Encyc.
adv.

DELIB'ERATIVELY,
DEL'ICACY,
deza
I

By

delibera-

Burke.
;

Taylor.
n. [Sax. del/an, to delve, to dig.] a quarry ; a pit dug. [Rarely used. ;

DELEC'TABLY, adv. Delightfully. DELEeTA'TlON, n. Great pleasure;

light.

A
i

It.

n. [Fr. delicatesse ; Sp. delicadelicatezza ; but more directly from

deMore.

delicate,

hich

see.]

DEL'EGACY,
delegated.

n.

A
t.

number of persons
Laud.
de and lego,

[We now
to send.
1.

use delegation.]
v.

DEL'EGATE,
To
an embassy
;

[h.

dekgo

Ray. Earthern ware, covered with enamel or white glazing in imitation of China ware or porcelain, made at Delft in Holland
pro])erly. Delft-ware.
t.

In a general sense, that which delights ov

pleases.
1.
;

Hence, Fineness of texture; smoothness; softtendeiness as the delicacy of the ness

;

See Legate.]
approjiriately, to send on to send with power to trans
;

send away

DEL'IBATE, v. [L. To taste to taste.]

;

deli bo

de

and

skin cable
;

and nearly
to

lood
;

libo,
2.

in the same sense, applias the delicacy of flesh,

to take a sip. [Little

meat or vegetables.
3.

Hence,
;

The representative. President delegated three commissioners to the court of St. Cloud. To entrust to commit ; to deliver to an 2. other's care and exercise ; as, to delegate authority or power to an envoy, reprc sentative or judge.
act business,

as a

)(.serf.]

DELIBA'TION,
[Little itsed.]

n.
v.

A
i.

taste

an
;

essay.

Daintiness pleasantness to the taste. Elegant or feminine beauty as delicacy of form.

Berkelei/.

DELIB'ERATE,
libro, to

[L. delibero
;

de aiid

4.

To weigh
ure
;

weigh. It. librare. See Librate.] to consider and exin the mind amine the reasons for and against a measto

.5.

Nicety minute accuracy as the delicacy of coloring in painting. Neatness in dress elegance proceeding from a nice selection and adjustment of
; ; ;

DEL'EGATE, person appointed and sent by another with powers to transact business as his representative a deputy a conuiiissioner a vicar. In the United
n.
;
; ;

a person elected or appointed to Conrepresent a state or a district, in the for forming or gress, or in a Convention
States,
2.

estimate the weight or force of arguments, or the probable consequences of a measure, in order to a choice or deciwise sion ; to pause and consider. prince will deliberate before he wages war.

6.

The woman

7.

that deliberates

is lost.

.Iddison.

altering a constitution. In Great Bn(ai)!, a commissioner appointed by the king, under the great seal, to hear and determine appeals from the ecHence the Court of clesiastical court.
is

DELIB'ERATE,
mind
;

v.
;

i.

To

8.

balance in the
facts

to

weigh

to consider.
a.

DELIB'ERATE,
cision
;

Weighing

Laud. and

the several parts of dress. Spectator. Softness of manners; civility or politeness proceeding from a nice observance of propriety, and a desire to please as delicacy of behavior. Indulgence gentle treatment ; as delicacy of education. Tenderness; scrupulousness; the quality manifested in nice attention to right, and
; ;

care to avoid wrong, or offense.

arguments with a view

to a choice or de- 0.
; ;

carefully considering the probable

the great court of appeal in all Delegates It is used also for ecclesiastical causes. the court of appeals from that of the adBlackstone. miralty. 3. A layman appointed to attend an ecclesiastical council. DEL'EGATE, a. Deputed sent to act for or represent another as a delegate judge.

circumspect consequences of a step slow in determining; applied to persons; as a deliberate judge or counselor.

Bp. Taylor. Acute or nice perception of what is pleasing to the sense of tasting hence figuraa nice perception of beauty and detively, formity, or the faculty of such nice percep;

tion.

DEL'EGATED,

Delicacy of taste tends to invigorate the soand moderate those that are selKanies. 10. That which delights the senses, particu; Slow ; as a deliberate death or echo. .3. larly the taste ; applied to eatables; as, the ; Bacon. [Hardly legitimate.] peach is a great delicacy. ta,ilor.\ con 11. Tenderness of constitution weakness ; pp. Deputed ; sent with a DELIB'ERATELY, adv. With careful that quality or state of the animal body trust or commission to act for another ; sideration, or deliberation ; circumspectly which renders it very impressible to injunot hastily or rashly; slowly. This pm-appointed a judge ; committed, as authorry ; as delicacy of constitution or frame. pose was deliberately formed. ityGoldsmith. 12. Smalhiess fineness; slenderness; tenDEL'EG.\TING, ppr. Deputing sending Dryden. n. Calm considerwith a countiission to act for another; apuity ; as the delicacy of a thread, or fiber. ation ; circumspection ; due attention to 13. Tenderness ; nice susceptibility of impoiiitins; committing; entrusting. pression ; as ddicacy of feeling. DELEG.\'TION, n. A sending away ; the the arguments for and against a measure A'. Charles. DEL'ICATE, a. [Vr. delicat ; &> delicado ; caution. act of putting in commission, or investing' It. delicalo ; L. delicatus, connecteil with with authority to act ibr another ; tlie ap[L. deliberalio.] The Burke. act of deliberating the act of weighing delicia, delight, ileleeto, to delight probapointment of a delegate. cannot be peiformeci by the reasons for and against The duties of and bly a compound of de, with the root of
;

Formed with deliberation well advised or considered not sudden or rash as a a deliberate measure, or deliberate ojjiniou
; : ;

cial affections,

fish.

result.

;|

DELIB'ERATENESS,

DELIBERATION,
examining

religion

delegation.
2.

S. .Mdter.

The persons deputed to act for another, Thus, the re|iresentatives of Massachusetts in Congress are called
or for others.

a choice or measure consideration. say, a measure has been taken with

;

Wi

like.
1.

See Delight and Like.]

fine

delib-

eration.
2.

the delegation, or tohole delegation. 3. In ttie civil law, the assignment of a debt to another, as when a debtor appoints debtor to answer to the creditor in his
I

DELETE

perception of what is agreeable and figurativeDELIB'ERATIVE, a. Pertaining to delib dainty; as a (/r/iVntf taste in beauty and cration ly, nice and discriminating proceeding or acting by delibera place. or by mutual discussion and examit. To blot out. V. lion, deformity. [L. deleo.] as fine soft to the eye accurate nation Fnlh r as, the legislature is a deliberative 1. Nice [.Vol used.] a delicate color. DELETE'RIOUS, a. [L. dektenus, from body. \V. dUeaw 2. Having a right or power to deliberate oti .). Nice in forms regulated by minute obdeiro, to blot out or destroy, servance of propriety, or by condescensiott discuss. diltu. Qu. Ir. dallaim, to blind.]
cil.

Mutual discussion and examination of tin reasons for and against a nicasmt' as tin deliberations of a legislative body or conn
;

2.

texture; fine; soft; clear, or fair; as a delicate skin. Nice; pleasing to the taste; of an agreeable flavor as delicate food ; a delicate
;

Of a

smooth;

dish.
3.

Nice

in

DEL
6.
ii(l attention to tlie wishes and feelings of others as delicate bcliavior or manners a ddicute adih'ess. Pleasing to the senses; as a delicate
; ; ;

DEL
delights the car
; ; ;

DEL
; ;

flavor.
7.
8.

the good DELIN'QUENCY, n. [L. delinquo, to fail eye harmony or omit duty de and linijuo, to leave.] conduct of children, and especially their Failure or omission of duty a fault a mispiety, delights their parents. deed and positively, an oftense a crime. Ps. I will delight myself in thy statutes. It is particularly, but not exclusively aprxix.
;

Fine

slender

minute

as a delicate

To
I

receive great pleasure

delight to do thy will.

in.

plied to negle('t of duty in oflicers of public

trust.

thread.

I's. xl.

That cannot be handled without injury DELI'GllT, V. i. or danger pleasure to be that must he touched with
; ;

or take great greatly pleased or rejoicin.

To have

DELIN'QIJENT,
ing
Vjy

a. Failing in duty neglect of duty.

offend-

care; as & delicate point or topic; a

cate question.
9.

deli-

ed

followed by

DELINQUFNT,
form

n.

One who
;

fails to

per-

delight in the law of

Ood

after the

inward
rejoic-

man. Koni. vii. Composed of line threads, or nicely interwoven as delicate texture hence, soft DELI'GHTED, pp. Greatly pleased
;
;

who neglects who commits

his duty, particularly a jiublic ofticer ids duty an ort'ender ; one

a faidt or crime.

10.

and smooth to the touch as delicate silk. Tender etfeininate not ahle to (uulure
;
;

ed

followed by with.
llie

hardship very impressible to injury as a delicate frame or ccjustitution. not sound or robust as delicate 11. Feeble
;

2.

health.

DEL'ICATE,
Obs.

n.

Any
adv.

thing nice
Jer.
li.

34.

a nicetyDryden.

DEL'ICATELY,
ner
; ;

In a delicate

manand

with nice regard to propriety the feelings of others. 2. Daintily lu.xuriously.

3.

They that live delicately are in kings' courts. Luke vii. With soft elegance as an expression del;

icateti)

turned.
;

4.

Teiulerly

with indulgence in ease, ele

I'rov. xxi.x.

gauce and hixiuy.

DEL'ICATENES-S,
delicate
;

n. The state of being tenderness softness eft'emina Deut. xxviii. cy. DE'I.I"('I0LIS, a. [Vr. delicienx ; \,. dclica tus, dcilcia: ; Sp. delicioso ; It. delizioso.] most sweet 1. Highly pleasing to the taste or grateful to the sen.ses aftording ex as a delicious viand de fpfisile pleasure licious fruit or wine.
; ; ; ;
: ;

t. or i. [L. deliqueo, to or be dissolved. [See Deliquesce and Deliqulale.] DELI'GHTFUL, a. Highly pleasing; af- DELIQUA'TION, n. A melting. [See Deliand satisfaction and Deliquiallon.] fording great pleasure quescence as a delightful thought a delightful pros- DELIQUESCF., v. i. detiques'. [L. dcliquesde and liqveuro, from liqueo, to pect. co, to melt adv. In a manner to melt or become soft. See Liquid.] receive great pleasure very agreeably To melt gradiuiily and become liquid by atwe were delightfully employed, or en as, tracting au<l absorbing moistine from the tertained. air as certain salts, aciils and alkalies. 2. In a delightful manner charmingly in DELKiUE.S'CENCE, !. Spontaneous lia maimer to aftbrd great pleasure the as, quefaction in the air; a gradual melting and plays delightfulli/. or becoming liquid by absorption of water lady sings DELI'GHTFIJLNESS, i. Thd quality of from the atujospbere. Fourcroy. being delightful, or of affording great pleas- DELIQUES'CENT, a. Liquefying in the ure as the detightfutncss of a prospect, air; capable of attracting moistine from or of scenery. the atmosphere and becoming licpn<l as

That ye may be delighted with ance of her jjlory. Is. Ixvi. a. Full of delight.
n.

abund-

A detiiiiiiienl <)M[;ht to he cited in the place or jurisdiilion wlure the delinquency was committed. Jlyliff<^.

Shak.

DELl'GHTER,

One who

takes delight. Barrow.

DEL'IQtJATE, v. To melt melt.]

DELIGHTFULLY,

2.

Great pleasure

delight.
a.

DELI'GUTLESS,
or delight.

DELI'GHTSOME,
liglitftd.

DELI'GHTSOMELY,
ly
;

[Less proper.] deliquescent salts. Fourcroy. Aftording no pleasure DELICi'lIIATE, v. i. [See Dellquate.] To Thomson. melt arul become liquid by imbibing waa. Very pleasing; de from the air. [See Deliquesce.] Fourcroy. ter GreuK DELIQL'IA'TION, n. melting by attract-

2.

Most

pleasing to the n)ind

very grateful

in

adv. Very pleasant a delightful manner.

n. Delightfulness
;

ing water from the

air.

DELiaUIUM,
j2.
1

DELI"C10USLY,
;
;

as, this poem yielding exquisite delight attords a delicious enrcitainmeut. adv. In a delicious manin a manner to please the taste or ner gratify the mind; sweetly; pleasantly; as, to feed deliciouslij ; to be delightlully delicioudti etuertained. DELI"C10USi\ESS, n. The quality of being delicious, or very grateftd to the taste or mind as the deticiousncss of a repast
;
;

DELI'GHTSOMENESS,

lileasaufness in a high riegree.

DELIN'EAMENT,
tation

n.

[infra.]

Represen
Selden
;

71. In chimistn/, a [L.] melting or dissolution in the air, or in a moist j)lace. Encyc. A liquid state as, a salt falls into a deli;

DELIX'E.VPE,
1.

2.

Delight

great ])lcasure.
>i.

DELIGA'TION,

[L. deligatio, deUgo ; de and l^go, to bind.] In surgery, a bind ing up; a baiulasing.
n. detite.
;

2.

Fourcroy. a swooning or fainting; called also syncope. neo, from linen, a line.] Encyc. Core. To draw the lines which exhibit the form DELIR'AMKNT, n. A wamlcring of the of a thing; to mark out with lines; to mind; tiiolisli fancy. [LiUle used.] make a draught to sketch or design as. DELHI'IOIS, a. [L.dilirus. :^Ke Delirium.] to delineate the form of the earth, or a dia Roving in njind light-headed disordered in intellect gram. having ideas that are wild, To paint; to represent in pictm-e to irregular and unconnected. draw a likeness of; as, to delineate N'estoi DELIR'IOUSNESS, ji. The state of being like .Adonis, or time with Absalom's head delirinns delirium. Johnson.
v.t.

by delineation.

quium.
In

[L. delinco

de

uml

li- 3.

Jfrfic'tne,

DELIGHT,
cia
;

[Tv. delicc ; Sp. deli L. dclicio;, connected 3. Figuratively, to describe; to represent to the miiul or imderstanding ; to exhibit with detector; probably allied to Eng. likeness in w"nrds; as, to delineate the like.] character of Newton, or the virtue of Aris 1. high degree of pleasure, or satisfaction tides. of mind ; joy. His delighl is in the liuv of the Lord. Ps. i DELIN'EATED, pp. Drawn ; marked with lines the form or tigure 2. That which gives great pleasure ; that exhibiting sketched ; designed jiainted ; described which affords delight. Tirus was the delight of human kiii<l. DELIN'EATING, ppr. Drawing the form
It.

Brown DELIR'HIJI,

n. [L.

from (WjVo, to wander

dctixia

in mind, to rave; de and liro, to make balks in i)lowing, that is, to err, wander,
.\

was
is

Zhyden
daily his dcl'ght.

sketching

painting
n.
;

describing'.

state in w hich the ideas of a person are and miconnected, or do not correspond with the truth or with external objects: a roving or wandering of the mind; disorder of the intellect. Fevers often ])roduce delirium. An alienation of mind connected w iih

miss.]

wild, incgular

Prov.

viii.

Delight

a more permanent pleasure than and not dependent on sudden excitejutf, ment.
t'.

DELINEA'TION,
design.

[L. delineatio.]
;

First

k\ey.

outline representa draught of a thing tion of a form or tigure by lines ; sketch

;

Cyc.

Symptomatic derangement, or that which is dependent on some other disease, in

distinction
n.

DELI'GHT,.
tar
1.
;

I,,

delector

and

Like.] To atibct with great pleasure to please lugldy to give or aftbrd high satisfactior
; ;

[Sp. deleytar; Port, delci- 2. Representation in words ; description as Fr. delecter. See Delight the drlinention of a character. DELIN'EATURE, n. Delineation. [.Yot in
u.te.]

from idiopathic de[L. delitescentia

:

DELITES CENCE,
and
Inteo.]

rangement or mania.
;

de

DELIV'EK,
[L. delinimenlim.]

Retirement obscurity. Johnson

!.

or joy

as, a beautiful landscaj)e delights

the

DELIN'IMENT,_)i.
Mitieation.

rcr, to deliver;

LXot used.]

[Fr. delivrer ; de and /lySp. /iirar; Port. /iiTor ; L. liber, free, disengaged ; dtlibro, to free.
(.

DEL
to peel
1.
;

DEL
LAberal, Libra-

DEM
from diluo, diluvio ; di and Ivo, tavo, to wash. If deluge and diluvium are the same word, of which there can be little
doubt, the fact proves that luo, lavo, is contracted or changed from Ivgo, and that the primitive word was lugo ; and it is certain that the radix of Jluo is Jlugo.
;
.

Arm.delivra.

See

DELIVERY,
;

n.

The

rescue ; 2. Release ry, Liibrate.] i'o free; to release, as from restraint; to traint, oppression or danger. set at liberty ; as, to deliver one from cap- ."?. Surrender ; a giving up.
tivity.
4.

act of delivering. as fi'om slavery, res-

tl.

To

rescue, or save.

Deliver nic,
3.

O my

God, from the hand of the

a.

giving or passing from one to another as the delivery of goods, or of a deed. Utterance pronunciation or manner of
; ; ;

wicked. Ps. Ixxi. To give, or transfer; to put into anotlicr's liand or power ; to commit; to pass from

speaking.
Childbirth.

He

charmed with

has a good delivery. I his graceful delivery.

xxvi.

was

Is.

one to aiiollier. Thou shah deliver

Free motion or use of the limbs.

Pliaraoh's cup
into
iiis

hand. Gen. xl. So wc say, to deliver goods to a carrier to deliver a letter to deliver possession of, an estate.
: ;
!

DELL,
rift
;

4.

yield ; to give up ; to DELPII."[SeeZ)e(/: No. 2.] resign as, to deliver a fortress to an eneA vegetable alkali lately I my. It is often followed by up; as, to de- DELPIIIN'IA, ^"-discovered in the Delto deliver up stolen liver up the city It is crystaline phinium staphysagria.
; ;

To

surrender

to

Sidney, n. [Qii. dcde, or W. dell, a cleft or or is it contracted from Sax. de.gle ?] or a hollow place a cavity or narrow pit, opening. Spenser. Milton.
;

[Obs.] ffotton

DELPHTA,
when

goods.
Th' exalted mind
All sense of

woe

delivirs to the wind.

Pope.
;

5.
t).

7.

utter; to pronounce; to .i)eak to fortii in words as, to deliver a serDELPIl'IAN, mon, an address, or an oration. DELPHIC,

To To To

disburden of a child.
;

wet, but it becomes opake when exposed to air. Its taste is bitter and acrid. When heated it melts, but on cooling
brittle like resin.

becomes hard and

I

send

Ure.

ll'eb.Her^s

Manual.

exert in motion.

[.'Voi

in use]

[from Delphi, a town of I"- Phocis in Greece.] Rela-

See Flow.] Any overflowing of water an inundation a Hood a swell of water over the natural banks of a river or shore of the ocean, But spreading over the adjacent land. a|)iiropriately. the great flood or overflowing of the earth by water, in the days of Noah according to the common chronology. Anno Mundi, lt)5C. Gen. vi. 2. A .sweeping or overwhelming calamity. DEL'UgE, v. t. To overflow with water to inundate; to drown. The waters rfe/j/the earth and destroyed the old world. ged 2. To overwhelm to cover with any flowThe ing or moving, spreading body. Northern nations deluged the Roman emwith their armie.s. pire .3. To overwhelm to cause to sink under the weight of a general or s]>reading calamity as, the land is deluged with corrup1.
; ;
;

To To

deliver to the u-ind, to cast

away
'

to re]

ting to Delphi, and to the celebrated oracle of that place.

tion.

DEL'UgED,
DEL'UfiING,
ting
;

pp.

Overflowed; inundated:
;

ject. deliver over, to transfer

from one to another goods to anotlier.

3.

to give or pass as, to deliver over.

;

DELPHINE,
2.

0. [L. dclphinus.] Pertaining to the d"l[)liiii, a genus of fishes. Pertaining to the dauphin of France ; as

overvvhchned.

Overflowing overwhelming.
ppr.
.

inunda-

surrender or resign to put into another's power to connnit to the discretion

;

To

the delphiue edition of the classics.

DELPH'INITE,
DEL'TOID,
fiSoj,
1.

n.

mineral called also

DELU'SION, n. s as -. [L. delusio. See Delude.] The act of deluding deception;

;

of; to abandon to. Deliver we not over to the will of

Ps. xxvii. mies. To deliver up, to give

my

ene-

Ure. pistacitr ;uid epidote. n. [Gr. IxXra, the letter A, and

a misleading of the mind. ble to the delusions of artifice.

2.
;

We

are
;

all

ha-

form.]
;

up

to siu'render.

DELIVER,
Obs.

a.

[h.
a.

liber.]

Free; nimble.

cjiitliet aiiplied to

DELIVERABLE,
be delivered.

Tiiat

may

Chaucer. be or is to
2.

an Resembling the Gr. A triangular a muscle of the shoulder moves the arm forwards, upwards and backwards. Cure.
;

False representation illusion error or mistake [jroceeding from false views. And fondly mourn'd the dear delusion gone.
a.

whi<'h

DELUSIVE,

Apt
; ;

Prior. to deceive; tending to

quality of being the others ; as a deltoid leaf. delusive tendency to deceive. n. [Fr. delivnnice.] ReLinne. Murlyn. DELU'SORY, a. Apt to deceive ; deceplease from captivity, slavery, oppression, tive. Glanville. Trowel-shoi)ed, having tijree ancles, of or any restraint. which the termirjal one is much further DELVE, V. t. delv. [Sax. del/an ; D. delven ; He hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, Russ. dolhlyu ; to dig. Qu. .Arm. touUa, to from the base than the lateral ones. Luke iv. to preach deliverance to the captives. Smith. dig or make a hole, W. twll, a hole, and 2. Rescue from danger or any evil. DELU'DABLE, a. [See Delude.] That may L. t(dpa, a mole, perhaps the delver.] God sent me to save your lives by a great be deluded or deceived ; liable to be ini- 1. To dig to open the ground with a spade.
n.
;

bill of lading may state that the goods are deliverable to a particular person therein named. Jlmer. Jieview. .fiter. Usage.

In botany, or rhondi, the lateral base than

shaped somewhat like a delta having four angles, of which ones are less distiuit from the

mislead the mind

as delusive arts

deceptive

beguiling

delusive appearances.

DELU'SIVENESS,

The

DELIVERANCE,

deliverance.
3.

Gen.

xlv.

The

act of bringing forth children.

poseil on.

Brown.
I',

Delve of convenient depth your thrashing

floor.

4.

5.

Bacon. The act of giving or transferring from one to another. or pronouncing: utThe act of speaking'
terance.
Shall'.

DELU'DE,
play, to
Ls."
1.

i.
;

[L. deludo; de

and

ludo, to

Dryden.
;

mock
;

Ch. and Heb. yh-

Class

2.

To fathom
used.]
I

to

sound
him

to penetrate.

[JVot

No.

a. 5. .30. 40.]

To

deceive

to

[In tlie tliree last senses, delivery is now used.] 0. Acquittal of a prisoner, by the verdict of God send vou a good deliverance. a jiny. I>F;L1V'ERED, pp. Freed j'released ; trans;

place dug a pit ; a pittriuh or into error; to mislead the mind DELVE, n. delv. fall; a ditch; a den; a .cave. to beguile. Cheat is gen[JYot now or judgment Spenser. used.] erally ajiplied to deception in bargains; An artfid Delve of coals, a quantity of fossil coals dug. delude, to deception in opinion. [.\o( used or local.] are often maii deludes liis followers. n. One who digs, as with a false deluded
:

impose on

to lead

from

cannot

(ic/i'e

to the roof.

Shah.

We

by

appearances.
;

DELVER,
sjindc.

2. lirred or transmitted jiassed from one to another: conjinitted ; yielded; surrender-

To

DELU'DE D, pp. Deceived

error.
n.

frustrate or disappoint.

misled

led into

DELVING,
yuyos,
lead.]
1.

ppr. Digging.
n.
&rijxoi,

ed: rescued; uttered; pronounced.

DEMAGOGUE,
;

DELIVERER,
who
2.

n.

One who

delivers; one

DELU'DER,
ceiver
;

One who
;

releases or rescues; a preserver. The Lord raised up a deliverer to Israel. Judges iii.

an itnposter

deceives a deone who holds out

;

from

dem'agog. [Gr. >;.athe populace, and ayu, to

;

false ))retenses.

One who
free

relates, or

communicates.
Releasing;
;

DELIVERING,
;

ppr.
;

leading asppr. Deceiving misleading the opinion or iudgment. Boyle. DELU'DING, n. The act of deceiving falsehood. Prideanr. setting
tray
; ; ;

DELU'DING,

J2.

rescuing saving surrendering giving over yieluiii?;; resigning.

;

DEL'UgE,

n.
:

[Fr. deluge:
ll. id.
;

Avm.

diluich;

A leader of the people an orator who pleases the populace and influences them to adhere to him. Any leader of the populace any factions man who has great influence with the great body of people in a city or commu;

Sp. dilurio

h. diluvies, diluvium,

nity.

DEM
DEMA'IN, [Norm, demainer. This tnigbt be tVoiii L. dominium, Fr. domaine. But in old law books it is written demesne, as if derived from meisan, mnison, liouse. In Norman, it is written also demnygne, dcmtigne, us well as dem<,ine.'\ I. A mallor-l]u^l^<e and the land adjacent or near, which a lord keeps in his own hands or iintnediate occuiiation, for the use of Ills as distinfjuished from his tenefamily,
n.

D E M
goods offered for sale
to his
;

DEM
cannot agree
;

.3.

DEMEPH'ITIZE, v. t. [de and mephitis, foul demand. To purify from foul unair, or ill smell.] That which is or may be claimed as due wholesome air. debt as, what are your demands on the DEMEPI1'1TIZED,;7/A Purified freed from
as, I
;

estate
4.

.'

foul air.

.5.

mental lands, distributed among his tenants, called book-land, or charter-land, and iiilk-land, or estates held in villenage, from

copies are in great demand. desire or a seeking to obtain. say, the company of a gentleman is in great demand the lady is in great demand or

calling for in order to purchase ; de sire to ])Osse.ss; as, the demand for the Bible has been great and extensive ;

The

DEMEPH
foul air.

ITIZING,

ppr.

Purifying from

DEMER'IT,

We

>i. [Fr. demerite ; de and merite, merit, L. mfritiim, from mereo, to earn or deserve. The Latin demcreo is used ia a good sense. See Merit.]

1.

which sprung cojiyhold

2. Estate in lands.

estates.

Blackstone.

Shak
9\>.

DEM'AND,
dcmandar
;

v.t. [Fr. dctnandcr;

It.
;

Port.
;

domundare or dimandare

Arm. mtniiat de and L. mando, to command. The L. mando .signifies to send hence, to commit or entrust. To ask is to press or urg-p. Sw. mana, Dan. maner, to put ill mind, to urge, press, dun to ad
;

monish, I/, moneo. It appears that mando, moneo and mens, mind, are all of one famas also Ir. muinim, to teach W. m;/ily
; ;

blamabic or punishable in moral conduct vice or crime. Mine is the merit, the demerit thine. IJryilen. 2. Anciently, merit desert in a good sense. Shak. DEM-ANDABLE, a. That may be demandDEMER'IT, v.t. To deserve blame or puned, claimed, asked for, or required ishment. [/ believe not in vse.] payment is demandahle at the expiration of the credit. DESIERS'ED, rt. [L. demersus.] Plunged; DEM'ANDANT, n. One who demands the situated or growing under water. DEaiER'SION, n. [L. demersio, from demerplaintiff in a real action; anj' plaintiff. Called for; claimed go, to plunge or drown.] p;?.
6.
is
;

request. In law, the asking or seeking for what is due or claimed as due, either expressly by words, or by implication, as by seizure of 5oods, or entry into lands.
;

posite of merit

That which deserves punishment, the opan ill-deserving that which

;
;

DEMANDED,
interrogated.

challenged as due

requested

required

1.

]ilunging into a fluid

a drowning.
in

Trans, of I'ausanias.
n.
;

1.

nu, to will, to seek or procure, to insist, to obtain or have Sax. manian ; G. tnahncn. See Class Mu. No. 7. 9.] To ask or call for, as one who has a claim or right to receive what is songht to claim or sctik as due by right. The cred;
;

DEMANDER,

One who demands; one who requires with authoriiy one who claims as due; one who asks; one wl
ppr.
<;iainiing or callii
;
,

state of being ter or earth.

a.

The The

overwhelmed
in

waRai/.

seeks to obtain.

|)utting liquor.

of a medicine
[Sec Demain.]
It

a dissohiiig
JJict.

DEM'ANDIN(i,
for as due, or

DEMESNE..
DEM'I, a
midium,
composition.

itor

debt.
2.

demnnds princi[)al and iuterest of bis Here the claim is derived from law

asking

by authority requiring pursuing a claim by legal process

n.

prefix, Fr. demi,

signifies half.
>i.

from the I,, diis used only in

interrogating.

or justice.

ask by authority; to require; to seek or claim an answer by virtue of a right or supposed right in the interrogator, derived from bis ofKce, station, power or authority. Tlic officers of the cliildren of Israel were beaten, and (/t'//i(7H//<'(/, wherefore have ye not

To

DEM'ANDRESS,
DElVrARCH,
walk
;

A
n.

female demand.mt

71.

[Fr. demarehe.]

DEMI-BRIGADE, March DEM'I-ADENCE,

;

half-brigade.

gait.

Ohs.
[Sp.

fect

DEMARKA'TION,
;

demareacion from demarear ; de and murear, to mark I'ort. dcmarcar. See marca, a mark

er than the
sizes; the

DEM'I- CANNON,

n. In mime, an impercadence, or one that falls on any othkey note. Busby.

i.

cannon

..f ditrer.'i.t

Mark.]
1.

fulfilled

your

ta.<k in

making

brick.

Ex.
;

v.

3.

To require

as necessary or useful

as,

the
in-

2.

The act of marking, or of ascertaining and setting a limit. .\ limit or bound ascertained and fixed;
line

lowest carries a ball of thirty six inches diameter^ the ordinary is twelve feet long, and carries a shot of six inches and one-sixth di-

pounds weight, and

execution of this
4.
;

work demands great

;

of separation marked or determined.

dustry and care. To a.sk to question

The
5.

soldiers also

demanded

to inquire. of him, saying

;

Tlic speculative line of demarkution, wher<' obedience ousjbt to end and resistance bci;in, is Burke. faint, obscure, and not easily definable.

long,
five

ameter, and thirty two pounds weight that of the greatest size is twi'lve feet and carries a ball of six inches and
eighths

diameter,
n.

and

thirty

pounds weight.

six Diet.

what
C.

what shall vvc do ? Luke iii. To ask or require, as a seller of goods

price
as,

DEME'AN,
1.

as,

To
cess

do you demand?
;

sue for
;

to seek to obtain
plaintiti',

by legal proaction, de-

the

in

liis

mnnds unreasonable damages.

In French, (/(mniw/er generally signifies simply to ask, request, or petition, when the answer or thing asked (ijr, is a matter of grace or courtesy. But in English, rfe2.

instrument for takng the altitude of the sun and stars. DEMI-UI/VERIN, n. A large gun, or piece of ordnance the least is ten feet long, and carries a ball of nine jiounds reciproeal pronoun ; as, it is our duty to deweight and four inches diameter that of mean ouiselves with liuinility To treat. ordinary size carries a ball of four inches
[Fr. demener; Norm, demesner, demener, to lead, to manage, to govern, to stir; It. menare; Sp.menear.] To beliave; to carry to conduct; with the
V.
I.
;

DEM'I-CROSS,

An

DEME'AN,
DEME'AN,
2.

is now seldom used in that sense, and rarely indeed can the French rfemniu/er be rendered correctly in English by demand, except in the case of tjic seller of

mand

[de and mean.] To debase : to undervalue. Shak [.Vol used.] n. Behavior; carriage; de
V.
t.

Spenser.

and two eighths diameter, and ten pounds eleven ounces in weight the largest size
;

is

meanor. Obs. Mien. Obs.

portment
;

ries
ter,

DEME'ANOR,
meanor.

Spenser. Ibm. n. Behavior: carriage; de-

ten feet and a third in length, and cara ball four inches and a half in diame-

in

gootis,

who demands,

certain price for his wares. The common expression, "a king sent to (femanrf another king's daughter in marriage," is improper.

[asks, requires,] a

as decent demeanor; sad deMilton. DEME'ANURE, n. Behavior. [.Vol in use.]

DEM

and of twelve pounds eleven ounces weieht. Johnson. Encue.

I-DEVIL,

ji.

Haifa

devil.

Shak.

DEMI-DISTANCE,
DEM'I-DITONE,
third.

DE'MENCy,
[J^'ot

)!.

[L. dementia.]
a.

Madness.

n. In fortipcalion, the distance between the outward polygons and the flank. n.

DEM'AND,
;

71.

An

in use.]

asking for or claim

<rr

made

DEMEN'TATE,

Mad;
t.

Skelton. infatuated.

suppose<l right to the thing sought; an asking with authora challenging as due as, the demand ity of the creditor was reasonable the note
; ;

by virtue of

a right

DEiMEN'TATE, v. [I., To make mad. mens.]

Hatnmond. demento ; rfe and

Burton.
act of
Jf'hittock

DEMI-GOD,

is

payable on demand.

DEMENTA'TION,
frantic.
ize.]

n.

The
n.

making DEM'I-GORgE,

In musie, a minor Bushy. one partaking of the divine nature a fabulous hero, produced by the cohabitation of a deity with a mortal. Milton. Pope.
!.

Half a god
;

that has confidence to turn his wishes into demands, will be but a little way from thinkLocUe. intj ho ought to obtain them.

He

DEMEPHITIZA'TION,
The
ail'.

[See Demephit

2.

The

asking or requirinir of a price

I.

for'

act of purify'ing from mephitjc or foulj Med. Repoiitoni,

7!. h\ fortification, that part of the polygon which remains after the flank is raised, and goes from the curtain to the angle of the polygon. It is half of the vacant space or entrance into a bastion.

Vol.

58

Encyc.

DEM
DEM'I-GROAT, n.
DEM'1-I,A\CE,
t^peai-;

DEM
Shenslone. lance; a short

DEM
;

Alialf-gioat.

n.

ligl.t

Government by the people a form of govermnent, in which the supreme power is

lodged
tively, or

it

DEM'I-LUNE, n. A half-moon. DEM'l-MAN, H. Haifa man; a

proach.

hall-()ilie.

Dryden.
term of reKnolles.

DEM'I-NATURED,

a.

Ilavhig half the naSlink.

DEM'0RAT,

[See in the hands of the people collec Campbell's Dissert.] in which the people exercise DE'MONESS, J). A female demon. Medc. powers of legislation. Such was the DEMONIAC, ) D J^ertaining to demons government of Athens. DE.^IONI'ACAL, ) a. '' "'''
the
Ji.

or genius, which influences the conduct or directs the fortunes of mankind.

One who adheres

to a

ture of another animal.

DEMO'NIAN,

S
;

^^"'"^'

government by the people, or favors the

extension of the right of sufliage to
classes of men.
all 2.

DEMI-PRE31'ISES,n.

DEM'I-QUAVER,

n. note in music, of half the length of the quaver. DEMIREP, ?i. A woman of suspicious chastity. [Demi-reputation.] DEMI-SEftU-CiUAVEH, n. The shortest note in music, Hvo of which arc equal to a

phi. Half-premises. Hooker.\

From thy demoniac holds. MUtori. Influenced by demons produced by demons or evil spirits.
n. A human being possessed by a demon one whose volition and otlier mental facidties are overpowered, re;

DEMORAT'IC, DEMOCRAT'IAL,
cratical

} pertain" Popular ing to deiiiocracy \ or government by the people as a demo;

Demoniac phrensy.

Milton.

DEMO'NIAC,

form of government.
adv.

DEMOCRAT'lALLY,
eratical

In a

demoSidney.

manner.
V.
t.

strained, or disturbed, in their regular operation, by an evil sjHrit, or by a created

spiritual being

[Fr. demolir, demolissant ; DEM'I-TONE, n. In music, an interval of Sp. demoler ; It. demolire ; h. demolior ; de half a tone; a semi-tone. and molior, to build. Class Ml. No. 12. 1.5.] to raze to destroy, DEM'I-VILL, n. half-vill, consisting of To throw or pull down

semi-qnaver.

DEMOL'ISII,

of superior power.
n.

DEMO'NIACS,

In

five

freemen or frank pledges.

Spelman.
[(/(Hi;

Blackslone.

DEMI-VOLT,)!.
cular manner.

of the seven artificial in which he raises his fore legs

and volt, vault.] One motions of n horse,

in a partiI

as a heap or structure; to separate any collected mass, or the connected parts of a thing ; to ruin; as, to demolish an edifice, or a mound ; to demolish a wall or
fortilication.

branch of the Anabaptists, whose distinguishing tenet is, that at the end of the world the devil will be saved. Encyc.

Encyc. church history, a

DEMONOC'RACY,

[Gr. Sa^f^v,

and jcpoirftj, to hold.] ernment of demons.

The power
[Gr. 6aif<w.,

demon,
or gov-

DEM'I-W6LF,

n. Half a wolf; a mongrel dog between a dug and a wolf; Ijcisca.

Shak.

DEMIGRATE, DEMIGRATION.
used.

[.Not

See Migrate.]
a.

DEMI'SAl-iLE, That may lie leased as an

z.
;

s as

[See Demise.]
estate demisable Blackslone.

by copy of court

roll.

demon, and Xarptia, worship.] The worship of' demons, or of evil spirits. n. [Gr. 6<n^ur, demon, DEMONOL'OGY, DEMOL'ISHER, . One who pulls or and Xoyos, discourse.] throws down one who destroys or lays A discourse on demons a treatise on evil So King James entitled his book waste as a demolisher of towns. spirits. concerning witches. DEMOL'ISlIING,/j/-. Pulling or throwing down destroving. DEMON'OMIST, n. [Gr. itu^uv, demon, DEMOL'ISHMENT, n. Ruin; overthrow. and i'0/<05, law.]
n.

DEMONOL'ATRY,

DEMOL'ISII ED,/;;). Pulled down thrown down razetl destroyed, as a fabric or

;

structure.

DEMI'SE,

n. s as ;. [Fr. demis, demise,

from

Beaiim.

One

de and millo, Fr. mettre. Literally, a laying down, or sending from a removing.] 1. In England, a laying down or removal, applied to the crown or royal authority. The demise of the crown, is a transfer of the crown, royal authority or kingdom to a Thus when Edward fourth successor. was driven from his throne for a few months by the house of Lancaster, this! temporary transfer of his dignity was call-1 ed a demise. Hence the natural death of! a king or queen came to be denominatcd| a demise, as by that event, the crown isj transferred to a buccessor. Btuckstone.t 2. conveyance or transfer of an estate, by] lease or will.
demetlri', !>. demitlo,

demissio

DEMOLI

"TION,
;
;

The

act of overthrow-

that lives in subjection to the devil, or to evil spirits. Herbert.

or destroying a \nle or DEMON'OMY, n. [supra.] The dominion of demons, or of evil spirits. structure ruin destru<tion Herbert. as the demolition of a house, or of military work.s. DE'MONSHIP, n. The state of a demon. Mede. DE'MON, n. [L. damon ; Gr. iatftur S|). It. a. [See Demonstrate.] demonio ; Fr. demon ; Ir. deamal or dea- DEMON'STRABLE, mon. The origin and )irimary sense of That may be demonstrated that may be this word 1 lia\e not been able to ascerprovetl beyond doubt or contradiction capable of being shown by certain evidence, or by evidence that admits of no doubt; as, tain. Qu. Ar. *.Ai dahima, daima, to the jirinciples of eeometry are demonstrable.
ing, pulling

down

suddenly, to rush, to overwhelm, to obscure, to blacken whence misfortune, black, blackness, evil, a monster: or is
fall
;

DEMON'STRABLENESS,
of being demonstrable.

n.

The

quality

DEMON'STRABLY,
lireclude doubt contradiction.
;

a compound of dea, dia, dexts, and mon, aword signifying evil, from the Persian ? I
it

adv. In a manner to beyond the possibility of

place

little

Demise and redemise, a conveyance whcre| there are mutual leases made from one to: another of the same land, or something out of it. EncycJ,

spirit,

confidence in tlie.se conjectures.] or inunaterial being, holding a mid-

DEMONSTRATE,
and
1.

DEMI'SE, V.
to lease.
2.

t.

s as

z.

To

transfer or convey

;i

dle jilace between men and the celestial The ancients bedeities of the Pagans. lieved that there were good and evil demons, Avhich had influence over the minds of men, and that these beings carried on

v. t. [L. demonstro ; de Fr. demontrer; Sj). Port, demostrar ; It. dimostrare. See Muster.] To show or prove to be certain ; to prove beyond the possibility id" doubt; to prove in such a manner as to reduce the contra-

wioiirfro,

til

show

To betpieath DEMIS'SION,
depression.

to grant by will. Swift. n. A'lowering ; degradation ;

;

L^Estrange.
?

DEMISS'IVE, DEMISS', DEMISS'LY,

[J\/'ot

"
^

Humble.

[Uttle used:] Shenslone.

an intercourse between men and gods, conveying the addresses of men to the gods, and divine benefits to men. Hence demons became the objects of vvorshiii.
It

2.

was suppossd
if

also that

human

ry position to evident absurdity. demonstrate a problem in geometry, or a proposition in ethics, by showing that the contrary is abstu'd or impossible. In anatomy, to exhibit the parts when dissected.

We

s|iirits,

adc.

In a humble maimer.!

DEMIT',

Slienoood.\ [L. demitto.] To let fall ; to] depress ; to submit. [J^ot used.] DEM'IURGE, n. [Gr. Srjiiiovypoi; Or^^iof, a
t!.<.

used.]

after their departure from the body, became demons, and that the souls of vir-

DEMONSTRATED,
certain

highly purified, were exalted from demons into gods. In the scriptures. the English word is not used, but the

tuous men,

pp. Proved bcycii.l the possiliility of doubt; rendered certain to the mind.
ppr. Proving to be evincing beyond the possibility of

DEM'ONSTRATING,
;

public servant, and fpyoi-, work.] In the mijthology of Eastern Philosophers, an eon employed in the creation of the world a subordinate workman. Encyc. DEMIUR'GIC, a. Pertaining to a demiurge, or to creative power. TVans. ofPansanias.
;

DEMOCRACY,

Greek iaiftuv is rendered devil, and sometimes at least improperly fijr nothing is more certain than that difTerent beings are intended by hia.So%oi and bai^iuv. The demons of the New Testament were siqiposed to be si)iritual beings which vexed and
;

doubt.

DEMONSTRA'TION,
2.

n. [Gr. br,y.oxf<j.tM; Sr^uos, people, and xpartu, to possess, to govern.]

tormemed men. word, iu modern

And in general, the use, signifies an evil spir-

n. The act of demonstrating, or of exhibiting certain jiroof. The highest degree of evidence ; certain proof exhibited, or such proof as establishes a fact or proposition beyond a possibility of doubt, or as shows the contrary position to be absurd or impossible.

DEM
'!.

DEN
for a decision

DEN
Thus, the de-

4.

evidence of the scnsos, or of reason evidence which satisfies the iniiid of the certainty of a i'lu-t or pro|iosition Thns we liold that tin- worlds of natnre cxhihit(/c)Hon.5(ra/io)iofthe existence ofa God. In logic, a series of syllogisms, all whose
Imliiliitablc
;

of the cause.

fendant

laration, alledging

to the plaintiff's decit to be insufficient in plainlifV may (/emur to the defendant's pli'a, for a like rea.son.

may demur

employed in the service of another nation and bearing its flag.

law; the

DENA'Y, DENA'Y,
and

Frencli Decrees. Dec. of the Prince Regent. n. Denial ; refusal. Obs. SImk. V. t. To deny. Obs. Spenser.
n.

DEMUR',
mate.]

V.

t.

To
;

doubt
;

of.

premises are either definitions, self-evident truths, or propositions already established. Encyi
.").

[jYot legiti.Milton

DEN'DRAfUATE,
ij.xo.rr^,

[Gr. fp<, a tree,

agate.]

DEMUR',

Show

0. In anatom;/, sei-ted.

exhibition. Mitford. the exhibition of parts (lis

Stop pause hesitation as the propriety of proceeding; suspense proceeding or decision. All my demurs but double his attacks.
n.

Arborescent agate; agate containing the figures of shrubs or parts of plants. of Encijc.
to

DEN'DIUTE,
ipm, a tree.]

)i.

[Gr.

6jvapi.Ti5,

from

iiv-

DEMONSTRATIVE, a.
;

Showing or prov

ing by certain evidence havinff the pow cr of dcnioiistration invincibly conchi sive; as a. demonstrative argument, or dc.m
;

Pope. DEMU'RE, a. [perhaps from demur, that is, set, fixed, stayed, silent.] Sober grave modest downcast as a de; ;

\ stone or mineral on or
mineral.

in

figures of shrubs or trees;

which are the an arborescent

Fuurcroy.

mure countenance; a demure abasing of

the eye.

DENDRIT'IC, UENDRIT'ICAL,
trees.

""
{

Containing the figof shrubs or

ures

onstrative reasoning.
2.

Having the power of showing with clear

ness and
certainty
;

as

a demonstrative

DEMU'RE,
tenaiicc.

V. i.

To
adv.

Bacon. look with a grave couuSluik.

DEN'DROID,
tt6o5,

|.Vo< used.]

form.]

figure in puintinir.

Dryden.
adv.

DEjVION'STR.A.TiVELY,
tain evidence
;

With

cer-

DEMU'RELY,
;

with proof which cannot be questioned; certainly; clearly; convincingly.

countenance with a fixed look solemn gravity.

Esop's daaisel sat demurely
end.

With a grave, solemn DEN'DROIT, resemblance

;

with a

a. [Gr. hvi^.m; a tree, and Resembling a shrub. n. A fossil which has some in form to the branch of a

tree.

Did. of .Vat. Hist.

at the board's

DEN'DROLITE,
>.i9o;,

Bacon.
n.
;

DEjM'ONSTRATOR,
strates;

n.

One who demon

one

who

proves any thing with

DEMU'RENESS,
nance
;

certainty, or with indubitable evidence. 2. In anatomy, one who exhibits the parts wlien dissected. a. Tending to dem

soberness
n.

Gravity of counte a modest look.

Sidney.

n. [Gr.i>ivpov, a tree, and a stone.] petrified or fossil shrub, plant, or part of a

DENDROL OgY,7i.
7.0-/0;,

plant.

Did.

of.\'nt. Hist.

[Gr. ar*po^,a tree, and

;

DEMUR RAGE,
This expense

DEMON'STRATORY,

onstrate; having a tendency to prove be yond a ])ossibility of doubt.

[See Demur.] An allowance made to the master of a trading vessel, tor delay or detention in port beyond the ap|>ointed time of departure.
paid by the merchant causes the detention.
is

a discourse.] discourse or treatise on trees

n.

the natural
Diet.
tree,

history of trees.

DENDROM'ETER,
and ^n-pfo,

[Gr.

ifvSpoi-,

[See Demoralize.] The act of subverting or corrupting morals; destruction of moral principles. v. t. [de and moralize or DEMORALIZE,
moral.]

DEMORALIZATION, n.

To

corrupt or underuiine tlic morals of; to destroy or lessen the eft'ect of moral principles on to render corrupt in morals. The effect wo\iUI be to demmalize niankinii. (,'riittan on Catholic Petition. The native vi^or of the soul must wliolly (!isand the d^ appe!\r, under the steady intluence moralizing example of prollij^ate power and lVali<h, Lvttt'rs on France. prosperous crime.
;

DEMOR'ALIZF'-D,;)/). Corrupted in morals DEMOR'ALiZIXG, /)/)r. Corrupting or destroying morals or moral principles. 'i. a. Tending to destroy morals or moral
principles.

instrument to measure the highth and diameter of trees. Encyc. DEMUR'RER, i. One who demurs. i-. I. To deny[L. denego.] 2. In law, a stop at some point in the i)lead- DEN'EGATE, LYot used.] ings, and a resting of the decision of the n. Denial. [JVot in use.] cause on that point an issue on matter DENEGA'TION, a. [See Deny.] That may be of law. A dennu-rer confesses the fact or DENI'ABLE, Brown. denieil, or contradicted. facts to be true, but denies the sufficiency DENI'AL, n. [See Deny.] An affirmation of the facts in point of law to support the an assertion that a declato the contrary claim or defense. A demurrer may be ration or fact stated is not true negation tendered to the declaration, to the plea, to contradiction. It is often expressed by no the re|)lication, to the rejoinder, &c. or 7xot, simply. Blackslone. 2. Refusal to grant the negation of a reDEMURRING, ppr. Stoi)ping pausing quest or petition; the contrary lo grant, suspending proceedings or decision restallowance or concession ; as, his request ing or abiding on a ])oint in law. met with a direct denial. or DEMY', n. [Fr. demi, half] .\ particular size 3. A applicationor refusing to acknowledge rejection, of paper a kind of paper of small size. a di.sowning; as a denial of God: or a re;

who An

to measure.]

2.

half fellow at

DE.MULCE,
sooth
de
;

r.

t.

demiils'. [L. demulceo.]

To
1.

Magdalen

college,

Ox-

ford.

fusing to receive or
4.

embrace

as a denial

to soften or pacify.
a.

[JVot used.]
allied

DEN,

DEMUL'CENT,
Softening
miUcent.
;

[L.demulcens, demulceo
;

and mulceo, to stroke, to soften perhaps to mollis, mellow.]

midlifying
n.
;

lenient

as, oil is de

f>KMUL'CENT,

Any medicine which

lessens acrimony, or the effects of stimulus on the solids ; that which softens or mollifies ; as gmns, roots of marsh-mallows, and other mucilaginous substances.

DEMUR',
;

1.

Encyc. Hooper. ; Sp. demorar Port, demorar ; It. dimorare ; L. demoror de and moror, to stay or delay, morn, deArm. mint, to hold; Sax. merran, lay myrran, to hinder; allied to L. miror, antl Eng. to moor, Sp. amarrar.] Ti>stop; to pause; to hesitate; to susto delay determination l)eiid proceeding
V. i.

Com.

[Fr. demeurer

<ir

conclusion.

receiving this information, the minister demurred, till he could obtain tiirther instructions 2. In law, to stop at any point in the plead-

On

ings,

and

rest or abide

on that point

in

law

one who refuses, or rejects a disone who does not own, avow or acknowledge as a denier of a fact, or of the faith, or of Christ. vi. DENIE'R, n. [Fr. from L. denarius ; It. 2. As a termination, in names of places, it danaio, danaro Sp. dinero.] denotes the place to be in a valley or near A small denomination of French money, the a wood. twelfih )i,irt of a sol a small copper coin. V. I. To dwell as in a den. DEN, DEN'IGRATE, v. t. [h. deirigro ; rfe and DEN'AROTiZE, v. t. [de and narcotic] nigra, from niger, black.] To blacken to To deprive of narcotine to depurate from make black. Boyle. the principle called narcotine. DENIGRATION, n. The act of making Journ. of Science. black a blackening. a. [ij. denarius.] Containing ten. DENITRA'TION, n. A disengaging of niDEN'ARY, tric acid. Obs. DEN'ARY, 71. The lunuber ten. Digby. DENA'TIONALIZE, v. t. [de and natioti.] DENIZATION, . [See Denizen.] The act To divest of national character or rights, of making one a denizen, subject or citiThis in England is done by the zen. by transferreiice to the service of another nation. A ship built and registered in the king's letters patent. United States, is denatimxalized by beinc DENIZEN, J!, den'izn. [In W. dinaswr is
dicts
;

n. [Sax. den, dene, denn, a valley It. tana; Vv. taniere ; li: tuinnedhc.] A cave or hollow place in the earth usuto a cave, pit, or subterraneally applied ous recess, used for concealment, shelter, protection or security; as a lion's (/en; a den of robbers or thieves. The beasts go into dens. The children of Israel made themselves dens. Job xxxvii. Judges
; ;

of the faith or the truth. A denial of one's self, is a declining of some gratification ; restraint of one's appetites
or propensities.
II.

DENI'ER,
owner
;

One who

denies, or contra;

DEN
a citizen, from dinas, din, a fortress or fora city. But in denizen, the tiiied town, last syllable seems to be the same as in
1.

DEN
DENOUNCE, V.
cio
t.

DEN
;

denouns'. [Fr. denoncer

oral species.

The

shell consists

of

onf;

In England, an alien who is made a subject by the king's letters patent, holding a middle state between an alien and a natHe may take land by ural born subject. purchase or devise, which an alien cannot but he cannot take by inheritance.
;

cillzen.]

2.

Encyc. English Law. stranger admitted to residence and certain rights in a foreign country.

3.

Ve gods, Natives, or denizens, of blest abodes. jyryden. citizen.

to

DEN'IZEN,
admit
privileges

v.t. To make a denizen; to residence with certain rights and

;

to infranchise.
a.

DENOM'INABLE,

[See Denominate.]
BroJini.

That may be denominated, or named.

DENOM'INATE,
To
;

v,

noinino, to name. name to give a

denomino; rfeand See Mame.]

I.

[L.

name

or epithet to

as,

a race of intelligent beings denominated MAN. Actions are denominated virtuous, or vicious, according to their character.
called. ;j;). Named; DENOM'INATING,p/)r. Naming. n. The act of naming. a vocal soimd, 2. A name or appellation

DENOMINATED,

DENOMINA'TION,

3.

customarily used to express a thing or a as, all men fall unquality, in discourse der the denomination of sinners actions fall under the denomination of good or bad. A class, .society or collection of individas a deuals, called by the same name nomination of christians.
; ; ;

DENOM'INATIVE,

DENOMINATOR,
name.
2.

a. That gives a name ; that confers a distinct appellation. He that gives a n.

In arithmetic, that number jilaced below the line in vulgar fractions, which shows into how many parts the integer is divided. Thus in |, 5 is the denominator, showing that the integer is divided into five parts and the ninnerator 3 shows how many parts are taken, that is, three fifths. DENO'TABLE, . That may 'be denoted, Broimi or marked.
;

tnbulous straight valve, open at both ends. Sp. denunciar ; It. denumiare ; 1,. denunto tell, or declare, from ; de and nuncio, Encyc. nomen or its root.] DEN'TALITE, n. A fossil shell of the genus Dentalium. to proclaim in a 1. To declare solemnly ? [h. dentatus, from dens.] threatening manner; to announce or de DEN'TATE, DEN'TATED, ^ Toothed notched. clare, as a threat. I denounce to you this day, that ye shall surely In botany, a dentated root is one that conDeut. xxx. sists of a concatenation of joints, resemperish. So we say, to denounce war to denounce bling a necklace. wrath. A dentate leaf is one that has horizontal 2. To threaten by some outward sign, or points, with a space between each, or expression. points in the plane of the disk, or having J^fdton His look denounced revenge. points like teeth on the margin. Marlyn. to accuse 3. To inform against as, to de- DENTATO-SIN'UATE, a. Having points nounce one for neglect of duty. like teeth with hollows about the edge. DENOUN'CED, pp. Threatened by open DEN'TED, a. Indented impressed with declaration as, punishment is denounced little hollows. against the ungodly. DENTEL'LI, n. [It. dentello. See Dentil.] 2. Accused; proclaimed; as, he was rfenoimModillions. Spectator. ced as an enemy. DEN'TICLE, n. [L. denticulua.] A small n. denouns'ment. The tooth or projecting point. Lee. declaration of a menace, or of evil denun- DENTICULATE, ) [L. denticulatus, Broiim. ciation. from dens, a DENTICULATED, S DENOUN'CER, n. One who denounces, or tooth.] declares a menace. Having small teeth or notches as a denticulate leaf, calvx or seed. Here comes the sad denouncer of my fate. Botany. Dryden. DENTIeULA'TION, re. The state of being set with small teeth, or prominences or as a DENOUNCING, ppr. Declaring, the teeth of a saw. points, resembling threat; threatening; accusing. Grew. DENSE, a. dens. [h. densus ; Fr. dense ; Sp. ' It. denso. Qu. Gr. Saur?. )i being casua' DEN'TIFOR.M, a. [L. dei>s, a tooth, and its constituent 1. Close; forma, form.] Having the form of a tooth. compact; having Kir wan. solids or applied to ]iarts closely united dense air. DENTIFRICE, n. [Fr. from L. dens, a tluids; as a dense body as a dense cloud, or log. 2. Thick tooth, audfrico, to rub.] n. dens'ness. The same as \ powder or other substance to be used in DENSENESS, cleaning the teeth. Burnt shells and chardensity. DENS'iTY, n. [L. dcnsitas.] Closeness of coal pulverized make an excellent rfejiconstituent parts compactness. Density tifriee. and in philosophy, DEN'TIL, re. [L. dens, a tooth.] In wchiis opposed to rarity; tecture, an ornament in cornices bearing the density of a body indicates the quantity some resemblance to teeth used particuof matter contained in it, under a given bulk. If a body of equal bulk with anoth larly in the Ionic and Corinthian order. er is of double the density, it contains DEN'TIST, re. One whose occupation is to clean and extract teeth, or repair the loss double the quantity of matter. of them. as the density of fog. 2. Thickness DENT, re. [Arm. danta, to gap or notch. It DENTP'TION, re. [L. dentiiio, from dentio, to breed teeth, from dens.] F' seems to be from dant, a tooth dent ; h. dens ; Gr. oStoj ; W. dant ; It. 1. The breeding or cutting of teeth in
; ;
;

DENOUNCEMENT,

dentt
to

Sp. diente,

whence

dentar, endentar.
2.

infancy.

The

\sXJi DEN'TIZE, V. t. To renew the teeth, or tooth; Port, dente ; Pcrs. have them renewed. Bacon. dandan Gypsey and Hindoo, dant, danda. DENOTA'TION, [L. Hence Fr. denteler, to dent or indent, to DEN'TOID, a. [L. dens, a tooth, and Gr. The act of denoting. Denote.] ubos, form.] Hammond. jag or notch.] Having the form of teeth. BaHon DENO'TATIVE, a. Having power to 1. Literally, a tooth or projecting point. But it is used to express a gap or notch, or DENU'DATE, ? denote. de and [L. denudo ; nudo, to make bare DENO'TE, V. f. [L. denolo dc and nuto, to rather a depression or small hollow in a DENU'DE, I a hollow made by the pressure solid body Er. denoter note or mark nudus, naked.] Sp. denotar of a harder body on a softer indentation. To strip; to divest of all covering; to make It. denotare.] In this sense, it is in customary use in the bare or naked. to signify by a visible sigH to 1. To mark Kay. Sharp.
n.

time of breeding teeth.

denotatio.

See

'

'

2.

covering ; a making bare. In geology, the act of washing away the low. [See Indeiit.] surface of the earth by the deluge or other quick pulse denotes fever. to indi- DEN'TAL, a. [L. dentalis.] flood. Buckland. DENO'TED, ;>p. Marked; signified, Pertaining In grammar, formed or pio BENV'D'ED, pp. Stripped; divested of covthe teeth. cated. nounced by the teeth, with the aid of the DENO'TEMENT, n. Sign indication. ering laid fjare. Shak. DENU'DING, ppr. Stripping of covering ; tongue as, D and T are dental letters.

indicate ; to express. denotes multiplication.

The

character
;

United States.
2.

To show

to

betoken

to indicate

Day's Algebra. as, a

A stroke.
V.

DENUDA'TION,
Spenser.

n.

The act of stripping

ott"

DENT,

t.

To make

a dent or small hol-

2.

DENO'TING,
;

ppr.

Marking; expressing;

DEN'TAL,

71.

An articulation

or letter form

making

bare.
v.
t.

ed by placing the end of the tongue against indicating. DENOUEMENT, n. [Fr. from rfewouer, to the upper teeth, or against the ginn th.it untie de and nover, to tie, L. nodo.] covers the root of the upper teeth, as D, The unraveling or discovery of a plot. \JVot T, and Th. IVarton 2. A genus of shell-fish, Dentaliuin, of scv Englisli.}

DENUN'CIATE,
(ionouncK, which

[L. denuncio.]
[L.

To

see.
ii.

DENUNCIA'TION,
Irom denuncio.
1.

denvmeiaiio^
;

See Denounce.]

Publication; proclamation; aumuiciation

DEO
preaching; the gospel.
2.

D E P
alms by his high almoner. Thus, if a carti runs over a man and kills him, the cart is
forfeited as a deodand.
I

D E P
would not depart from lution, or demand.
5.

as a faithful dtnuneialion of Milner.

his purpose,
;

reso-

Solemn or Ibrmal declaration, accompanied with a menace; or the declaration of

;

intended evil; proclamation of a threat; a puhlic menace as a denunciation of war, or of wrath. DENUNCIA'TOR, n. lie that denounces;

DEON'ERATE,

V.

To unload. [.VoJ userf.] onus.] DEOP'PJLATE, V. [L. de and oppilo.] To free from obstructions; to clear a past.

Blackslone. Eng. Law. <. [h. deonero ; de and G.

be lost; to perish to vanish; as, his glory has departed. To die to decease to leave this world.
; ;

To

Lord, now leticst thou thy servant depart in Luke ii. peace, accordin'.; lo thy word.

To
7.

depart this
;

life is elliptical,

one who publishes or

2.

from be;

proolaim.-i, especially

sage.

intended evil An accuser; another.

V.
t.

one who threatens. one who informs against

^yliffe;

DEOPPILA'TiON,
structions.
ent.

[Lillle u.ied.] n.

The removal of obBrown.

;

ing understood. To leave to forsake

depart from
evil.

to

abandon

as, to

DEOP'PILATIVE,
lio.]

[Lillle used.] a. Deobstruent n. [L. de [J^ot in use.]

I.

aperi- 8.

To

cease.
departeth not.
;

DENY',

nego, to deny, Sw. neka, W. nacu. Hence nay, Dan. nej. The sense is to thrust from.] to gainsay; to declare a 1. To contradict statement or position not to be true. deny what another says, or we deny a deny the truth of an asproposition. The sense sertion, or the assertion itself. of this verb is often expressed by no or
;

[Fr. denier

L. denego

dc and

Harvey)

DEORDINA'TION,
Disorder.

and

The prey

Nah.

iii.

ordina-; 9.

To

deviate

to

Rnwley.

vary from.

DEOS'CULATE,
kiss.
rise.]

v.

[L. deosculor.]

to

We DEOSeULA'TION,
DEOX'YDATE,
Or.
v.
t.

[.Vo< in use.]

n.

kissuig.

[.Vol in

We

Slillingfleei.

[de

and

oxydale, from
|

%
3.

4.

deprive of oxygen, or reduce from the state of an oxyd. Chimistnj. nay. To refuse to giant as, we asked for bread, DEOX'YDATED, pp. Reduced from the and the man denied us. state of an oxvd. Not to afford to withhold. DEOX'YDATING,;)^r. Reducing frorathej Who finds not Providence all good and wise. state of an oxyd. Alike in what it gives, and what denies ? DEOXYDA'TION, n. The act or process of Pope. from the state of an oxyd. To disown to refuse or neglect to ac- reducing TION, n. Deoxydation. knowledge; not to confess. DEOX'YDIZE, V. I. To deo.x^date. fie tliat denitth nie before men, shall be deDeoxvdated.
;
1

To

o|vs, acid.]

convention be found to de.Madison. part from republican principles 10. To vary to deviate from the title or defense ill pleading. Blackslone. 11. To])art with. Shak. [.Votin use.] To depart from God, is to forsake his service and liMinsin; t<j aixistati/e to revolt ; to desert his government and laws.
If the plan of the

God departs from men, when he abandons them to their own sinful inclinations, or ceases to bestow on them his favor. Hosea ix.

DEP ART,
part.
tleath.
2.

!'.

t.

To
The

[.\'ot

used.]

DEOXYDIZA

DEP'ART,
Division
;

n.

divide or separate ; to Shak. Spenser. act of going away:

[Ac// used.]

Shak.
[JVot used.]

7ire(/

5.

To

reject;

before the angels of (Jod. Luke xii. to disown; not to receive or

DEOX'YDiZED,/);*.

sejiaration.
n.

DEOX'YDIZING,
of the length of the

;<;),.

Deoxydating.

Bacon.

embrace.

He liatli
infidel.
1
ii.

denied the

faith,

and

is

worse than an
lusts.

Note. Dcoxydaie and deojcydize are synonymous ; but the former Is preferable, on account
word deoxydizaiion.
v.
t.
:

DEPARTER,
hy
sejjaration.

One who
[.\"ot

refines metals

used.]

Tim.

v. Til.

DEP'ARTING, /)^r. Going

from; leaving;
;

Denying ungodliness and worldly

fi.

DEOX'YgENATE,
To

[de

and oxygenate.]
i

desisting; forsaking; vanishing; dying.

deprive of oxygen.
v.t.

DEP'ARTING,
tion.

n.

going away

Not to
tion

To deny
;

one's

afford or yield. Kirtcan. self, is to decline the gratifica;

DEOX'YuENATED,
gen.

to refrain of appetites or desires The temperate man from to abstain. denies himself the free use of spirituous

DEOX'YgENATING,
oxygen.

liquors.

denied myself the pleasure of

himself."

DEOXYgENA'TION,
tion of depriving of

your company. " God cannot deni/

He
and

oxygen.

n. [Fr. departement; Sp. deparlimiento.] 1. Literally, a separation or division; hence, ppr. Depriving of a separate |)art, or portion; a division of ^0 territory ; as the departments of France. n. The act or opera2. separate allotment or part of business ;

Davy. Med. Rep.Deprived of oxy-,

separaShak.

DEPARTMENT,

cannot act
promises

He DE015STRUT',

in contradiction to his character and cannot be unfaithful. 2 Tim. ii.

v.
t.

DEPA'INT,
1.

v.

and pelndre, L. pingo,

[L. de

To

obstnio, to

paint

[Fr. depeindre, depeint ; de to paint.] to picture ; to rejjiesent in col-!

t.
[

To remove

stop

ob

and
;

struo, to pile.]
2.

ors, as

by painting the resemblance

of.

DEOBSTRUCT
tions
:

obstructions, or impediments to a passage to clear from any thing that hinders the passage of fluids in the proper ducts of the body as, to deobstruct the pores or lacteals. ED, pp. Cleared of obstruc;

To describe in words. DEPA'INTED, pp. Painted

colors
;

Spenser. 3.
;

a distinct province, in which a classof duties are allotted to a particular person; as the department of state, assigned to the secretary of state the treasury department ; the department of w'ar. A separate station as, the admirals had
;
;

Gay. represented in

described.
n.

their respective departments. Nearly in this sense, during war, were used in Amer-

DEPA'INTER,
iiig in colors;
I',

painter.

Douglas.

DEPA'INTING,;)^-.
i.
;

Painting; represent
;

DEPARTMENTAL, a.
DEPARTURE,
2.

opened.
ppr.
to a passage.
n."^

DEOIiSTRUCT'ING,
pediments
;

Removing im- DEP'ART, to

1.

describing. [Fr. depaiiir

de

and partir,

DEOB'STRUENT,
;

DEOB'STRUENT,

I will depart to my own land,^' tliat is, I will 3. forsaking; ab.indonment ; as a departdopartyi'OTH this place to my own land. Num. \. ure from evil. to desist, as from ural passages of the fluids of the body, as 2. To go C om ; to leave 4. desisting ; as a departure from a pura practice. Jehu departed not from the! the pores and lacteal vessels ; an aperient. pose. sins of Jeroboam. Calomel is a powerful deobstrueni. Jehoshaphat departed 5. Ruin; destruction. Ezek. xxvi. DE'ODAND, )!. [L. Deo dandus, to be given not from the way of Asa his father. 6. deviation from the title or defense in 3. To leave ; to deviate from to forsake to God.] Blackslone. pleading. not to adhere to or follow; as, we cannot In England, a personal chattel which is the 7. In navigation, the distance of two places from our rules. immediate occasion of the death of a radi'part on the same parallel, counted in miles of I have not tional creature, and for that reason, given departed Com thy judgments. Ps the equator. jMar. Diet. c.\ix. to God, that is, forfeited to the king, to be DEPAS'CENT, a. [L. depascens, depascor ^ applied to pious uses, and distributed in! 4. To desist ; to leare ; to abandon ; as, he de and pascor, to feed.] Feeding'*

obstructions having power to clear or open the natural ducts of the fluids and secretions of the body resolving viscidities aperient. Coxe. Encyc.

Removing

To go
fire.

separate Sp. departir. See Pari.] or move from. Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting
Matt. xxv.
is

the terms, Nortliern and Southern departments. Pertaining to a department, or division. n. The act of going away a moving from or leaving a place as a
ica,
; ; ;

departure from London. I>eath ; decease removal from the present life.

It is followed hy from, or from before the place left.

implied
\

The
iv.

time of my departurein at hand. 2 Tim.

n. Any medicine which removes obstructions and opens the nat-

A
A

;'

D E P
DEP'ASTURE,
To
eat

D E P
and operationof any other cause
;

D E P
inability
tic fluid

up;

[L. depascor, supra.j to consimie. Spenser.

v.

t.

DEP>ASTURE,
If a

man

graze and depasture law calls agistment

feed ; to graze. v. i. takos in a horse, or other cattle, to in liis grouutis, wbicli the Blackstone.

To

to sustain itself without the aid of. We ouglit to feel our dependence on God for The child should be sensible life and support. of his depemknce on his parents. In the natural and moral world, we observe the dependence of

capable of supporting animal life and flame much longer than common air. It is now called oxygen, oxygen gas, or vital air.
V.

DEPICT',

DEP'ASTURING, ;;;>;.
eating
iiti.

Feeding; grazing:
5.

one thing on another.

DEPAU'PERATE,
;

v.

I.

[L. depuupero

de
C.

and paupcro, to beggar, poor Sp. empohrecer.]

from
;

pauper,

To make

DEPAUPERATED,

language. that which pertains to something TiEl'li'T'ED,' pp. Painted represented in as modes which are considered as colors described. or affections of substances. dependencies Impoverished pp. DEPICTING, ppr. Painting representing Locke. made poor. in colors, or in words. to, but subordinDEPAU'PERATING, ppr. Impoverisliing 7. That which is attached as this earth and DEPICTURE, II. t. [de and picture.] To ate to something else to represent in colors. making poor. paint to ])icture Burnet. its dependencies. DEPiCC'TIBLE, a. [L. depeeto, to comb. Weever. [See Depict.] 8. A territory remote from the kingdom or r. t. [L. depilo ; de and pilus, Tough thick. [jVot used.] to DEPIL.'VTE, belongs, but To strip of hair. DEPEINeT', V. t. [L. dcpingo.] To paint. state to which itdistant isles or subject hair.] countries. as its dominion Spenser. n. The act of pulling off [jYot used.] Great Britain has its dependencies, in Asia, DEPILA'TION, the hair. DEPEND', V. i. [L. dependeo ; de and pendeo D>-yden. Africa and America. Fr to hang; Sp. depender; It. dipendere a. Having the quality or DEPEND'ENT, o. Hanging down as a DEPIL'ATORY,oft" hair and make bald. dependre; krm. depanla.] power to take dependent leaf. 1. To hang; to be sustained by being fasten)i. DEPIL'ATORY, Any a])piication which The furs in the tails were dependent. folabove ed or attached to is used to take off the hair of an animal
else else
; ; ; ;

poor; to im|)ovcrisl) to deprive of the fertility or richness; as, to depauperate Moriimer. Arbuthnot. soil or the blood.

a resting confidence ; trust Reliance on as, we may have a firm dependence on the promises of God. that of which the existence Accident ])resupposes the existence of something
; ; ;

To
2.

and pingo,

t. [L. depingo, depictum; to paint.]

;

de

paint ; to portray to form a likeness in colors; as, to depict a lion on a shield.

Taylor. To describe ; to represent in words ; as, the poet depicts the virtues of his hero in

glowing

something

2.

lowed by from. From the frozen beard Dryden Long icicles depend. To be connected with any thing, as tlie
cause of
its
;

Peacham.

2.

Subject to the power of; at the disposal of; not able to exist or sustain itself witi out the will or jiower of Thus, we are
dependent on God and his providence an effect may be dependent on some luiknown cause. Relying on for support or favor; unable to subsist or to perform any thing, vvitl out the aid of. Children are dependent on their parents for food and clothing. The pupil is dependent on
;

body

such as lime and orpiment. Enci/c.

a.

DEP'iLOUS,

Without
n.

hair.

[jVot used.]

Brown.

DEPLANTA'TION,
act of taking
to
fill.]

[L. deplanto.]

The
pleo,

existence or of
to rely

its

operation
3.

and

eftects

on

to

have such con

up plants from beds. DEPLE'TION, n. [L. depleo ; de and

nection with any thing as a cause, that without it, tlie effect would not be produfollowed by on or upon. \Vc de ced pend on. God for existence we depend on air for respiration vegetation depends on the infant de/iends on heat and moisture its ])arents for support; the ])eace of soci ety depends on good laws and a faithfn administration. 3. To adhere; to hold to; to be retained.
; ; ;
;

The

act of emptying particularly, in the medical art, the act of diminishing the cpiantity of blood in the vessels by vene;

section

bloodletting.
;

his prece|)tor for instruction.

DEPLORABLE,
may be
ble
;

DEPEND'ENT,
|)osal

n.
;

One who

is at

the dis

of another

4.

as,
is

.'.

jiendent. participle; as, tlie suit is still depending hi DEPEND'ING, ppr. Hanging down court. [See Pending.] ing. To rely to rest with confidence ; to 2. a. Pending; undecided; as a suit oi to confide ; to have full confidence trust ffuestion. on the word or as- DEPER'DIT, a. or belief That depend [L. deperdilus.] surance of our friends. w hich is lost or dcstroved. depend on Pcdei).
; ; ;

[See Dependent.] To be in suspense; to But the verl the cause still depends. seldom used in this sense. We use the
;

Shak be undetermined

another, or who port or favor; a retainer; as, the prince was followed by a immerous train of rfependents.

one who is sustained by relies on another for sup-

a. "[See Deplore.] That deplored or lamented lamentademands or cau.ses lamentation hence, sad calamitous ; grievous miserable wretched as, the evils of life are

that

deplorable ; the rable condition.

2.

Pagan world

is in

a deplo-

DEPEND'ER,

n.

One who depends

a deShak.

Deplorate, in a like sense, is not used. In popular use, low contemptible pitias deplorable stupidityal)le relyDEPLO'RABLENESS, n.'Thc state of
; ;
;

We
ol'

We
;

DEPLO'RABLY,
deplored
;

being deplorable misery wretchedness a miserable state. adv. In a manner to be

; ;

lamentably

miserably

as,

deplorabhi corrupt. n. The act of lamentIn music, a dirge or mournful strain. d. /. [(/< ing. py.iywitli confidence. V. t. [L. deploro ; de and ploro, 11.11.. phlegm, from fy.tyu, to burn.] DEPEND'ABLE, a. That may be depend- To deprive of superabundant water, as by to howl, to wail ; Fr. deplorer ; It. deploed on ; as depeiidnble friendshijis. [JYol in rare ; S|i. deplorar, llorar.] evaporation or distillation, u.sed of spirit Pope and acids to clear spirit or acids of aque- To lament ; to bewail to mourn ; to feel or use.] state of hanging Co.re. ous matter; to express deep and poignant grief for.
;

the arrival

the mail at the usual

hour

Depend on it, the knave will deceive us To depend on or upon, to rely to trust in

DEPERDP'TION,
[See Perdition.]

n.

"Loss

destruction.

manners are

Brown DEPLORA'TION,

DEPHLEG'MATE,

and Gr.

DEPLORE,

DEPEND'EMCE, DEPEND'ENCY,
|iorter.

\ "'
S

'lown

from a sup
;

rectify.

Encyc

We

[Depldegm

is ii^ed

by Boyle.]
n.

deplored the death of Washington.

2.

Any thing hanging dow n

DEPIILEGMA'TION,
a series of

The

operation of
;

DEPLO'RED,
deeply
used.]

;);).

Lamented

bewailed

things hanging to another. And made a long dependence from the bough

Dryden
3.

Concatt^nation connection b}' which one thing is sustained by another, in its place it. o|>erations or eftects, or is aftected by
;

DEPHLEG'MEDNESS,
(fv.oytfo;,

led also concentration, particularly when acids are the subject. Enci/c. n. state of beinir freed from water. [Ao< serf.] Boi/Ie. DEPHLOtJIS'TlCATE, i'. /. [de and Gr.

separating water from spirits and acids, by evaporation or repeated distillation cal-

rejrretted.

DEPLOREDLY,
DEPLO'RER,
n.

adv.

Lamentably.

[jYoI

Taylor.

One who

deplores,'
;

or
la-

deeplv laments: a deep mourner. DEPLO'RING, ppr. Bewailing deeply menting.

4.

burnt, inflammable, from ifiXayburn. See Phlogiston.] deprive of ])lil(igiston, or the supposed PricMci/. A state of being at princi|>le of inflammability. other; a state of being subject to the will DEl'niJX'ilS'TUATED, pp. Deprived of of an intelligent cmise, or to the power jdilogiston, Dephlogisticated air, is anelas Hut of

The

this frariie the bearings and the ties strong connections, nice dependeneies

DEPLOY',
picga

tfu, to

Pope the disposal of an

To

V. t. [Fr. deployer; de and ployer, or plier, to fold ; L. plico ; Gr. TfKfxic : Arm. ; S\i. picgar ; ^t. piegare : W.plygu. Hence Sp. desplegnr, to di.'^plny ; It. spieDeploy is only a different orthogragnre. phy of rfqa/icr, Sp. desplegar, to display.]

D E P
To
display
:

D E P
Ill'
;

D E P
to Spain,

to

open

to

extend a mililary
;
;

told us,

term.

with a

he had been deported hundred others like himself.

; ;

Watsli.

DEPLOY',

I', i. To open to extend form a more extended front or line.

to

DEPO'RT,
or;
\J1 poetic

n. Behavior carriage demeandeportment; as goddess-like rfe^orf.

n. Transportation; a 3. A place where things are deposited a decarrying away a removal from one coun|)ositor}-. try to another, or to a distant place 4. A city or town where goods are lodged exile banishment. for safe-keeping or for reshipnient. ers. Ayliffe. [Fr. 2. A tumor of the eye-lids with loss of hair. DEPO'RTED, pp. Carried away; transdepot.] In deposit, in a state of pledge, or for safe Coxe. ported banished. DEPO'RTING, ppr. Carrying away remo- keeping. v. t. [L. DEPLU'MF;, de.plumo; deandphtving to a distant place or country trans- DEPOSITARY, n. [Fr. dcpositaire ; Low ma, a feather Sp. desplumar ; It. spiuL. deposilarius.] porting banishing. marc] To strip or pluck off feathers; to deprive of DEPO'RTMENT, n. [Fr. deportement.] A person with whom any thing is left or Carriage; manner of acting in relation to Hayward. lodged in trust one to whom a thing is pluma^'e. the duties of hfe; behavior; demeanor; committed for safe keeping, or to be used DEPLU'AIED, pp. Stripped of feathers or conduct management. for the benefit of the owner; a trustee ; a Sivi/l. plumes. DEPLU'MING, ppr. Stripping off plumes DEPO'SABLE, a. That may be depo.sed, or guardian. The Jews were the depositaHowell. or feathers. ries of the sacred writings. dejjrived of office. To deprive of polari DEPO'SAL, ra. The act of deposing, or di- DEPOS ITING, ppr. Laying down pledgDEPO'LARlZE, v. t. Fox. Ure vesting of office. ty. ing repositiug. [See PoUirily.] DEPO'NE, V. t. [L. depono.] To lay down DEPO'SE, V. t. s as z. [Fr. depose r ; L. de- DEPOSP'TION, ;i. [L. depositio.] The act as a pledge to wage. of laying or throwing down; as, soil is pono, drpositum ; de and pono, to lay or put ; [JVot in use. ] Hudibrns. Sp. deponer ; \t. deporre.] formed by the deposition of line particles, DEPO'NENT, a. fL. dtponens, depono; de 1. To lay down to throw to let fall as, during a flood. the flood deposed fine particles of earth on 2. That which is thrown down that which and pono, to lay.] Layin;; down. the hank of the river. In this sense, we 2. A deponent verb, in the Latin Grammar, is is lodged as, banks are sometimes deponow use deposit. Woodward. a verb which has a passive teruiination sitions of alluvial njatter. 2. To reduce from a throne or other higl 3. The art of with an active signification, and wants giving testimony under oath. one of the passive participles as, loquor, station; to dethrone; to degrade; to di- 4. The attested written testimony of a witvest of oilice as, to depose a king or a to speak. ness an affidavit. n. Due who deposes, or gives 5. The act of dethroning a king, or the depope. DEPtJ'NENT, a deposition under oath one who gives 3. To give testimony on oath, especially to grading of a ])erson from an office or stawritten testimony to he used as evidence a divesting of sovereignty, or of tion give testimony which is committed to wriin a court of justice. With us in New ting to give answers to interrogatories, office and dignity a depriving of clerical intended as evidence in a court. this word is never used, 1 he orders. A deposition differs from abdicaEngland, Barrow. for a witness who gives oral testi 4. To lay aside. tion ; an abdication being voluntary, and a lieve, to divest. [JVot niony in court. In England, a deponent is 5. To take away to strij) deposition, compulsory. in use.] Sluik. one who gives answers under oath to inDEPOS'ITORY, 7!. A place where any Sliak 6. To examine on oath. [JVot in use.] terrogatories exhibited in chancery. thing is lodged for safe-keeping. A ware2. A deponent verb. DEPO'SE, V. i. To bear witness. Sidney. house is a depository for goods a clerk's

DEl'LOV'ING,
dis])laying.

ppr.

Opening; extendin

word.]
;

Milton.

a pledge a pawn; a thing given as as, these jiasecurity, or for preservation pers are connnitted to you as a sacred deposit ; he has a deposit of money in his
er
; ;
;

hatids.
;

DEPORTA'TION,
;

DEl'LUiMA'TION,

[See >e;>;ume.] Tlie stripping or falling on of plumes or feathn.

nEPOP'ULATE

To

!'. t. [L. depopulor; de and popular, to ravage or lay waste, liom populus, people ; Sp. despoUar ; It. spopolare ; Vr. depeuplcr.]

DEPO'SED,
testified.

pp.
n.

Dethroned

degraded
or de

office, for records.

DEPOS'ITUM,
One who deposes
lish,

7i.

deposit.

[.Yot

Eng-

DEPO'SER,

grades from

office.

dispeople; to unpeople ; to dci)nve of inhabitants, whether by death, or by expulIt is not synonymous with laying waste or destroying, being limited to the loss of inhabitants as, an army or a famine may depopulate a country. It rarely ex presses an entire loss of inhabitants, but often a great diminution of their numbers. The deluge nearly depopulated the earth.

DEPOSING, ;);jr.
bearing witness.
)!.

Dethroning; degrading;
act of dethroning. Sclden.

DEPOT. [A French word. See Deposit.] DEPR.WA'TION, n. [L. depravcUio. See

Deprave.]
1.

nor in use.]

sion.

DEPOSING,
DEPOS'IT,
1.

DEPOPULATE,
pled.

i'.

i.

To become

dispeo
;

The act of making had or worse; the act of corrupting. [L. depositum, from 2. Tlie state of being made bad or worse ; degeneracy a state in which good qualidepono.] To lay down ; to lay ; to throw down. ties are lost, or impaired. speak of the depravation of morals, manners or crocodile deposits her eggs in the sand. An inun- government of the heart or mind of nabird deposits eggs in a nest. dation deposits particles of earth on a ture, taste, &c.

The

v.t. s as z.

We

A A

meadow.
pp. Dispeopled
depri- 2.
;

3.
;

Censure

defamation. [JVot used.]

de

Shak.

DEPOPULATED,
ved of

To
tion.

lay

inliabitants.

DEPOP'ULATING,

DEPOPULATION,
tants.

deppr. Dispeopling priving of inhabitants. n. The act of dispeodestruction or expulsion of inhabi pling;
n.

deposit the produce of the earth dein barns, cellars or storehouses. posit goods in a warehouse, and books in a

We

up

to lay in a place for preserva-

DEPRA'VE
1.

We

v.t. [L. depravo ; crooked, perverse, wicked.] To make bad or worse to impair good
;

and pravus,
worse

qualities
vitiate
;

to

make bad
;

qualities

to

library.
3.

DEPOP'ULATOR,
latcs
;

one

who

One who depopu

habitants of a

city,

destroys or expels the in town or country ; a

4.

DEPO'RT,
1.

dispeoi)ler. v.t.

the hands of a person for safe-keeping or other ))urpose to commit to the care of; to entrust ; to commit to one as a pledge. say, the bond is demoposited in the hands of an attorney ney is deposited as a pledge, or security.

To

lodge in

corrupt as, to deprave manners, morals, govcrinnent, laws; to deprave the heart, mind, will, understanding, taste,
to

We

principles,
2.

&c.
;

To defame

to vilify.

[JVot

now

used.]

Shak.

Spenser.
;

[Fr.deporter;Sp.deportar;

To

L. deporto

With Mc demean
;

porta, to carry.] reciprocal pronoun, to carry; to to behave.

;

de

and

lay aside.
;

DEPRA'VED,
vitiated
2. a.
;

DEPOS''lT, down any matter

or lodged.

[Little used.] H. That which is laid or

pp.
;

niade

bad or worse

laid

thrown or thrown down,

tainteil

corrupted.
;

Corrupt; wicked or good principles.

ner.

destitute of holiness

Let an embassador deport himself in the most graceful manner before a prince. Pope. to carry away, or from one 2. To transport eountry to another.
;

The deposit already formed affording to the succeeding portions of the charged fluid, a basis.

DEPRA'VEDLY,
a vitiated state.

adv. In a corrupt
n.

mantaint
;

2.

Any

Kirwan. thing entrusted to the caie of anoth-

DEPRA'VEDNESS,

Corruption

Hammond.

D E P
UEPRA' VEMENT,
DEPRA'VER,
DEPRA'VING,
ing.
Ji.

DE P
;

D E P
DEPRESS'ING,
;

n.

vitiated state.

corrupter

he
:

[L. depra:dor ; dc and Brown. prador, to plunder, prwda, prey.] wlio vi- 1. Tophnider; to rob; to pillage; to take

DEP'REDATE,

v.

t.

tiates; a vilificr.

ppr. Blaking bad

n.
11.

corruptOhs.

DEPRA'VING,

traducing.

DEPRAVITY,
state
2.
;

as the

Corruption; a vitiated depramiy of manners and

Bxirke.
;

morals.

vitiated state of the heart

wicUedncss;
;

corruption of moral principles of hohness or good ))rinLiples.

destitution

DEP'REATE,
precor, to pray.
1.

('.

/.

[L.

cleprecor

de

and

To pray against to pray or intreat tliat a present evil may be removed, or an expected one averted. The judgments ivc would deprecnte arc not
;

See Pray and Preach.]

hollow a sinking or falling in of a suror a forcing inwards as roughness to spoil. Bacon. to waste 2. To prey upon consisting in little protuberances and de3. To devour to destroy by eating as, wild pressions ; the dep)-ession of the skull. animals depredate the corn. 3. The act of hiunbling abasement as the DEP'REDATE, v. i. To take plunder or depression of pride the depression of the as, the troops prey to commit waste nobility. depredated on the country. 4. A sinking of the spirits dejection a state DEP'REDATED, pp. Spoiled; plundered of sadness want of courage or animawasted pillaged. tion as depression of the mind. DEPREDATING, 2W- Phindering rob A low slate of strength a state of body bing pillaging. succeeding debility in the formation of disn. The act of
2.
;

the property of an enemy or of a foreign countiy by force as, the army depredated the enemy's country. That kind of war''which depredates and disMarshall tresses individuals.
; ; ;

ppr. Pressing down lowering in place letting fall sinking dejecting abasing impoverishing rendering languid. n. The act of DEPRES'SION, pressing down or the state of being pressed down ;
; ; ; ; ; ; ;

a low state.

face

DEPREDATION,
;

plunder-

a pillaging. ing ; a robbing Smallridge. We should all deprecate the return of war. 2. Waste ; consumption a taking away by any act of violence. The sea often makes More generally, to regret; to have or to on the land. Intemperance depredations express deep sorrow at a present evil, or at commits depredations on the constitution. one that may occur. This word is seldom
removed.
:

ease.

Coxestate

to express actual prayer; but it exor presses deep regret that an evil exists may exist, which implies a strong desire that it may be removed or averted. Prior. 2. To implore mercy of. [Improper.']

used

DEP'REDATOR,
or pillages
ing
; ;

n.

One who

plunders,

DEP'REDATOR Y,
DEPREHEND',
awd prehendo,
1.

a spoiler

a waster.

a.

consisting in pillaging.
v.
t.

Plundering; spo Encyc. [L. deprehendo I'de

of business or of property. The sinking of the polar star towards the horizon, as a person recedes from the pole towards the equator. Also, the distance of a star from the horizon below, which is measured by an arch of the vertical circle or azimuth, ))assing through the star, intercejited between the star and the hori8.

low

DEP'RECATED, pp.
ly regretted.

Prayed against deep;

to take or seize.]

DEPRECATING,
regretting.

ppr.
n.

Praying against
praying against be removed or
;

DEPRECATION,
])revented.
2.

2.

praying that an evil

may

take unawares or by sur prise to seize, as a person committing an More. Hooker. unlawful act. To detect to discover to obtain the Bacon. knowledge of.
catch
;
;

To

to

zon. Bailey. Encyc. In algebra, the depression of an equation, is the bringing of it into lower and more

simple terms

liy

division.
a.

Bailey.

DEPRESS'IVE,

Able or tending to de-

press or cast down.

DEPRESSOR,
2.

H.

He

that presses

down

Milton.

DEPREHEND'ED, pp. Taken

by surprise

an oppressor. In anatomy, a nuiscle that depresses or

excusing; a Johnson. DEPREHEND'ING,/;;);-. Taking unawares; catching; seizing; discovering. DEP'RECATOR, n. One who deprecates, DEP'RECATORY, ) "" That serves to dep- DEPREIIEN'SIBLE, a. That may be DEP'RECATIVE, ^ recate tending to caught, or discovered. remove or avert evil by i)rayer as depre DEPREHEN'SIBLENESS, n. Capable ness of being caught or discovered. Bacon. calory letters. DEPREHEN'SION, i!. A catching or seiz2. Having the form of prayer. ing a discovei-y. L. v. t.
;

Intreaty; petitioning; an begging pardon for.

draws down the part

;

attached as the depressor of the lower jaw, or of the eyeball. It is called also deprimenl or deprimens.
it is

to

which

DEPRI'VABLE,
may
A
be deprived.

a.

[See Deprive.]

That

chaplain shall be deprivable by the founder, not by the bishop. Encyc.

[See Deprive, No. 4.] n. [See Deprive.] Tlie act of depriving ; a taking away. to cry DEPRESS', V. f. [L. depresstts, deprimo ; de 2. state of being deprived loss ; want 1. To lessen tlie price of a thing ; and pressus, prcnio, to press.] bereavement by loss of friends or of goods. down the price or value. to press to a lower state 3. In law, the act of to represent as of little 1. To press down 2. To undervalue divesting a bishop or than is or ])Osition ; as, to depress the end of a other clergyman of his spiritual promotion value or merit, or of less value or dignity ; the taking away of a prefertube, or the nuizzle of a gun. commonly supposed ; as, one author is apt ment deposition. This is of two kinds; a to depreciate the works of another, or to 2. To let fall ; to bring down as, to depress the eye. The former is the their worth. heneficio, and ah ojjicio. depreciate The issue of a su- 3. To render dull or languid ; to limit or di 3. To lower the value. deprivation of a minister of his living or minisli ; as, to depress commerce. preferment the latter, of his order, and perabundance of notes depreciates them, 4. To sink ; to lower ; to deject ; to make otherwise called deposition or degradation, or depreciates their value.

DEPRE'CIATE,
Price.]

[Low
Fr.

depretio

;de

and prclium, price

dtpriser.

See [Deprehend
used.]

and

its

derivatives

are

little

DEPRIVA'TION,

DEPRE'CIATE,

v. i.

To
it

fall

become of less worth.

will depreciate, unless Estates are specie.

A
is

value; to |iaper currency

in

sad
5. 6.

convertible into

To humble To sink in

as, to depress the spirits or the mind. to abase ; as, to depress pride. ;

Encyc.

DEPRI'VE,
1.

altitude

to

impoverish to lower in temjioral cs tate as, misfortunes and losses have de pressed the merchants. DEPRE' CIATED, pp. Lessened in value 8. To lower in value as, to depress the price or price undervakied. of stock. DEPRECIATING, ppr. Lessening tin DEPRESS'ED, pp. Pressed or forced down undervaluing. jvriee or worth lowered; dejected; dispirited; sad hum2. Falling in Aahie. bled sunk; rendered languid. DEPRECIA TION, 7!. The act of lessen 2. In botany, a depressed leaf is hollow in the
7.
; ; ; : ;

apt to depreciate in the hands of tenants on short leases. Con tinental bills of credit, issued by the con gress, during the revolution, depreciated to the one hundredth part of their nominal value.

lower or nearer tlie sailing towards the equator depresses the

;

cause to ap|)ear horizon as, a man

t. [L. de and privo, to take away, Sp. privar, It. privare, Fr. priver. See Private.] To take from to bereave of somethuig

V.

pole.

To

])ossessed or enjoyed ; followed by of; as, to deprive a man o/" sight; to deprive one of strength, of reason, or of property. This has a general significjition, applicable to a lawful or
2.

unlawful taking.
;

To

God bath deprivedher of wisdom. Job xxxix. hinder from possessing or enjoying

to debar.

From his fiice I sliall be liid, deprived Milton. Of his blessed countenance.
[This use of
3.

iiig

2.

or crying down jirice or value. The falling of value; reduition of worth as the depreciation oriiill.< of credit.

middle, or having the disk more depressed than the sides used ofsucculeiit leaves,
;

the

u-ctrd is

not legitimate,

and opposed

to

convex.

Martyn.

hnt common.] To free or release from.

Spenser.

D E P
4.

D E P
wound from impure

D E R
DEPUTY-MARSHAL,
to act in the place
n. One appointed of the marshal.
ji.

divest of an ecclesiastical preferment 2. The cleansing of a matter. dignity or office ; to ilivest of orders; as a

To

bishop, prebend or vicar. DEPRIVED, pp. Bereft divested hinder ed stripped of office or dignity deposed
; ; ;
;

DEP'URATORY,
;

a. Cleansing; purifying; or tending to purify. A depuratory fever, is a fever that expels morbid matter by a

DEPITY-POST-MASTER,
who
is

person

ap|>ointcd to act as post-master, in subordination to the I'ost-Master General.

n. A person deputed or authorized to perform the duties of the In like manner, we use depvtij-commis.iary, deputy-pay-

degraded.

free perspiration.
n.

DEl'RI'VEMENT,
or bluing deprived.

The

state

of losing

DEPU'RE, v.t. To depurate. DEPUTA'TION, n. [Fr. id.

one
1.

It.

Si/dcnha/n [JVotvsed.] deputazi-

DEPUTY-SHEKIFF,

sheriff, as his substitute.

DEPKl'VER,
or bereaves.
wliat
is

n.

He

or that

which deprives

DEl'IirVliVG, ppr. Bereaving; taking away

possessed divesting deposing. DEl'TH, n. [from deep.] Deepness; the distance or measure of a tiling from the surface to the bottom, or to the extreme part downwards or inwards. The depth of a river may be ten feet. The deplh of the ocean is unfathomable. The depth of a wound may be an inch. In a vertical di;
;

hindering

from enjoying

; Sp. diputacion. The act of appointing a substitute or rc-J presentative to act for another; the act of appointing and sending a deputy or substitute to transact business for another, as his agent, either with a special commission and authority, or with general powThis word may be used for the elecers. tion of representatives to a legislature but
;

See Depute.]

master, &:c.

prefixed to names of places, may be from Sax. deor, a wild beast, or from dur, water. DERACINATE, v. t. [Fr. deraciner ; de

DER,

and

raeine, a root.]

To

jduck

up by the roots;

to

extirpate.

more generally

it is

employed

to express
1

DERAC
;

[Little used.]

Shak.
pp. Plucked up by the

l.NATED.

roots extirpated. the appointment of a special agent or commissioner, by an individual or public body iDERAC'INATING,/)pr. Tearing up by the roots extirpating. to transact a particular business. rection, depth is opposed to highth. 2. A dec]) place. 2. A special commission or authority to act DERA'IGN, } [Norm, derener, dereignas the substitute of another as, this man DERA'IN, a. Th(! .soa, tlie ocean. er, deraigner, or derainer.] \ The depth closed me round about. Jonah ii To prove to justify to vindicate, as an asacts by deputation from the sheriff. 4. The abyss a gulf of infinite profundity. 3. The person deputed the person or per sertion; to clear one's self [An old lair sons authorized and sent to transact busi When lie set a compass on the face of the term, now disused.] Prov. \iii. ness for another as, the Gencnd .lent a DERA'IGN.MENT, ) The act of deraindepth. ^ ''"g: proof; justifi5. The middle or highth of a season, as the deputation to the enemy to ofier terms of IDERA'INMENT, cation. peace. depth of winter; or the middle, the dark A like word was formerly used In the est or stillest part, as the depth of night DEPU'TE, v.t. [Fr. deputer; It. deputare ; sense of disordering, derangement, a disor the iimer part, a part remote from the Port, deputar Sp. diputar ; h.deputo, but cbarge from a profe.ssion, or departure de and puto. The border, as the depth of a wood or forest. differently applied from a religious order. [Fr. deranger; de that which is 6. Abstruseness obscurity primary sense of puto is to thrust, throw, and ranger.] not easily exploretl as the depth of send but it has various applications. See science. Class Bd. No. 13. 19.] DER.\N6E, ti. /. [Fr.derayiger; de and ran7. Unsearchableness To appoint as a substitute or agent to act ger, to set in order, from rang-, rank Arm. infinit}'.
; .
' '

(;

the depth of the riches both of (he wisdom and knowledge of God. Rom. xi. 8. The breadth and depth of the love of Christ, vast extent. are
its

for another; to appoint and send with a special commission or authority to transact business in another's name. The sheriff

direncqa.]
;1.

0.

extent of penetration, or of the capacity of penetrating; as depth of understanding; depth of skill. 10. The depth of a squadron or battalion, is the number of men in a file, which forms the extent from the front to the rear as a depth of three men or six men. 11. Depth of a sail, the extent of the square sails from the head-rope to the foot-rope, or the length of the after-leech of a staysail or boom-sail. .Mar. Diet DEPUL'SION, n. [L. deptdsio ; de and pel-

Profoundness

deputes a man to serve a writ. There is no man deputed by the king

2 Sam. XV.

to hear.

put out of order; to disturb the regular order of; to throw into confusion as, to derange the plans of a commander, or the afJ'airs of a nation.
;

To

had long supposed that nothing could deputrefaction.

The bishop may depute a priest to administer the sacrament. Ayliffe

range or intenupt the course of

Lavoisier, TVan.

DEPU'TED,

n. [Fr. deputi.] A person ap [See Repul- DEP'l'TY, pointed or elected to act for another, es pecially a person sent with a special com thrusting mission to act in the place of another; : awav averting. DEP' URATE, v.t. [Fr. depurer ; It. depu- lieutenant a viceroy. A prince sends a rare ; Sp. depurar ; from de and pus, puris.] deputy to a diet or council, to represent To purify to free from impurities, hetero- him and his dominions. A sherift" appoints a deputy to execute the duties of his geneous matter or feculence a chimical The towns in New England send office. term. In the latter DEP'URATED. pp. Purified from hetero deputies to the legislature. sense, a deputy has general powers, and it geneous niattei-, or from impurities. is more common to use the word representE. Stiles.

to, to

drive.]

to disorder as, his pripp. Appointed vate affairs are deranged. appointed and sent with special authority to act for another. 3. To disorder the intellect to disturb the DEPU'TING, ppr. Aiipoinling as a substi- regular operations of reason. To remove from place or office, as the tute appointing and sending with a special commission to transact business for personal staff of a )irincipal military otilcer. Thus when a general officer resigns another. or is removed from office, the personal DEP'UTIZE, V. t. To appoint a deputy; to staff appointed by himself are said to be empower to act for another, as a sheriff.
; ; ; ;

as a substitute: 2.

To embarrass

driving or tiirusting away.

a.

sion.]

DEPUL'SORY,
;

Driving

or

DEP'URATING,
from impurities.

ppr.

Purifying

freeing

DEPrRA'TIOX,

n. The act of purifying or freeing fluids from lieterogeneous matThis is done by decantation, when ter. the feculent matter is depo.sited on the bottom of the vessel; or by dcspimiation effected by boiling or fermentation, and skimming or by filtration or by lining or clarification. Parr.
;

"

iV. H. Sumner. deranged. pp. Put out of order disembarrassed confused turbed disordered in mind delirious distracted. DER.\N6E.^IENT, ji. A putting out of order disturbance of regularity or regular course embarrassment. Washington. 2. Disorder of the intellect or reason delirium insanity as a derangement of the mental organs. Paley. DERANGING, ppr. Putting out of order; disturbing regularity or regular course embarrassment confusion. ative. Hamilton. one that exercises an office in an 2. Disordering the rational powers. 2. In laic, other's right, and the forfeiture or misde- DERA'Y, v.t. [fi-om the French.] Tumult; disorder merriment. meanor of such deputy shall cause the [A'ot in use.] person he represents to lose his office Douglas. PhiUips. DERE, r. t. [Sax. derian.] To hurt. Obs. DEPUTY-COLLECTOR, ji. A person ap- DER'ELICT, a. [L. derelictus, derelinquo ; de and relinqxio, to leave, re and linquo, id. pointed to perform the duties of a collector of the customs, in place of the collec Class Lg.] Left ; abandoned. tor. DERELICT, n. In late, an article of goods,

DERANGED,
;

Vol.

I.

59

D E R
or
2.

D E R
away,
relii

D E
blister

qiiislicd

DEKEtJC'TION,
;

a 3
'

or al)iindonP(l by the owner. The thing derived or deduced. Glanville. fit o tract of land left dry by tbc sea, and a. Derived; taken or hav for cultivation or use. . t rrn or something inn- proceeded from another llie n. [L. derehcho.] as a derivative jieran intention not to repreceding secondary act of leavini; with as a refeetion; il derivative conveyance, claim an nttcr forsaking; abandomnent Blackstone. lease. The state of being left or abandoned. derived derivative chord, in music, is one Hooker

any commodity,

thiovvii

humors from

the eye

by a

on the

[1.

DERIVATIVE,
;

and repeal, annul or destroy the force efl'ect of some part of a law or established to lessen the extent of a law distinrule guished from abrogate. By several contrary customs, many of the

To

civil

and canon laws are controlled and dero-

gated. To lessen the

to disparage.

Hale

worth of a person or thing

A leaving
Hon of
laugh
;

or receding from
t.

tlie sea. V.

as the derdkBlackstunc.

IdERIV'ATIVE,
a

from a fundamental chord. n. That which

is

derived

DERI'DE,

formed from it. Thus, deprava derivative from the L. depravo, and Proba ity is imvvrinklc, from ride, a wrinkle. and this from acknowledge, from knoidedgc, L. rideo is to sense of bly the primary know, the'primitive word. wrinkle, to grin.] a chord not fundamental. To laugh at in contempt to turn to ridicule 2 111 mtisic, adv. In a derivative
It.

and iideo, to [L. dcridco ; de In Fr. derider is to dn-idere.

word which takes

is

its

origin in another

word, or

or scorn by laughter.

make

sport of; to

mock

to

treat with

DERIVATIVELY,
manner
;

The

Pharisees also

derided him.
for

Luke

xvi

Some, who adore Newton

deriile liim for his
relii^ioii.

his

fluxions,

de and 7ivus, a DERl'VE, [L. derivo ; It. deri stream; Vr. deriver ; Sp. dcrivar ;
V.
t.

by derivation.

To take away to dev. i. to lessen by taking away a part as. from the merit or say nothing to derogate man. [The word is reputation of a brave in this sense.] generally used or birth. !2. To act beneath one's rank, place Shak. [Unusucd.] m value : pp. Diminished damaged. [Shakspeare uses

the ivord is [In the foregoing sensta, seldom used.]

;

now

DER'OGATE,
tract
;

DEROGATED,
degraded
;

DER'OGATELY,
DER'OGATING,

Berkeley.
at
in

rare.]
I.

DERIDED,
mocked
er in
2.
;

pp.
n.

Laughed
a

contempt

To draw
channel
estate
;

ot from, as in a regular course to receive from a source by a

derogate in this sense.] adv. In a sen or take from.

ppr.
n.

manner

to lesSTiak.

Annullmg a

part

ridiculed.

DERl'DER,

One who laughs

:

at anoth-

regular conveyance.

The

heir derives au

lessening by taking from.

contempt

mocker

a scoffer. Hooker.
at

Adam
sin.

from his ancestors. mortal bodies and natures prone

>Ve

derive

from
to

DEROGATION,

droll or buffoon.

OERI'DIXG,
temirt;

ppr.

Laughing

with con
3.

mocking;

DERI'DINGLY,
or mockery.

ridiculing. adv. By way of dcnsioi

. .

DERI'SION,
1.

n.

s as :.

[L.

densio.

bee

Deride.] The act of laughing at in contempt.

or recei\c, as from a source or derive ideas from the senses, origin. and instruction from good books. To deduce or draw, as from a root, or hundred words are primitive worii. often derived from a single monosyllabic a much greater numroot, and sometimes

2. 3.

Contempt manifested by laughter Jer. xx. 1 am in derision daily.

scorn
;

An
I

or contempt object of derision

a
.5.

Lam. ni. was a derision to all my people. DERl'SIVE, a. Containing derision mock;

laughing-stock.

ing; ridiculing.
Derisive taunts.
P"i'<'

lordship from your parents. G. spread in various directions

or of limiting its extent, or of restraining its operation as, an act of parliament is of the king's prerogapassed in derogation we cannot do any thing in derogative tion of the moral law. 2. The act of taking something from merit, a lessening of value reputation or honor ber. or estimation detraction disiiaragement ,. To turn from its natural course to di- with/rom or of; as, I say not this in deroto derive water from the mam vert as, let nothing be said in gation of Virgil ; channel or current into lateral rivulets. merit. derogation from his To communicate from one to another by 'DEROG'ATIVE,. Derogatory. [Thelatler descent. is mostli) used.] , An excellent disposition is lUrived to your DEROG'ATORILY, adv. In a detracting

To draw

act of annulling or revoking a law, or some part of it. More generally, the act of taking away or the value or effect of any thing, destroying
;

The

We

Felton.

To

to

cause

manner.

DERI'SIVELY, o./c.
tempt.

\Vitli

mockery or con-Wftf'
ridiculing.

to flow.

DEROG'ATORINESS,

n.

The

quality of

The streams
part

DERrSORY,a. Mocking;
DERI' V ABLE,
;

Shaftesbury.

DERl'VE,

were derived into every Dmies. of the kingdom. To come or proceed from. V. I.
of justice
derives.

DEROG'ATORY,

being derogatory.

2.

derived Income is derivable as from a source. from land, money or stocks. That may be received from ancestors as an estate derivable from an ancestor.

may bej [^ve Derive.] that may be drawn, or received,

a.
;

That

LYot common.] Power from heaven

Detracting or tending to lessen by taking something from; that lessens the extent, effect or value with to.
a.
:

DERI' VED, pp. Drawn,

Prior as from a source

DERI'VER,

deduced; received; regularly conveyed descended; communicated; transmitted. n. One who derives, or draws
;

3.

That may be drawn, as from premises DERrVING,;)pr. Drawing; receiving defion deducible'; as an argument derivable diverting or communicating ducing facts or preceding propositions. turning into another chaimel. radical word 4. That may be drawn from a DERW'AL, a. [Gr. 6;p,"a, skin.] Pertaining as a word derivable from an Oriental root Fleming. to skin consisting of skin.
;
;

from a source.
;

South.

Let us entertain no opinions derogatory to the honor of God, or his moral government. Let us say nothing derogedory to the merit of our neighbor. in a testament, is a 2. derogatory clause sentence or secret character inserted by the testator, of which he reserves the knowledge to himself, with a condition that no will he may make hereafter shall be valid, unless this clause is inserted word

DER'IVATE,

n.

[L.

dcrivaius.]

A won

Stuart DERIVA'TIO>f, 11. [L. derivatio.] Tlie act of deriving, drawing or receiving from a source as'the derivation of an estate from or of ancestors, or of profits from capital, truth or facts from antiquity. of a 2. In grammar, the drawing or tracing word from its root or original as, deriva lion is from the L. derivo, and the latter

derived from another.

DERM'OID,

n&oi.] [Gr. 6fpf<a, medical term. taining to the skin a sad; DERN, a. [Sax. dearn.] Solitai-y, ''Wo" Obs. cruel. DERN'FUL, a. Pad mournful. Obs. final ultimate; Last; DERNIE'R, n.
;

a.

and

Per

a precaution to guard against lor word later wills extorted by violence or obtained
;

bv suggestion.

Encyc.
Daring.
[.\o( in use.]

DER'RING,
DER'VIS,
or monk,
n.

a.

Spenser.

[Fr.]

who

priest [Persian.] professes extreme jioverty,

life.

Turkish

is as the dernier resort. [I know not that tt used in any other phrase.] DERN'LY, adv. Sadly ; mournfully. 06s

and leads an austere

Encyc.

DES'e.ANT,
dis
I
I

More.

.3.

from rivus, a stream. A drawing from, or turning aside from, a as the derivanatural course or channel tion of water from its channel by lateral
;

DER'OGATE,
to

ask,

rogo
I

v. t. [L. dcrogo ; de and rogo, In ancient to propose. was used in [iroposing new laws, and

ll.

"~

Rome

n. [Sp. discante, discantar ; and L. canto, to sing. See Cant. The Fr. dechanter lias a different sense.] or tune composed in parts. song A song or tune with various modulations.

The wakeful
\11

nightingale

drains.
4.

dfj-og-o,

A drawing of humors from one part as the derivation the body to another
;

Hence
of]
ofll

in repealing some section of a law. the sense is to take from or annul a

night long

lier

amorous descant sunsMilton.

part.

Class Rg.]

3.

discourse

discussion

disputation

D E
nliimadvcrsion,
OOIIllIit'lltS.

S
series of
this

DE
may be

S
elliptical
;

D E
on or
h.
8.

S
descent

comment, or a

considered as
n.

tor.

The Jews boast of their

Hence,
;
;

from

along being understood.]

Abraham.
Birth
descent.

4.

Tlie art of composing music in several Descant is plain, figuralive and parts.
double.

DESCEND'ANT,
descendens.]

[Fr. descendant;

extraction
;

lineage

as a noble

Any person proceeding from an

any degree
genej-ation,
;

ancestor in
are
all

9.

generation
;

Plain descant

the ground- work of musiciil compositions, consisting in the orderly disiwsition of concords, answering to simple
is

issue

offspring, in the line of

ad

descendants of
sinking.
2.

Adam
a.

infinitum.

We

of genealogy
ancestor.

a single degree in the scale distance from tlic common

the

DESCENDIBIL'ITY, quality of 11. .V rank in the scale of subordination. being descendible, or capable of being Milton. as the detransmitted from ancestors Encyc. Bailey. Shak. 12. Lowest place. DESCANT', V. i. To run a division or vari- scendibility of an estate or of a crown. Black.itone. 13. In music, a passing from a note or sound in ety with the voice, on a musical ground to one more grave or less acute. a. That inay be descemltrue measure to sing. Bailey. Johnson. DESCEND'IBLE, to make u ed, or passed down as, tlie iiill is descend- DESCIU BABI.E, a. That may be descri2. To discourse; to comment bed cap.ible of description. ible. variety of remarks to animadvert freely. A virtuous man sliould be pleased to find peo- 2. That may descend from an ancestor to an DESt'KI BE, r. ^ [h.describo; dc mid scribo, Mdisoii. to write as a descendible estate. lieir Sji. describir ; It. descrivere ; Fr. ple dtscuntin^ on his actions. BESCANT'ING, ppr. Singing in i)arts or DESCEN'SION, n. [L. descensio.] The act decrire ; /\rm. discrica. See Scribe.] witli various modulations of going downwards descent; a falling 1. To dehneate or mark the form or figure; discoursing or sinking; declension; degradation. as, to describe a circle by the compasses. freely commenting. DESCANT'ING, n. Kemark conjecture. 2. In astronomy, right descension is an arch 2. To make or exhibit a figure by motion; Burnet of the ciininoctial, intercepted between as, a mar describes a circle or an ellipsis in the luNivcn.s. the next eipiiiioctial point and the intersecDESCEND', V. i. [L. dcscendo de and scando To show or represent to others in words to climb; W.discyiiu, t'roiu eynu, to rise, tion of the meridian, passing through the to communicate the reseinbhinceofathing, Fr. descendr at its setting, in a right It. discendere ; center of the object, cwn, top by naming its nature, form or properties. Encyc. Sp. descender ; Arm. di.'ii;enn. The root sphere. Th(! poet describes the Trojan horse. The rwn is troni extending, sliooting, thrusting, Oblique descension, is an arch of thcccininochistorian descrilies the battle of Pharsalia. as gi'ji in beicin.] tial, intercepted between the next eqiiiThe monilist de.icribes the effects of cor1. To move or jiass from a liigluTtoa lowi r iiocliiil point and the horizon, |iassing The geographer describes throiigli the center of the object, at its setriijit manners. place to move, come or go downwards to run or llow <lown apcountries anil cities. to fall to sink Encyc. ting, in an obliipie sphere. 4. To represent by signs. .\ deaf and dumb plicable to any kind of motion or of bmhj. Oblique descension, is an arch of the equator man may describe a distant object. Our descend on the feet, on wheels, or by which descends with the sun below the A torrent dcscenih from a moun- horizon of an oblique .sphere. passions may be described by external mofalling. Bailey. tions. tain. Descension of a sign, is an arch of tlie equaThe rains descended, and the Hoods came. to represent by lines and tor, which sets with such a sign or jiart of 5. To draw a plan Matt. vii. other marks on paper, or other material the zodiac, or any planet in it. Bailey. 2. To go down, or to enter. descension of a sign, is an arch of the as, to describe the surface of tlie earth by a He shall descend into battle and perish. 1 Right map or chart. equator, which descends with the sign beSam. xxvi. low the horizon of a right sphere; or the G. To define laxlv. Gray. to fall violently. 3. To come suddenly time the sign is setting in a right sphere. DESCRIBED, pp. Represented in form liy And on the suitors let tliy wrath <leK'<iid. marks or figures delineated ; represented Bailey. Pope. DESCEN'SIONAL, a. Pertaining to de- by words or signs. 4. To go in to enter. DESCRl BER, ?i. One who describes by scent. Me, with honest meditations fed. a. Tending downwards marks, words or signs. Into himself (teccm/erf. .Millon. DESCENSIVE, Sherwood. DESeRI'BING, ppr^ Representing the form having power to descend. a. To rush to invade, as an enemy. or figure of, by lines or marks communiDESCENT',)!. [Vr. desccnte ; h. descensus.] Tile Grecian fleet descending on tlie lorni. the act of passing 1. The act of descending cating a view of, by words or signs, or by I>ri/dcn. from a higher to a lower place, by any naming the nature and properties. form of motion, as by walking, riding, roll- DESCRi'ED, pp. [See Descry.] Espieil C. To proceed from a source or original; to discovered seen. be derived. The beggar may descend from ing, sliding, sinking or falling. a prince, and the prince, from a beggar. 2. Inclination downward; obliquity; slope; DESeRI'ER, Ji. [See Descry.] One who a de7. To proceed, as from father to son to pass! as the descent of a lull, or a espies, or discovers ; a discoverer declivity Crashaw. tecter. from a preceding possessor, in the orderoii roof. The lineage, or according to tlie laws of suc- 1. Progress downward as the descent from DESCRIPTION, H. [L. descriptio.] act of delineating, or representing the figcession or inheritance. Thu.s, an inherit-' Locke. higher to lower orders of beings. ure of any thing by a plan, to be presented ance descends to the son or next of kin 4. Fall from a higher to a lower state or stato the eye. a crown descends to the heir. Milton. tion. 8. To pass from general to particular con- 5. landing from ships invasion of troops 2. The figure or appearance of any thing desiderations as, having explained the gen-! from the sea as, to make a descent on lineated, or represented by visible lines, eral subject, we will descend to particulars. Cuba. marks, colors, &c.; as the description of a 0. To come down from an elevated or lion-| t). country, or of Solomon's temple. passing from an ancestor to an heir; orable station in aflguralive sense. Flatransmission by succes.sion or inheritance 3. The act of representing a thing by words or by signs, or the passage containing such vins is an honorable man; he cannot deas the descent of an estate or a title from scend to acts of meanness. the father to the son. Descent is lineal, representation a representation of names, nature or properties, that gives to another 10. In 7nusic, to fall in sound to pass from; when it proceeds directly from the father a view of the thing. Homer abounds with to the son, and from the son to the grandany note to another less acute or shrill, or beautiful and striking descriptions. Hence, from sharp to flat. Rousseau.] son: collateral, when it proceeds from a definition. All definitions must be DESCEND', V. t. To walk, move or pass' man to his brother, nephew or other col- 4. downwards on a declivity as, to descend a less perfect descriptions of a material thing, lateral representative. Jjill to descend an inclined plain. than a visible figure or delineation. [ButI 7. proceeding from an original or progeni)i.
;

Figurulivt or florid descant, is that part of an air in whicli some discords are concerne<l. Double descant, is when the parts arc so contrived, that the trehlo may be made the base, and the base the treble.

countcr])oiiit.

DE.SCEND'ENT,

and Eve. Descending;

No man
falling;
10.

is

thousand descents from Adam, Hooker.

issue
;

Proceeding from an original or ancestor.

Pope.

Offspring

descendants.
most.
.Wlt/in.

The

care of our descent perplexes

The

We

A A

D E
."(.

S
2.

D E
To

S
its
;

D E
DESERV'ING, p;)r.
I

S
of; used generaUi/

Tlie
tion
;

<|(ialities

us,

a.

expressed in a representanmn of this de3criplion. Burke.

Hence,
G.

liaving the qualities expressa descriped ; a class of persons to tion is applicable, or who are in a similar condition. Tlie secretary proceeds to examine, whether a dilTerence ought to he permitted to remain he teen them and another description of puhlic Hamilton. creditors. Scott Persons of diflerent descriptions.

The persons

whom

leave, without permission, a military band, or a ship, in which one is enlisted ; to forsake the service in which one is engathe ged, in violation of duty; as, to desert army ; to desert one's colors ; to desert a
ship.
r. i.

one who is worthy in a good sense.

claim to reward ment.
2. a.
;

Dryden.

Meriting; having ajust justly meriting punishor praise; meritori-

Worthyof reward
;

DESERT',
DESERT',
ment

To

vice without permission the army.

i.

run away; to quit a ser as, to desert from

;

[froinrfescrtjf.]

A deserving
reward or depunish-

ous; possessed of good qualities that entitie to approbation as a deserving officer. DESERVING, n. The act of meriting de;

sert

that wliich gives a right to

DESCRIP'TI VE,
;

a.

mands, or which renders

;
;

liable to

merit. ; If ye have done to him according to the deserving of his hands. Judges ix.

Containing description
; ;

;j

tending to describe having the quality ot a as a descriptive figure representing a story descriptive of descriptive narration the age. DESCRY', ti. /. [Norm, descrier ov discriver,
;

ties to

merit or demerit that which enti a recompense of equal value, or de

to the oflense
;

DESERV'INGLY, arfu.
just desert.

Meritoriously

with
'^''

mands a punishment equal

good conferred, or
an equivalent return. will reward or punish
their deserts.

evil done,

which merits

DESHABILLE, DESHABIL,
to clothe.
I

A
;

1.

and discever, to discover.] To espy ; to explore ; to servation. The house of Joseph sent
i.
;
;

wise legislature men according to

habitler, (["""" have restored the true or-

I n I n.

deihuhiV [^'aesnuou , a(j

.

*''"'""

i,i,);,..

An

examine by obto

descry Bethel.

That which is deserved reward or punishment merited. In a future hfe, every

any home dress bille. [It would

thography.']

thography.] luidress a loose morning dress ; hence, as, the lady is in desha; ;

be

tcell

to anglicize the or-

man

will receive his desert.

Judges to discover any to find out 2. To detect thing concealed. to have a sight of to behold 3. To see from a distance as, the seamen descried
; ;
;

DESERTED, pp.
doned
;

Wholly forsaken

aban

left.

DESI'ANT, DESle'CANT, DES'IeCATE,

to dry.] To dry ; to

a.

n.

[See Desiccate.] Drying. A medicine or apphcatViseman.

;

DESERTER,

land.
4.

DESRY',

To give nolico of something suddeidy Hall. discovered. [.Yot in use.] )i. Discovery thing discovered.
;

n. person who forsakes his cause, his post, or his party or friend; particularly, a soldier or seaman who quits the service without permission, and in vio-

tion that dries a sore.

v.
t.

[L. desicco

de

and
to

sicca,

exhaust of moisture
ti.i.

exhale

lation
rious.

of his engagement.
u.

or remove moiatiire from.

DESERT'FUL,
DESERT'ING,
abandoning.

High

in desert

merito-

DES'IeeATE,

To become

dry.

[Unusual.]

Sftak.

Beaum.
ppr.

Bacon.

Hale.

DESRY'ING, jipr. DES'ECRATE, v.

I.

Discovering; espying.

Forsaking utterly

DESICCATED,

sacro, to consecrate,

t. [L. desecro ; de and from sacer, sacred.] divert from a sacred purpose or approto consecrate ; as, to desepriation ; opi)Osed

pp. Dried. DES'ICCATING, ppr. Drying

exhausting
;

DESERTION,

To

crate a
3.

donation to a church.

To

The

divest of a sacred character or office. cannot sutler corporal punishclergy

moisture. n. The act of forsaking or The act of making dry abandoning, as a party, a friend, a country, DESICCA'TION,?!. dried. Bacon. the state of being the an army or military band, or a ship a. Drying; tending to act of quitting, with an intention not to DESIC'CATIVE, drv that has the power to dry. return.
; ;

2.

The
itual

state of being forsaken

by God

sf)ir-

DESIDERATE,
want
;

v.

ment, without

desecrated. beinj; previously

Tooke's Russia

despondency. The agonies of a soul under

to miss.

t. [from [Ao/ in use.]

the L.]

To

desertion.

DESIDERA'TUM,
South.

pp. Diverted from a sacred purpose or apiiropriation divestedof a sacred character or office. DES'ECRATING, ppr. Diverting from a purpose to whicli a thing is consecrated divested of a sacred character or office. DESECRA'TION, n. The act of diverting from a sacred j>urpose or use to which a thing had been devoted the act of diverting from a sacred character or office.

DES'ECRATED,

desidcratus

um,

[L. plu. desiderata. from desidero, to desire.]

n.
;

a. V/ithout merit or claim reward. Dryden. DESERT'LESSLY, adv. Undeservedly.

DESERT'LESS,
to favor or

That which

Beaum.

DESERT'RICE, DESERT'RIX,

"
^

female

who deserts.
;

DES'ERT,

DESIGN, I'. <. rftii'HC. [L. designo; de and signo, to seal or stamp, that is, to set or used.] throw; Sp. dcsignar, disenar ; It. desig[h.deserlus,dcsero ; de 1. To merit to be worthy of; applied to nare, disegnare ; Fr. designer, dessiner.] and scro, to sow, jjlant or scatter ; Fr. good or evil. 1. To delineate a form or figure by drawing desert ; Sp. desierto.] 2. To merit by labor or services ; to have a the outline to sketch ; as in painting and \. Literally, forsaken ; hence, uninhabited; just claim to an equivalent for good conother works of art. untillet as a desert isle. ferred. The laborer deserves liis wages ; Hence, wild 2. To plan; to form an outline or represenwaste ; uncultivatcil ; as a desert land or he deserves the value of liis services. tation of any thing. Hence, 3. To merit by good actions or qualities in country. 3. To project; to form in idea, as a scheme. 'i. Void ; empty ; unoccupied. general; to be worthy ot", on account of Hence, Full many a flower is bora to blush unseen, excellence. The virtuous man deserves esTo jjurpose or intend ; as, a man designs And waste its sweetneiss on the desert air. work of val- 4. teem and commendation. to write an essay, or to study law. Gray ue deserves praise. To mark out by tokens. [JVot used.] DES'ERT, n. [L. desertum.] An uninhab- 4. To be worthy of, in a bad sense ; to merit Locke. ited tract of land ; a region in its natnra" by an evil act ; as, to deserve blame or pun0. To inten<I to apply or appropriate ; with a wilderness ; a solitude state ishment. particudeserts of God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity for ; as, we design this ground for a garlarly, a vast sandy plain, as the dtserveth. Job xi. Arabia and Africa. But the woid may be den, and that for a park. The word deTo merit ; to be sign may include an adapting or planning applied to an uninhabited country covered DESERVE, V. i. dezerv'. a thing for a purpose, or mere intention or with wood. worthy of or deserving as, he deserves well or ill of his tieighbor. scheme of the mind, which implies a plan. DESERT', v.t. [Fr. descder, from tlie adjec The father designs his son for the profeslive, and this from the L. desertus, desero, pp. Merited worthy of. adv. Justly ; according to sion of the law, or for the ministry. It to forsake.] man was formerly followed by to, but this use I To forsake ; to leave utterly ; to abandon desert, whether of good or evil. to quit with a view not to return to ; as, to may be deservedly praised, blamed or pun- is now uncommon. ished. desert a friend to desert our country; to DESI'GN, n. [Fr. dessein.] A plan or repren. He who deserves or merdesert a cause. sentation of a thing by an outhne ; sketch ; DESERV'ER,
;

DESERVE,

V. t.

dezerv'. [L.deservio

servio, to serve.

The

Fr. deservir

Milton. de and is not

that which is not is desired any possessed, but which is desirable perfection or improvement which is wanted. The longitude is a desideratum in A tribunal to settle national navigation. disputes without war is a great desideratum.
;

a. s

as

t.

DESERVED, DESERVEDLY,

D E
general view
; ;

S
sign.

D E
DESI'GNFULNESS,
[Not used.]
n.

S
Abundance of de- DESI'RE,
Barrow.
;

D E
V.
I.

idea represented by visible lines as in painting or architecture. A wise 2. A scheme or plan in the mind. man is distinguished by the judiciousness
first

DESrGNING,/>/>r. Forming a design planning; delineating the outline; drawing

artful; insidious; incontriving schemes of mischief: hence, deceitful. Designing men are always liable to suspicion. DESIGNING, n. The art of delineating ob2. a.

[Fr. desirer ; Arm. desira ; It. desiare, or desirare ; Sp. desear ; Port. : L. desejar supposed to be contracted from dcsidero ; but qu. for the Spanish deseo.

3.

of his designs. intention Purpose

;

4.

5.

implying mind. It is my design to educate my son for the bar. Ihe idea or scliemc intended to be expressed by an artist as the designs of Addison. medals. In manufactories, the figures with which workmen enrich their stuffs, copied from
; ;

aim

figures on a plane. In an ill sense,

scheme or plan

in the

triguing

1.

It. desio. Port, desejo, appear to dais, supra.] To wish for the possession or

be the

W.

enjoyment

jects.

Berkeley.
a.

of, with a greater or less degree of earnestness to covet. It expresses less strength of affection than longing. Neither shall any man desire tJiy land. Ex.
;

DESI'GNLESS,
tention
; ;

Without design or

in-

xxxiv.

painting or draughts. Encyc.\ 0. In mime, the invention and conduct of the subject the disposition of every part, and the general order of the whole.
;

DESI'GNABLE,
2.

a.

inadvertent. adv. Without design; inadvertentlv ignorantly. DESI'GNMENT, n. Design sketch dehneation. Dryden. Rousseau. 2. Design purpose aim intent scheme Glanville. Sliak. Capable of being de-

Follow
1

after charity,

and desire

spiritual gifts.

DESI'GNLESSLV,

Cor. xiv.
;

9.

express a wi.sh to obtain request to petition.

;

To

to

ask

to
.'

Then she
2 Kings
iv.

said, did 1 desire a

son of my Lord

3.

signed or marked out.

Distinguishable.
r.
t.

[Tliis

word

is

now

little

To require. [.Vo( in use.] DESI'RED, pp. Wished fiir

quested
;

Spenser.
;

coveted
desire.

re-

used.]

Digby.
[L. designo, dcsigna-^

DES'INENCE,
DES'INENT,
a.

entreated.
a.

n. [L. desino.]

End;

close.

DES'IGNATE,
turn.]
1.

To mark out or show, so as to make' most. known; to indicate by visible lines, marks,! DESIP'IENT, dote de and description or something known and de-'
;

Bp. Ending; extreme; lowerB. Jonson.

Hall.

DESI'RELESS,

Free from

Donne.

DESIRER,
one

n.

One

wlio desires or asks

for
;

who

wishes.
ppr.
a.

to [L. desipieiis, desijno, sapio, to be wise.] Trifling

a.

DESIRING,

Wishing

coveting;

foolish as, to designate the limits of a; playful. the limits are designated on the: DESIRABLE, a. s as z. [See Desire.] Wor designate tlie spot where a star apthy of desire that is to be wished for witl An easy address pears in the heavens; designate the i)lace sincerity or earnestness. where our ancestors first landed. IS a. desirable accomplishment; real virtue 2. To point out to distinguish from others is still more desirable. by indication as, to be able to designate 2. Pleasing; agreeable. All of them desirable young men. Ezek. every individual wlio was concerned in ai

terminate

asking; expressing a wish

soliciting.

country

DESIROUS,
obtain
enjoy.
;

Wishing
;

map

coveting

for; wishing to solicitous to possess and

Be not desirous of his dainties. Prov. xxiii. Jesus knew they were desirous to ask him.

DESI'ROLSLY,
earnest wishes.

adv.
n.

With

desire

with

riot.

xxiii.

3. appoint ; to select or distinguish for al particular jjurpose ; to assign ; with for,

To

DESI'RABLENESS,
ing desirable.

n.

The

quality of be

DESI'ROUSNESS,

The

state or aflfec-

of a station

as to designate an officer for the connnand or with to, as this captain was designated to that station.
;

DESI'RE,
Sp. deseo

n. s as z.
;

W.

[Fr. desir ; It. desio ; Port, desejo ; Arm. desir. Qu.

Goodman DESIST',

To

dais.]

DES'IGNATE,
\

a.

Appointed

marked

out.

1.

Little used.]

Marked out; indicapp. shown pomtcd out appointed. ted DESIGNATING, ppr. Marking out indi

DES'IGNATED,
; ;

DESIGN A'TION,
2.

eating; pointing out; appointing. n. The act of pointing or marking out by signs or objects as the designation of an estate by boundaries. Indication; a showing or pointing adis
; ;

An emotion or excitement of the mind directed to the attainment or possession of an object from wliich pleasure, sensual intellectual or spiritual, is expected a passion excited by the love of an object, or uneasiness at the want of it, and directed to its attainment or possession. Desire is a wish to possess some gratification or
;

tion of being desirous. V. i. [L. desisto ; de and sisto, to stand.] stop ; to cease to act or proceed ; to forbear ; with from ; as, he desisted from his
))ur|iose
;

DESIST'ANCE, n. A
ceed
;

let us desist. ceasing to act or proa stopping. Boyle. DESIST'ING, ppr. Ceasing to act or procGcd.

DES'ITIVE,
sive.

a. [L. desilus.]

Final

concluWatts.
;

Obs.
n.

3.

4.

tinguishing from others. Appointment direction as, a claim to a throne grounded on the designation of a predecessor. Appointment a selecting and appoint ing; assignment; as the designation of an officer to a particular command.
;
; ;

source of happiness which is supposed to be obtainable. A wish may exist for some thing that is or is not obtainable. Desire, when directed solely to sensual enjoy ment, differs little from appetite. In otli er languages, desire is expressed by longing or reaching towards, [Gr. optyu, L. ap peto,] and when it is ardent or intense, it

DESK,
1.

a table, a dish Sax. disc; G. tiscli; Dan. Sw. disk ; Russ. doska ; L. discus ; Gr. 610*05. See Dish.] An inclining table for the use of writers and readers; usually made with a box or drawer underneatli, and sometimes with a book-case above. Pope.
[D.
disch,

2.

5.

Import; distinct application.

Finite anil infinite are primarily attributed in their first desigtialion to things nliich have
parts.

approaches to longing, but the word in English usually expresses less than long
ing.

The pulpit in a church, and figuratively the clerical profession. The man appears well in the desk. He intends one son for the bar, and another for the desk.
I',

Locke
a. n.

We
thing.

endeavored
satisfiest

DESK,
to see

t.

To
n.

shut up in a desk

to treasJ. Hall.

your face with great

ure.

desire. 1 Thess.

ii.

DES'IGNATIVE,
or indicate.

Serving to designate
Pritchard.

Thou

DES'MINE,
the desires of every living

mineral that crystahzes

Ps. cxlv.

DESIGNATOR,

A Roman

officer

who
2.

assigned to each person his rank and place in public shows and ceremonies. DESIGNED, pp. Marked out; delineated; planned intended.
;

Desire is that internal act, which, by influencing the will, makes us proceed to action. El. of tviticism

in little silken tufts, which accompany spinellane in the lava of extinct volcanoes on

the banks of the Rhine.

Lucas.

DESOLATE,
1.

prayer or request to obtain. He will fulfill the desire of them that

object of desire; that

fear liim

DESIGNEDLY,
;

adv.
;

By

design

purpose

Ps. cxlv.

DESI'GNfiR,
;

ly intentionally opposed ignoranlhi, or inadvertently. n. One who designs,

;

to accidentally, 3.

The
ed.

which

is

desirii

a. [L. desolatus. See the Verb.] Destitute or deprived of inhabitants desert; uiunhabited denoting either stripped of inhabitants, or never having been inhabited as a desolate isle a desolate wild; ; ; ;

erness.
desire of all nations shall
;

marks
4.

The

out or plans one who frames a scheme or project a contriver.

2.

come. Hag.
vii.

Love

affection.
is

His desire
5.

One who
an
ill

towards me.
.

Cant.

plots

one

who

I will make the cities of Judab desolate, without an inhabitant. Jcr ix. 2. Laid waste ; in a ruinous condition ; ne-

lays a

scheme

Appetite

lust

in

sense.

Fulfilling the desires of the flesh.

Eph.

ii.

olate

glected ; destroyed as desolate altars towers. Ezek. Zcph.

;

des-

D E
3.
;

S
afflicted,

DES
a person urged by furious passions fearless, or regardless of safety.
;

DES
one
des-

; Solitary house, Tainar remained desolate in Absalom's

without a companion

DESPISING, ;)pr. Contemning;

disdaining.

scorning:

Sam.

xiii.

Have mercy on me,

XXV.
4.

for

am

desolate.

Fs

DES'PERATE,

a.

[h. desperatus,

from

Deserted of God
!'.

deprived of comfort.
Ps.
cxliii.

3.

Without hope. pero, to despair.] Shak. I am desperate of obtaining her. Without care of safety ; rash ; fearless of
danger
;

DKSPI SING, n. Contempt. DESPl SINGLY, adv. With contempt. DESPI TE, n. [Fr. depit Norm, despite
;

My heart within me is desolate. DES'OLATR, [L. dcsolo, dcsolatus ;

/.

dc 3. Furious, as a
4.
;

as a desperate man. Hence, man in despair.

lost
;

1.

Arm. desped; It. (ies;)c((o, spite, malice. Qu. from L. despectus, despicio. See Spite.] Extreme malice violent hatred malig;

andsoto, to lay waste,

1.

solus,

alone; Sp.

desolar; Vr. dfsoler ; It. dcsolare.] To deprive of inhabitants ; to make desThe earth was nearly dtsulattd by ert.

beyond hope Hopeless; despaired of; of recovery irretrievable irrecoverable We speak of a desperate case of forlorn. fortunes, a desperate sitdisease,
desperate
|2.
;

nity

malice irritated or enraged; active

malignhv; angry hatred.

the flood.

uation or condition. In a popidar sense, great in the extreme To lay waste to ruin to ravage to d .5. of art. An Pope. as a desperate sot or fool. troy ini|novements or works maninundation desolates fields. Whole coun- DES PERATELY, adv. In a desperate ner as in despair; hence, furiously; with tries have been desolated by armies.
;

With a"ll thy despite against the land of Israel. Ezek. XXV. Thou wretch despite o'erwhelm thee. Shak. Defiance with contempt, or contempt of
!

o]>position.

He

will

[See Spite.] rise to fame in despite of

his ene-

mies.
3.

DESOLATED,
ants
ner.
;

of inhabitpp. Deprived wasted; ruined.

adv. In a desolate
n.

DES'OLATELY,
DES'OLATER,
desolates
;

man-

without regard to danger rage madly or safety as, the troops fought desperately. extremel)' In a jjopular sense, greatly
; ;
; ;

act of the pite to

An

DESPITE,

or contempt; as a desMilton. Most High. to tease. V. t. To vex to offend

mahce

One who

lays waste or

violently.

DESPI'TEFUL.o.
maUgnant; as a
Haters

Full of spite

Raleigh. malicious

She

It'll

with him. desperately in love

n.

that

which dcsolate_
rash precipitance.
;

Addison.
;

DES'OLATING,;v)r. Depriving of inhabit- DES'PERATENESS,

Madness
;

fury

despiteful enemy. King Charles. of God, despiteful, proud, boasters.

Rom.

i.

DESOLATION,
;

ants; wasting; ravaging. n. The act of desolatmg destruction or expulsion of inhabitants destruction ruin waste.
;

DESPERA'TION,
in" up of hope "
2.
;

despairing a givus desperation of success.

n. as,

DESPI'TEFULLY, adv. With

liciously
;

Hammond.

Pray
Matt. V.

for

despite ; macontem])tuously. them that despitefully use you.

?^.

Every
2.

kingdom

brouglit to desolatio7i.

divided aRainst Matt. xii.

itself

i:

or otherpiace deprived of inhabitants, wise wasted, ravaged and ruined.

in a state
3.

How is Bal)ylon the nations. Jer. 1.

become

a desolation

among

or dan rage ; disregard of safety with desperation ger as, the men fought they were urged to desperation.

Hopelessness; despair; of desperatioit.

the

men were DESPI'TEFULNESS,

hatred
;

Malice

e,\treme

Hence,

malignity.
a".

Fury
;

DESPIT'EOUS,

DESPIT'EOUSLY,

Obs. Milton. Obs. adv. Furiously.

Malicious.

3.

from despicio, to look down, to despise de DESPOIL', V. t. [L. despolio ; de and spolio, and speclo, to look.] to spoil: Fr. depouiller ; It. spogliare ; Sp. See Spoil.] The abominalion of desolation, Roman armies That may be or deserves to be despised despojar ; Port. id. worthless a/;- 1. To force to rob which ravaged and destroyed Jerusalem. contemptible mean vile strip to take from by as to persons and things; Matt. xxiv. to deprive ; followed by of; as, to despoil pliralile equally DES'OLATORY, a. Causing desolation a despicable man despicable company a one o/arms; to despoil of honors; to desDESPA'IR, n. [Vr.desespoir. See the Verb. despicable gilt. poil of innocence. a hojpeless state a destitu- DES'PleABLENESS, n. The quality or 2. To means. 1. Iloiielessness strip or divest by any Woodward. meanness; viletion of hope or expectation. state of being despicable 2 Cor We are perplexed, but not in despair. ness worthlessness. DESPOIL'ED, pp. Strijjped; robbed; beiv. reaved deprived. DES'PICABLY, arfu. Meanly; vilely; co All safety in despair of safety placed. as despicably poor. H. One who strips by force DESPOIL'ER, temirtiblv; Venham
desolate state; gloominess; sadness;
;

DES'PleAHLE,
Shak.

a.

[Low

L.

despicabihs,

Spenser.

destitution.

Thomson.

2.

That which causes despair that of which there is no hope. The mere despair of surgery, he cures.
;

DF:SPI"C1ENCY, n. [L. ing down a despising.

;

despicio.]
[Little

loo

a plunderer.

used.]

Mcdc.
;

DESPOILING, ;);)r.
robbing.

Deprivuig; stripping;
n.

Shak.

DESPI'SABLE,
ble.
(.

a.

Desiucable

contempti-

DESPOLIATION,
ing
;

The

act of despod-

3.

Loss of hope

in the

mercy of God.

DESPA'IR, .

Sprat. des and esi. [Fr. dese.^perer ; It. disjierare ; Sp. desespeto hope perer, Arm. disesperi ; from L. despero ; dc rar ; and spero, to liope.] To be without hope; to give up all hope oi
;

DESPI'SAL, n. Contempt. Ohs. DESPOND', !'.!'. [L. despondeo; de and to throw to spondeo, to pronfise literally, DESPI'SE, u. despi'ze. [I doubt whethei
;

a strippinir.

this

word

is

formed from the L.

is to

despicio.
1.

In Sp. and Port. ;jisar

and

followed by of. expectation We despaired even o/life. 2 Cor. Never despair of God's blessings
;

i.

liere,

or of

his reward hereafter.

JVake

DESPA'IRER,

n.
a.

One without
Hopeless.

hope. Dryderi
all

DESPA'IRFUL,
expectation.

DESPA'IRING,;);)r. Giving up

hope

Sidnei/. or

Others depress their own minds, and despond The Sec. Locke. pistUlum, Eng. pestle, piston, at the first difficulty. is to thrust, drive, and primary sense then distinciioii between despair and desor tread down, to des- Note. The hence to cast off pond is well mailced in the foregoing pasHut although despair nnplics pise.] sage from Scott. to to disdam to scorn does not, \. To contemn; a total loss of hope, which despond is folhave the lowest opinion of. at least in everv case, yet despondency
; ; i. Fools despise wisdom and instruction. Prnv. Else he will hold to the one, and despise tlic other. Matt. vi.

ent origin from despite, and to be formed on tlieroot of the Spanish word. affinities in Sp. pison, a probably see its rammer, and the L. piso, to stamp, whence

to despise.

It

appears to be of

tread do\yn,
difler-

or forward.] To be cast down

;

to

be depressed or dein

We

to fail spirits. jected in mind I should despair, or at least despond.

Scott's Letters.
2.

To

lose all courage, spirit or resolution

to sink

by

loss

of hope.

DESPAIRINGLY,
manner;
;

adv.

In a

despanin

lowed by the abandonuient of

a manner indicating hopelessness as, he speaks despairingly of the sick man's rccoverv. DESPATCH. [See Dispatch.]
in

ctTorl, or cessato tion of action, and despair someUmcs impels violent aciion. even to rage.

To abhor. DESPI'SED,
aldiorred.
ilcsi)ised

'^^''0^

DESPOND'ENCY,

n.

sinking or dejec;

pp.

Contemned; disdained
n.

DESPKCTION,
ing

n. [L. despectio.]

look^

down

DESPERA'DO,
perale fellow
;

used. a despising. [Little n. [from desperate.]

DESPl'SEDNESS,
des
n.

The

state of

beuu

loss ot tion of Bj)irits at the loss of hope or in deep courage at the failure of hope, adlictiou,or at the prospect of insurmomitalile ditficuhies.

a furious

man

madman ;!IdESPI'SER,

contemner

a scornet

tI)ESPOND'ENT,

a.

Losing courage

at the

D E
loss
of"

S
.3.

D E
The

S
;
;

D E

S
;

hope

pressed and

DESPOND'KR,
act, in

sinking into dcjnction ; deinactive in despair. Thomson Bentlty. n. One destitute of hope.
;

place to which a thing is appointed, 3. To ruin to bring to naught to anniiiias the ship left her destinatiou ; hut it is lat(! as, to destroy n theory or scheme; to more usual to say, the ])lace of her destidestroy a government; to destroy influnation. ence.
V.I.

DK.SrOND'ING,

ppr. Losing courage to conser|u<;nc(! of loss of hope, or of deepcalainity, or of dirticulties deemed in surmountable sinking into dejection despairing, with depression of spirits. DESPOND'INGLY, adv. In a desponding
; ;

DES'TINE,

[L. destino; probably

de

]4.

To
To
men

lay waste

to

make
land,

desolate.

manner

with dejection of
v.t.

spirits

des

pairingly.

DKSPONS'ATE,
betroth.

[L.

desponso.]

To
[Aof
1.

DESPONSA'TION,
in use.]

[JVot in use.] n.

betrothing.

.\ll the wicked will he Ps. cxlv. destroy. (). To take away ; to cause to cease to put as stable, steady, stage, an end to ; as, pain destroys happiness. That Iho body of sin might be destroyed. stand, signify to set, but the ditlercnce of' final articidalion seems to indicate a difRom. \i. 7. To kill; to eat ; to devour; to consume. ference of roots stab, stad, stag, stan.]
;

and stino or stano. There seems to have been a root of this orthography, difierent from L. sto, which we find in obstinate, obstino, pncstino, and in Russ. stanovliju is to set or jilace, stan is statme, and we have stanchion, and stone, i^ax. stan, perThe words haps from the same root.
si,

Go up
xxxvi.
5.
kill
;

against

tliis

and destroy
;

it.

Is.

to slay; to extirpate or other animals.

all

applied to
xsxii.

Yl- shall destroy

this people.

Num.

beginning with

DES'POT,

An

[Gr. Sfrrrtorjjs, a master or lord; lldespolo; Fi: despote ; Sp. dcspoto.]

71.

To

set,

emperor, king or prince invested absolute power, or ruling without

witli

pose, state or place. the ministerial oltice

ordain or appoint to a use, purWe destine a son to

;

any

control from men, constitution or laws. Hence in a general sense, a tyrant. Burke.
) Absolute in power inDESPOT'IC, DESPOT'lAL,j;"- dependent of control
;

2.

from men, constitution or laws; arbitrary in the exercise of power as a despotic

;

.3.

a house ybr a place ofworshij); a ship /or the London trade or to .'/isbon and we are all destined to a future state of happines or miser}'. To fix unalterably, as by a divine decree as the destined hour of death. To doom to devote to appoint unalterPrior. ably.
;
;

8.

Birds destroy insects. Hawks destroy chickens. In general, to put an end to to annihilate a thing or the form in which it exists.
;

is destroyed by slaughter, capture or dispersion a forest, by the ax, or by fire towns, by fire or inundation, &c. 9. In cidmistry, to resolve a body into its parts or elements. DESTROY'ABLE, a. That may be de; ;

An army

prince.

DES'TINED,
; ; ;

pp. Ordained
;

Unlimited or unrestrained by constitution, laws or men absolute arbitrary as des polic autliority or power. Addison. Swljl. 3. Tyrannical. DESPOT'ICALLY, adv. With unlimited
2.

power

arbitrarily

in a n.

DESPOT'ICALNESS,
bitrary authority.

DES'TINING, ^/jr. Ordaining; appointing. DESTROY'ED, pp. Demolished; pulled down ruined annihilated devoured DES'TINY, n. [Fi: destin h. destino Sp. swept away &c. State or condition appointed or prc;id.] DESTROY' ER, n. One who destroys, or despotic manner. determined ultimate fate as, men are one who kills a man, or an Btackstoiie. lays waste solicitous to know their future destiny, animal, or who ruins a country, cities, &,c. Absolute or arwhich is however concealed
; ;

j)rcvious determination unalleralily.

appointed by devoted fixed

; ;

stroyed.
Plant"! scarcely
\_Liltle

dcstroyable by the weather.

used.]

Derham.
; ;

hapinly

from

them.
[Sp. despotisvio
;

DESTROY'ING, ppr.
waste; killing;

DES'POTISM,
potisme.]
1.

Ji.

Vi: des-

"2.

Absolute power; authority unlimited and uncontrolled by men, constitution or laws, and depending alone on the will of the
prince
sultan.
;

as

the

despotism

of a Turkish

Invincible necessity; fate; a necessity or fixed order of things established by a divine decree, or by an indissoluble connection of causes and effects. But H lie can turn the stieam of destiny ?
Spenser.

Demolishing laying annihilating; putting an

;

end

to.

DESTROY'ING, n. Destruction. ABton. 'DESTRUCT, for destroy, is not used. IDESTRUCTIRIL'ITY, n. The quality of
I

being capable of destruction.

a.

Destinies,

2.

arbitrary govermnent, as that of Turkey and Persia. DES'PUMATE, v. i. [L. despumo ; de and spiiina, froth or scum.] To foam ; to froth; to form froth or scum. DESPUMA'TlOiX, n. The act of throwing off excrementitious matter and forming a froth or scum on the surface of liquor clarification ; scumming. Coxe. n. [L. desquamo ; de
;

An

the fates, or supposed |iowers' IDESTRUCTIIiLE, [L. destruo, Liable to destruction; cajiabie of tum.] which preside over human life, s|>in it out,| being destroyed. and determine it called by the Latins,! n. [L. destructio. See DESTRUCTION, jtarrw.
deslrur;

DESTITUTE,
1.

a.

[L. de.ilitulus, deslituo

1.

de and statuo, to set. Literally, set from

or;

DESQUAMATION,
and squama, a

away.] Not having or possessing; wanting; as destitute of virtue, or of piety destitute of food and clothing. It difl'ers from deprived, as it does not necessarily imply previous
;

scale.]

possession.

demolition ; a pul; subversion ; ruin, by whatever ; as the destrucliun of buildings, or of towns. Destruction consists in the annihilation of the t'orm of any thing; that form of parts which consliintcs it what it is; as the destruction of grass or herbage
ling

Destroy.] The act of destroying

down

means;

scaling or exfoliation of bone ; the separa- 2. Needy ; abject ; comfortless ; friendless. tion of the cuticle in small scales. Coxe. He will regard the prayer of the desiitute.i Ps. rii. DESS, for desk. {JVoi in use.]

tion
2.

DESSERT',
desservir,

a state in which something is want; poveity. DES'TINATE, Hooker. [L. destino, destinafus.] Tat/lor. To design or appoint. [Seldom used. See DESTROY', V. 1. [h. destnio; de and struo, Destine I] Fr. detruire ; It. distrugto pile, to build DES'TINATE, a. Appointed; destined; gere ; Sp. Port, deslruir. See Structure.]

Chaucer. Spenser. n. dezzert'. [Fr. dessert, from to clear the table ; de and servir, to serve.] service of fruits and sweetmeats, at the close of an entertainment the last course at the table, after the meat is removed.
;

DESTITUTE,
DES'TITUTE,
'i.

i.

One who

is

without
I

of a forest, by cutting down the trees or it denotes a total annihilaas the destructio7i of a particular government the destruction of happiness.

by eating
;

friends or comfort.
r. /.

Death

murder

slaughter

massacre.

To

deprive.
;

DESTITUTION,
thing

There was a deadly destruction throughout forsake. [.Yotused.]' tlic city. 1 Sani. v. Fotherby. 3. Ruin. Bacon. [Ai'ot used.] Destruction and misery are in their ways. n. Want; absence of a

To

Rom.

:i.

Dryden.

ed or not possessed

4.

Eternal death.
Broad
Matt.
is

v.

the

t.

way

that leadeth to destntetion.

vii.

5.

Cause
plague
;

of

determined.

Morion.
i.

1.

DESTINA'TION,
2.

The purpose for which any thing is intended or appointed end or ultimate design. Every animal is fitted for its desti;

[L. destinatio.] act of destining, or appointing.

The

demolish to pull down to separate the parts of an edifice, the union of which is necessary to constitute the thing as, to destroy a house or temple ; to destroy a for; ; ;

To

The
Ps.

destruction a destroyer.

consiiming
noon-day.

destructiori that wasteth at

xci.

DESTRUCTIVE,
;

tification.
2.

a. Causing destruction ; having the quality of destroying ruinous; mischievous pernicious with of or to;
; ;

as a destructive

fire

nation.

To ruin ; to annihilate a thing by demolishing or by burning as, to destroy a city.

;

or famine.
;

ance

Intemper-

is destructive of health evil examples are destructive to the morals of youth.

D E T
DESTRUC'TIVELY,
tion ruinously power to destroy intemperate.
;

D E T
With
destruc- 3.
;

DE T
fleet,

adv.

A number of ships,
V.
f.

taken from a

and

mischievously

with

sent on a separate service.

forgei7 a plot.

the detection of artifice, device or

as destructively lewd or
n.

DETA'IL,
ces
;

DESTRUC'TIVENESS,
destroying or ruining.

The

quality of
;

DESTRUC'TOR,
mcr.

n.

destroyer

a consu
Boyle.

DESUDA'TION,

[jVo/ used.] n. [L.desrtdo; de

and'su

do, to sweat.]

sweating; a profuse or morbid sweating, succeeded by an eruption of pustules, called heat-pimples. Coxe. Encyc. DES'UETUDE, n. [L. desueludo, from desuesco ; de and suesco, to accustom one'ssclf.]

The

cessation of use

disuse

discontinu-

ance of practice, custom or fashion. Habit is contracted by practice, and lost by Words in every language are desuetude. lost by desuetude.
I.

[Fr. detailler, to cut in pie- 2. Discovery of any thing before hidden, or to cut, Sp. tallar, It. unknown. The sea and rivers are instrumental to the de1. To fection of amber and other fossils, by washing to recite the particulars of; to particular away the earth that concealed them. jze ; to relate minutely and distinctly ; as, TVoodward. he detailed all the facts in due order. ?..<. [L.rfeand tenebra:.] 2. To select, as an oflicer or soldier from a To remove darkness. [JVot in use.] division, brigade, regiirient or battalion. Brown. Larv of Massaclmsetts. DETENT', n. [L. detentus ; Fr. detente.] narration or report of DETA'IL, n. [Fr.] stop in a clock, which by being liftctl up or let down, locks and unlocks the clock in particulars ; a minute and particular acHe related the story in detail. count. striking. Encyc. He gave a detail of all the transactions. IDETEN'TION, n. [See Detain.] The act 2. of detaining; a withholding from another selecting of officers or soldiers from the rosters. a keeping what belongs to anhis light DETA'ILED, pp. Related in particulars ; other, and ought to be restored. Blackstone. minutely recited ; selected. DETA'ILER, n. One who details. 2. Confinement ; restraint ; as detention in

de and

tailler,

tagliare.] relate, report or narrate in particulars;

DETEN'EBRATE,

DESUL'PIIURATE, v. [de and sxdphu- DETA'ILING, ppr. Relating rale or ndphur.] To deprive ofsulphiu'. telling the particulars.

minutely
3.

custody.

Chimistry. 2. Selecting from the rosters. pp. Deprived of sul- DETA'IN, V. t. [L. detineo ; de and teneo, to hold Fr. detenir; S|). detener. See Tenant.] phur. DESUL'PHURATING, ppr. Depriving of 1. To keep back or from to withhold to keep what belongs to another. Detain not sulphur. the wages of the hireling. n. The act or opeDESULPIIURA'TION, Taylor. 2. To keep or restrain from i)roeeeding, eiration of depriving of sulphur. DES'ULTORILY, adv. [See Desultory.] In ther going or coming ; to stay or stop. were detained by the rain. a desultory manner ; without method ;

DESUL'PHURATED,

Delay from necessity ; a detaining as the detention of the mail by bad roads. DETER', V. t. [L. deterreo ; de and lerreo, to
;

frighten.]
1.

We

To discourage and stop by fear to stop or prevent from acting or proceeding, by danger, difficulty or other consideration which disheartens, or countervails the moti\e for an act. are often deterred
;

We

loosely.

DES'ULTORINESS,
ner
;

n.
;

desultory

man
3.

a passing from unconnectedness one thing to another without order or method. DES'ULTORY, a. [L. desuUorius, from desilio : de and salio, to leap.] 1. Leaping; passing from one thing or sub
jcct to another,

DETA'INDER, n. A writ. [See Detinue.] DETA'INED, ;)p. Withheld; kept back;

prevented from going or coming
restrained.
;

Let us detain thee, a kid. Judges xiii. To hold in custody.

till

we have

m.ide ready

from our duty by trivial difliculties. The of the road or a cloudy sky may deter a man from undertaking a journey.
state

Blackstone.
2.

niiilion

from

To

new experiments. J. M. Jilason. j)revent by i)rohibition or danger.

I',

of frustrated hopes will not deter us

held

DETERGE,
;

t.

deterj'.

[L. detergo

Mitford. de ;

DETA'INER,
belongs
2.

n.

connection
2.

without order or natural luiconiiected inmiethodical

;
; ; ;

to

another

and tergo, One who withholds what one who detains, To cleanse
;

to wi])e or scour.] to purge away foul or offend-

as a desultory conversation. Coming suddenly started at the moment not proceeding from natural order or con nection with what precedes; as a desultory thought. DESII'ME, v.t. [Udesumo.] To take from;
to

stops or prevents from going. In lau\ a holding or keeping possession of what belongs to another detention of what is another's, though the original taBlackstone. kiiiiT may be lawful. DETA'INlNG, ppr. Withholding what be;

ing

matter, from the body, or from an

ulcer.
;

Wiseman.
;

DETER'gED, pp. Cleansed purged. DETER'GENT, a. Cleansing purging. A medicine that has the DETER'GENT,
7.

borrow.
;

DETACH',
1.

[.Vot in use.] v.t. [Fr. ditarhcr

Ha'e
;

Arm.

dista-

longs to another; holding back; restraining from going or coming holding in custody.
; ;

DETER'gING,
deteriorare
;

the vessels or skin from oflending matter. ppr. Cleansing; carrying off obstruitions or foul matter.

power of cleansing

ga Sp. Port, destacnr; and the root of Eng. tack.

'2.

If. staccare ; de DETA'I'NMENT, n. The act of detaining ' detentioir. Blackstone. See Attach separate or disunite fo disengage DETECT', V. t. [L. detego, delectus ; de and to part from tf) detach the coats of;: as, lego, to cover, W. toi, Eng. to deck, which bulbous root from each other to detach a see.] man from the interest of the minister, or Literally, to uncover; hence, to discover; to find out to bring to light from a party. as, to detect the To separate men from their comjianies or rainiticaticuis and inosculations of the fine vessels. But this word is especially apregiments to draw from companies or regiments, as a party of men, and send plied to the discovery of secret crimes and artifices. detect a thief, or tlie them on a particular service.

DETERIORATE,
Sp.
;

v.i. [Fr. deteriorer ; It. deteriorar, from deterior,

To

worse, L.

deterior.]

To grow worse

be impaired in quality to degenerate opposed to meliorate. DETERIORATE, v.t. To make worse; to reduce in quality as, to deteriorate a race of men or their conditiou.
to
;
; ;

We

DETE'RIORATED,
paired in
cpialiiy.

;>/).

Made

Hayley. Paley. vvorse iiii;

3.

To

select

ships from

fleet

and send

BET XCU'ED, pp.

disunited
service.
;

2. a.

what is concealed, especially what is DETERIORATION, ?!. A growing or maconcealed by design. king worse; the state of growing worse. n. Worse state or qualpp. Discovered; found out: DETERIOR'ITY, as deteriority of diet. ity laid o])en Rny. brought to light. Separate tinns. DETET'ER, n. A discoverer; one who DETER'MENT, n. [See Deter.] The act of DETACHTNG, ppr. Separating; jjarting finds out what another attempts to con- deterring the cause of deterring that which deters. from drawing and sending on a separate ceal. Boyle. emplovment. DETECT'ING, ppr. Discovering; finding DETERM'INARLE, a. [See Determine.] 1. Tliat may be decided with certainty. Boyle. DETACH'MENT, n. The act of detaching out. or separating. DETE'TION, n. The act of detecting 12. That may end or be determined. 2. A body of [L. determinatus.] troops, selected or taken from discovery of a person or thing attempted iDETERM'INATE, a. the main army, and employed on some to be concealed as l\\e detection of a l\\\ci' I. Limited; fi.xed definite; an a determinate or burglarian the detection of fraud or special service or expedition. quantity of matter.

them on a separate

service.

crime of stealing. of tlie man, or the

tect

We detect

man

the artifice^ dehimself.

We

DETERIORATING, ppr.
or inferior in quality.

Becoming worse

drawn and
;

Separated; parted from; sent on a separate

DETECT'ED,
;

as detached parcels or por

D E T
Q.

D E T
DETHRONE,
tronur
;

D E T
It.

Paid had determined to sail by Ephesus. Establislied ; settled ; positive ; as a dderActs XX. minnte rule or order. 7. To ilestroy. Shak The dcterminitte counsel of God. Acts ii [JVot used.] 8. To jmt an cn(f to ; as, to determine a will. 1. 3. Decisive conclusive as a determinate Blackstone. resolution or judf,'ment. 9. To settle or ascertain, as something un4. Uesolved on. Shak. certain. 2. .). Fixed resolute. Sidney. The character of the soul is determined by
; ; ;

v. t. [Fr. detruner ; Sp. desstronare ; de and throne, L.

tkronus.]

To remove
;

or drive from a throne

to de-

pose
nity.

to divest

of royal authority and dig-

OETERM'INATE,
used.

i>.

t.

To

limit.

[JVol

See Dciermiiu.]
adv.

the character of

its

God.
i.

J.

Edwards

DETERM'INATELY,

With

certain

DETERM'INE,
clude
;

v.

To

resolve; to con-

divest of rule or power, or of supreme power. The protector was dethroned. Hume.

To

to

come

The piinciplcs of religion are true or false.

i.

He
detemnnately
Tillotson.
[

shall

to a decision. pay as the judges determine.

DETHRONED,
throne throne
prince.
;

Ex.

pp. deposed.

Removed from a

xxi.
It is

Resolutely
ual.'\

vi'ith

fixed

resolve.
n.

Unus2.
of|

mine

the learned shall deter..Inoti concerning this matter.

indilTercnt
;

how

DETHRONEMENT,
;

... Removal from a deposition of a king, emperor or

Sidney

DETERM'INATENESS,

The

state

DETERMINATION,
mining or
2.
decidin;.'.

being determinate, certain, or precise. n. The act of deter;

Decision of a question in the mind firm settled purpose as, they have acquainted mo with their (/c/ermino/ion. y. Judicial decision; the ending of a controversy or suit by the judgment of a court. Justice is promoted by a speedy determination of causes, civil and criminal. !. Absolute direction to a certain end. Reiiiissness can by no means consist with a
resolution
; ;

To end to terminate. The danger de- DETHRO'NER, ... One who dethrones. from a termined by the death of the conspirators. ppr. Driving throne depriving of regal power. Revolutions often determine in setting u tyranny at home, or in conquest from DET'INUE, n. [Fr. detenu, detained deteabroad. nir, to detain.] Some estates may determine, on future con- In law, a writ of detinut is one that lies

DETHRONING,
;

tingencies.

Blackstone.

DETERM'INED,
<lecided
;

pp.

Ended

concluded

2.

limited; fixed; settled; resolvdirected. Having a firm or fixed purpose, as a determined mviii or manifesting a firm resolution, as a determined countenance.

ed
a.

.5.

constant dcterminatian of the will to the greatest apparent good. Lockt-. An ending; a putting an end to; as the

DETERMINING,
fixing ; settling; recting.

ppr.

Ending; deciding;
limiting
;

resolving;
n.

di-

detains goods or chattels delivered to him, or in his ])0Sscssion. This writ lies for a thing certain and valuable, as for a horse, cow, sheep, plate, cloth, &c., to recover the thing itself or damages for the detainer. Blarkstone. DET'ONATE, v.t. [L. detono; de and /ono, to thundei-.] In chimistry, to cause to explode ; to burn or

against him who wrongfiilly

inflame with a sudden report.

determination of a will.

Blackstont.]

DETERRA'TION,
earth.]

[L.

de

and

terra.

DET'ONATE,
sulphur.

v. i.

To

explode

to

burn

DETERM'INATIVE,

a.

That uncontrolla-

bly directs to a certaiti end. The determinative power of a just cause. Bramhall.
'i.

The; uncovering of .^ny thing which is buried or covered with earth a If'oodward. taking from out of the earth.
;

with a sudden report.

Niter detonates with

;

DETONATED, pp.
explosion.

Exploded

burnt with

Limiting;
subj(;ct.

tliat limits

word may be
mines.

or bounds; as, a det(rminative and limit the

Jl'atts.

DETERM'INATOR,

n.

One who

deter-

Brown. DETERM'INE, v. t. [L. delermino ; de and termino, to bound; terminus, a boundary or limit W. tervyn, an extreitiitj', or limit ten), outward, extreine ten'i/nu, to fix a bound, to limit, to determine; ttrm, a term, DETER 'SI VE, a. [It. dctersivo ; Fr. deterSee Deterge.] extreme point termiaiv, to limit Ir. Icora, sif. a border or limit Gr. rif/ia, ripnav. See! Cleansing having power to cleanse from offejiding matter. Term.] DETER SIVE, n. A medicine which has 1. To end particidarly, to end by the deci-' the |)o\ver of cleansing ulcers, or carrjing bion or conclusion of a cause, or of
;
;

pp. [See Deter.] Discoiua ged or prevented from proceeding or acting, by fear, difficulty or danger. DETERRING, ppr. Discouraging or influencing not to proceed or act, by fear, difliculty. danger, or prospect of evil. 2. a. Discouraging ,'}sh. frightening. DETER'SION, n'. [L. detersus, detergo. See The act of cleansing, as a sore. Deterge.] Hiseman.

DETERRED,

DET'ONATING,

DETONA

ppr. Exploding; inflaniinc with a sudden report. TION, .i. An explosion or sudden rejjoit made by the inflammation of certain I'ombustible bodies, as fulminating Detonation is not decrepitation. gold. DETONIZA'TION, n. The act of exploding, as certain combustible bodies.
V.

DET'ONIZE,
to explode
;

to
V.

t. [See Detonate.] To cause burn with an explosion to

;

calcine with detonation.

DET ONIZE,

i.

To

explode

to

burn

with a sudden report.

This precipitate able noise.

dctonizes with
ppr.

a consider-

;i

Fourcroy.

doubtful or controverted point apj)lica-j ble to the decisions of the mind, or to judi-l
;

oil'

fold matter.
;
;

DET'ONIZED,
de and
It.

pp.

DETEST',
sense of
;

Exploded, as a comE.xploding

cial decisions.

We
;

this question in
'^.

my

had determined] say, own mind; the courti

I
I

I', t. [L. detestor to aflirm or bear witness Fr. detester. S]). detestar ;

testor,
;

bustible bodv.

detestare

has determintd the

cau.-^e.
;

testor is

to set,

The primary throw or thrust.

;

DET'ONIZING,
sudden report.

with

a
;

To end and
this

fix

to settle ultimately
;

as.i

:}.

event determined his fate. on to .settle or establish as, to! determine the proper season for planting

To detest is to thrust away.] perversion. To abhor to abominate to hate extremely DETORT', V.

;

DETOR'SION,
t.

n.

turning or wresting

[L. detortus,
;

To

fix

as, to detest

crimes or meanness.
a.

of dtlorqueo
;

DETESTABLE,
abominable
horrence.
;

Extremely hateful;
;

To

de and torqueo, to twist.]

twist
;

to

wrest

to pervert

to

turn

seed.s.

tJod

hath determined
Acts
;

very odious

deserving aball

from the original or plain meaning.

the

times before ap-

pointed.
4.

xvii.
;

To end
Yonder
is

to limit

to

bound

to confine.

hast defiled my sanctuary widi detestable things. Ezek. v.

Thou

thy

DETORT'ED,
verted.

pp. T(visted

Dryden. wrested per;

hill determines our view. Knowldetermined hy the sight. Baeon. .5. To give a diri^ciion to to influence the choice; that is, to limit to a particular purpose or direction as, this circumstance determined him to the study of law. Also, to give a direction to material bodies in their course as, impulse may determine a moving body to this or that point. C. To resolve, that is, to end or settle a point in the mind, as in Definition first I determined tliis with mj'sell. 2 Cor. ii

DETEST'ABLENESS,
fulness.

n.

Extreme

hate-

DETORT'ING,;)r. Wresting;

edge

DETEST' ABLY,
abominablv.

DET6UR',
adv.
n.

71.

[Fr.]
V.
t.

perverting.

turning

a circuitous

Very

hatefully
;

wav-

DETRACT',
of.

DETESTA'TION,
horrence
;

with

Extreme hatred abThe good man en1.

detraho
tractar
;

de
It.

[L. detractum ; detrecto ; traho, to draw; Sp. rfedetraire ; Fr. detracter. See

and

tertains uniformly a detestation of sin.

DETEST'ED,
horred.

pp.
n.

Hated extremely; ababhors.

;

Draiv and Drag.]

DETESTER,
DETEST'ING,
horring
;

One who

ppr. Hating extremely

ab-

abominating.

Vol.

draw from. Hence, to take away from reputation or merit, through envy, maUce or other motive hence, to detract from, is to lessen or depreciate reputation or worth to derogate from.
Literally, to
: ;

I.

60

D E U
iN'ever circulate reports tliat

D E V
ddiud from
tlic

D E V
death of the
GoldsmithJ

second
first

itiarriage after the

ropuliilion or honor of your neighbor, obviouii necessity to justify the act.

DE'VIATE,
1.

without

v.i. [It. deviare

husband or

Si), desvictrse ;

wife.

Anun.

and I'o^o;, law.] The second law, or second giving of the law ; [h. detmclio.] The act by Moses; the name given to the fifth of taking something from the reputation book of the Pentateuch. or worth of anotljer, witli the view to lesn. [Gr. Snirrpoj, second, and son liini in estimation; censure a lessenoxyd ; strictly, deuteroiyd.] ; ing of worth tlie act of depreciating an- In chimistry, a substance oxydized in the from envy or malice. Detraction second degree. ; other, n. [de and L. vupora-\ may consist in representing merit, as less than it really is; or in the imputation of The change of vapor into water, as tio.] in the generation of rain. faults, vices or crimes, which impair repuDanoin. tation and if such imputation is false, it V. t. [L. devasto.] To lay waste ; 3. is slander or defamation. to plunder. wandering from tlie path of duty want Sandys. [.\o( in use.] of conformity to the rules prescribed by v. t. DETRAt'TlOUS, a. Containing detrac[L. devasto ; de and God: error; sin; obliquity of conduct. tion ; lessening re|)ntation. [J^Tot in use.] vasto, to waste ; Fr. devasler ; S\>. devastar; 4. In eommerce, the . Having the quality or It. devastare. See It'asle.] DETRAT'1VE, voluntary departure of a ship, without necessity, from the regular tendency to lessen tlie worth or estima- To lay waste ; to waste ; to ravage ; to desand usual coiuse of the specific voyage tion. olate ; to destroy imi>rovcmciits. insured. This tlischarges the underwrin. One who takes away Laid waste; ravaged. ;>/. ters from their responsibility. Park. or impairs the reputation of another injuppr. Laying waste desDEVI'CE, n. [Fr. devis, devise ; It. divisa ; riously ; one who altem|)ts to lessen the olating. from L. divisus, divido.] ^vorlh or honor of anotlier. VASTA'TION, n. [L. devastalio.] Waste 1. That which is formed a. Derogatory; defumaby design, or inravage; desolation; destruction of works vented ; .scheme ; artificial contrivance ; of art and natural productions which are atory by denial of desert wiih/;TO. Johnson. Boyle. stratagem ; project ; sometimes in a good necessary or useful to man; liavock as sense ; more generally in a bud sense, as arji. female detractor by armies, fire, flood, &c. In law, waste of the goods of the deceastifices are usually employed forbad purposes. a censorious woman. In a good sense: DETRET', r. /. [L. iklredo.] To refuse. ed by an executor, or administrator. His device is against Babylon, to destroy it. Blackstone. in Folherby.
9.

To

DEUTERON'OMY, n.

[Gr.iivtBpos,secoud,\

take

away

sense.

to witlidraw, in a literal JVotlnn. Boyle.

n.

DETRACTION,

DEUTOX'YD,

DEVAPORA'TION.

DEVEST,

L. devius; de, from, and via, way.] To turn aside or wander from the common or right way, course or line, either in a literal or figurative sense as, to deviate from the conuiion track or path, or from a true course. There nature deviates, and here wanders will. Pope. 3. To stray from the path of duty to wanto err to sin. der, in a moral sense DEVIA'TION, n. A wandering or turning aside from the right way, course or line. "2. Variation froiTi a common or established rule, or from analogy.
;

DEVASTATE,

DETRACT'OR,

DEVASTATED, DEVASTATING, DE

DETRACTORY,

DETRACT'RESS,
\J\l'ol

use.]

DKT'RIIMENT,
</e(er,

n.

[L. detrimenlum.
detriliun,

Qu.
off.]

DEVEL'OP,
petre,

worse, or detero,

wet n

Loss; damage; diminntion. We

tion,

injury; mi.schief; harm; speak of delrimenl to in-

terest, ]uoperty, religion, morals, reputaand to land or buildings. // is a word

DETKJMENT'AL,
A
spiiitoi"

ofven/ 'general uvpticatidn. a. Injurious; hurtful; causing loss or damage.

speculation
.

maybe

detrimental

to

regular comnierce.

Anon.

DETRI"T]ON,
otV.

[L. detero.]

DEVEL'OPED,
;

wearing
Sterens.
delero,

DETRl'TUS,
to

n.

[h. detrilus,

worn;

DEVELOPING,

r. ?. [Fr. rfe!Jf/o;);)er ; It. svilupIn a bad sense : to unfold, to display ; viluppo, a He disappointcth the devices of the crafty. jiacket or bundle, intricacy.] Job v. To uncover; to unfold ; to lay open to disclose or make known something conThey imagined a mischievous device. Ps. xxi. cealed or withheld from notice. 2. Ail emblem intended to represent a famiThe General began to develop the plan of his ly, person, action or quality, with a suitaoperations. ble motto; used in painting, sculpture and These serve to develop its tenets. Miner. It consists in a metaphorical heraldry. To unravel to unfold what is intricate ; similitude between the things representas, to develop a. plot. ing and represented, as the figure of a laid open; ;)p. Unfolded; plow representing agriculture. iiu-aveled. to distinguish themselves Knights-errant used Addison. ppr. Unfolding ; disclosby devices on their shields.
; ;

Jer.

Ji.

wear.]

in geotofry, a

mass of stibstances worn

ofl'or
;

DEVEL'OPMENT,
;

detached from solid bodies by

as diluvial detritus.

attrition

Buekland.
;

UETRU'DE,
to thrust.] with force.

v.t.

To

thrust

[L.ddrudo; de and trudo, down to push dowi

Locke. Thomson DETRU'DED, pp. Thrust or forced down DETRU'DING, ppr. Thrusting or forcing

down.

DETRUNCATE,

[L. tktrjinco ; de and Irunco, to cut shorter; /rimcus, cut short Er. trancher ; Arm. troucha, or traincha 3. To free from to disengage. See Trench.] To cut oft'; to lop to short- 4. In law, to alienate, as title or right. en by cutting. DEVEST', t\ i. In latv, to be lost or alienav.
t.
; ; ; ;

ing unraveling. jt. An unfolding; the discovering of something secret or withheld from the knowledge of others disclosure full exhibition. The nnravelina of a plot. DEVEST', !'. t. [Fr. devitir ; de and velir, to clothe, L. vesfio, id., vestis, a vest, a garment. Generally written divest.] To strip to deprive of clothing or arms to take off. Denhrtm. '2. To deprive to take away as, to deve.it a man or nation of rights. [See Divest.]
;
;
;

i.

4.

Invention; genius; faculty of devising; man of noble device. Shak. Obs. Beaum. spectacle or show. DEVI'CEFUL, a. Full of devices inventas a

ive.

Spenser.
adv. In a

DEVrCEFULLY,
onslv contrived.
n.
dev'l.

manner

curi-

Donne.
:

DEVIL, [Sax. diafol ; D. duivel ; G. teufel ; Sw. diefvvl Dan. diavel; Rnss. diavol ; Tartar, diof; L. diahnlus ; Gr. ^iaf?o?.o5, said to be from iioSaXXo, to cahmniiate; Fr. diable ; Sp. diablo ; Port.
diabo
;

It.

diavolo.

The Armoric

is rftau/ ;

W.

diawl,

which

Owen

supposes to be

compounded of

:)ETRUNA'T10N,
off.

n.

The

act of cutting

one light
ness.]
deity,

without

ted, as a title or

an estate.
generally written divest

The

a negative, and awl, light, [prince of darkIri>h is diabhuil, which, acdi,

is

[This
n.
s

word

is

cording to O'Brien,

as :. [See Detrude.] The act of thrusting or driving down. r>ETURP'ATE, v.t.'[L. deturpo.] To defile. [Lillte used.] Taylor. DEUCE, n. [Fr. (/cK.r, two.] Two; a card with two spots; a die with two spots; o term used in seaming. DEUCE, 71. A^lemon. [See Duse.]

DETRU'SION,

excejit in the latter

and legal sense.]

;

composed of

dia,

DEVEST'ED,
prived
title.
;

Stripped of clothes; defreed from alienated or lost, as

;)p.
1.

DEUTEROG'AMIST,

!.

[infra.]

One who DEVEX'ITY,

second,

ppr. Stripping of clothes; depriving freeing from ; alienating. DEVEX', a. [L. devexus.] Bending down. [JVot in use.]
;

DEVEST'ING,

and bhnl, air, [god of the air.] If these Celtic words are justly explained, they are not connected with diabolus, or the latter is erroneously deduced.] In the christian theology, an evil spirit or
a fallen angel, expelled fri in heaven the chief of the for rebellion against God the implacalile enemy apostate angels and tcmi)ter pf the human race. In the

being

n.

[L. devexilas,

from de and

marries the second time.

Cloldsmith.

DEUTEROG'AMY,
and
yafio;,

n. [Gr. 6(vf.o5,

t^eho, to

carry.]

bending downward; a sloping; incurva

tion

marriage.]

downward.

Davics.

3.

Testament, the word is frequently and erroneously used for demon. A very wicked person, and in ludicrous

New

D E V
language, any great evil. In profane language, it is an expletive expressing won der, vexation, &c. 3. An idol, or false god. Lev. xvii. 2Cbron.
xi.

D EV
DEVrSED,
eil
;

D E V
;

pp. Given by will contrived.

n.
;

bcqucatha deis

voted to rapine flames.

4.

the city

was devoted
;

to

the

DEVISEE',
vise
is

made one

The person
to

to

whom

To doom
one

to

whom

consign over
to

as, to devote

real estate

to ilestruction.

n. One who contrives or inGrew. vents; a (contriver; an inventor. use.] DEVILISH, a. Partaking of the qualities DEVI'SING, ppr. Contriving inventing of the devil diaholical forming a .sclicme or plan. very evil and as a devilish 2. Giving by will bequeathing. mischievous malicious scheme devilish wickedness. Sidney. DEVI'SOR, n. One who gives by will one who bequeaths lands or tenements. 2. Having communication with the devil Shak. Black.<!tone pertaining to the devil. in 3. Excessive enormous in a vulgar and lu- DEV'ITABLE, . Avoidable. ( [jYol dicrous sense ; as a devilish cheat. DEVITA'TION, n. An escaping. S tise. Addison. DEVOCA'TION, n. [L. devocntio.] A callDEV'ILISHLV, ndv. In a manner suiting ing away seduction. [JVot iti use.]

DEVILING,

n.

bequeathed.

5.

To

execrate

young

devil.

[M)t in

DEVI'SER,

DEVO

doom

to evil.

TE,

a.

Devoted.
devotee.

Rotce. Milton.

Beaum,

DEVO'TE, n. A DEVO'TED, pp.

enmly

Appropriated by
;

vow

Sandys.
;

sol;

set apart or dedicated consecrated addicted; given up; doomed; consigned.

n.

DEVtJ'TEDNESS,
devoted or given
;

The

state
;

of being
as devo-

tednesslo religion.

addictedncss Grew.

Milner.
is

DEVOTEE',

n.
;

[Fr. devot.]
;

One who

2.

the devil; diabolically; wickedly. South. Greatly; excessivelv in a vulgar sense. DEV'ILISHNESS, n." The qualities of the
;

devil.

DEV'ILISM,
used.]

n.

The
t.

state

of

devils.

[J\'ot

DEV'ILIZE,
[JVot used.]

I',

To

Bp. Hall.
place

among

devils.

Clarissa. DEV'ILKIN, n. A little devil. DEV'ILSHIP, n. The character of a devil. DE'VIOUS, a. [h. devius rfe and w'a, way.] Out of the eoniinon way or track as a
;
;

Bp. Hall.

devious course.
2.

Wandering; roving; rambhng. To bless the wildly devious morning

walk. Thotnso/i.

3.

Erring ; going astray from rectitude or the divine precepts.

step at course of habitual vice.
v.

One devioun

first

may

lead into

Anon. L. devirgino.] To detlour. Sandys. DEVI SABLE, a. s as z. [See the Verb.] 1. That may be bequeathed or given by will. Blackslone. 2. That can be invented or contrived.

DEVIR (iliVATE,

t.

[Low

wholly devoted particularly, one given one who is superstiwholly to religion tiously given to religious duties and ceremonies a bigot. Hallywell. DEVOID', a. [de and void, Fr. vuide, vide. DEVO'TEMENT, n. Devotedness devoSee Void.] tion. .Mem. of Buchanan. 1. Void; empty; vacant; applied to place. 2. Vowed dedication. Mason. Spenser. DEVO'TER, n. One that devotes also, a 2. Destitute not possessing as devoid of worshiper. understanding. DEVO'TING, ppr. Giving or appropriating 3. Free from as devoid of fear or shame. by vow solenndy setting apart or dedicaDEV^OIR', n. [Fr. devoir ; It. dovere; from adting consecrating giving wliolly L. debeo, to owe.] dicting dooming consigning. service or duty. Hence, an act of DEVOTION, n. The state of being dedicaPrimarily, respectful notice due civility or respect ted, consecrated, or solemnly set apart for to another; as, we paid our devoirs to the a particular purpose. 2. A solemn attention to the queen, or to the ladies. Supreme Being in worship; a yielding of the heart and DEVOIAI'TION, . [L. dn-ohifio.] The act of rolling down as the devolution of earth aflections to God, with reverence, faith into a valley. If'oodward. and piety, in religious duties, particularly 2. Removal from one person to another a in prayer and meditation devoutness. i. External worship acts of religion ; perpassing or falling upon a successor. Hale. formance of religious duties. .\s I passed DEVOLVE, V. t. devolv'. [L. devolvo ; de and by and beheld your devotions.
;
;

volvo, to roll,
1.

To

Eng.
;

to wallow.]

Acts
4.

xvii.

roll

down

to

pom- or flow with wind

ings.
Tlirou<;li splendid kingdoms he devolves his maze. Thomson.

Sadler. 2. To move from one person to another ; to Shak. deliver over, or from one possessor to a C. .Ardent love or [Fr. deviser, to talk or affection ; attachment mansuccessor. ifested by constant attention ; as, the duke ; The king devolved the care and disposition of was distinguished by his devotion to the 1. aitairs on the duke of Ormond. king, and to the interest of the nation. Gibbon. Temple. Clarendon. v. i. devolv'. Literally, to roll down ; hence, to pass from one to another 7. Earnestness ; ardor eagerness. ; ; He seeks their hate with gieater depo/iOK than to fall by succession from one possessor to ; Shak. they can render it him. In the absence of the comhis successor. 6. Disposal; power of disposing of ; state of mander in chief, the command devolved on ; dependence. the next officer in rank. the death of| ; Arundel castle would keep that rich comer of the ])rince, the crown devolved on his eld guments. the country at his majesty's devotion. est .son. To deviso curious works in gold and silver. Clarendon.

5.

Prayer to the Supreme Being. A christwill be regtdar hi his morning and evening devotions. All act of reverence, respect or ceremony.
ian

DEVI'SE,

V.

t.

s as

:.

interchange thoughts; It.i/irisnre, to think, divide or share from L. ilivisus, divido.] To invent to contrive to form in the mind by new combinations of ideas, new applications of principles, or new arrangement of parts to excogitate to strike out bj' thought to plan to .scheme to as, to devise an engine or ma project chine to devise a new mode of writing to devise a plan of defense to devise ar; ; ; ; ;

DEVOLVE,

On

Ex. XXXV.

Inn bad
iii.

DEVOLVED,

pp.
y;y-.

Rolled

down

passed
falling

sense : Vevise not evil against thy neighbor.

over to another.
Prov.

DEVO'TIONAL,
2.

DEVOLV'IIVtJ,
to a successor.

Rolling

down;

2.

give or bequeath by will, as land or otlier real estate. Blackslone. DEVI'SE, I'. I. To consider; to contrive; to lay a plan to form a scheme. Devise how you will use him, when he comes. Shak. Formerly follow ed by of; as, let lis de;

To

DEVO'TARY,

vot&ry. [.Vol in use.] Gregory. DEVO'TE, v. t. [L. devoveo, devotus ; de and Fr. devouer.] to vow voveo, to set apart or 1. To a])propriate by vow dedicate by a solctun act to consecrate.
n.
;

a. Pertaining to devotion ; used in devotion as a devotional posture ; devotional exercises. Suited to devotion ; as a devotional frame
;

of mind.

DEVO TIONALIST, ) " A

DEVOTIONIST,
DEVO'TO,
worships.
71.

to

person given devotion; or

Spectator. [.Vol in use.]

one superstitiously or formally devout.

[It.]

nse of ease. Spenser. Dl'iVISE, n. Primarily, a dividing or division hence, the act of bequeathing by will
; ;

No

(he Lord
xxvii.
2.

devoted thing

devuieil thing that a man shall devote to shall be .sold or redeemed. Every Lev. is most holy io the Lord.

A devotee.

DEVO'TOR,
DEVOUR',

n.

One who

Spenser.

reverences or

Obs.

Beaum.

the act of giving or distribulinR real estate by a testator. Blackstoyie. will or testament. 2. share of estate beipicathed. 3.

A A

DEVI'SE,
<^d.

n.

Contrivance

scheme

Obs.

To give up wholly; the attention wholly or chiefly to attach as, to devote one's self to science; to devote ourselves to our friends, or to their interest inventor pleasure. Hooker. 3. To give up ; to resign as, aliens were deto addict;
;

to direct

1.

V. t. [L. devoro : de and voro, to eat; It. vorare, divorare ; Sp. rferorar; Fr. devorer; Arm. devori ; W. pori, to feed; Gr. i5o|7a, i)asture Heb. Ch. -^'2, to consume. Class Br. No. 6.] To eat up ; to eat with greediness ; to eat
;

D E V
ravenously, as a beast of prey, or as a hiiii gry man. Wo will say, some evil beast halh devoured Gon. xx.wii. liini. In the moiiuug he ishall devour the prey. Gen. xlix.
2.
;

D E X
DEW,
n.

D. dauw ; G. thau Rising from right to let>, as a spiral line oi ;| helix. Sec Class Dg. Sw. da^g ; Dan. dugg. Henry. It is probably froin DEX'TROUS, a. No. i'C iiO. 62. 63. Reaily aud exfjert in the use of the body and limbs; skilful and acthe same primary root as thaw; O. thau, tive in manual employment to thaw.] adroit ; as a dew, thaucn, The water or moisture collected or deposited dextrous hand a dextrous workman. To destroy to consume with rapidity and on or near the surface of the earth, during 2. Ready in the use of the mental faculties \iolence. the night, by the escape of the heat which prompt in contrivance and management I will send a fire into the house of Hazael, held the water in solution. expert quick at inventing expedients as which shall devour the palaces of Ben-Hadad. DEW, r. t. To wet with dew to moisten. a dertrous manager. Amos i. artful done with dexterity as Milton. Dryden. 3. Skilful Famine aud pestilence shall devour him. Ez dextrous inanagement. DEW'BENT, a. Bent by the dew. vii.
[Sax. deatv
;
;
;

3.

To destroy; to annihilate to consume. He seemed in swil'tness to devour the way.

;

Thomson. DE.X'TROUSLY, adv.

With

DEW-BERRY,

S'lwk
4.

To waste

to

consume

to

spend

in dissi-

n. fruit of a species of brier or bramble, that creeps along the groiuid, of the genus Rubus. a.

The

expertly ; ))romptly.
ness.

skilfully

artfully

dexterity: adroitly
:

DEX'TROUSNESS,
DEY,
n.

n.

Dexterity; adroit-

pation and riot. As soon as this thy son had come, who hath devoured thy living with harlots. Luke xv.
5.

DICW-BESPAN'GLED,
dew-drops.

Spangled with

To consume wealth and

fraiul, oppression,

substance by
Matt,
xxiii.

DEW-BESPRENT', a.
Ohs.

Gray. Sprinkled with dew.

The

title

of the governor or sove-

or illegal exactions.
houses.

Ye devour widows'
C.

DEW-BESPRINK'LED,
dew.
;

To
1

destroy

Your
Pet. v.

spiritiLally ; to ruin tlie soul. advernary, tlie devil, as a roaring lion,

walketh about, seeking

7.

whom

he may deooKr

DEW'-I )ROP, n. A drop of dew, which spar- DIA, Greek, |ircfix, denotes through. a spangle of dew. kles at sunrise DI'ABASE, n. Another name of greenstone.
ti

reign of Algiers, under the protection of the Graiul Seignior. Milton. Encyc. a. Sprinkled with DI, a prefix, a contraction of dis, denotes Shenstone. from, separation or negation, or tico.

To To

slay.
shidl

DEW-DROPPING,
devour the

a.

Milton. Wetting as with

Cleavetand.

The sword
Nah.
8.
li.

yoimg

lions

enjoy with avidity. Longing they look, and gaping at the sight, Devour her o'er and o'er with vast delight.

Thomson. der-passing. DEWED, pp. Moistened with dew. DIABE'TES, DEW-IIVIPEARL'EU, rt. [Hce Pearl] Covlew.

DIABATE'RIAL,
)!.

a.

[Gr.

aioffaoio.]

Bor-

MitJ'ord.
[Crr.S^o.8n-cr,;,from ^loffa.^u, Siaandeawa, to go or

ered with dew-drops, like pearls.

to pass

through

pass.]

DEWING, ppr.
DEW-LAP,

DEVOURED, ;(p.

Eaten: swallowed with greediness; consumed; destroyed; wasted; slain. DEVOUR'ER, n. One who devours; he or that which eats, consumes or destroys; he
that preys on.
; ;

Addison. In Shakspeare, a lip flaccid with age. with adew-laj). DEVOlIR'ING,;jpr. Eating greedily con- DEW'-LAPT, a. Fiu-nished )!. A worm, called other suming wasting destroying annihilawise earth-worm, a species of Liunbricus, ting. DEVOURINGLY, adv. In a devoiirini which lives just imder the surface of tlie It is of a jiale red color, and does manner. ground. no injury to plaiUs. DEVOUT', a. [It. decolo ; Fr. devol ; L. deSee Devote.] votus. DEW'Y, . Partaking of dew; like dew; as I. Yieliliiig a solemn and reverential attendewy mist. as dewy fields. tion to Gotlin religious exercises, particu- 2. Moist with dew
2.
; ;

Core. Encyc. dew. DIABET'IC, a. Pertaining to diabetes. )i. [(/iwaiuUap,tolick.] The DIABOL'Ie, > diabolus, the devil] "' [L. flesh that hangs from the throat of oxen, Devilish DIABOL'ICAL, pertaining which laps or licks the dew in grazing to the devil; hence, extremely malicious;
<,

VVetliiig or

Drayton. moistening with

urine

long continued increased quantity of an excessive and morbid discharge

;

of urine.

DEW-WORM,

impious; atrocious; nefarious; outrageously wicked partaking of any quality ascribed to the devil as a diabolical tema diabolical scheme or action. l)er DIABOLICALLY, adv. In a diabolical
; ; ;

manner; very wickedly

nefariously.

DiABOL'ItALNESS,
the devil.
n.

n.

The

quahties of

larly in prayer.

3.

must he conr-tanl and devoul in the worship of God. Soga's Pious; devoted to religion religious. Simeon \vas a just nian and devout. Luke ii Devout men, carried Stephen to his burial.
;

We

DEX'TER,a.

Belonging to curves formed by refraction. [h.deiier; Gr.Stlioj; Ir.rfcoj.] Bailey. Right, as opposed to left a term used in DIACH'YLON, n. [Gr. 6ia and j^xof.] An to denote the right side of heraldry, emollient plaster. shield or coat of arms as, bend-deitcr
; ;

His deipi/ locks Ambrosia.

cUstilled

actions of the devil. DIABOLISM, 2. Possession by the devil. IVarburton. DIAAUS'TIC, a. [Gr. 6taxaiw, to burn or inflame.] .Milton

The

Acts
:^.

viii
;

Expressing devotion or piety

; ; ;

as,

with

dexter-point.

Encyc.
n.

DiAC'ONAL,
to a

o.

[L.
a.

diacoiuis.]

Pertaining
to

Milton. eyes devout. earnest Sincere solemn 1. as, you have my devout wishes for your safety. DEVOUT', n. A devotee. [.Vot'used.
.y/7(/o.'j.

DEXTERITY,
ter,
1.

[L. dexteritas,

from dex-

deacon.
gtaxovu,

OEVOUT'LESS, a. Destitute of devotion. DEVOUT'LESSNESS, n. Want of devoBp. DEVOUT'LY, adv. With solemn attention .and reverence to God with anient devo;

tion.

of CInehester.

[Gr. ; prompt.] bia and axovui, to hear.] Reaiiiness of limbs; adroitness; activity Pertaining to the science or doctrine of reskill; that readiness in per e:;])ertness fracted sounds. forming an action, which proceeds ii-oni DIACOUS'TIS, n. The science or doctrine experience or practice, imited with activity of refracted sotmds the consideration of We say, a man banc: or quick motion. the properties of sound refracted by passan instrument, or eludes a thrust, with
right,
fit,
;
;

DIACOUS'TIC,

hear

dexterity.
2.

Readiness of mind or mental

in contrivance, or inventing
; ;

faculties, as

ing through different also diirphonics.

meduims

called

means

to ac-

DiACRIT

tion.

He was
2.

devoutly engaged

in prayer.

Jlnon.

as,
.'3.

religiously with pious thoughts he viewed the cross devoutly. Sincerely solemnly earnestly as, a consummation devoutly to be wished.

Piously

complish a piu'pose promptness in devir.-ite.] quickness and skill in sing expedients managing or conducting a scheme of ojie- That separates or distinguishes; distinctive ; We say, a negotiation is con- as a diacritical point or mark. rations. The shoit vowel is never signilied by any Gihhon. with flucted
;

Encyc. 6iaIt^AL, a. [Gr. Siaxpirtzo; 6;a and xfuvu), to sepaxpo'w, to separate

.

elextenty.

DEX'TRAL,

o.

Right, as opposed to
n.
a.

left.

diacrilieal mark.
Stj,

Encyc.
6t,

DEVOUT'NESS,
being devout.

n.

The

quality or state of
Glanville.
[J^ot in

DEXTRAL'ITY,
the right side.

The

state of being

Brown. DI'ADELPII, n. [Gr. on a8fX$05, a brotlier.J

ror.9!(S,

twice,

tmd

DEVOW, V.

I.

To give up.

use] B. Jonson

DEXTROR'SAL,
versus,

[dexter
tiu-ii.]

and

from veHo,

to

In botany, a plant whose stamens are united into two bodies or bundles by their filaments.

B
DiADELF'H'lAN,
uiiiti'd

A
Having
its

D
stamens
6ia5.'w, to

A
pl.-itc

A
;

a.

DI'AL-PLATR,

into
6(a

two bodies by
ifw, to
;

tlicii-

tilanients.

Dl'ADJ'iJVI,

7!.

[fjr. bia.h>rna,

from

of a dial on DIALOGUE-WRITER, . A writer of diawhich the lines are drawn, to show the loffiies or feigmd conversations. hour or time of the day. OiAl/YSI."^, il. |Gr. 6taMi9c; biaV.vu, tO disn.

The

1.

bind L. duidema.] Anciently, a licad-liand or fillet worn by kings as a badge of royalty. It was made of silk, linen or wool, and lied round the temples and forehead, the ends being tied behind and let fall on the neck. It was sometimes emusually white ami plain broidered with gold, or set with pearls and
gird
;
;

and

DI'ALECT,
to
1.

H.
It.

[Gv.

Sia'/.ixTo;
:

6mi

and Vyu,
;

solve

6ia

and

speak

dialetto

Fr. dialede

Sp.

alu, to dissolve.]

dialerto. ]

iar to

precious stones. 9. In modern ii.ia;e, the

royalty,
figuratively,
3.

mark or badge of! worn on the head; a crown; and

empire
;

supreme power.
Gibbon.

distinguished or principal ornament.

The fiii'in or idiom of a language, pecula province, or to a kingdom or state consisting cbietly in diliermces of orthography or proinmciation. The Greek language is remarkable for four dialects, the dialect Attic, Ionic, Doric and Kolic. is the branch of a )>areiit language, with such local alterations as time, accident and revolutions may have introduced among descendants of the same stock or family living in separate or remote situations.
;

mark in writing or printing, consisting of two [loinls placed over one of two vowels, to dissolve a diphthong, or to show that the two vowels are to be separated in pronunciation
:

as, aer, mosaic.

2.

In medicine, debility continuity.

for
nse. ]

DiAMA.N i'lNE,

also, a solution of Parr. adamantine. [jVot in

;

DiAM'ETER,
fi!T{ioi,
1.
.'\

tj.

[Gr.

6io//-pof,

6ia

an.I

measure through.]

diadem
;

of benuty.
a.

Is. xxviii.
;

IJiit in

DI'ADEMKD,
crowned

Adorned with a diadem

[Gr.
;

many
2.

ornamented.
n.
SMipofit;,

DI'ADROM,

Pope. a running
;

distinct, are really dialects

regard to a large portion of words, languages, which are considered as of one common

right line jiassing through the center of a circle or other curvilinear figure, termi-

2.

language.

in

about; 8ui6po|itfu 6ta and Spt^uio, to run.] course or passing; a vibration the time which the vibration of a pendulum is

Language; speech, or manner of speaking.

iS'ojiM

DIALECTICAL,
or dialects
;

nated by the circumference, and dividing the figure into tw o equal parts. A right line jiassing through the center of a piec-e of timber, a rock or other object, from one side to the other as the diameter of a tree, or of a stone.
;

performed.

Locke.
Siayi^of 1x05
;

a. Pertaining toadialect, not radical.

DIAGNOS'TI, a. [Gr. yivusxu &m and yinoaxu,

; ;

610- 2.

DIAM'ETRAL, a. DIAM'ETRALLY,
DlAiMiyP'RICAL,
rcct
;

Logical
dialect.

argumental.
(irff.

Boyli

to

know.]
;

DIALEC'TK'ALLY,
DIALECTI"CIAN,
soner.

In the

mamieiof
;

Diametrical, which see. adv. Diametrically. a. Describing a diameter.

characteristic Distinguishing the nature of a disease.

indicating

n.

n. The sign or .symptom by which a disease is known or distinguished from others. Diagnostics are of two kinds the adjunct, or such as are common to several diseases and ihe pathognomouii; which always attend the disease, and distinguish it fiom all others. Encyc. BIAG'ONAL, a. [Gr. Sio^uho?; i:a and

logician

a rea

DIAGNOS'TIC,

DIA.MET RICALLY,
direction
;

as diametrical opposition. adv. In a diametrical

directly
,'..

DIALE'TICS,

That branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of

n.

as diametrically oppo-

site.

DP AUNG,

yu/i'ia,
I.

a corner.]

Encyc. reasoning. 71. The art of constructing dials or of drawing dials on a plane. The scia teric science, or knowledge of show ing the time by shadow.?. Johnson. Encyc. DI'ALlyT, 7!. A constructer of dials one
;

DIAMOND,

and r"p. adamas ; Gr. aSaua;, aiauarroi, whence adamant, from the Celtic W. ehedvaen, moehed, to tiy or move, and ving stone
; ;

mond. [Fr. diamanl ; II. diamante ; G. and D. diamant ; L.

d!

77ie;i,

stone

name

first

given to the load-

In geometry, extending from one angle to skilled in dialing. another of a quadrilateral figure, and divi- DI'ALLAtiE, 71. [Gr. SioT-J-ayj;, difference, ding it into two equal parts. alluding to the difference of luster between in an angular direction. 'I. its iiaiural joints.] l>eing niAG'ONAL, VI. Aright lino drawn from A mineral, the smaragdite of Saussure, of a lamellar or foliated structure. Its subangle to angle of a quadrilateral figure, as' ,1 square or parallelogram, and dividing it species are green diallagc, metalloiilal diinto two equal parts. It is sometimes callCkaveland. allage and bronzite. ed the diameter, and sometimes the diame- The metalliiidal subs])cciesis called schiller
tral.

stone.
1.

DI.VG'ONALLY,
tion.

adv.

Encyc. In a diagonal direc;

stein, or shillcr sjiar.

DIALOlJLSM,

H.

A feigned speech between

Fulke

ni'AGRAM,
yiioufu, to

n.

[Gr. Sioypaft^a

Sia

two or more. and DIAL'Ot'JiST, 71. [Sec Dialogue.]

write.]

In geometry, a figure, draught or scheme delineated for the purpose of demonstrating the properties of any figure, as a square, triangle, circle, &c. Anciently, a niusicall
scale.
) IHAGRAPII'IC, DIAtJKAPlIICAL, $"

A speaker in a dialogue; also, a writer of dialogues. Johnson. a. the form of a DIALOgIST'IC, Having
dialosruc.

DIALO(JIST'lALLY,
of
dialuiriie.
v.i.

adr. In the

manner

mineral, gem or precious stone, of the most valuable kind, remarkable for its hardness, as it scratches all other minerals. When pure, the diamond is usually clear and Iraiispaieiit. but it is sometimes colored. Ill its rough state, it is commonly in the tbrin of a roundish pebble, or of octahedral crystals. It consists of carbon, and when heated to 14^ Wedgewood, and exposed to a current of air, it is gradually, but completely combustible. When pure and transparent, it is said to be of the first >vater. Encyc. Kirwan. Cleavcland. 2. A very small jirinting letter. figure, otherwise called a rhombus. DIAMOND, a. Resembling a diamond, as a diamond color or consisting of diamonds, as a diamond chain.
.'!.

See J]damant.]

[Gr. 81a and ypatco,! to describe.] Des-I

I

DIAL'OtjiZE,
course
dialogo
ill

[See Dialogue.]

To
;

disIt.

DIAMONDED,

dialogue.
71.

Fotherbi/.

criptive.

DI'-^LOGHE,
;

rfi"'a/og-.
;

[Fr. dialogue
Sia^-oyoj,
iiia

a. Having the figure of an oblique angled parallelogram, or rhombus. FuUer.

OI'AL,

[Ir. diail ; probably from day, dies.]\ All instrument for measuring time, by the aid of the sun being a ])late or plain sur-i
/I.
;

Sp.

id.

from Gr.
;

from
to

DIAMOND-MINE,
amonds
a male.] stamens.
are found.

n.

mine

in

which

di-

&m^lyojxal, to

dispute

and

^.ty",

the true time of the day. The edge of the plane, which shows the time, is called thej stile of the dial, and this must be [larallel to the axis of the earth. The line on which this plane is erected, is called the subside : and the angle included between the substite and .Me, is called the elevation or higlith of the stile. A dial may be horizontal, vertical, or inchning. Encyc.

face, on which lines are drawn in such a| manner, that the shadow of a wire, or of the upper edge of another plane, erected ;)erpcndicularly on the former, may show

speak.]
1.

DIAN'DER,

conversation or conference between

[Gr. 615, 61, twice, and anjp, In botany, a plant having two
71.

two or more persons;

particularly, a ibrnial conversation in theatrical performances ; also, an exercise in colleges and

DIAN DRIAN, DIAPASM,

A
pertuiiie.
(,

a.

Having two stamens.

11.

schools,
2.

in

which two or more persons

[Gr. SiaHo^au, to sprinkle.] 06*. B. Jonson.

DIAPASON, ) ^^ [Gr.Jtortoiuf, through all.] carry on a discourse. A writtiMi conversation, or a composition DI'AP.\SE, 'In HiHsiV, the octave or inin which two or more jiersons are repreterval which includes all the tones. sented as conversing on some topic as the 2. Among musical instrument-makers, a rule or scale by which they adjust the pipes of dialogues of Cicero de Oratore, and de Natiira Deorum. organs, the holes of flutes, &c., in due proDI'ALOGUE, I'. 7. To discourse together; portion for expressing the several tones to confer. Shak. and semitones. [JVoi used.] Busby.
;

A
;

Die

that they are to be pronounced separate a compouud consonance it, and wliich, being joined to eitlier, made Diapason-dinpeH'te, a fifth. This is, in our music, from A as aer. letters in a triple ratio, as 3 to 9, consisting of 9 ly, as distinct to B. Harris. tones and a semitone, or 19 semitones a DIA'RIAN, a. [See Diary.] Pertaining to a DIB'BLE, n. [jirobably from the root of top, twelftli. diary daily. Encyc. Busby. and denoting a little sharp DI'ARIST, n. One who keeps a diary. tip, a point, Dlapcison-diales'siiron, a compound concord, or allied to dip, to thrust in.] n. [Gr. iioppoia to iiappiu, point founded on the proportion of 8 to 3, con DIARRHE'A, \ pointed instrument, used in gardening and flow througli Sia and pfu, to flow.] sisting of eight tones and a semitone. whose Purging or flux a frei|uent and copious agriculture, to make holes for planting DiapasoH-ditone, a compound concord, evacuation of excrement by stool. seeds, &c. terms are as 10 to 4, or 5 to 2. Encyc. DIB'BLE, I', t. To ]ilant with a dibble; or to Diapason-semiditone, a compound concord, make holes for planting seeds, &c. whose terms are in tlie proportion of 12 DIARRHET'I, a. Promoting evacuation DIB'BLE, V. i. To dibble or dip; a term in to 5. Enryc. by stool purgative. DIAPEN'TE, )!. [Gr. 8ca and rtivti, five] DI'ARY, . [L. diarium, from dies, a day.] angling. an interval making the second ol' 1. A fiftli An account of daily events or transactions DIB'STONE, n. A little stone which chilLocke. dren throw at another stone. the concords, and witli the diatessaron, an a register of daily occin-ren a journal n. Pertiiess. [L. dicacitas.] octave. ces or observations ; as a diary of the DIAC'ITY, Encyc. Graves. 2. In medicine, a composition of five ingre[Jjittle used.] weather. Core A DI'AST, n. [Gr. bixa;t;f, from itxaifu, to dients. diary fever is a fever of one day. DI'APER, n. [r. diapri, diapered said to DI'ASelllSM, n. [Gr. hia'^xiafia, a piece cut judge, from 8ix;, justice.] In ancient Greece, an officer answering nearthe Netherlands be from Yjires, in S'tt and c;;ifu>, to cut oft'; hiai-txi.^^ off.] Mitford. ly to our juryman. In music, the difleience between the com Anderson."\ n. of die ; also, a game with dice. Figmed linen cloth a cloth wove in flow- ma and enharmonic diesis, commonly call- DICE, piu. Shak. DICE, V. i. To play with dice. mucli used for towels or ers or figures ed the lesser comma. Encyc. n. A box from which dice are napkins. Hence, a towel or napkin. DI'ASPORE, )!. [Gr. ^iMrtttpu, to disperse.] DI'CE-BOX, Addison. thrown in gaming. ,\ mineral occurring in lamellar concreV. I. To variegate or diversify, as DI'APER, DI'CE-MAKER, n. A maker of dice. to flower. tions, of a pearly gray color, and infusible cloth, with figures A small fragment, placed in the flame of a DICER, n. A |)layer at dice. next Spenser. Howel. DleHOT'OMIZE, v.l. [See the word.] candle, almost instantly decrepitates, and i. To draw flowers or figures, DI'APER, V. To cut into two parts to divide into whence its name. It is a is dispersed as upon cloth. pairs. mineral little known. Peacham If you diaper on folds. Cleaveland. DIHOT'OMOUS, a. [Gr. Six"; doubly, by Brongnlart. Haiiy. DI'APHANED, a. Transparent. [LUUe DIASTAL'TIC, a. [Gr. hM:;a^rixoi, dilating. pairs, and ffjio'co, to cut.] In botany, regularly dividing by pairs from itSfrf.] Dilated noble bold an epithet given by DIAPHANE'ITY, ;i. [Gr. Siata'^a "*< top to bottom as a dichotomous stem. the Greeks to certain intervals in music, 5ia and ^a-t-v^, to to shine through lu, Marty n. as the major third, major sixth and major shine.] a. Comseventh. Bushy. DlHOT'OMOUS-ORYMBED, The power of transmitting light transpaof corymbs, in which the pedicles Ill music, a 71. jiosed !Dr.\STEM, [Gr. hmgraa.] ^".!/' rency ])ellucidness. divide and subdivide by pairs. Martyn. simple interval. DIAPH.\N'IC, a. [Gr. f<ia.^avr,i. See supra.] DIAS'TOLE, 1 ., [Gr. bi.a^'>-t.r, hia and DICHOTOMY, n. [Gr. 6t;to''of, a division Having power to transmit light trans|)a- DIAS'TOLY into two parts 8i;^a and nuvu, to cut.] fsW-u, to set or send rent. Raleigh. 1. Division or distribution of ideas by pairs. Dl.\PH'ANOUS, a. [See supra.] Having 1. from.] Watts. [Little used.] .\niong physicians, a dilatation of the power to transmit rays of light, as glass; heart, auricles and arteries opposed to 2. In astronomy, that |)hase of the moon in
; ; ; ;

pellucid

DiAPHORE'(5lS,
ptu, to carry

transparent clear. n. [Gr. eia<}.op;,7i5; giafo:

through
;

hia.

and

^opsw, to

2.

carry.]

Augmented

perspiration or an elimination of the humors of the body through the Coxe. Encyc. poresof the skin.
a.

DIAPHORET'IC,

[supra.]

Having the
;

jiower to increase perspiration sweating.

sudorific

or contraction. Encyc. In granunar, the extension of a syllable; or a figure by which a syllable naturally short is made long. DI'ASTYLE, )!. [Gr. 6^a and ;v7.oi.] An edifice in which three diameters of the columns are allowed for iiJtercoluiijni:itions. Harris.
systole

which
half

it

appears bisected, or shows only

Encyc.

its

disk, as at the quadratures.

DICH'ROIT, n. [See Mite.] DI'CING-HOUSE, n. A house where

is

dice

played

DIATES'SAROX,
four.]

DIAPHORETIC,
Diaphoretics
differ

)!.

A
;

promotes jierspiration

medicine which a sudorific.

i

Coxe. Encyc. the from sudorifics increase the insensible perthe latter excite the sensible spiration Parr. discharge called sweat. DI'APHRAGM, n. di'afram. [Gr. Sia^payua bia and ^,3ai9w, to break off, to defend.] 1. In anatomy, the niidriflf, a muscle separating tlie chest or thorax from the abdomen Coxe. Encyc. or lower belly. 2. A partition or dividing substance.
;

former

otily
;

W. deg, L. decern.] In old authors, the number or quantity of [Gr. 8ta and rtaaapa, ten, particularly ten hides or skins but or harmonic inapplied to other things, as a dicker of Among musicians, a cmicord gloves, &c. [I believe not used in .imenca.] terval, composed of a greater tone, a less Its DICOC'COUS, a. [Gr. 815 and xoxxos, L. er tone, and one greater semitone. coccus, a grain.] is as 4 to 3, and it is called a Two-grained consistproportion Hani; ing of two cohering grains or cells, w ilh perfect fourth. one seed in each as a dicoccous capsule. DIATON'IC, a. [Gr. bia, by or through, and Martyn. roi'o;, sound.] Ascentling or descending, as in sound, or DICOTYL'EDON, n. [Gr. 815, two, and
n.
;

iDICK'ER,

n.

gaming house. [Little used.] [probably from Gr. 6cxa, ten,

from sound to sound. This ejiithet is given to a scale or gammut, to intervals of a certain kind, or to music composed of
these intervals
atonic interval
; ;

xort'>.>pScor,

.\
I

plant

w hose

irermiiiatinir.

a cavity.] seeds divide into two lobes in Martyn.

a.

as a diatonic series a didiatonic melody or har;

DICOTYLEDONOUS,
.

lobes.

dicotyledonous plant

Having two is one whose

ff'oodward.

mony.

DIAPOR'Et^IS,
pfu, to doubt.] tion.

n.

[Gr. 8iartop)j(ri{ &iortoIn rhetoric, doubt hesita:

; ;

applied to ordinarj' music, containing only the two greater and lesser tones, and the greater semitone.
It
is

seeds have two lobes, and consequently Milne. rise with two seminal leaves.

DICTATE,
speak
1.

V.

t.

[L.

dido,

from
;

dico,

to
;

DIAR ESIS,
D1.\R'ESY,

Bailey. [Gr. 8iaip5tfi5, a division I ^" fitatpfw 5ta and atptw, to

;

Encyc. Harris. DI'ATRIBE, 91. [Gr. Smffie^.] A continued discour.se or disputation. Bailey

; Sj). dictar ; It. dellare Class Dg.] Ir. deachlaiin.

Fr. dieter

The

take away.]
tlissohuion of a diphthong
)>laced

DIAZEU'TICo.
;

the mark over one of two vowels, denolin

A
,

disjoined

[Or. Siafiuyw/u, to disjoin.] diaztutic tone, in ancient Greek music, two fourths, one on each side of

i2.

with authority; to deliver, as an order, command, or direction as, what God has dictated, it is our duty to believe. To order or instruct what is to be said or
tell
;

To

DID
written
troops.
').
;

DIE
liis

DIE
i will

as,

a general dictates orders to

;

DIDACTIC,

?
L,,

DIDACTICAL

^
;

SiSaxttxo;, from 6tSau, to teach.]

[Gr.

suggest ; to adinonisli to direct by Adapted to teacli preceptive contaming doctrines, precepts, principles or rules; impulse on the mind. say, the spirit intended to instruct as a didactic poem of Ood didattd tin; messages of the prophor essay. Conscience often dictates to ets to Israel. men the rules by wliicli they are to gov- DIDACTICALLY, adv. In a didactic manner in a form to teach. ern their conduct. DICTATE, n. An order delivered a com- DI'DAPI'ER, n. [from dip.] A bird that dives into the water, a species of Colymmand. bus. 2. A rule, maxim or precept, delivered with
;

To

master, if I die for it. Christ died for the ungodly. Rom. v. Christ died for our sins. 1 Cor. xv.
to

relieve

my

We

To come

an end

to cease

to

be

lost

to perish or come to nothing ; as, let the secret die in your own breast. To shik; to faint. His heart died within him, and he became as a stone. 1 Sam. xxv.

authority.
I credit

DIDAS'CALIC,
what the Grecian
;

a.

[Gr.
;

61603x0X1*05,

from
6.

To languish with pleasure or Kinderness followed by away.

To sounds
of heavenly harps she dies

dictates say.

6i6acrx, to teach.]
;

Prior. Didactic
3.

Suggestion
to the

mind

rule or direction suggested as the dictates of reason or

preceptive

giving precepts. [UiPrior.

litter,

To
for

away. Pope.

tie

used.]

conscience.

DICTATED, pp.
ordered
;

Delivered with authority directed suggested.

;

DID'DER, v.i. [Teut. diddern; qu. To shiver with cold. [.Vol totter.]
DID'DLE,
walking.
V.
i.

languish with affection. The young men acknowledged

Rebecca.

that

Iheydied
Tatltr.

used.]

Sherwood.

7.

To

DICTATING,

ppr. Uttering or deliverin with authority instructing what to say or write; ordering; suggesting to the mind. DlTA'TION, n. The act of dictating; the
;

totter,
n.

as a child in
decahedral.]

DIDECAIIE'DRAL,
niits.

[di

and

actor practice of prescribing.

It

form of a decahedral prism with pentahedral sumCleavcland. DIDODECAHE'DRAL, n. [di and dodecaheIn cri/stalof^aph;/, having the form drai] of a dodecaiiedral prism with hexahedral summits. Cleavelnnd.

In crystalography, having the

8.

affords

security against the

n.

dictation of

laws.

DIeTA'TOR,
2.

[L.]

one who prescribes

One who dictates; rules and maxims for

Paley.

the direction of others. One invested with absolute authority. In ancient Rome, a magistrate, created in times of exigence and distress, and invested with unlimited power. He remained
in office six

months.
;

DICTATO'RIAL,
tor
2.
;

absolute
;

power.] dogmatical overbearing as, \n botany, a plant of four stamens, disposed the officer assumed a dictatorial tone. in two one being shorter than the DleTA'TORSHIP, ii. The office of a dic- other. jiairs, the term of a dictator's office. tator DIDYNAM'IAN, a. Containing four sta9. Authority; imperiousne.ss; dogmatism. mens, disposed in pairs, one shorter than Dnjden. the other. Dle'TATORY, a. Overbearing; dogmati- DIE, V. i. [Svv. do ; Dan. doer. This apcal. Milton. pears to be a contracted word, and the DICTATURE, n. Tlie office of a dictator; radical letter lost is not obviou.s. The dictatorship. word dye, to tinge, is contracted from Dg, 2. Absolute authority the i)ower that dicand the Arabic mot signilies not only to tates. Tooke. but to perish ; wliicli circumstance DICTION, n. [L. dictio, from dico, to si)eak.' tinge, lead one to infer that would they are radiCla.ss Dg.] cally one word, and that the primary sense Exj^ression of ideas by words; style manis to plunge, fall or sink. The Saxon deadian ner of expression. Druden.] is evidently a derivative of the participle

a. Pertaining to a dictauniimitcil; uncontrollable.

; ;

To become vapid or spiritless, as liquors ; mostly used in the participle as the cider or beer is dead. 10. \n theology, to perish everlastingly; to suffer divine wrath and punishment in the DIDRACII'MA, n. [Gr.] A piece of money future world. the fourth of an ounce of silver. U. To become indifferent to, or to cease to be DIDUCTION, n. [L. diductio ; di and duco, under the power of; as, to die to sin. to draw.] 12. To endure great danger and distress. Separation by withdrawing one [lart from " I die daily- 1 Cor. xv. the other. Boyle. To die away, to decrease gradually to cease DID'YJNAM, n. [Gr. 6i, S.?, and Sv.o^uij, to blow as, the wind dies away.
9.
;
; ;

recede as sound, and become less disto become less and less or to van; ish from the sight, or disappear gradualSound or color dies away. ly. To lose vegetable life to wither to perish as plants or seeds. Plants rfie for want of water. Some plants die annually.
tinct
;
; ;

To

Imperious

DIE,
id.;
1.

)i.

\)Ui. dice.

[Fr.*;

It.

Ann. digz ; Iv. disk.] A small cube, marked on its faces witli numbers from one to six, used in gaining, by being thrown from a box.

dado; Sp. Port.

2. 3.

He ventured his Any cubic body

Hazard
Such
;

all
;

on the cast of a
flat tablet.

die.

fVaUs.
Spenser.

chance.
the die of war.

is

DI'TIONARY,
dizionario
tio,

n.

[Fr.

; Sp. diccionario a word, or a speaking.]

dictionnaire ; It. from L. dic;

1.

book containing the words of a language arranged in alphabetical order, with explanations of their meanings a lexicon.
;

Johnson.

DID, jarc/. of rfo, contracted from doed. I thou didst, he did we did, you or ye
;

did,
did,

they did.

Have ye not rea<l what David did when he was hungry ? Matt. \ii. The proper signification is, made, exebut it is used also to cuted, performed express the state of health. And Mordecai walked every day before the court of the women's house, to know how Es;

ther did.

Esth. U.

mand me.
phasis
;

sign of the past tense of verbs, particularly in interrogative and negative sentences; as, did lie command you to go He did not comis
.'

Did

used as the

It is

as, I

did love

also used to express em-, him beyond nieas- 2.

See Dye.] the division of a tone, less than a semibe deprived of respiration, of the cirtone or an interval consisting of a less or and other bodily funcimperfect semitone. Encyc. tions, and rendered incapable of resuscitaDI'ET, 71. [h.diaeta; Gr. Sioira, manner of tion, as animals, either by natural decay, living, mode of life prescribed by a physiby disea.se, or by violence to cease to live cian, food, a room, parlor or bed room to expire to decease to perish and with Sp. dieta ; Fr. diete ; It. dieta. In the midrespect to man, to de|iart from this world. dle ages, this word was used to denote the All the first born in the land of shall Egypt provision or food for one day, and for a die. Ex. xi. journey of one day. Spelman. Hence it The fish tliat is in ihc river shall die. Ex. vii. seems to be from dies, day, or its root ; This word is followed hy of or by. Men and hence the word may have come to die q/" disease; 0/ a fever; of sickness; of signify a meal or supper, and the room a fall; o/" grief. They die by the sword occupied for eating.] ty famine; by pestilence; 61/ violence; by 1. Food or victuals as, milk is a wholesome sickness; by disease. In some cases, cusdiet ; flesh is nourishing diet. tom has established the use of the one, to 2. Food regulated by a physician, or by medthe exclusion of the other but in ical rules food prescribed for the prevenmany cases, either by or of may be used at the tion or cure of disease, and limited in kind or quantity. I restrained pleasure of the writer or speaker. The myself to a reguse offor, he died for thirst, is not ular diet of flesh once a day. elegant nor common. 3. Allowance of provision. To be punished with death to lose life For his diet there was a continual diet given for a crime, or for the sake of another. him by the king. Jer. lii.
dead.

DIE, n. plu. dies. A stamp used in coining money, in founderies, &c. DIE'CIAN, 11. [Gr. its, two, and oixot, house.] In botany, one of a class of plants, whose male and female flowers are on different lants of the same species. Dfl ER. [See Dyer.] DI'ESIS, n. [Gr. Sums, a division.] In music,
;

To

culation of blood,

D
4.

I
;

F
ity.
;

D
road.
2.

Board, or boarding as, to pay a certain sum for diet, wasliing and lodging. DIET, )i. [D. ryksdag ; G. reichstag Sw. riksdag; T)an. rigsdag ; empire's day, imThese words prove that diet perial diet. So in Scots law, diet of is from dies, day.
tlie states or circles of the empire of Germany and of Poland a convention of princes, electors, ecclesiasti-j cal dignitaries, and rejiresentatives of free: cities, to deliberate on the affairs of the empire. There are also diets of states and
;

Difference may he total or partial, and exist in the nature and essence of things, in the form, the qualities or degrees. There is a difference in nature be;

our task is difficult. It is difficult to persuade men to abandon vice. It is difficult to ascend a steep hill, or travel a bad

tween animals and plants a difference ut form between the genera and species of
a difference of quality in paper and a difference degrees of heat, or of

appearance.] An assembly of

animals
light.
9.

Hard to be pleased not easily wrought upon; not readily yielding; not compliant unaccommodating austere rigid
;

not easily
3.

The

quality

which distinguishes
contention;
? It

one

thing from another.

3.

Dispute;

debate;

quarrel;

managed or persuaded as a a person of a difficult temper. be ascended as a bill, traveled as a road, or crossed as a river, &c. a difficult road a say, a difficidt ascent
;

diffindt Hard to

man

We
;

controversy.
the difference tion in public.
4.

difficult

river to cross
n.

&c.
It.

cantons.

DI'ET,

0./.

To
;

Encyc.
feed; to board; to furnish: as, the master diets his ap-

AVhat was

was a contenShale.

DIF'FICULTy,
1.

provisions for
prentice.
2.

To

take food by rules

prescribed

as,

an

The point in dispute versy.

ground of contro5/(aA-.

[Fr. difficum ; difficolth ; Sp. dificultad ; L. diffKuttas.] Hardness to be done or accomplished: the state of any thing which renders its

.5. C\.

3.

invalid shoidd carefully diet himself. To feed ; to furnish aliment ; as, to difl

logical distinction.

revenge.

Shak.

Evidences or marks of distinction. The niaiks and dfferences of sovereignly.

Davies.
2.

])erfoniiance laborious or perplexing ; opjioscd to easiness or facility ; as the

difficulty

DIET,
2.

r. i.

To

scribed,

cat according to rules pre7. Distinction.

I

surmounted.
ties
x.

To

eat; to feed; as, the students diet

a.

in!

There
'^.

is

no difference between the Jew and

o{ a.' laiyk or enterprise; a work of labor and difficulty. That which is hard to be performed or We often mistake difficvlfor impossibilities.

To overcome

commons.

the Greek.

Rom.

dif-

Dl'ETARY,

Pertaining to diet or the'

'i

rules of diet.

DiET-DUlNK,

-/!.

Medicated
: ;

liquors

;':

I" mattemafes, the remainder of a sum or quantity, after a lesser sum or quantity is subtracted

f cullies
3.

is an evidence of a great mind. Perplexity; embarrassment of affairs; trouble whatever renders progress or execution of designs laborious. lie
;

We

drink prepared witli medicinal ingredients. DIETED, pp. Fed boarded fed by pre scribed rules.

D-

in
to

logic,

some
;

species,

an essential attribute, belongmg and not found in the geidea that defines the spe-

'

nus
10.

being the

4.

In heraldry, a certain figure added to a coat of arms, serving to distinguish one Perfamily from another, or to show how dis? DIETETIC, Siatr^nx^,] "' [Gr. tant a younger branch is from the elder or DIETET'IeAL, taiuing to diet, or to the rules lor regulating the kind and quanprincipal branch. DIF'FERENCE, v. t. To cause a differtity of food to be eaten. ence or distinction. A regular adminislocal diet DI'ETINE, n. A subordinate or tration of justice according to fixed laws a cantonal convenfii>n. DI'ETLNG, ppr. Taking food prescribing differences a civilized from a savage state. not rules for eating taking food according to DIF'FERENT, a. Distinct separate the same as, we belong to different churprescribed rides. DIFFARKEA'TIOX, n. [h. dis and farrea- ches or nations. of various or con2. Various or contrary Tiie parting of a cake a tio.] ceretnonyj among the Romans, at the divorce of man! trary natures, forms or qualities; unlike; dissimilar: as different kinds of food or and wife. Encyc.', drink different states of health different DIF'FEK, r. i. [L. differo, dis artd /fro, toj bear or move apart It. diffcrire : Vi: difshajies; different degrees of excellence. DIFFERE.N'TIAL, n. An epithet applied See Bear.^ fercr. to an intinitely small quantity, so small as 1. Literally, to be separate. Hence, to be tin-' to lie less than any assignable ipiantity. like, dissimilar, distinct or various, in na-l This is called a differential quantity. The ture, condition, form or qualities followed differential method is applied to the docby from. Men differ from brutes; a stat-, wisdom differs^ trine of infinitesimals, or infinitely small lie differs from a picture quantities, called the arithmetic of fluxjirescribes rules fur eating pares food by rules.
;
<,

DIETER,

n.

One who

diets

one who one wlro pre;

cies.

Encyc.

5.

difficulties, by reason of bad markets, or a low state of trade. Objection obstacle to belief; that which cannot be easily imderstood, explained or Men often raise difficulties conbelieved. cerning miracles and mysteries in religion, which candid research will remove. In a popxdar sense, bodily complaints in;

under many

disposition.

DIFFI'DE,
trust.]

V.

i.

[L. diffido;dis

and fdo,
in.

to

To

distrust
used.]

to

have no confidence
n.
[It.

[lAt-

tle

Dryden.
diffidanza
; ;

DIF'FIDENCE,
dencia
1.
I

Sp. difdis

fdo, to trust.

from L. diffidens, See Eaith.]

diffido

and

2.

Distrust; want of confidence any doubt of the power, ability or disposition of others. It is said there was a general diffirfcnce of the strength and resources of the nation, and of the sincerity of the king. More generally, distrust of one's self;
; ;

from lolly. One star

1

differeth from anolher star in gloiy.j

;

Cor. XV.

2.

3.

To disagree ; not to accord to be of a contrary opinion. ^Ve are all free to differ, in opinion, and sometimes our sentiments differ less than we at lirst suppose. To contend to he at \ ariance to strive or debate in words to dispute to quar; ;

rel.

We'll never dffer with

crowded

pit.

Rowe.

DIF'FER,

IK t. To cause to be different or various. different dialect and pronunciation differs persons of divers countries.

want of confidence in otir own power, a competency, correctness or wisdom doubt respecting some personal qualificaWe sjieak or write with diffidence, tion. when we doubt our ability to speak or write correctly or to the satisfaction of The effect of diffidence is some others. ions. It consists in descending fiom whole degree of reserve, modesty, timidity or quantities to their infinitely small differenllciice it bashfuhiess. Hence, ces, and comparing thom. a moderate degree of called the differential calctdus, or analysis 3. 3Iodest reserve of infinitesimals. timidity or bashfuhiess as, he addressed Encyc. Harris. the audience or tlie prince with diffidence. DIF'FERENTLY, adv. In a different man Men are (/;//V/-t)!W_i/ affect- DIF'FlDPiNT, a. Distrustful wanting coniier; variously. fidence doubting of another's power, dised with the same eloquence. DIF'FERF^G, ppr. Being unlike or distinct position, sincerity or intention. Milton. Be not diffident ol wisdom. disagreeing; contendina'. Be diffdent in dealing with strangers. Jinon. DIF'FICILE, a. [L. difficilis.] Difficult; Bacon 2. Distrustful of one's self; not confident ; hard ;scru|)uloiis. [A/'ot vsed.] doubtful of one's own power or competo be n. DIF'FICILENESS,
1

is-

Difliculty

per-

suaded.

[A'ot nsed.]

Bacon.

tency.
Distress

[Tins tninsilive vse of the verb is not comiiion, nor to he commended.^ DIFFERENCE, n. The state of being unhke or distinct distinction disagreement want of sameness; variation; dissirailar;
;

Dcrham- DIF'FIeULT, a. [L. difficilis ; disandfacilis, easy to be made or done, from facio,
to
1.

makes the humble heart

diffident.

Clarissa.

make

or do; Sp. dijlctdtvsu

It.

diff- 3.

Reserved; modest; timid; as a

youth.

diffident

colto.io.]

Hard to be made, done or performed not easy; attended with labor and pains; as,
;

DIFFIDENTLY,
distrusting

adv. "With distrust

in

manner; modestlv.

D
DIF'FLUENCE, DIF'FLUENCY,
sides.
? S

F
A
flowing
all

D
minute
particles.

G
air

D
and
light
;

G
Digesting.

[L. difluo.]

Water,

DiG'ERENT,
JAo/
in use.}
n.
[

a.

[L. digtrens.]

or falling

away on

DIF'FLUENT,
sides
;

a.

Brmvn. Flowing away on all

dust, smoke stances.

2.

and odors, arc

spread widely
;

diffusive sub-

DKjEST,
extending
in

Extended
all

directions; extensive; as diffusive DIF'FORM, a. [L. dis and forma. But it charity or benevolence. appeals to liave bnen adopted irom the DIFFU'SIVELY, adv. Widely; extensive-

not fixed.

L. rfiges/us, put in order.] collection or body of Roman laws, digested or arranged under iirojicr titles by order of the Emperor Justinian. pandect.

French or
1.

Italian, difforme,

which we write

ly;

every way.
n.

2.

DIFFU'SIVENESS, power deform.^ sing, or state of being diffused ; dispersion Irregular in form ; not uniform ; anomalous as a difform flower or corol, the parts 9. Extension, or oxtensiveness ; asthcrft/?usiveness of benevolence. of which do not correspond in size or ])roMartyn. 3. The (jiiiility or state of being diffiise, as portion so difform leaves. an author or his style verhoseness ; co|ii2. Unlike ; dissimilar. ousness of words or expression. The unequal refractions of difform rays.
; ; ;

The

of diffu

Any collection, compilation, abridgment or summary of laws, disposed under proper heads or titles as the digest of Com;

yns.

DluEST',
It.

[L. digestum, from digero, to distribute, or to dissolve ; di or dis ami gero, to hear, carry, or wear ; Fr. digerer ;
!'.

(.

digerire

A''ewton

.Iddisoii. 1.

DIFFRAN'CHISE.
the

DIFFORM'ITY, 71. Irregularity of form DIG, V. t. Brown. want of uniformity. or dug.

;

pret. dif^^ed or

dug

[Sw. dika
dike,
;

Dan.

pp. digged digcr, to dig, to

;
;

[See Disfranchise,

ditch

Sw.
to

DIFFRAN'CHISEMENT.
word
in use.]
I',

which
:

is

dyk, a dike
dician,

G.

deich,
;

a ditch, Dan. dige ; D. Sax. die, id. Sax. Eth.

To distribute into suitable classes, or under jiroper heads or titles; to arrange in convenient order; to dispose in due method as, to digest the Roman laws or the
;

Sp. digerir.]

DIFFU'SE,

ditch

t.

diffu'ze.

[L. diffusus

dif-

,?fhP, dachi

2.

common law. To arrange

to

fundo ; dis and fiindo, to pour, to spread. Ifn is casual, as it probably is, the root
to Class

Class Dg. No.

Inchlnim, to dig,

14.

The Irish, tochlaim, may be from the same

3.

root.] or Bs.] belongs 1. To open and break or turn up the earth to 1. To pour out and spread, as a fluid with a spade or other sharp instrument. cause to flow and spread. Be first to dig the ground. Dryden The river rose and dffused its waters over 2. To excavate to form an opening in the the adjacent plain. earth by digging and removing the loose to send out or extend in all 2. To spread earth as, to dig a well, a pit or a iiiine Flowers diffuse er or matrass, as a preparation for chimidirections to disperse. 3. To pierce orojien with a snout or bj' othThe fame of Washington is cal operations. their odors. er means, as swine or moles. The knowledge of 4. To 5. To bear with patience to brook to rediffused over Europe. pierce with a pointed instrument; to ceive without resentment ; not to reject the true God will be diffused over the thrust in. earth. as, say what you will, he will digest it. Still for the growing liver digged his breast Shak. DIFFU'SE, a. Widely spread dispersed. Dryden 2. Copious using many words To dig down, is to undermine and causei G. To pre])are in the mind to dispose in a prolix manner that shall improve the understandto fall by digging; as, to dig doxon a wall. giving full descriptions as, Livy is a difTo dig out, or to dig from, is to obtain by ing and heart; to prepare for nourishing fuse writer. 3. Copious; verbose containing full or parpractical duties as, to digest a discoiu-se digging as, to dig coals from a mine to not concise as a difor sermon. ticular accounts But the preposition is dig out fossils. 7. To dispose an ulcer or wound to fuse stv'le. often omitted, and it is said, the men are suppurate. DIFFU'S'El), pp. diffu'zed. Spread; disdigging coals, or digging iron ore. In such |)hrascs, some word is understood 8. To dissolve and prepare for manure, as persed. Shak. 2. Loose flowing wild. are digging out ore, or digging for plants and other substances. They DIGEST', 1'. {. To be prepared by heat. DIFFU'SEDLY, adv. diffu'zedbj. In a dif- coals, or digging ore from the earth. To dig up, is to obtain something from 2. To suppurate to generate laudable pus fused manner; with wide dispersion. DIFFU'SEDNESS. n. diffu'zedness. The the earth by opening it, or uncovering as an ulcer or wound. Sherwood. the thing with a spade or other instru- 3. To <lissolve and be prepared for manure, state of being widelv spread. as substances in compost. ment, or to force out from the earth by a DIFFU'SELY, adv. Widely; extensively. DIGESTED, pp. Reduced to method ; arbar as, to dig up a stone. with many words fully. 2. Copiou.sly ranged in due order concocted or preDIG, V. i. To work with a spade or other n. diffuzihil'Hy.' The DIFFUSIBILITY, pared in the stomach or by a gentle heat piercing in.strument to do servile work. quality of being diftiisible, or capable of received without rejection borne dispo1 cannot dig ; I am ashamed to beg. Luke being spread as the diffusihilily of clay in sed for use. xvl. Kirwan. 2. To work in search water. DIGESTER, n. He that digests or dispoof; to search. DIFFU'SIBLE, o. diffu'zible. That may ses in order. They dig for it, more than for hid treasures. flow or be spread in all directions that ,Iob iil. 2. One who digests his food. To dig in, is to pierce witli a spade or 3. may be dispersed as diffusible stimuli. medicine or article of food that aids Brotcn. other pointed instrument. digestion, or strengthens the digestive Son of man, dig now i;i the wall. Ezek. viii. DIFFU'SIBLENESS,n. sas z. Diffusibility power of the stomach. DIFFU'SION, n. s as ;. spreading or To dig through, to open a passage through; 4. A strong vessel contrived by Papin, in which to boil bony substances with a to make au opening from one side to the flowing of a liquid substance or fluid, in a as the lateral as well as a lineal direction other. strong heat, and reduce them to a fluid state, or in general, to increase the solvent diffusion of water the diffusion of air or DIGAM'JIA, n. [Gr. 81s and ya^fm, double light. power of water. gamma.] 2. dispersion The name of F, most absurdly given to DIGESTIBLE, a. Capable of being digestspreading or scattering ed. as a diffusion of dust or of seeds. that letter, when first invented or used by Bacon. extension 3. the Eolians, on account of its figure. DIgEST'ING, ppr. Arranging in due order, spreading propagation as the (/(/fitsion of knowledge, or of good letter slioidd be named from its sound, and or under proper heads dissolving and not from its shape. The letter is ef. principles. preparing for circulation in the stomach ; 4. Copiousness exuberance, as of style. DIG'.\MY, n. Second marriage. [AW in softening and preparing by heat dispoHerbert. [Little tised.] ii.ie.] sitig for practice; disposing to generate the quaCty of dif- DIGA? TRI, a. [Gr. t{ and yaf.jp, belly.] DIFFU'SIVE, a. Having pus brooking reducing by heat to a fluid state. fusing, or spreading by flowing, as liquid Having a double belly an epithet given substances or fluids or of dispersing, as to a muscle of the lower jaw. Bailey. DIgES'TION, n. [L. digestio.] The con-

Bd

methodically in the mind form with due arrangement of parts plan or scheme. or dissolve in the stomach, separate as food to reduce to minute parts fit to enter the lacteals and circulate to concoct to convert into chyme. Coie. Encyc. In chimistry, to soften and prepare by heat to expose to a gentle heat in a boil; ;

as, to digest a

To

Vol.

I.

61

DIG
version of food into chyme, or the process of dissolving alimeut in the stomach and circulation and nourishit for pre|jariug ment. good digestion is essential to health. 2. In cliiiimlrt), tlie operation of exposing bodies to a gentle heat, to prepare them or the for some action on each other slow action of a solvent on any substance. 3. The act of methodizing and reducing to order; the maturation of a design.

DIG
DICNIFICA'TION,
act of dignifying
;

D
gle.]
;

[See Dignify.] The exaltation promotion.

71.

In botany, having two angles, as a stem. Lee.

Jf'alton.

DIGRAPH,

DIG'NIFIED,
honored
i2.
;

pp. [See Dignify.} Exalted invested with dignity as the

;
;

A
is

n. [Gr. ^15 and ypoujiu, to write.] union of two vowels, of which one only pronounced, as in head, breath.

dignified clergy.
a.

Slieridan.

Marked with
To

nified

di or dis and gradior, to step. See Grade.] the great astonishment of the Jews, the 1. Literally, to stej) or go from the way or manners of Jesus are familiar, yet dignified. road ; hence, to depart or wander from the Sudttninster. main subject, design or tenor of a dis-

dignity conduct, or manner.

noble

as dig-

DIGRESS',

V. i.

[L. digressus, digredior

Temple.
4.

DIG'NIFY,
1.

of maturing an ulcer or it to generate pus ; or the generation of matter. 5. The process of dissolution and preparation of substances for manure, as in comprocess

The

woimd, and disposing

v. t. [Sp. dignificar ; L.dignus, worthy, and facio, to make.] To invest with honor or dignity to exto elevate to a alt in rank to promote
; ; ;

course,

high
2.

ofiice.

argument or narration used only of speaking or writing. In the pursuit of an argument there is hardly room to digress into a particular definition, as often as a man varies the signification of any
;
,

To honor;

to

make

illustrieus; to

dis-

term.

Locke.

post.

DIGESTIVE,
9.

a.

Having

the

cause digestion in the stomach gestive preparation or medicine.

heat.
3.

power to as a di;

excellence, or that whie tinguish gives celebrity. Your worth will dignify our feast. . Jonson.

by some

To go
track
;

out of the right

to deviate
;

way

or

common
[JVot

in

literal sense.

now

in use.]

DIGRESS'ING,
main
subject.
;

ppr.

Shah. Departing from the

Capable of softening and preparing by

Methodizing
;

DIG'NITARY,

n.

An ecclesiastic who holds

reducing to order
in

as di-

a dignity, or a benefice which gives him DIGRES'SION, n. [L. digressio.] The act of digressing a departure from the main some pre-eminence over mere priests and canons, as a bishop, dean, archdeacon, prebendary, &c. Encyc. fitmfl.

gestive thought.
4. 5.

Dryden.

Causing maturation
Dissolving.
tion or medicine
?i.

wounds

or ulcers.

DIG'NITY,
worthy
;

n.

[L.

dignitas,
;

from dignus,

2.

DIGEST'IVE,

2.

In medicine, any preparawhich increases the tone of the stomach, and aids digestion a stomachic a corroborant. In surgery, an application which ripens an ulcer or wound, or disposes it to sup
;

S]).

Arm. dign

digno
dtii.

or

It. drgno ; Fr. digne ; Qu.its relation to Sax

diigan, to be good, to avail, to be worth It is probable that g and to be profitable.

subject under consideration ; an excursion of speech or writing. The part or passage of a discourse, argument or narration, which deviates from the main subject, tenor or design, but which iTiay have some relation to it, or be of use to it.

n are not both radical

which.]
1.

but

it

is

uncertain

3.

Deviation from a regular course digression of the sun is not equal.

used.]
a.

as,

the

[Little

purate. Digestive

salt,

the muriate of potash.

or elevation of mind, consisting in a high sense of propri ety, truth and justice, with an abhorrence

True honor; nobleness

Brown.
Pertaining to or con-

DIGRES'SIONAL,

DIgEST'UIvE,
[Link
used.]
pret.

DIG'GED, DIG'GER,

Concoction; digestion. Harvey. anApj). of dig.

;

n.

of mean and

sinful

actions

n. One who digs one who opens, throws up and breaks the earth one who opens a well, pit, trench or ditch. DIGHT, v. t. dite. [Sax diht, disposition,

order,

command

dihtan, to set, establish,

prepare, instruct, dictate. This seems to be from the same source as the L. dico,
dicto.]

meanness. In this sense, we speak of the dignity of mind, and rfiginV^ of sentiments This dignity is based on moral rectitude all vice is incompatible with true dignity of mind. The man who deliberately in jurcs another, whether male or female, has no true dignity of soul. Elevation honorable place or rank of elevation degree of excellence, either in estimation, or in the order of nature. Man
;
;

opposed

to

sisting in digression ; departing main purpose or subject.

li'arton.

from the

Adams' Led.

DIGRESS'IVE,
digression.

Departing from the main subject; partaking of the nature of

a.
J.

Q. Jldams.

DIGRESS'IVELY,
ion.

adv.

By way of digressyvrr;,

DIgYN,

[Gr. In botany, a plant having

a.
a.

n.

its,

two, and

a female.]

DIgYN'IAN,

DIHE'DRAL,
figure.

To

'.I.

prepare to put in order hence, to dress, or put on to array to adorn. [Obsolete, Milton. or used only in poetry.] OIG'IT, n. [L. digitus, a finger, that is, a shoot Gr. SaxriiXo;.] measure of a finger's breadth, or 1. The three fourths of an inch. Boyle. The twelfth part of the diameter of the a term used to express the .-un or moon quantity of an eclipse as, an eclipse of six digits is one which hides one half of
;

3.

4.

5.

superior in dignity to brutes. Elevation of aspect grandeur of mein as a man of native dignity. Elevation of deportment as dignity of manners or behavior. An elevated office, civil or ecclesiastical giving a high rank in society advancement preferment, or the rank attaclied
is
;

seat or face.]

two pistils. Having two pistils. and f8pa, a [Gr. 815, supra, Having two sides, as a

DIHE'DRON,
two

n. [supra.] sides or surfaces.

a.

figure with

DIIIEXAIIE'DRAL,
In crystalography,

and hexahedral.] Inning the form of a

[di

hexahedral prism with trihedral

sunuiiits.

to

it. We say, a man enjoys his dignity with moderation, or without haughtine

Clcaveland.

DLIU'DICATE,

!>. <.

[L. dijudico.]

To judge
Hales.

or determine by censure.

Among
0.

3.

the disk. In arithmetic, any integer under 10 so called from counting on the fingers. Thus. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. are called digits.
;

ecclesiastics, dignity is otfice or ])referment joined with power or jurisdic tion. Bailey. Juknson The rank or title of a nobleman.

DUUDICA'TION,
DIKE,
n.

n. .ludicial distinction.

Encyc.
7.

DIGITAL,

[L. digitalis.} the fingers, or to digits.

)

a.

Pertaining to
8.

In oratory, one of the three parts of elocution, consisting in the right use of tropes

and

figures.

Encyc

DIG'ITATE, DIG'ITATED,

In botany, a digitate leaf is one which branches

'

into several distinct leaflets like fingers ; or when a simple, undivided petiole connects several leaflets at the end of it.

In astrology, an advantage which a |ilanet has on account of its being in some |)arlicular place of the zodiac, or in a particular station in respect to other planets.

0.

Bailey.

Martyn.

general maxim,
n.
;

or

principle.

[jVol

DIGLA'DIATE,
fence
;

v.

t.

[h.

digladior.]

to quarrel.

To DIGNO'TION,
guishing mark
with

itsed.]

Brown.
Distin[L. dignosco.] distinction. [JVot in use.

DlGLADIA'TION,
swords; a quarrel.

[Little used.] . combat

B. Jonson

DIG'ONOUS,

a.

[Gr. 6i;

and

vy,

Brown. an an

dike; Dan. dige; [Sax. die; D. dyk ; G. deich ; Ir. diog ; Scot, dike, dyk ; Fr. digue ; Sp. dique ; from digging. See Dig. It is radically the same word as ditch, and this is its primary sense but by an easy transition, it came to signify also the bank formed by digging and throwIntrenchment is sometimes ing up earth. used both for a ditch and a rampart.] 1. A ditch an excavation made in the earth by digging, of greater length than breadth, intended as a reservoir of water, a drain, or fiir other purpose. Dryden. Pope. 2. A mound of earth, of stones, or of other materials, inieudcd to prevent low lands from being inundated by the sea or a river. The low countries of Holland are thus defended by dikes.
; ;

Sw.

D
3.

L
tend in
all

D
The
air dilates the

L
to contract.
;

J> I
lights in arts.

DIKE,

A vein of basalt, greenstone or other stony Cleaveland. substance. V. t. To surround with a dike ; to secure by a bank. DIKE, V. i. To dig. [Mot in use.]
DILAC'ERATE,
v.
t.

directions ; opposed

lungs

air is dilaled

by

promoting science or the line Burke.

rarefaction.

DIL'IgENCE,
;

[L. dilacero;
;

rft

and

enlarge to relate at large to tell cothe piously or diffusely as, to dilate ui)on In this sense, it is policy of a measure.
;
;

To

1.

n. [L. diligentia, from diligo, to love earnestly ; di and lego, to choose.] Steady application in business of any

To

lacero, to tc^r.] tear to rend

;

generally

used
; I'.

asunder
pp.

to

separate by

and Shakspeare have used

tive sense
as, to dilate
I.

Spenser intransitively. it in a transia theme.

;

force.

Brown.

kind constant effort to accomplish what is undertaken exertion of body or mind without unnecessary delay or sloth due
;

DILAC'ERATED,
der.

Tom;

rent asun-

DILA'TE,

To widen

to

expand

to

attention

DILAC'ERATING,
in

ppr. Tearing; rending

swell or extend in all directions. His heart dilates and glories in his strength
.^fidison

2. To speak largely and copiously; to dwe Ji. The act of rending 2. Care heed heedfulness. on in narration. asunder a tearing, or rendinj^. [In heu Keep thy heart with all diligence. Prov. iv. An advocate may weaken his argument by of these words, lacerate,lacer(Uion,are genname of a stage-coach, used in 3. The dilating on trivial circumstances. France. eraUy used.] DILA'TE, a. Expanded expansive. DILA'NIATE, v. t. [L. dilanio ; di and la- DILA'TED, pp. Expanded distended en DIL'IgENT, a. [L.rfiVig-ois.] Steady in apconstant in effort or nio, to rend in pieces.] a greater space. |)lication to business largedso as to To tear to rend in pieces to mangle. DILA'TER, n. occupywho enlarges that exertion to accomplish what is undertaOne Howell. ken assiduous; attentive; industrious; [Little used.] which expands.

two.

; assiduity. Zhligenceis the philosopher's stone tliat turns every thing to gold. Brethren, give diligence to make your callin;^ and election sure. 2 Pet. i. ;

industry

DILACERA'TION,
;

DILANIA'TION, n. A tearing DILAP'IDATE, v. [L. dilapido

i.

in pieces.
;

di

and DILA'TING, ppr. Expanding; enlarging;

speaking largely.

not idle or negligent

he

applied

to

persons.
.'

seems

It lapido, to stone, from lapis, a stone. originally to have signified to pu down stone-work, or to suffer such work

DILATOR,
pands
;

n.

That which widens or ex

ililates.
;

Sccst tboii a man diligent in his business Prov. xxii. shall stand before kings.
;

a muscle that

2.

To

to fall to pieces.] go to ruin ; to fall

v.

DILATORILY,

DIL'ATORINESS,
by decay.
t.

DILAP'IDATE,
II'

To

pull

down

to

waste or destroy

to suffer to go to ruin. ; the bishop, parson, or victir, Si.c., dilnpi dates the buildin;s, or cuts down the timber of Blackstone. the patrimony of the church

adv. With delay tardily. n. [from dilaton/.] The lateness quality of being dilatory or late slowness in motion delay in proceeding
;
;

prosecuted with care Steadily applied careful and constant effort assiduous as, make diligent search.
;

The judges
Judges xix.

shall

make

diligent inquisition.

tardiness.

DIL'UiENTLY,
tion

DIL'ATORY, [Fr. Low L. dilatorius, from

a.

dilatoire

,-

It.

dilalorio

and care not carelessly

differo,

dilatus.

2.

To waste

to squander.
;

See Delay and

;

Dilate.]
; ;

Wasted ; ruined 1. Literally, drawing out or extending pp. DILL, Ji. [Sax. dil, dile ; Sw. dill ; Dan. time hence, slow late tardy applied to suffered to go to ruin. dild ; D. dUle ; G. dill] DILAPIDATING, ppr. Wasting ; pulling things ; as dilatory coimcils or measures. An annual plant of the genus Anethum, the 2. Given to procrastination ; not proceeding down ; suffering to go to ruin. seeds of which are moderately warming, DILAPIDA'TION, n. Ecclesiastical waste ; with diligence making delay ; slow; late pimgent and aromatic. a voluntary wasting or suffering to go to applied to persons ; as a dilatory messen- DILU'CID, a. [h.dilucidus.] Clear. [Xolin A man is dilatory, when he delays ger. decay any building in possession of an incumbent. Dilapidation is voluntary or acattendance, or performance of business, DILU'CIDATE, v. t. To make clear. [Xot beyond the proper time. in use. See Elucidate.] tive, when an iiK-umbent pulls down a building permissive or passive, when he 3. In /ai, intended to make delay; tending DIL'UENT, a. [L. diluens. See Dilute.] to delay ; as a dilatory plea, which is desuffers it to decay and neglects to repair it. Making liquid or more fluid ; making thin ; signed or which tends to delay the trial of Dilapidation extends to the waste or deattenuating. Blackstone. 2. a cause. struction of wood, and other property of Weakening the strength of, by mixture the church. Blackstone DILE'TION, n. [L. dilectio.] loving. with water. Martin. 2. Destruction; demolition ruin. decay; DIL'UENT, JI. That which thins or attenuates ; that which makes more liquid. Bn/ant DILEM'MA, n. [Gr. iarju/ta, a syllogism '?. Peculation. which strikes on each side ; 615 and 7.r;niia.. 2. That which weakens the strength of; as Stephens.

DILAPIDATED,
pulled

adv. With steady applicaiiuhisti'y or assiduity not negligently. Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the Lord your God. Deut. vi.
;

with

down

DILAP'IDATOR,
lapidation.

n.

One who

causes di

[.

DILATABIL'ITY,

[See Dilate.] The quality of admitting expansion by tli( elastic force of the body itself, or of an other elastic substance acting upon it op
n.
;

an assumption, from ^uSaru, to take.] In logic, an argument equally conclusive by contrary suppositions. A " young rhetorician said to
:

water, which, mixed with wine or reduces the strength of it.

spirit,

posed

DILA'TABLE,
table
hie.

to conlYaclibility. a. Cai>able
;

of expansion

possessing elasticity elastic. is dilatable by the force of air

bladdei

air is dila

by heat.

It is

op|)osed to conlracti

DILATA'TJON,
expansion
directions
;

u. The act of expanding: a spreading or extending in all the state of being expanded Dilatation differs opposed from extension, as the latter is applied to lines and sin-faces the former to liodies that spread, open or enlarge in all direc tions. line or a plain is extended; a an artery, a balloon is dilated. bladder,
; ;

to contraction.

an old sophist Instruct me in pleading, and I will pay you, when I gain a cause." The master sued for the reward, and the scholar endeavored to elude the claim by a dilemma. " If I gain my cause, I shall withhold your pay, because the award of the judge will be against you. If I lose it, I may withhold shall not yet have gained a it, because I cause." The master replied " If you gain your cause, you must pay me, because arc to pay me, when you gain a cause you if you lose it, you must pay me, because
: ;

DILUTE,
1.

V.

I.

[L.

diluo,

dilutus

di, dis,

and lavo, luo, to wash, contracted froiaiago or Ivgo. See Deluge.]

Literally, to

render
or

liquid, or
fluid.

more

made
it.

thin

wash but appropriately, to more liquid to make thin, Thus siru|) or melasses is or more liquid by an admixture
; ;

with water

and the water

spirit

is

said to dilute

Hence,

2.

or an acid, by an admixture of water, wliich renders the spirit or acid less concentrated. Thus, we dilute
spirit,

To weaken, as

wine or a decoction by adding

to

it

water.
3.

2.

Johnson. the judge will award it." a state of dirticult or doubtful choice things in which evils or obstacles present

To make weak
mixture.

or weaker, as color, by

4.

To weaken
standard of;
a.

to

DILA'TE,
wide
tar.
1.
;

V.

t.

[L,
;

diJato
It.

di

and

latns,

Fr. dilaier

themselves on everj' side, and it is difficult to determine what course to pursue. A strong; dilemma in a desperate case
!

Xewton. reduce the strength or

as, to diliUe virtue.

MUner.
;

DILU'TE,

Thin
pp.
;

attenuated
liquid
;

reduced
Xeujton.

in strength, as spirit or color.

dilatare; Sp. dila;

To

See Delay.]
;

act with infamy, or quit the place.

DILU'TED,
Swift.

Made

rendered
thin,

more
liquids.

fluid
.

To expand

to distend

to enlarge or ex-

DILETTANTE,

n.

[It.]

One who

weakened, made

as

de-

DIM
DILU'TER,
n.

B
thin, or
nite

I
a.

M
Without any
;

D
defi6.

That which makes

ppr.

DIMEN'SIONLESS,
DIMEN'SITY,
n.
a.

ter

is

made

less

than that of the lower

iiioie liquid.

measure or extent

boundless.
Milton.

DILUTING,
liquiil
;

Making
act of

thin or

more
thin, dilu-

weakening.
n.

Extent; capacity.
Howell.

part. In music, the imitation of or reply to a subject in notes of half the length or value of

DILl'TION,

The

making
to

those of the subject

a.

itself.

Busby.

weak, or more liquid. Opposite tion is coagulation or thickening.

DIMEN'SIVE,

Pertaining to a flood or deluge, more es-{ Noah's days. pecially to the deluge in 2. Effected or produced by a deluge, particin the days ot ularly hy the great flood
1.
j

DILU'VIAL, DILU'VIAN,

[L.

Arhuthnot. diluvium, a deluge,

diluo.

Irom

See

Dilute.

Noah.

Buckland.

DILU'VIATE,
much
Kifrf.]

ji.

i.

To

run as a flood.

[J^Tol

Sandys.]

DILU'VIUM,

a deposit: )!. [L.] In geology, of superficial loam, sand, gravel, &c., caused liy the deluge. Buekland.^ DIM, a. [Sax. dim ; Dan. dum, dark, obscure, dim, and diunb duiiimci; to diu)
;

dumnies, to

grow dim or
;

dull,

Eng. dumps, dumpisk

Sw.

stupify, dimba, fug,

to

mist, a cloud ; Ir. fem/ie, darkness; tunian, fog; ioioiei, dark, obscure; Sans, tamo, black, Finn, tuinnui. It seems to

Russ.

[Fr.diminutif; It. diSp. diminutii'o.] Small; little; narrow; contracted; as a diWho can draw the soul's dimensive lines ? Davies minutive race of men or other animals ; a diminutive thought. DIM'ETER, a. [L.] Having two poetical measure.s. Tyrwhitt. DIMIN'UTIVE, n. In grammar, a. word formed from another word, usually an apDIM'ETER, n. A verse of two measures. DIMID'IATE, V. t. [L. dimidio.] To divide pellative or generic term, to express a little into two equal parts. thing of the kind as, in Latin, lapillus, a a. little stone, from lapis ; cellula, a little cell, dimidiatus; di and DIMID'IATED, [L. from cella, a cell in French, maisonnette, a medius, middle.] Divided into two equal in Enlittle house, from maison, a house parts; halved. DIMIDIA'TION, h. The act of halving; di- glish, manikin, a little man, from man. vision into two equal parts. DIMINUTIVELY, adv. In a diminutive diminuo ; di and V. t. in a manner to lessen; as, to manner; DIMIN'ISH, [L. It. diminminuo, to lessen; oii'iior. less speak diminutivebi of another. uire; Vr. diminuer; Si).diminuir; Ir.min, DIMIN'UTIVENf:SS,i. Sraallness; littleness; want of bulk; want of dignity. fine; mion, small; W. main, meiniv,sma Russ. mens/ie, less slender; umensliayu. DIM'ISH, a. [from dim.] Somewhat dim, or obscure. See Ar. to diminish manna, to cut off. DIM'ISSORY, a. [L. dimissorius.
ries or outlines.

That marks the bounda- DliMIN'UTIVE,

minuitivo
;

be

allied

deim. of the
thick.'\

damp, vapor, Russ. dim or See Damp. If dim and dumb are
to

same

family, the sense

;

is

!.

close,

1.

Not seeing clearly having the vision obscured and indisthict. When Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim.
Gen.
xxvii.

9.

3. 4.

obscure imperfectly seen or discovered as a dim prospect. Somewhat dark; dusky; not luminous; as a dim shade. Spenser: Dull of apprehension having obscure
clearly seen
; ; ;
;

Not

Sending away; dismissing to another juA letter dimissory, is one given risdiction. by any by a bishop to a candidate for holy orders, means; opposed to increase and augment having a title in his diocese, directed to some other bishop, and giving leave for as, to diminish the size of a thing by conto diminthe bearer to be ordained by hira. traction, or by cutting oft' a part to diminish ish a number by subtraction En eye. the revenue by limiting commerce, or rePrideaux. Granting leave to depart. to diminish strength DIMIT', V. t. [L. dimitto.] To permit to go ; ducing the customs or safety to diminish the heat of a room. in use.] to let. to grant to farm [JVot A kind of white It is particularly ajjphcd to bulk and quan- DIM'ITY, M. [D.diemit.]
to

weaken,

to diminish

Class

Mu. No.

Dismiss.]
1.

To lessen;

to

make

less or smaller,

conceptions.
5.

The understanding is dun. Having its luster obscured

ished.

as shorten is to length. cotton cloth, ribbed or figured. to impair ; to degrade. 2. To lessen DIM'LY, adv. [See Dim.] In a dim or obI will diminish them, that they shall no more scure manner; with imperfect sight. Ezek. xxix. rule over the nations. 2. Not brightly, or clearly ; with a faint Rogers. 3. In music, to take from a note by a sharp, light. sullied; tarnflat or natural. ppr. Obscuring. To diminish from, to take away somen. Shak.
tity,
;

DIMMING,

How

is

the gold

become dim

Lam.

iv.

DIM, V. t. To cloud ; to irnj/air the powers of vision ; as, to dim^ the eyes. 2. To obscure ; as, to diin the sight ; to dim the prospect. 3. To render dull the powers of conception. 4. To make less bright; to obscure.
5.

Obs. thing. Neither shall you diminish aught Deut. iv.

I

from

DIM'MING, DIM'NESS,

Obscurity.

it.

DIMIN'ISH,
appear
less

V. i.

To lessen; to become or or smaller. The size of an

;

2.

3.

To

Each 'passion rfi;7JjP(/ render less bright

his lace.
;

Milton
;

to tarnish or sully
cell

as, to

dim gold.
n.

DIM'BLE,

object diminishes, as we recede fiom it. DIMIN'ISHED, pp. Lessened made smallreduced in size contracted er degraded. DIMIN'ISHING, ppr. Lessening contract;
;

4.

?i. Dullness of sight as the dimness of the eyes. Obscurity of vision ; imperfect sight as the dimness oC a view. Faintness; imperfection; as the dimness of a color. Want of brightness; as the dimness of
; ;

gold or
5.

silver.
;

Want of clear apprehension as the dimness of perception.

n.

stui)idity

bower; a

DIME,

of the United States, of the| value of ten cents; the tenth of a dollar. DIMEN'SION, n. [L. dimensio, from dime tilM'INUTE,
silver coin
;

small natural cavity or depression in the Prior. cheek or other part of the face. 1. To form dimples; to sink Sanderson. DIM'I'LE, ii. nto depressions or little inequalities. in use.] a. Small. [JVot And smiling eddies dimpled on the main. Corges. di or dis and metior, to I>rydcn. tior, to measure melc ; Gr. fitrpfw. See Mete anil Measure. DIMINU'TION, n. [L. diminulio.] The act DIM'PLED, a. Set w ith dimples as a dimof lessening; a making smaller; opposed the extent of a body, or In geometry, pled cheek. length,] as the diminution oi'fi\'/.e DIM'PLY', a. Full of dimples, or small deto augmentation; breadth and thickness or depth. A linei M'arton. of wealth, of power, of safety. has one dimension, or length a superfi-' pressions as the dimply flood. The state of becoming or appearing less DIM'-SIGHTED, a. Having dim or obscure cies has two dimensions, length andj Addison. vision. breadth and a solid has three dimensions, opposed to increase ; as the diminution of to sound ; the apparent diameter of a receding body. DIN, n. [Sax. dyn, noise or depth.l dyna, length, breadth and thickness Ice. dyna, to thunder L. tinnio, tonus, tono. The word is generally used in the plural, 3. Discredit; lossuf dignity degradation. This word probably belongs to the root of and denotes the wliole space occniJied by Philips. tone and thunder, and denotes a rumbling a lessening of abody, orits capacity, size, measine as] 4. Deprivation of dignity or rattling noise. Sax. eorth-dyne, an earthAddison. estimation. the dimensions of a room, or of a .sliii In architecture, the contraction of the up the dinunsix)n3 of a farm, of a kingdom,! quake.] iic. per part of a column, by which its diame- JNoise a loud sound particularly, a rattling,
disme.

[jVo< in use.} n. [Fr. contracted

or retreat. B. Jonson.
dix'ieme ot

ing; degrading.

DIM'PLE,
adii.

[(in.

G. tuumeln, to

reel, to

from

DIMIN'ISHINGLY,
lessen reputation.
a.

In a

manner

to
.\

uident.]

Locke.

Norm,

dieme, tenth.]

DIMIN'UENT,

Lessening.

[Little used.]

I ]\

D
ing singly.

O
act of

DIP
number DIORIS'TICALLY,
ing manner.
1;.

continclattering or runiWiiig soiuid, long ued ; US tlio dill of arms ; the din of war. DIN, V. t. To strike with continued or confused sound ; to stun with noise ; to harass with clarnor ; as, to din the ears with cries ;
to din with clamor.

DINUMERA'TION,n. The
[Lillle used.]

adv. In a distinguish-

[Rarely used.]
;

DI'OCIESAN,
oti

the

first

[See Diocese. and on the third

a.

The accent DIP,

syllable
is

nearly equal.

The

accent given to this

word

DINE,

n. A bishop ; one in possession of a <lioccse, and having the ecclesiastical jurisdiction over it. DI'OCESE, n. [Gr. Jiotxijijtj, administraSia. and tion, a province or jurisdiction Gr. has 6aimftoi, and flotvou, to feast.] To eat thechief meal of the day. This meal oixijtji;, residence is otxi^, to dwell 01x05, a house. Diocess a very erroneous orabout
;

The Fr. [Sax. dijiian, to dine. diner, supposed to be contracted from L. desino, to cease It. dednare, to dine, in which case, dinner must liave been so named from the intermission of business. The Saxon and the French, in this case, are jjrobably from ditlerent sources. The
V.
i.

is

the Knglish books is wrong, al most to ridiculousness.] Pertaining to a diocese.

In

and pp. dipped or dipt. [Sax. D. doopen ; G. dippan ; Goth, duupyan Dan. dypper tup/en ; Sw. di}pa, doppa It. liiffare Russ. toplyu Gr. ivntu allied
t.

pret.

probably to mary sense

is

The pridive, lleb. Ch. ))2t2. to thrust or drive, for the

DI'OCES.\N,

same word in Syr. and Ar. signifies to stamp or impress a mark, Gr. rvnou, whence type and tvnru, to strike, Eng. tap, .seem to be of the same family. Class
;

1.

seems originally to have been taken the middle of the day, at least in northern climates, as it still is by laboring people. Among people in the higher walks of lifi;, and in connnercial towns, the time of dining is from two to five or si.x o'clock in the afternoon. DINE, V. I. To give a dinner to to furnish with the principal meal to feed as, the landlord dintd a hundred men.
;
; ;

The

thography.] circuit or extent of a bishop's jurisdiction an ecclesiastical division of a kingdom or state, subject to the authority of u In England there are two provbishop. inces or circuits of archbishop's jurisdic
;

No. 28.] plunge or immerse, for a moment or short time, in water or other liquid substance to put into a fluid and withdraw. The priest shall dip his finger in the blood.
Dt).

To

Lev.

iv.

J>et

him dip

One
2.

liis foot in oil. Deut. xxxiii. dip the pencil, and one suing the lyre.

I'ope.

DINET'IAL,
round.

a.

[Gr. ;.jrwof.]

Whirhng
Brown.

[JVot used.]
t.

DING,

V.

pret.
;

dtmg or dinged.

gan, to beat

[Sax. dencScot, ding, to drive or

Canterbury and York. The provof Canterbury contains twenty-one dioceses, and that of York three, besides the isle of Man. Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries, of which there are sixty and each archdeaconry, into rura deaneries and every deanery, into parishtion,

ince

;!.

take with a ladle or other vessel by inmiersing it in a fluid, as to dip water from a boiler ; often with out, as to dip out water. To engage to lake concern \ised in; ;

To

transilivtly,

bid
little

the

passive
tlic

participle

is

used.

He was

dipt in

rebellion of the

es.

To

strike.]

used.]

DING,

thrust or dash with violence. [Little JVash. Marston. V. i. To bluster; to boiuice. [^/J low
Jlrhulhnot..

DING-DONG. Words
sound of
bells.

word.]

Blackstone. coiniiions. Dryden diocese was originally a division of 4. To engage as a pledge ; to mortgage. the Roman empire for the purpose of civil [Little used.] Dryden. a prelecture. But the term 5. To moisten government, to wet. ; [Unus^tal.'] is now exclusively appropriated to ecclesiMilton.

used to express

thel

astical jurisdiction.

ncyc.
a. [dis

C.

Shak.

DIOCTAIIE'DRAL,

and

octahedral.

DIP,

DIN'CilNESS,
or dark hue
;

DIN'GLE,
tween

n.

[See Dingy.] A dusky brownness. A narrow dale or valley ben.

hills.

Milton.

DINGLE-DANGLE.
;
;

Hanging
;

something dangling. DIN'tiV, a. Soiled sullied of a dark color brown dusky dun. Dl'NING, ppr. Eating tlie principal meal in
;
;

loosely, or fVarton.

the day.

DINING-ROOM,
DIN'NER,
Dine.]
1.
II.

n.

L'Estrairge. 2. To enter to pierce. Granville. Cleaveland. 3. To engage to take a concern as, to dip ji. The sun-fish a genus offish into the funds. DI'ODON, es of a singular tbrm, appearing like the 4. To enter shghtly to look cursorily, or fore part of the body of a deep fish am])U here and there a.s, to dip into a volume of tated in the middle. Diet. JVat. HiM. history. Pope. DI'OMEDE, n. An aquatic fowl of the web- 5. To choose by chance to thrttst and take. footed kind, about the size of a connnon Dryden. domestic lien, but its neck and legs mucl G. To incline downward as, the magnetic
;
;

In crystalography, having the form of an octahedral prism with tetrahedral summits.

;

To baptize by immersion. To sink to immerge V.

i.
;

in a liquid.

room
;

for

a family
for en-

longer.

Did.

JVat. Hist.

or for company to dine in tertainments.

room

DIOP'SIDE,

[Fr. diner; Ir. dinner.

See

rare mine [Gr. 64i5.] ral, regarded by HaUy as a variety of au gite, and called by Jameson a subspecies
n.

taken about the middle of the day or the principal meal of the day, caten between noon and evening.
;

The meal

2.

An

entertainment
1

Behold,
xxii.

a feast. have prepared my dinner.

;

Matt.

of obliipie-edged augite, occurring in pris matic crystals, of a vitreous luster, and of a p.ile green, or a greenish or yellowisl white. The variety with four-sided prisms has been called Mussite, from Mussa in Piedmont. It resembles the Sahlite.

needle dips. [See Dipping.] DIP,?!. Inclination downward; a sloping; a direction below a horizontal line; depression as the dip of the needle. The dip of a stratum, in geology, is its greatest inclination to the horizon, or that on a line perpendicular to its direction or course called also the pitch. Cyc. DIP-CniCK, n. A small bird that dives.
; ;

DIPET'ALOUS,
leaf or
/)e(a/.]

a.

[Gr.

6.5

and

rttrcOoi',

Cleaveland.
n.

DINNER-TIME,
ing.

n.

The

usual time of din-

DIOP'TASE,

Emerald copper

ore, a

Having two flower-leaves or

petaled.

petals; two-

Pope.

translucent mineral, occurring crystalized

in six-siilcd prisms. It Cyc ) DIOP'TRIC, " [Gr. Stortrpixoj, from blow a stroke. Milton. DIOPTRICAL, ^ to see StortTofiai, 2. Force violence power exerted as, to 6ia and o.-trt^tai, to see.] through win by dint of arms, by dint of war, by L Afl()rding a iiKMlium tor the sight; assistdint of argument or importunity. ing the sight in the view of distant objects; 3. The mark made by a blow a cavity or as a dioptric glass. Boyle. im|)ression made by a blow or by pres- 2. Pertaining to dioptrics, or the science of sure on a substance often pronounced dent. refracted light. His hands had made a dint. Dryden. DIOPTRICS, n. That part of optics whici DINT, V. I. To make a mark or cavity on a treats of the refractions of light passing substance by a blow or by pressure. [See through ditfcrent mediums, as through Donne. Indent.] Harris. air, water or glass. DINT'ED,;)^. Marked by a blow or by pres- DI'ORISM, 71. [Gr. ioptoua.] Definition. sure as deep-dinted furrows. More Spenser.i [Rarely used.] DINT'ING, ;)pr. Impressing marks or cavi-' DIORIS'TIC, a. Distinguishing defining.!
1.

DINT, )). [Sax. dynt, a blow or striking. may be connected with din and ding.]

DIPHTHONG,
(}i#oyyo5,

Martyn.
n.
;

sound

[Gr. iupdoyyor, L. diphthongus.]

615

and

union of two vowels pronounced in one syllable. In uttering a diphthong, both vowels are pronounced the sound is not simple, but the two sounds are so blended as to be considered as forming one syllable, as in joy, noise, bound, out. [The pronunciation dipthong
coalition or
is

vulgar.]
a.

DIPHTHONG'AL,
;

ties.

[Rarely used.]

thong consisting of two vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable. DIPH'YLLOUS, a. [Gr. ij and ^vi.T.ov, a In botany, having two leaves, as a leaf] caly.x, &c. DIP'LOE, n. [Gr. inawi, double.] The

Belongitig to a diph-

D
bot't

P
Coie.

D
Encyc.

R
immersion of
needle
that dips or in2.

D
A

R
move forward
;

meditiillium, medullary substance, or 4. The act of baptizing by the the whole body in water. the plates of the skull. porous part, between

In astronomy, appearing to
as,

DIPPING-NEEDLE,
;

n.

in the zodiac, in the direction of the signs the motion of a opposed lo retrograde ;
.3.

DIPLO'MA,

n. [Gr. 6trt>.u/ia, from 6ixou, to double or fold. Anciently, a letter or other composition written on paper or parchment and folded afterwards, any letter, literary momnnent, or public document.] letter or writing conferring some power, authority, privilege or honor. Diplomas are given to graduates of colleges on their receiving the usual degrees to clergymen who are licensed to exercise the ministerial functions ; to physicians who are li; ;

censed to practice their profession and to agents who arc authorized to transact acknowledgment. In music, a direct interval is that which business for their principals. A diploma forms any kind of harmony on the fundathen is a writing or instrument, usually mental sound which produces it;' as the under seal and signed by the proper person or officer, conferring merely honor, Rousseau. fifth, major third and octave. as in the case of graduates, or authority, DIPRISMAT'l,a. [di and prismatic] Doub- Direct tax, is a tax assessed on real estate, Jameson. as houses and lands. as in the case of physicians, agents, &c. ly prismatic. DIPLO'MACY, n. [This word, like suprema- DIP'SAS, )!. [Gr. &t-^a;, dry, thirsty Si+au, to DIRECT', V. t. [h. directum, directus, froin thirst.] dirigo.] cy, retains the accent of its original.] 1. The customs, rules and privileges of em- A serpent whose bite produces a mortal 1. To point or aim in a straight line, tothirst. See Deut. viii. wards a place or object as, to direct an bassadors, envoys and other representaarrow or a piece of ordnance to direct a tives of princes and states at foreign DIP'TER, [Gr. Si; and rtiipoi,, I the eye to direct a course or flight. DIPTERA, S"' wing.] courts forms of negotiation. The dipters are an order of insects having 2. To point to show the right road or the whole body of 2. A diplomatic body course as, he directed me to the left hand ministers at a foreign court. only two wings, and two poisers, as the road. 3. The agency or management of ministers fly. Encyc 3. To regulate to guide or lead to govern Cevallos. DIPTERAL, a. Having two wings only. at a foreign court. 11. from 8is and rtirtru, to to cause to proceed in a particular mana. Made by diplomas. DIP'TOTE, [Gr. DIP'LOMATED, ner ; as, to direct the aflfaii-s of a nation. Kennet. fall.] Wisdom is prolitable to direct. Eccles. x. DIPLOMATIC, o. Pertaining to diplomas In grammar, a noun which has otdy two cases as, suppetiw, suppetias. Encyc. 4. To prescribe a course; to mark out a privileged. way. Job xxxvii. 2. Furnished with a diploma; authorized by DIP'TYH, n. [Gr. iinrvxoi; 615 and rtriaou, 5. To order ; to instruct to point out a to fold.] letters or credentials to transact business rtrv|u), course of proceeding, with authority to Minis- V public register of the names of consuls for a sovereign at a foreign court. command. But direct is a softer term than and other magistrates among pagans; and ters at a court are denominated a diplocommand. of bishops, martyrs and others, among matic body. christians so called because it consisted DIRECT', n. In music, a character placed 3. Pertaining to ministers at a foreign court, at the end of a stave to direct the perof two leaves folded, but it sometimes or to men authorized by diploma as a diformer to the first note of the next stave. contained three or more leaves. The sadiplomatic manageplomatic character cred diptych was a double catalogue, in ment. Busby. DIPLOMAT'le, 11. A minister, official agent one of which were registered the names of DIRECT'ED, pp. Aimed pointed guided ; the living, and in the other the names of or envoy to a foreign court. regulated governed ordered instructed. DIPLOMAT'leS, n. Tlie science of diplo- the dead, which were to be rehearsed DIRECT'ER, n. A director, which see. during the office. pointing mas, or of ancient writings, literary and Encyc DIRECT'ING, ppr. Aiming guiding regulating governing orderpublic documents, letters, decrees, char- DIPY'RE, n. A mineral occurring in minute ing. prisms, either single or adhering to each ters, codicils, &c., which has for its object other in fascicular groups. Before the DIRECTION, n. [L. directio.] Aim at a to decipher old writings, to ascertain their a pointing towards, in a certain point blowpipe, it melts with ebullition or intuauthenticity, their date, signatures, &c. Lunier. as, the direction of straight line or cour.se me.scence, and its powder on hot coals Eiicyr. with a feeble light. Its good works to a good end. 11. One that dips he or that Smalridge. phosphoresces DIP'PER, 2. The line in which a body moves by imwhich dips. name, from Gr. Svo, two, and rtvp, fire, indicates the double ettect of fire, in produpulse ; course. Matter or body cannot al2. A vessel used to dip water or other ter the direction of its own motion. cing fusion and phosphorescence. quor a ladle. Cteaveland. 3. A straight line or course. A star appearDIP'PING,jop-. Plunging or immersing into a ed in the direction of a certain tower. The a. [L. dims. If the primary sense is liquid and speedily withdrawing, as to as DIRE, ship sailed in a south-easterly direction. certain the temperature of water by dipping terrible, this word may belong to the root administration oi' terreo. But it may be great, wonderful, 4. The act of governing the finger in it; baptizing by immersion. management guidance superintendence ; 2. Engaging or taking a concern in. Syr. ) CI Z. ther, to wonder or it may be as the direction of public affairs direction here and there examining 3. Looking into raging, fiu-ious, as in L. dirw.] of domestic concerns the direction of a in a cursory, slight or hasty manner. Dreadful dismal horrible ; terrible evil bank. 4. in a downward, as the
;
; ;

dips; a magnetic needle which an instrument which clines to the earth shows the inclination of the magnet, at the In diflerent points of the earth's surface. the equatorial regions, the needle takes a but as we recede horizontal position from the equator towards either pole, it dips or inclines one end to the earth, the north end, as we proceed northward, and the south end, as we proceed southward, and the farther north or south we proceed, the greater is the dip or inclination. This is on the supposition that the poles of the earth and the magnetic poles coincide, whicli is not the case. The above statement is strictlj' true, only of the magnetic Cavallo. equator and its poles. C'yc.
;

planet is direct. In the line of father and son opposed to collateral ; as a descendant in the direct
;

line.

Leading or tending
straight line
;

to
;

or course
;

an end, as by a
not circuitous.
to effect

Thus we speak of direct means

5.
;

an

G.

object a direct course a direct way. Open not ambiguous or doubtful. Bacon. Plain; express; not ambiguous; as, he said this in direct words; he made a direct

Inclining needle.

magnetic!

5.

of ore. Breaking; inclining; DIP'PING", 11. The act of plunging or im-

as a

vein

great degree. JXre was the tossing, deep the groans. Milton
a. [L. directus, from dirigo rego, rectus, to make straight.
;

Regularity

DIRECT',
and
I.

d,
(>.

All chance, direction see.

mersing.
2.

See

Order

adjustment. which thou canst not Pope. prescription, either verbal or writ;

The act of inclining towards the eaith inclination downwards; as the dipping of the needle. 3. The interruption of a vein of ore, or stra tuni of a fossil, in a mine or a slo])in<
; ;

Right.] Straight

from one

to pass in a direct lino ; right ; as, body or place to another. It is

7.

ten ; instruction in what manner to proceed. The enqjloyer gives directions to his workmen the physician, to his patient.
;

downwards.

It is op])osed to crooked, uinding, oUigtic. also opposed to refracted ; as a direct ray

of

light.

The superscription of a letter, including the name, title and place of abode of the person for whom it is intended.

D
8.

R
power of
di-

D
DIR KiENT, DIRECT'KIX,

S
Ingeomeof motion
or surface
2.

D
ness, &.C.

S
leg,

body or board of directors.

;

DIRET'IVE,
rection
;

Hooker. 2. Informing instructing; shewing the way. DIIIECT'LY, adv. In a straight line or not in a winding course rectilineally course. Aim directli/ to the object. Gravthe center of the earth. ity tends directly to As a direct line is the shortest course,
; ;

a. Having the as a directive rule.

\ " [See iKrect.] the hne ^ try, along wliich the describent Une is carried in the generation of

walk by a broken or paralytic

by sick-

or solid figure.

DIRK,
DIRK,

n. ditrk. [Scot, durk.]

any plane Encyc. kind of dagSpenser. Obs.

3.

ger or ])oniard. DIRK, a. durk. Dark.

V.
t.

Obs.

durk.

To

darken.

2.

3.

Spenser. hence To poniard to stab. without delay as, Immediately soon DIRT, n. durt. [Sax. gedritan; D. dryten ; he will be with us directly. Ice. drit, cacare.] Openly expressly without circumlocu-_ Any foul or filthy substance excrement tion or ambiguity, or without a train of du.st whatever adearth mud iniro inferences. hering to any thing, renders it foul or un to No man hath been so impious, as directly clean. Hooker condemn prayer.
;

deprive of mental power, as by destroying or weakening the understanding. To deprive of adequate nieaus, instruments or resources. A nation may be disabled lo carry on war by want of money. The loss of a ship may disable a man to prosecute commerce, or to pay his debts. To destroy the strength or to weaken and impair so as to render incapable of A fleet is action, service or resistance. disabled by a storm, or by a battle. A ship is disabled by the loss of her masts or
;

To

spars.

To destroy or impair and weaken the means which render any thing active, efficacious or useful
;

DIRECTNESS,
course
;

n. Straightness; a straight

Tlie fat

closed, and the

dirt caine out.

Judges
6.

to destroy or diminish

any competent means.

deprive of legal qualification.s, or competent jiower to incapacitate to render incapable.
; ;

DIREeT'OR, n. One who

;
;

nearness of way.
directs;

one who

Benlley.
2.

2. 3.

one superintends, governs or manages; who prescribes to others, by virtue of authority an instructor a counselor. ordinance. That which directs; anile an One appointed to transact the afFairs of a as the director of a bank, or of
;

Whose waters cast up mire and dirt. Is. Ivii Meanness sordidness. [JStot in use.']
;

To

DIRT,
soil
;

V.

t.

durt.

To make
;

to

bedaub

to pollute

Joul or filthy to defile. ;

to

company
ence.

the India
4.

Company.
the most

That which directs or controls by influSafety from external danger

Is

Swijl. durt'Uy. [from dirty.] In a foully ; nastily ; filthily. 2. Meanlv sordidly ; by low means. DIRT'INESS, n, duH'iness. Filthiness ; foul

alLiinder of the ancestor corrupts blood and disables his children to inherit.

An

the

DIRT'ILY, adv. dirty manner

; ;

Eng. Law. DISA'BLED, pp. Deprived of competent power, corporeal or intellectual rendered incapable deprived of means.
;

ness
2.

nastiness.
a. durt'y.

DISABLEMENT, n. Weakness; disability;

Bacon.

Meanness; baseness; sordidness.

Foul: nasty
; ;

pow-

erful director of national conduct.

DIRT'Y,
clean
2.
;

filthy

legal impediment. not DISA'BLING, ppr.

;

Federalist, Hamilton.
5.

In surgery, a grooved probe, intended direct the edge of the knife or scissors in 3. Cloudy ; dark dusky as a dirty white. opening sinuses or fistulse; a guide for an 4. Mean ; base low despicable groveling incision-knife. Encyc. Coxe. as a dirty fellow ; a dirty employment. DIRECTO'RIAL.a. Pertaining to directors DIRT'Y, V. t. durt'y. To foul to make or direction ; containing direction or comto the clothes or to soil
to
; ; ; ; ;
';

as dirty hands. not pure Not clean water.

;

turbid

as dirty

Rendering unable or incapable depriving of adequate power or capacity, or of legal qualifications.

V.
t.

DISABUSE,
See

disabu':c. [Fr. desabuser.

;
;

To

Muse]
;

from mistake to undeceive to disengage from fallacy or deception to set

free
right. It is our of false notions
If

duty to disabuse ourselves

to

mand.

filthy

as,

dirty

hands.
a.

men

are

To tarnish ; to sully ; to scandalize ; ap plied to reptttntion. 11. [L. diniptio ; dirumpo, to A bursting or rending a.sunder. burst.] [See Disruption.] DIS, a prefix or inseparable preposition in faith and practice. from the Latin, whence Fr. des, Sp. dis. book containing an alphabetical list of 2. and de may in some instances be the same the inhabitants of a city, with their places word contracted. Dis denotes separation, of abode. a parting from ; hence it has the force of a 3. The supreme council of France, in the privative and negative, as in disarm, diso late revolution. blige, disagree. In some cases, it still signi 4. A board of directors. fies separation, as in distribute, disconnect. ji. female who directs DIRECT'RE^SS, DISABIL'ITY, n. [from disable.] Want or manages. of competent natural or boihly power, DIRECT'RIX, n. female who governs or strength or ability weakness ; impotence directs. as disability arising from infirmity or bron. [See CiVc] Dire; dreadful DI'REFUL, ken limbs. calamitous ; as direfxd fiend ; terrible Want of competent intellectual power or direful misfortune. strength of mind ; incapacity as the dis to reason or Spenser. Dryden. Pope. ability of a deranged person DI'REFULLY, adv. Dreadfuliy; terribly; to make contracts. of competent means or instru 3. Want wofully.
2.

UIRECT'ORY,
enjoining
;

Containing directions;

and prejudices. now sufficiently enlightened

artifice,

disabuse themselves of

hypocrisy and

instructing.
n.

DIRECT'ORY,

guide; a rule to direct particularly, a book containing di rections for public worship, or religious The Bible is our best directory, services.

DIRUP'TION,

superstition, they will consider this event as an /. Adams. era in their history.

DISABU'SED,
ing.

DISABU'SING,^/)r.

pp. disabu'zed. Undeceived. disahu'zing. Undeceivv.

t.

DISAOM'MODATE,
commodate.]

To

[dis
[dis

and and
;

acac-

put to inconvenience.
n.

DISACCOMMODA'TION,
.\

commodation.] state of being unaccommodated of being unprepared.

V.
i.

a state
Hale.

DISACCORD',
refuse assent.

[dis
I.

and

accord.]

To

[.Not used.]

Spenser.
;

DISACCUS'TOM, v. [dis and accustom.] To neglect familiar or custonmry practice

to destroy the force

of habit by disuse.

pISACCUS'TOMED,;)/). Disused; having

neglected practice or familiar use.
v.
t.
I

Tooke.

DISACKNOWL'EDCE,
knotvledge.]

[dis

and

ac-

To deny

to

disown.
South.

DIREJMP'TION,
ration,

n.

[L. diremptio.]
;

sepa4.

ments.
ly

lip. Hall.
?!.

DI'RENESS,
malness.
plundering.
n.

Terriblencss
11.

DIREP'TION,

horror; disShak. [L. direptio.] The act of

to

is general[In tliis sense, inability used.] of legal qualifications; incapacity as a disability to iiilierit an estate, when the ancestor has been attainted. [In this Blackstone. sense, it has a plural.]

DISACKNOWL'EDCiED, pp.
owned.

Denied

dis-

Want

DISACKNOWL'EDfiING,
disowning.

ppr.

Denying;

DISACQUA'INT,

i'.

/.

[See ^cquaint.]

To

dissolve acquaintance.

be a Disability dilfers from inability, in denoting DIRCiE, durj. [Usually supposed whereas inability contraction of L. dirige, a word used in deprivation of ability the funeral service. In Sw. dyrka, Dan. denotes destitution of ability, either by de privation or otherwise. dyrker, signifies to worship, honor, reverand able.] To render I', t. DISABLE, ence.] [dis A song or tune intended to express grief, unable to deprive of competent natural
;
;

DISACQUA'INTANCE,
of.

[Little used.] n. Neglect or dis-

use of familiarity, or familiar knowledge

South.
, I'.

DIS.ADORN
halt.

(.

To deprive of ornaments.
v.
t.

DISADV'ANCE,

or

i.

To check

Congreve.
;

to

sorrow and mourning

as a funeral dirge.

strength or

pow er.

\ man

is

disabled to

[wVo< in use.']

Spenser.

D
DISADV>ANTAgE,
it

I
n.

S
[Fr.

D
desavantage.]

S
;

D
contradict3.

S
alienate

DISAFFIRM'ED,
ed
;

pp. Denied

Unsuitableness.
V.
t.

That which prevents

difficult;
cessf'id

success, or renders a state not favorable to sue

overthrown.
ppr. Denying; contrat.

DISALLIE'GE,
giance.

To
[dis

from

alle-

DISAFFIRMING,
dicting; annulling.

[JVotinuse.]
V.
t.

Miltort.

operation. The army commenced an attack on the enemy, notwithstanding the disadvantage of its position.
2.

DISALLOW',
[dis

and

DISAFFOR'EST,

v.

and

afforest.]

To

allow.]

To

re-

Any
some

unfavorable state

a state in which

3.

loss or injury may be sustained Hence, Loss; injury; prejudice to interest, fame, credit, profit or other good as, to sell goods to disadvantage.
;

reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground to strip of forest laws and their oppressive privileges. By Charter 9. Hen. IH. many forests were
;

fuse permission, or not to permit; not to grant not to make or suppose lawful
;
;

not to authorize

to disapprove.

Goddis-

disafforested.

BlacJistone.

DISAFFOR'ESTED, pp.
privileges.

Stripped of forest

allows that christians should confonn to the immoral ])ractices of the world. good man disallows every kind of profaneness.

DISADVANTAGE, v. To
t.

injure in intera.

DISAFFOR'ESTING,
forest privileges.

ppr.
t.

Depriving of

est

to prejudice.
[J^ot in use.]
a.

DISADV'ANTAgEABLE,
tageous.

Not advanBacon

DISAG'GREGATE,
To
gate.] se])arate an ponent parts.

v.

[dis

and aggreits

DISADVANTA'GEOUS,
;

Unfavorable to

aggregate mass into

com-

3.

To testify dislike or disapprobation refuse assent. But if her father shall disallow her in the that he heareth, not any of her vows or bonds shall stand. Nuni. xxx. Not to approve not to receive to

to

day
her
re-

success or prosperity; inconvenient; not adapted to promote interest, reputation or other good as, tlie situation of an army is disadvantageous for attack or defense. are apt to view characters in the most

DlSAG'GREGATED,j9p.
aggregate mass.

Dispensatory. Separated, as an

ject.

To whom coming, as to a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and
1

DISAG'GREGATING,;)^)-.

We

disadvantageous

DISAGGREGA'TlON';
to
its

lights.

DISADVANTA'gEOUSLY, adv.
;

In a

man-

Separating, as the parts of an aggregate bodv. n. The act or operation of separating an aggregate body in-

precious.
4.

Pet.

ii.

ner not favorable to success, or to interest, with loss or incon profit or reputation

component
V.
i.

DISAGREE',
lar.

parts. [dis and agree.]

admit as just to reject an account or charge. DISALLOW'ABLE, a. Not allowable not to be suffered.
to allow or
;

Not

as, to disallow

To

dif-

DISALLOWANCE, n. Disapprobation
fusal to

ideas disao-ree, ^\ hen they arc ableness to success inconvenience loss. not the saiTie, or when they are not exact DISADVENT'URE, n. Misfortune. [JVot ly alike. The histories of the same fact used.] Raleigh often disagree. DISADVENT'UROUS, a. Unprosperous. 2. To difier, as in opinion as, the best judg[JVot used.] Spenser. es sometimes disagree.
; ;

DISADVANTA'GEOUSNESS, n. Unfavor

fer; to be not accordant or coincident; to be not the same to be not exactly simi;

admit or permit

prohibition

rere-

jection.

Two

DISALLOWED,
ted or admitted
;

pp. Not granted, permit-

disapproved

rejected.
;

DISALLOWING, ppr.
DISALLY',
mproper
V.
t.

Not permitting admitting; disapproving; rejecting.

[dis
v.
t.

not

and
[dis

ally.]

To form an
Milton.

alliance.

DISAFFET',i'.<.
ate affection

make

alien[dis ami affect.] t( to make less friendly to ; less faithful to a person, jiarty or
;

To

Who

shall

decide

when

3.

cause, or less zealous to support it make discontented or unfriendly as, an attempt was made to disaffeel the armv 2. To disdain, or dislike. Hall. 3. To throw into disorder. Hammond. DISAFFET'ED,;?/?. orrt. Having the affections alienated indisposed to favor or support; unfriendly; followed by with or to ; as, these men are disaffected ivith the or disaffected to the king, or government, to the adniinislration. DISAFFET'EDLY, adv. In a disaffected
;
;

To To

be

inisuitable.

force from its anchors, as a ship. Pope Medicine sometimes DISANtJEL'ICAL, o. Not angelical.
;

doctors disagree

DISAN'HOR,
used.]

and anchor.] To
[ATut

disagrees tinlh the patient food often disagrees tvith the stomach or the taste.
4.

Coventry.
v.
t.

DISAN'IMATE,
;

[dis

and animate.]
;

To

differ; to

be

Men

in opposition.

ture, bcciuise

often reject the plainest sense of scripit disa3;rees with their reason or

deprive of hfe. [JVot tised.] To deprive of spirit or courage to disto dishearten to deject. courage
;

preconceived opinions.
It is
I

Anon.

Boyle.

usually followed by with. But we disagree to your proposal. The use of from after disagree is not common. DISAGREE'ABLE, a. Contrary; unsuitasay,
ble
;

DISAN'IMATED,
lurited.

pp.

Discouraged

dis-

DISAN'IMATING,;)pr. Discouraging
heartening.

dis-

not conformable

not

congruous.
lo

DISANIJIA'TION,
Jging
;

n.

The

act of discour

manner.

[LAttle used.]

depression of spirits.

DISAFFET'EDNESS,
being disaffected.

n.

The

This conduct was disagreeable

quality of]
2.
ral sincerity.

her

natii

2.

I'rivation

of life.
r.
t.

[J\"ot

Broome.
;

DISANNUL',
and of no

[dis

DISAFFET'ING,
fections
;

ppi: Alienating the afless frien<lly. n. Alienation

Unpleasing
;

offensive to the mind, or to

instance, the ])refix dis

effect.

Broum. used.] and annul. In this is improperly used,

its

making

DISAFFE'TI0N,
;

of affecwant of tion, attachment or good will affection or more generally, positive enmi;

the sen.ses but expressing less than disgusting and odious. Behavior maj' be dis ugrceable to our minds food may be disa;

But

use

is

well es-

To

ty, dislike or unfriendliness ; disloyalty. It generally signifies more than indiffer-

as the disaffection of people to their the disaffection of ])rince or government

ence

greeable to the taste many things are dissounds may be agreeable to the sight disagreeable to the ear, and odors to the Whatever is disagreeable gives smell. some pain or imeasiness.
; ;

tablished.] annul; to make void; to deprive of authority or force to nullify to abolish; as,
; ;

to

disannul a law or an ordinance.

Wilt thou also disaiinul Gal. iii. xv.

my judgment

Job

xl.

DISANNULLED,
made
void.

pp. Annulled; vacated;

DISAGREE'ABLENESS,
ness
;

n.

Unsuitable

allies; disaffection to religion. 2.

Disorder
sense.

bad constitution
a.

in a phy.iical 2-

contraiiety.
; ;

DISANNUL'LING,
;

[LAttle ttsed.]

Wiseman

DISAFFEC'TIONATE,
sed
;

Not well

dis))o':

not friendly.
V.
t.
;

Blount

offensiveness to the Unpleasantness mind, or to the senses as the disagreeathe disa bleness of another's inan?iers s^reeableness of a taste, sound or smell.
adv.
;

ppr. Making void; depriving of authoritv or binding force.

act of

DISANNUL'MENT,"?!. The
cree.

making

void; as the disannutment of a law or de-

DISAFFIRM', Unsuitably; un- Disanntd differs from repeal, as the genus af- jDiSAGREE'ABLY, disafferm'. [dis from the sjjccics. A repial makes a law To deny to contradict. Davies. pleasantly offensively. firm.] void by the same power that enacted it. 2. To overthrow or annul, as a judicial de- DISAGREE'ING, ppr. Differing; not acAnnulment or disanmdment destroys its cording or coinciding. cision, by a contrary judgmenr of a supe n. Difference, either force and authority by repeal or by other rior tribunal. means. or essence; dissimilitude; diverinform DISAFFIRMANCE, n. Denial ; negation Hale. as the disagreement of two ideas, of DISANOINT', v.t. To render consecration disproof; confutation. sity JMilton. 2. Overthrow or annulment, two pictures, of two stories or narrations. invalid. by the decision of a superior tribunal as disaffirmance of 2. Difference of opinion or sentiments. DISAPPAR'EL, r. t. To disrobe; to strip Junius. of raiment. Hooker. judgment.
and

DISAGREEMENT,
;

D
r.
i.
;

S
The
;

D
2.

S
A

D
;

To DISAPPE'AR, [dis and appear.] vanish from the sight to recede from tlie view to become invisible by vaiiisliiiig or departing, or by being enveloped in any thing that conceals, or by tlie interpoDarkness disappears sition of an object. at the access of light, and light disappears A ship dis at the approach of darkness.
the appears by departure to a distance ; sun disappears in a fog, or behind a cloud,

blast or stroke of an appropriations of tlie several parsonages 1. would have liecn, by the mics of the common Obs. Blarlcslone. 2. Misfortune law, disappropriated. mishap
;

To deprive of appropriated property, as a church.

71.

unfavorable planet. Shak. any unfortunate event, especially a sudden misfortune as, we met with many disasters
calamity
; ;

DISAPPROVAL,
like,

Disapprobation

dis-

DISAPPROVE,
and
1.
;

V.

t.

[Fr. dcsapprouver

dis

on the road. DIS" ASTER, V. t. To blast by the stroke of an unlucky planet: also, to injure ; to afflict.

or in setting. 2. To cease; as, the epidemic has disappeared. observation. The 3. To withdraw from debtor disappears when he absconds. DISAl'PE'ARANCE, n. Cessation of appearance a removal from sight.
;

approve.] To ilishke ; to condemn in o])inion or often judgment to censure as wrong.

We

DISASTERED,
flicted.

Shak. Tliomson. injured ; afpp. Blasted

;

disapprove the conduct of others, or public

DIS ASTROrS,
calamitous
as, the
;

measures, whether
It is

ion or not.
to
2.

disapprove

we expre,ss an o))inoften followed by of; as, of behavior. But modern

;

unfortunate occasioning loss or injury

a.

Unlucky

day was disastrous ; the battle proved disastrous ; their fate was disastrous.
Fly Uie pursuit of

usage inclines to omit of. To manifest dislike or disapprobation

reject, as disliked,

my
;

disastrous lo\

e.

to
2.

Dri/dcn

DISAPPE'ARING,
ding from the sight

ppr.
;

Vanishing;

rece-

what

is

proposed for

Gloomy

dismal

threatening disaster.

becoming

invisible

sanction.

The moon.

DISAPPE'ARING,
moval from
sight.
V.
t.

n.

vanishing or re;

DISAPPOINT',
1.

[dis and appoint eriy, to unfix or unsettle.]

prop

DISAPPROVED,
ed
;

In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds. The sentence of the court-martial was disap.WUton. proved by the commander in chief DIS"ASTROlSI.Y, adv. Unfortunately; in

pp.

Disliked;

condemn;

a dismal manner.

defeat of expectation, wish, hope, de DISAPPROVING, ppr. conDisliking to frustrate ; to balk sire or intention demning ; rejecting from dislike. to hinder from the possession or enjoy- DIS'ARD, n. [Sax. di/sig, foolish.] prat ment of that which \^as intended, desired, a boasting talker. Obs. tier say, a man is dis- DIS" ARM, V. t. sasz. [Fr. desarmer ; Sp. hoped or expected. or Port. desa7-mar ; dis and arm.] appuinled of bis hopes or expectations, his hopes, desires, intentions or expecta- 1. To deprive of arms to take the arms or A bad season dis- weapons from, usually by force or author tions are disappointed. appoints the farmer of his crops; a defeat as, he disnrrned his foes; the

To

rejected.

DISASTROUSNESS,
calaniitousnes.s.

n. Unfortuiiateness
/.

DISAU'THORIZE, r. [dis nju\ authorize.] To deprive of credit or authority. [LAlUe

^lsed.]

We

Hot ton.
t'.

DISAVOUCII',

t.

[dis

Vow.] To retract luofession disown, [Little used.]

;

and avouch. See to deny to

;

Davies.

disappoints an

enemy of
nic a
visit,

bis spoil.

The

ity;

prince
^Vitl

man promised
pointed me.

but he disap-

gave orders

DISAVOW', v.t. [rfis and ai'oic. See Toij).] To deny to disown to deny to be true, as
;

to disarrn his subjects,

;

a.

To
ed.

Witliout counsel purposes are disappointed. 2. Prov. XV. to prevent an effect intend- 3. frustrate
;

The

retiring foe

Shrinks from the wound, and disappoints the Addison. 4. blow.

pp. Defeated of expec frustrated. tation, hope, desire or desien DISAPPOINTING, ppr. Defeating of ex desire or purpose frus pectation, hope,

DISAPPOINT'ED,

of before the thing taken away as, to dis arm one of his weajions, To deprive of means of attack or defense;! as, to disarm a venomous serpent. To deprive of force, strength, or means of annoyance to render harmless to (piell as, to disarm rage or passion, To strip to divest of any thing injurious or threatening as, piety disarms death of
|

a fact or charge respecting one's self; as, he was charged with embezzlement, but he disavows the fact. .V man may disahe may disaI'OtD his name or signature vow a knowledge of a fact, or his concern in a transaction. Opposed to own or ac;

knowledge.
2.
."J.
;

To deny to disown To dissent from not

; ; ;

to reject.

justifiable

its

terrors,

DISARMED,

traling.

DISAPPOINTMENT,
;

Defeat or failure of expectation, hope, wish, desire or intention miscarriage of design or plan.
n.

are apt to complain of the disappoint of our liopes and schemes, but disappoint rnents often prove blessings and save us from Aiwn calamity or iiiin.

We

ment

pp. Deprived of arms ; stripped of the means of defense or annoyance rendered harmless subdued, DIS" ARMING, ppr. Strijiping of arms or weapons; subduing; rendering harmless DISARRANGE, r.i. [dis and arrange.] To put out of order ; to unsettle or disturb the order or due arrangement of parts. [See
;

to admit as true or not to vindicate. The Envoy disavowed some parts of the
71. Denial ; a disowning. disavowal of fear often proceeds from fear.

President's proclamation.

DISAVOWAL,
A
2.

Clarissa.

Derange, which

is

more generally
n.
;

used.]
ff'arton

a declining to vindicate. pp. Denied : disowned. DISAVOWING, ppr. Denying disowning rejecting as something not to be maintained or vindicated. DISAVOW'MENT, n. Denial; a disownRejection
;

DIS.WOW'ED,
;

DISAPPRE'CIATE, v. To undervalue ciate.] DISAPPROBA'TION, n.

t.
;

[rfw and appre not to esteem.

[dis

DISARRANGEMENT,
DISARRA'Y,
dress
2.
;

The

turbing order or method

V. t.

disapproving; dislike; the act of the mind which condennis what is sup posed to be wrong, whether the act is ex
tion.]

and approha
to divest

act of disdisorder. Baxter.

ing,

ff'otion.

To throw
or

[dis and array.] To unof clothes. Spenser.

;

into disorder
n.

when we do
approbation
:

pressed or

not.

We

to rout, as troops.

often
a.

disapprove,

Milton.

not express disajiproljalwn.

DISARRA'Y,
2.

Disorder; confusion; loss

order.

DISAP PROBATORY,
DISAPPRO'PRIATE,
priate.]

Dryden. 2. To separate to dissolve connection. Spenser. Himian society may disband. [ Improper. Tillotson. pp. Divested of clothes or disordered. 3. To be dissolved. [A'bf itserf.] When both rocks and all things shall disband. DISARRAYING, ppr. Divesting of clothes ; Herbert. throwins into disorder. DISASSlbU ITY, 7!. Want of assiduity or DISBAND'ED, pp. Dismissed from mihtasevered. Tlie appropriation may be severed and the Wotton. care. ry service separated. {.Vol used.] cliurch become disappropriate, two ways. r. t. To disunite ; to dis- DISB.\ND'ING, ppr. Dismissing from miliDISASSO'CI.VTE, Slacltstone. connect things associated. tary service separating dissolving conDISAPPRO'PRIATE, r. /. To sever or DIS"..\STER, 11. diz-aster. [Fr. desastre ; Sp. nection. Port. !(/. ; It. disastro ; dis and astre, Gr. DISB"ARK, v.t. [Fr. debarquer, orrfisand separate, as an appropriation to withdraw from an appropriate use. a star; a word of astrological origin.] bark ; a word not well formed, and little ofjp,
a. [dis and approNot appropriated, or not having approjuiated church property a disappropriate church is one from which the appropriated parsonage, glebe and tithes are
; ;

Containing tending to disa[)provc.

dis-

want of array or regular

V. t. [dis and band ; Fr. debandTo dismiss from military service to break up a band, or body of men enlisted ; as, to disband an aniiy or a regiment ; to disband troops. 2. To scatter to disperse. Woodward. DISBAND', n. t. To retire from military service to separate; to break up; as, the army, at the close of the war, disbands.

DISB.\ND',
er.]

T^ndress.
;

'\

iDISARRA'YED,
I

arrav

Vol.

I.

62

D
used. To land

S
DISAN'DY,
melt
;

D
V.
i

S
and candy.]
;

DIS
To IHSCERN'ING,
Shak.
Port, id.;
;

use debark and disembark.] tVoiii a ship ; to put on sbore. Pope. DISBEIJE'F, n. [dis and heUef.] Refusal denial of belief. ofciPilit or faith

We

now

DISCARD,
1.

belief or disbelief oi a tiling docs not alTillotson. 2. ter the nature of the thing.

Our

DISBELIE'VE,

v.

t.

[dis

and

believe.]

Not

to believe ; to bold not to be tiue or not lo ; ; Sonic men disexist ; to refuse to credit. 3. To reject away ; believe the inspiration of the scriptures, and iDISCERN'MENT, n. The act of discernprejudices. the innnortalitv of the soul. Thrown out; dismisscdJi ing ; also, the power or faculty of the pp. DISBELIE'VED, pp. Not believed ; dis- from service ; rejected. miiid, by which it distinguishes one thing credited. from another, as truth from falsehood, Throwing out ; dis; ;

seeppr. Distinguishing; ing; discovering; knowing; judging. a. Ilaving power to discern capable of seeing, discriminating, knowing and judgdis and card.] To throw out of the hand such cards as ing sharp-sighted penetrating acute ; as a discerning man or mind. are useless. To dismiss from service or employment, PISCERN'ING, 7!. The act of discerning ; discernment. Spectator. or from society to cast off; as, to discard to discard an old scr DISCERN'INGLY, adv. With discernment ; spies and informers; acutely with judgment skilfully. vant to discard an associate. Garth. to as, to discard thrust
[dis

to dissolve.
V.
t.

fp. .

dcscartar

DISCARDED,

DISCARDING, ppr. DISBELIE'VER, )!. One who refuses be missing from employment rejecting. real. lief; one who denies to be true or DIS>ARNATE, a. [dis and L. caro, JVatts.
;

virtue from vice

DISBELIE'VING,
lief; discrediting.

ppr.

AVitldiolding be-

flesh.]

Stripped of
i'.

flcsli.

DISCA'SE,

t.

r.t: [dlsandhnieh.] To drive .SVjaAfrom a bench or seat. DISBLA'ME, V. 1. To clear from blame

a covering from

To take ofl' [dis and case.] to undress. to strip ;

;

Glanville.^

acnteness of judgment jiouer of ]ierceiving differences of things or ideas, and their relations and tendenThe errors of youth often jiroceed cies. from the want of discernment.
; ;

DISBENCII',

Shak.
71.

[Xot med.]

DISBOD'IKD,
out

a.

Disembodied, le/iicAw

[E.] One who arbitrates or decides. [A'ui used.] Chaucer. DISCERN', 1'. (. as:. [ L. (/i.?cf nio ; rfi^ and

DISCERP',
pieces
I

DISCEPTA'TOR,

To tear in I', t. [L. discerpo.] to separate. [JVb( used.]

DISCERPIBIL'ITY,
;DISCERP'IBLE,

n. Capability or liableness to be torn asunder or disunited.

a. [h. discerpo; dis and In some dictioncarpo, to seize, to tear. aries it is written discerptible, on the authority
;

</ie

loovd now used. iJiSBvOW'EL, V.

[dis the intestines.

V.
t.

t.

and

bowel.]

To

take

Gr. xpaoj ecrno, to separate or distinguish, ll. discernere ; Sp. discernir ; Fr. discerner Eug. screen. The sense is to separate.]

Spenser.

DISBR-ANt'H,
[Little used.]
2.

[dis

and

braneli.]

To

To

the underseparate by the eye, or by

Jlence,
to see the difference beor more things; to discriniin
;

cut otter separate, as the branch of a tree.

staniling.

To

<listiiiguisb

tween two
[Little used.] Evelijn.

To

deprive of branches.
V.
t.

DISBUD',

To

deprive of l)nds or shoots.

(Jardeners.
t.

ate ; as, to discern the blossom-buds fron the leaf-buds of plants. Boyle Gen. xxxi. JJiscern thou what i< lliiue To make the difference. Obs.

of Glanville and More an error indeed, but of little consequence, as the word is rarely or never used.] That may be torn asunder separable ; caviolence. llable of being disunited by
;

DISCERP'TION,
DISCES'SJON,
ture.
[J^'ot

n. The act of pulling to pieces, or of separating the parts.

71.

See burden. DISBURD'EN, v. [dis and a burden from to Burden.] To remove

;

For nothing
vice.
4.

else

discerns the virtue or the

-B.

[L. discessio.]

DeparHall.

Jonson.

used.]

unload
'2.

to discharge.
;

Milton.

To

discover

to

see

to

distinguish by

DISCIPARgE,'
I.

To throw
to clear

to disencumber off a burden of any thing weighty, trouble;

the eye.

some or cumbersome

as, to
;

disburden

one's self of grief or care superfluous ornaments.

5. to disburden of

DISBURD'EN,
be relieved.

v.

i.

To

ease

tlie

mind

to

^Mon.

DISBURDENED,
unloaded
; ;

a burden; pp. Eased of disencumbered. DISBURD'ENING, ppr. Unloading disburden disencharging throwing oft" a
; ;

guish hence, judge. So is ray lord the king to discern good and 2 Sam. xiv. bad. A wise man's heart diseemeth time and judg;

a young fnan I discerned among the youths, Prov. vii. void of unilerstauding. To discover by the intellect ; to distinto have knowledge of; to

v. t. [Fr. dechargir; Sp. descargar ; It. scaricare ; dis and charge or cargo, from car, a cart or vehicle.] To unload, as a shiii; to take out, as a cargo ; applied both to the ship and the load-

ing.

more

ment.

Eccles.

viii.

DISCERN',

cumbering.

DISBURSE,
de or dis

V.

and

i. disburs'. [Fr. bourse, a purse.]

;

debourser;
;

To pay

primarily, chest or treasury, but applicable to a pri

out, as to

money to spend or lay out pay money from a public DISCERN'ED,

V. i. To see or understand the 3. as, to difference ; to make distinction discern between good and evil, truth and falsehood. To have judicial cognizance. Obs.
;

but say, to discharge a ship generally, to discharge a cargo or the lading of the ship. To free from any load or burden to throw off or exonerate as, discharged of business. Dryden. To throw ofl" a load or charge to let fly re-arms ; as, to disto shoot applied to a jiistol or a cannon or to discharge charge a ball or grajie-shot.
;

We

pp.

Distinguished

Baron. seen

To pay
note.

as, to

discharge a debt, a bond, a

.5.

vate purse.

DISBURS'ED,
1.

DISBURSEMENT,

'J.

discovered. DISCERN'ER, n. One wjio sees, discov- creditors. out : expended. C. To free from claim or demand ; to give ers or distinguishes ; an observer. pp. Paid n. disburs'ment. [Fr. 3. One who knows and judges; one who an acquittance to, or a receipt in full, as The creditor discharged his to a debtor. has the power of distinguishing. deboursemcnt.] from a observer and discerner ol He was a great debtor. The act of paying out, as money Clarendon men's natures and humors. chest. To free from an obligation ; as, to dispublic or private out ; as, the an- 3. Tliat which distinguishes ; or tliat which or service or sum a man from further The

send away, as a creditor by payment of what is due to him. He discharged his

To

DISBURS'ER,
]iending.

paid money nual disbursements exceed the income. n. One who pays out or
ppr.

dis-

causes to understand. The word of God is quick and

discerner of
heart.
tlie

poweifiil

burses money.

of the tlioughts and intents

8. 'i'o

DISBURS'ING,
DIS,
n.

Paying

cut,

or ex-

Heb.
;

iv.

DISCERNIBLE,
tinctly
; ;

or breadth of the sun or moon also, the width of the aperture of a telescoiie glass.
.
t.

[h. discus.

See Disk.] The face

DISAL'CEATE,
and
or sandals.

caleeus, a shoe.]

dis \h. discalceatus ; To pull off the shoes

a. That may be seen disdiscoverable by the eye or the unstar is distinguishable. derstanding discenrible by the eye ; the identity or difference of iileas is discernible by the uii-

duty charge to discharge a surety. clear from an accusation or crime; to absolve to set free with of; to acquit as, to discharge a man ofoM blame. Hooker.
;

rlerstanding.

To throw off or out to let fly to give vent to as, to di.iehargc a horrible oath ; to discharge fui-y or vengeance. Shak. Pope.
; ; ;

DISCAL'CEATED,

shoes. pp. Stripped of DISf.ALCEA'TION, 71. The act of pulling Broicn ofl'the shoes or sandals.

DISCERN'IBLENESS, n. Visibleness. DISCERN'IBLY, adv. In a manner to

discerned, seen or discovered
;

10.

be

visibly.

Hammond.

To iierform or execute, as a duty or considered as a charge. One man discharges the office of a sheriff; another are all bound to disthat ofa priest.
otlice

We

D
ciiarge the duties

D
;

S
in

DIS
two.

11.

[Xol used.] of piety, of benevolence DISCIND', V. I. To cut Boyle. and charity. To divest of an office or enii>hjyiiient DISCI'PLE, n. [L. discipulus, from disco, to learn.] to discharge a to (hsmiss from service as, a scholar one who receives steward or a servant to discharge a sol- 1. A learner or professes to ri^ceive instruction from dier or .seaman to discharge a jury. another as the diieiples of Plato. 12. To dismiss; to release; to send away 3. A fidlower; an adherent to the doctrines from any business or appointment.
; ; ; ; ;
;

conmiimication of knowledge and iug the regulation of practice; its military rfillio

ciplinc, tion.
3.

which includes instruction in manual exercise, evolutions and subordina-

Discharge your powers

ties.
1

to their several

counShak.

3.

To To

emit or send out

;

ges pus
14.

rele;isc
;

as, an ulcer dischara pipe discharges water. to liberate from confine;

;

ment

us, to

15. To put away ; ; In general, to throw off' to destroy. load or incinnbrance; to free or clear.

discharge a prisoner. to clear from to remove

DISCIPLE,
bring
2.

Rule of government ; method of regulaas the disciting principles and practice pline prescribed for the church. of another. Hence the constant uttend-j 4. Subjection to laws, rules, order, precepts or regulations ; a.s, the troops are under ants of Christ were called his disciples ;' and hence all christians are called his dis-^ excellent discipline ; the passions should he kept umlcr sir\ct discipline. to learn and receive' ciples, as they |)r()fess 5. Correction chastisement ; puni.shment his doctrines and precepts. intended to correct crimes or errors ; as to train, or To v.t.
; ;

u|).

any

To make

Addison. the discipline of the strap. Shak.l C. In ecclcsia.itical affairs, the execution of disciples of; to convert to doc-i
the laws by which the church is governed, and infliction of the penalties enjoined against offenders, who profess the religion

teach;

DISCH ARgE,
The
clouil, if

v.
it

i.

To break

up.

trines or ))rinciplcs. This authority lie employed in sending missionaries to disciple

3.
all

nations.

were oily or fatty, woulil not

E. D.

Griffin.
7.

discharge.

Bacon.
n.

To

punish

to discipline.

[.Yot in use.]

of Jesus Christ. Encyc. Chastisement or bodily punishment mflicted

DISCir.\R(>E,
;

An
;

unloading, as of a

Spenser.

ship as the discharge of a carj^o. S. A throwing out vent; emission: applied In a Jlvid, a flowing or issuing out, or a throwing out; as the discharge of water from a spring, or from a spout applied to as a discharge of fire-arms, an explosion
: ;

DISCI'PUED,;)^. Taught; trained; brought!

up; made a disciple.
|

Church
flicts

on a delinquent in the Romish or that chastisement or external ; mortification which a religions person inon
him.self.
V.
t.

DISCIPLE-LIKE,
DISCI'PLESHIP,

a.

Becoming a

disciple.

Milton.
n.

The

state of a disci-

DISCIPLINE,
to

To instruct
;

inform the mind

to

ple or follower in doctrines

cannon.
^.

and precepts.! Hammond.]

2.

Taylor. Encyc. or educate prepare by instruct-

That which
ted
;

is

as a thin serous discharge

thrown out; matter emit- DISOIPLIXARLE, a. [See Discipline.] 1. Capable of instruction, and improvement ; a pin-u
in learning.
;

lent discharge.
4.

Dismission from office or service or the writing which evidences the dismission The general, the soldier, obtains a discharge.

That may be subjected

to discipline

as
3.
4.

to ing in correct principles and liabits; as, or for fudiscipline youth for a profession, ture u.sefulness. To instruct and govern; to teach rules and practice, and ac-custom to order and subordination; as, to discipline troops ov

5.

C.

a disciplinable offense, in church government. Subject or liable to discipline, as the member of a church. Release from obligation, debt or penalty or the writing which is evidence of it; an DISCIPLLNABLENESS, n. Capacity of receiving instruction by education. acipiittance as, the debtor has a discharge. Hide. Absolution from a crime or accusation South 2. The state of being subject to discipline. acquittance.
3.
;
;

an army.

To correct to chastise to punish. To execute the laws of the church on offenders, with a view to bring them to re; ;

5.

pentance and reformation of life. To advance and prepare by instruction.

Milton.

7.

Ransom

liberation

price paid
_

for de-

DIS'CIPLINANT,

liverance.
8.

Milton.
;

Pm-foj-mance
office,

execution

trust or duly.

good man

applied
is

to

an

religious order, so called from their practice of scourging themselves, or otlier rigid discipline.
n.

One of a

DISCIPLINED, pp.
ished.

Instructed

educated

subjected to rules and regulations ; corrected; chastised; punished; admon-

faith

Smollett.

DISCIPLINING, ;);)r.
;

Instructing; educa-

9.

subordinating; subjecting to order and tion correcting; chastising; admonishfrom imprisonment DISCIPLINA'RIAN, n. One who disciLiberation; ing; punishing. in rules, principles one versed or otiier confinement. plines DISL.\'IM, v.^'t. [dis and claim.] To disand practice, and who teaches thcni with 10. Exemption own to disavow to deny the possession escape. Eccles who instructs of; to reject as not belonging to one's self Tiierc is no discharge in that war. ))articularly, one ])recision viii. in military and naval tactics and maneuA man disclaims all knowledge of a par1 1. Pavment, as of a debt. It is chiefly used in the latter sense, vers. ticular transaction he disclaims every i)rcDLSCIVAROED, pp. Unloaded let off: and especially for one who is well versed tension to elocpience he disclaims anydismissed from sershot thrown out exhis neighin, or teaches whh exactness, military right to interfere in thealVairsof freed released vice acrpiitted ercises and evolutions. paid bor; he disclaims all pretensions to milifrom debtor penalty liberated perform 2. A puritan or presbyterian so called from It is opposed to claim or chaltary skill.
ful in the
a.

discharge of his duties, public

release

DISCIPLINA'RIAN,
cipline.

and

i)rivate.

Pertaining to dis-; GlanviUe.

ed

executed.

DISCII'.\RGER,
any manner.
2. 3.

n.

He

that discharges in

One who fires a gun. In eleclricitij, an instrument for discharg iug a Leyden phial, jar, &c., by opening a communication between the two surfaces.
Ci/c.

DIS'CIPLIN.\RV,

DISCH^ARGING,
fly
; ;

shooting dismissing from service

Unlading; letting throwing out; emitting:

ppr.

his rigid adherence" to religious discijiline. lenge. Sander.son. 2. To renounce ; to [/ believe not now used.] reject ; as, to disclaim a. Pertaining to discithe authority of the pope. intended for discipline or govern- 3. To deny all claim. tenant may displine ; certain ment ; promoting discipline ; as, claim to hidd of his lord. Eng. Laic. canons of the church arc disciplinary. DISeL.\'IiM, V. i. To disavow all part or share. Relating to a regular course of education [Unusual.] Milton intended for instruction. Shak. Nature disclaims in thee. The evils of life, p.iin, sickness, losses, sorDISLAl]MA'TION, n. The act of disrows, dangers and disappointments, are discipli

itig

from
;

quitting
ting.

; i)aying ; releasdelit, obligation or claim ; acliberating performing ; execu;

nary and remedial.

Buekminsler.
[L. disciplina,
;

claiming; a disavowing. [J^'otused.]

rejected
;

Scott.

DIS'CIPLIXE,
to learn.]
1.
;

n.

from

disco,

DISL.'V'IMED,p;>. Disowned; disavowed;

denied.

DISCHURCH',
of a church.

I),

t.

To

deprive of the rank

Hall.
;

DISCI'DE,
ces.

V.

t.

To

divide

to cut

in pie-

[JVot tised.]
a.

DISCINCT',

Ungirded.

|2.

cultivation and DISL.\'IMER, n. A person who disclaims, instruction Education disowns or renounces. improvement, comprehending instruction in aits, sciences, correct sentiments, mor- 2. In law, an express or implied deBJal by a tenant that he holds an estate of his lord als and manners, and due subordination a denial of tenure, by plea or otherwise. to authority. Blackstone. Instruction and government, comprehend;

D
DISeLA'IMING,

S
Disowning;
ilisa-l

S
2.

D
To
complexion or

S
Jfarton.

Altering the color or uic; staining; changing the complexion. vowing; denying; renouncing. DISeLO'SE, V. t. disdn'zc. [dis and close ; DlSeOM'FIT, V. t. [Fr. deconfire, deconfU ; It. sconfggere, sconfilta ; from dis and the L. disdtulo. See Fr. declorre, dedos ; C07i awAJigo, L. configo, to fasten, to nail Close. ] to fix.] I. To uncover; to open; to remove a cover To rout to defeat to scatter in fight to I'rnni, and lay open to the view. to vanqtii.sh. cause to flee The shells being broken, the stone includeil Woodward ill them is disclosed. Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people To discover to lay open to the view to with the edge of the sword. En. xvii. Events have disclosed the to hglit. bring He, fugitive, declined superior strength. of the ministry. designs Philips. Discomfited, pursued. To reveal by words to tell; to utter; as, DISCOMFIT,)!. Rout; dispersion ; defeat ;}. to disclose the secret thoughts of the heart.
ppi:

DISCOL'ORING, ppr.

deprive of the privileges of a place.

v.
i.

DISCOMPLEX'ION,
color.
V.
t.

To change

the

[Not used.]

DISeOMPO'SE,
1.

discompo'ze.
;

Beaum. [dis and

;

compose.] To unsettle

to disorder

to disturb

ap-

'.'.

2.

plied to things. To disturb peace and quietness ; to agitate ; to ruffle ; applied to the temper or mind ; expressing less agitation than fret

and
3.

i>f.r,

or expressing vexation with decoStvift.

;

4.

To make known A blusli may ner.

;

to

show

in

any man-

overthrow.

rum.

disclose

a secret pas-

DISCOMFITED,
overthrown.

pp.

Routed;

defeated;

To

displace

to discard.

[Not in

use.]

Bacon.

sion
5.

i]i

To

ojjen

the breast. to hatch.

;

DISCOMFITING,
[.Yot used.]
lier

ppr.
ji.

Routing; defeat;

DISCOMPO'SED,
dered
;

ruffled

The

ostrich

layeth

where the heat of

lire

eggs under sanil, sun discloseth them

ing.

DISCOMFITURE,
tle;

Rout

defeat in bat-

DISCOMPO'SING,

; pp. agitated ; disturbed. ppr. Unsettling;

Unsettled

disor-

put-

Bacon

DISeLO'SE, n. Discovery. Young. DISCLO'SED, pp. Uncovered opened to told revealed made known view
; ; ; ;

dispersion; overthrow. Every man's sword was against his fellow and there was a very great discomfiture. 1 Sam. xiv.

ting out of order ; ruffling; agitating; disturbing tranquilitv.

DISCOMPOSU'TlbN,
[Not used.]

n.

Inconsistency.

uttered.

9.
i.

Defeat

frustration
)i.

disappointment.

DISeOMPO'SURE,
order
; ;

DISCLO'SER,
reveals.

One who

discloses or

DISCOM'FORT,
easiness
;

[dis

and

comfort.]
;

Un-

DISCLO'SING, ;?;)/. Uncovering; openmg lo view making known revealing

; ;

telling.

disturbance of peace pain Shak. South grief; inquietude. DISeo.AI'FORT, ('. t. To disturb peace or to happiness; to make uneasy; to pain
;

?!. discompo'zhur. Disdisturbance perturbaagitation tion; as rfrsconiposurf of mind. Clarendon

;
.

DISCONCERT',

v.

t.

[dis

and
;

concert.]

To

break or interrupt any order, plan or har-

DISCLO'SURE,

n.

disdo'zhui:

The

act of

griev e

to

sadden

to deject.
a.

Sidney.
;

'3.

:{.

disclosing: an uncovering and oiiening tr Bacon. view ; discovery. The act of revealing utterance of what was secret ; a telling. The act of making known what was con;

DfSCOM'FORTABLE,
ness
sad.
;

Causing uneasi-

unpleasant
;

giving pain
;

making

[Little used.]

Uneasy

melancholy

[Xot used.]
used.]

Sidney. refusing comfort Shak.

\t

monious scheme to defeat to frustrate. The emperor disconcerted the plans of his enemy. Tlieir schemes were disconcerted. To unsettle the mind to discompose to disturb; to confuse. An unexpected ques; ; ;

cealed.
4.

[Instead of this word, uncomfortable

DISCONCERT'ED,
;

tion may disconcert the ablest advocate in his argument. interBroken pp.
;

rupted disordered; defeated; unsettled; discomposed; confused. pained grieved. dis antl claudo.] DISCONCERT'ING, ppr. Disordering; dediscludo An emission; a throwing out. [Little xised. DISCOMFORTING, ppr. Disturbing peace feating; discomposing; disturbing. and happiness; making uneasy; grieving .More. DISCOiMCER'TION, n. The act of disconv. t. [dw and commend. Hamilton. Federalist, certing. DISCOAST, 1'. i. To depart from to (piit DISCOMMEND', To blame to censure; to mention witl DISCONFORM'ITY, n. and coast.
is

That which
:

DISeLU'SION,

disclosed or made known. n. disdu'zhun. [L.disclitsus,

DISCOM'FORTED,
turbed
; ;

ju;).

Made uneasy

dis

the
is

[JVol used.]
(I.

[dis

conform-

niSeOHE'RENT,

Incoherent.

The

latter

gencrully used. DIS'COID, n. [discus

disapprobation. I do not discommend the

gedy.

lofty

style in tra

ity.]

Want

inconsistency.

of agreement or conformityHakewiU.
n.
;

and

stSoj.]

Some-

or disk. thing in tbrm of a discus I)IS'01D, Having the form of a I

DISCOMMENDABLE,
surable
;

Dri/den cena. Blamable

;

DISCONGRU'ITY, Want of congruity DISCONNECT',

separate
tion.
lions,
;

[dis

and congniity.]
;

incongruity

disa-

deserving disapprobation.
Jtyllfe.
n.

greement; inconsistency.

Hale.

DISeOlD'AL,

flisk.

Discoid or discous Jtou-ers, are comi)Ound flowers, not radiated, but the rtorets all tubular, as the tansy, southern-wood, &c.
Ciyc.
.S'hi

DISCOMMEND'ABLENESS.
bleness
the quality of being disa|)probation.
;

Blamaworthy of
;

To v. <. [dis anA connect] to disunite ; to dis.solve connec-

ilh.

ItlSeoL'OR, coloro, from

1.

V.

t.

[L.

discoloro

dis

and

DISCOlMMENDA'TIOiN,
sure
;

n.

Blame

cen-

reproach.
n.
;

.tlyliffc.

co.'or.]

hue or color of; to A drop of wine will dis stain; to tinge. silver is discolored color a glass of water

DISeOMMEND'ER,
mends
suring.

One who

disconi

in a few generacrumble away, be disconnected into the Burke. dust and powder of individuality This restriction disco7inects bank paper anil

The commonwealth would,

To

alter the natural

a dispraiser.
p;-.

DISCOMMEND'ING,
DISCOMMO'DE,
v.
.

Johnson Blaming; cen

the precious metals.

H'alsh.
;

DISCONXECT'ED, pp.
ted.
it.

'i.

It difiers from to alter a color partially. color and dye, in denoting a ])artial altera color. tion, rather than an entire change of to 0. Figuratively, to alter tlie com]>!exio!i the as, to discolor
;

by sea-water. To change any color, natural or

t.

artificial

[dis

and commode,

Separated disuniTins word is not synonymous with unconnected, though often confounded with
Disconnected implies a previous conunconnected does not necessarily nection imply anv previous union.
;

F'-]

To

put to mconvemence to trouble. to molest not used.]

;

to

mcommode
,

[Discommodate

is

DISc6NN'ECT'ING,;3pr. Separating
uniting.

,
;

dis-

DISCOMMO'DED,
ence
;

pp.
;>;)/.

Put

to

ineonveni

change

appearance;

DISCONNECTION,
;

Walls. n. The act of altering the color ; a staining. 2. Altei ation of color ; stain ; as spots and discolorations of xhe skin. or appearance ;?. Alteration of complexion DISCOL'ORED, pp. Altered in color
ideas.

molested
;

inconnnodeil.

DlSeOLORA'TION,

DISCOMMO'DING,
venience
troublesome.

Putting to inconto.

giving trouble
a.

DISCOMMO'DIOUS,

Inconvenient
Spenser.

The act ofscparaseparatuig, or state of being disunited want of union. tion be left in all the Nothing was therefore to subordinate members, but weakness, discunnecBurke. tiun and confusion.
n.
;

DISCOMMOD'ITY,
trouble
;

n.

hurt

disadvantage.
I'.

Inconvenience Bacon.
:

DISCONSENT',
difter
;

f. i.
;

[dis

and

consent.]

To

to disagree

stained.
2. o.

DISCOM'MON,
appropriate
aiul inclose

(.

[dis

and common.] To
to

not to consent. Miltmi.

[dis

Variegated; bein; of divers colors.

Spenser.

common
common.

land

separate Cowel.

DISCON'SOLATE,
tus.
I

a.

and L. consola-

See Console.]

D
1.
;
;

S
3.

D
To
tinue a ilaily pa|jer.
;

S
;

D
as, to disconI

Destitute of comfort or consolation; sorrowful liopclnss or not ex|)eotiiig comas a fort sad melancholy dejected parent, bereaved of an only child and dis; ;

cease to take or receive

v.i.

rucnlo;
1.

Arm. discount ordi^ont. See Count.

DISCONTIN'UE,

To

cease

to

the possession, or lose an established or

leavej

payment
a

consolate.
2.

long enjoyed right.

Thyself shaft disconiinue from
Jer. xvii.
9.
tliinc lieritage.

affordin;; comfort ; cheerless ; as the disconsolate darkness of a winter's night.

Not

Ray.

To

lose the cohesion of parts

to sufler

DISCONSOLATELY,

adv. In a
n.

latemiumer; without comfort.

disconso-j
J

disruption

or

separation

[Little used.]

of substance. Bacon.
off; interrupt-

a counting back or from.] deducted for prompt or advanced an allou.mce or deduction from due, or from a credit a certain rate per cent deducted from the credit price of goods sold, on account of prompt payment; or any deduction from the customary price, or from a sum due or to be due
Lit(frally,

A sum
sum

at

future

time.

Thus

the merchant

DISCON'SOLATENESS,

The

state
olj

DISCONTIN'UED,;o;j. Lefl
ed
;

being disconsolate or comfortless. DLSCONSOLA'TION, n. Want of comfort.

broken

ofi".
7t.

DISCONTIN'UER,
rupting; breaking

One who

discontininter-

Jackson.l

ues a rule or practice.

DISCONTENT',
of content
;

n. [di3 ani\ content.]

Want'

DISCONTINUING,
DISCONTINU 'ITY,
want of cohesion.

ppr.
ofi.

Ceasing;

mind

uneasiness or inquietude ofj dissatisfaction at any present state;

1

who gives a credit of three months will deduct a certain rate per cent f<ir payment in hand, and the holder of a note or bill of exchange will deduct a certain rate per cent of the amount of the note or bill for advanced payment, which deduction is
called a discount.

n.

Disunion of parts

of things.

.Yewton.
a.

Among

bankirs, the deduction of a

jiaynient; particularly,

sum
the

DISCONTENT', DISCONTENT',
mind

a.

Uneasy

dissatisfied.
]
\

DISCONTINUOUS,
rupted.
2.
;

Broken

off; inter-

for advanceil

v. t.

Hay ward. To make uneasy atl

DISCONTENT' ED,

dissatisfied ; ; tented citizens make

the present state; to dissatisfy. Uneasy in pp. or a'. as, disconunquiet

;

Milton. Separated gaping. DISCONVE'NIENCE, n. [dis and conve;

wide

deduction of the interest on a sum lent, at the time of lending. The discounts
at

nience.] Incongruity; disagreement. [Little used.] Bramlialt.

bad subjects.
In a discon-

DISCONVE'NIENT,
DIS'CORD,
n.

a.

DISCONTENT' EDLY,
tented

manner

adv. or mood.
n.

[L. discordia

Iucongruou.s. Reynolds. ; Yr. discorde;

3.

banking institutions are usually the amouiit of legal interest paid by the borrower, and deducted from the sum borrowed, at the commencement of the credit. Hamilton's Report. The sum deducted or /efunded as, the
;

DISCONTENT' EDN ESS,

of mind; inquietude
;

Uneasiness
1.

dissatisfaction.

from L. discors ; dis and cor.] Disagreement among persons or things.

4.

Addimn.

Between persons,
variance
;

DISCONTENT'ING, a. DISCONTENT' IMENT,

being uneasy tude discontent.
;

Giving uneasinc
n.

difference of opinions opposition ; contention ; strife

discount was five per cent. The act of discounting. note is lodged in the bank fiir discount. The banks have

suspended

discou7its.
v.t.
;

the

state

ofi

any disagreement which produces angry

passions, contest,

in

mind

uneasiness; inquieHooker. Bacon.

[SeeZ>!5C0)t<i'!ue.]
2.

war.
])arties
.\ll

Discord

DISCONTIN'UANCE,?). 1. Want of contiimance;

;

2.

cessation; intermission interruption of continuance as a discontinuance of conversation or intercourse. Atlerbury. Want of continued connection or cohesion of parts; want of unio!i disruption.
; ;

and Disagreement
discord,

disputes, litigation or may exist between families, nations.

DIS'COUNT,
It.

Fr. dccompter

Ann.

[Sp. descontar; Port, id.; discounta, digontein ;

want of order a clashing harmony not understood.

;
;

In British books, the accent sconlnrc. But in Ameris laid on the last syllable.
ica,
1.

the accent

is

usually or always

on the

first.]

Pope.
3.

Bacon.
3.

In law, a breaking off or interruption of| possession, as where a tenant in tail feotiinent in fce-siniple, or for the life of the fcoftcc, or in tail, which he has not power to do ; in tliis case, the entry of the feoffee is lawful, during tlie life of the feoffor; but if he retains possession after the death of the feoftiir, it is an injury!

In music, disagreement of sounds dissonance a union of sounds which is inhar monious, grating and disagreeable to the ear or an interval whose extremes do not coalesce. Thus the second and the seventh,
; ; ;

2.

when sounded

makes a

together, make a discord. Tlie term discord is applied to each of the two sounds which form the dissonance, and to the interval; but more properly to the mixed sound of dissonant tones. It is opposed to concord and harmony,

deduct a certain sum or rate per cent from the [)rincipal sum. Merchants discount five or six per cent, for prompt or for advanced payment. To lend or advance the amount of, deducting the interest or other rate per cent from the principal, at the time of the loan The banks discount notes or advance. and bills of exchange, on good security.
Tilt' first rule al)Ie

To

to discount only

unexceptionH''alsh.

paper.
I',

DISCORD',
clash
;

v.i.

To
;

which is termed a discnnliniiance,X\\e legal estate of the heir in tail being discontinued.
till

not to suit

[.Xbt in use.]

disagree; to jar; to not to be coincident. Baron.

Dis;

DIS'COUNT,
tice

i.

To

lend or

make a

prac-

4.

agreement opposias a discordance of inconsistency opinions, or of sounds. DISCORD ANT, a. [L. discordans.] Disagreeing; incongruous; contradictory; becess regularly from day tu day; in which ing at variance; as discordant opinions; case the defendant is not bound to attend. discordant rules or principles. Formerly the demise of the king caused a contrariou.s-; not coincident discontinuance of all suits but this is 2. Opposite as the discordant attractions of comets, or remedied by statute 1. Ed. VI.
Blackstone.
<,

a recovery can be had in law.

DISCORDANCE,
DISCORD'ANCY,
tion
;

"" [L. discordans.]

;

of lending money, deducting the inThe banks terest at the time of the loan. discount for sixty or ninety days, sometimes for longer terms.

Discontinuance of a suit, is when a plaintifl" leaves a chasm in the proceedings in his cause, as by not continuing the pro-

DISCOUNT' ABLE,

a. That may be discounted. Certain forms are necessary to render notes discountable at a bank. discountable for more than bill may be

sixtv days.

DIS'COUNT-DAY,
bills.

?i.

The day of the week

on which a baidc discounts notes and

Blackstonc.

DISCONTINUA'TION,
;

n.

Breach or inter;|

ruption of continuity disruption of j)arts .separation of parts which form a connected series. JVewton.

DISCONTIN'UE, 1. To leave off; to

;

I'.

/.

[dis

and

coittinue.]
;

cause to cease, as a practo sto]) to put an end to tice or habit as, to discontinue the intemperate use of Inveterate customs are not disspirits. conlinued without inconvenience. The ileprcdations on our commerce were notj
;

of different planets. CIteyne. not in unison not harmoni3. Dissonant harsh ous not accordant jarring as discordant notes iir sounds. DISCORDANTLY, adv. Dissonantly ; in a discordant manner inconsistently in a manni-r to jar or clash in disagreement with anotlM'r, or with itself. DISCORD'FUL, a. Quarrelsome; conten; ; ;
;

DISCOUNTED, pp.
cipal

sum

ed
2.

as,

the

Deducted from a prinpaid back refunded or allowsum of five per cent was dis;

counted.

Having the amount

deduction of a
bill

lent
in

sum

on discount or advance as, the

;

was

discounted for sixtv days.

v.

DISCOUN'TENANCE,
tenance.]
jiose the

to

be discontinued.
off; to interrupt.

2.

To break

Spenser. dissuade. [Xot in use.] Spenser. T. Pickcrin^A DIS'COUNT, n. [Fr. deconte or decompte ; dc or dis and compte ; It. sconto ; Sp. des-

tious.

DISCOUN'SEL,

V.

To

To abash ; to coimtenance ; to put to shame ; to put out of countenance. [JVot used.] How would one look from his majestic
brow Discountenance her despised.

and counrufne or discomt.

[dis

MiUon,

D
2.

S
;

D
[TViis sense is
2. Literally,
;

S
cubrir
1.
;

D
Port,

S
;

check to restrain by discourage frowns, censure, arguments, opposition,

To

to

or cold treatment. Tlic f,'oo(J citizen will discountenance vice by every lawful means, DISeOUN'TENANCE, n. Cold treatment unfavorable aspect unfriendly regard whatever tends to check tlisapprobation
;
;

the act which connects propositions, and deduces conclusions from thetn. Johnson. Glanville.

descobrir

It.

scoprire.

See

now

obsolete.]
2.

or discourage.

He

thouglit a little discountenance

spirit.

persons wouK! suppress that

on those Clarendon.
;

DISOLIN'TENANCED,
discouraged
;

pp.
n.

Abashed

checked

frowned on.

DISCOUN'TENANCER,

One who
;

dis-

a running over a subject in hence, a communisation of speech thoughts by words, either to individuals, to companies, or to public assemblies. Z>iV course to an individual or to a small company is called conversation or talk ; mutual mutual interinterchange of thoughts course of language. It is ajrplied to the familiar communication of thoughts by an
;

To lay ojien to the view to disclose to show to make visible to expose to viewsomething before unseen or concealed.
; ;
; ;

Cover.] Literally, to uncover Is. xxii. ing.

to

remove a cover-

Go, draw aside the curtains and discover

The

several caskets

to this

noble prince. Shak.

He
Job

diseovereth deep

things out of darkness.

xii.

Law

can discover

sin,

but not remove.

individual, or to the mutual comnnmica- 3. To reveal to make known. ; tion of two or more. say, I was pleasWe will discover ourselves to them. 1 Sam ed with his discotirse, and he heard oiu xiv. discourse. gards. Discover not a secret to another. Prov. xxv. The vanrjuished party with the victors joined 4. To pp;. Abashing; espy ; to have the first sigjit of; as, a Nor wanted sweet discourse, the banquet of discouraging; checking by disapprobation man at mast-head discovered land. the mind. or unfriendly regards. Dryden. When we had discovered Cyprus, we left it n. One who advances 3. Effusion of language speech. Locke. DIS'eOUNTEK, on the left hand. .\cts xxi. Surki 4. written treatise ; a formal dissertation ; money on discounts. 5. To find out to obtain the first knowledge DIS'edUNTING, p})>: Deducting a sum as the discourse of Plutarch on garrulity ; of; to come; to the knowledge of somefor prompt or advanced payment. of Cicero on old age. Cothing sought or bet()re unknown. 2. Lending on discount. sermon, uttered or written. say, lumbus discovered the variation of the DIS'OUNTING, n. The act or practice of an extemiroraneous discourse, or a written magnetic needle. often discover our discourse. lending money on discoimts. when too late to prevent their mistakes, to converse Tlie profilablc business ol a bank consists in DISeOURi^E, r. i. To talk evil effects.

MiUan

courages by cold treatment, frowns, censm-e or ex|)ression of disapprobation one who checks or depresses by unfriendly re-

We

DJSeOUN'TENANCING,

A
A

We

We

discountiyjs;.

Ilaniillun
V.
t.

DISCOUR'AuE,
It.

discur'agc.
;

[dh and

courage; Fr. dccnuragcr

Ann.diguiiragi.

1.

scoraggiarc. coraggio. See Coui-age.] To extinguish the courage of; to dis hearten to depress the spirits ; to deject to deprive of contidcnce.
;

The

Italian is

from ex and

Fathers, provoke not your chiUlren, lest they be discouraged. Col. iii. 2. To deter from any thing willi/rom.
;

Why discourage ye the hearts of the children of Israel from goino; over into the land which the Lord hath given theiii ? Num. xxxii.
3.

To attempt to repress or prevent to dissuade from as, to discoura2:e an effort.

;

DISeOUR'AliED,
;

pp.

discur'uged.
;

Dis-

but it exjn-esses rather more formality To detect as, we discovered the artifice ; (). than talk. He discoursed with us an hour the thief, finding himself discovered, aton the events of the war. discoursed tempted to escape. together on our mutual concerns. Discover differs from invent. discover To commtmicate thoughts or ideas in a what beftjre existed, though to us unformal niamier to treat upon in a solemn, known we invent what did not before set manner as, to discourse nn the pro])erexist. ties of the circle the jircacher discoursed DISCOVERABLE, a. That may be discovon the natme and efiects of faith. ered that may be brought to light, or ex3. To reason to |)ass from premises to conposed to view. Daries. 2. sequences. That may be seen ; as, many minute aniDISCOURSE, II. t. To tieat of: to talk over; mals are discoverable only by the help of to discuss. lA'bl used.] the microscope. Let us discotirse our fortunes. Shak. .3. Tliat may be foimd out, or made known : DISCOURSER, n. One who discourses; a as, the scriptures reveal many things not discoverable by the light of reason. speaker; a liaranguer. 3. The writer of a treatise or dissertation. 4. Ajiparent visible; exposed to view.
;

We

We

heartened; deprived of coinage or confidence dejected depressed in spirits checked.

SwiJI.

Nothing

discoi^crablc in the

lunar surface

is

DISCOURSING, ppr.

Talking

conversing

ever covered.

DISCOUR'AgEMENT,
The
;

n.

discur'agement.

act of disheartening, or depriving of courage the act of deterring or dissuading from an undertaking the act of de;

preaching; discussing; treating ar some length or in a formal manner. DISCOURSIVE, a. Reasoning; passing from premises to consequences. Milton. Containing dialogue or conversation in;

Bentley.
;

2.

pressing confidence. That which destroys or abates coiu'age that which depresses confidence or hope that wliich deters or tcuils to deter from an undertaking, or from tlie prosecution of any thing. Evil examjdes are great discouragements U> virtue. The revolution
; ;

terlocutoiy.
epic is interlaced with coursive scenes.

The

pp. Uncovered disclosed to view laid oj)en revealed espied or first seen foimd out detected. DISCOVERER, n. One who discovers one who first sees or espies one who finds out, or first comes to the knowledge
; ;

DISCOVERED,
;

dialogue or dis-

Dryden.
[dis

2.

of something. A scout an explorer.

;
;

Shak.
; ;

DISCOUR'TEOUS,
courteous.]

a. discur'leous.
;

and
;'

DISCOVERING,
sing to

Uncivil

wanting

in

good

uncornplaisaiit manners ; as discourte;

rude

view

making known
detecting.

ppr. Uncovering disclolaying open revealing esjrying ; finding out ;

n.

ous knight.

was commenced imdcr every

couragement,

possible dis-

DISCOUR'TEOUSLY,
In a rude or imcivil
ility.

adv.

discur'teousi;/.

DISCOVERTURE,
A
covered.]

[Fr. decouvert,

un;

manner; with

inciv-

DISCOUR'AgER,

n. discur'ager.

One who

state t)f being released

from covertme

discourages; one who disheartens, or de one who impresses jiresses the courage diffidence or fear of success one who dissuades from an undertaking. DlSCOUR'AtilNG, ppr. discur'nging. Dis
;

DISCOUR'TESY,
or language
pect.
;

n. discur'tesy.

[dis

and

freedom of a
of a husband.

woman from

the coverture

courtesy.] Incivility;
ill

rudeness of behavior manners ; act of disres;

DISCOVERY,
served. Disclosure

2.

Be calm in arguing for fierceness makes Herbeit. Euor a fault, and truth discourtesy. heartening; depressing courage. a. Tending to dislieartcn, or to depress DISCOURTSHIP, n. Want of respect. Obs. B. Jonson. the couragi! as discouraging prospects.
;

n. The action of disclosing to view, or bringing to light ; as, by the discovery of a jilot, the public peace is pre;

2.

making known
to

a.s,

a bank-

nipt
.3.

is

DISCOURSE,
J.

n.

dL-^cors.

[Fr. discours; L.
;

DISC'OUS.
flat
;

a.
;

dis discm-sus, from di.s-curro, to I'amble and curro, to run It. discorso.] The act of the understanding, by which it passes from premises to conseriuences
;

wide

[from L. discus.] ISroad used of the middle |>lain and

Qiw'nf?/.
I'.

his estate

bound and

make a

full

discovery of

effects.

Hat

jrart

of some flowers.
(.

DISCOVER,
dcs or dis,

and

[Fr. decuuvrir ; de, for couvrir, to cover ; Sj). des-

I.

action of finding something hidden: as the discovery of lead or silver in the earth. The act of finding- out, or coming to the

The

D
knowledge

S
;

S
criminateil.

D
DISCRIM'INARLE,
j

1
a.

S
That may be
dis-

to give a different sound, to var}-, of; as the discovery of truth ; crepo, See Crepto jar dis and crepo, to creak. tlio discovery of magnetism. .). The act of espying ; first sight of; as the itate.] 'Difference ; disagreement contrariety ; ap-\ discovery of America by Columbus, or of the Continent by Cabot. plicabte to fads or opinions. There is no real discrepancy between these 6. That wliich is disc-ovcred, found out or two genealogies. Faber. revealed ; that which is first brought to a. Different ; disagreeing o: seen or known. The
;

DISCRIM IMATE, I'./.

[L. discrimino, from discrimeu, difliuence, distuiction ; dis and

crimen, differently applied coinciding with the sense of (Jr. ^laxfuvu, xpnu, L. cemo.^
;

1.

To

light,

iproperties

DISCREPANT,
contrary.

di.stingmsh
;

to ob.servc the difference

the magnet were an important discovery. iledcmgition froiri sin was a discovery be-

between true from

2.

DISCRE'TE,
erect.]
1.

a,

[L. discretus.

See Dis

yond the power

7.

.if

human

pliilosophy.

In

drainalii: poetry, the

plot, or the

unraveling of a nianuer of unfolding the plot

projjortion

or fable of a

comedy
n.
[l-'r.

or tragedy.
discredit
;

DISCRKU'lT.
ito
1.
;

S]<.

descred-

It.

scredilo.

See the Verb.]

; ;
:

of credit or good reputation some degree of disgrace or reproach disesteeni

applied
It Is

Want

to

persons or things.

Frauds
discredit.

in
2.

Disjunctive as, resign my lite, but not my honor, is a discrete pro|)osition. Johnson. may !>ring on his profession. Jiogers. DISCRE'TE, V. t. To separate to discon 2. Want of belief, trust or confidence distinue. Brown. [jVot tised.] belief; as, later accounts have brought the DISCRE'TION, n. [Fr. discretion ; It story into discredit. discrezione ; Sp. discrecion ; from the L DISeilED'IT, II. t. [Fr. decrediter; de, dcs, discretio, a separating discretus, discerno.
the duly of every christian (o he concerned for the reputation or discredit Ids iitc
;

manufactures bring them into

Discrete disjunct. the ratio of two or more (|uantities is the same, but there is iu)t the same proportion between all the nundiers as U : G : 8 : It), 3| bearing the same proportion to (!, as 8 But 3 is not to (i as (> to 8 does to I(). It is thus opposed to coiuinued or continual proportion, as 3 : (i I'i : 24. Harris

Separate;

distinct;
<ir

is

when

pairs of

numbers

separate; to select from others; to a.s, in the last judgment, the righteiuis will be discriminated from the wicked. 3. To mark with notes of difl'erenec ; to disdistmguish by some note or mark. criminate animals by names, as nature has discriminated them by different shapes and

To

as, we may usually discriminate false modesty.

make a distinction between

Wc

habits.

DISCRIMINATE,

r.
;

i.

To make

diflTer-

ence or distinction as, in the a|)phcatiou of law, and the punishment of crimes, the judge should (/iVn'mi/iH/c between degrees of guilt.
2.

To

obsfirve or note a difference

;

to dis-

as, in judging of evidence, we tinguish should be carefid to discriminate between

To disbelieve ; to give no credit to ; not See Discreet.] 1. Prudence, or knowledge and prudence to credit or believe; as, tiae report is disthat discernment which enables a person credited. to judge critically of what is correct and 2. To dei>rive of credit or good reputation proper, united with caution nice discern to make less reptuable or honorable ; to
1.
; ;

dis,

and

credit.]

DISCRIMINATE,
guished.

probabilitv and slight presumption.

a.

Distinguished; hav;

Bacon. j the (litlirence marked. RIScRII\I'lNATED,p;). Separated distin-

DISCRIM'INATELY, adv.
minute distinction
;

bring iiUo disesteeni to bring into some degree of disgrace, or into disrepute.
;

spection,

ment and judgment, directed by circum and primarily regarding one's

Distinctly particularly.
n.

with

Johnson.

He
Our
3.

least tiiscredits his

travels,

who

the same

man he went.

returns IVotton.
I

own conduct. A good man will guide his affairs with

tion.

DISCRIM'INATENESS,
;

Distinctness;
;

discre-

virtues will be often discredited with the

Ps. cxii.
son, keep sound
iii.

appeai'anee of evil.

Jiogers.

My
Prov.
2.

wisdom and

marked diflerence. Did. DISCRIM'INATING,;);)r. Separating distinguishing marking with notes of difference.
2. a.

discretion.

To
ful

deprive of credihilitv.
a.

Shak.
;

DLSCREyiTABLK,
credit
; ;

Tending

D1SRED

injurious to re|)Utatioii disreputable.

to injure disgr.iceBlair.
;

ITEI),
;

;*;j.

Disbelieved

brought

Liberty or power of acting without other control tlian one's own judgment as, the nuuKigcment of affairs was left to the dis crvtion of the jnince he is left to his own
; ;

3. a.

Distinguishing peculiar ; ized by peculiar differences criminating doctrines of the gospel. That discriminates able to make nice distinctions as a discriminating mind.
;
;
;

characteras the dis-

into disrepute

discretion.

DISCREDTTING,
trusting to cing.
It.
;

disgraced. /)/. Disbelieving; not depriving of credit disgra:

Hence,

To surrender at discretion, is to surren der without stipulation or terms, and commit one's self entirely to the jiower of the
;

DISCRIMINA'TION,

DISCREE'T,
id

ed

bly from the root of riddle, W. rliidyll, from ritidiuw, to secrete, as screen is from the root of secerno, or excemo, Gr. xpou, \j. cerno; Gr. iiaxpiTi;. Class Rd. It is sometimes written (/i>oe/c; the distinction

con(|ueror. a. [Fr. discret ; gji. discreto ; 3. Disjunction L. discretus, ihe participle assign; to disceriio, dis and cerno, but proba-

separation. [.Vo<
>

much

used.

Joum. of Science. n. The act of distinguishing; the act of making or observing a difference; distinction; as the discrimination between right and wrong.

Mede.
;

2.

The

state of being distinguished.

Stilling/led.

DISCRE "TIONARY, DISCRE"TIONAL,

between
literal

discreet

aiul discrete

is

arbitrary,

1.

Disjunctive noting separation or DISCU'BITORY, <r. [L. discubitorius ; discumbo; dis and cubo, to lie down or lean.] opposition. In logic, a diicrttive proposition expresses some distinction, opposition Leaning ; inclining ; or fitted to a leaning or variety, by means of fcu/, though, yet, Szc; Brown. posture. as, travelers change their climate, but not Dl SCULP ATE, r. t. [Fr. disndper; Sp. diswise. Gi;n. xli. their temper ; Job was patient, though culpar ; dis and L. culpa, a faidt.] adv. Prudently ; circumhis grief was great. To free from blame or fault ; to excidpate ; to excuse. spectly eaiuiously with nice judgment 2. In grammar, disrrctive distinctions are such of what is best to be done or omitted. as imply opposition or difference ; as, not Neither does this effect of the independence of naUons ilisciitpatc the author of an DISCREE'TNESS, n. The quality of being a man, but a beast. Johyison., unjust war. Trans, nf Vattet. Hist of California. discreet discretion. .3. Separate; distinct. DISREP'ANCE, > [h. discrepa7ilia, dis- DISCRE'TIVELY, adv. In a discretive DISCULP'ATED, pp. Cleared from blame ; from dismanner. PISREP'ANCY, S crepans, exculpated.

DISCRE'TIONARILY, > """ At discre hence discerning.] tion ; ac Prudent wise in avoiding errors or evil, DISCRE 'TIONALLY, I cording to discretion. and in selecting the best means to accomDISCltE'TIVE, a. [See Discreel >\m\ Dis plish a purpose circumspect cautious
, ; ;
; ;

but |)erhaps not entirely usele.ss. The sense is, separate, reserved, wary,

Left to discre "" tion unrestrain S ed e.xcept by discretion or judgment; that is to be directed or managed by discretiot only. Thus, the President of the U. States is, in certain cases, invested with discreto act according to cir tionary power.s,
ciuiistanccs.

3.

Mark of distinction.
a.

K. Charles.

DISCRIMINATIVE,

That makes the

mark of distinction; that constitutes the mark of difference; characteristic; as the

2.

discriminative features of men. That observes distinction; as discriminative

DISCRIM INATIVELY,
DISCRIM INOLS,
tised.]

providence.

More.
adv.

With

dis-

crimination or distinction.
a.

Foster.
[.Vol

Hazardous.

Harvey.

wary

not rash.

Crete]

man, not the witty, nor the learned, nor the brave, who guides the conversation, and gives measures to society. JUldison. Let Pharaoh look out a man discreet and
It is the discreet

DISCREETLY,
;

D
DISCULP'ATING,
blame
;

S
Freeing

D
from DISCUSS'ING,
tion.
7!.

S
;

D
examina- Disdiapason
:

S
:

ppr.

Discussion

ditone,

a compound consonance
2.

excusing.

in the proportion of 10

See DISUS'SION, n. In surgery, resolution Disdiapason semi-ditone, a compoimd con[L. discumbens. cord in the proportion of 24 5. the dispersion of a tumor or any coaguDiscubiton/.] Encyc. Coxe. Wiseman. DISE'ASE, 71. dize'ze. [dis and ease.] [n lated matter. The act of leaning at meat, according to the its manner of the ancients. Broum. 2. Debate ; disquisition ; the agitation of a primary sense, pain, uneasiness, distress, DISUM'BER, v. t. [dis and cumber.] To point or subject with a view to ehcit truth ; and so used by Spenser; but in this sense, obsolete. the treating of a subject by argument, to unburden to throw ofl" any thing cumclear it of difficulties, and separate truth 2. The cau.se of pain or uneasiness distembersome ; to disengage from any trouble-

DISUM'BENCY, n.

some weight, or impediment

cumber. [The
latter is

to

disen-

from falsehood.

generally used.]

DISCUSS'IVE,

DISCU'RE,
[J\^ot M.serf.]

1'.

t.

To
a.

Pope.
discover
;

a. Having the power to discuss, resolve or disperse tvunors or coag-

to reveal.

ulated matter.

Spenser.

DISCUSS'IVE,
es
;

n.

A medicine

that discuss-

DISeUR'RENT,
DISCUR'SION,
curro,
to

Not current.
[L. discvrro

a discutient.
a. [L. discutiens.]
71.

[JVotused.]

Sandys.
71.

DISCU'TIENT,
ing
;

Discuss-

run.]
n.

dis and ; running or rambling

dispersing morbid matter.

DISCU'TIENT,

about.

DISURS'IST,
puter.

[JVot in use.]
a.

DlSeURS'IVE,
desultory.
2.

discurro, supra.]
;

Bailey. dis[See Discourse.] L. .Addison. [Sp. discursiro, from L. Moving or roving about

medicine or application which disperses a tumor or any coagulated fluid in the body sometimes it is
;

DISDA'IN,
dedignor

Coxe. equivalent to carminative. 7>. t. [Fr. dedaigner ; Sp. desdeiiar ; It. sdegnare ; Port, desdenhar ; h.

Bacon.
;
;

Argiunentative reasoning proceeding regularly from premises to consequences sometimes written discoursive. VVIiether brutes have a kind of discicrsive faculty.
Hale.
adv. Argumentatively form of reasoning or argument.
n.

To

and dignor, to think lie, dis, worthy; dignvs, worthy. Sec Dignify.]
;
; ;

DlSeURS'lVELY,
in the

Hale.

DISeURS'IVENESS,
tion of argument.

Range or grada;

DISCURS'ORY,

a.

Argumental

rational.

Johnson.

think imwortliy to deem worthless to The shafts of disease shoot across our path consider to be unworthy of notice, care, in svich a variety of courses, that the atmosregard, esteem, or unworthy of one's chapliere of human life is darkened by (heir numThe man to contemn. racter to scorn ber, and the escape of an individual becomes alof elevated mind disdains a mean action most miraculous. Buckminster. he disdains the society of profligate, worth3. A disordered state of the mind or intelhe disdains to corrupt the innoless men lect, by which the reason is impaired. Goliath disdaincent, or insult the weak. 4. In society, vice coritipt state of morals. ed David. Vices are called moral diseases. Whose lather<i I would have disdained to set A wise man converses with the wicked, as a with the dogs ol' my flock. Job xxx.
;
; ; ;

disorder malady sickness any state of a living body in which the natural functions of the organs are interrupted or either by defective or preternatdistmbed, ural action, without a disrupture of parts by violence, which is called a ivound. The first effect of disease is uneasiness or pain, and the ultimate effect is death. disease may aflect the whole body, or a particular limb or part of the body. say, a diseased Vivnh a disease in the head or stomach aud such partial affection of the body is called a local or topical disease. The word is also applied to the disorders of other animals, as well as to those of man and to any derangement of the vegetative functions of plants.

per

We

DISCUS,
1.

2.

3.

DISD.\'1N, n. Contempt scorn a passion [L. See Eng. Dish and Disk.] excited in noble minds, by the hatred or a piece of iron, copper or stone, detestation of what is mean and dishonorin play tised by the ancients. able, and implying a consciousness of suIn botany, the njiddle plain part of a radiperiority of mind, or a supposed superiorated conii)ound flower, generally consistIn ignoble minds, disdain may spring ity. ing of small florets, with a hollow regidar from unwarrantable pride or haughtiness, petal, as in the niarigold and daisy. and be directed to ard objects of worth. Bailey. Encyc. It implies hatred, and sometimes anger. The face or surface of the sun or moon.
71.
;
;

physician with (he sick, not to catch the disMaxim of Antisthenes ease, but to cure it.

quoit

5.

to be

thrown

Political or civil disorder, or vices in a state any practice which tends to disturb
;

[See Disk.]

How my
;

soul

is

moved with

just disdain.

the peace of society, or impede or prevent the regular administration of government. The instability, injustice and confusion introduced into the public councils have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have every where perished. Federalist, Madison.

DISCUSS',

V.

and qnatio

Qualio may do and cado, to strike. See Class Gs. No. 17. 28. 08. 79. and Class Gd. No. 38. 40,
7(3.]
,

[L. discutio, di.9cussum ; dis discuter ; Sp. discut' be allied to quasso, and to cut.

Pope.

DISE'ASE,

Fr.

DISDA'INED,
scorned.
dainfal so id.
2.
.3.

pp. Despised;
a.

contemned;

DISDA'INFUL,

Fidl of disdain; as dis;

Literally, to drive ; to beat or to shake in pieces ; to separate by beating or shakin

1.
; ;

as a disdainful look. Contemptuous; scornful; haughty; inHooker. Dryden} lignant. To disperse; to scatter; to dissolve; to DISDA'INFLJLLY, adv. Contemptuously;! a medical in a haughty manner. with scorn as, to discuss a tirnjor repel South. use of the tvord.

Expressing disdain

2.

2.

To debate ; to agitate by argument clear of objections and dilHoulties, with view to find or illustrate truth ; to sift ; to examine by disputation ; to ventilate to reason on, for the pur|iose of separating disctiss a sub truth from falsehood. ject, a point, a problem, a ([uestion, the propriety, expedience or justice of a mea;

to
;i

DISDA'INFULNESS,

7!.

Contempt
;

;_con-

3.

V. t. dize'ze. To interrupt or impair any or all the natural and regular functions of the several organs of a living body; to afflict with pain or sickness; to make morbid used chiefly in the passive |iartici])le, as a diseased body, a diseased stomach liut diseased may here be considered as an adjective. To interrupt or render imperfect the regular functions of the brain, or of the intellect to disorder to derange. To infect to comimmicate disease to, by
;
;

teniptuousness; haughty scorn. DISDA'INING, ^ii^r. Conteriining

We

make uneasy. Locke. scorn- 4. DISE'ASED, />;). or a. dize'zed. Disordered ing. distenqiered sick. DISDAINING,)!. Contempt: scorn. DISDIACLAS'TIC, a. An ei)ithet given by DISE'ASEDNESS, 7i. dize'zcdness. The
; ;

Sidney.l

contagion. To pain to

sure,
3.

To

&c. break

in

pieces.

bid not used.]

4.

[The primary sense, Brown.

;

Bartholine and others to a substance supposed to be crystal, but which is a fine pellucid spar, called also Iceland crystal, and by Dr. Hill, from its shape, parallelo-

state

of being diseased
a.

sickness.

a morbid state Burnet.

DISE'ASEFUL,
with di.sease
2.
;

Abounding producing diseases; as a

dize'zefid.

To sliukf off. [jYot in use.] DISCUSS' El), pp. Dispersed

; ;

pipedum.

Encyc.
"
\

diseaseful climate.

Spenser. dissipated

^JISLtF^'iS
:

i^^'^niapason.]

Occasioning uneasiness.
n. dize'zemtnt.

DISE'ASEMENT,
;

Uneasi:

debated attituted argued. ness inconvenience. Bacon. In music, a compound concord in tlie quad2. 1 or 8 DISCUSS'ER, !. One who discusses; one DISEDG'ED, n. [dis and edge.] Blunted rujile ratio of 4 who sifts or examines. Shak. made didl. Disdiapason diapentc, a concord in a sextuC. DISCUSS'ING, ppr. Dispersing resolving DISEJMB'ARK, v. t. [Dis and embark Fr. ple ratio of 1
: ; ;
:

scattering; deliating; agitating; examin- Disdiapason semi-diapcnte, a com])Ound concord in the proportion of 10 3. ing by argument.
:

To

dcscmbarquer.] land to debark

;

to

remove from on

D
board a

D
v.
t.
;

S
and

D
To
de-

thus used by luistako for unen, DISENA'BLE, enable.] [dis gaged, not engaged.] prive of power, natural or moral; to disaA DISENGA'gEDNESS, n. The quality or ble to deprive of ability or means. man may be disenabled to walk by lame- state of being disengaged freedom from general disembarked the troops at sun-rise. connection disjunction. ness and by poverty he is disenabled to DISEMBARK, ]. i. To land; to debark to quit a ship for residence or action on Vacuity of attention. sujjport his family. shore ; as, the light inl'antry and cavalry DISENA'BLEI), pp. Deprived of power, DISENGA'gEMENT, ,1. A setting free separation extrication. ability or means. disembarked, and marched to meet the ensliip to the lanJ ; to put on sliore; applied particularly to the landing of troops and military apparatus ; as, the
is
;
;

word

DISEMB ARKED,
shore.

emy.

DISENA'BLING,
pp.

ppr. Depriving of power,

v.
t.

It is

Landed

put on

ability or mean.s.

caloric

easy to render this disengagement of and light evident to the senses.

Lavoisier.

DISENCirANT,
free
n.

[dis

and enchant] To

DISEMBARKING,
embarking.

DISEMB' ARKMENT,

remov;>;). Landing; ing from on board a ship to land.

The
[dis

act of dis-

from enchantment; to deliver iVom the power of charms or spells. Haste to thy work a noble stroke or two Ends all the chamis, and disenchants the
;

I. i. 4.

Liberation
ure.

Freedom from

he act of separating or detaching. (jr release from obligation.

attention
;

vacancy

leis-

DISEMBAR'RASS,
rass.]

To
;

perjjlexity

free to clear

and embarfrom embarrassment or

v.
f.
;

to extricate.

Mason. DISEMBARRASSED, pp. Freed from embarrassment extricated from diffi

;

cidty.

DISEMBARRASSING, ppr.
embarrassment or perplexity

Freeing from
;

DISEMBARRASSMENT,
DISEMBA'Y,

n.

extricating. The act of]

extricating from jier|)lexity. V. t. To clear from a bay. Sherburne.

t.
;

DISEMBIT'TER, v. [dis and embitter.] To free from bitterness to clear from acrimony
;

to

render sweet or pleasant.

J]ddison.
a.
;

DISEMBODIED,
2.

[dis

Divested of the body its or souls.

and embodied.] as disembodied spirin

Separated
body.

discharged from keeping

V.
f.

a
to

DISEftlBOD'Y,
free
2.

To

iiom

.MiHtia Ad. Geo. divest of body

III.
;

flesh.

To discharge from military array. i:t. disemb'iig. fr/is and the root of Fr. boiiehv, mouth. The French has embouchcr ami dihouquer. Sp. boca, mouth. Port, id.. It. bucca. See Voice.] To pour out or discharge at the inouth, as a stream to vent to discharge into the ocean or a lake. Koliiiig down, the steep Tiiiiavus raves,

DISEMBO'GUE,

Dry den. D1SENG.\'GING, ppr. Separating; loosDISENCH-ANTED, pp. Delivered from en- ing; setting free; detacliing liberating; releasing from obligation. chantment, or the power of charms. DISENCH'ANTING, ppr. Freeing from DISENNO'BLE, v. t. To deprive of title, or of that which ennobles. enchantment, or the influence of charms. Guardian. DlSENeUM'BER. r.t. [dis awA encumber.] DISENROLL, v. i. To erase froni a roll or To free from encumbrance to deliver bst. Donne. from clogs and impediments; to disbur DISENSLA'VE, v.t. To free from bon.lage. den as, to disencumber troo])S of their South. . . baggage; to disencumber the soul of its DItoENTAN'GLE, v. t. [dis and entangle.] body of clay to disencumber the mind of 1. To unravel to unfold to untwist to its cares and loose, separate or discoimect things which griefs. are interwoven, or united without order 2. To llec tiom any obstruction to free from any thing heavy or uimecessary as as, to diseyitangle net-work to disentangle a skain of yarn. a disencumbered bullclinir. Addison DISENCUMBERED, p}. Freed from in 2. To free to extricate frotn perplexity to cumbrance. disengage from complicated concerns to DISENCUM BERING, ppr. Freeing from set free from impediments or difliculties incumbrance. as, to disentangle one's self from business, from political affairs, or from the cares DISENUM'BRANCE, n. Freedom or de and temptations of life. livcrance from incumbrance, or any thing burdensome or troublesome. to separate. Spectator. 3. To disengage DISENGA'ciE, V. t. [dis and engage.] To DISENTANGLED, pp. Freed from entanslement extricated. separate, as a substance from any thing to DISENTAN'GLING, with which it is in union to free ppr. Freeing from loose to liberate as, to disengage a metal entanglement extricating. from extraneous substances. DISENTER'. [See Disiider.] Calorie and light must be disengaged dining DISENTHRO'NE, v.t. [dis aud To dethrone to depose Irom enthrone.] the process. Lavoisier .sovereign authority as, to disenthrone a king. 2. To separate from that to which one adgrove.
; ; ;
;

;
;

heres, or

is

attached

as, to

And through
waves.

nine channels disembogties

man from a party. 3. To disentangle; to

disengage a
to

DISENTHRO'NED,
DISENTllRO'MNG,

pp.

extricate;

clear

ved of sovereign power.

Deposed ;''dSDeposing; deof

title.

hii

Addison

v. i. To flow out at the controversies. inouth, as a river to discharge waters 4. To detach to wean to withdraw as, into the ocean, or into a lake. Innumerato disengage the heart or affections from ble rivers disembogue into the ocean. earthly pursuits. 2. To pass out of a "gulf or bay. 5. To fiee from any thing that commands . Discharge of the mind, or employs the attention as, to waters into the ocean or a lake. Mease. disengage the mind from study ; to disenDISEMBOSOM, V. t. To separate from the gage'one's self from business. bosom. G. To release or lilierate from a promise or Young. v. t. [dis and embowel.] obligation to set free by dissolving an enTo take out the bowels to take or draw gagement as, the men, who were enlistfrom the bowels, as the web of a spider. ed, are now disengaged ; the lady, who

DISEMBO'GUE,

from impediment.s, ditbculties or ties; as, to disengage one from

; ;

perple.xi broils or

ppr. privinsrof roval authority.

V. t.

DISENTITLE,

To
v.t.

d"eprive
[dis

South.

DISENTR'ANCE,
;

and entrance.] To awaken from a trance, or from deep sleep to arouse from a reverie.
Hudibras.

DISEMBO'GUEMENT,

DISENTR'ANCED,;);^ Awakened from a

trance, sleep or reverie.

DISEMBOWEL,

DISENTR'ANCING,;);)r. Arousing from a

trance, sleep or reverie.
v.t.

DISESPOUSE,
To
espouse.] to divorce.

disespou-J.

[dis

and
;

DISEMBOWELED,
from the bowels.
ins:

pp.

Taken or drawn
PMlini

had promised
riage,
is
it

to give

her hand in

m-oi'

separate after espousal or plighted faith

pp.

Disembowi'leit v/eh.

disettgaged.

DISEMBOWELING ppr.
from the bowels.
v. I.

Let

Taking or draw-

be observed that disengaged proj)

;

DISESPOUS'ED,
;

DISEMBRAN'GLE,
gation.
[JVot used.]
v.
I.

To

free

from

hti-

DISEMBROIL',
disentangle
tricate
;

to free

from confusion.

hum |)erplexity

[dis

and embroil] To
;

DISEMBROILED,
DISEMBROILING,
Vol.
I.

cleared from perplexity or confusion." ppr. Discntanglin; freeing troni confusion.

to exDn/den. Addison pp. liisentangled

DISENGA'gED, /)/).
set free;
2.

of esteem slight dislike disregard. It expresses less than hatred or contempt. Locke. gled. DISESTEE'M, v. t. To dislike in a moderff. Vacant; being at leisure not particuate degree; to consider with disregard, not having the attention larly occupied disapprobation, dislike or slight contempt: conlined to a particular object. to [This'
carelessly overlooked.
; ;

pousal released from obligation to marrvengagement and is not to be confounded with unengaged, DISESPOUS'ING, ppr. Separating after which iloes- not always imply ])rior enplighted faith. gagement. This distinction is sometimes DISESTEE'M, n. [dis and esteem.] Want
erly implies previous

MUton. Separated after es-

Separated; detached;
disjoined; disentan;

released;

63

sUght.

D
But
if this

S
Denham.

DIS
DISFUR'NISH,
j>.

DIS
To
ly
;

sacred

gift

you disesteem.
;

<.

deprive of fm-niture;

DISESTEE'MED, pp. Djsliked DISESTEE'MING, ppr. JDislikiu

ing.

[dis and furnish.] to strip of apparatus,

in a disgraceful

manuer

as, the

fled

troops

slighted,
slijrlit-

habiliments or equipage.

disgracefully.
n.

Shak.

DISFUR'NISHED,
ture
;

pp.

Deprived

Knolles. of furni

DISGRA'CEFULNESS,
shamefidness.
;

Ignominy;
;

stripped of apparatus.

DISESTIMA'TION,
repute.

n.

Disesteem

bad DISFUR'NISHING,;?/)r. Depriving of fur

niiiue or apparatus.

DISGRA'CER, n. One who disgraces one who exposes to disgrace one who brings
into
:

DISEX'ERCISE,
cise.
[Jl

v.

t.

To

bad

zvord.]
/.

deprive of exerMillon [Xoluscd.]

DISGAL'LANT,
lantrj'.

r.

t.

To

i'. t. a. [dis and garnish.] To DISGRA'CIOUS, [dis and gracious.] divest of garniture or ornaments. Ungracious ; unpleasing. Shak DISFA'VOR, ji. [dis and favor.] Dislike; 2. To deprive of a garrison, guns and mili DIS'GREGATE, v. t. To separate; to distary apparatus ; to degarnish. slight displeasure discoiiiuenance ; untaperse. [Little xised.] More voral)le regard ; disesteem the con- DISGAR'RISON, v. t. To deprive of a gar DISGUI'SE,t).?. disgi'ze. [Fr. deguiser ; de, as, rison. duct of the minister incurred the dis, and guise, manner.] Heivijt. disfavor of his sovereign. DISGAV'EL, D. . [Hee Gavelkind.] To take 1. To conceal by an unusual habit, or mask. 2. state of Men sometimes disguise themselves for away the tenure of gavelkind. unacceptableness ; a state in the pm-pose of which one is not esteemed or favored, or Blackstone committing crimes without of the tenure not patronized, promoted or danger of detection. They disguise their befriended; DISGAV'ELED,;;y(. Deprived faces in a masquerade. by gavelkind. as, to be in disfavor at coiu-t. 3. An ill or tenure 2. To hide by a counterfeit appearance ; to disobliging act as, no generous DISGAV'ELING, ppr. Taking away inan will do a disfavor to the meanest of Blackstone. cloke by a false show, by false by gavelkind.

DISFAN'CY,

v.

To dislike.

[.Yot used.]

disgrace, shame or contempt. deprive of gal DISGRA'ClNG,/);?r. Bringing reproach on B. Jonson. dishonoring.

DISG^ARNISH,

Hammond.

Ills

species.
J',

DISGLO'RIFY,

r.
;

<.

[dis

and

glorify.]

To

The participle disglorified is used by 3. To disfigure to alter the form, and exwithdraw or withhold from one, kindness, Milton but the word is little used. hibit an unusual appearance. to check or oppose friendsliip or support v. t. disgorj'. They saw the faces, which too well tliey knew, [Fr. degorger ; by disapprobation as, let the man be DISGORtiE, de, dis, and gorge, the throat.] Tliough then disguised in death. countenanced or disfavored, according to Dryden. 1. To eject or his merits. discharge from the stomach 4. To disfigure or deform by liquor; to intoxicate. Spectator. DISFA'VORED, pp. Discountenanced not throat or mouth to vomit. 2. To throw out with violence to discharge DISGUI'SE, n. A counterfeit habit adress favored. DISFA'VORER, n. One who discounte- violently or in great quantities from a con- intended to conceal the person wlio wears
;
; ;

DISFA'VOR,

t.

To

discountenance

to

deprive of glory

to treat with indignity.

language, or an artificial manner as, to disguise anger, sentiments or intentions.

;

Bacon. DISFA'VORING, ppr. Discountenancuig. DISFIGlfR./V'TION, n. [See nisjigure] The act of disfiguring, or marring external form.
2.

nances.

state of being disfigured gree of deformity.

i-.

The

some de

Thus, volcanoes are said to disgorge streams of burning lava, ashes and stones. Milton's infernal rivers distheir streams into a burning lake. gorge DISGORg'ED, pp. Ejected discharged from the stomach or mouth thrown out with violence and in great quantities.
fined place.
; ;

it.

2.

By the laws of England, persons doing unlawful acts in disguise are subjected to lieavy penalties, and in some cases, declared felons. false appearance'; a counterfeit show

an artificial or assumed appearance tended to deceive the beholder.

in-

DISFIG'URE,
change
figure;
to a
to

t.

[dis

and
;

figure.]

To DlSGORtiEMENT,
act of disgorging
;
;

n.

disgorj' ment.

The
Hall.
3.

worse form to mar external impair shape or form and ren-

a vomiting.
;

treacherous design is often concealed under the disguise of great candor.

DISGORG'ING, p;>r.
v.
i.

Discharging from the

Change of manner by drink

tion,

intoxica-

der
loss
2.

it

less perfect

and hcautitAd
;

as, the

intoxicated. To DISGOS'PEL, [dis and gospel] differ from the precepts of the gospel DISGllI'.SEMENT, n. Dress of concealment false appearaiice. Millon. [ATot used.] Changed to a worse D1SGR.\'CE, n. [dis and grace.] A state DISGUrSER, n. One who disguises himself form or appearance. impaired DISFJG'UREMENT, n. Change of exter- of being out of favor disfavor discs 2. or another. He or that which disfigures. teem as, the minister retired from court nal form to the worse dclacement of in disgrace. DISGUI'SING, />^r. Concealing by a counbeautv. Milton. Suckling. terfeit dress, or by a false show 2. State of intoxicaDISFIG'URER, n. One who disfigures. ignominy dishonor; shanje. 3. Cause of shame to turn the back to ting. as, DISFIG'IIRING, /(^r. Injuring the form or the enemy is n foul disgrace ; everv vice DISGUI'SING, n. The act of giving a false the of form. shape;

To

of a limb disfigures the body. mar to impair to injure beauty,

;

throat or month vomiting ejecting with violence and in great quantities.

UlSGVl'SED, pp. Concealed by

feit

^ ^

Shak. a counter-

habit or appearance
;

symmetrv or
:

excellence. pp.
in

OISFIG'URED,
form

impairing

beauty
[dis

DISFOREST. [See DISFRAN'CHISE,

To
;

is

Disafforest]
t.

a disgrace to a rational being.

v.
t.

4.

Act of unkindness.

J.,

awd franchise.]

DISFRAN'CHISED,

disgracing ai\ enemy and his performances. something To bring to shame to dishonor to sink disagreeable, and when extreme, produin estimation as a cause ; as, men often cing loathing or nausea. 2. Dislike; aversion; an boast of actions which disgrace them. rights and privileges of a free citizen, or of unpleasant sensation in the mind excited by some i)articular franchise. DISGRA'CED, pp. Put out of favor something otfensive in the manners, conduct, lanDISFRANCHISEMENT, n. The act of brought under reproach dishonored. a. Shameful guage or opinions of others. Thus, obscenrPi)roachdisfranchising, or depriving of the ]>rivi- DISGRA'CEFUL, ful dishonorable procuring shurm^ sinkity in language and clownishness in beleges of a free citizen, or of some particuhavior excite di.sgust. lar iintnunity. ing reputation. Cowardice is disgraciful to a soldier. Intemperance and profane DISGUST', v. t. To excite aversion in the DISFRAN'CHISING, ppr. Depriving of the ness are stomach to offend the taste. disgraceful to a man, but more privileges of a liee citizen, or of some par2. To displease toofiend the mind or moral disgraceful to a woman. ticular immunity. taste; with at or ivith ; as, to be disgusted DISGRA'CEFULLY, adv. With disgrace DISFRIAR, v.t. [dis and friar.] To deat foppery, or uilh vulgar manners. The senate have cast you forth di.''pncefuUi) To prive of the state of a friar. B. Jonson. [J^ot used.] disgust from is unusual and hardly legitimate. Sandys. Shamefully reproachfully ignominious
tions,

deprive of the rights and privileges of a free citizen to deprive of chartered rights and immunities; to deprive of any franchise, as of the right of voting in elec-

DISGRA'CE,
2.

To

[.Yol used.]

Sidney.
as,

2.

appearance. Theatrical imunmery or masking.

n.

put out of fivor;

DISGUST',
1.

[Fr. degoilt; de, dis,

;

the minister was dirgraccd. To bring a reproach on; to dishonor; as on agent. Men are ajit to take pleasure in
; ;

&c.

aversion to the taste of food or drink; an unpleasant sensation excited in the organs of taste by

taste, L. gustus.] Di.srelish ; distaste

and gout,

lilarkstone. 3.

pp.

Deprived of the

D
nauseous
;

S
;

D
To disinherit
;

S
from the possession
3.

D
To
fid

S
Dryden.
;

DISGUST'ED, pp. Displeased DISGUST'FUL, a. Offensive

or niornl taste.

offended. to the taste; exciting aversion in the natural

ppr.

to cut off

violate the chasity of; to debauch.

or enjoyment of an inheritance. [See Disinherit, which is more generally used.]

DISHONORABLE, a. Shameful; reproach;

DISHER'ITANCE,

n.

The

.state

of disher-

base

vile

bringing

shame on

stain-

DISGUST'ING,
2.

Provoking aversion
;

offending the taste. a. Provol<ing dishke

disgustiii/:; servility.

odious

hateful; as

DISGUST'INGLY,
give disgust.

adv.

In a

manner

to

Siinnbume.

DISH,

dishes

a dish, and dixns, (.Sax. disc, L. discus ; Gr. Siaxos ; Fr. disque ; ; Arm. disg ; VV. di/sgyl ; Sp. It. disco. It is the same word as disk and desk, and
n.

seems

to signify

something

flat,

plain or

extended.]
1.

hroad open vessel, made of various ma- DISHEVEL, used for serving up meat and various kinds of food at the table. It is some- DISHEVELED, and negligently without confinement times used for a deep hollow vessel for Addison. Milton. flowing in disorder as disheveled locks. liquor.^. 2. Tlic meat or provisions served in a dish. DISHEV^'ELING, ppr. Spreading loosely. 'DISH'ING, ppr. [See Dish.] Putting in a Hence, any particular kind of food.
terials,
; ;

Beaum. ing the character, and lessening reputHiting or of being disinherited. DISHER'ITED, pp. Cut off from an inher- tion. Every act of meanness, and every vice is dishonorable. itance or hercilitary succession. DISHER'ITING,;?pr. Cutting off from an 2. Destitute of honor ; as a dishonorable man. inheritance. Spenser. a state of neglect or disesteem. v.t. [Fr. decheveler ; de,dis, 3. In He that is dii^honorable iu riches, how much and cheveu, hair, clievelu, hairy, L. capiUus, more in poverty? Ecclesiasticus Class Gb.] adv. Reproachfully; To spread the hair loosely to suffer the hair in a dishonorable manner. of the head to hang negligently, and to flow without confinement tised chirjly in DISHON'ORARY, a. dizon'orary. Bringing dishonor on tending to disgrace lessenthe passive participle. Holmes. ing reputation. V. i. To spread in disorder Herbert. pp. Disgraced; brought into di.srepute. pp. or a. Hanging loosely

DISHEVEL,

DISHONORABLY,
;

DISHONORED, DISHONORER,
disgraces
indignitv.
;

7i.

one

One who dishonors or who treats another with

Milton.

DISHON'ORING, ppr.
ing into disrepute
nity.
;

have

liere a disli of

doves.
;

3.

say, a dish of veal or venison a warm dish ; a delicious dish. ; Afiiong miners, a trough in which ore is measured, about 28 inches long, 4 deep and C wide. Encyc. DISH, t'. /. To put in a dish as, tlie meat is all dished, and ready tor the table.

We

Shak. dish or dishes. a cold 2. a. Concave having the hollow form of a

j

Disgracing ; bringtreating with indighorn.]

dish

dish.

Mortimer.
a.

DISHORN,
of horns.

r./.

[dis

and

To

DISHON'EST,
est.] 1.

dizon'est.

[dis

and

hon-]

deprive Shak.

DISHORNED, pp.
DISHU'MOR,
ness
;

Strii>ped of horns.

DISH'-LOTH, DISH'-CLOUT,
the mergus.

A cloth used

for waslil2.

Void of lionesty; destitute of probity, infaithless (iaudutegrity or good faith Icnt knavish having or exercising a disposition to deceive, cheat and defraud
;

71.

[dis

and humor.] Peevish[Little

ttsed.]

ill

humor.
!.

Spectator.

S"' iug and wiping dishes.

Stvift.

DISH'-WASHER,
DISH'-WATER,
are washed.
n.

n.

The name of

Water

a bird, Johnson. in which dishes

;

applied persons as a dishonest man. Proceeding from fraud or marked by it frauduli'ut knavish as a dishonest trans
to
;
; ;

DISIMPARK', To tree from

nscd.]

[dis, in park.] to the barriers of a park free from restraints or seclusion. [Little
f.
;

and

Spectator.
n. [dis

action.

DISLMPR6VEMENT,
;

andimprove:

Disgraced
Latin.

dishonored from
;

the sense in

ment.]

Reduction from a better to a worse state

DISHABILLE,
DISHABIL',

"
(

[Fr. deshabille

des and

habillei; to dress.

See

Jiishoncst with lopped pears.

arms the youth ap Dryden.

;

the contrary to improvement or melioration; as the disimprovement of the earth.

[Little used.]

An

Habit.]

Disgraceful
;

ignominious from

the

Latin

undress

a loose negligent dress for the

sense.
Inglorious triumphs, and dishonest scars.

DISINCARCERATE,
cerate.]

v.

t.

A'orm. Stvift. [dis and incarto set free used.]

morniug.

But see Deshabille, the French

.5.

and more correct orthography. Dryden uses the word as a participle. " Queens are not to he too negligently
dressed or dishabille." not followed. In this use, he
is

Pope.

To

liberate

DISHONESTLY,

DISHAB'IT,
tion,

V. I.

To

drive from a habita-

Unchaste lewd. Shak. adv. dizon'esthj. In ai dishonest manner ; without good faith, or integrity ; with fraudulent probity views ; knavishly. Shak.
;

from prison
[jYot

from

confinement.

much
n.

Harvey.

DISINCLIN.VTION,
tion.]
;

[dis

and

inclina-

Want of inclination want of propensity, deaversion ; expressing less than hate. Disappointment gave him a disinclination tn
sire
;

[j^ot in usf.]
a.

Shak
Incongruous. [See HallyweU [dis and harmony.]

2.

Lewdly

imchastely.
n.

Ecclesiaslicus.

or aflection

DISHARMONIOUS,
Unharmonious.]

DISHON'ESTY,

dizon'esty.

Want

slight dislike

of

probity, or integrity in principle ; faithlessness; a disposition to cheat or defraud, DISHAR'iMONY, n. or to deceive and betray ; applied to perWant of harmony ; discord ; incongruity. sons. [.Vo( Kierf.] 2. Violation of trust or of justice ; fraud t. i-. dishart'n. [dis and

the

fair

sex.
V.
t.

Arbuthnot.
[dis

DISINLI'NE,

and

incline.]

To

DISHEARTEN,
heart.]

treachery

any deviation from probity or

to acts.

excite dislike or slight aversion ; to make disaft'ected; to alienate from. His timidity disinclined him from such an arduous enterprise.

To

to deprive of courage ; to discourage to deject to impress depress the spirits with fear as, it is weakness to be disheartened by small obstacles.
;
;

integrity; applied
3.

4.

Unchastity; incontinence; lewdness. Shak. Deceit wickedness shame. 2 Cor. iv.

; ;

DISINCLINED, pp. NotincHned;

DISINCLI'NING, ppr.
slight aversion.

averse.

Exciting dislike or
v.
t.

DISHEARTENED,
couraged
;

DISHON'OR,
;

n.

dizon'or. [dis
;

pp.

dishart'ned.
in
spirits
;

depressed

Discast

Reproach disgrace whatever constitutes a

the reputation. It wa5 not meet htinor. Ezra iv.
It

and honor.] ignominy; shame;

stain or blemish in

DISINCORPORATE,
;

down.

2.
for us to

DISHEARTENING,
DISHED, pp.
DISHEIR,
inheriting.

ppr.

dishaH'ning.

see the king's dis-

Discouraging; depressing the spirits. Put in a dish or dishes. V. t. diza're. To debar from
[JVotinuse.]

deprive of corporate powers to disunite a corporate Hume. body, or an established society. To detach or separate from a corporation or society. Bacon.
n.

To

may

express less than ignominy and

v.t.

DISINCORPORA'TION,
DISINFECT',
V.
t.

Deprivation of
If'arton.

the rights and privileges of a corporation.

[dis
;

infamy.

Dryden.

DISHONOR,

To
;

disgrace;

to bring

DISHER'ISON,
DISHER'IT,
and
heriter
;

n. [See Disherit.] The act of disinheriting, or cutting off from inheritance. Bp. Hall.
v.t.

reproach or shame on to stain the character of; to lessen reputation. The duelist rfis/ionors himself to maintain his honor.

and

infect.]

To

Arm.

[Fr. desheriter : dcs, dis, diserila ; It. diseredare ;

The
honors

impvuiity of the crimes of ^reat tlie administration of the law5.

men

cleanse from infection to purify from contagious matter. DISINFECT ED, pp. Cleansed from infection.

dis-

Sp. desheredar.

See Heir.]

5.

To

DISINFECT'ING,
Dryden.
fection.

ppr. Purifying from in-

treat with indignitv.

D
DISINFECTION,
fecting matter.

D
in-

n. Purification

DISINOENU'ITY,
;

n.
;

[dis

Meanness of artifice unfairness disinpenuousness want of candor. Clarendon,

;

from in- jDISIN'TEREST, v. t. To disengage from DISJOINT'LY, adv. In a divided state. Med. Rppos private interest or personal advantage. Sandys: and ingenuity.' Feltham. DISJUDICA'TION, n. [Little tised.] [L. dijudicatw.]

DISIN'TERESTED,

a.

Uninterested
;

Judgment; determination.

[Tliis

used, or not at all, in the sense here exjdained. See Ingenuity. now use in lieu of it disingenuousis little

word

We

different; free from self-interest having no personal interest or private advantage in a question or affair. It is important that a judge should be perfectly disinterested.
2.

[J\rot

used.]

Boyle.

DISJUNCT',
dis and rated.

[L. disjunctus, disjungo : jungo, to join.] Disjoined ; sepa71.

;

a.

ness.]

DISJUN'TION,
;

[L.

disjunctio.]
;

The

DISINgEN'UOUS,
Uiifaif
;

a.

[dis

not
artful

open,
;

(rank
;

and ingenuous. and candid

applied
to

Not influenced or dictated by private advantage

as a disinterested decision.
is

act of disjoining disunion separation ; a as the disjunction of soul and parting

;

meanly
sons.
2.

illiberal

per- [[This
j

word

more generally used than Mnadv.

body.

interested.]

DISJUNCTIVE,
In a disin2.
"i.

a.

Separating;

disjoin-

Unfair; meanly artful; unbecoming true honor and digtiity as disingenuous conduct; disingenuous schemes. DISINciEN'UOUSLY, adv. In a disingenuous manner not openly and unfairly candidly with secret management.
; ;
;

[DISINTERESTEDLY,
I

ing.

terested maimer.

DISIN TERESTEDNESS,
j)rivate

DISI.VgEN'UOUSNESS,
want of candor
;

n.
;

Unfairness;
as the disin-

n. The state or quality of having no personal interest or advantage in a question or event ; freedom from bias or prejudice, on account of private interest; indifference.

Grew. Incapable of union. [Unusual.] In grammar, a disjunctive conjimction or connective, is a word which unites sentences or the parts of discourse in construction, but disjoins the sense, noting an alternative or opposition ; as, I love him, or I fear him ; I neither love him, nor fear

low

craft

Brown.

genuousness of a man, or of his mind. 2. Characterized by unfairness, as conduct

or practices.

DISIN'TERESTING,
[The
latter is the

a.

Uninteresting.
4.

uord now used.] n. The act of disinterring, or taking out of the earth. DISINIIER'ISON, ?(. [dis and inherit.] The act of cutting off from liereditary DISINTER'RED, pp. Taken out of the

him. In logic, a disjunctive proposition,

in

is

one
each

DISINTER'MENT,
earth or grave.

other,
either

succession; the act of disinheriting. Bacon. Clarendon.

2.

which the parts are opposed by means of disjunctives; day or night.

disjunctive syllogism, is

to

as, it is

when
;

the

ma-

DISINTER'RING,
DISINTHRALL', To liberate from
vitude
;

;>;.

Taking out of the

of being disinherited. Taylor. DISINHERIT, i>. t. [dis and inherit.] To cut off from hereditary right to deprive of an iidieritance to prevent as an heir from conjiiig into possession of any property or right, wliich, by law or custom, would devolve on him in the course of
state
;
;

The

earth, or out of a grave.

[dis and enthrall.] slavery, bondage or seror rescue from oppression.
v.
t.

as, the earth jor proposition is disjunctive 7noves in a circle, or an ellipsis ; but it does not move in a circle, therefore it moves in

an

ellipsis.
71.

fFatts.

to free

DISJUNCTIVE,
as
;

word

that disjoins,

South.

or, nor, neither.

DISINTIIRALL'ED,
bondage.
slavery or servitude.

pp.

Set

free

from

DISJUNCTIVELY,

adv.

In a disjunctive

father sometinjes disinherits In England, the by will. crown is descendible to the eldest son. who cannot be disinherited by the will of his father. DISINHERITED, pp. Cut off from an in-

descent.
his

DISINTHRALL'ING, ;;;)(.

Delivering from
Liberation from
E'. jXott.

cliildren

manner separately. DISK, ?!. [L. discus. See Dish and Desk.] The body and face of the sun, moon or a
planet, as

it appears to us on the earth ; or the body and face of the earth, as it appears to a spectator in the moon. .Yewton. DISINU'RE, V. t. [dis and inure] To deDryden. Milton. 2. A rpioit; a piece of stone, iron or copper, lieritance. prive of familiarity or custom. inclining to an oval figure, which the anDISINHERITING, ppr. Depriving of an DISI.NVI'TE, V. I. To recall an invitation. cients hurled by the help of a leathern Finetl. hereditary estate or right. DISIN'TEGRABLE, a. [dis and integer.] DISINVOLVE, V. t. disinvolv'. [dis and in- thong tied round the person's hand, and To uncover to unfold or imroll That may be separated into integrant volve.] put through a hole in the middle. to disentangle. More. of disintegration. Some whirl the disk, and some the cajjable parts

DlSfNTHRALL'MENT, n.
bondage
;

emancipation from slavery.

Argillo-calcitc is readily disintegrable by exKlitvan. posure to the atmosphere.

t.

DIS.IOIN',

j'.l.

[dis

and Join.]
;

To

jav'Iin

part; to
3.

disiuiite; to separate

to sunder.
;

Disunited separated. DISIN'TE<;RATE, v. the central part of a radiate compound [dis and integer.] DISJOINTED, pp. To separate the integrant jjarts of. flower. DISJOIN'ING, ppr. Disuniting severing. Martyn. Marlite5 are not disintesrated by exposure To sepa- DISKI'NDNESS, n. [dis and kindness.] DISJOINT', V. [dis and joint.] to the atmosphere, at least in six years. Want of kindness imkindness; want of rate a joint to separate parts united by
;

dart. Pope. In botany, the whole surface of a leaf;

t.

DISIN'TEGRATED,

affection. to disjoint joints; as, lo di.ijoint the limbs 2. Ill turn; injiu-y ; detriment. floodward. bones; to disjoint a fowl in carving. integrant parts without chiniical action. To put out of joint ; to force out of its DISLI'KE, n. [dis and like.] Disapprobai"2. DISINTEGRA'TION, n. The act of sepa socket ; to dislocate. tion ; disinclination; displeasme ; averrating integrant parts of a substance, as 3. To sion ; a moderate degree of hatred. separate at junctures; to break at the distinguished from decomposition or the man shows his dislike to measures which part where things arc united }ty cement Kirwnn separation of constituent [jarts. as disjointed columns. he disapiiroves, to a jirojiosal which he is DISINTER', V. t. [dis and inter.] To take 4. To break in pieces; to separate united disinclined to accept, and to food which he out of a grave, or out of the earth as, to does not relish. All wise and good men parts ; as, to disjoint an edifice the disdisinter a dead body that is buried. manifest their dislike to folly. jointed parts of a ship. 3. To take out as from a grave ; to bring 5. To break the natural order and relations 2. Discord ; disagreement. [j\"ot in use.] from obscurity into view. of a tliiiig ; to make incoherent ; as a Fairfax. The philosopher may be concealed in a pie disjointed speech. DISLI'KE, v.t. To disapprove ; to regard beian, wliich a proper education might have Shak. with some aversion or displeasure. Addison. DISJOINT', V. i. To fall in pieces. disinttiretl.
:

Kirwan.

pp.

Separated into

[^Unitsiial.']

We
we

DISINTERESSED. DISI.XTERESSMENT.
DISIN'TEREST, What is contrary
tage
;

I
<i

[See Disintercsted, &c.]

DISJOINT',
]iarted

a. Disjointed.

Shak.
at the joints:
2.

dislike

DISJOINT'ED, ;)p. Separated

;

we
To
gust

dislike

proceedings which iiersons of

;

we deem wrong
evil

habits;

)?.

[dis

and

interest.

to the interest or
;

disadvantage

injury.
;

or not at all.] 1. Indifference to profit private advantage.

[Little Glanville.

advanused
to

limb from limb; carved; put out of joint not coherent.

dislike

whatever gives us pain.

DISJOINTING,
rent.

Separating joints: ppr. disjoining limb from Umb ; breaking at the

disrelish to regard with some disto dislike particular kinds of food. ; as,
; ;

want of regard

seams or junctures; rendering

incohe

DISLI'KED, pp. Disapproved " jDISLI'KEFUL, a. DisUking

)

disrelished. disaflected,

Johnson.

[JVot used.l

Spenser.

D
likeiiess;

S
;

D
;

S
DISMEM'BER,
;

D
r.
/.
;

S
To

Shak. DISLI'KEN, V. t. To make iiiiliko. DISLI'KENE.SS, n. [dis and likeness.] Uii-

want of
n.

resenibliiiicc

dissimili- 2.

calamitous; unfortunate; as a dismal accident dismal effects. Milton. horrible as a dismal scream. Frightful
;

tude.

DISLI'KER,
disrelishes.

One who
ppr.

Locke. disapproves, or
;

DIS'MALLY,
rowfully
;

adv.

Gloomily

horribly

sor-

uncomfortably.
n.
v.t. [dis

divide liinl) from ber from the body to tear or cut in pieces to dilacerate to mutilate. Fowls obscene dismembered his remains.
;

[dis and member.] limb ; to separate a mem-

DIS'MALNESS,

DISLI'KING,
ishing.

Disapproving

disrel-

DISMANTLE,
demanteler.]
1.

Gloominess; horror. and /nantle ; Fr.

;

2.

DISLIMB',
from.

v.t. dislim'.
v.t. dislim'.

To To
and
It.

tear the limbs

Diet.

To To

deprive of dress
loose
;

to strip

to divest.

South.
2. 3.

Pope. separate a j)art from the main body ; to divide to sever as, to dismember an or republic. Poland empire, kingdom was dismembered by the neighboring

To

DISLIMN',
picture.

strike out

[JVol in use.]
V.
t.

of a Shak.

to

throw open.
;

Shak.

DIS'LOeATE,
place
;

[dis
;

locate, L. locus,

Fr. distoquer

More generally, to deprive or strip of apparatus, or furniture to unrig ; as, to dismantle a ship. To deprive or strip of military furniture as, to dismantle a fortress. To deprive of outworks or forts as, to dismantle a town.
; ;

DISMEM

powers.

15ERED,

pp.

Divided

member

dislocare.]

from member; torn or cut in pieces; divided by the separation of a jjart from the

To

displace ; to put out of its proper place ; 4. particularly, to put out of joint to disjoint ; to move a bone from its socket, cavity or 5.
;

DISMEAI BERING, ppr.

place of

articiiliitioii.

main hodv. Separating a limb or limbs from the body dividing by taking a part or pa/ts from the body.
;

DIS'LOCATED,
proper place
;

pp. Removed of joint. jiut out

from

its

f).

To

break

down

as, his

nose dismantled.
Dryden.
;

DISMEM'BKRING,

. Mutilation.

pp. Divested stripped of unrigged. DISLOCA'TION, i. The act of moving DISMAN'TLING, ppr. Stripping of dress from its proper place depriving of apparatus or furniture. particularly, the act of removing or Ibrcing a bone from its DISIVrASK, V. t. [dis and mask ; Fr. dcmassocket luxation. rpier.] Encyc. 2. The state of being displaced. Burnet. To strip off a mask to uncover to remove that which conceals. 3. A joint displaced. Shak. If'otton. 4. In geology, the displacement of j)arts of DISMA8KED, pp. Divested of a mask roc!<, or portions of strata, from the situstripped of covering or disguise luicovwhich they originally occupied. ered. ations Cyc. DISM^ASKING, ppr. Stripping of a mask DISLODuE, V. t. dislodj'. [dis and lodge.] or covering. To remove or drive from a lodge or place DISMAST, V. t. [dis and mast ; Fr. dematof rest to drive from the place where a er.] Shells To deprive of a mast or masts; to break thing naturally rests or iniiabits. and carry away the masts from as, a resting in the sea at a considerable depth, arc not dislodged by storms. storm dismasted the ship. 2. To drive from a place of retirement or DISM^ASTED, pp. Deprived of a mast or retreat as, to dislodge a coney or a deer. masts. 3. To drive from any place of rest or hab- DISMASTING, ppr. Stripping of masts. n. The act of dismastitation, or from any station as, to dislodge DISM-ASTMENT, the enemy from their (piarters, from a hill ing the state of being dismasted. Marshall. or wall.

DIS'LOCATING,

ppr. Putting out of proper place or out of joint.

;

its

DISMAN'TLED,
furnilure
;

DISMEMBERMENT,
;

Blackstone. n. The act of severing a limb or limbs from the hixly the act of tearing or cutting in pieces; mutilation ihc act of severing a part from the
;

main body
ment of

division ; separation. JIej)oinled out the danger o{ & dismember;

DISMET'TLED,
spirit.

the republic. Hist, of Poland. Encyc. a. Destitute of fire or

[.Vo/
V.

much
t.

used.]

Uewellyn.

DISMISS',
dis,
1.

[L.
;

and

mitto, to

To

send away
;

dimissus, dimitto ; di, Fr. demettre.] ; properly, to give leave of

send

departure

authoritj' in a

2.

clerk dismissed the assembly. Acts. To discard to remove from office, service or em])loyment. The king dismisses his ministers the master dismisses his servant and the employer, his workmen. Officers arc dismissed from service, and
; ;
;

The town

to i)ermit to depart ; implying person to retain or keep.

3.

students from college. To send to dispatch.

;

4.

To remove an army

to other quarters.

DISMA'Y,

v.t.

[Sp. desmayar

7!. Discharge dismission. [.Vof used.] Sp. desmayarse, to faint ; It. smagarsi, to DIS.^IISSAL, V. Dismission. despond.] To deprive of that strength or firmness of DISMISS'ED, ^jp. Sent away; permitted to depart removed from office or emmind which constitutes to disDISLODGING, ppr. driving from a lodge, courage to dishearten courageor to sink ployment. depress from a place of rest or retreat, or from the spirits or resolution hence, to affright DISMISSING, ppr. Sending away; giving any station. leave to depart removing from office or or terrify. DISLOY'AL, a. [dis and loyal; Fr.deloyal; service. Be slrono;, and of a good courage be not Sp. desleal.] Josh. i. afraid, neither be thou di.^mai^ed. DISMIS'SION, n. [L. dimissio.] The act 1. Not true to allegiance; false to a soveof sending away; leave to depart; as the DISM.\'Y, n. [Sp. desmayo. Port, desmaio, reign faithless as a disloyal subject. a swoon or fainting fit.] dismission of the grand jury. 2. False treacherous ; as a dis- Fall or loss of courage a sinking of the 2. Removal from office or employment; dis])erfidious Shak. loyal knave. depression ; dejection a yielding charge, either with honor or disgrace. spirits 3. iSlot true to the marriage-bed. Shak. that loss of finnness which is ef- 3. An act requiring departure. [Mt usual.] to fear fected by fear or terror fear im])ressed Shak. 4. False in love not constant. Johnson. 4. Removal of a suit in equity. terror felt. In
; ; ; ;
;

Shak. DISLODGE, r. i. To go from a place of rest. Milton DISLODfi'ED, pp. Driven from a lodge or place of rest removed from a place of habitation, or from any station.

maiar; probably formed by Teutonic magan, to be strong The sense then is to deprive of strength. DISMISS',

He. dismissed embassadors from Pekin to Tooshoo Loomboo. [Improper.] Port, desEnci/c. des and the 4. To send or remove from a docket ; to discontinue; as, to dismiss a bill in chancery. or able.
;

DISLOY'ALLY,
ner
; ;

adv.

a disloyal ntan-

with violation of faith or duty to a sovereign faithlessly perfidiously. DISLOY'ALTY, n. Want of fidelity to a sovereign violation of allegiance, or duty to a prince or sovereign authority. 2. Want of fidelity in love. Shak.
;
;

In

otliet's

countenance read his

DISMA'YED,
of courage.

And each DISMISS'IVE, a. Giving dismission. own disrnay. DlSiMORT'GAGE, v.t. dismorgage. To Milton. redeem from mortgage. Howell. pp. Disheartened deprived DISMOUNT', V. i. [dis and mount : Fr.
;

DISMA'YEDNESS,
edness.

n.

state

dismayed; dejection of courage

DIS'MAL,

a.

s as

:.

[I

am

not satisfied
;

[A

useless word,

and

with the etymologies of this word which I have seen.] Dark gloomy as a dis- DISM.\'YING, ppr.
;

Depriving of courage.

; Sp. desmontar : It. smontare.] alight from a horse; to descend or as a rider from a beast as, the not used.] officer ordered his troops to dismount. Sidney. 2. To descenfl from an elevation. Spenser.

demonter

of being
dispirit-

1.

To

get

off,

2.

mal shade. Sorrowful

DISME,
;

[French.]
tithe.

DISMOUNT',
from a horse
;

V.

t.

To throw
;

tenth part

dire

horrid

melancholy

DiaiE,

^"-

Ayliffe.

to unhorse dismounted his adversary.

as,

or remove the soldier

D
3. 3.

S
elevaSackvitk.

D
DISOBLI'gED,
jured

S
in-!|2.

D
disobliges.
;

S
as the disorderly
;

To
tion.

tlu-ow or briug

down from any

^p. Offended; slightly

n.

Tumultuous; irregidar;
;

or remove cannon or other aror to break tillery from their carriages the carriages or wheels, and render guns
;

To throw

DISOBLI'GER,
DISOBLI'GIING,
2.

One who

3.

useless.

DISMOUNT'ED,
or from an ed troops.
2.

;;;>.

Thrown from a
;

horse,

elevation

moved from horses by order;

unfit for service.

unhorsed, or reas dismountit

ppr. Offending contravening the wishes of; injuring slightly. not disposed to gratify a. Not obliging the wLshes of another; not disposed to unkind offensive ; nnpleasing ])lease unaccommodating as a. disobliging coach;
;

motions of the spirits. Lawless contrary to law violating or disposed to violate law and good order;
; :

as disorderly people disorderly assemblies. Inclined to break loose ftom restraint unruly as disorderly cattle. DISOR'DERLY, adv. Without order, rule
;

Applied to horses,

signifies

man.

or method irregularly a disorderly manner.

;

confusedly

in

DISOBLI'gINGLY,
manner
;

adv. In
n.

a disobliging
Ofiensiveness
;

or removed from carriages. DISMOUNT'ING, ppr. Throwing from a horse unhorsing removing from an elevation throwing or removing from car; ; ;

Thrown

offensively.

DISOBLIGINGNESS,
DISOPIN'ION.
n.

disposition to displease, or ness to please.

want of

readi-

riages.

DISNAT'URALiZE,
to deprive

v.

t.

To make

alien;

Difference of opinion. [A bad ivord and not used.] Bp. Reynolds.

a.

Savages lighting disorderly with stones. Raleigh In a manner violating law and good order in a manner contrary to rules or established institutions. \Vitli(haw from every brother that walketh
;

disorderli/.

2 Tliess. a.

iii.

of the privileges of birth.

a.

DISORB'ED,

[dis

and
;

orb.]

Thrown DISOR'DlNATE,
regularlv.

DISNA'TURED,

Deprived or destitute
;

out of the proper orbit

as a star disorbed.

Disorderly; living irMilton.

adv. Inordinately
n.
;

of natural feelings

unnatui-al.
[dis

Shak.
obedience.]

Shak.

DISOR'DINATELY,
regularly
;

ir-

DISOBE'DIENCE,

n.

and
;

disordinc] The act of disorganizing; the act of ize.] or regular disposition; 1. Want of order destroying organic structure, or connectimmethoilical distribution irregularity ed system the act of destroying order. confusion a word of general application ; 2. The state of being disorganized. of duty prescribed by authority. as, the troops were thrown into disorder speak of the disorganization of the body, By one man's disobedience, many were made the papers are in disorder. or of government, or of society, or of an sinners. Rnm. v. disturbance of the peace of so 2. Tumidt army. 2. Non-compliance. ciety as, the city is sometimes troubled DISORGANIZE, v.t. [dis and organize. This disobedience of the moon. Blackmore with the disorders of its citizens See Organ.] To break or destroy organDISOBE'DIENT, a. Neglecting or refu- i. Neglect of rule irregidarity. ic structure or connected system; to dissing to obey omitting to do what is comFrom vulgar bounds with brave disorder solve regular system or union of parts; as. manded, or doing what is prohibited part. to disorganize a government or society ; not observant of duty or rules reach of art. And snatch a grace beyond the refractory to disorganize an army. prescribed by authority as cliildren dis Pope. Every account of the settlement of Plymouth obedient to parents citizens disobedient to 4. Breach of laws violation of standing mentions the conduct of Lyford, who attemptthe laws. ed to disorganize the church. or institutions. rules, I was not disobedient to the heavenly vision 5. Eliot's Biog. Diet. Irregularity, distmbance or interruption Acts xxvi. of the functions of the animal economy DISORGANIZED, Reduced to disorpp. 2. Not yielding to exciting force or power. disease <listeniper; sickness. der being in a confused state. [See />i.s Disorder however is more frequent- DISOR'GANiZER, n. One who disorganMedicines used unnecessarily contribute to ease.] shorten life, by sooner rendering peculiar part: izes one who destroys or attempt.s to inly used to e.\press a slight disease of the system disobedient to stimuli. (3. Discomposure of the mind turbulence of terrupt regular order or system one who Darwin introduces disorder and confusion. passions. V. i. [dis and obey.] To neglect 7. Irregularity in the functions of the brain DISOBEY', DISOR'G.^NIZING, ppr. Destroying reguor refuse to obey to omit or refuse to do lar and connected system ; throwing into derangement of the intellect or reason. what is commanded, or to do what is DISOR'DER, V. t. To break order ; to de confusion. forbid to transgress or violate an order range to disturb any regular disposition 2. a. Disposed or tending to disorganize; as or arrangement of things; to put out of or injimctioii. Refractory children disoa disorganizing spirit. to con- DISOWN, V. t. to throw into confusion men disobey their ma- method bey tiieir parents [dis and oimi.] To deny not fuse applicable to every thing susceptible of ker and the laws and Vve all disobey the to own to refuse to acknowledge as beorder precepts of the gospel. [The tvord is aplonging to one's self. A parent can hardboth to the command and to the per- 2. To disturb or interrupt the natinal fmicdisown his child. An author will somely plicable to produce tions of the animal economy son commanding.] times disown his writings. sickness or indisposition as, to disorder To deny not to allow. DISOBEY'ED,^;;. Not obeyed neglected the head or stomach. To disown a brother's better claim. Dryden. transgressed. DISOBEY'ING, ppr. Omitting or refusing 3. To discompose or disturb the mind to DISOWNED, pp. Not owned not acruffle. as auto obey violating transgressing, knowledged as one's own; denied; disal4. To disturb the regular operations of rea thoritv or law. lowed. DISOBLIGA'TION, n. [dis and obligation.] son to derange as, the man's reason is DISOWNING, ppr. Not owning; denying; The act of disobliging an offense cause disordered. disallowing. Clarendon. 5. To depose from holy orders. [Unusual. DISOX'YDATE, v. /. of disgust. [dis anA orydate.] To
;

Neglect or refusal to obey violation of a command or prohibition the omission of that which is commanded to be done, or the doing of that which is forbid breach
; ;

DISOR'DER,
dre

n.

[dis
;

and order
It.

Fr. desor

viciously.

Sp. desorden
;

DISORGANIZATION,
;

[See Disorgan-

We

DISOB'LIGATORY,
tion.

a.

Releasing obligaK. Charles

Dry den.

DISOBLI'GE,

v.t.

[dis
;

and

an act which contravenes the will or desires of another to oflend by an act of nnkinduess or incivility; to injure in a a term by which offense is slight degree
:

oblige.]

To do

DISOR'DERED,
ranged
sed
; ;

pp. Put out of order; dedisturbed ; discomposed confu; ;

reduce from o,\ydation ; to reduce from the state of an oxyd, by disengaging o.\ygen from a substance as, to disoxydate
;

sick

indisposed.
;

iron or copper.

DISOR'DERED,
vicious
;

loose

a. Disorderly; irregidar; unrestrained in behavior. Shak.

DISOX'YDATED,
state of

pp.

Reduced from

tlie

an

o.xyd.

tenderly expressed. My plan has f;iven oft'cnse to some gentlemen, whom il would not be very safe to disoblige.

DISOR'DEREDNESS,
;

Mdison

DISOR'DERLY,
;

2.

To

release from obligation. [JVot used.]

Bp. Hall

n. A state of disorder or irregularity confusion. immelhoda. "Confused ical ; irregular being without proper order or disposition as, the books and papers are in a disorderly state
; ;

DISOX'YDATING,

ppr.
n.

Reducing from
act or process

the state of an oxvd.

DISOXYDA'TION,

The

of freeing from oxygen and reducing from Med. Repos. the state of an oxyd. [This ivord seems to be preferable to deoxydate.]

D
DISOX'YgENATE,
nale.]

I
v.

S
I.

D
[dls

D
|

and

To

oxyg<>-

DISOX'YGENATED,
ygen.

deprive of oxygen. pp. Freed from ox

ppr.

DISOX'YGENATING,
oxygen.

Freeing from

DISOXYOENA'TION,
DISPA'CE,
DISPA'IR,
V.
i.

n. The act or pro cess of separating oxygen from any sub stance containing it.
[(lis

and

spalior,

range about.

Obs.

V. t. [dis and pair.] To separate a pair or couple. Beauvi. i'. t. [L. dispando.] To display. in use.] Did. [JVot DISPAN'SJON, ?i. The act of spreading or dis|>laying. [JV'o< in use.]

L.] To Spenser.

DISPAND',

condition or circumstances: followed by ecution or transaction of business with due of or in. Bacon. say, disparity in or of years.' diligence. 2. Dissimilitude unlikeness. 2. Sjiced haste expedition due diligence DISP'ARK, 1'. t. [dis and park.] To throw' as, the business was done \\\t]i dispatch; Shak.' open a park to lay open. go, but make dispatch. 2. To set at large to release from 3. Conduct management. [.\'ot used.] inclo-| sure or confinement. Waller: Shak. letter sent or to be sent with DISP'ART, w. . [dis ixn<\ pari; Fr. deparlir 4. expediL. dispartior. See Part. Dis and part or a letter tion, by a messenger express both imply separation.] on some affair of state, or of public conTo part asunder to divide to separate to cern or a packet of letters, sent by some sever to burst to rend to rive or split It is l)ublic officer, on [)ublic business. as disparted air disoften used in the jilural. A vessel or a disparted towers parted chaos. [An elegant poetic word.] messenger has arrived with dispatches for the American minister. A dispatch was Milton The to immediately sent to the admiral. DISP^ART, V. i. To separate to

We
;

;'

;j

open

cleave.

DISPAR'ADISED,
Removed from

a.

[dis

and paradise

secretary
71.

was

prejiaring his di.ipalches.

;

DISP'ART,

paradise.

DISPAR'AGE,
dis,
1.

In gunnery, the thickness of the metal of a piece of ordnance at the

DISPATCH'ED,
;

2.

r. <. [Norm, desperager ; des, mouth and britch. Bailey. and parage, from peer, par, equal.] DISP'ART, V. t. In gunnery, to set a mark to another of inferior conon the muzzle-ring of a i)iece of ordnance, dition or rank to dishonor by an unequal so that a sight-line from the top of the match or marriage, against the rules of ba.sc-ring to the mark on or near the muzdecency. zle may be to the axis of the bore To match unequally to injure or dishon- or hollow parallel cyhnder. Encyc. or by union with somethiugof inferior exDISPARTED, pp. Divided; separated;

pp. Sent with haste or by a courier express sent out of the world ; put to death performed finished.
;

To marry one

DISPATCHER,
one that
2.
kills.

n.

One

that dispatches:

cellence.

that .sends on a special errand. DISPATCH'FUL, a. Bent on haste ; indicating haste intent on s|)eedy execution of business; as dispaichfiil looks. Milton. DISPATCH'ING, ppr. Sending away in
;

One

Johiison.

3.

4.

To injure or dishonor by a comparison with something of less value or excellence. To treat with contempt to undervalue to lower in rank or estimation to vilily to bring reproach on to reproach; to debase by words or actions to dishonor.
; ; ; ;

parted

rent asunder.
ppr. Severing; dividing; cleaving.
;

ha.ste

putting to death
r.
t.

executing

fin-

DISPARTING,
bursting
;

ishing.

DISPAUPER,

[dis

and pauper.]

To

DISPAS'SION, n. [dis nn(\ passion] Free dom from passion an undisturbed state
of the mind
;

Thou

DISPAS'SIONATE,
calm
to
;

durst not thus disparage glorious ;irms.

.1/(7(0)1.

composed
;

temperate

DISPAR'AgED,
neath his
;

pp.

Married
;

to

one be-

or her condition unei|ually matched dishonored oi- injured by com parison with .soniethin<r interior; under
vahicil
;

persons ; as dispassionate men or judges. Not dictated by passion not proceeding from temper or bias; impartial; applied to things ; as dispassionate proceedings.
;

Temple Free from pa.ssion moderate unmoved by feelings applied

apathy.
;

a.

;
;

impartial

deprive of the claim of a pauper to public support, or of the capacity of suing in forma pauperis ; to reduce back from the state of a pauper. A man is dispaupered, when he has lands

DISPEL
To

fallen to him or property given him. Encyc. I', t. [L. dispello ; dis and pello, to See Appeal, Peal, Pulse drive, Gr. lia^xu.
,

and Bawl.]

vililieil

debased
n.

reproached.

DISPAS'SIONATEl.Y,
sion
;

adv.

DISPAK'AOEMENT,
a
tiKin

Without pas; ;

2.
3.

one of inferior rank or condition, and against the rules of decen cy. Ena/c. Cotvel. Injury by union oreomparison with some Johnson thing of inferior excellence. IJIniiiiution of value or excellence; reproach; disgrace; indignity; dishonor; followed by to.
tn
It

or

woman

Tlie matcliius o

calmly

coolly. [Fr. depicher

It.

DISPATCH',
char; fori,
to sell,

v./.
id.;

Sp. despa-

scatter by driving or force ; to disperse ; to dissipate ; to banish ; as, to dispel vapors ; to dispel darkness or gloom ; to dispel fears ; to dispel cares or sorrows ; to
dispel doubts.
^;>.

dispacciare

Arm.

di

It. spaceiare signifies speed, dispatch ; spaccio, This sale, vent, dispatch, expedition. word belongs to Cla.ss Bg, and the primary sense is to send, throw, thrust, drive, and this is the sense of pack, L. pango,

bech, disbachat.

In

DISPEL'LED,
ed
;

Driven away; scatter-

put

off,

dissipated.

ppr. Driving away ; dispersing ; scattering. DISPEND', t.. /. [L. dispendo ; dis anApmdo, to weigh.]
;
;

DISPEL'LING,

ought
it is

to

be no disparagement

to

a star

pactus.
off,

that

not the sun.

South
1.

and

to

Hence our vulgar phrases, to pack To spend to lay out to consume. Expend, which is generally used.] budge. The same word occurs

[See

To be
ment

a hiunble cliii-itian is no disparageto a prince, or a nobleman. Anon n.

in impeach.]

DIPPAR'AgER,
or dishonors
Cf s.
;

one

One who disparages who vilifies or disgra

jipr. Marrying one to another of inferior condition dishoiioring by an uneqnal union or comparison dis gracing ; dishonoring. DISPAR'AGINGLY, adv. In a manner to disparage or dishonor. DIS'PARATE, a. [L. disparata, things un; ;

DISPAR'AgING,

like

dispar
;

;
;

dis

and pur, equal.]

Une-

qnal

inilike

dissimilar.
. plu.

Robison.

DIS'PARATES,
will)

or unlike that they cannot be compared each other. Johnson.

n.

Things so unequal

DISPARITY,
;

[Fr.

di.iparit^

S^^. dis

paridad ; It. di.fparith ; from L. dispar, unequal dis and par, equal.]
1.
;

of being dispensed with. Hammond. n. A house, place or store, patched a messenger to his envoy in DISPENS'.-MIY, in which medicines are dispensed to the France. He dispatched orders or letters poor, and medical advice given, gratis. to the commander of the forces in Spain. >i. [L. dispensatio. See The piesident dispatched a special envoy DISPENSATION, Dispense.] to die court of St. James in 1794. 1. Distribution the act of dealing out to 2. To send out of the world to put to death. different persons or places as the dispenThe company shall stone diem with stones, sation of water indifferently to all " parts of and dispatch them v.ith their swords. Ezek. the earth. H'oodward. xxiii. 2. The deaUng of God to his creatures the 3. To perform to execute speedily ; to fin- distribution of good and evil, natural or ish as, the business was dispatched in due moral, in the divine government. time. Neither are God's methods or intentions difDISPATCH', V. i. To conclude an affair ferent in his dispensations to each private man. with another to transact and
; ;
;

away; particularly ap plied to the sending of messengers, agents and letters on special business, and often implying haste. The king dispatched an envoy to the court of Madrid. He dis-

To

send or send

DISPEND'ER,
ed with.

71.

One
a.

Spenser.
that distributes.

DISPENSABLE,

That may be dispensMore

.

DISPENS'ABLENESS,

The

capability

finish.

norv iised.^ difference in degree, in Irregularity 3. age, rank, condition or excellence as a They liave dispatched with Pompey. Shak. disparity of years or of age disparity of|lDlSPATCH', n. Speedy perfonnance ; ex; ;

[.\ot

Jtogers.

granting of a license, or the license to do what is forbidden by laws or canons, or to omit something which is
itself,

The

D
commanded
;

I
is,

S
[DISPENSE,
used.]
2.

D
Expense
tered.
;

S
[J\rot 5.

D
Milton
to its natural state.

S
restoring

the dispensing with a law or canon, or tlie exemption of a particular person from the oblifration to comTlie pope has ply with its injunctions. power to dispense with the canons of the church, hut has no right to grant dispensations to the injury of a third j)erson. A dispensation was obtained to enable Dr. Barrow to marry. TVard.
that
4.

n. dispens'. Dispensation.

profusion. pp.

[JVot in use.]

In medicine and surgery, tlie removing of inflammation from a part, and it

a.

Spenser.

DISPERSIVE,
dissipate.

DISPENS'ED,

Distributed;

adminis
;

Tending
and

to scatter or

DISPENS'ER, n. One who dispenses one who distributes one who administers
;

DISPIRIT,
to to cast

V.

t.
;

[dis

spirit.]

To

Green. de:
;

press the spirits

to deprive

of courao-e
;

dispensed or bestowed a system of principles and rites enjoined as

is
;
;

That which

as a dispenser of favors or of the laws. jDISPENS'ING, ppr. Distributing admin;

afflictions,

istering.
J. a.
;

That may dispense with granting discause, dispirit is nearly equivalent to intimidate or terrify. pensation that may grant license to onjlt what is reqnired by' law, or to do what the 2. To exhaust the spirits or vigor of the law forbids as a dispensing ]m\\er. body. [J\ot usual.] Collier. DISPENS'ATIVE, a. Granting dispensa- [DISPEOPLE, v.t. [dis and people.] To de- DISPIRITED,;);). Discouraged depressed to empty of inhabitants, as in spirits tion. po])ulate dejected intimidated. by DISPENS'ATIVELY, adv. By dispensation. destruction, expulsion or other means. DISPIR'ITEDNESS, n. Want of courage ; If'otton. Milton. Pope. depression of spirits. DISPENSA'TOR, n. [L.] One whose em- DISPEOPLED, pp. Depopulated ; deprived DISPIRITING, ppr. Discouraging; disof inhabitants. ployment is to deal out or distribute a heartening; dejecting; intimidating. distributoi'; a dispenser: the latter word DISPEOPLER, n. One who depopulates DISPIT'EOUS, a. Having no pity cruel; a depopulator that which deprives of in is generalli/ used. furious. [JVot used.] Spenser. habitants. DISPENS'ATORY, a. Having power to DISPLACE, !\ ^ [dis and place ; Fr. deplaDISPEOPLING, ppr. Depopulating. cer; Arm. diblacza.] grant dispensations. DISPENS'ATORY, n. A book containing iDISPERtiE, r. t. disperj'. [L. dispergo.] To 1. To put out of the usual or proper place to remove from its the method of preparing the various kinds si>rinkle. [JVot in use.] place as, the books iu the library are all of medicines u.sed in pharmacy, or con- DISPERINI'OUS, a. [Gr. f,,, 6i;, and ff^jp^a, displaced. In botany, two-.seeded .seed.] taining directions for the composition ol containing 2. To remove from any state, condition, oftwo seeds only as, umbellate and stellate fice or medicines, with the proportions of the indignity as, to displace an officer of the revenue. plants are dispermous. gredients, and the methods of preparing them. DISPERS'E, V. t. dispers'. [L. dispersus, 3. To disorder. You have disphiced the mirth. DISPENSE, 1'. t. dispens'. [Fr. dispenser ; from dispergo ; di, dis, and spargo, to scat Shak. ter Fr. disperser.] DISPLA'CED, })p. Removed from the propSp. dispensar ; It. dxspensare ; from L. dis1. To scatter; to drive er place deranged; asunder; to cause to disordered; i-emoved penso ; dis and penso, from pernio, to weigh, from an office or state. into different parts and perhaps the origto move the Jews sejjarate as, primarily are dispersed among all nations. inal idea of exjiending was to weigh off, DISPLA'CEMENT, n. [Fr. deplaccment.] The act of displacing the act of 9. To diffuse to spread. or to distribute by weight.] removing The lips of the wise disperse knowledge. from the usual or proper place, or from a 1. To deal or divide out in parts or portions; Prov. XV. The steward dispe?ises proto distribute. state, condition or office. 3. To dissipate the fog or the cloud is as, visions to every man, according to his diThe displacement of the centers of the circles. dispersed. The society dispenses medicines rections. .tsiat. Researches, v. 185. Bacon. to the poor gratuitously or at first cost. 4. To distribute. Unnecessary displacement of funds. Hamilton's Rep. ii. God dispenses his favors according to his DISPERSE, V. i. dispers'. To be scattered to separate to go or move into different DISPLA'CENCY, n. [L. displicentia, from good pleasure. parts as, the company dispersed at ten as laws to 2. To administer; to to
pensation
ical

down. We may be dispirited by by obstacles to success, by poverty, and by fear. When fear is the

discourage

to dishearten

to deject

the Mosaic dispensation ; the gospel (lis ; including, the former the Levitlaw and rites the latter the scheme of redemjMion by Cinist.
;

apply, p.-iro'clock. to distribute justice. ticular cases While you dispense the laws and guide the 9. To be scattered state. vapors. Dry den.
; ;

displiceo,
j)lease.]

displease

dis

and

placeo, to

to vanish

as fog or Incivility
:

To

dispense with, to permit not to take effect to suspend the opto neglect or pass by eration or application of sonjething requiras, to dised, established or customary pense with the law, in favor of a friend I cannot dispeasf with the conditions of the
;

DISPERS'ED, pp.

Scattered

driven apart

diffused; dissipated. ; adv. In a dispersed manoffice, stiite or condition. ner; separately. Hooker. DISPLANT', v. ^ ; [dis and plant.] To pluck )i. The state of DISPERS'EDNESS, being np or to remove a plant. ; dispersed or scattered. 2. To drive away or remove from the usual covenant. So we say, to dispense icith DISPERSENESS, ji. dispers'ness. Thinjilace of residence ; as, to displant the peoness ; a scattered state. [Little used.] oaths ; to dispense ivith ibrms and ceremople of a country. Bacon.

DISPERS'EDLY,

which displeases or disobligesDecay of Piety. DISPLA'CTNG, ppr. Putting out of the usual or proper place removing from an
;

that

nies.
3.

To excuse from to give leave not to do or observe what is required or commanded. The court will dispense with your at tendance, or with your compliance. ;1 To permit the want of a thing which or in the vulgar useful or convenient do without. I cati di.<ipcnse with J)ilr.^so, to your services. I can dispense with my cloke. In this aiiplication, the ]ihrase has an allusion to the requisitions of law or necessity the thing dispensed with being supposed, in some degree, necessary or re
;

DISPERS'ER,

Brerewood. n. One who disperses; as the disjierser of libels. Spectator. DISPERSING, ppr. Scatteiing; dissipa-

3.

To

strip

of inhabitants;
n.

as, to displant

country.

DISPLANTA'TION,
plant.

The removal of a

Spenser.

ii

2.

2. The removal of inhabitants or resident ting. DISPER'SION, n. The act of scattering. I'f^'pleRaleigh. The state of being scattered, or separated DISPLANT ED, pp. Removed from Uie

into

remote parts;

as, the

Jews,

in

their
2.

place where
applied
to

it

persons. 3. By way of eminence, the scattering or sep- 3. Deprived of inhabitants aration of the human family, at the buildcou7itry.
14.

dispersion, retain their rites nies.

and ceremo-

Removed from

grew, as a plant. the jilace of residence

;

applied to

quired.
could not dispense loith myself from maIcing a voyage to Cnprea. [A'( to he imitated.'\ Jlddison Canst thon dispense zvith heaven for such an oath ? Shak [A'ut Irgiliinnte.]
I
I

ing of Babel. In optics, the divergency of the rays of light, or rather the separation of the different colored rays, in refraction,
arising

DISPLANT'ING,/)p-. Removing, as a plant. DISPLANT'ING, n. Removal from a fixed

place.
;

DISPLAT', V. t. [dis and plat.] To untwist from their different refrangibilities. to uncurl. Hakeu'ill. The point of dispersion, is the point DISPLA'Y, V. t. [Fr. deployer, and deploy is where retracted rajs begin to diverge the same word. It is a different orthog-

S
;

D
ure of
iiis
;

raphy of deplier, to unfold Ann. displega Sp. dtsplegar ; It. spiegare ; dia and Fr. L, ^tier, Sp. plegar, It. piegare, to fold and atfkooi, yKco, W. plygu, Gr. n>.fxu awxou), to unfold, may be from the same
;

root.]
1.

spread wide

Literally, to unfold ; hence, to open ; to to expand. ; Tlie northern wind his wings did broad display.
Speneer.
;

2.

to show ; to before the view exhibit to the eyes, or to the mind; to make manifest. The works of naliue dis play the power and wisdom of the Su Christian charity display: preine Being. the effects of true piety. A dress, simple

To spread

master by neglect or disobedi- 4. Power or right of bestowing. Certain offices are at the dispo.<!al of the president. ence ; we experience displeasure at any The father has the disposal of his daughter violation of right or decorum. Displeasin marriage. ure is anger, but it may be .light anger. It inqilies disapprobation or hatred, and 5. The passing into a new state or into new hands. usually expresses less than vexation and indignation. Thus, slighter offenses give DISPO'SE, V. t. dispo'ze. [Fr. disposer ; dis and poser, to ])lace Arm. disposi : L. displeasure, although they may not excite a violent passion. But the Latin posui, dispositus, dispuno. 2. Offense; cause of irritation. positiis, is probably liom a different root Now shall I be more blameless than the Phi from pono, and coinciding with Eng. put, listines, though I do them a displeasure. Judges with a dialectical change of the last articuXV. lation. Pono helonps to Cla.=s Bn, and .3. State of disgrace or disfavor. to Class Bs or Bd. The literal sense
;

He went

with the pope

into Poland, being in displeasure for overmucli familiarity.

posui,
is to

.?((
;

and elegant,
;

disjUays female taste

and

Peacham.

1.

beauty to advantage. 3. To carve to dissect and open.

DISPLEAS'URE,
DIS'PLICElVCE,
like.

v.

t.

To

displease.

[An
Dis-

unnccessan/ word, and not used.]

n.

Bacon.

He

carves, displays, and cuts up to a wonder.

[L. displicentia.]

To set to place or <listribute to arrange ; used with reference to order. The shi[is were disposed in the form of a crescent. The general disposed his troops in three
;

apart.]

4.

5. G.

To set to view ostentatiously. [L. displodo ; dis and Shak. DISPLO'DE, V. To discover. [JVot in use.] plaudo, to break forth.] Spenaer. To vent, discharge or burst with a violent To open to unlock. [M)t used.]
t.
;

^ectator.

[Abt in

lines.
2.

The

u.ie.]

Mountague.

trees are disposed in the

form

of a quincunx.

B. Jonaon.
;

sound.

To regulate ; to adjust ; to set in right order. Job xxxiv. and xxxvii. The knightly forms of combat to dispose. To apply to a particular purpose to to place to bestow as, you have give disposed nuich in works of public piety. In this sense, to dispose of is more generally used. To set, place or turn to a particular end or consequence. Endure and conquer Jove will .soon dispose To future good our past and present woCB.
;
; ;

In posture to displode tlieir second tire DISPLA' Y, V. i. To talk without restraint Of thunder. Milton. to make a great show of words. Shak. V. i. To hurst with a loud reDISPLA'Y, n. An opening or unfolding DISPLO'DE, to a meteor

Dry den.

3.

an exhibition of any thing

to the view.

port

explode

as,

disploded
4.

2.

Show

exhibition

display

of tioops

as, they make a great a great display of mag

;

with a tremendous sound.

DISPLODED, pp.
report.

Discharged with a loud

flltlC6IlC6t

DISPLA'YED,
spread
;

pp.
;

Unfolded

expanded
?!.

opened exhibited to view

;

DISPLO DING, p/>r.

; ;

manifested.

an explosion. a. Noting displosion. DISPLA'YING, ppr. Unfolding spreading IT. /. [dis and plume.] To strip exhibiting manifesting. or deprive of plumes or feathers to stri]) DISPLE'ASANCE, n. [Fr. deplaisance.] of Burke. badges of honor. Anger discontent. [Jvot used.] DISPLU' JMED. pp. Stripped of plumes. Spenser. DISPLU'MING, ;>;)r. Depriving of plumes. DISPLEAS'ANT, a. displez'ant. [See Dis- DISPON'DEE, n. In Greek and Latin poplays.

DISPLA YER,
;

He

or that which
;

dis-

Discharging or bursting with a loud report. DISPLO'SION, n. s as z. The act of disa sudden bursting with a loud ploding
report
;

5.

To To

Diijden.
;

DISPLO'SIVE, DISPLU'ME,

adapt to form for any purpose. Then must thou thee dispose another way.
Hubberd's Tale.
set the

G.

mind

in a particular

frame
to

to

incline.

Avarice disposes

men

fraud

and oppression.
to jealousy,

Suspicions dispose kings to tyranny, husbands and wise men to irresoludon and

melancholy.

Bacon.
pass into Achaia.
;

please.]

etry,

Unpleasing;

offensive;
V.
I.

a double spondee, consisting of (bur

Enciic.
n. [dis

He was
1

di.'^posed to

Acts
;

unpleasant.
disple'ze.

[The

latter ivord is generally used.]

Ions syllables.

xviii.

Cor. x. 27.
of, to

DISPLE'ASE,
please.]
\.

[dis

and
in

DISPO'RT,
pastime ment.
;

and
;

sport.]

Play;
;

To

spo'rt;

diversion

amusement
Milton.
;

merri2.
;

To

offend

to

make

angry, sometimes

2.

It usually expresses less vex, irritate and provoke. Apthe Almighty in scripture, it may bo considered as equivalent to anger. God was displea.seit with tliis thing; therefore he smote Israel. I Chron. xxi. To disgust to excite aversiou in as, acrid and rancid substances displease the

a slight degree.

than anger,

jilied to

DISPO'RT, V. i. To play to wanton to move hghtly and without restraint to move in gayety as lambs disporting on
; ;

Hayward.

the man reinoved.

dispose

part with to alienate has disposed of his bouse,

;

as,

and

To

part with to another

;

to

put into

the mead.

Where

light disports in ever

I',

mingling dyes.

3.

DISPO'RT,

t.

To
;>;)r.

Pope.
divert or

amuse

as,
4.

he disports himself.

Shak.

another's hand or power to bestow ; as, the father has disposed o/'his daughter to a man of great worth. To give away or transfer bj' authority. A rural judge disposed o/"beauty's prize. Waller. To direct the course of a thing. Prov.
xvi.

taste. 3.

DISPO'RTING,
;

offend to be disagreeable to. torted figure displeases the eye.

;

To

a. A dis- DISPO'SABLE,not to disposal

DISPLE'ASED, pp. Offended; disgusted DISPLE'ASEDNESS, n. Displeasui-e un;

employed
giment of

Playing; wantoning. [See Dispose.] Subject previously engaged or free to be useil or employed as
in a
re-

5.

6.

To place in any condition as, how will you dispose of your son ? To direct what to do or what course to
;

easiness.

occasion may require. The whole disposable force consisted

light infantry,

pursue
7.

DISPLE'ASING, ppr
;

Motintagite. or a. Offensive to the eye, to the mind, to the smell, or to the taste ; disgusting disasreeahle.

and

a troop of cavalry

DISPO'SAL,
;

DISPLE'ASINGNESS,
gust.

Offensiveness the quality of giving some degree of disn. displtzh'ur. Some irritation or uneasinessof the mind, occasion-

\.

[See Dispose.] The act of disposing a setting or arranging. This object was effected by flie disposal ofj
n.

8.

how to dispose o/" their time. To put aw ay. The stream supplies more
water than can be disposed
of.
V.
I.
;

they know not how to dispose o/" themselves. To use or enqjloy ; as, they know not
;

as,

the troops in t^vo lines.

2.

J
;

Regidation, order or arrangement of^ things, in the moral government of God

dispensation.

DISPO'SE,
Obs.

DiSPLEAS'URE,

DISPO'SE,
;

Tax not
3.

divine disposal.

Milton.] 2.
3.

sense of propriety. A man incurs tlie displeas^ire of another by thwarting his views or schemes; a servant incurs the displeas-

ed by any thing that counteracts desire or command, or which opposes justice and a

Power of
ting;

To bargain to make terms. Shak. Disposal power of dispoOhs. Shak. sing management. act of government. Ohs. Dispensation
II.
;
;

ordering, arranging or distribu-'

;
|

.Milton.

agent

government; management as, an is appointed, and every thing is left

Disposition; cast of behavior.

Disposition Obs.
;

06s.
ShaJc.

to his disposal. are entirely at

The

effects in

my

hands!

4.

cast of

mind

inclination.

my

disposal.

Shak.

Vol.

I.

64

D
DISPO'SED,
placed
;

S
; ;

DIS
2.

DIS
[JVot used.]
Jt'otton.

pp. Set in order arranged adjusted bestowed applied

; ;

State

posture

disposition.

inclined.

DISPO'SER,
tnlxitor;
gilts.

n.

One who
;

a bestower

disposes a dis-; as a disposer o'

;

DISPRA'ISE, . dispra'ze. [dis anil praise.] Blame censure. He cautious not to speak DISPROPORTIONAL, to
;

of proportion or symmetry; unsuitably t something else. Tillottnn

a.

in dispraise
2.
;

of a competitor.
dishonor.

2.

of

The Supreme Being

all

director; a regulator.
is

tlie

Reproach The general

faces
;

events, and of

rightful dispose

all

creatures.

has seen Moors with as had no dispraise to Bertran's. Dryden

V.
t.

to censure ; Prior. DISPRA'ISE, dispo.ses. to mention with disapprobation, or some Setting in order ; arrandegree of reproach. distributing; bestowing; regulaI dispraised liiin before the wicked. Shah. ting adjusting ; governing. DISPO'SING, n. The act of arranging DISPRA'ISED.jU;). Blamed; censured. regulation ; direction. Prov. .\vi. 33. DISPRA'ISER, n. One who blames or dis
3. Tiiat

which

To blame

DISPO SING, ppr.

gnig
;
;

proportion something else not having proportion or symmetry of parts ; unsuitable in torm or quantity unequal inadequate. A disproportional limb const itntes deformity in the body. The studies of should not lie youth disproportional to
;
; ;

Not having due

their capacities.

ought

to be

[This is the word which used for disproportionable.]

n.

jDISPROPORTIONAL'ITY, ot
being disproportional.

The skte
Unsuita-

DISPROPO'RTIO^ALLY,
;

adv.

DISPOSl"TION,
2.

n. [L. Tlie dispositio.] act of disposing, or state of being disposed.

praises.
;

Manner in wliicli things or the parts of a with blame or some degree of praise reproach. complex body are placed or arranged DISPR EAD, V. t. dispred'. [dis and spread. nietliod distriliution arrange nient. We speak of ihc disposilion of the See Spread.] infantry and cavalry of an army the dis- To spread in different ways; to e.xtend or flow indifferent directions. positwn of tlie trees in an orchard; the
;

ue inadequateh unequally. DISPRA'ISING, ppr. Blaming censuring. DISPRA'ISINGLY, adv. By way of dis-, DISPROPO'RTIONATE, a. Not
; ; ;

bly with respect to form, quantity or val-

order

proportioned unsuitable to unsymmetrical something else, in bulk, form or value ; inadequate. In a perfect form of the body, none of the Wmhs are disproportionate. It is wisdom not to undertake a work with
disproportionate means.
adv. In a disproportionate degree; unsuitably; inaden.
;

disposUioyi
fice,

of the

of the several parts of an edijiarts of a discourse, or of the

DISPREAD',
tended.
gei--

v.i. n.

To expand

Spenser. Pope. or he ex-

DISPROPORTIONATELY,
quately.

destroy approto w ithdraw from an priation approjiriate use. Anderson. [See Disappropriate, which is more regularly Loss; formed, and more generally used.] detriment; DISPROOF', 71. [dis and proof.] Confuta- DISPRoV'ABLE, a. Capable of being disposition. tion refutation proved or refitted. 5. Inclination; a proving to be false or Boyle. the temper oi ijropensity frame of mind, as direcfed to erroneous; as, to oifer evidence ui disproof DISPROVE, V. t. [dis and prove.] To prove |)articulai to be false or erroneous of a fact, argument, principle or to confute as, objects. allegasjreak of the disjiosition of a to disprove an tion. a statement, an assertion, person to undertake a particular work v. t. To argument, a pro|)osition. tlie deprive of prop dispositions of mew towards each other DISPROP'ERTY, a disposition friendly to any Shak. 9. To convict of the practice of error. [JVot erty to dispossess. [JSTot used.] design. in use.] Hooker. Disposal alienation distribution a giv DISPROPO'RTION, n. [dis and propor3. To disallow or disapprove. ing away or giving over to another [JVot in use.] tion.] as, he has made disposition of his eflfects lie 1. Want of proportion of one Hooker. thing to anothProved to be false or has satisfied his friends by tire er, or between the parts of a thing; want DISPROVED, pp. judicious erroneous; refuted. of symmetry. disposition of his pro])erty. sjieak of the disproporn. One that tion of a man's arms to his disproves or UlSPOS'ITIVE, . That implies disposal. body of the DISPRtDV'ER, confutes. [A^t used.] disproportion of the length of an edifice to Ayliffe. DISPROVING, ppr. Proving to he false or its highth. IflSPOS'lTIVELY, adv. In a dispofitive erroneous confuting refuting. 2. Want of manner; distributively. [JSCot iised.] proper quantity, according to rules prescribed Brown. To e.\as, tlie disproportion of DISPUNCE, V. t. [dis and spunge.] lUSPOSITOR, n. A disposer in ai<ro/o- the ingredients in a coni|)ouiid. punge to erase also, to discharge as from a spunge. [Ill formed and little gy, the ])lanet which is lord of the sign 3. Want of suitableness or adequacy disused.] where another planet is. [JVot ttsed.] H'otton. unsuitableiiess Shak. as parity; inequality the disproportion of strength or means to DISPUN'ISIIABLE, a. [dis and DISPOSSESS', V. t. [dis and possess.] To punishable.] an object. Without penal restraint not punishable. put out of possession, by any means tu deprive of the actual occupancy of a thin? DISPROPO'RTION, v. t. To make unsuit Swift. able in form, size, length or for disburse. [JVot in use.] particularly of land or real estate to dis quantity to BISPVRSE, seize. violate symnictiy in to mismatch to Shak. join Yc shall dispossess the inhahiiauts of the land, DISPURVEY, v. t. To unprovide. [Ao in unfitly.
I

figures in painting. 3. Natural fitness or tendency. The refrangibility of the rays of light is their disposition to be refracted. So we say, a disposition in plants to grow in a diiection up-

DISPREAD'ER,
DISPRI'ZE,
fession
V.
t.

Tliomson. publisher; a divul

Milton.

DISPROPO'RTIONATENESS,
equacy.

Uninad-

suitableness in form, bulk or value

To
V.
i.

undervalue.
Cotton.

DISPRO'PRIATE,
;

v.

t.

To

wards

a disposition in bodies to putrefac-

DISPROFESS',
of

To

renounce the ]noSpenser.

tion.

4.

Temper or natural constitution of the mind as an amiable or an irritable dis;

;

DISPROF'IT,

[dis au<\ profit.] damage. ^Little used.]

;

We

(,>.

We

and dwell therein.

Num.

xxxiii.

crown.

Usually followed by of, before the thing taken away as, to dispossess a king of his
;

To shape my legs of an unequal size, To disproportion me in every part.

iise.]

Shale.

DISPURVEY ANCE,
[JVot in use.]

n.

Want of provisions.
Spenser.

DISPROPO'RTIONABLE,
tional
;

a.
;

DISPOSSESS'ED, pp. Deprived of possession or occupancy.

DISPOSSESS'IN"G,;)pr. Depriving of possession

;

not in proportion form, size or quantity to something else inadequate. [Note. The sense in "which this word is used is generally anomidous
III

Disproporunsuitable in
;

DIS'PUTABLE, a. may be disputed

; ;

[See Dispxde.] That liable to be called in question, controverted or contested controvertible of doubtful certainty.
;

We

disseizing.
n.

its

DISPOSSES'SION,
out of possession.

The

act of putting Hall.

portional,

true sense, that may be made dispro it is rarely or never used. The

DISPO'SURE,
Disposal
;
;

n. dispo'zhur.

[See Dispose.]
;

the

power of disposing ^
is

man-

he used disproportional, as used by Locke.]

regular
to

word which ought

is

agement direction. [The use of this word

tljat

DISPROPO'RTIONABLENESS,
DISPROPO'RTIONABLY, adv.

n.

Want
want

speak of disputable oiiinions, statements, propositions, arguments, points, cases, questions, &c. DIS PUTANT, n. One who disputes one who argues in opposition to another; a
;

Sundi/s.

o{ disposal.]

superseded by

of proportion or symmetry; unsuitableiiess to something else.

Witli

controvertist

a reasoner in opposition.
a.

DIS'PUTANT,
controversy.

Disputing;

engaged

in

.Milton.

D
DISPUTA'TION,
n.

S
The

S
to

D
public

S
disquiets
;

[L. dispitlatio.]

and discussion are applicable

DISQUI'ETER,

n.

One who

he

bodies. act of disputing ; a reasoning or argumentation in opposition to something, or on 2. The possibility of being controverted; as in the phrase, this is a fact, beyond cdl dis opposite sides ; controversy in words verbal contest, respecting tlie truth of piite.
;

or that which makes uneasy.

DISQUI'ETFUL,
DISQUI'ETING,
uneasy
2. a.
;

a.

Producing inquietude. Barrow.

:

gome
ment.
2.

fact,

opinion,

proposition or argu-

DISPUTED,

pp.

Contested
;

opposed by
;

words or arguments

litigated.

Tending

ppr. Disturbing making depriving of rest or peace. to disturb tho mind as dis;

exercise in colleges, in which parties reason in opposition to each other, on some question proposed. DISPUTA'TIOUS, a. Inclined to dispute as a disputa apt to cavil or controvert lious person or temper. The christian doctrine of a future life was no
;

An

DISPU'TELESS,
incontrovertible.

a.

Admitting no dispute
disputes, or a controvertist.

quieting; apprehensions.

DISQUl'KTLY, who
in
as,
;

DISPU'TER,
is

n.

One who

given to disputes

an he rested

adv. uneasy state

Without quieter rest;

;

uneasily

anxiously

disquietly that night.

Where
Cor.
i.

is

the disputer of this world.

sual.]

[UnuWiseman.

recoiuiTienilalion of the

new

religion to the wits

and philosophers of that disputatious period. Buckminster.

DISPU'TATIVE,
DISPU'TE, V. The primary

a.

Disposed to dispute;

inclined to cavil or to reason in opposition ; WiiHs. as a disputative temper.

i.

[L. dispulo

dis
is

and pulo.
to throw,

quiro; dis and qucero, to seek.] formal or systematic inquiry into any subcompute, is to throw together, to cast. ject, by arguments, or di.scussion of the then is radically very similar to facts and circumstances that may eluciDispute debate and discuss, both of which are date truth as a disquisition on governfrom heating, driving, agitation.] ment or morals a disquisition concerning to reason or 1. To contend in argument the antediluvian earth. Woodward, 3. Want of (pialification. It is used in this to debate to alter in opposition argue In strictness [It is usually applied to a uritten treatise.] sense, though improperly. and to dispute violently is to wrancate DISRANK', V. t. To degrade from rank. disqualification implies a previous qualifi Paul disputed with the Jews in the gle. [.Yot used.] cation but careless writers use it for th( synagogue. The disciples of Christ dUwant of quahfication, where no previous: 2. To throw out of rank or into confusion. puted among themselves who should bi MjfiCffpp Men often dispute about qualification is supposed. Thus, I musti DISREG'ARD, n. [dis and regard.] the greatest. still retain the consciousness of those disNegtrifles. lect; omission of notice slight; implying which you have been pleasqualifications, 2. To strive or contend in opposition to a indifference or some degree of contempt ed to overlook. comi)etitor as, we disputed for the prize. to pass one with disregard. as, Sir John Shore, Jlsiat. Res. A. 175. V. t. To omit to take notice DISPU'TE, V. t. To attempt to disprove by DISQUALIFIED, pp. Deprived of (lualifito attem|)t to to shght as unof; to neglect to observe arguments or statements cations rendered unfit. worthy of regard or notice. prove to be false, unfounded or erroneous; DISQUaL'IFY, v. I. [dis and qualify.] To to controvert to attempt to overthrow by Studious of good, man disregarded fame. make unfit to deprive of natural power, Blackmnre. reasoning. dispute assertions, opinor the qualities or properties necessary We are never to disregard the wants of the ions, arguments or statements, when we for any purpose with for. Indisposition; endeavor to prove them false or unfoundpoor, nor the admonitions of conscience. disqualifies the body for labor, and the ed. the validity of a title or DISREG' ARDED, pp. Neglected slighted ; dispute mind for study. Piety disqualifies a per claim. Hence to dispute a cau.se or case unnoticed. son for no lawful employment. with another, is to endeavor to maintain a. Neglectful; negli2. To deprive of legal capacity, power o one's own opinions or claims, and to gent heedless. conviction of perjury right to disable. overthrow those of his opponent. DISREG'ARDFULLY, adv. Neghgently direct disqualifies a man for a witness. 2. To strive or contend for, either by words heedlessly. interest in a suit disqualifies a person to be or actions; as, to dispute the honor of the DISREL'ISH, n. [dis unA relish.] Distaste; a juror in the cause. dislike of the palate; some degree of disday to dispute a prize. But this phrase DISQUALIFYING, ppr. Rendering unfit Men generally have a disrelish for is elliptical, being used for dispute for, and gust. disabling. tobacco, till the taste is reconciled to it by primarily tlie verb is intransitive. See the DISQU.\\'TITY, V. t. To diminish. [JVot custom. Intransitive Verb, No. 2. in use.] Shak. nauseousness. 2. Bad taste Milton. 3. To call in question the propriety of; to
study.
I

cast, strike or drive, as we see by iinputo, to impute, to throw on, to charge, to ascribe. Amputo, to prune, is to strike off, to throw off from all sides computo, to
;

sense of puto

n. Uneasiness restlessdisturbance of peace in body or Hooker. a. Causing uneasiness. DISQUI'ETOUS, words or arguments controversy ; alterMilton. [JVot used.] cation. DISQUIETUDE, n. Want of peace or tranDo all things without murmurings or dispu imeasiness ; disturbance; agitaquility Phil. ii. tings. tion It is, I beheve, most freanxiety. DISQUaLIFICA'TION, n. [See Disqual- quently used of the mind. The act of disqualifying or that ify.^ Religion is our best security from the diswhich disqualifies that which renders quietufhs that embitter life. as, sick-| unfit, unsuitable or inadequate ness is a disqualification for labor or, DISQUISI TION, n. [L. disguisitio ; dis-

DISPUTING,

or arscumonts

DISPU^TING,

ppr. Contending by words controverting. n. The act of contending by

; ;

DISQUI'ETNESS,
ness
;

mind.

'

2.

act of depriving of legal power or capacity ; that which renders incapable that which incapacitates in law ; disabil-' ity. Conviction of a crime is a disqualificaA lion for office.

The

;:

DISREGARD,

We

We

DISREGARDFUL,
:

An officer is never to dispute the orders of his superior. 4. To strive to maintain ; as, to dispute every
oppose by reasoning.
inch of ground.

DISQUI'ET,
restless
;

a.

[dis

and

quiet.]

Unquiet

DISPU'TE,

n. Strife or contest in
;

by arguments

maintain one's own opinions or claims, by arguments or statements, in opposition to the opinions,

an attempt

to ])rove

words or and

Shak. [Seldom used.] of quiet; uneasiness; DISQUI'ET, restlessness; want of tranquihty in bodyl or mind disturbance anxiety.

uneasy.
n.

3.

Want

Distaste or dislike, in a figurative sense ; of the mind, or ot the faculty by which beauty and excellence are perceivdislike

ed.

Su-ifi.

Tillotson.^

DISREL'ISH,
as, to disrelish
2.

V.

DISQUI'ET,
fret

!'.

t.

To

disturb
;

arguments or claims

peace, rest or tranquility sy or restless ; to harass

or vex the mind.

of to make unea;

to deprive

To make nauseous
fect
lieve, the

t. To dislike the taste of; a particular kind of food. or disgusting to in;

the body

tc

with a bad word is

of another; controversy in words. They had a dispute on the lawfulness of slavery, a subject which, one would think, could admit of no dispute. Dispuie is usually applied to verbal contest controversy may he hi words or writing. Dispute
is

That he may disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon.

Jer.
1.

3.

To dislike ; to disrelish vulsar jests.

;

[In this sense, I beMilton. used.] to feel some disgust at ; as,

taste.
little

me

Why hast thou rfi>9iefcrf me. 1 Sam. xxviu DISRELISHED, ;*;j. Not ked made nauseous. my soul, why art thou disquieted within
?

relished

disli-

Ps.

xlii.

DISQUI'ETED,
less
;

between

individuals; debate

pp. Made uneasy or rest disturbed harassed.

;

DISRELISHING,
of;

ppr. Disliking the taste experiencing disgust at rendering

:

nauseous.

D
DISREP'UTABLE,
1.
; ;

S
faction.]

D
The

S
n. [dis and satis being dissatisfied

D
DISSE'IZIN,
,

Not reputable orable low ; mean

;

a. [dis and reputahh.] not in esteem ; not hon;

DISSATISFACTION,
state of

as disreputable coni;

discontent; uneasiness proceeding from the want of gratification, or from disap-

2.

Dishonorable disgracing the reputation tending to impair the good name, and bring into disesteem. It is disreputable to associate familiarly with the mean, the lewd and the profane.

pointed wishes and expectations.

The ambitious man

and dissatisfaction.

is

subject to uneasiness

Addison.
n.

act of disseizing ; an uidawful dispossessing of a person of his lands, tenements, or incorporeal hereditaments ; a deprivation of actual seizin. Btackstone. DISSE'IZING, ppr. Depriving of actual seizin or possession ; putting out of possesn.

The

DISSATISPAC'TORINESS,
to satisfy or give content
;

sion.

Inability

DISREPUTA'TION,
disrepute
discredit.
;

und reputation.] Loss or want of reputation or good name

Ji.

a failing to give

DISSE'IZOR,

[dis

content.

n. One who puts another out of possession wrongfully; he that dispos-

disesteem
Ill

dishonor

DISSATISFACTORY,
content.

a.

Unable

to give

sesses another.

Blackstone.
n. [dis

disgrace

Johnson.

DISSEM'BLANCE,
Want

and semblance.]

succe.ss often brings an enRather, giving discontent ; displeasing. terprising man, as well as his project, into To have reduced tlie different qualifications, disreputation. in tile ditierent states, to one uniform rule, and repute.] Loss or 71. DISREPU'TE, [dis would probably have been as dissatisfactory to want of Imputation ; disesteem; discredit; some of the states, as difficult for the convenHamilton. Mitford. dishonor. The alchiniist and his books tion.

of resemblance.

[Little used.]

DISSEM'BLE,

Osborne. v. t. [h. dissimtilo ; dis and simulo, from si7nilis, Wke Fr. dissitnuler; It. dissimulare ; Sp. disimular ; Arm. dic;

have sunk into

disrepute.
n. [dis

DISRESPECT',
respect often
2.

and
;

respect.]

Want

DISSAT'ISFIED,
displeased.
2.

p;).

Made

discontented;
;

1.

of respect or reverence
leads a
incivility

disesteem.

man
;

Disto treat another

;

with neglect or a degree of contempt.

Ws

071 act,

irreverence

ruderes-

ness.

DISRESPECT'FUL,
; ;

a.

Wanting

in

pect irreverent as a disrespectful thought or opinion. 2. Manifesting disesteem or want of respect imcivil as disrespectful beliavior. DISRESPECTFULLY, adv. In a disres;
;

not pleasLocke. ed oftended. DISSAT'ISFY, V. t. To render discontented to displease to excite uneasiness by frustrating wishes or expectations. DISSAT'ISFYING, ppr. Exciting uneasiness or discontent. DISSE'AT, V. t. To remove liom a seat. Shak.
a.
;
; ; ;

Discontented

not satisfied

zumula.] To hide under a false appearance to conceal to di.sguise to pretend that not to be which really is as, I will not dissemble the trutli I cannot dissemble my real sentiments. [TViis is the proper sense
; ; ; ; ;

ofthis word.]
2.

DISSECT',
and
1.

v.t.

[L. disseco, dissectus;

;

dis

which is not ; to a false ap])earance of This is the sense of simulate. Your son Lucentio Doth love my daughter, and she loveth him. Or both dissemble deeply their atiections.
pretend that to he

To

make

pectful

manner
V.
t.
;

irreverently
[dis

uncivilly.

DISRO'BE,
of a robe
dress.
2.

to divest

and robe.] To of garments

; ;

divest to un2.

Fr. dissequer.] cut in pieces to divide an animal body, with a cutting instrument, by separating the joints as, to dissect a fowl.
scco, to cut

Shak.

To

DISSEM'BLE,
assume a
real fact,

i. To be hypocritical ; to appearance ; to conceal the motives, intention or sentiments

v.

false

of covering to divest of any surrounding appendage. Autum^i disrobes the fields of verdure. These two peevs were disrobed of their gloi-y.
stri])

To

Wotton.

appropriately, cut in pieces, as an animal or vegetable, for the purpose of examining the structure and use of its several parts to anatomize. Also, to open any part of a

Hence

under some pretense.

To

Ye have
vii.

stolen and dissembled also.

Josh.
lips.

He

that hatetli,

dissembleth with his

Prov. xxvi.

DISRO'BED,
DISRO'BER,
clothing.

pp.
n.

Divested of clothing;
that strips of robes or 3.

body

stripped of covering.

One

ppr. Divesting of garments ; stripping of any kind of covering. V. t. [dis and root.] To tear up the roots, or by the roots. 2. To tear frotn a foundation ; to loosen or

to observe its morbid appearances, or to ascertain the cause of death or the seat of a disease. To divide into its constituent parts, for the purpose of examination as, dissect
;

DISSEMBLED,
false
;

DISRO'BING,
DISROOT',

your mind

dissect

a paragraph. Roscommon.

pp. Concealed under a appearance disguised. DISSEMBLER, n. One who dissembles; a hypocrite one who conceals his opinions or dispositions under a false appearance.
;

Pope.

DISSEMBLING,
false

DISSECT'ED, ;)/i. Cut

by parting the
stituent parts
;

in pieces; separated joints; divided into its con-

ppr. Hiding under appearance ; acting the hvpocrite.

DISSEM'BLINGLY,
tion
;

adv.
;

With

dissimulaKnolles. ; dis

opened and examined.

})pr.
; ;

hypocritically
v.

falsely.

undermine.
piece of ground disrooted from its situation Goldsmith by subterraneous inundations.

DISSECT'ING,

DISRQQT'ED,
undermined.
roots

;?/>.

Torn up by

the roots;

Cutting in pieces di separating constituent parts for minute examination.

viding the parts
n.

DISSEMINATE,
dom

t.

[L.

di^semino

DISSECTION,

[L. disseclio.]

The

anfl semino, to sow, from semen, seed.] 1. Literally, to sow ; to scatter seed ; but selor never used in its hteral sense. act

DISRQQT'ING,
;

ppr.

Tearing up by the
;

undermining. DISRUPT', a. [L disruptus

po, to burst.]

dis

and rum
2.

of cutting in pieces an animal or vegetable, for the purpose of examining tl structure and uses of its parts; anatomy. Dissection was held sacrilege till tiie time of
Francis
I.

But hence,
2.

Rent from

The act of separating into constituent Laudable. of critical examina parts, for the purpose 3. To spread ; to diffuse. tion. A uuiforni heat disseminated through the Tumpo.] 11. One who dissects ; an Woodward. 1. The act of rending asunder ; the act of DISSECT'OR, body of the eartli. anatomist. 4. To spread ; to disperse. bursting and separating. and seize ; Fr. des V. t. [dis The Jews are disseminated through all the 2. Breach ; rent ; dilaceration as the disrup DISSE'IZE, In law, to dispossess wrongfully Addison. saisir.] tion of rocks in an earthquake ; the dis trading parts of the world. to deprive of actual seizin or possession ; second is the most
;

torn asunder ing or breaking.

;

severed by rend-

Encyc.

To scatter for growth and propagation, seed ; to spread. Thus, principles, opinions and errors are disseminated, when they are spread and jn-opagated. To disor the gospel is highly seminate truth
like

DISRUP'TION,

n.

[L. disruptio,

from

dis

DISRUP'TURE,
;

proper applicait should always include the idea of growth or takuig root. The fourth sense is hardly vindicable.] A man may suppose himself disseized, when rend to sever by tearing, breaking or Slackstone. he is not so. DISSEM'INATED, pp. Scattered, as seed ; bursting. [Unnecessary, as it is synony mous nnth rupture.] propagated spread. DISSE'IZED, ;);). Put out of possession DISRUP'TURED, pp. Rent asunder; sev- wrongfully or by force deprived of actual 2. In mineralogy, occurring in portions less than a hazel init being scattered. ered by breaking. Med. Repos. possession. DISRUP'TURING, ppr. Rending asunder DISSEIZEE', n. A person put out of pos- DISSEJI'INATING, ppr. Scattering and session of an estate unlawfully. propagating ; spreading. severing.
;

ruption of n stratum of earth ot the flesh.

V.
t.

disruption

followed by of;
his freehold.

as, to

disseize

a tenant of

[The

tion of the word, as

[dis

and

rupture.]

To

D
DISSEMINATION,
spreading
for

I
n.

S
The
;

D
DISSERTA'TION,
j)erinaneii<-e.
1.

I
n.

D
DISSIMILARITY,
;

I
n.

S
;

act of scatter ing and propaf^alirig, like seed the act of

the world is to he reformed hy the dissemination of evaiigeliral <Ioctrines. DISSEM'INATOR, n. Oik: wIjo dissemi-

We trust

growth and

[L. disstrtatio, froin dissc.rto, to discourse, from dissero, id. ; dis and stro, to sow, that is, to throw. Dissero is to throw out, to cast abroad.]

nates; one who sjireads and projiagates. DISSEN'SION, n. [L. dissensio dis and
;

2.

Unlikeness ; want of resend)lance dissimilitude as the dissimUarily of human faces and forms. n. dissim'ily. Comparison or DISSIM'ILE, A discourse, or rather a formal discourse, illustration by contraries. [Little used.] intended to illustrate a subject. DISSIMIL'ITIJDE, n. [L. dissimUitudo.] A written essay, treatise or disquisition Unlikeness want of resemblance as a as Plutarch's dissertation on the poets dissimilitude of form or character.
; ; ; ;

senlio, to think ; Fr. dissensionSl Disagreement in opinion, usually

Newton's
a disa-

dis.^ertations

DIS'SERTATOR,
;

n.

greement

warm

whieli is violent, producing dehates or angry words; conten-

tion in

words

strife

<!iscord

quarrel

breach of friendship and union.

Debates, dissensions, uproars arc thy joy.

dissertation one who debate.s. like, similis, like.] Boyle. disserv'. [rfw and sTC.] The act of DISSERVE, V. dissctnbling To injure; to hurt; to harm; to do injufalse api)earance a
t.
;

on the prophecies. DISSIMUL.\'TlON, n. [L. dissimulatio ; One who writes a dis and simidatio, from aimulo, to make
a hiding under a feigning ; false pre;

ry or mischief to.

tension
opportunity to diiserveliim.

He

took the

first

Dry den.
Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension with tbcin. Acts xv.

Clarendon.

Too much

zeal often disserves a good cause

Anon

and state, in towns, parishes, and families, and the word is sometimes applied to difterences which produce war as the dissensions between the houses of York and Lancasin cliuri-h
;

We see dissensions

DISSERVED, pp. Injured. DISSERVICE, n. Injury harm;

;

hypocrisy. Dissimulation may be simply concealment of the opinions, sentiments or purpose but it includes also the assuming of a false or counterfeit appearance which conceals the real opin; ;

ions or i)urpose.

Dissimxtlation

among

mischief;
disservice.

statesmen

as, violent
ful.

remedies often do a
a.

DISSERVICEABLE,
ty

Injurious; hurt
n.

is sometimes regarded as a necessary vice, or as no vice at all. Let love be without dissimulation. Rom.
xii.

ter in

England.
a.

DISSERVICEABLENESS,
Disposed to discord
Shak.
;

The
to

quali-

DISSEN'SIOUS,
tle

of being injurious
v.t.

tendency

harm.

DISSIM'ULE,
use.]

V.

t.

To

dissemble.

[JVbt

in

quarrelsome; contentious; factious.

used.]
V. i.

[Lit-

.Yorris.

Elyot.
a.
;

DISSENT',
tio,

[L. dissensio
;

JlscUam. dis and sen;

DISSET'TLE,

1.

disagree in opinion to differ to think in a different or contrary manner; with from. There are many opinions in which men dissent from us, as they dissent from

To

to think.]

DISSEVER,

V.

t.

[Xotused.] More. In this [dis and sever.

To unsettle.

DIS'SIPABLE,
dispersed.

to be dissipated

[See Dissipate.] Liable that may be scattered or

is

To

Avord, dis, as in dispart, can have no effect, imless to augment the signification, as dis and sever both denote separ.ition.]

The heat

of those plants

very dissipable.

Baton.

2.
3.

each other. To diflTer from an estahhshed church, in regard to doctrines, rites or government. To differ to be of a contrary nature.
;

dispart to part in two ; to divide asun tier ; to separate to disunite, either by

: ;

DIS'SIP.\TE, V. t. [L. dissipatus, dissipo ; dis and an obsolete verb, sipo, to throw.
perhaps see its derivatives in siphon, prosapia and sept, and sepio, to inclose, may be primarily to repel and thus to guard.] 1. To scatter to disperse ; to drive asunder. Wind dissipates fog the heat of the sun dissipates vapor mirth dissipates care and anxiety the cares of life tend to dissipate serious reflections. Scatter, disperse and dissipate are in mabut dissipate is ny cases synonymous iiseil aijjjropriately to denote the dispersion of things that vanish, or are not afterwards collected as, to dissipate fog, vajior or clouds. say, an army is scattered or dispersed, but not dissipated. Trees are scattered or dispersed over a field, but not dissipated.
; ; ; ; ;

We

[Less vroper.]

Hooker.

n. Diflference of opinion ; disagreement. 2. Declaration of disagreement in o|)inion as, they entered their dissent on the journals of the house. 3. Contrariety of nature opposite qualityBacon. [.Yot in use.] DISSENTA'NEOUS, a. Disagreeable con; ;

DISSENT',

violence or not. Wlien with force, it is It may de equivalent to rend and burst. note either to cut or to tear asunder. In beheading, the head is dissevered from the Tlie lightning may dissever a body. branch from the stem of a tree. Jealousy dissevers the bonds of friendship. The reformation dissevered the catholic church
;

it

DISSEV'ER.AXCE,
eriii"
;

dissevered protestants from catholics. n. The act of lUssev

separation.
jojj.

DISSEVERED,
separated.

Disparted; disjoined;
;

trai7.

DIS'SENTANY,
sistent,
?i.

a.

Dissentaneous

3.

One who dissents; one DISSEVERING, n. The act of separating; DISSENT'ER, who differs in opinion, or one who declares separation. his disagreement. DIS'SIDENCE, n. [infra.] Discord. One who separates from the service and DIS'SIDENT, a. [L. dissideo, to disagree
word
worship of any established church.
is

[jybt used.]

inconMilton.

DISSEVERING,
separating
;

ppr. Dividing asunder tearing or cutting asunder.

We

2.

To expend
consume

to
as,

squander
a

to scatter pro-

perty in wasteful extravagance

to
3.
;

The

in

those

DISSEN'TIENT,
ing dissent.

who separate from, or who do not nnite with, the church of England. a. Disagreeing; declar
n.

England

particularly applied to

sedeo, to DIS'SIDENT, n.

dis

and

sit.]

Not agreeing. dissenter; one who

;

man

to waste ; ; has dissipated his

DISSEN'TIENT,
and declares
ion
;

One who

separates from the estahhshed religion a word applied to the members of the Lutheran, Calvinistic and Greek churches in Poland. Encyc.

fortune in the pursuit of pleasure. To scatter the attention.

to
V. i. To scatter to disperse ; separate into parts and disappear ; to
;

DIS'SIPATE,
waste away

to vanish.

disagrees

DISSIL'IENCE,
salio,

n.

his dissent.

to

leap.]

The

[L. dissilio; dis and act of leaping or

;

DISSENT'ING,

ppr. Disagreeing in opin-

starting asunder.

A fog or cloud gradually dissipates, before tlie rays or heat of the sun. The heat of a body dissipates ; the fluids dissipate.
: ; ;

separating from the communion of DISSIL'IENT, a. Starting asunder burst- DIS'SIPATED, pp. Scattered dispersed; an established church. It is used as an wasted consumed squandered. ing and opening with an elastic force, as as a dissenting minister or conthe dry pod or capsule of a plant as a 2. a. Loose ; irregular adjective given to extravadissilient pericarp. gregation. Martyn. gance in the expenditure of jiropcrty devoted to pleasure and vice as a DISSEN'TIOUS, a. Disposed to disagree- DISSILI "TION, n. The act of bursting dissipament or discord. ted man a dissipated life. open the act of starting or springing ditDISSEP'IMENT, n. [L. disscpimentnm ; dis- ferent ways. Boyle. DISSIPATING, ppr. Scattering dispersdis and scpio, to inclose DISSIMILAR, a. [dis and similar.] Unsepio, to separate ing wasting consuming squandering
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

or guard.] In botany, a partition in dry seed-vessels, as in capsules and pods, which separates the
fruit into cells.

like, either in nature, properties or e.xter-

vanishing.

nal

Enci/c,

DISSERT',

I',

i.

[L.

dissero,
[Little

diserto.]

To

discourse or dispute.

in

itse.]

form not similar not having the resemblance of; heterogeneous. Newton denominates dissimilar, the rays of light of different refrangibility. The tempers of men are as dissimilar as tlieir features.
; ;

DISSIPATION,
;

2.

act of scattering; dispersion the state of being dispersed ; as the dissipation of vapor or heat. In physics, the insensible loss or waste of the minute parts of a body, which oft'.
n.
fly

The

D
by which means
consumed.
3.
"

S
is

D
diminished or
,
.

S
We
by a men-

DIS
We
usually say, to solve doubts and diffi; ;

the body
;

is effected ses, the dissolution

and
4.

Scattered attention or that which diverts calls off the mind from any subject.
Su'ifl.

wandering from object

;

of life ; a dissolute, irregular course to object in pursuit

of pleasure a course of life usually attended with careless and exorbitant exand indulgence in penditures of money, both health vices, which impair or ruin

and fortune.
Wliat
!

is

spendthrift

gance, by

tilling his

DISSO'CIABLE,

a. [See Dissociate.] Not well associated, united or assorted. matched They came in two and two, though in tlie "most dissociable manner. Spectator. No. 4 a.

then to reclaim the it proposed from his dissipation and extrava? pockets with money P. Henry, Wirt's Sketches.

DISSO'CIAL,

selfish ; as a ly to society ; contracted ; Karnes dissocial passion. DISSO'CIATE, V. t. [L. dissociatns, disso do ; dis and socio, to unite, socius, a com-

Unfriend [diseinA social]

To

panion.] to disseparate to disunite to part as, sociate the particles of a concrete subBoyk. stance. DISSO'CIATEI), pp. Separated; disuni; ; ;

to destroy 8. To break as, to dissolve a Milton. the parts separate by putrecharm, spell or enchantment. as to make languid 9. To loosen or relax Dissolution then is, faction. dissoh'ed in pleasure. from a I. The act of liquefying or changing a melting 10. To waste away to consume to cause solid to a fluid state by heat to vanish or perish. a thawing; as the dissolution of snow and into water. Thou dis.':oloest my substance. Job xxx. ice, which converts them The reduction of a body into its smallest 11. To annul to rescind as, to dissolve an inminute parts, by a disJohnson's Rep. parts, or into very junction. metal by nisolvent or menstruum, as of a DISSOLVE, v. i. dizzolv'. To be melted; tro-muriatic acid, or of salts in water. to be converted from a solid to a fluid 3. The separation of the parts of a body by state as, sugar dissolves in water. or the analysis of the natural 3. To sink away to lose strength and firmputrefaction, Shak. structure of inixed bodies, as of animal or ness. to become 3. To melt away in pleasure vegetable substances decomposition. 4. The substance fonaed by dissolving a soft or languid. is now callin a menstruum. To fall asunder; to crumble; to be bro[This 4. body Bacon. ed a solution.] ken. A government may dissolve by its Death ; the separation of the soul and own weight or extent. Milton. To waste away to perish to be decoml,ody. Destruction the separation of the parts posed. Flesh dissolves by putrefaction. a connected system, or which compose To come to an end by a separation of or of body ; as the dissolution of the world, parts. nature the dissolution of government. DISSOLVED, pp. Melted ; liquefied disThe breaking up of an assembly, or the united parted loosed ; relaxed ; wasted existence. putting an end to its away ended. Dissolution is the civil death of parliament. Dissolved blood, is that which does not readily

struum or particular agent.

so
bodies,

speak alof the dissolution of flesh or animal

culties.

when

JBlnckstone.

Looseness of manners;

coagulate.
dissip.ition.

ted.

Taylor. ppr.

South.
is

DISSOLVENT,
or dissolve
;

DISSO'CIATING,

Separating;

dis-

In this latter sense the

word

obso-

a. Having power to melt as the dissolvent juices of the

stomach.

substituted. lete, dissoluteness being uniting. DISSOCIA'TION, Ji. The act of disuni- 0. Dissolution of the blood, in medicine, that disunion. state of the blood, in which it does not ting ; a state of separation ; and out of the It will add to tlie dissociation, distraction readily coagulate, on its cooling confusion of these confederate republics. Cyc. body, as in malignant fevers.

Ray-

DISSOLVENT,
the

Burke.

DISSOLVABLE,
solve.]

DISSOLUBIL'ITY,
DIS SOLUBLE,
Dissolve.]
2. a.

n.

Capacity of being

dissolved by heat or moisture, and converted into a fluid.

[L. dissolubilis.
;

See

a. dizxolv'ahle. [See DisThat may be dissolved capable of being melted;" that may be converted into a fluid. Sugar and ice are dissolvable
;

bodies.

dissolved that may be Ca])able of being melted; having its parts separable by heat or moisture ; convertible into a fluid.
Jf'oodward.

DISSOLVE,
and
1.

u.

/.

*'zro/y'.

[L. dissolvo;

dis

soh'o, to loose, to free.]

To
solid

melt
or

to

liquefy

fixed

to convert from a state to a fluid state, by

;

means of heat or moisture.

dissolve by heat, is to loosen the and render them parts of a solid' body Thus ice is con fluid or easily movabie. verted into water by dissolution. To dissolve in a liquid, is to separate the parts of a solid substance, and cause them to mix with the fluid or to reduce a solid substance into minute parts which may be sustained in that fluid. Thus

n. Any thing which has quality of melting, or cona fluid, or of verting a solid substance into so separating the parts of a fixed body as, water is a that they mix with a liquid It is otherdissolvent of salts and earths. wise called a menstruum. 2. In medicine, a remedy supposed capable of dissolving concretions in the body, such Parr. as calculi, tubercles, &c. DISSOLV'EK, n. That which dissolves or has the power of dissolving. Heat is the most powerful dissolver of substances. DISSOLVING, Melting; making or

power or

;;;((.

That mav be disunited. DIS'SOLUTE, a. [L. dissolutus,

solvo.]
1.

To

becoming

fioiii

dis-

DIS'SONANCE,
1.

Loose

in

behavior and morals

; ;

given

to

vice and dissipation wanton lewd ; luxurious debauched ; not under tlie re.straints of law ; as a dissolute man ; disso;

n. [Fr. dissonance, from L. dissonans, disso7io, to be discordant dis and sono, to sound.] Discoid; a mixture or union of harsh, unharmonious sounds, which are grating or as the dissojiance unpleasing to the ear of notes, sounds or numbers.
;

liquid.

lute
!2.

DIS'SOLUTELY,
ly
;

dissolves salt and sugar. ring ; disunite ; to break to separate. ear ; as dissonayit notes or intervals. shall be disSeeing then that all these tilings 2. Disagreeing ; incongruous ; usually with to be solved, what manner of persons ought ye ? 2 Pet. iii. from ; as, he advanced propositions very and godliness holy DIS'SOLUTENESS, n. Looseness of man- in all looseconversation dissonant from truth. to disunite. 3. To ; ners and morals ; vicious indulgences in DISSUA'DE, V. t. [L. dissuadeo ; dis and Down fell the duke, his joints dissolved,. and debauchpleasure, as in intemperance suadeo, to advise or incite to any thing.] Fairfax. of life or to attempt ery ; dissipation ; as dissoluteness : 1. To advise or exhort against 4. To loose the ties or bonds of any thing manners. to draw or divert from a measure, by reato destroy any connected system ; as, to DISSOLU'TION, n. [L. dissolutio, from son or offering motives to ; as, the minister dissolve a" government to dissolve a cordissolvo.] dissuaded the prince from adopting the poration. In a general sense, the separation of tlie measure ; he dissuaded him from his purto dissolve a in the natural i5. To loose ; to break ; as, parts of a body which, bonds of friendship. pose. of league ; to dissolve the structure, are united ; or the reduction or danto separate ; to put 2. To represent as unfit, improper bodies into their smallest parts, [O. To break up; to cause concrete ;erous. an end to as, to dissolve the parliament; without regard to solidity or fluidity. Thus War tbercfore, open or concealed, alike to dissolve an assembly. we speak of the dissolution of salts in Milton. My voice dissuades. to solve ; to remove ; to dissiwater, of inetals in nitro-muriatic acid, l7. To clear ; This phraseology is probably elliptical. to dissolve doubts pate, or to explain ; as, nnd of ice or butter heat; in which ca
;

company. devoted wanton Vicious and dissipation as a dissolute

; ;

to pleasure
life.
;

2.

Disaureenient.

water

DIS'SONANT,

adv.

Loosely

wanton-

To

Discordant; harsh; jarunharmonious unpleasant to the

a.
;

in dissipation or debauchery restraint ; as, to live dissolutely.

without

by

D
stood.

I
;

S
tance

D
may be
a
indefinite length
;

S
8.

D
Remote
;

S
;

and merely poetical from being under-

line,

an inch, a mile, or any as the distance between

DISSUA'I)ED,;p.
;

seled or induced a purpose. thing diverted from

A(lvii?ed aeainst; by ad wee rmi to do

counsomea de-

the sun and saturn.

2.

connection ; slight faint indirect not easily seen or understood as a distant hint or allusion to a person or
in
; ;

Preceded by

at,

remoteness of place.
till

He

waits at distance

he hears from Cato.

Aetdiaon.
19.

subjert. distant thought

So
;

also
;

we
;

say, a distant idea

a distant res(Miiblance.

DISSUA'DER,
bortcr.

n.

He

tliat

dissuades

Reserved
respect
distant.
;

3.

atDl.Sf?UA'01NG,;)p-. Kxlioriing against; a purtempting, by advice, to divert from

iiose.

Preceded by tity, his, your, her, their, a suitable space, or such remoteness as is

shy

implying haughtiness,

coldness of
as,

couunon or becoming; as, let him keep his distance ; keep your distance. [See
No.
4.

afiijclion, indifi'erence, or disthe manners of a person are

DISTANTLY,
DISTA STE,
;

adv.

Reinotely

at

dis-

Advice or n. disua'zhun. exhortation in op|)Osition to something; the act of attempting, by nrason or motives offered, to divert from a jjurposc or measure dehortation. Boj/te DISSUA'SIVE, o. Tending to dissuade, or divert from a measure or purpose dehor

DISSUA'SION,

A space marked on the course where horses run. This horse ran the whole field out of distance.

8.]

tance; with reserve.

5.

tatory.

L'JSstrange Space of time ; any indefinite length of time, past or future, intervening between two periods or events; as the distance of

and taste.] Aversion of the taste; dislike of food or drink: disrelish disgust, or a slight degree of it. Distaste for a particular kind of food may be constitutional, or the effect of a diseased
n. [dis

stomach.
2.

DISSUA'SIVE,

Reason, argument, or counsel, employed to deter one from a measure or purpose that which is used or which tends to divert the mind from any purpose or pursuit. The consequences of intem|)erance are powerful disauasives from indulging in that vice. DISSUN'DER, w. <. [dis and sunder] To
n.
;

G.

an hour, of a year, of an age. Ideal space or .separation.

Qualities that affect our senses are, in the things themselves, so united and blended, that Locke. there is no distance between them.
').

Dislike
tastes,

uneasiness.

Prosperity is not without many fears and disand adversity is not witlioul comfort and

hopes.

Bacon.
;

Dislike
tion.

displeasure
t).

alienation of affec.Milton.

7.

Contrariety; opposition. Banquo was your enemy, So he is mine, and in such bloody distance

DISTA'STE,

To

Pope.

disrelish; to dishke;

2.
;

to lothe

as, to distaste
;

Shak
8.

separate

to rend.
v.
t.

of sweetness. (Abt used.] Bp. Richardson. DISSYLLABIC, a. Consisting of two syl as a dissullabic foot in poetr} lables only

DISSVVEE'TEN,

To deprive

Chapman.

The remoteness which respect requires hence, respect. I hope your modesty due Will know what distance to the crown
i.s

to disgust. He thought it no policy to distaste the EngUsh or Irish, but sought to please them. Datties. 3. To vex to displease ; to sour. Pope.
;

To

drugs or poisons.

offend

Dryden
'Tis

[The two
oflended
;

latter significations are rare.]

DISSYL'LABLE,

n.

[Gr.

bi'^aVKKoSoi

615,

by respect and distance that authority

is

DISTASTED,

two or twice, and ou^XaSoj, a syllable.] word consisting of two syllables ouly
paper, whiteness, virtue.
n.

upheld.
;

Atterlrury

pp. Disrelished; displeased.

disliked;

as,

9.

[See No. 3.] Reserve; coldness; alienation of heart.

DISTASTEFUL,
2.

DIS'TAFF,
this

succession or relation as the distance between a descendant and 1. The staff of a spinning-wheel, to which a his ancestor. bunch of flax or tow is tied, and from 11. In music, the interval between two which the thread is drawn. notes; as tlie distance of a foiuMh or sev She layeth her hands to the spinrlle, and her entli. hands hold the distaff. Piov. xxxi. DIS'TANCE, V. t. To place remote ; to 2. Figuratively, a woman, or the female sex throw off from the view. Dryden. His crown usurped, a distaff aii the throne. behind in a race to win the 'i. To leave IJrydtn race by a great superiority. n. A species ol thisDIS'TAFF-THISTLE, 3. To leave at a great distance behind. a name of the Atraclytis, and of the tle He distanced the most skilful of his cotemCarthamus, or false safiVon. Milner. poraries. DISTA'IN, V. f. [dis and stain. This seems DIS'TANCED, pp. Left far behind; cast to he from the French deteindre, from the out of the lace. L. tingo ; but see Stain.] DIS'TANT, a. [L. distans, standing apart.] to tinge with any different color 1. To stain 1. Separate having an intervening space of from the natural or proper one to discolany indefinite extent. One j)oint may be of a sword dintained Nvith or. speak less than a line or a hair's breadth dis It distained vvitli gore. blood a garment Saturn is supposed to lant from another. has precisely the signification of slain, but be nearly )iine hundred million miles disis used chiefly or appropriately in poetry tant from the sun. and the higher kinds of prose. 2. Remote in place as, a distant object apto tarnish. to defile 2. To blot to sully pears under a small anj^le. She distained her honoraldc blood. as a dis3. Remote in time, past or future Spenser tant age or period of the world. The worlliiness of praise di^tnins Ins ivortli 4. Ren)ote in the line of succession or desShidc. cent, inilefinitely ; as a distant descendDISTA'INED, pp. Stained tinged ; discol- ant a distant ancestor distant posterity. 5. Remote in natural connection or consanored; blotted; sullied. as a distant relation distant IdnDISTA'INING, ppr. Staining; discoloring guinity dred a distant collateral line. blotting tarnishing. DIS'TANCE, ?i. [Fr. distance ; Sp. distan- 6. Kemoto in nature not allied not agreecia ; It. distanza ; L. distantia, liom dislo. ing with or in conformity to as practice dis and sto, to stand.] to stand apart very distant from principles or profession. 1. An interval or space between two objects 7. Remote in view; slight; faint; not very the length of the shortest line which interas, we have a dislikely to be realized tant hope or prospect of seeing better venes between two things that are separate ; as a great or small distance. Distimes.
10.

[The English books refer Saxon distcef; but I have not found the word in the Saxon Diction-

On

Now

word

the part of heaven alienated, distance and distaste.

a. Nauseous; unpleasant or disgusting to the taste. Offensive; displeasing; as a distasteful

truth.
3.
;

to the

Mitton

Dryden.
;

Malevolent
ness
;

Remoteness

in

DISTA'STEFULNESS,
dislike.

as distasteful looks. Shak. n. DisagreeableUTiitlock.

DISTA'STING,
DISTA'STIVE,

ppr. Disrelishing; disliking; offending; displeasing. n. That w^hich gives disrelish or aversion. If'hitlock.
ly,

DISTEM'PER,
;

n. [dis and temper.] Literalan undue or unnatural temper, or dis-

l>roportionate mi.xture of parts. Hence, 2. Disease malady ; indisposition any morbid slate of an animal body, or of any part a state in which the animal econoof it; my is deranged or imperfectly cairied on.
;

[See Disease.] It is used of the slighter In general, diseases, but not exclusively.
is synonymous with disease, and is particularly applied to the diseases of brutes. Want of due temperature, applied to cliit

We
;

3.

mate

now
4.

the literal sense of the icord, but not used. Countries under the tropic of a <Ji/fm/)cr un;

inhabitable.

Raleigh.

Bad constitution of the mind; undue predominance of a passion or aj)petite.

Shak. of due balance of parts or opposite and ])rinciples as, the tpm])erand distemper of an empire consist of contraries. Bacon. [.Vol now used.] Ill humor of mind depravity of inclina-

!).

Want

qualities

6.

tion.
7.

[J\i'ot used.] Political disorder

;

8.

Uneasiness

ill

humor

King Charles. tumult. Waller. or bad temper.

9.

There is a sickness. Shak. puts some of us in distemper. In painting, the mixing of colors with something besides oil and water. When colors are mixed with size, whites of eggs, or other unctuous or glutiaous matter, and

Which

D
not with
temper.
oil, it is

S
Encyc.
disease
;

D
to disor-

S
n.

D
or cadis-

said to be done in dist.

DISTENSIBIL'ITY,

The quahty

pacity of being distensible.

DISTEM'PER,
; ;

V.

To

DISTEN'SIBLE,
DISTENT',
DISTENT',

der to derange the functions of the body Shak. Boyle. or mind. to raffle. 2. To disturb Dryden. 3. To deprive of temper or moderation. Dryden.
4.

a. Capable of being tended or dilated. o. Spread. [M'ot in use.]

vaporization and subsequent condensation of a liquid by means of an alembic, or still and refrigeratory, or of a retort and receiver the operation of extracting spirit from a substance by eva|)oration
;

The

Spenser.
n. Breadth.
n.

and condensation

rectification.

[Kot used.]
H'otton.

3.

Tlie substance extracted by distilling.

To make
lignant.

disaffected,
is

ill

humored or ma- DISTEN'TION,

Shak.
in tlie

[h. distentio.]
;

The

act 4.

That which
tion ; used vessels.
in

falls in

drops.

Shak. Johnson.
as distillatory

This verb
participles.

seldom used, except

DISTEM'PERANCE, n. Distemperature. niSTEM'PERATE, a. Immoderate. [Little

2.

the act of stretching in of distending breadth or in all directions the state of being distended as the distention of the or bowels. lungs Breadth; extent or space occupied by the
; ;

DISTIL'LATORY, a.
DISTIL'LED,
drops
;
;

Belonging to distiUa;

for distilling

used.]
n.
;

Raleigh.

DISTEMPERATURE,
ture
; ;

Bad tempera

3.

intemperateness excess of heat or cold, or of other qualities ; a noxious state as the distemperature of the air or
climate.
2.

thing distended. An opening, spreading or divarication the distention of the legs.

a.

tillation
;

as

Hooper. pp. Let fall or thrown down subjected to the process of disextracted by evaporation.
n.

DISTIL'LER,

One who

distills

one

DISTERM'INATE,

disterminatus. Hcde. Separated by bounds. Obs. DISTERMINA'TION,!. Separation. Obs.

[L.

whose occupation is to extract spirit by evaporation and condensation. DISTILLERY, n. The act or art of distilling.
2.

Hammond

The
is

Violent tumultuousiiess

outrageousness. Johnson. Shak.

DIS THENE,

n.

[Gr.

Sis,

two, and

aeivoi,

building carried on.

and works where

distilling
fall

3.

mineral so called by Haiiy, because its commixture of conti'arieties i. Confusion crystals have the ])roperty of being elecIt Shak. trified both positively antl negatively. disorder. loss of regularity is the sajjjKire of Saussure, and the cyaBrewer. .1. Slight illness indisposition. nite or kyanite of Werner. or a. Diseased in DISTEM'PERED, pp. Cleaveland. Lunier. body, or disordered in mind. We speak of a DISTHRO'NIZE, v. t. To dethrone. [ATot disternperedhody, a distempered limb, a dis Spenser used.] tempered heatl or brain. Gr. fits and as distempered pas- DIS'TICII, n. [L. distichon ; ruffled 2. Disturbed
Perturbation of mind.
;
;

force.]

DISTIL'LING,
in

drops

ppr. Dropping ; letting extracting liy distillation.

n.

DISTILL'MENT,
by
distillation.

That which

is

drawn
Shak.
dislin-

DISTINCT',
guo.
\.

a. [h. distinctus, fi'om

See Distinguish.] Literally, having the difference marked separated by a visible sign, or by a note or mark as a place distinct by name.
;
;

Milton.
2.

sions.
3.

^.xoi,

making complete sense an ej)igram Johnson. Encyc. of two verses. biased 4. Disortled prejudiced pervert DIS'TlellOUS, two rows, or I "' Having ed; as minds distempered by interest or DIS'TICH, disposed in two rows. S
lines,
;

Deprived of temper or moderation immoderate as distempered zeal. Diyden.

; ;
;

couplet

a verse.] a couple
;

of verses or poetic
3.

Different separate not the same in number or kind as, he holds two distinct offices he is known by distinct titles. Separate in place not conjunct as, the two regiments marched together, but had
;

distinct
4.

passion.

Lee.

encampments.
;
;

The
pered,
5.

imagination,
is

when completely
all

distem-

tJie

most incurable of

disordered

distichous spike has all the flowers point

faculties.

Buckminster.
;

Disaffected

made malevolent.
lords.

ing two ways. DISTILL', V. i.

drop,
slilla,
;

Martyn.
[L. distitlo
;

dis

and
:

stillo,
It.

to

a drop

Fr. distiller

dis;

Distempered

Shak.

tillnre

Sp. destilar ; Gr. jo^au.]

showers
distill'd,

To drop

5.

and suns grew warm Pope. 2. To flow gently, or in a small stream. DISTEND', i\ t. [L. distendo ; dis and tendo. The Euphrates distilleth out of the mounto tend, to stretch, from the root of teneo, tains 'of Armenia. Raleigh. Class Dn.] 3. To use a still to to hold, Gr. nwu, to stretch. practice distillation. ] To stretch or spread in all directions to Shak. to swell to expand to enlarge dilate DISTILL', V. t. To let fall in drops; to as, to distend a bladder to distend the bowthrow down in drops. The clouds distill is the to distend the lungs. els [This water on the earth. Tlie dew, which on the tender grass appropriate sense of the mord.] 9. To spread apart to divaricate as, to disThe evening had distilled. Drayton. seldom say, to distend tend the legs. To extract by heat to separate spirit or a plate of metal, and never, I believe, to essential oils from liquor by heat or evap extend being used in both distend a line oration, and convert that vapor into a li use distend chiefly to denote cases. quid by condensation in a refrigeratory the stretchhig, spreading or expansion of to separate the volatile parts of a sub stance by heat to rectify as, to distill by means of a substance inclosany thing, ed within it, or by the elastic force of brandy from wine, or spirit from melasses. something inclosed. In this case the body 3. To extract spirit from, by evaporation distended swells or spreads in all direcand condensation as, to distill cyder or A melasses to distill wine. tions, and usually in a spherical form. bladder is distended by inflation, or by the 4. To extract the pure part of a fluid as, to distill water. expansion of rarefied air within it. The skin is distended in boils and abscesses, by 5. To dissolve or melt. [Unusual.] matter generated within them. This apSwords by the lightning's subtle force disAddison tilled. of the \vord has not always propriation
Soi't

DISTEM'PERING, ppr.

Affecting with disease or disorder; disturbing; depriving of moderation.

So separated as not to be confounded with any other thing clear not confused. To reason correctly we must have W'e have a distinct or indistinct ideas. distinct view of a prospect. Spotted variegated.
;

to fall in drops.
in v.xin.

Tempestuous fell His arrows from the fourfold-visag'd

Distinct with eyes.

four,

Milton.
distinguish.
[JVot in Chaucer.

DISTINCT',
use]

V.

t.

To

DISTINCTION,
'>

n. [L. distinctio.]

The

act

of separating or distinguishing. A note or mark of difference.

used.]

[Seldom

3.

Difference

made
is

a separation or disa-

We

greement one thing

;

in kind or qualities,

by which

We

another. observe a distinction between matter and a distinction ijetween the animal spirit a distinction beand vegetable kingdoms;

known from

We

tween good and evil, right and wrong between sound reasoning and sophistry.
3.
; ;

Difference regarded separation preference; as in the \^\nase, icithout distinction,

which denotes promiscuously, all together,

alike.

Maids,
4.

women, wives, without distinct ion

fall.

D>-yden.

Separation; division; of tragedy into acts.

erable.]

as the distinction

Dryden.

[In this sense, division

would be

pref;

been observeil.

DISTIL'LABLE,
fit

a.

That may be

distilled

Notation of difference
as a distinction

discrimination

DISTEND'ED,
lated

dip;7. Spread; expanded; by an inclosed substance or force.

DISTILLA'TION,

DISTEND'ING, ppr.
tions
;

Stretching in all direc-

dilating

expanding.

Sherwood. fur distillation. n. The act of falling in drops, or the act of pouring or throwing down in drops.

between

real

and apparent
it is

goorl. In classing the qualities of actions, cessary to make accurate distinctions.

ne-

Jlnoti.

D
6.

S
; ;

S
motion
body.
2.
;

D
The
state

S
of the face or

superiority elevation of rank guish causes into direct and indirect, imin society, or elevation of cliaracter honmediate and mediate. orable CMtimatiun. Men who hold a high 4. To discern critically to judge. rank by birth or ofilce, and men who are Nor more can you distiiigttish of a man, 'Hiaii of liis outward show. Shak eminent for tlieir talents, services or worth, are called men of distinction, as being rais- 5. To separate from others by some mark of honor or preference. Homer and Virgi' ed above others by positive institutions or arc distinf^iislied as poets Demosthenes by reputation. So we say, a tnan of note. and Cicero, as orators. 7. That which confers eminence or superifi. To make eminent or known. Johnson. office, rank or jjublic favor. ority 1'. i. To make a distinc8. Discernment judgment. Johnson. DISTIN'GUISH, tion to find or show the difference. It DISTINCT'IVE, a. That marks distinction is the province of a or dift'crence as distinctive names or titles. judge to distingni.ih between cases apparently .similar, but dif2. Having the power to distinguish and dis in principle. corn. Broim. fering [Less proper.] DISTINT'1VELY, wJv. With distinction DISTINGUISHABLE, a. Capable of being that may be sei)arate(l, distinguished plainly. known or made known, by notes of diverDISTINT'LY, adv. Separately with dis A tree at a distinctnoss not confusedly without tlie sity, or by any (hfferencc. tance is dislitiguishable from a shrub. A blending of one part or thing with anoth er as a prof)osition distinctly understood simple idea is not distinguishable into different ideas. a figure dislinclly defined. Hence,

Eminence;

as the distortions

3.

of being twisted out of shape ; deviation from natural shape or position ; crookedness; grimace. A perversion of the true meaning of
worils.
v.t.

DISTRACT',
dis

[L. distraclus, distraho

and traho, to draw. See Draw and Drag. The old participle distraught is
1.

obsolete.] Literally, to draw apart ; to pull in different directions, and Hence, to separate. divide; to separate ; and hence, to throw into confusion. Sometimes in a literal
sen.se.

('(uitradirtory or

mistaken orders
object to divert
;

3.

may distract an army. To tiu-n or draw liom any

tract the
11 lie

from any point, towards another point or toward various other objects; as, to diseye or the attention.
cannot avoid the eye of the observer, he to distract it by a multiplicity of the
."iouth.

2. (Clearly;
distincU}).

plainly;

as, to

view an object
quality or state

2.

Worthy of note or

special regard.
Sunjl.

hopes
ohject.
3. 'i"o

DISTINCT'NESS,
;

n.

The

DISTINGUISHED,
ferent qualities
2.

Separated from others by superior or extraordinary qualities whence, eminent; While I sutler thy terrors, I am distracted. 2. transcendent noted fiiextraordinary Ps. Ixx.wiii. nious ; celebrated. Thus, we admire dis4. To disorder the reason ; to derange the tinguished men, distinguished talents or regular operations of intellect to render DISTIN'GUISH, f. /. [L. distinguo; dis\ virtues, and distinguished services. raving or furious most frequently used in and stingo or stinguo, n not radical. This! DISTIN'GUISHER, n. He or that whid; the participle distracted. seems to be Gr. fiC", fl^j, for the second distinguishes, or that separates one thinj^ DISTRACT', a. Wad. [.Vo in use.] from anotlier by marks of diversity. future is fiyu, and the <lerivatives prove the primary elements to be stg, as inyiyfvj, Broicn DISTRACT'ED,;);). Drawn apart drawn in different directions; diverted from its Hence also L. stigo, whence 2. One who discerns accurately the difierfiyfia, ftxro;. ence of things; a nice or judicious observobject perplexed harassed confounded. The primary sense is, insligo, to instigate. er. to prick, to pierce with a sharp point, to Dniden. 2. a. Deranged disordered in intellect; raLoekc. ving; furious; mad; frantic. and we retain the precise DISTIN'GUISHING, ;>;)r. Separating from thrust in or on others by a note of diversity asccrtainii DISTRACT'EDLY, adv. Madly ; furiously; word in the verb, to stick, which see. The Shak. difference by a mark. wildly. practice of making marks by puncturin or sticking, gave rise to the applications 2. Ascertaining, knowing or perceiving a DISTRACT'EDNESS, n. A state of being mad madness. difierence. of this word, as such marks were used to Bp. Half. 3. a. Constituting difference, or distinction DISTRACT'ER, n. One who distracts. note and ascertain dift'erent things, to disMore. from every thing else as the tinguish them. See Extinguish, and Class peculiar DISTRACT'ING,;);)r. Drawingapart; sepdistinguishing doctrines of Christianity. Dg. No. 31.] arating; diverting from an object ; per1. To ascertain and indicate difference by DISTJN'GUISHINGLY, adv. With distinction ; disordering the intelwith some mark of preference. some external mark. The farmer distinplexing harassing lect. guishes his .sheep by marking their ears. Pope. The manufacturer distinguishes pieces of DISTIN'GUISHMENT, )!. Distinction ob- DISTRACTION, n. [L. distractio.] The act of distracting; a drawing apart servation of difference. cliitli by some mark or impression. Graunt. separation. 2. To separate one thing from another by DISTI'TLE, V. t. To deprive of right some mark or quality to know or ascerB. Jonson. 2. Confusion from a multiphcity of objects tain difierence. DISTORT', V. t. [L. distortus, distorqueo ; crowding on the mind and calling the attention different ways dis and tonjueo, to twist, Fr. tordre, perturbation of First, by sight ; as, to distinguish one's Sp mind perjilexity as, the family was in a own children from others by their fea- torcer.] state of distraction. 1. To twist out of natural or tiu-es. [See 1 C^or. vii.] regular shape A blind man dis- as, to distort the neck, the limbs or the 3. Confusion of aflairs tumult ; disorder ; Secondly, by feeling. as political distractions. body to distort the features. tinguishes an egg from an orange, but Never was known a night of such distraction. 2. To force or put out of the true posture or rarely distinguishes colors. direction. Dryden. Thirdli), by smell as, it is easy to distinWrath and malice, envy and revenge distort Rladness ; a state of disordered reason guish the smell of a peach from that of an
a.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
;

of being distinct a separation or difference that prevents confusion of parts or things; as th(^ distinctness of two ideas, or of distant objects. Nice discrimination whence, clearness as, he stated his arguments' precision with great distinctness.

known by a mark of difference,

pp.

Separated or by

or
dif-

draw towards
;

different objects

to

fill

with different considerations; to perplex; to confound to harass; as, to distract the mind with cares ; you distract me with your clamor.

3.

to peras, to distinguish a 3. To wrest from the true meaning ply tliis word to a state of derangement which vert plum from a pear. as, to distort passages of scripture, or produces raving and violence in the patient.] 5. Folly in the extreme, or their meaning. Fifthly, by hearing as, to distinguish the amoiuiting to insound of a drum from that of a violin. DISTORT', a. Distorted. sanity. Spenser. On the supposition of the trath of the birth, Sixthly, by the understanding as, to DISTORTED, pp. Twisted out of natural vice from virtue, truth from or regular shape wrested perverted. death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, distingui.'ih irreligion falsehood. is nothing better than distraction. DISTOl^T'ING, ppr. Twisting out of shape To separate or divide by any mark or wresting; perverting. Bucliminster. We DISTOR'TION, n. [h. distortio.] The act DISTRACT'IVE, a. Causing perplexity; quality which constitutes ilifference. of distorting or wresting a twisting out as distractive cares. distinguish sounds into high and low, soft Dryden. and harsh, lively and grave. We distin of regular shape; a twisting or writhing DISTRA'LN, I'. *. [L. distringo ; rfi/and

apple. Fourthly,

the understanding.

Titloison
;

franticness; furiousness.

{IVe usually ap-

by

taste

Vol.

I.

65

D
stringo.
distvciti.]
1.

S
Blackstoiie writes
4.

D
Attended witl
bread.

S
as distressful
;

DIS
1.

See Strain.
for debt
;

poverty

To seize
fel

to take a personal cliat-

DISTRESS'ING, ppr.
oppressing with

Shak. Giving severe pain

Properly, a limited extent of country circuit within which power, right or au;
:.

to 3. a. into the possession of tlic injured party,

from the possession of a wrong-doer

affliction.
;

Very
;

2.

or compel the performsatisfy a demand, for as, to distrain goods ance of a duty rent, or for an amercement. Spenser. To rend to tear. Obs.
;
;

pain

affecting with severe afflicting as a distressing sickness.

a.
;

thority may be esen-ised, and to which it a word applicable to an) is restrained portion of land or country, or to any part of a city or town, which is defined by law
;

DISTRIB'UTABLE,
signed
in portions.
v. t.

[See Distribute.]
that

or agreement.
a

governor, a prefect, or
his district.

That may be distributed

may be

as-

judge

may have

Some

ol

DISTRA'IN,
goods.

V.

i.

To make

seizure

ofi

DISTRIB'UTE,
1.

[L. iribuo, to give or divide.]

Ramsay. distribuo; dis and

;
;

On whom

cannot distrain
to

for debt.

Cannlcn.

to

For neglecting
of conjinon right.

do

suit to the lord's court,

Moses

or other personal service, the lord

may

distrain

to deal divide among two or more or bestow in parts or portions. distributed lands to the tribes of Christ distributed the loaves to his Israel.

To

give

the states are divided into districts for the choice of senators, representatives or elecCities and towns are divided into tors. various purposes, as for districts for schools, &c. The United Slates are divided into districts for the collection of the

revenue.
.

Blackstmie.

disciples.
2.

[In

this

seems
goods.]

to

phrase however some be understood ; as, to distrain

a.

word

To

dispense

to administer;

as, to dis-

DISTRA'INABLE,
taken
f<n-

That

is

liable lo

be

distress.

pp. Seized for of duty. comjiel the iierforniance DISTRA'INING, pp-. Seizing for debt, or for neglect of suit and service. DISTRAINOR, n. He who seizes goods Blackstonc. fur debt or service.

DIl^TRA'INED,

lilachslone. debt or to

DISTRAUGHT'. Obs. [Sec Distract.] DISTRE'AM, v.i. [dis and stream.] lo

spread or flow over. Yet o'er that virtuous blush distreams
a tear.

Dlr^TRESS',
from the

as the distribuing in parts or portions ; of any 1. The act of distraining ; the taking tion of an estate among heirs or children. a wrong-doer, to 2. The act of giving in charity ; a bestowpersonal chattel from

n. [Fr. dilressc ; trais, violence, treisCeltic, Sec Stress.] iaw, to strain or force.

W.

Slienstone. nate jurisdiction. munber; dealing out dispensing. Norm. rU; DISTRIBU'TION, n. [L. dislributio.] The DIS'TUICT-JUDgE, a dealtrict-court. act of dividing among a number
;

circle. To divide or separate, as into classes, 3. region ; a country ; a portion of terriorders, kinds or species. tory without very definite limits; as the To give in charity. districts of Russia covered by forest. of the s.unts. Distributing to the necessities DIS'TRICT, V. t. To divide into districts Rom. xii. or limited ])ortions of territory. LegislaIn printing, to separate types, and place tures district states for the choice of senathem in their jnoper cells in the cases In New England, towns are distors. DISTRIB'UTED, pp. Divided among tricted for the purpose of establishing and number; dealt out ; assigned in portions bestowed. managing schools. separated ; or DIS'TRICT-OURT, n. court which has DISTRIB'UTER, n. One who divides deals out in parts ; one who bestows in cognizance of certain causes within a disThe district-courts trict defined by law. a dispenser. ; portions of the United States are courts of subordiDISTRIB'L'TING, ppr. Dividiiig among a

tribute justice.

A region a tenitory within given lines ; as the district of the earth which lies between the tropics, or that which is north
;

of a polar

n.

The judge of a

dis-

U. States.

DlS'TRleT-SHOOL,
a certain district

DISTRICTED,

n. A school within of a town. jY. England. pp. Divided into districts or

Bacon. Atlerhury. definite portions. administration to num- DIS'TltleTING, ppr. Dividing into limited Dispensation as the or definite portions. 2. bers; a rendering to individuals; DlSTRIeTION, Ji. Sudden display. [Unudistribution of justice. Collier. A distress of household goods sliall be im- L The act of separating into distinct parts sual.] tlie lessor does not as the distribution of plants DISTRIN'GAS, n. In law, a writ commandpounded under cover. If or classes &c. find sufficient distress on the premises, for debt, into genera and species. ing the sheriff" to distrain a person BIaclStone.\ and disposing at a certain day. or for his appearance 5. In architecture, the dividing anguish of body or mind 3. E.xireme pain of the several parts of the building, ac- DISTRUST', V. t. [dis and trust. The Danes distress from the gout, or as, to suflcr great or to the rules of the have mislrOster ; the Swedes, misslrosta. cording lo some plan, from the loss of near friends. See Mistrust.] 4. Alflictiou; calamity, misery. ot 6. In rhetoric, a division and enumeration 1. To doubt or suspect the truth, fidelity, On earth distress of nations. Luke xxi. the several qualities of a subject. firmness or sincerity of; not to confide in in 5. A state of danger; as a ship disbxss,\ In general, the division and disposition of distrust a man, when we or rely on. or want of profrom leaking,lossof spars, tlic parts of any thing. &c. may often question his veracity, visions or water, &c. In printing, tlie taking a form apart; the distrust our own firmness. DISTRESS', V. t. To pain to alllict witli each and placing to suspect not to he real, true, 2. To doubt or tlie separating of the tyjics, or anguish applied to tlic body pain We distrust a man's letter in iFs proper cell in the cases. siiiciMC or firm. or strain.] to mind.

answer a demand, or procure

for a

satisfaction

iiig in parts.

that The tiling taken by distraining which is seized to procure satisfaction.

;

wrong

cnnnnittcd.

filacl;stone.

3.

We

We

a.

press [Literally, DISTRIB'UTIVE, o. That distributes ; that afflict greatly; to harass; to oppress divides and assigns in portions; that deals to each his proper share ; as distributive Distress not the Moabites. Deut. ii. justice. troubled on every side, but not disWe are of agen-[ 2. That assigns the various species 2 Cor. iv. tressed. eral term. 3. To compel by pain or sufleiing. a dt.<!tribu3. That separates or divides ; as There are men who can neither be distressed tire adjective. nor vpon into a sacrihce of duty. a word n. In

To

with calamity; to make miserable.

courage, friendshiii, veracity, declarations, intemions or promises, when we question cannot distheir reality or siiiceritj'. often trust the declarations of God. la\ c reason to distrust our own resolu-

We

We

tions.

DISTRUST',
ality faith

that divides or distributes, as each and DISTRESS'ED, pp. Suffering great pain or the individuals of every, which represent torture ; severely afllicted ; harassed ; opa collective number as separate. with calamity or misfortune. pressed DISTRIB'UTIVELY, adv. By distribution

Federalist, Hamilton.

DISTRIB'UTIVE,

grammar,

)!. Doubt or suspicion of rewant of confidence, or sincerity or ifhance". Sycophants should be Distrust mars the hearil with distrust.
;

DISTRESS'EDNESS,
greatly pained.

?!.

state of being

Scott.

ungly "^

not collectively.
Hooker.
n.
}f'alts.

2.

and social interpleasures of friendship course. Milton. Discredit ; loss of confidence.

;

DiSTRESS'FUL,
distress
;

2.

a. Inflicting or bringing Sfiak. as a distressful stroke. Indicating distress; proceeding from pain or anguish us distressful cries. Pope. 3. Calamitous; as a distressful event.
;

DISTRIB'UTIVENESS,
tributing.

Desire of dis-

DISTUUST'ED, pp. Doubted suspected. DISTRUST'FUL, a. Apt to distrust; sus;

Fell picious. [Uttlc used.] Not confident diffident DIS'TRleT, 71. [L.rfis(ric/us,fromrfts<mi^o. 2. ourselves. See It. distretto. to press hard, to biiid 3. Diffident ; modest. fVatts. Distrain.]
;

Boyle. as distrustful ot

Pope.

D
DISTRUST'FULLY,
inumier
;

S
In a
<listru8tful

D
age.

S
DISWoR'SHIP,
of disgrace.
Jilackstonc.

D
;

T
and worship.] Cause
Barret.

adv.

of common, of ways, of tenure, of patron

n. [dis

witli

doubt or suspicion.
Milton.
n.

DISTURB'ED,
ted
;

pp.
;

Stirred

moved
;

exci;

DISTRUST'FULNESS,
;

Tlio state of want of confidence. lieing distrustful DISTRUST'ING, ppr. Doubting the reality or sincerity of; on or confiding
suspicion.
sus-pecting
in.
;

discomposed

dis(iuieted

agitated

DIT, DIT,

n.
V.
]

ditty.

[Ab< used.]

I.

[Sax. dyttan.]
n.

To

Spenser. close up. [.Yot

uneasy.

used.

More.
[L.
ditatu.-!.]

DISTURBER,
2.

not

rclyini.

DISTRUST'LESS,
DISTU'NE,
used.]
V.
t.

a.

Free from distrust or

To

Shenstone put out of tune. [JVot

ff'otton. 3.
It.

n. One who disturbs or disquiets; a violator of peace; one who causes tumults or disorders. He or that which excites passion or agitation ; he or that which causes perturbation.

DITA'TIOX,
making
rich.

The

act

of

Shak.

Bp. Hall. D. dyk, a ; DITCH, >i. dike; G. deich, a dike; dticher, a ditcher; D. dige, a ditch, a dike ; Sw. dike ; Fr.
[.Vot used.] [Sax. rftV, n ditch
rfjg-KC
;

In

iai,

DISTURB',
bare
;

V.

t.

L. disturbo
;

[Sp dislurbar ; and dis ;

;

distur-

another
right.

one that interruptsor incommodes in the peaceable enjoyment of his

ppr.
; ;

Elh.
14.

J?

Dg.

No

rh P dadii, The primary

-Viler

to

dig.

Class

hirbo,

to

ging or place dug.

furba, a trouble, disorder, discompose Gr. rvjidt; or avpSr], a crowd, a tuniidt The primary sense tumult 9opv8o{, id. seems to he to stir, or to turn or whirl round. The word trouble is probably from tlio L. turbo, by transposition. If It arc the primary elements, as I suppose, the word coincides in origin with tour
;

DISTURB'ING,
enjoyment of

Moving;

e.xciting
;

rendering uneasy making a tumult in terrupting peace incommoding the quiet

embanking commenced, used for the bank made

dike.]
1.

scn.ie is a digthe jjractice of the word was by digging, the

DISTURN'.
aside.
fiirm.

V. t. [dis [A'ot in use.]

and

turn.]

DISU'NIFORM,
DISU'NION,
i.

a.

disyu'niform.

turn Daniel. Not uniCorentri/.

To

[JVot in use.]
;

If < turn. longs to Class

and

1.

scar)) and counterscarp. Encyc. Swedish rubba, to remove, to trouble. breach of concord, and its eflecl, conten- 2. Any long, lioUow receptacle of water. Sec Class Rb. No. 3. 4. .34. and Class Dr. tion. DITCH, V. i. To dig or make a ditch or No. 3. 25. 27.] ditches. To stir to move to discompose to ex- DISUNITE, tJ. /. disi/uni'le. [dis n\i<\ unite.] To separate to disjoin to jiart as, to DITCH, V. t. To dig a ditch or ditches in cite from a state of rest or tranquillity. We say, the man is asleep, do not disturb disunite tv!n allied countries; to disunite to drain by a ditch as, to ditch moist land. Barret. 2. To surround with a ditch. him. Let the vessel stand, do not move particles of matter; to rfi'sKiii/c friends. the liquor, you will disturb the sediment. DISUNI'TE, V. i. To part to tall asunder DITCH-DELIVERED, a. Brought forth Particles of mutter to become separate. Disturb not the public peace. in a ditch. Shak.
; ; ; ;
;

a prefix, the word beRb, coinciiling with the

is

disyu'nian. [dis and union.] Sei)aration ; disjunction or a state of nut It sometimes <li'notes a being united.

trench iji the earth made by digging, particularly a trench for draiuing wet land, or fur milking a li;nce to guard iiiclosurcs, or for preventing an eiioniy from approaching a town or forti<'ss. In the latter sense, it is called also afoss or moat, and is dug round the rampart or wall between the

2.

or agitate; to disquiet; to exmay spontaneonslv disunite. DUrCH'ER, n. One who digs ditclies. uneasiness or a slight degree of anger DISUNI'TED, pp. Separated disjoined. DITCHING, ppr. Digging ditches; also, to to move the passions in the mind DISUNI'TER, 7!. He or that which disdraining by a ditch or ditches; as ditching The mind may be disturbed by an rutflc. a swamp. joins. oftense given, by misfortune, surprise, DiSUNI'TING, ppr. Separating parting! DITETRAHE'DRAL, n. [dis and telrahecontention, discord, jealousy, envy, &c. In crystahgrnphy, having the form dral.] DISU'NITY, n. disyu'nity. A state of sepa3. To move from any regidar course or o))of a tetraliedral prism with dihedral sumMore. ration. to to interrupt regular order eration Cleavcland. mits. DISU'Sx\tiE, n. disyu'zage. [dis and usage.] make irregular. It has been supposed ? , Gradual cessation of use or custom neg- DITH'YRAMB, [Gr. i9vpa,u(So5, a titie of Bacchus, the that the approach of a comet may disturb lose DITHYRAMB'US, S lect of use, exercise or practice. the motions of the planets in their orbits. See worils by disusage. signification of which is not settled. An unexpected cause may disturb a chim DISU'SE, n. disi/u'se. [dis and use.] CessaIleder. Lex. and Bochart De Fhffin. Col. ical operation, or the operation of med Lib. 1. Ca. 18.] tion of use, practice or exercise as, the icine. and pliability by In ancient poetry, a hymn in honor of Baclimbs lose their strength to incommode. to hinder 4. To interrupt chus, full of transport and poetical rage. disuse ; language is altered by the disuse Care disturbs study. Let no person disOf this species of writing we have no reof words. turb niy franchise. mains. desuetude. 2. Cessation of custom Encyc. 5. To turn otf from any direction with from. DITHYRAMB'IC, n. A song in honor of DISU'SE, V. t. disyu'ze. [dis and use.] To Bacchus, ill which the wildness of intoxi[Unusual.] cease to use ; to neglect or omit to pracAnd disturb Johnson. cation is imitated. tice. His inmost counsels from their destin'd aim. 2. .Any poem written in wild enthusiastic Milton 2. To disaccustom ; with from, in or to ; as ff'alsh. strains. DISTURB', n. Confusion; disorder. [jVot disused to toils disused from pain. used DITHYRAMB'IC, a. Wild enthusiastic. Milton. DISU'SED, pp. disyu'zed. No longer used.] Cowley. or excite obsolete, as words, &c. n. A

To move

cite

We

DISTURB' ANCE,
ment
; ;

stirring

Evelyn. government 2. Disaccustomed. peace DISU'SING, ppr. disyu'zing. Ceasing to DI'TONE, n. [Gr. i and ro.oj, tone.] In king disturbance. use disaccustoming. music, an interval comprehending two of a settled state of things 2. Int(;rruption DISVALUA'TION, n. [See Disvalue.] Dis- tones. The proportion of the sounds that disorder; tiiiniilt. We have read much form the ditoiie is 4:5, and that of the esteem disreputation. at times of disturbances in Spain, England DISVALUE, V. t. [dis and value.] To un- semiititone, 5:C. Encyc. and Ireland. Shak. DITRIHE'DRIA, n. [Gr. in, rpaj and tSpo, dervalue ; to disesteem. 3. Emotion of the mind ; exciteagitation twice three sides.] ment of passion perturbation. The mer- DISVALUE, n. Disesteem disregard. B. Jonson. In mineralogy, a genus of spai-s with six chant received the news of his losses withDlSVOUCir, V. t. [dis and vouch.] To dis- sides or planes; being formed of two triout apparent disturbance. Shak. to contradict. credit confusion. gonal pyramids joined base to base, with4. Disorder of thoughts out an intermediate column. can survey a variety of complicated DISWARN', V. t. [dis and warn.] To direct Encyc. They fValts DITTAN'DER, n. Pepper-wort, Lepidium, ideas, without fatigue or disturbanee. by previous notice. [A'ot used.] a genus of plants of many species. The wits or un 5. \n lnu\ the hindering or disquieting of a DISWIT'TED, a. Deprived of common dittander has a hot biting taste, lawful and peaceable enDrayton dcrstanding. ])er.son in the and is sometimes used in lieu of pepper. wean t. [dis and wont.] To joyment of bin right the interruption o DISVVONT', V. Encyc. to deprive of wonted usage. Bp. Hall a right ; as the disturbance of a franchise,
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

any disquiet or inlerruinion of as, to enter the church without ma

Priain in arms disused.

Dryden DP'TION,

)!.

[L.

ditio.]

Rule;

power;

dominion.

D
DIT'TANY,
I'Oj,

V
;

D
Gr. Sixtau-

V
two branch- DI'VERS,
Woodward.
a. s

D
as
;.

I
[Fr.

V
divers
;

[L. dictamnus or iixrauov.]

n.

To open
es.

to fork

to part into
V.
t.

L. diversus.

from diverto ;
1.

The iMte

dittany is a plant of the genus Dictanuuis. Its leaves are covered with a
;

DIVAR'ICATE,
branches.

To

di, dis,

and

divide into

two

verto, to turn.]
fields

Different
seeds.

various.
not

Grew.
divaricate

Thou shak
Deut.
let

white down in smell, they resemble Icrnnn-thyme, hut are more aromatic. When fresh, they yield an essential oil. The dittany of Crete is a species of Origannni, and the bastard dittany is a species of Marrnliiiim. Encyc. Fam. of Plants. DIT'TIED, a. [See Ditty.] Sung ; adapt ed to music. He, with his soft pipe, and smooth dlllied
song.
.Milton

a. In loioni/, standing out branch forms an obangle with the stem. It is applied to panicles, peduncles and petioles. also Martyn. DIVAR'ICATED, pp. Parted into two branches.

D1VAR'IATE,
wide.

sow thy

with divers
divers kinds.

xxii.

Nor

thy cattle gender with

tuse

Lev. xix.
2.

DIVAR'IATING,
branches.

ppr.

Parting

into

two

[This is now generally written diverse.] Several sundry luore than one, but not a great number. have divers examples of this kind. [This word is not obsolete even in comluon discourse, and is much used in law; ;

We

DIT'TO, contracted
accounts,
is

n. A parting; a forkproceedings.] a separation into two branches. DIVERS-COLORED, a. Having various colors. Shak. crossing or intersection of fibers at Coxe. DI'VERSE, a. [L. diversus.] Difi'erent difdiflerent angles. fering. DIVE, !'. i. [Sax. dyfan, ge-diifian ; Gr. Four great beasts came up from the sea, di5Dn*io It. tuffare ; coinciding with dip, verse one from another. Dan. vii. Heb. Ch. J?3!3. The same word in Syr. and Ar. signifies to stamp, strike, print, 2. Different from itself various ; multiform. B. Jonson. Eloquence is a diverse thing. impress. Class Db. No 28. The sense 3. In ditierent directions. then is, to thrust or drive.] dictum.] And with tendrils creep diverse. X song a sonnet or a little poem to be 1. To descend or plunge into water, as an Philips. first to thrust the body into DIVERSE, V. i. divers'. To turn aside. animal head sung. And to the wailjling lute soft ditties sing. water or other litiuor, or if already in wa[JVot used.] Spenser. Sandys. In the pearl fishe DIVERSIFICATION, n. [See Diversify.] ter, to plunge deeper. DIT'TY, V. i. To sing to warble a little 1. The act of changing forms or qualities, or ry men are employed to dive for shells. Herbert. tune. of making various. 2. To go deep into any subject as, to dive Boyle. DIURET'IG, a. [Gr. 6i(>ii(2*ij0{, froni^ioupfu, into the nature of things, into arts or sci 2. Variation variegation. &ia and oipeco, urinam reddo, oLpoj, urine.] Hale. ence. Dryden. 3. Variety of forms. Having the power to provoke urine tend- 'i. To plunge into any business or condition, 4. Change alteration. ing to produce discharges of urine. Coxe. so as to be thoroughly engaged in it. DIVERS'IFIED, pp. Made various in form that provokes altered. medicine or qualities variegated ; Shak. DIURET'IC, n. 2. a. Distinguished by various forms, or by 4. To sink to penetrate. urine, or increases its discharges. Shak. a variety of objects as diversified scenery Dive, thoughts, down to my soul. DIURN'AL, a. [h. diurnus, i\a\\y;W.diti}r a diversified landscape. [Rare.] nod, a day. The word is a coniironnd of DIVE, V. t. To explore by diving. The Curtii bravely rfiucrf thegulf of fame. DIVERS'IFORINI, a. [diversus and forma.] diw, dies, day, and a word which I do not Dcnham. Of a different form of various forms. understand.] n. A large cartilaginous fish, with Did. 1. Belating to a day pertaining to the day- DI'VEL, a bifurcated snout the sea duvvil of Nieu- DIVERS' time as diurnal heat diitrnal hours. IFY, v.t. [Fi: diversifier ; Sp. diPennant. hof}". 2. Daily versificar ; L. diversus and facia.] ba])pening every day performed a. [L. divellcns, divello ; dis 1. To make different or various in form or DIVEL'LENT, as a diurnal task. in a day and vello, to pull.] as the diurnal to variegate j Drawing asunder; 3. Performed in 24 hours qualities to give variety to to direvolution of the earth. separating. as, to diversify the colors of a robe t. To pull in pieces. 4. In medicine, an epithet of diseases whose DIVEL'LIeATE, v. versify a landscape with mountains, plains, the day time; as a DI'VER, n. One who ilives one who plun trees and lakes. exacerbations are in Parr diurnal fever. ges head first into water; one who sink: 2. To give diversity to; to distinguish by different things as a council diversified by DIURN'AL,/!. A day-book a journal. [See by eftbrt as a diver in the pearl fishery. different characters. 2. One who goes dee|> into a subject, or en Journal, which is mostly used.] tn n. .3. In oratory, to vary a sid)ject, by enlarging ters deep into study. DIURN'ALIST, journalist. [,Yot Hall. 3. on what has been briefly stated, by brief use] fowl, so called from diving. The name is given to several species of the genus DIURN'ALLY, adv. Daily every day. recapitulation, by adding new ideas, by DIUTURN'AL, o. Lasting being of long Colyndms. transposing words or periods, &c. Milton. DI'VERB, n. A proverb. [jYci in use.] continuance. DIVERS'IFVING, ppr. Making various in form or qualities giving variety to variBurton. DIUTURN'ITY, n. [L. diuturnilas, from egating. diuturnus, of long continuance, from diu. DIVERGE, I', i. divcrj'. [L. divergo: di, dis, and vergo, to incline.] DIVER'SION, n. [Fr. from L. diverto, to Length of time long duration. dies,]

DIVARICA'TION,
ing
;

into do, in book.s of the Italian detto, from L. die

2.

denotes said, aforesaid, or the same thing ; an ahbreviation used to save repetition. DIT'TY, ?i. [supposed to be from the D. If so, dicht, a poem, Sax. diht, dihtan. with the L. dico, it coincides in origin
turn, dictus, said. It
;

Brown To tend from one

each other; to from a point in

DIVAN',

n.

[Ar. Pers.

^\^ji

diwan. The

point and recede from shoot, extender proceed

divert.]
1.

different directions, or not

in parallel hues.

Rays of

light

proceed
It

Arabic verb

li

is

rendered, to be low,

from the sun and continually is opposed to converge.

diverge.

contemptible, [tpi. doum,] and Hence also, to write on a white table. divan is a register or table of names or

mean,

vile,

DIVERti'ENCE,
;

receding from each; as the diother a going farther apart vergerice of lines, or the angle of divergence.
?!.
;

2.

The act of turning aside from any course ; as the diversion of a stream from its usual the diversion of a purpose to another object the diversion of the mind from business or study. That which diverts that which turns or draws the mind from care, business or study, and thus relaxes and anuises
channel
; ;

accounts, and hence it came to signify a court or council assembled, as we use board and exchequer.] 1. Among the Turks and other orientals, a court of justice, or a coimcil. 2. A council-chainber a hall; a court. fi. Any council assembled. Pope. Milton.
;

Gregort/.

DIVERGENT,
ent.

Departing or receding from each other, as lines which proceed from the same point opposed to converga.
;

3.

ppr. Receding from each other, as they ])roceed. DIVAR'ICATE, v. i. [L. dlvaricatus, di- DIVERti'INGLY, adv. In a diverging manner. varico ; di, dis, and varico, to straddle.]

DIVER6'ING,

sport ; play ; jjastime ; whatever unbends the mind ; as the diversions of youth. Works of wit and humor furnish an agreeable diversion to the studious. In war, the act of drawing the attention and force of an enemy from the point where the principal attack is to be made, as by an attack or alarm on one wing of an army, when the other wing or center

D
IS

V
!

V
DIVINA'TION,
vine.]
1.

D
n.

\
from diSee Di-

intended for the principal attack. Tlie DIVEST'ING,/);jr. Stripping; putting of!'; depriving. enemy, it' deceived, is tlius induced to The act of stripping, witlidravv a part of his force from the part DIVESTITURE, / " where liis foo intends to make tlie main DIVEST'URE, I putting off, or deEncyc. Boyle. priving. impression. DIVERS'ITY, n. [L. divcrsilas ; Fr. diver- DIVI'UABLE, n. [See Divide.] That may be divided. silt: ; from L. diversus, diverto.] unlikeness. 2. Separate; parted. dissimilitude 1. Ditierence [JVot itsed nor prMer.] Shak. Tliere may be diuersit;/ without contrariety. There is a great diversity in human con- DIVI'DE, V. t. [L. divido; di or dis and
I

vino, to foretell,

[L. divinaiio, from divinus.

The act of divining ; a foretelling future events, or discovering things secret or obscure, by the aid of superior beings, or by
other than

human means.

heathen
into

philo.soi)hers

The ancient divided divination

stitutions.
2.

Variety ; as a diversity of ceremonies in churches.

as opposed to identity. Locke.
1.

3. Distinct being, 4.

The Greek, iduo, that is, vidua, to part. i6io{, tiiu^a, ihiurr^i, are from the same root, as is the L. individuus, viduus, vidua, Eng. widow, and wide and void. See the
latter

kinds, natural and artificial. .Vatxiral divination was supposed to be effected by a kiii<l of insjjiration or divine afflatus; artificial divination was effected by certain rites, experiments or observations,

two

Variegation.
Blushing in bright diversities of day. Pope. adv. [from diverse.] In dif-

Dl'VKKSLY,
ferent

2.

variously as, a differently passage of scripture diversty interpreted or understood. In diflereut directions to different points.

ways

On

life's

vast ocean diversly

we

sail.

Pupe.

DIVERT', V. t.
;

1.

[L. diverto ; di, dis, and t>er/o, to turn Fr. divertir ; Sj). id. ; It. divertire.] To turn off from any course, direction or

Encyc. Shak. 2. Conjectural presage ; prediction. cause to be separate to keep apart DIV'INATOR, n. One who pretends to dia partition or by an imaginary line or vination. by limit. A wall divides two houses. The DIVIN'ATORY, a. Professing divination. equator divides the earth into two hemis- DIVI'NE, a. [L. divinus, from divus, a god, pheres. coinciding in origin with deus, Sio^.] Let the liiniament divide the waters from the 1. Pertaining to the true God as the divine waters. Gen. i. nature divine perfections. To make partition of, among a number. 2. Pertaining to a heathen deity, or to false

part or separate an entire thing to part a thing into two or more pieces. Divide the living cliild in two. 1 Ivinga iii.
;

To

words.]

as by sacrifices, cakes, flour, wine, observation of entrails, flight of birds, lots, verses, omens, position of the stars, &.c.

To

intended application

to turn
its

aside

as,
4.
; ;

to divert a river from its to divert commerce from

usual channel usual coinse

to divert api)ropriated money to other ob jects ; to divert a man from his purpose. 2. To turn the mind from business or study ; hence, to please ; to amuse ; to entertain : Children are diverted with to exhilarate.

5.

; 3. Partaking of the nature of God. Half human, imU divine. Dryden. disunite in opinion or interest ; to 4. Proceeding from God; as divine judgmake discordant. ments. There shall be five in one house divided, 5. Godlike excellent in the

Ye shall divide the land by lot. Num. To open to cleave. Thou didst divide the sea. Neh. Lx.

xx.\iii.

gods.

To

thret' against
().

two

Luke

xii.

sports;

3. 4.

men are diverted with works of wit and humor ; low minds are diverted with buffoonery iu stage-playing. To draw the forces of an enemy to a difDavies.
[jVol in use.]
;

Shak. DIVERT'ED, pp. Turned aside turned or drawn from any course, or from the usual or intended direction pleased amused
; ;

ferent point. To subvert.

distribute ; to separate and bestow in parts or shares. And he divided to them his liiing. Luke xv. 7. To make dividends ; to apportion the interest or profits of stock among ])roprietors ; as, the bank divides six per cent. 8. To separate into two parts, for ascertain;

To

est

highheavenly extraordinary apparently degree above what is human. In this application as a dithe word admits of comparison
; ;
; ;

vine invention
est

a divine genius
is

mind.

the divinDavies.
king.

divine sentence Prov. xvi.

6.

in the lips of the

entertained.

DIVERT'ER,
ttn-ns off,

71.

He
n.

or pleases.

ing opinions for and against a measure as, to divide a legislative house, in voting. DIVI'DE, V. i. To part to open to cleave. 2. To break friendship as, brothers divide. Shak. or that which diverts, 3. To vote by the division of a legislative
;

Presageful
used.]

foreboding

prescient.

MtUon.

[jYot

7.

Appropriated to God, or celebrating his praise; as divine service; divine soDgs; divine worship. minister of the gospel ; a DIVI'NE, /!.

DIVERT'ICLE,
turning
; ;

[L.

a by-way.
;>pr.
;

diverticulum.] Hale. [JVot used.]

of}"

house into two parts. The emperors sat, voted and divided with
their equals.

priest

Gibbon.

DIVERT'ING,
2.

Turning

from any

DIVIDED, pp.
uted.

Parted; disunited; distribadv.

2.

Swift. divines of New England were surpassed by none in extensive erudition, personal sanctity, and diligence in Uie pastoral oliice.
;

a clergyman.

The

first

J.

course pleasing entertaining. a. Pleasing; amusing; entertaining; as a diverting scene or sport.

t.

Woodbridge.

DIVI'DEDLY,
DIV'IDEND,
larly, the

Separately.
;

Knatchbull.

DIVERTI'SE, V. To vertissant.]
used.]

s as :. [Fr. divertir, didivert ; to please. [jVof

Dnideti.

Ji. A part or share share of the interest or profit of stock in trade or other employment, whichj

man skilled in divinity ; a theologian ; as a great divine. V. t. [L. divino.] To foreknow; to particu- DIVI'NE,
foretell ; to pres.agc. Dar'st thou divine his downfall
?

Shak.

DIVER'TISEMENT,'ra.
a musical composition.

Diversion. [Little used.] Originally, a certain air or dance between tiie acts of the French opera, or

DIVERT! VE, a.
ing.

Tending to divert

use.] deify. [M)t Spenser. belongs to each proprietor according to, DIVI'NE, V. i. To use or practice divinahis proportion of the stock or capital. tion. 2. In aritlimetic, the number to be divided 2. To utter presages or prognostications. into equal parts. The prophets thereof divine for money. Miamus- DIVIDER, n. He or that which divides;
|

2. 7'o

in

DIVEST',

that which separates into parts. Rogers. 3. V. t. [Fr. devitir; de and vettr, to 2. distributor ; one who deals out to each It is the same word as his share. clothe, L. vestio. Who made me a judge or divider over you. devest, but the latter is appropriately used

cah

iii.

To have To

[iresages or forebodings. Suggest but truth to my divining thoughts

Shak.

1.

as a technical term in law.] To strip of clothes, arms or equipage

Luke
;

4.

xii.

op-

3.
4.

He

or that which disunites.

Swift.

guess or conjecture. Could you divine what lovers

bear.

posed to
2.

invest.
;

To To

deprive

as, to divest
;

or privileges
erty.
3.
ers,

to divest

one of his rights one of title or prop-

DIVIDING, ;)/)/.
;

kind of compasses. Parting; separating; disdisunituig ; apportioning to tributing

Granville.

each his share.

;
;

adv. In a divine or godlike manner in a manner resembling deity. 2. By the agency or influence of God ; as a

DIVI'NELY,
;

or difference deprive or strip of any thing that cov- 2. a. That indicates separation as a dividing line. surrounds or attends as, to divest one of his glory to divest a subject of decep- DIVIDING, i. Separation. tive appearances, or false ornaments. DIVID'U.VL, (I. [L. dividuus, from divido.] DIVEST'ED, pp. Stripped undressed de- Divided, shared or participated in common with others. [Little used.] Milton. prived.
; ;
;

prophet divinely inspired

3.

divinely taught.
;

Excellently
divinely fair
;

in the
n.

supreme degree
;

as

divinely brave.
;

DIVI'NtNESS,

Divinity participation of the divine nature as the divineness of the scriptures. [Liltle itsed.]

D
2.

V
Shak.

V
or publishing.

D O
DIVUL'GATE, a. DIVULGA'TION,
DIVULGE,
dis
V.
t.

Excellence in the supreme degree.

professes divination one who pretends to predict events, or to reveal occult things, by the aid of superior beings, or of supernatural means. These nations hearkened to diviners. Deut
n.
;

DIVI'NER,

One who

8.

usually two, and commanded by a majorBut the term is often applied to general. other bodies or portions of an army, as to a brigade, a squadron or a platoon. A part of a fleet, or a select number of
ships

Published.
n.

[Little icsed.]

The

act of divulging

divulj'.

[Jj.

and vulgo,

to

make

divulgo

di or
vtd-

under a commander,
;
;

and
;

distin1.

gus, the

xviii.

9.
;

2.

One who guesses a conjecturer. Locke DIVI'NERESS, n. A female diviner a woman professing divination. Dryden.
;

guished by a particular flag or pendant. Disunion .discord variance difference. There was a difision among the people. John
vii.

10.

Space between the notes of music, or

Bailey

Dl'VlNG,
iiig

into

ppr. [Hce Dive] Phmging or sink water or other liquid applied to

;

animals only.
2.

the dividing of the tones. Johnson. 11. Distinction.

people, as publish, public, from L. populus, people.] To make jjuhlic to tell or make known something before private or secret; to reveal to disclose as, to divulge the secret sentiments of a friend to divulge the proceedings of the cabinet. Divulge is more generally applied to verbal disclosures, and puhlish to printed accounts. But they
;

common

public,

from

DI'VING-BELL,. A hollow

Going deep

into a subject.
12.

vessel in form of a truncated cone or pyramid, with the smaller base close, and the larger one open, in which a person may descend into deep water and remain, till the inclosed air ceases to be respirable.
n.
;

1 will put a division between iny people and thy people. Ex. vUi. The separation of voters in a legislative

may

be used synonymously.

We may
.Milton.

publish by words, and divulge by the press. To declare by a public act; to proclaim.

1.3.

house. In arithmetic, the dividing of a number or quantity into any parts assigned or the
;

[Unusual.]

DIVULG'ED,
disclosed
veals.
;

pp.
n.

Made

public

revealed

published.

DIVIN'ITY,
It divinita
1.

[L. diviiiitas
;

Vi: divinilr

rule by

which
is

one number

found how many time: contained in another.

is
I ^

DIVULG'ER,
revealing.

One who

divulges or re-

Up. divinidad

t'lom diviiius,

ion; noting or making division as a divisional line. head ; the nature or essence of God. DIVI'SIONER, n. One who divides. [JVot Christians ascribe divinity to one Supreme Sheldon. sed.] Being only. DIVT'SIVE, a. Forming division or distri2. God ; the Deity ; the Supreme Being. Mede bution. 'Tis the Divinity that stirs withiu us. Burnet 2. ("reating division or discord. Mdison. DIVI'SOl!, n. In ort/Amch'c, the number by false God ; a pretended deity of pa3. which the dividend is divided. gans. DIVORCE, ?[. [Fr. divorce ; Sp.divorcio; It. Beastly divinities, and droves of gods. divortio ; L. divorlium, from divorto, a difPrior. ferent orthogra|)hy of diverfo, to turn celestial being, inferior to the Supreme 4. away. See Divert.] God, but superior to man. Many nations 1. legal dissolution of the bonds of matribelieve these inferior
divus.] The state of being divine; Deity;

God-

DIVI"SIONAL, 1)IVI"S10NARY,
;

"

Pertaining to divis

DIVULGTNG,;)/?r. Disclosing; publishing;

DIVUL'SION,
di, dis,

n. [L. divulsio,

from

divellor

and

vello, to pull.]

The

act of pulling or plucking

dire divulsions

away

a rend-

ing asunder.

And

shook the changing world. J. Barlow.

pidls

DIVUL'SIVE,
rends.

a.

That

asunder that Kirwan.

;

DIZ'EN,
is is

I'. (.

diz'n.

To

dress gayly; to deck.

Stirijl.

is not esteemed elegant, and nearly obsolete. Its compoinid bedizen used in burlesque. divinities. in V. t. [See Dizzy.] To astonish ; to mony, or the separation of husband and DIZZ, 5. Something supernatural. wife by a judicial sentence. This is pro]) puzzle to make dizzy. [jVo< used.] Gayton. They say there is divinity in odd numbers. erly a divorce, and called technically, diShak blockhead. DIZ'ZARD, n. [See Dizzy.] vorce a vinculo matrimonii. the science The separation of a married woman from 6. The science of divine things [,\"ot used.] which imfolds the character of God, his the bed and board of her husband, n DIZ'ZINESS, n. [See Dizzy.] Giddiness a whirling in the head vertigo. laws and moral govermnent, the duties of mensa el thoro. man, and the way ofsalvation; tlieology 3. Separation ; disunion of things closely DIZ'ZY, a. [Sax. dysi or dysig, foolish dyas the study of divinity ; a system of disigncsse, folly dysian, to be foolish gediunited. 4. The sentence or writing by which marsignn, to err G. dusel, dizziness duselig, riniti/. D. deuzig, stupid dizzy dyzig, misty, DIVISIBIL'ITY, n. [Fr. divisibility, from L. riage is dissolved. See Divide.] divi.nbilis. 5. The cause of any penal separation. hazy Dan. taas.se, a foolish person qu. doser, to make sleepy.] The quality of being divisible; the property The Ion" divorce of steel falls on me. a sensation of whirling ill of bodies by which their parts or compoShak. Giddy; having nent particles are capable of separation DIVORCE, V. t. To dissolve the marriage the head, with instability or proneness to fall Lock vertiginous. contract, and thus to separate husband as a dizzy highth. 2. Causing giddiness a. s as :. [L. divisihilis, from and wife. DIV'IS'IBLE, heedless ; as the See Divide.] tlioughtless divido. 2. To separate, as a married woman from 3. Giddy Milton. dizzy multitude. the bed and board of her husband. Capable of division that may be separated Matter is divisi- 3. To separate or disunite things closely DIZ'ZY, v. t. To whirl round; to make gidor disunited separable. Shak. to confuse. ble indefmitelv. ly connected to force asunder. Hooker. Shak. Do, V. t. or auxiliary ; prct. did ; pp. done, DIVIS'IBLENESS, n. Divisibility ; capapronounced dun. This Verb, when transto put away. Btackiiiore. 4. Tf> take away city of being separated. itive, is formed in the indicative, present DIVi"SION, n. s as :. [L. divisio, from di- DIVORCED, pp. Separated by a dissohitioi tense, thus, I do, thou doest, he does or See Divide.] of the marriage contract separated from vido, divisi. doth when auxiliary, the second person 1. The act of dividing or separating into bed and board |iarted forced asunder. doen DIVORCEMENT, n. Divorce; dissolution is, thou dost. [Sax. don ; D. or ; G. thun ; )(arts, any entire body. Goth, tauyan ; Russ. deyu dayn. This 2. Tlie state of being divided. of the marriage tie. is probably a contracted word, for in Sa$. that 3. That which divides or separates Let him write her a bill of divorcement. Deut. dnhte signifies made or did, as if the pret. x\lv. which ke<!ps apart partition. of this verb. If the elements are dg, it the rest by a DIVORCER, n. The person or cause that 4. The i)art separated from coincides in elements with Sax. dugan, to Dnimmond as the produces divorce. partition or line, real or imaginary be able, and with teagan, to taw, as 2. One of a sect called divorcers, said to divisions of a field.

This word

5.

separate body of men as, commun Addison. and divisions of men. C. A part or distinct jrartion as the divis ions of a discourse. 7. A part of an army or militia; a body consisting of a certain number of brigades.
;

have sprung from Milton.

leather.]
1.
;

ties

DIVORCING, ppr.
cimtract
;

Dissolving the marriage separating from bed and hoard

a.

fect

disuniting.

any thing

DIVORCIVE,

Having power

to divorce

Milton

|)erform ; to execute ; to carry into efto exert labor or power for bringing to the state ilesired, or to comto pass. pletion ; or to bring any thing he say, this man does his work well;
;

To

We

D O
dues

DOC
men
will

DOC
to bar cut off, destroy or defeat as, to dock an entail. 4. To bring, draw or place a ship in a dock. DOCK, . The tail of a beast cut short or the stump of a tail the solid cli[iped part of the tail. case of leather to cover a horse's dock. 2.
3.
; ;
;

do

in

In six days thou shall do all thy work. Ex. XX. Ex. iv. I will teach you what ye shall do. I the Lord do all these things. Is. xlv. 2. To practice ; to perform ; as, to do good

more in one two days.

ilay

than some

or
3.

evil.

To perform for the benefit or injury of with for or to ; for, when the another
;

thing is beneficial ; to, in either case. Till 1 know what tiod will do for me. 1
xxii.

Sam

Do
to is 4. 5.

him neither good nor evil. But more generally omitted. Do him neito
; ;

ther good nor Imrni. To execute to discharge; to convey do a message to the king.

as,

her will do for the corner ])Ost ; this tenon the road is repairwill do for the mortise ed and will do for the present. To have to do tvith, to have concern or business with to deal with. Have little to do with jealous men. Also, to have carnal commerce with. Do is used for a verb to save the repetition of it. I shall probably come, but if I do not, you must not wait ; that is, if I do not come, if I come not. Do is also used in the imperative, to ex press an urgent request or connnand as, do come help me, do ; make haste, do. In this case, do is uttered with emphasis As an auxiliary, do is used in asking quesDoes he wish tions. Do you intend to go
; ; ; ;
.'

To

DOCK,

6.

To perform We lie and To exert.

Bo
2 Tim.
iv.

to practice ; to observe. do not the trulli. 1 John i.

;

me
is
is

Do
me Do

is

to come ? also used to express emphasis. coquetish, but still I do love her.

Encyc. n. A broad deep trench on the side of a harbor, or bank of a river, in which .\ dry dock has ships are built or re|)aired. flood-gates to admit the tide, and to prevent the influx, as occa.-^ion may require. ffet docks have no flood-gates, but ships may be repaired in them cluringtlie recess of the tide. Jf'et docks are also constructed with gates to keep the water in at ebb
tide, so that vessels afloat in them.

She

may

lie

Mar.

Diet.

constantly Cyc.

thy diligence
;

to

come

shortly

to

sometimes a mere expletive.

Vryden Pope

In America, the spaces between wharves

are called docks.

This just reproach their virtue does excite.

Expletives their feeble aid do join.

DOCK'-YAIU),

7.

To To

transact
linish

as, to

do business with an-

other.
8.
;

n. A yard or magazine near a harbor, for containing all kinds of naval stores and timber.
n. [W. tociaw, to cut off, to clip, hence docket is a piece.] ; small piece of paper or jiarcbment, conAlso, a taining the heads of a writing. subscription at the foot of letters patent, by the clerk of the dockets. Bailey.

execute or transact and [The latter use of do is nearly obsolete.] bring to a conclusion. The sense of comDo is sometimes used by way of opposition ; pletion is often implied in this verb as, we will do the business and adjourn we as, I did love him, but he has lost my af feclions. did the business and dined. to have re- DOAT. 9. To perform in an exigency [See Dole.] course to, as a consequential or last ef-! DO'CIBLE, a. [See Docile.] Teachable; docile; tractable; easily taught or mana to take a step or measure ; as, in this fort Milton. ged. crisis, we knew not what to do. What will ye da in the day of visitation. DOCIBII.'ITY, Teachableness; do I Is. X. DO'CIBLKNESS, 5 "'cility readiness to Jf'alton 1,0. To make or cause. earn. Nothing but death can do ine to respire. Obs. DO'CILE, a. [L. docilis, from doceo, to Spenser. teach. Doceo and teach are the same word.
to
; ;
;

DOCKET,
to dock
1.

2.

11.

To

Who
12.

04.?. put. should do the duke to death

Shall.

To answer
rU make

the purpose.

See Teach.] Teachable easily

;

the songs of Durfeydo.

To have

to do, to

have concern with.

.'

What hove [In do with you? 2 Sam. xvi. What have I to do any more witli idols Hos.
xiv.

instructed ready to learn tractable easily managed. Some children are far more docile than others. Dogs are more docile than n)any other an imals.
; ;
;

To do
of;

teith,

to

dispose of; to

to

employ.

Coumierce

is

know not what to do with our ships. men know not what to do with their
or
ivith

Teachableness; readiness DOCIL'ITY, to learn aptness to be taught. The do make use cilitij of elephants is remarkable. we D0'C1M.\CY, n. dull [Gr. *oxif<oim. See the
71.
;
;

Idle

time

next word.]

The

themselves.

art or practice

who never had

I

Also, to gain ; to effect by influence. A jest with a sad brow will do with a fellow the ache in his shoulders. Shok

tallurgy.

of assaying metals meMed. Repos

;

A bill, tied to goods, containing some diname of the owner, or the place to which thcv are to be sent. ' [See Ticket.] Bailey. An alphabetical list of cases in a court, or a catalogue of the names of the parties who have suits depending in a court. Ill some of the states, this is the principal or only nse of the word. DOCK'ET, V. t. To make an abstract or summary of the heads of a writing or writings; to abstract and enter in a book as, judgments regularly docketed. Blackslone. 2. To enter in a docket to mark the contents of papers on the back of them. 3. To mark with a docket. Chesterfield. ppr. Clipping; cutting off the end placing in a dock. DOCK'ING, )i. The act of drawing, as a Mar. Diet. ship, into a dock.
rection, as the
;

DOCKING,
;

DOCTOR,
teacher.
isee,

n.

[L.

from

doceo, to teacb.]

DOCIMAS'TIC,
ioxiyuoifu,
boxijioi,

[Gr. ox./.artxo5, from essay, examine, from proved, tVom 6oxiu, to prove. Ch,
a.

to

try,

There stood up one

in

named

Gamaliel, a

the council, a Phardoctor of the law.

Acts V. Class Dg. No. 0.] pn. 2. One w ho has passed all the degrees of a Properly, essaying, proving by experiments or relating to the assaying of metals. The faculty, and is empowered to practice and teach it, as a doctor docimastic art is otherwise called metal divinity, in physic, in law or according to modern usage, a It is the art of assaying metals, or lurgy. to do away imperfections to do away pre the art of separating them from foreign person who has received the highest deand determining the nature and gree in a faculty. The degree of doctor judices. matters, is conferred by universities and Do, V. i. To act or behave, in any manner, colleges, quantity of metallic substance contained as an honorary mark of literary distincwell or ill to conduct one's self. Lavoisier. in any ore or mineral. tion. It is also conii;rred on physicians, They fear not the Lord, neither do they after DOCK, n. [Sax. docce ; L. dancus ; Gr. as a professional degree. 2 Kings xvii the law and commandment. imixoi from Ar. Syr. Class Dg. No. 9.] a man skilled in a proto be in a state with regard to A genus of plants, the Rumex, of several 3. A learned man 2. To fare fession a man of erudition. Its root resembles a carrot. sickness or health. species. How dost thou > Shak. DOCK, V. t. [W. tociaw, and Iwciaw, to clip, Dryden. Digby. asked him how he did. How do to cut off; whence docket and ticket. Class 4. A physician one whose occupation is to cure diseases. you do, or how do you Dg. No. 19. 47.] to accomplish a purpose. 1. To cut off, as the end of a 3. To succeed thing to cur o. The title, doctor, is given to certain fathers Will this plan shall do without him. to clip of the church whose opinions are receivtail; to cut short as, to dock the Mdison. do ? tail of a horse. ed as authorities, and in the Greek church, to fit to be adapted to answer i2. To cut off a part to shorten ; to deduct it is given to a panicular oflicer who inAlso, the design withybr; as, this piece of tim from as, to dock an account. terprets the scriptures. Encyc.

can do nothing with

this obstinate fellow.

billon

have concern with to hav( business; to deal. [See No. 12.] Tb do away, to remove to destroy as
Also, to
; ;

Wo

.'

We

DOC
Doctors'

D O D
civilians in 2.

DOG
Dryden.

Commons, the college of London.

V.
t.

To

teach
to

to instruct
a.

to direct.

DO'DO,

DOCTOR,
DO'TOR,

To

DOUMENT'AL,
tion or

Pertaining to instruc
;

ap])ly

medicines for the

DOCTORAL,

cure of diseases. [Jl popular use of this word, but not elegant.] V. i. To practice physic. [JVb( ehgant.] a. Relating to the degree of Johnson. a doctor. DO'TORALLY, adv. In the manner of ai doctor. Hakewill.\ DO'TORATE, n. The degree of a doctor.:

documents consisting in or derived from documents as documental

;

testimony. Court Martial on Gen. iVUkinson.

DOCUMENT' ARY,
ten evidence
;

DOD'DER,

n.

Pertaining to writconsisting in documents. [G. dotter.] A plant of the

a.

genus Cuscuta, one species of which

called hell-weed.

DO'TORATE,

a doctor by| Warton. conferring a degree. DO'TORLY, a. Like a learned man. Bp. HaU.l DOC'TORSHIP, n. The degree or rank of Clarendon.: a doctor. [Doctorate is now generally used.]
v.
t.

To make

Encyc.\

Hudihras. and particularly to the nettle. It decays DOE, n. A feat. [.Not used.] n. [from rfo.] One who does; one at the root, and is nourished by the plant DoER, who i)erforms or executes an actor au that supports it, by means of little vesicles agent. or papilla', which attach themselves to the One who performs what is required one Hill. stalk. Encyc. keeps DODDERED, a. Overgrown with dodder who observes, the law or obeys, in practiceThe doers of shall be justified. Rom. covered with
;
; ; ;

leaves, parasitical, self to some other plant, as to hops, flax

weigh sometimes forty five pounds. The plumage is gray and brown mixed. Encyc. n. do. [finx. da; Dan. daa.] Ashe deer: It is almost destitute of DOE, the female of the fallow-deer. The male creeping and fi.xing itis is

Didus, a genus of fowls of the galhnaeeous order. The hooded dodo is larger than a swan, with a strong hooked bill. The general color of the plumage is cinereous; the belly and thighs whitish. The head is large, and seems as if covered with a hood. The solitary dodo is a large fowl, and is said to
71.

The

called a buck.

Pertainor' ing to doctrine containing a doctrine something taught; as a doctrinal observa-] a doctrinal proposition. tion 2. Pertaining to the act or means of teach-|
Doctrine.]
; ;

EocTollls,!"DOCTRINAL, o. [See

ftn-le physician.

supcrcrescent plant.s. Johnson. Dryden.

ii.

DODE'AGON,
yupia,

n. [Gr. Buiexa, twelve, and an angle.] A regular figure or polygon, consisting of twelve equal sides and

DOES,
from

dicative

the third person of the verb rfo, inmode, present tense, contracted
t.

docth.
V.

DOFF,
1.

[Qu.

do-off.

Rather D.

angles.

DODECAtiYN,
ywr;, a female.]

n.

[Gr. 64o6fxa, twelve, and In botany, a plant having

a.

ing.

The word

of

God
7i.

serveth no otherwise, than

twelve
tils.

pistils.

in the nature of a doctrinal instrument.

Hooker.
is

DODEC.^gYN'IAN,

Having

to push, to thrust. Class Db. No 17. 18.] To [)ut off, as dress. And made us doff our easy robes of peace. Shak. twelve ins- 9- To stri]) or divest as, he doffs himself.
Encijc.
;

doffen,

DOCTRINAL,
of doctrine.

Something that

a part South.

Crashaw.
a.
;

DODEAIIE'DRAL,
ing to a dodecahedron equal sides.

[infra.]

Pertain

3.

To
To

put or thrust
(/i)/f

DOCTRINALLY,
DOCTRINE,
to teach.]
1.

adv. In the form of doctrine or instruction ; by way of teaching| or positive direction. Roy-\ n. [L. doctrina, from doceo,

consisting of twelve
4.

To
delay.

away

to get rid of.

their dire distresses.

put

off; to shift off;

Shak with a view to

DODECAHE'DRON, n. [Gr. awfxo, twelve,

f6pa, a base.] regular solid contained tuider twelve equal and regular pentagons, or havini; Chambeis twelve equal bases. DODECAN'DER, n. [Gr. iuiixa, twelve and a);p, a male.] In botany, a plant having twelve stamens: one ol the class dodecandria. But this class includes all plants that have any number of stamens from twelve to nineLinne. teen inclusive. DODEAN'DRIAN, a. Pertaining to the plants or class of plants that have twelve or from twelve to nineteen. Lee. stamens,

and

Every day thou doffst me with some dence.

Shale.

In a general sense, taught. Hence, a principle or position in any science; whatever is laid down as true by an The doctrines of the] instructor or master. or truths taught| gospel are the principles by Christ and his apostles. The doctrines'. of Plato are the principles which he taught.| Hence a doctrine may be true or false it may be a mere tenet or opinion. 2. The act of teaching. He taufiht them many things by parables, and
is
;

whatever

[This

ivoi-d is,

believe, entirely obsolete

in discourse, at least in the U. States, but is retained in poetry.]

DOG,
dog
1.

se doguer, to butt;
;

[Fr. dogue, a bull dog or mastiff; Arm. rfog-or dogues ; D. probably, the runner or starter.] A species of (piadrupeds, belonging to the genus Canis, of many varieties, as the niasfiflf, the hound, the spaniel, the shepherd's dog, the terrier, the harrier, the
n.

.said to

3.

Ibem in liis ductrinc. Mark iv. Learning knowledge. AVhom shall he make to understand doctrine
;

D0DEATEM0'R10N,
?

n.

[Gr.
/uoptoi,

composed
part.]

bloodhound, &c. It is used tor male, when applied to several other animals as a dog-fo.T; a dog-ot;

of 6u6fxaT05, twelfth, and

twrllih part.

ter

dog-ape.
prefi.xed to other
is

Is. xxviii.

[Little tised.]

Creech.

It is

4.

The

truths of the gosi)el in general. That they may adoni the doctrine of God our
all

DODECATEM'ORY,
sometimes given
to

n. A denomination each of the twelve

what
3.

Dryden. words, denoting

;

mean, degenerate or worthless as

dog-rose.

Savior in
5.

things.

Tit.

ii.

signs of the zodiac.

in llie

Burton.

DOCUMENT,
Precept
;

of the gospel.

Instruction and coritinuation 2 Tini. iii.

}i.

truths

DODGE,
1.

[L.
;

documentum, from
direction.

doceo, to teach.]

instruction

Bacon.
;

Watts.

J'. (. doj. [from some root signifying to shoot, dart or start.] To start suddenly aside to shift place hy Milton. a sudden start. To play tricks ; to be evasive to use tergiversation ; ti> play fast and loose to
;
;

4.

5.

Johnson. andiron, so named from the figure of a dog's head on the top. [Russ. tagan.] A term of reproach or contempt given to a man. A constellation called Sirius or Canicula,

An

6.

dogDogmatical precept ma. More generally, in present usage, writtei, instruction, evidence or proof; any ofhcia or auihoritative paper containing instructions or proof, for informatinn and thi: establishment of facts. Thus, the presi-

authoritative

raise expectations to quibble.

and disappoint them

DODGE,

Hale. Addison. V. t. To evade by a sudden shift of place to escaj)e by starting aside ; as, to dodge a canto dodge a blow aimed
; ;

7.

See Dog-day.] An iron hook or bar with a sharp fang, used hy seamen. Mar. Diet. An iron used by sawyers to fasten a log of timber in a saw-pit.

8.

gay young man

a buck.

[Not in

use.]

Johnson.

dent laid before congress the report of tin secretary, accompanied with all the docu
ments.

To give or throw to the dogs, is to throw away, non ball. as useless. [This is a common tvord, very expressive and useful, but not admissable in solem To go to the dogs, is to he ruined.

DO'UMENT,

furnish with documents : to furnish with instructions and proofs, or with papers necessary to estab A ship should be documented! lish facts. according to the directions of law.
v.
t.

To

DODG'ER, n. One who dodges or evades. DODG'ING, ppr. Starting aside evading. DOD'KIN, n. [doit, D duit, and kin.] A
;

discourse or elegant composition.]

DOG,
to
I

V.

t.

To

hunt
;

or indefatigahly

to follow insidiously to follow close ; to urge ;

:

worry with

im])ortuiiity.

little

DOD'MAN,

a small coin. A fish that casts like the lobster and crab.
doit
;

n.

its shell,

DO'GATE,

Bacon.

have been pursued, dogged and way-laid. Pope. n. [See Doge.] The office or Encyc. dignity of a doge.

DOG
POG'BERRY,
wood.
?i.

DOG
DOGMA,
A
tenet
:

DDL
the weather gun-wale, to assist in steering Mar. Diet. a ship on the wind. or DOG'WATCH, )i. Among semncn, a watch of two hours. The dogwatches are two in
reliefs
;

The

berry of the dogn.

(1.

to think; [Gr.Soy/iMi^fromJextto,
;

DOG'JJERRY-TREE, DOG'BRIER, n. The

liip
;

The dogwood.
Johnson.
plant growing in

brier that bears the

the cyiiosbatoii.
i.

DOG'-ABBAgE,
tlie .south

L. dogma.] a principle, maxim settled opinion a doctrinal notion, particularly as the matters of faith and philosophy dogmas of the church ; the dogmas of
riato.

between 4 and 8
a.

DOG' WEARY,
fatigued.

Quite

o'clock, P. M. tired ; much

dil-

of Europe, the cy iiocrambe, conEncyr. stituting the genus Tiiehgonuni. DOG'CllEAP, a. Cheap as dog's meat, or Johnson. ofl'al very clicap. I)OG'l>AY, n. One of the days when Sir;

Complijuent

my dogma,
}

and

will compli-

DOG'WQQD,

)!.

A common name of
ji.

ment

your.i.

J.

M. Mason.

DOGMAT'IC,
DOGMAT'IC.VL,
ion.
se<l to

Pertaining to a dogma, or to settled opin-

ferent species of the cherry.

Cornus or cornelian

DOG'U'WD-TREE,
tlirina,

The

Piscidia ery-

iiis

<)!

sun.
jiarl

the dogstar rises and sets witli tlie Tl)e dogdays commence the latter of July, and end the beginning of

Positive ; magisterial ; asserting or dispoassert with authority or with over;

DOI LY,
to
2.

September.

UOG'DRAW,

n. A manifest deprehension of an oflender against the venison in the tlie forest, when he is found drawing after deer by the scent of a hound led by tlie

applied to perbearing and arrogance as a dogmatic schoohnan or phi sons Boyk. losopher.
;

a tree growing in Jamaica. Encyi: 71. A species of woolen stuft', said be so called from the first maker.
Congreve.

Linen made into a small napkin.

3.

asserted with authority; tlioritative ; as adogmaiical opinion.

Positive;

an

Mason.

VbiJiG, ppr.
cuting.

[See Do.]

Performing;

e.xe-

liand.
7t.

-Eig"-

DO(JE, [It. ;L. dux; L. duco, to lead Sax. toga, teoche.] The chief magistrate of Venice and Genoa.
;

Law. Coivel. Eng. duke; from

4.

Arrogant

overbearing in asserting and

DOGMATICALLY,

DOGFIGHT,
dogs.
n.

n.

battle

between two
to

scvera DOG'FISII, given species of shark, as the spotted shark or greater dogfish, the piked dogfish, &c. Encyc. Cyc

A name

niaintuining 0|)inions. adv. Positively; in a magisterial niamicr arrogantly. DOGMAT'lALNESS, n. The quality of being do{;;uiatical; positiveness. MATISM, n. Positive assertion arro;

DOINGS,
tions
"2.
;

plu. Things done; feats; actions, good or bad.

71.

transac-

Behavior; conduct.
Stir
;

3.

bustle.
n.

DOG

DOIT,

[D.duit; G.deut. Qu. Fr. doigl.

DOG'FL'i',

n.

A voracious, biting fly.

Chapman.
;

1. Pope. positivcness in opinion. Hence our vulgar phrase, I care D0G'AL\T1ST, n. positive assertcr; a a. A trifle. It is used adverbially and not a doit. magisterial teacher; a bold or arrogant Halls. advancer of principles. commonly pronounced (We. v. i. To assert positively ; DOLAI? RiFORM, a. [L. dolabra, an a,\.

gance

a finger, a point, L. digitus.] A small |)iccc of money.

DOGMATIZE,
to teach

DOG'GED,

pp. Pursued closely

;
;

urged
;

fre-

to

quently and importunately. morose surly severe. 2. a. Sullen ; sour Shak. Hudibras.

with bold and imduc confidence andybrmn, fonu.j advance with arrogance. Having the form of an ax or hatchet. Men often dogmatize most, when they are Martyn.
;

least supported

by reason.
.
;

Jinon.
;

DOG'MATIZER,
a bold assertor

One who dogmatizes

DOLE,
1.

71.

[Sax. dal
Ir.

Russ. dolia, a part or

deal.

DOG'GEDLY,
sourly
ncss.
;

adv.
;

Sullenly;
severely.

gloomily

a magisterial teacher.

portion;

dail

from the root of

morosely

DOG'GEDNESS,
DOG'GER,
in the
)!.

n.

Sullenness; morose

DOGMATIZING,
DOG'ROSE,
n.

Haminond. ppr. Asserting with exflower of the hip.

See Deal.]
act of dealing or distributing ; as the power of dole and donative. [Nbl in use.'\

The

cess of confidence.

German

fishing vessel used ocean, particularly it\ the

Dutch

The

2.

of plants, the A|)Ocynum, of several species also, the Asdepias. The corner of a leaf in a )!. hook turned down like a dog's ear. Gray. lesque poetry, like that of Hudibras ; as DOG'SICK. a. Sick as a dog. doggerel verse or rhyme. Dryden. Mdison. DOG'SKIN, a. Made of the skin of a dog. Taller. n. A loose, irregular kind of DOG'GEREL, DOG'SLEEP, n. Pretended sleep. poetry ; used in burlesque. Mdison. Dryden. Su'ifl. DOG'GERMAN, n. A sailor belonging to a DOG'S-MEAT, n. Refuse ; offal ; meat for dogs. Dryden. dogger. DOG'GERS, n. In English alum icorks, a DOG'S'-RUE, 71. A plant, a species of Scrophularia. sort of stone found in the mines with the DOG'STAR, n. Sinus, a star of the first true alum-rock, contaming some alum. magnitude, whose rising and setting with Encyc. DOG'GING, ppr. [from dog.] Hunting; the sun gives name to the dogdays. DOG'STONES, n. A plant, the Orchis or pursuing incessantly or importunately. fdol-stones. DOG'GISH, 0. Like a dog ; churlish
;

herring fishery. It is equipped with two masts, a main-tnast and a mizen-mast, .somewhat resembling a ketch. Encyc. DOG'GEREL, a. An epithet given to a kind of loose, irregular measure in bur-

DOG'S'-BANE,
DOG'S'-EAR,

n. [Gr. artoxwo..]

Derham. A genus

3.

Bacon. That which is dealt or distributed a pan, Shak. share or portion. That which is given in charity; gratuity.
;

4. 5. 6.

Blows

dealt out.

Drjiden. Milton.

A DOLE,

Boundary.
71.

[.Vol in use.] void sjiace left in tillage.

[L.

dolor, pain,

sorrow.

Obs.
/.

DOLE,
used.]

I).

To tleal
n.

[Local.] Grief; grief] Milton. to distribute. [A'ot

DOLEFUL,
2.

[dote
;

and fitU.]
as a doleful

exiiressing grief doleful cry.

Sorrowful; whine a
;

as a doleful sire. Sidney. 3. Dismal impressing sorrow ; gloomy ; as Milton. doleful shades. adv. In a doleful maimer; DO'LEFl/LLY,

Melancholy
;

sad

afldicted

sorrowfully

dismally
;

sadly.
; ;

DO'LEFULNESS, n. Sorrow
querulousness

growling
cious.

snappish
a.

brutal.
;

DOG'TOOTH,
pointed

n.

plu.

dogteeth.

.shaq)-

DOG'HEARTED,
DOG'HOLE,
a
vile,

Cruel
tit

pitiless

maliShak.

human

tooth growing between the

DO'LENT,
in use.]
ful
;

a.

melancholy dismalness. gloominess [h. dokns.] Sorrowful. [.Vol

;

n.

place

mean

habitation.
n.

DOG'HOUSE,
dogs.

A
n.

only for dogs; Dn/den. Pope.

Overbury.

foreteeth and jrrinders, and resembhng a di'ii's tooth. It is called also an eye
tooiir.

DO'LESOME,
doleful.

a.

Gloomy dismal; sorrow;

kennel for dogs.

DOGTOOTH-VIOLET,
Erythronium.
foi

n.

The delesome passage

plant, the
;

to th' infernal sky.

DO'LESOMENESS,
ness.

n.

Gloom

Pope. dismal-

DOG'KENNEL,
DOG'LEACII,
n.

kennel or hut

DOG'TRICK,
treatment.

n.

currish trick

brutal

DOG'LOUSE,
dogs.

n.

An

A dog-doctor.
insect that
is

Dn/den Beaton found on

DOGTROT,
dog.

ji.

Dryden.
gentle trot like that of a

DOLL,

DOG'VANE,
Like a dog.
a.

DOG'LY, a. DOG'-MAD, Vol.

[JVot in use.

Mad

as a dog.

n. Among seamen, a small vane composed of thre-id, cork and feathers, fastened to a half pike and placed on

71. [VV. ddw, form, image, resemblance, an idol, a false god duU, Arm. dailh, or tailh, whicli form, figure seems to be the L. talis. Also Ir. dealbh, an image. But qu. Gr. ttSuxoi', an idol.^
; ;

from

ftiu, to see.]

I.

66

D O M
A
puppet or baby for a child a small image in the human tbnii, for the amusement of
;

DOM
condition or quality, as in unsdom, free
2.
3.

DOM
To make
familiar, as if at

home.
Chesterfield.

dom.

little girls.

DOMATN,

DOL'LAR,
was
first

n. [G. thaler; O. daalder ; Dan. and Sw. daler ; Sp. dalera ; Russ. lakr; said to be from Date, the town where it

coined.]

domaine ; Arm. domany. This would seem to be from L. dominium Qu. is it the same word as demaiu, which is from the Old French demesne. The lat ter cannot be regularly deduced from do
n.

[Fr.

To accustom to live near the habitations of man to tame as, to domesticate wild
;
;

animals.

DOMESTIeA'TION,
2.

n.

The

act of with-

coin of Spain and of the United States, of the value of one hundred cents, or four shillings and sixjience sterling. The dollar seems to have been originally a
silver

German

coin,

and

in
is

Germany, the name

different values.

different parts ol given to coins of

DOL'OMITE,
ture
tion.
is

n. A variety of magtiesian carbonate of lime, no- called from the French geologist Uolomieu. Its struc-

The Norman French ininium, domino. has demesner, to ride, to demeaii ; and the " de son demainer," in his domain, phrase, would seem to be from a different source. Mainor, in Norman, is tenancy or occiiija Domain seems tion, from main, the hand. lo be the L. dominium, and to' have been
1.
; ;

drawing from the public notice and living nmch at home. The act of taming or reclaiming virild
animals.
n. [L. domicilium, a inansion.l An abode or mansion ; a place of permanent residence, either of an individual or family a residence, animo manendi.
;

DOM'ICIL,

graiudar.
n.

DO'LOR,

[L.]

Pain

DOLORIF'EROUS,
fero, to produce.']

Cyc. grief; lamenta Sidney. Sliak. 2. n. [L. dolor, pain, and 3. Producing pain.
;

Jf'li

itaker.

confounded with demain, demesne.] Hopkinson. Story. Dominion empire territory governed, DOM'ICIL, To estabhsh a fixed ^ " , '" or under the government of a sovereign DOMICIL'L\TE, ^ residence, or a resias the vast domains of the Russian empedence that constitutes habitancy. Kent. ) ror; the domains of the British king. DOiM'ICTLED, Having gained a PPPos.session estate as a portion of the DOMICILIATED, permanent residence or inhabitancy. king's domains. Dryden. The land about the mansion hou.se of a DOMICIL'IARY, a. Pertaining to an abode, or the residence of a person or family. A lonl, and in his immediate occupancy. In
; ; ;
(,

DOLORIF'Ie,
facio.]
1.

[L. dolorificus

dolor

and

this sense, the

word coincides with demain,

Shenstone.

demesne.
cau.ses pain or grief.

That

DO'MAL,
house

a.

[L. domus.]

Pertaining to

domiciliary visit is a visit to a private dwelling, particularly for the purpose of searching it, under authority.

2.

n. [Fr. dome ; Arm. dom ; h. domus Gr. 60U05 Ir. rfom ; Russ. (/o??i; supposed The Greek has to be from 6f^u, to build. also iufta, a house, a plain roof Qu. Sax timhrian, Goth, timbryan, to build.] 2. Painful; giving pain. a fabric a house tised in Tlieir dispatch is quick, and less dolorous than L A building .Moi'e. the paw of the bear. Pope. poetry. as dolorous 2. A cathedral. 3. Expressing pain or grief; Burnei. .3. In architecture, a spherical roof, raised sighs. DOL'OROUSLY, adv. Sorrowfully in a over the middle of a building a cupola.

DOL'OROUS,
;

P^xpressing pain or grief. a. [L. dolor, pain, grief.] Sorrowful doleful dismal impressing sorrow or grief; as a dolorous object a dolHooker. Milton. orous region.
; ;

in a.strology.

Addison

DOMICILIATION,
dence
:

n.

Permanent

resi-

DOME,

inhabitancv. '
I

DOMICILING, DOMICILIATING,
nent residence.

PP'''
I

Gaining or taking a perma-

DOM'IFV,
facio, to
1.

maimer

to

express pain.
n.

Encyc.

2.

domus, a house, and make.] In astrology, to divide the heavens into twelve houses, in order to erect a theme or horoscope, by means of si.x great circles, called circles of position. Obs. Encyc. To tame. [A'b/ in use and improper.]
V.
t.

[L.

DOL'PHIN,

1.

[L. delphin or delphinus ; 4. In chimistry, the upper part of a furnace Gr. itl^w; Ir. deilf; Fr. dauphin ; Sp. resembling a hollow hemisphere or small dome. This form serves to reflect or reddfin; It. delfmo ; Ann. dnojin, doljln ; W. from dolj] a curve or winding.] verberate a part of the flame ; hence these dolfyn, furnaces are called reverberating furnaces. genus of cetaceous fish, with teeth in both jaws, and a pijie in the head, compreEncyc.

DOM'INANT,
j')!or,

hending the dolphin, the porpess, the grampus and the beluga. But the fish to which seamen give this name, is the CoryIt has a flat phsena hippuris of Liinne. roundish snout and a tapering body, with a tin running along the back from the head the tail, consisting of a coriaceous memto brane with soil; spines.

DOMESDAY. DO'MESMAN,
an umpire.

)i.

[See Doomsday.] [See Doom.]

1.

a. from dom[h. dominans, to rule; (/ominus, lord, master; either from domus, a house, or from domo, Sapau, to overcome, to tame, to subdue, W. dovi. Both roots miite in the sense, to set, to press, to fix. See Class Dm. No. 1. 3.] Ruling; prevailing; governing; predom-

A judge;

Obs.
a.

DOMES'TlC,
a house.]
1.

[L. domesticus, from domus,

2.

Did. ofJVat. Hist. In ancient Greece, a machine suspended over the sea, to be dropped on any vessel
passing uniter
it.

Belonging to the house, or home ; pertaining to one's place of residence, and to the family as domestic concerns domestic life doinestic duties ; domestic aii'airs ; do mestic contentions ; domestic happiness ; domestic worshiii.
; ; ;

Mifford. 2.

DOL'PHINET,

tirement as a domestic man or woman. Spenser. 3. Living near the habitations of man tame DOLT, . [G.tolpel; Sax. dol ; W.dol. Qu. not wild as domestic animals. The Gothic has dwala, foolLsh, stu- 4. Pertaining to a nation considered as a dull. intestSax. dwolian, to wander. The Sw. family, or to one's own country pid not foreign as donustic troubles ine Dan. lias dvala, to sleep or be drowsy domestic dissensions. D. doolen, and dwaaldvale, sound sleep 5. Made in one's own house, nation or counen, to wander.] as domestic manufaetmes. a try heavy, stupid fellow ; a blockhead thick-skull. Sidn^. Sufift. DOMES'TIe, n. One who lives in the famV. i. To waste time foolishly to beily of another, as a chaplain or secretary DOLT, Also, a servant or hired laborer, residing have
n.

Remaining much
;

at

home

living in re
;

female dolphin.

To

as the rfomtna?!* party, or faction. ileid. Tooke. In mu^c, the dominant or sensible chord is that which is practiced on the dominant of the tone, and which introduces a perfect cadence. Every perfect major chord becomes a dominant chord, as soon as the seventh minor is added to it. Rousseau. Encyc. DOM'INANT, >!. In vmsic, of the three notes essential to the tone, the dominant is that which is a fifth from the tonic. Ibm. DOM'INATE, i\ t. [L. dominatus, dominor. See Dominant.] inant;
2.

rule to govern inate over.

;

to prevail

to

predom-

We
either

every where meet with Slavonian nations dominant or dominated.

Tooke,

Muss.
[Lit-

DOM'INATE,
tle

V. i.

To

predominate.

used.]

DOMINATED, p/).
jDOM'INATING,
predominating.

Ruled; governed.

foolishly.
a.
;

DOLTISH,
blockish

Dull in intellect
n. Stupidity.

as a doltish clown.

stupid ; Sidney.

with a family.

;)pr.

RuUug;
in ruling
;

prevailing;

DOMES'TICALLY,
mestic
affairs.
j;.

adv. In relation to do
I

DOMINA'TION,
exercise of
1

n.

[L. dominalio.]
;

The

DOLTISIINESS,

DOM,

used as a termination, denotes jurisdiction, or property and jurisdiction primarily, doom, judgment; as in kingdom, earldom. Hence it is used to denote slate,
;

DOMES'TICATE,
to retire
one's self.

(.

To make
;

power

domestic

government.
2.

dominion ; Shak.
;

from the public to accustom to remain much at home as, to domesticate

;

;3.
I

Arbitrary authority tyraimy. Oi\o highly exalted in power fourth order of angelic beings.

or the

DON
Thrones, dominations, princedoms, ' Milton. powers.
virtues,

DON
or

D O O
some
couu-l

owner of any

tiling,

gives

DOM'INATIVE, a.
rious.

tonance to the opinion. It coincides nearly! and [nx, a judge, ruler, with the Ileb. yi, or lord. It was formerly used in England, DOM'INATOR, n. A ruler or ruling power; and written by Chaucer Dan. [See Spelor predominant, power. the presiding man.] for this Jupiter aiul Mars are doininutors Dona, or duena, the feminine of don, is Camden northwest part of the world. the title of a lady, in Spain and Portugal 2. An alisoUitc governor. DON, V. I. [To do on ; opposed to doff.] To DOMINEE'R, V. l [L. dominor ; Fr. dami-

Governing

also,

impe-

Sandys.

gives or bestows; one wlio conl'ers any thing gratuitously a benefactor. 2. One who grants an estate; as, a conditional fee may revert to the donor, if the donee has no heirs of his body. DON'SIIIP, n. [See Don.] The quality or rank of a gentleman or knight. Hudibras.
;

who

DON'ZEL,
page.

71.

[It.]

young attendant
;

Butler.
n.

ner; Sp.dominnr;
1.

It.

dominare. See

Dom-

put on

to invest with.
n.

Obs.

DOO'DLE,
Ibolish.]

trifler
;

a simple fellow.
Port,
rfourfo,

Shak.

inant.] To rule over with insolence or arbitrary

DO'NACITE,
nus Donax.

Fairfax.

[Q,u. dote, Fr. radoter

mad,

petrified shell of the ge

Jameson.
[L. donarium,

To domineer over suhjects or servants is eviAnon. dence of a low mind. To bluster to hector ; to swell with conscious superiority, or haughtiness. Go to the feast, revel and domineer.
;

sway.

DO'NARY,
give.]

n.

from

dono, to

DOOLE, [See Dole.] DOOM, V. [Sax. dom,

t.

judgment
;

detnan,

to
to a

deem

gedeman,

A thing given

sacred use.

[Little used.]

doom, to condemn
d'oma.

Joknson

Doom

is

to judge D. doemen, to Dan. dommer ; Sw. ; from the root of deem,

DONA'TION,
1.

Shak

n. [L. donatio, give, Fr. donner.]

from dono,

to

which seems
of condemn.
1.

to coincide al.so

with L.

es-

timo, to esteem,

DOMINEE'RING,
su])eri()rity.

ppr. Ruling over with insolence ; blustering manifesting haughty

;

The
In

act of giving or bestowing ; a grant. Th.at right we hold by his donation.

Jifdlon
lato,
tlie
;

and p(^rhaps with the root Sec Deem.]

To judge.
Thou

[Unusual.]

didst not

doom

so strictly.

AFdton.
to

2. a.

Overbearing.
a.

2.

DOMIN'ICAL,
1.

[Low

\..

dominicalis,irom

dominicus, from dominus, lord.] That notes the Lord's day or Sabbatl The Dominical letter is the letter which, in almanacks, denotes the sabbath, or dies domini, the Lord's day. The first seven letters of the alphabet are used for this

act or contract by which thing or the use of it is transferred to i person, or corporation, as a free gift. T<
l)c

2.

To condemn

to

any punishment;

con-

valid, a donation supposes capacity boti

3.

in the

donor
requires

to give,

and donee

to take,

and
3.

consent,

acceptance
;

and

sign by a decree or sentence; as, the criminal is doomed to chains. To pronounce sentence or judgment on. Absolves tlic just, and dooms the guilty souls.

delivery.

To command
Have
.5.

ihyden
authoritatively.

2.

DOMIN'ICAL,
founder.]

purpose. Howell Noting the prayer of our Lord. n. [infra.] The Lord's day.

That which is given or bestowed that which is transferred to another gratui

tously, or without a valuable considera Donation is usuallyl a grant. tion ; a gif\ applied to things of more value than
;

I a

tongue to

doom my

brotlier's death.

Shak.

Hammojid.

To destine ; to fix irrevocably the fate or direction of; as, we are doomed to suO'er for
our sins and errors.

DOMIN'ICAN,

a.

or n. [from Dominic, the

present.

The Dominicans, or Dominican Friars,

are an order of religious or monks, called alsoVaan cobins, or Predicants, preaching friars order founded about the year 1915.
;

Mr. Boudinot made a donation of ten thousand dollars to the American Bible Society.
n.

G.

To condemn,
?i.

or to punish by a penalty.
;
;

DOOM,
dom.]

DO'NATISM,
natists.

The

doctrines of the Do-

D. doem Dan. Sw. [Sa.\. dom Judgment; judicial sentence.

lirst

To

Satan,

in

sin, his

doom

applied.

DO'NATIST,n. One
Donatus.

Encyc.

They

of the sect founded by held that theirs was the

Jfillon.

Hence
ment.

the foial

doom

is

the last judg-

DOMIN'ION,

only pure church, and that baptism and ordination, unless by their church, were inant.] the invalid. 1. Sovereign or supreme authority Encyc. DONATIS'TIC, a. Pertaining to Donatism. power of governing and controlling. The dominion of the Most High is an evei DO'NATIVE, . [Sp. Ital. (/onafu'o,- L. rfodominion. Dan. iv. nalivum, from dono, to give.] lasting a present a largess a gratuity 2. Power to direct, control, use and dispose 1. A gift a dole. of at pleasure right of possession and use Ttie Romans were entertained with shows without being accountable as the jirivate and donatives. Locke Dryden. dominion of individuals. 3. Territory imder a government region 2. In the canon laiv, a benefice given and collated to a ]>erson, by the founder or pat country district governeil, or within the limits of the authority of a prince or state ; ron, without either presentation, instituas the British dominions. tion or induction by the ordinary. Encyc.
n. [L.

dominium.

See Dom;

Condemnation ; sentence decree ; determination affecting the fate or future state of another; usually a determination to in;

3.

flict evil, sometimes otherwise. Revoke that doom of mercy. Shak. The state to which one is doomed, or To suffer misery is the doom of destined.

sinners.
4.

To

toil

for

subsistence

is

the

doom of most men. Ruin destruction. From the same foes,

;

at last,

both

felt their

5.

doom. Discrimination.
n.

Pope.

4.

Government
maica
is

Ja right of governing. under the domtnion of Great

; ;

DO'NATIVE,
nation
;

Vested or vesting by doas a donative advowson.

a.

DOOM'AtiE,
lect.
;

[JVot used.]

penalty or fine for neg;

Hritain.
5.
^i.

Blackstone.

DOOM'ED, pp.

.Adjudged
;

Hampshire. sentenced con;

JV.

Predominance

An

ascendant. Dryden. order of angels. Whether they be thrones, or dominions

powers.
Col.
i.

DONE,
2.

pp.
;

dun.

[See

Do.]

Performed

executed

denmed destined fated. DOOJI'FUL, a. Full of destruction.

finished.

principalities, or

7.

Persons governed. Judah was his sanctuary

ion.

sal is
Israel his

rfomm;

Ps. cxiv.

to a propoexpressed as in laying a wager, an being made, the person accepting or done ; that is, it is agreed, agreeing says,
;

word by which agreement

DOOM'ING,
condenming
day of the

ofler
1

DOOMSDAY,
when
signed
2.
all

ppr. Judging; destining.

n.
;

Drayton. sentencing;

[doom and day.]

The

final

DOM'INO,

n. A kind of hood; a long dress a masquerade dress. DO'MITE, n. A mineral named from Dome in Auvergne, in France, of a white or gray ish white color, having the aspect and Phillips. gritty feel of a sandy chalk. DON. A title in Spain, formerly given to nobU^nicn and gentlemen only, but now

agree,

accept.

men

DONEE',
made.
2.

[from L. dono, to give.] The person to whotn a gift or donation is

n.

to endless

judgment the great day are to be judged and conhappiness or misery.

person to whom lands or tenements as a donee hi fee are given or granted Blackstone, simple, or fee-t.Til. DONJON or DONtiEON. [See Dungeon

The

The day of

DOOMSDAY-BQOK, DOMESDAY-BQQK,

common to all classes. It is commonly .supposeil to be contracted from domimis,

dom, and the Portuguese dono, the master

DON'NAT,
fellow.

n.

[J^/ot
)i.

DO'NOR,

An idle [do and naught.] in use.] Granger. [from L. dono, to give.] One

) A book compi" led by order of I William the Conqueror, containing a surIt convey of all the lands in England. sists of two volumes a large folio, and a The folio contains 382 double quarto.
;

Shak. Dryden. sentence or condemnation. Shak.

DOR

DOR
DORN,
n.

DOT
[G. dorn, a thom.]
n.

pages of vellum, written in a small but The nsme of the black-beetle, or the hedge We usuchafer, a species of Scarabaeus. plain character. The quarto contains 450 double pages of vellum, written in a large ally say, the dor-beetle. fair character. Encyc. DORA'DO, 11. [Sp. dorado, gilt, from dorar, DOOR, n. [Sax. dora, dur, dure; G. ihur ; to gild.] D. deur ; Sw. dor ; Dan. dor ; Gr. 9vpa ; 1. A southern constellation, containing six

A^sh.
Careur.

DO'RON,
in use.]
2.

[Gr.

Supoi/,

dariyu, to give.]

A gift

gift; iupfu,
;

Russ.

a present. [JVot
Ash.
;

W.dor;
,

Ir.

doras

Arm.

rfor;

Basque,
;

stars,
2.

called also xiphias

not visible in

A measure of three DORP, n. [G.dorf;

DORR. DORR,
IMC.]

inches.

D. dorp
Tribe.]

Sw. Dan
small
vil-

our latitude.
dorrea
;

Russ. dver ; Persic

;

dai-

Sans.
;

Enryi large fish resembling the dolphin.

Diet.

to)p ; lage.

W.trev.

See

1.

Sutton DOR'IC, a. [from Doris in Greece.] In DOR'SEL, i. [See Dosser.-] pray, to supplicate, to burst, to crack ; in general, pertaining to Doris, or the Dori- DORSIFEROUS, / Ar. to rush headlong, to drive, to crowd [L. dorsum, the back, ans, in Greece, who dwelt near Parnassus. to fill. In Dutcli, door is through, G. durch. DOKSIP'AROUS, S and fero or pario, to Class Dr. In architecture, noting the second order of In Tartar, thurne is a door. bear.] columns, between the Tuscan and Ionic. lu IVo. 42. The Hebrew l^'sy, a gate, seems botany, bearing or producing seeds on the The Doric order is distinguished for sini to be the same word dialectically varied, back of their leaves an epithet given to It is used in the plicity and strength. and the verb coincides in sense with the ferns or plants of the capillary kind withgales of cities and citadels, on the outside oiu stalks. Arabic, supra, to rush. The primary sense Encyc. of churches, &c. of the verb is to pass, to drive, to rush. n. [L.] The ridge of a hill. The Doric dialect of the Greek language was DOR'SU-M, Hence a door is a passage, or break.] Walton An opening or passage into a house, or the dialect of the Dorians, and little dif- DOR'TURE, n. [contraction of dormiture.'i ferent from that of Lacedemon. Encyc. other building, or into any room, apart Bacon. dormitory. [JVot in Jtse.j ment or closet, by which persons enter The Doric mode, in music, was the first of DOSE, n. [Fr. dose ; It. dosa ; Gr. Souif, the authentic modes of the ancients. Its Such a passage is seldom or never called that which is given, from Siju^i, to give; character is to be severe, tempered with
;

ofMit. Hist. Nj?")n DOREE', n. A fish of the genus Zeus. It c , O.is called also faber, and gallus marinus. Syr. J\;Z, Ar. ^ J. J. It is also in the The body is oval and greatly compressed on the sides the bead is large and the Slavonic languages, Polish, Bohemian, snout long. Carinthian, &c. The verbjnn, "^^iZjin a. Pertaining to Doris in Greece. Cli. and Syr. signifies to tear or cut open, DO'RIAN, [See Done] in Syr. also, to to open or break open
dura
;

Armenian, turu
;

Ch.

^n

or

[See Dor.] i>. t. To deafen with noise.

[J^ot in

DOR'RER, n. A drone. DOR'SAL, a, [from L.

Pertaining to the back

[jVo< in use.]

dorsum, the back.] as the dorsal fin

;

of a

fish

dorsal

DORSE,

n.

awn,

in botany.

cano])y.

"

2.

gate. The frame of boards, or any piece of] gravitv and joy. board or plank tluit shuts the opening of DOR'ICISM, I " S a house or closes the entrance into an DO'RISM, apartment or any inclosure, and usually DOR'MANCY, n. turning on hinges.

W.

phrase

Encyc. of the Doric

dodi, to give.]

1.

tlialect.

The quantity of medicine given or prescribed to be taken at one time. Quinn/.

2.

[infra.]

Quiescence.
Horsley. dorjnir, L. dor- 3.
4.
;
;

Any thing given to be swallowed any thing nauseous, that one is obliged to take. South.
;

3.

In familiar language, a liouse ; often in the plural, doors. My house is the first have also the door from the corner. phrases, within, doors, in the liouse withof the house, abroad. out doors, out

DOR'MANT,
1.
;

a.

[Fr. from

We

inio, to sleep.]

As much
t'.

Granville. quantity a portion. as a man can swallow.

;

2.

4.
.7.

(/oor of lilt;. Drydcn. passage means of appi-oach or unforgiving temper shuts the door against reconciliation, or the door of

Entrance; as the
;

Avenue

3.

Sleeping hence, at rest not in action as donnnnt passions. Being in a sleeping posture as the lioi dormant, in heraldry. Neglected not used as a dormant title
;
;

Johiison.

DOSE,
;
;

t.

[Fr.

doser.]

To

proportion a
(fis-

medicine properly to the patient or ease to form into suitable doses.

2.

Derham.

access.

An

4.

reconciliation.
the dixtr ; by me John x. shall be saved.
I

am

if

any man enler

in,

he

5.

A
Cor.

door was opened

ii.

to

me

of

ilre

Lord

To

at the door, in a figurative sense, is to be im])utable or chargeable to one. If the thing is wrong, the faidt ties at mij door.
lie
to,

DOR'MANT,

pri\'ate. [Un physic. Bacon 1 To give any thing nauseous. not perpendicular Leaning inclining DOS'SER, )i. [Fr. dos, the back; dossie); as a dormant \\ indow, supposed to be a bundle.] called from abeam of that name. This is A pannier, or basket, to be carried on the now written dormer or dormar. shouklers of men. Encyc.
;

dormant privileges. Concealed; not divulged

; ;

To

give

ill

doses

to

give medicine or

itsual.]

n.

DORMAR,
DOR'MAR,

n.

A beam A beam a
;

a sleeper.

sleeper.

jVexf door

near to

bordering on.
but next
tlo^'r to

A window

A
mult.

riot

unpunished

is

a tu-

DOR'MAR-WINDOW,

L'Estrauge.
;

no more doors, quite gone [jVof now used.] Dryden. Jn doors, \\\\\i\n the house; at home.
Out of door or to be found.

S"' the house, or above the entablature, being raised u))on the rafters. Encyc. DOR'MITIVE, n. [U dormio, to sleep.] A medicine to pVomote sleep an opiate.
;

n. In surgery, a pledget or portion of lint made into a cylindric form, or the shape of a date. Encyc. roof of a DOST, the second person of do, used in the

DOSSIL,

in

solenm

style
[I

thou

dost.

DOT,
ties

n.

know

not the origin ajid affini-

DOOR-CASE,
a floor.

11.

The frame which

door-case.
n.

incloses

.>irbuthnot.

DOR'MITORY,
Milton.
1.

n.

[L.

dormitorium, from

DOORING,

n.

[Xot used.]
5

DOOR-KEEPER,

porter

guards the entrance of a house or apartment. DOOR-NAIL, n. The nail on which tlie knocker fomicrly struck. DOOE-1'OST, n. The post of a door. DOOR-STEAD, n. Entrance or place of a
door.

DOU'UET,

n. dok'et.

\ room to sleep in. ; gallery in convents divided into several in marking a writing or other thing. where the religious sleep. Enryc. DOT, II. t. To mark with dots. 3. burial place. %'/'"fTo mark or diversify with small detachn. plu. dormice. [L. dormio, 2. ed objects; as a landscape dotted with cotto sleep, and mouse.] An animal of the mouse kind, which makes tages, or dumps of trees. make dots or spots. a bed of moss or dry leaves, in a hollowj DOT, r. i. To Feebleness or Warburton. tree or under shi-ubs, lays in a store of DO'TAGE, n. [from dote.]

dormio, to sleep.] A place, building or

one

who

2.

word. It would be naturally deduced from a verb signifying to set, or It coincides to prick, like punctum, point. in elements with taioo, and with W. dodi, to give, that is, to thrust or cause to pass.} small point or spot, made with a pen or other |)ointcd instrument a speck used of
this
;

cells,

DOR'MOUSE,

warrant

aranting license.

[See Docket.]

a paper Bacon.

D6R, DORR,

[(iu. Ir. dord,

liunnuing, buzzing, also rough.]

nuts or other food, and on tlie approach of cold weather, rolls itself in a ball and sleeps the greatest part of the winter.
Diet, of Mil. Hist.

imbecility of understanding or mind, parold ticularly in old age ; childishness of age ; as a venerable man now in Ids dotage.

D O U
2.

D O U
1.

DO U
DOUBLE-MANNED,
DOUBLE-MEANING,
meanings.
a.

dotinij

3. Delirioupness.

DO'TAL,
dower.j

a.

excessive fondness. Dryden. ISoe I he verb, to (lole.\ [Fr. from L. dotaiis, from dos,

Two of a sort together; one corresi>ondingi

to the

Furnished

wth
two
two

Pertaining to dower, or a woman's marriage portion constituting dower or coraprised Garth. in it as a dotal town.
; ;

2.

DO'TARD,
whose
his

n. [dole and ard, kind.] intellect is impaired by age;

A man
one
in

other; being in pairs; as doiibte^ chickens in the same egg; double leaves! connected by one petiole. Twice as much aontaining the same quantity or length repeated. Gen. Take double money in your hand.
;

twice the coniplemeut of men, or with men instead of one.

a.
a.

Having

DOUBLE-MINDED,
minds
vering
;
;

Having

difTerent

.<fliii.

at dilferent times; unsettled; waun.slable undetermined. James i.

a. a.

second childhood. Prior. The j'ickly dotard wants a wife. one foolishly fond. 2. A doting fellow DO'TARDLY, a. Like a dotard weak.
; ;

Let a double portion of thy spirit be on me. 2 Kings il. With to ; as, the amount is double to what
I

DOUBLE-MOUTHED,
inouths.

Having two
Milton.

DOUBLE-NATURED,
foltl

Having a twoFoung'.

expected.
to

nature.
n. In tnusic,

Having one added

ble
4.

another

as a dou-

DOUBLE-OCTAVE,
val

an interfifteen

More.

chin.
;

DOTA'TION,
er, doto, to
1.

11.

[L. dotatio,

from

dx>a,

dow-

2.

endow.] The act of endowing, or of bestowing a marriage portion on a v.'oiuan. Endowment establishment of fimds for as of a hospital or ele.!inosynary sui)port
;
;

DOTE, V. W. doti'atv,
;

was double their age. Swift.] in composition, denotes, two dered in Arnioric, rambreal, which seems ways, or twice the number or quantity. lu seaituinslup,\ a. DOUBLE-BANKED, to be our ruwlde.] to have the Intellect im1. To be delirious liaving two opposite oars managed by rowers on the same bench, or having two] paire<l by age, so that the mind wander; Mar. Dict.i men to the same oar. or wavers to be
I

Blackstone. corporation. {. [D. dalten, to dote, to doze to jmt out, to cause to misdotian, to be contake, to err, to dote fused Fr. radoter, to rave, to talk idly or The French word is rene.xtravagnnily.
; ;

also, of two kinds. Darkness and tempest make a double night. Dryden. Two in luimber as double sight or sound. Davies. [See No. 1.] Deceitful acting two parts, one openly, the other in secret.

Twofold

composed of two octaves or

;

notes in diatonic progression

a fifteenth.

Encyr.

DOUBLE-PLEA,

n. In taw, a plea in which the defendant alledges two different matters in bar of the action. Cowel.

DOUBLE-QUARREL,

n.

A complaint of a

And
xii.

with a double heart do they speak. adv. dub'l.

Ps.

DOUB'LE,

Twice.

clerk to the archbishop against an inferior Cowel. ordinary, for delay of justice. DOUBLE-SHADE, v. t. To double the natural darkness of a place. Milton.

DOUBLE,

DOUBLE-SHINING,
ble luster.

a.

Shining with doua.

DOUBLE-THREADED,
two

Sidney. Consisting of

throails twisted together.

a.

DOUBLE-TONGUED,

Making contra-

silly.

2.

Time ha?: made you ilole, and vainly tell Of arms imagiued in your lonely cell. Dry den bo excessively in love usually with on or iifnn : lo dote on, is to love to excess

DOUBLE-BITING,
rows of buttons.

a.

Bitiiig or cutting on
a.

ry declarations on the same subject at different times ; deceitful. The dearons must be grave, not douhletoni^ued.
1
'I'ira.
t.
iii.

either side; as a double-biting ax. Dryden.

DOUBLE-BUTTONED,
DOUBLE-CIIAR(5E,
v.
t.

Having two DOUB'LE,

Gay.
or inStiak.
1.

V.

dub'l. [Fr. doubter;

;

Arm.

To

doubla
piare
lerer
;

To charge

Sp. doblar
;

Vort. dobrar

ll.dop-

D. dubbelen

or cxtravaf^ance.

What dust we dote on, when 'lis man we love. Pope. .\holah doted on her lovers, the Assyrians
Ezek.
3.
x\iii.

DOUBLE-DEALER,

To decay. DO'TER, n. One who

understanding
tard.
2.
is

Hotcson.
;

dotes a man \vh'ise enfeebled by age : a doBurton.

One who
in love.

is

excessively fond, or weakly

DO'TING,
fondness.

Boyle. ppr. Regarding with excessive

L. duplico ; Gr. 6trt>.ou.] as, to double the leaf of a book ; a corner. Prior. one who says one thing and thinks or 2. To increase or extend by adding an equal son; intends another oue guilty of duplicity. sum, value, quantity or length as, to double a sum of money to double the amount ; L'Estrange. DOUBLE-DEALING, n. Artifice; duplici- to double the quantity or size of a thing the profession of to double the length ileceitful practice to double dishonor. ty 3. To contain twice the sum, quantity or one thing and the practice of another. Shak. Broome. length, or twice as much ; a., tlie enemy doubles our army in numbers. DOUBLE-DyE, v. t. To dye twice over. Dryden, 4. To repeat to add as, to double blow on

?i. One who acts two different parts, in the same business, or at tlie same time ; a deceitful, trickish per-

trust with a double portion.

Sw.
;
;

dublera

G. doppetn ; Dan. dobIr. dublaighim ; W.

dyblygu

To ibid to double

down

DO'TINGLY,

adv.

By

excessive fondness

DOT'TARD,

n.

Dnjden.
tree kept

DOUBLE-EDuED, a. Having two edges. DOUBLE-ENTENDRE, n. [Fr.] Double

countenance.
Spenser. the acting
;

blow.
5.

To add one
Thou

Dryden.
to another in the

same

order.
in

low by

cutting.

meaning of a word or expression. Bacon DOUBLE-E'i?ED, a. Having a deceitful

0.

shalt double the

fore-front of the tabernacle.

sixth curtain E.\. \xvi.

the

DOT'TED, pp. iVIarked with dots or small spots ; diversified with small detached
objects.
2.

DOUBLE-FACE,
of diHerent parts
ical;

n. Duplicity in the same

concern
hypocrit7.

In navigalion, to double a cape or point, ia to sail round it, so that the cape or point shall be between the ship and her former
situation.
flfar. Diet.

In botany, sprinkled with hollow dots or

points.

DOUBLE-FACED,
showing two

a. Deceitful

Martyn.
n.

faces.
a.

DOT'TEREL,

The name of
;

diflerent

DOUBLE-FOR3IED,
ed
;

Of
a.

Milton. a mixed form.

Milton.

In military
files in

affairs,

to unite

two ranks or

one.

species of fowls, of the genus Charudrius and the grallic order as the Alexandrine dotterel, the ringed dotterel, and the Morincllus ; also, the turnstone or sea dotterel, a species of the genus Tringa.

To To

DOUBLE-FORTIFIED,

Twice

fortifi

doublv strengthened.
a.

DOUBLE-FOUNTED,
ces.

Having two sourMilton.

gild

double and twist, is to add one thread to another and twist them together. double upon, in tactics, is to inclose bafires.
i.

tween two

Ed. Encyc. Enci/c. ppi: Marking" with <lots or s|)ots ; diversifying with small detached objects. DOUANIE'R, n. [Fr.] An officer of the

DOUBLE-GILD,
coloring.
deceitful.

v.

I.

To
a.

DOUB'LE,

V.

To

with do>ible
Shak.

sum, number, value,

to increase or

DOT'TING,

DOUBLE-HANDED,
DOUBLE-IIE.M>ED,
er.

Having two hands;

Glanville.

customs.

Grat/. 2.
duh'l. [Fr.

. Having two heads. Having the flowers growing one to anoth-

DOUB'LE,a.
belt;

douUe; Arm.doubl;

.Mortimer. 2.
a.

Sp. dobte ; Port, dobrc ; It. doppio ; W. dybtyi; : D. dabbel : G. doppdt : i)iui. dob-

DOUBLE-HEARTED,
lieart
;

a httle more than eleven jears. Tho inhabitants of the United States double in about twenty five years. To enlarge a wager to twice the sum laid.
est in
I iim resolved to double till I win. Dryden. turn back or wind in running. Doubling and tumir.p like a hunted hare. Dryden. To play tricks ; to use sleights. Johnson.

sum of money

grow

increase to twice the quiuitity or length ; to twice as much.

doubles by

compound

inter-

Having a
shoot the

tiilscl

deceitful; treacherous.
v.
t.

3.

Sw.
;

StrCKoof

dttbbcl ; h. dujilus. dtipUx ; Gr. compouiKiCtI of duo, two, and

DOUBLE-LOCK,
twice
;

To

To

boltl
i

to fasten

with double securitv.

pHco, to fold, plcJMs, a fold.

See

Tioo.]

Taller: 4.

D O U
DOUBLE,
twice the! as mucli number, sum, value, quantity or length. If the thief be found, let him pay double. Ex
n.
;

D O U
A
DOUCED,

D O V
DOUBTLESSLY,
adv. Unquestionably.

T'admire superior sense, and doubt their own. Pope. Beaum. Obs. 4. To fill with fear. fluctuation of mind DOUBT, n. dout. xxii. respecting truth or propriety, arising from turn in running to escape pursuers. 2. defect of knowledge or evidence; uncerBlackmore. tainty of mind ; suspense ; unsettled state trick ; a shift ; an artifice to deceive 3. of opinion ; as, to have doubts respecting Addison. the theory of the tides. DOUB'LED, pp. Folded ; increased by adJoseph is without doubt rent in pieces. Gen. an equal quantity, sum or value ; reding xxxvii. peated ; turned or passed round. of condition.

Twice

Beautn,
n. [from Fr. douce.] musical instrument. [Afot in use.] Chaucer. n. [Fr.] custard. [ATot in use.]

DoUCET, Douceur,
dulcis.]

n.

D6UCINE,

n. [Fr.] A molding concave above and convex below, serving as a cymatiuni to a delicate cornice ; a gula.

[Fr. from doux, sweet, L. present or gift; a bribe.

DOUB'LENESS,
doubled.
2. Duplicity.
2.

n.

The

state

of being

2.

Uncertainty

Encyc,

Shak.

Thy

life

shall

hang

in

doubt before thee.

DOUCK'ER,

Deut. xxviii.

DOUB'LER, n. He that doubles. An instrument for augmenting

ter.

a very small quantity of electricity, so as to ren der it manifest by sparks or the electrome
C'i/c.

4.

Su.spicion; fear; apprehension. Gal. iv. I stand in rfoi/Jf of you. deg ; Dan. dej ; G. teig. Probably a soft mass, and perhaps allied to thick. See Difliculty objected. To every doubt your answer is the same. Class Dg. No. 8. 17. 21. 22. 36.] Blackmore. Paste of bread; a mass composed of flour or Obs. 5. Dread ; horror and danger. meal moistened and kneaded, but not ba-

n. [See Duck.] fowl that ^".Vdips or dives in water. DOUGH, n. do. [Sax. dah ; D. deeg ; Sw.

n. [Ir. duiblead ; Fr. doublet] The inner garment of a man; a waist coat or vest. Grew. a pair. 2. Two 3. Among lapidaries, a counterfeit stone coma color posed of two pieces of crystal, with between them, so that they have the same substance of appearance as if the whole Encyc. the crystal were colored. game on dice within DOUB'LETS, n.

DOUB'LET,
1.

DOUBT' ABLE,
DOUBT'ED,

a.

That may be doubted

;

Sherwood.
pp. Scruided not certain or settled.
Ji.

My

questioned

DOUBT'EIl,
pies.

One who
is

whose opinion

unsettled

doubts one one who scru

;

ked. cake is dough, that is, my undertakShak. ing has not come to maturity. DOUGH-BAKED, a. Unfinished not hard;

ened

to perfection

soft.

Donne.
Soft; like dough. Milton.

DOUGH-KNEADED,
DOUGH-NUT,
lard.

a.

DOUBT'FUL,
opinion
;

tables.
2. 3.

fating ; applied to persons ; as, we aie a doubtful of a fact, or of the propriety of

not settled in Dubious undetermined wavering hesi

a.
;
;

n. [dough and nut.] A small roundish calie, made of flour, eggs and sugar, moistened with milk and boiled in

The same nnmber on both

dice.

Encyc
2.

measure.
not clear in its Dubious ambiguous meaning as a doubtful expression. Admitting of doubt not obvious, clear or
; ; ; ;

A double meaning.
ppr.

DOUB'LING,
round
also,
shift.
;

Mason Making twice the sum

DOUGHTINESS, n. dou'tiness.
ty.]

[See Dough-

Valor
;

bravery.
a. dou'ty.

number or quantity; repeating;

jiassing 3.

DOUGHTY,

[Sax. dohdg, brave,

; ;

DOUB'LING,
a fold

turning to escape. n. The act of making double

;

a plait
11.

also,

an

artifice

certain; questionable; not decided; as a it doubtful case a doubtful proposition is doubtful what will be the event of the
;
;

war.
\Vt.douhlon;
S,\\.

DOUBLOON',
It.

dohlon

dobblone.]
5.

Of uncertain issue. We have sustained one

Not secure
doubtful eye.
0.
;

day
;

in

double Spanish and Portuguese coin, being

;

noble Dan. dygtig, able, fit Sax. dugan, D. deuto be able or strong, to be good gen; G.taugen; Sw. duga; Dan. duer hence Sax. dugoth, valor, strength or virallied propatue Ir. deagh, diagh, good See Decent.] bly to L. deceo. doubtful fio;ht eminent noble ; illustrivaliant Milton Brave
; ; ; ; ; ;

the value of the pistole. Encyc. DOUB'LY, adv. In twice the quantity to twice the degree as doubly wise or good of an obligation. to be rfoitiZi/ sensible
;

suspicious
;

as,

we
;

cast

Not confident

not without fear

feet,

Hooker. indica

Drydcn.

ting doubt. With doubtftd

7.

DOUBT,

I',

i.

dout.

[Fr. doufer

It. dubilare ; Sp. dudar ; According to Ainsworth, this is composed of rfito and bito, to go. It is evidently from tlio root of dubius, and of two ; but the manner of formation is not clear. So D. to donlit, G. zweifeln, Sw. tvijla, twyffelen, D. tvivler, are from two.] 1.

L. dtibito Arm. doueli

;

and wavering resolution. Miltun Not certain or defined as a doubtftd hue.

;

ous; as a doughty hero. Pope. It is now seldom used except in irony or burlesque. DOUGHY, a. day. Like dough soft yieldShak. ing to pressure pale.
; ;
;

DOUSE,
ivsij.]

[This word seems to accord with dowse, or rather with the Gr. iuu,
V. t.

jl/i7/o(i.

DOUBT'FULLY,
ner; dubiously.
2.

adv. In a doubtful

man 1. To thrust or plunge into water. Spenser. 2. In seamen's language, to strike

in haste
;

With doubt
ing.

irresolutely.

to slacken suddeidy.

or lower Douse the

3.

Ambiguously; with uncertainty of mean

Nor
did the goddess doubtfully declare.

top-sail.

DOUSE,
Drydcn.

V. i.

To

fall

Mar. Diet. suddenly into water.

Hudibras.
out.]

To waver
itate
;

or fluctuate in opinion
in
;

to lies

suspense to be in uncerto be the truth or fact tainty, respectuig undetermined. Even in matters divine, concerning some doiM and .suspend things, we may lawftilly Hooker our
to

be

DOUT,

v.t.

[tlu. do
Ji.

To

4.

In a state of dread.
n.

Obs.

Spenser.

judgment.

doubt or DOUBT'FULNESS, uncertainty of mind; dubiousness; susWalts. pense instability of opinion. 2. Ambiguity; uncertainty of meaning.
state of
;

e.xtinguish.

put out; to Shak.

[Fr.

DOUT'ER,
twelve.]
crrees.

An
n.

extinguisher for candles.

doo'zeve.

DdUZEAVE,
DoVE,
fa

douze,
Fisher.

In music, a scale of twelve de"^^ ^I-

So we
1
2.

with

To

it is proper say, I doubt whether doubt whether I shall go sometimes we doubt of a fact. of, as fear to he apprehensive to suspect I doubt there's deep resentment in his mind.
; ;
;

3.

Uncertainty of event or issue

ty of condition. ppr.

Locke. uncertainJohnson.
call-

DOUBT'ING,
ng
ner
in
;

Wavering in mind;

Goth. (/?t6o ; D.duif; i. [Sax. rfuua; G. tavhe ; Dan. due ; Sw. dufva ; Ice. dufubbeter ; ; Gypsey, tovadei ; Hindoo, Scot. dow{ probably from cooing, Heb.

question

Otway.

DOUBT'INGLY,
dubiously
;

hesitating. adv. In a doubting

man1.

DOUBT,

dout. To question, or hold from ; to questionable ; to withhold assent hesitate to believe ; as, I have heard the
t>.

33T

to

nuirmur, or Ar.

j_ji.x.*

hatafa, to

t.

DOUBT'LESS,
ger; secure.
Prettv
child,

a.

without confidence. Free from fear of dandoubtless

Obs.
sleep

2.

of it. story, but I doubt the truth To fear ; to suspect. If they turn not back perverse ; Milton But that I doubt. 3. To distrust to withhold confidence froin as, to doubt our abilitv to execute an office
;

and secure,

Shak

DOUBT'LESS,
question
;

adv.

Without doubt

or
are
H

unquestionably. The histories of Christ by the evangelists

coo, as a dove.] The cEuas, or domestic pigeon, a species of Columba. Its color is a deep bluish ash color the breast is dashed with a fine of changeable green and purple the sides the neck, with a copper color. In a wild of rocks or state, it builds its nest in holes
; ;

doubtless authentic.

in

hollow trees, but

it

is

easily domesti-

DOW
fated,
S.

DOW
DOWLE, n. A feather. DOWN, n. [Sw. rfun;
Ice. id.
;

DOW
Down
it

and forms one of the luxuries of

the tablo.

Shak.l [Not in use.] I), dons ; Ihm. duun ;

is

with a building, down, to demolish

witli.

is
it.

command
liitn.

to pull

word of endeorinent, or an emblem of

Cant.
-n.
ii.

In

innocence.

14.

DOVE-COT,
Geranium.

t^niall

building or box in
of|
1.

which domestic pigeons breed.

Dan. dyne. Arm. ditm, down. Down, down, may signify, come down, or go cushion down, or takedown, lower. Qu. Class Dn. No. 25. But the primitive It is often used by seamen, doivn with the ortliography and signification are uncertain.]

Sw. dyna

a feather-bed, or

Down

him, signifies, throw

DOVE'S-FOOT,
DOVE-IIOL'SE,
doves.

>i.

plant, a species

fore
fine soft feathers

sail,

&c.

ji.

house or shelter for

DOVELIKE,
DOVESIIIP,

a.

Resembling a dove.
Milton. 2.

of fowls, particu- Locke uses it for go down, or be received ; The eider duck as, any kind of food will Joirn; but the use is not elegant, nor legitimate. Also, fine hair; as yields the best kind. " To down the rfoio7iof the chin. proud Sidney uses it as a verb, The pubescence of plants, a fine hairy hearts," to subdue or conquer them but

The

larly

of the duck kind.

n. n.

The

substance. qualities of a dove. Hall. 3. The pappus

the use

is

not legitimate.
ji.

or
;

little

crown of

certain

DOWN-BED,
DOWN'CAST,
ed
to the

DOVE-TAIL,

In carpentry, the manner

of fastening boards and timbers togetlier by letting one piece into another in the form of a dove's tail spread, or wedge reversed, so that it cannot be drawn out. This is the strongest of all the fastenings
or jointings.

seeds of plants a fine featheiy or hairy substance by which seeds are conveyed to a distance by the wind; as in dandelion

a.

bed of down. Cast downward

;

direct-

and
4.
I

thistle.

as a downcast eye or ground indicating bashfulness, modesty or dejection of mind.

look,
n.

Any

thing that soothes or mollifies.

;

DOVVN'AST,
cares.

Sadness

'I'hou hosoiii softness

down

of

all

my

look.

Ohs.
a.

melancholy Beaum.
stuffed

Sottthern.

DOVE-TAIL,

V.

t.

To

unite

by a tenon
let into

in

DOWN,

DOWN'ED,
down.

Covered or
n.

with

form of a pigeon's board or timber.

tail

spread,

DOVE-TAILED,
form of a dove's
tail.

;)/).

United by a tenon in

tail.

DOVE-TAILING,
DOVISH,
in
use.']

ppr. Uniting
;

by a dove[Not
1.

D. duin, a sandy hill; (j.dune; Vr. dune, \tlu. dunes ; Arm. dunenn, or liinenn. In FVench dunette is the highest part of the poop of a slii(), am as this appears to be a diminutive oi' dune, it proves that the primary sense is a hill or
n.
;

[Sax. dtm

elevation.]
a.

Like a dove
a.

innocent.

bank or elevation of sand, thrown up

DOVV'ABLE,
endowed
;

entitled to

[See Dmver.] That dower.

may be

3.

Enajc. large open plain, primarily on elevated land. Sheep feeding on the downs.

by the sea.

Blackslone.

Milton.

DOWAtiER,
aire,

n. [Fr. douairiere,
;

from dou-

DOWN,

dower.] A widow with a jointure a title particularly given to tlie widows of princes and persons of rank. The widow of a king is called queen domager. DOVV'CETfj, n. The testicles of a hart or B. Jonson. stag.

dwvyn is deep. Corn, doun, Ann. doun, and in Welsh, da7i is under, Ir. domhain
;

prep.

[Sax. dicn, adun.

In

W.

or body of things falling; as the down/alt of a flood. Dry den. 2. Ruin destruction ; a sudden fall, or ruin by violence, in distinction from slow decay or declension as the downfall of the Roman empire, occasioned by the conquests of the Northern nations ; the downfall of a city. 3. The sudden fall, depression or ruin of reputaiiiin or estate. speak of the downfall of pride or glory, and of distinguished characters.

DOWN'FALL,
;

Young.
falling,

We

1.

2.

DOW'DY,
daw,
a.

}i.

[Scot, dmvdie, perhaps

its

from

sluggard, or

An awkward,

Jamieson.] ill-dressed, inelegant woman.

root.

beneath. In Russ. tonu is to sink.] Along a descent from a higher to a lowto fall er place as, to run down a hill down a precipice to go down the stairs. Toward the mouth of a river, or toward the place where water is discharged into sail or swim the ocean or a lake. down a stream we sail doien the sound
; ; ; ;

DOWN'FALLEN,

a.

Fallen

ruined.
Careio.
like

DOWN'gYVED,

a.

Hanging down

We

the loose cincttire of fetters. Steevens. DOWN'-HAUL, JI. In seaman's language, a rope passing along a stay, through the of the stay-sail or jib, and made cringles fast to the upper corner of the sail, to haul
it

Shak.

life or of time. DOW'ICR, [W. dawd, a gift dawni, to endow Fr. dounire, from doner, to endow. Uow7i the sound, in the direction of the ebb tide towards the sea. Sup|)osed to be from L. dos, dotis, dotatio ; or to (Jr. 6iof, a gill, from biSufii, to give, W. do- Down the country, towards the sea, wards the part where rivers discharge It is written in the Latin of the di, L. do. their waters into the ocean. middle ages, dodarium, dotarium, douaria descending direction; um. Spehnan. In Ir. diobhadth is dow- DOWN, adv. In tending from a higher to a lower place ; er.] 1. Tliat portion of the lands or tenements of as, he is going down. a man which his widow enjoys during her 2. On the ground, or at the bottom as, he is down; hold him (/oieii. life, after the death of her husband. [This Below the horizon as, the sun is down. istlte usual present signijiration of the word.] Blackstone. 4. In the direction from a higher to a lower % The property which a woman brings to condition as, his reputation is going rfouvi. A man may 5. Into disrepute or disgrace. ber hui^band in marriage. Dryden. he may sometimes preach doton error 3. The gift of u husband for a wife. Ask me never so much dowry and gift. Gen. write dozen himself or his character, or xxxiv. run down his rival but he can neither 4. Endowment nor write down folly, vice or fashion gifi. preach

DOWDY,
;

Dri/den.
Oat/.

from

New York
we

to

New

London.

Hence

down.
a.

Mar.
Dejected
all.
;

Diet.

a.

Awkward.
;

figuratively,

pass down the current of

DOWNHEARTED,
DOWN'HlLL,)i.
Anil though
'tis

in spirits.

Declivity; descent; slope.

daw7ihill

n.

Dryden.

DOWN'HILL,

a.

Declivous

descending

sloping. A downhill greensward.

Congreve.
; ;

DOWN'LQQKED,
countenance
;

Having a downcast dejected gloomy sullen

a.

as jealousy doumlooked.

DOWN'LYING,
rest; time

n.

The

of repose.
a.

DOWN'L'kING,
of childbirth.

Dryden. time of retiring to Cavendish. About to be in travel Johnson.

;'?.

DOWN'RIGHT, adv.
down
A
2.
;

Right

down

straight

perpendicularly.
Iludibras.
cir;

giant cleft downrif^ht.

In plain terms

without ceremony or

cumlocution.

We
3.

shall cliide

downright.
fit.

Shak.
;

Completely; without stopping short

she
fell

as,

How

great,

how

plentiful,

how

downright into a
a.
; ;

Jlrbuthnot.
;

rich a

dower.

G.

decoctions and culinary artless as plain open undisguised downright madness doumright nonsense At length extended or prostrate, on the downright wisdom downright falsehood a. Destitute of dower or on any flat surface; as, to lie atheism. downright ground Shak. 2. Plain having no portion or fortune. down he is lying down. artle.ss unceremonious blunt A difterent spelling of dower, Up and down, here and there; in a rambling as, he spoke in his doicnright wav. DOW'RV.Y.] but little used, and they may course. \ DOWN'RIGHTLY, adv. Plainly in plain well be neglected. It is sometimes used without a verb, as bluntly. Barrow. terms; DOWLAS, n. A kind of coarse linen cloth. doum, down ; in which cases, the sense is DOWN'-SITTiNG, n. The act of sitting

Dames.

Into subjection
jirocesses.

into a

ilue consistence

DOWN'RIGHT,
;

Directly to the point

; ;

DOWERED, a. a portion. DOWERLESS,

as, to boilrfoitji, in

Furnished with dower, or

Shak.

7.

DOWER

;"

Shak.

known by

the construction.

il

down

repose

a resting.

D O
Thou knowest
rising.

Z
my up2.
;

D R A
ler

D R A
;

ray down-sitting and Ps. cxxxix.

?

dull or half asleep as, to doze away the time to doze over a work. Diyden. Pope. Shak. to stupify. DryV. t. To make dull DOWN'WARD, > [Sax. duneweard. DOZE, den uses the participle dozed, " Dozed DOWN'WARDS, i,"^^' See Ward.] with his fumes ;" but the transitive verb 1. From a higher place to a lower ; in a desis seldom or never used. cending course, whether directly toward douzaine ; Arm. the center of the earth, or not as, to tend DoZ'EN, a. duz'n. [Fr. dougzenn ; from Fr. rfowze, twelve Norm. downward ; to move or roll downwards ; to Fr. dudzime, a dozen Sp. doce, twelve look downward ; to take root dottmwards. docena, a dozen Port, diizia, dozen It. 2. In a course or direction from a head, dozzina, id. D. dozyn ; G. duzend, or dutWater flows spring, origin or source. downward toward the sea we sailed zend ; Sw. duisin ; Dan. dusin. Qu. two and ten, G. xehn. The composition of the doiimward on the strean). word is not obvious.] 3. In a course of lineal descent from an anTwelve in number, applied to things of the cestor, considered as a head as, to trace same kind, but rarely or never to that successive generations downward from Adnumber in the abstract. say, a dozen am or Abraliam. men a dozen pair of gloves. It is a word 4. lu the course of faUing or descending from much used in common discourse and in elevation or distinction. in the grave or DOWN'WARD, a. Bloving or extending light compositions; rarely elevated style. from a higher to a lower place, as on a DOZ'EN, 71. The number twelve of things slope or declivity, or in the open air; tendof a like kind as a dozen of eggs twelve ing towards the earth or its center as a dozen of gloves a dozen of wine. downward course he took his way with DO'ZER, n. One that dozes or slumbers. downward force. Dryden. 7^. [froin dozy.] Drowsiness; 9. Declivous as the downward DO'ZINESS, bending Locke. heaviness; inclination to sleep. heaven. Dryden 3. Descending from a head, origin or soince. DO'ZING, ppr. Slumbering. . A slumbering; sluggishness. 4. Tending to a lower condition or state de DO'ZING,
S
; ;
,

DOWN'TROD, DOWN'TRODDEN,

"'

Trodden down trampled down.

he happened to doze a little, the jolly cobL Estrange. waked him. To live in a state of drowsiness to be
If

DRAB'LER,

Encyc. n. In seaman's language, a small additional sail, sometimes laced to the bottom of a bonnet on a square sail, in sloops and schooners. It is the same to a bonnet, as a boimet is to a course.
Encyc. Mar. Diet. n. [L. from Gr. Vw'! Fr. dramma, by contraction, Eng.
;

barbels with a rod and a long line passed througli a piece of lead.

DRACH'MA,
dragme
drain.]
1.
;

It.

A Grecian coin, of the value of seven pence, three farthings, sterling, or nearly
fomteen
cents.

2.

The eighth part of an ounce, or sixty grains, or three scruples ; a weight used by apothecaries, but usually written dram.
n. [See Dragon.] In astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, containing, according to Flamstead, eighty
stars.

DRA'CO,

We

2.

A
A

luminous

exhalation

from

grounds.
3.

marshy Encyc

genus of animals of two species. Dragon.]

[See

DRAON'TI,
the

a. [L. draco.] In astronomy, belonging to that space of time in which moon performs one entire revolution. Bailey DRAeUN'CULUS, n. [from L. draco, dragon.] In botany, a plant, a species of Arum, with a long stalk, spotted like a serpent's
-

DOWN'WEED,
DOWN'Y,

a. [See Doze.] Drowsy ; heavy ; in- 2. In medicine, a long slender worm, bred in clined to sleep ; sleepy ; sluggish ; as a do the muscular parts of the arms and legs. These are troublecalled Guinea worm. Dryden. zy head. Barret plant. n. [Sax. drabbe, lees, dregs ; D. drabbe. some in tropical climates, and are usually a. [See Down.} Covered witli DR.\B, down or nap ; as a downy feather ; downy dregs. This seems to be the Dan. draabe, extirpated by the point of a needle. Encyr. a drop.] DRAD, a. Terrible. Obs. [^ee Dread.] This wings. 1. A strumpet ; a prostitute. Shak. Pope. was also the old pret. of dread. 2. Covered with pubescence or soft hairs, as 2. A low, sluttish woman. [This seems to be DR'AFF, n. a plant. [D. draf, droef, dregs, grains. the sense in u'hich it is generally used in 3. Made of down or soft feathers ; as Shake.spear wrote rfj-aM^A, and the French jVeu) England.] have drague, grains. The latter coincides pillow.

pressed

dejected

as

downward thoughts.

Chesterfield.

n.

Sidney Cottonweed, a downy

DOZY,

belly.

4. Soft, calm, soothing 5. Resembling down.

DOWRY,

box, in elements with draw, drag.] when taken out of the Refuse ; lees ; dregs ; the wash given to Its bottom is shelving or boiling pans. swine, or grains to cows ; waste matter. Milton. Dryden. inclining that the water may drain oft". It is the same word fers not fiom dower. En eye a. Worthless. lUfterently written, and the distinction DRAB, n. [Fr. drap, cloth It. drappo ; Sp. DR'AFFY, a. Dreggy ; waste ; worthless. made between them is arbitrary.] and without the prefix t, ropa, clotl n. [corrupted from draught, from trapo, 1. The money, goods or estate which a woPort. roM/)a, whence ?o6c. From the French man brings to her husband in marriage drag, draw, but authorized by respectable we have draper, drapery, as the Span' A drawing as, this horse is good the portion given with a wife. use.] liave ropage, for (Ira])ery. This word In this sense, draught is perfor draft. Shak. Dryden of L.
;

downy

as

3.

rfoitm^/ sleep.

kind of wocjden

used

in salt

works

for holding the salt

n.

[See Dower.

This word

dif-

DRAFFISH,

DRAFT,

2.
3.

The reward
;

A gift DOWSE,
face.

paid for a wife. a fortune given.

t.

V.

_[S\Y.

[JVcii

in use.]

seems allied to the A kind trabea-.] thick woolen cloth. Johnson. a. Being To strike on the DRAB, so called. of a dun color, like the daska.] cloth
Cowley
Bailey.

DOWST, n. A
ogy
;

DRAB,

V. i.

To

associate with strumpets.

stroke.
a.

[Ml

in use.]

Beaiim

DRAB'BING,
l)ets.

ppr.

Beaum. Keeping company with

associating with sirum-

haps most common. A drawing of men iVom a military band a selecting or detaching of soldiers from an army, or any part of it, or from a miliSometimes a drawing of men tary post. from other companies or societies.
;

DOXOLOG'lAL,

Pertaining to doxol;

lewd women.

Howdl. giving praise to God. DOXOL'OgY, n. [Gr. 6o|oXoyia So^a, praise, glory, and Xtyu, to speak.] In christian worship, a hymn in praise of the

DRAB'BING,?!. An

ciency by drafts

Several of the States had supplied the defito serve for the year.
Jifarsliall.
ol"

Beaum.
in

DRABBLE, v.t. To
by drawing
befoul
;

mud and
a

draggle

to
;

make
to

dirty
3.

These important posts, in consequence Iteavy drafts, were left weakly defended.
."Vn
;

water

wet and

Almighty ; a particular form of giving glory to God.

as, to drabble

gown

or cloke.
A".

order from one man to another directing the i)ayment of money a bill of

England.

exchange.
thought it most prudent to defer the drnjh, of the till advice was received of the progress loan. Hamilton.
I

DOX'Y,

n.
V.

[Qu. Sw. docka, a baby, doU or

In Scottish, this

word

plaything.]

DOZE,

or quiet

Shak prostitute. i. [Dan. doser, to stifle, suppress ; to make heavy, sleepy or drowsy to lull to sleep. The Saxon has dysser, dwres, dwes, dull, stupid, foolish, D. dwaas. The Saxon dysig is rendered foolish or
dizzy.

by slabbering, as if it drivel, from the root of cides with drop.

signifies to dirty were allied to dribble,

drip,

which

coin4.

DRABBLE,

v. t.

To

fish for bai-bels

with a
5.

long line and rod.

DRAB'BLING,

a.

Drawing

in

Encyr mud or wa-

1.

To

See Dote, and Class Ds. No. slumber to sleep lightly.

:

1. 3.

ter; angling for barbels.

DRAB'BLING,

n.

A method

of angling for

6.

A drawing of lines for a plan a figure described on paper; delineation; sketch; plan delineated. [See Draught.] Depth of water necessary to float a sljiji. [See Draught.] A writing composed.
;

D R A
DR'AFT,
liiieate.
V.
t.

D R A
;

DR A
; ;

To draw

the outline
;

to ile

DRAG'GED,
harrow.

2. 3.
4.

To compose and
morial or a lease.
post
to select

write

as, to draft

a me-

pp. Drawn on the ground drawn with labor or force drawn along slowly and heavily raked with a drag or
;

2.
;

DRAG'ONET, n. A little dragon. Spenser. A fish with a slender round body, color;

cal tail, and membranaceous wings, radiated like the fins of a flying-fish. Encyc.

To draw men from

;

a military band or
collec-

to detach.

To draw men from any company,

ry in

tion or society.

This Cohen-Caph-El was some royal seminaUpper Egjpt, from whence tliey drafted novices to supply their colleges and temples.

HvlweWs

Diet.

DR^AFT-IIORSE,

n.

horse employed in
in

drawing, particularly loads or in plowing.

drawing heavy
in

DR'AFT-OX,
ing.

n.

An ox employed
Drawn
;

draw-

DRAFTED,
tached.

pp.

delineated; de-

DR'AFTING,
detaching.

ppr.

Drawing; delineating;
checkers.

DR'AFTS,

n.
t.

A
;

DRAG,
tragen
layan,

V.

[Sax. dragan

D. draagen
;

Sw. draga
;

also

W. dragiaw; ; Dan. drager ; G. ; Dan. trekker ; D. trekken ;

L. traho

game played on

Sax. dreogan
<arcA;
;

It.

Sp. trugo, a draught;

Fr. iraire ; Ma; treggia, a sled or drag; (rag'nr, to swallow,

ed with yellow, blue and white the head is large and depressed at the top and has two orifices, through which it breathes and ejects water, hkc the cetaceous tribe. DRAG'Gl.E, II. t. and dirty by drawing on the ground or DRAG'ON-FISH, n. A species of TraThis fish is mud, or on wet grass; to drabble. chinus, called the weaver. Gray. DR.VG'GLE, II. i. To be drawn on the about twelve inches in length it has two or three longitudinal lines ofa dirty yelground to become wet or dirty by being drawn on the mud or wet gras.s. low on the sides, and the belly of a silSherwood. DRAG'GLE-TAIL, n. A slut. very hue. The wounds of its s|jines occasion inflammation. It biuies itself in the DRAG'GLED, pp. Drawn on the grounc wet or dirtied by being drawn on the Dirt, nf .Vat. Hist. sand, except its nose. ground or mire. DRAG'ON-FLY, n. A genus of insects, the Libella or Libellula, having four extended DRAG'GLING,ppr. Drawing on the ground are furnished with jaws the making dirty by drawing on the ground wings; they or wet grass. antennte are shorter than the ihorax and DRAG'MAN, n. A fisherman tliat uses a the tail of the male is terminated by a kind of hooked forceps. There are many Hale. dragnet. DRAG'NET, Ji. A net to he drawn on the species, with a great diversity of colors. bottom of a river or ])ond fi)r taking fish Did.' of .\ at. Hist. Dryden. H'atts. DRAG'ONISH, a. In the form of a dragon Shak. DRAGOMAN, DRO GMAN, n. [II. drag dragonlike. omanno ; Fr. trucheman ; Sp. Irujaman DRAG'ONLIKE, a. Like a dragon ; fiery;

DRAG'GING, ppr. Drawing

slowly or heavily
;

on the ground drawing with labor or by force drawing

;

raking with a drag. [dim. of drag.] To wet

furious.

Sliak.

Eng.

The
1.

to drink. See Drink and Drench. Rues, has dergayu, and torf^ayu, to

Ch.

[DJlin,

Ar.

^U.=.j.j

from

DJTTI;

DRAG'ONS,
Indies.

draw, as truek is written Class Rg. No. 27. 37. 56.]

To

pull

to

haul

to
;

ground by main force applied particularly to drawing heavy things with labor,
along the grounil or other surface as, to drag stone or timber to drag a net in
; ;

Ch. Ar. Syr. Eth. to interpret.] \\\ interpreter a term in general use draw along the Levant and other parts of the East.
;

torgityu.

See

n. A genus of plants, the Dracontium, of several species, natives of the

in the
It.

DRAG'ON'S-BLOOD,
blod.]

DRAG'ON,
dragone
drache drake ;
;
;

n.

[L.

draco;

fishing.
3.

John
;

xxi. 8.

3.

4.

break land by drawing a drag or harit to harrow a common use of J\'ew England. To draw along slowly or heavily to draw ony thing burdensome as, to drag a lingering life. Dnjden. To draw along in contempt, as unworthy to be carried.

To

row over
this

word in

He drags me
5.

at his chariot-wheels.

StilUngflert.

Fr. dragon ; G. draic or draig ; W. draig ; Sw. Tlie origin of this word is not obvious. In Ir. rfrag' is fire in VV. dragon is a leader, chief or sove In Scotch, reign, from dragiaw, to draw. the word signifies a ])aper kite, as also ir Danish probably from the notion of flyor shooting along, like a fiery meteor. ing In Welsh, draig is rendered by Owen a procreator or generating principle, a fiery serpent, a dragon, and the Supreme and the plural dreigiau, silent lightnings, drei
Ir.

Gr. SpoxuiD. draak ;

Dan. drage.

n. [Sax. dracanA resinous substance, or red juice, extracted from the Draciena draco, and other trees of a similar nature. It comes from the East Indies, in small flat cakes or round balls, or in oval drops, wrapped in It has leaves, and knotted like a cha])let. no sensible smell or taste. It has been considered as an astringent medicine, hut is now little used for medicinal purposes.

solution of it in spirit of wine is used for staining marble, to which it gives a

red tinge.

DRAG'ON'S-HEAD,

n.

Fourcroi/.

Encyc. genus of plants,

the Dracocejihalura, of many species, most of them herbaceous, annual or perennial

To drag one in chains. Milton. To pull or haul about roughly and forcibly.

giaw, to lighten silently. Hence

the

word

Drtjden.

In seamen's language, to drag an anchor, is to draw or trail it along the bottom when loosened, or when the anchor will not hold
the ship.

meteor in the atmosphere, a fiery meteor, and hence a fiery or flying serpent, from
a root which signified to shoot or
out.]
1.

plants. I infer that Encyc. Dragon's Head and Tail, in astronomy, are originally signified a shootin the nodes of the planets, or the two points in which the orbits of the planets intersect

draw

DRAGON-SHELL,

DRAG,
2.

I',

i.

To hang

so low as to trail on
2.
;

the ground.

with a drag as, they have been dragging for fish all day, ivith little sucfish

To

kind of winged serpent, much celebrated in the romances of the middle ages. Johnson. A fiery, shooting meteor, or imaginary
serpent.
Swift, swift, ye

Encyc. n. A species of concamerated patella or limpet. The top is much cursed, and of an ash-color on the
outside, but internally, of a bright flesh color. It is found adhering to larger shells, or to the hack of the tortoise, as common limpets do to the sides of rocks.
plant, the Cal-

the ecliptic.

cess.

dragons of the night

that

3.

be drawn along as, the anchor drags Shak. May bear the raven's eye. be moved slowly to proceed heavily .3. A fierce, violent person, male or female as, this business drags. as, this man or woman is a dragon. 5. To hang or grate on the floor, as a door. 4, A constellation of the northern hemisDRAG, n. Something to he drawn along the phere. [See Draco.] In .scripture, dragon seems sometimes to sigground, as a net or a hook. a. A particular kind of barrow. nify a large marine fish or serpent. Is 3. A car a low cart. xxvii. where the leviathan is also men4. In sea-latignage, a machine consisting of a tioned also Ps. Ixxiv. sharp square frame of iron, encircled with Sometimes it seems to signify a venom a net, used to take the wheel oft' from the ous land serpent. Ps. xci. Tire dragon or bottom of the decks. shalt thou trample under foot. l)latform Mar. Diet. Encyc It is ot'ten used for the devil, who is 5. Whatever is drawn a boat in tow whatcalled the old serpent. Rev. xx. 2. ever serves to retard a ship's way. DR-\G'ON, n. A genus of animals, the Draco. They have four legs, a cylindriEncyc.
;

4.

To To

liawning

DRAG ON'S-WATER, n. A
la or

African Arum.
h.

DRAG'ON'S-WORT,
of Artemisia.

Fam. of Plants.
plant,

DRAGON-TREE,
DRAGOON',

n.

a species Fain, of Plants. species of palm. Johnson.

n. [Fr. dragon ; Sp. id. ; Port. dragam, a dragon and dragoon ; It. dragone; G. dragoner ; D.dragonder; Dan. dragon ; Sw. id. ; L. draconarius, an ensign bearer, from draco, drjigon an appellation given to horsemen, perhaps for
;

their rapidity or fierceness.] soldier or musketeer who serves

on horse-

back or on foot, as occasion may require. Their arms are a sword, a musket and a
bayonet.

Vol.

Encyc.

61

D R A
DRAGOON',
2.

D R A
DRAM,

D R A
;

persecute by abandoniug a place to the rage of sokliers. Johnson. To enslave or reduce to subjection by
V.
t.

To

DRAM-DRINKER,
ly

drink drams to indulge in the use of ardent spirit. [A low word expressing a low practice.]
r. i.

To

band, ariuy or post also, the forces dtawn ; a detachment. [See Draft, which is more
;

n.

One who

habitual
to

generally used.] 11. sink or drain.

Matt. xv.

soldiers.
3.

To

harass

to persecute

to
;

compel
to
to

to

DR'AMA,

submit by violent measures [This is the more usual sense.] The colonies may be influenced

force.

any thing,
Price.

hut tliey can he dragooned to notliing.

DUAGOONA'DE,
place to the rage

n.

The abandoning of a Burnet. of soldiers.

;

DRAGOON'ED,

pp. Abandoned to the violence of soldiers persecuted harassed. ppr. Abandoning to the of soldiers persecuting harassing rage vexing. DRAIL, I'. /. Tu trail. [JVol in use.] More. DRAIL, V. i. To draggle. [J^'ot in use.] Sotdh.
;

DRAGOON 'ING,

DRA'IN,
strain.

V.

t.

to drain, to [Sa.v. drehnigean,

This
draw.

may

be a derivative from the

1.

Qu. Sax. drygan, to dry.] filter; to cause to pass through some porous sid)stance.
root
ftf

To

eailli,

Salt water, (JraiJit J through hath heconie fresh.

twenty vessels of

Bacon
causing

order for the payment of money; a of exchange. [Bee Draft.] 13. The de])th of water necessary to float a make.] A poem or composition representing a pic ship, or the depth a ship sinks in water, ture of human life, and accommodated to especially when laden as a ship of twelve The principal species of the draaction. feet draught. ma are tragedy and comedy inferior 14. Ill England, a small allowance on weigh&c. able goods, made by the king to the imspecies are tragi-comedy, opera, Encyc. porter, or by the seller to the buyer, to ? insure full weight. DRAMAT'I, Pertaining to the draEncyc. DRAMAT'ICAL, I ina ; .represented by 1.5. A sudden attack or drawing on an enenot narrative. theatrical action my. [Query.] Spenser. Bentley 10. A writing composed. DRAMATICALLY, a. By representation 17. Draughts, a kind of game resembling in the manner of the drama. chess. Dryden. DRAM'ATIST, n. The author of a dra- DRAUGHT, V. t. To draw out; to call matic composition ; a writer of plays. forth. Addison [See Draft.' Burnet. DRAUGHT-HQOKS, n. Large hooks of DRAM'ATIZE, v. t. To compose in the iron fixed on the cheeks of a cannon carform of the drama or to give to a comriage, two on each side, one near the trunposition the form of a play. nion hole, and the other at the train used At Riga in 1204 was acted a prophetic play in drawing the gun backwards and fortliat is, a dramatized extract from the liistory of means of wards
spirits.

drinks

12.

An

Ji.

[Gr.

6pa/ja,

from Spou,

bill

% To
3.

empty or

clear of liciuor, by

the

Old and

New

the liquor to drop or run of?' slowly ; as, to drain a vessel or its contents. To nuike dry to exhaust of water or other it to How oft'in channels, liquor, by causing sidistances ; as, to drain or
;

Testaments. Tooke's Russia

oats.

by

draught ropes.
n.

DRANK, DRANK,
DRAPE,
cloth
;

prtt.
)!.

and pp. of drink.

term for wild
Encyc.
cloth
:

DRAUGHT-HORSE,
DRAUGHT'-HOUSE,

Encyc. horse used in

V.

t.

[Fr. draper.]

To make

drawing a plow, cart or other carriage, as distinguished from a saddle horse.

n.

through porous
;

land
4.

writings or designs, or one who is skilled sells cloths; a dealer in cloths in such drawings. as a linen-draper or woolen-draper. a tippler. 2. One who drinks drams DRAIN, I', i. To flow ofi" gradually as, let DRA'PERY, n. [Fr. draperie ; II. drappe Taller. ria ; from drap, drappo Sp. ropage, from the water of low ground drain off. DRAVE, the old participle of drive. be emptied of liquor, by flowing or ropa, cloth.] 8. To now use drove. and 1. Clothwork; the trade of making cloth. stand let the vessel
ually ; as, a foreign of specie.

To

to drain a swamp or marsh. empty ; to exhaust ; to draw off grad-

DRA'PER,
One who

Obs. also, to banter. n. [Fr. drapier;

house for the

draper,tomake

from drap,

cloth.]

DRAUGHTS' MAN,

reception of

filth

or waste matter.
n.

A man who
;

draws

war drains

a country
;

We

dropping;
drain
;

as,

let

the cloth

hang and

drain.
2.

Bacon.

DRAW,
dragan
1.

V.
;

DRAIN,
;

n.

channel through which water

I

Cloth;

stuffs

of wool.

Arhuthnot.

pret. drew ; pp. drawn. [Sax. It is only a dialectical L. traho.

t.

or other hquid flows off; particularly, a trench or ditch to convey water from wet a sink. land a watercourse a sewer DRA'INABLE, a. Capable of being drain Sherwood. ej. A draining; a gradual n. DRATNAGE,
; ;

3.

In sculpture and painting, the reiiresentation of the clothing or dress of human figures; also, tapestry, hangings, curtains,

spelling of drag,

which

see.]

along; to haul; to cause to move forward by force applied in advance of

pull

To

&c.

Encyc.
6pajixos,

DRA'PET, n. Cloth; DRAS'TIC, a. [Gr.

;

coverlet, [jyotinuse.] from Spau, to

flowing

oft'

of any liquid.

DRAINED,
dropping
:

pp. Emptied of or liquor by a gradual discharge, flowing

make.] water or other Powerful

ofl'.

the thing moved or at the fore-end, as by a rope or chain. It difl'ers from drag only in this, that drag is more generally applied to tilings moved along the ground by sh-

efficacious

acting with strength or violence; as a drastic cathartic.

;

exhausted

drawn

DRAIIGII. [See

Draff.]
drajl.
;

DRA'INliSG, ppr. Enii)tying of water or other liquor by filtration or flowing in small channels. DRAKE, n. [G.entench: Ban. andrik S\v. andrak. It is compounded of cnte, and. Sax. ened, L. anas, a duck, and a word which I do not understand.] 1. The male of the duck kind. A small piece of ar2. [L. draco, dragon.] Clarendon. tjllerv.
;

DRAUGHT,
1.

Ji.

[from

draiv, drag.]
fit

The The

act of drawing

as a horse or ox

for draught.
i.

3.

4.
.5.

as a cart or quality of being drawn ])low of easy draught. The drawing of liquor into the moutl 2. and throat; the act of drinking. The quantity of liquor drank at once. The act of "delineating, or that which is 3. delineated a representation by lines, as
; ;

moved with greater toil or diffiand draw is a])plied to all bodies moved by force in advance, whatever may be the degree of force. Draw is the more general or generic term, and drag, more say, the horses draw a coach specific. or wagon, but they drag it through mire ; yet draw is pro|)erly used in both cases. To pull cut, as to draw a sword or dagto unsheatheger from its sheath; Hence, to draw the sword, is to age war. To bring by compulsion to cause to
ding, or
culty,

We

3.

The"drake-fly. which DRAIVI, n. [contracted from drachma,

the figure of a house, a machine, a fort, &c., described on paper. [Qu. Ir. dreach.

come.

Among druggists and physicians, a weight of the eighth part of an ounce, or sixty In avoirdupois weight, the sixgrains. teenth part of an ounce. as no dram of judg2. A small quantity ment. Dnjden
1.
;

see.]

W.
6.

rfn/p.]

Representation by picture;
ed, or

drawn by
act of
is

the pencil.

Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seat ? James ii. Encyc. to raise from any 4. To pull u() or out figure paintas, to draw water from a well. ;
;

Dryden

The
8.

drawing a net

a sweeping

.5.

depth To suck

as, to

draw the

breasts.

for fish.

0.

3.

As much

spirituous liquor as is

drank

at 9.

once ; as a dram of brandy. the slow poison of life.

4. Spirit
;

Drams

are

taken by sweeping witli a net as a draught of fishes. Luke v. The drawing or bending of a bow the act of shooting with a bow and arrow.
;
;

That which

wards

Sunfl.

distilled liquor.

Pope. 10.

Camden. The act of drawing men from a military

move or tend toas a magnet or other attracting body is said to draiv it. to turn towards itTo attract to cause self; to engage; as, a beauty or a popular draws the eyes of an assembly, or

To

attract; to cause to
itself;

speaker draws their attention.

D R A
8.

D R A
; ;

D R A
;

i). To to take air into tlie lungs ; as, 32. To wrest ; to distort range in battle ; to array in a line. as, to draw the tliere I first drew air ; I draw the sultry fVhitgift. Tn draw togellitr, to collect or be collected. scriptures to one's fancy. Milton. Addison. .3.3. To compose to write in due form ; to To draw up, to raise to lift ; to elevate. air. form in writing ; as, to draw a bill of ex- 2. To form in order of battle ; to array. of 9. pull or take from a spit, as a piece meat. Dryden. change ; to draw a deed or will. Dryden.

To

inhale

To

take from a cask or vat to cause or 34. To take out of a box or wheel, as tickets in a lottery. to run out ; as, to draio say, to draxo a lottery or to draw a number in the lottery. to let 35. To receive or gain by drawing as, to 11. To take a liquid from the body draw a prize. out as, to draw blood or water. say also, a number draws a prize or a blank, when it is drawn 12. To take from an oven as, to draw at the same time. bread. 13. To cause to slide, as a curtain, either in 36. To extend to stretch as, to draw wire to draw a ])iecc of metal by beating, &.c. closing or unclosing ; to open or unclose and discover, or to close and conceal. 37. To .sink into the water or to require a To draw the curtain is used in both senses. certain depth of water for floating as, a .ship draws fifteen feet of water. Dry den. Sidney. 14. To extract as, to draw spirit from grain 38. To bend a.-J, to draw the bow. Is. Ixvi. 39. To eviscerate to pull out the bowels or juice. to bring, as an agent or 15. To produce as, to draw poultry. King Shak. efficient cause [.Voi used.] usually followed by a 40. To withilraw. as, piety draws down To draw hark, to receive back, as duties on modifying word
10.

To

.3.

wine or
;

to suffer a liquid cider.

We

To compose
form
in

in

to to

w riting

We

[See No. 33.] D. i. To pull; to exert strength in drawing. say, a horse or an o.\ draivs well. 2. To act as a weight. Watch the bias of the mind, tliat it may not draw too mueli. Addison.

draw up a paper. In this use, it is often omit the modifying word.

due form, as a w'riting as, to draw up a deed

;

; ;

more

Swifl. elegant to

DRAW,

We

3.

To

shrink

to contract into a

smaller com-

I>ass.
4.

Bacon.

To move; to advance. towards evening.

to

The day draws

wind, so as ship in her
love drew to

.).

blessings critnes draw down vengeance vice draws 0)i us many temporal evils war draivs after it a train of calamities. 16. To move gradually or slowly to extend.
; ;

goods

fi)r

exportation.
;

To draw

in, to collect

to apply to
is

any pur drawn

in.

6.

pose by violence. A dispute, iu which every thing

to

To be filled or inflated with press on and advance a course as, the sails draw. To imsheathe a sword. His dettjild him. In this phrase,
;

sword

is

un-

derstood.

They drew themselves mote

westerly.

Raleigh. 17. To lengthen ; to extend in length. Shak. How long her face is drawn. In some similes, men draw their comparisons into minute particulars of no importance. Felton. 18. To utter in a lingering manner ; as, to

2. To renounce the faith to apostatize. or take from to cause to flow Heb. X. from as, to draw off wine or cider from a To draw ; near or nigh, to a))proach to come of circumvallation. Hence, vessel. near. 20. To represent by lines drawn on a plain 3. To extract by distillation. Mdison. To draw to retire to retreat off, as, the surface to form a picture or image to entice to peras, To draw on, to allure com|)aiiy drew off'hy degrees. to draw the figure of a man ; to draw the suade or cause to follow. To draw on, to advance ; to approach as, face. The reluctant may be drawn on by l<iridnoss Hence, the day draws on. Dryden. or caresses. 21. To describe to represent by words as, 2. To gain on to approach in pursuit as, the oratoi- drew an admirable picture of 2. To occasion to invite to bring on to the ship drew on the chase. cause. human misery. 3. To demand payment by an order or bill, Under color of war, which either liis negli 22. To represent in fancy to image in tlic called a draught. gence drew on, or Jiis practices procured, he mind. Shak. levied a subsidy. He drew on his factor for the amount of tlie Hnyward. 23. To derive to have or receive from some To draw over, to raise, or cause to come shipment. source, cause or donor as, to draw the Vou may draw on me for the expenses of as in a still. over, rudiments of science from a civilized nayourjourney. 2. To persuade or induce to revolt from an Jay. tion to draw consolation from divine opjtosing party, and to join oneV own To draw up, to form in regular order a., promises. Some meti may be drawn over by the troops dretv up in front of the palace party. 24. To deduce ; as, to draw arguments from the fleet dreio up in a semicircle. others by fear. interest; facts, or inferences from circumstantial To draw out, to lengthen ; to stretch by Draw, in most of its uses, retains some evidence. shade of its original sense, to pull, to force to extend. 25. To allure ; to entice to lead by persuamove forward by the application of force sion or moral influence ; to excite to mo- 2. To beat or hammer out; to e.xteud or in advance, or to extend in length. And spread by beating, as a metal. tion. Johnson justly observes, that it express3. To lengthen in time: to protract ; to cause I>raw me ; we will run after thee. Cant. i. es an action gradual or continuous, and to continue. Men sliall arise, speakinj; perverse things, to We pour liquor quick, but Tliy unkindness sliidl his death draw out leisurely. draw away disciples alter them. Acts xx. To lingering sufferance. .Shak we draw it in a continued stream. We 2C. To lead, as a motive to induce to move. Wilt tliou draw out thine anger to all generaforce compliance by threats, but we draw tions ? Ps. Ixxxiv. do draw me much about. My purposes it by gradual prevalence. We write a letto draw off; as Shak. 4. To cause to issue forth ter with haste, but we draw a bill with 27. To induce to persuade to attract torupior from a cask. slow caution, and regard to a precise form. wards in a very general sense. o. To extract, as the sjnrit of a substance. We draw a bar of metal by continued 28. To wiu to gain a metaphor from ga- 6. To bring forth to pump out, by question beating. Shak. ming. ing or address to cause to be declared, or DRAW, n. The act of drawing. 20. To receive or take, as from a fund as, brought to light as, to draw out facts from 2. The lot or chance drawn. to draw money from a bank or from stock a witness. DRAW'ABLE, a. That may be drawn. in trade. To induce by motive ; to call forth. More. 30. To bear to produce as, a bond or note This was an artifice to draw out from us an DR.\W'BACK, n. Money or an amount draics interest from its date. accusation. Anon. paid hack. Usually, a certain amount of 31. To extort to force out as, his eloquence 8. To detach to separate from the main duties or customs, paid or bonded bv an drew tears from the audience to draw as, to draw out a file or party of body importer, paid back or remitted to hiiii on men. eighs or groans. the exportation of the goods or a certain

draw a groan.

Lticke. give color to the argument. 7. To use or practice the art of delineating contract; to pull to a smaller com figures ; a.s, he draws with exactness. pass: to pull back; as, to draw in the 8. To collect the matter of an ulcer or abreins. Gay. scess to cause to suppurate to excite to 3. To entice, allure or inveigle ; as, to draw inflamnmtion, maturation and discharge ; in others to support a measure. draws well. as, an To draw off, to draw from or away also, to To draw epispaslicretire to move back to back, to ; ; withdraw to abstract ; as, to draw offllnwithdraw.

To

19.

To

ing

Dryden. run or extend, by marking or tormas, to draw a line on paper, or a line

mind from vain amusements.

2.

To draw
;

D R A
amount of excise paid back or allowed on
'i.

D R E
DRAY,
1.

DRE
L. trahta, from
1.

n.

[Sax. drwge,

signify to

form images and be

allied to

the exportation of home maniifactiu'es. In poptttar sense, any loss of advantage, or ileductioii from profit.

DRAW-BRIDGE,

n. A bridge which may be drawn up or let down to admit or hinder communication, as befoie the gate of a town or castle, or in a bridge over a navigable river. In the latter, tlte draw-bridge usually consists of two movable platfortns, which may be raised to let a vessel pass

draw, traho.] A low cart or carriage on wheels, drawn Jlddison. by a horse.

frame.]

2.

sled.

DRA'Y-ART, n. A dray. DRA'Y-HORSE, n. A horse used for drawing a dray

Taller.
i.

Encyc.

DRA'Y-MAN,
dray.

A man who
n.

attends a South.

DRA'Y-PLOW,
plow.

The thought or series of thoughts of a person in sleep. We apply dream, in the singular, to a series of thoughts, which occupy the mind of a sleeping person, in which he imagines he has a view of real things or transactions. A dream is a series of thoughts not under the command of reason, and hence wild and irregular.
Stewart.

particular kind of

througli.

DRAW-NET,

net for catching the larger sorts of fowls, made of pack-thread,

n.

DRAZ'EL,
slut.

n.

draz'l.
is

dirty

woman
;

Mortimer. a
;

[This

a vulgar

word

in
I

New-

with wide meshes.

DRAW-WELL,
which water
is

n.

England pronounced
deep well, from always applied
71.

droz'l,

and

believe

Qu. from the DREAD, root of the L. terreo, or that of Sw. rbdd, Greio. pole. DRAWEE, n. The person on whom an fearful, rhdas, to dread, Dan. ra:d, fear order or bill of exchange is drawn the ful, Sp. arredrar, to terrify, or Ir. cralham,

drawn by

a long cord or

to a female.] dred. [Sax. dreed.

In scripture, dreams were sometimes impressions on the minds of sleeping perGod came sons, made by divine agency. to Abimelech in a dream. Joseph was warned by God in a dream. Gen. xx.

Math.
3.

ii.
;

vain fancy
V.
;

a wild conceit

an un-

founded suspicion.

DREAM,
droomen
1.

payer of a

bill

of exchange.

DRAW'ER,
2.

n.

One who draws

or

pull;
;

If rf is a prefix, see Class Rd to tremble. The primary No. 14. 19. 23. 25. 60. 78.

dreamed or dreamt. [D. G. trdumen ; Sw. drbmma; Dan.

i.

pret.

drommer.]

one who takes water from a well one who draws liquors from a cask. That which draws or attracts, or has the

1.

13.

4.

power of attraction. Smft. He who (haws a bill of exchange or an order for the payment of money. A sliding box in a case or table, which is drawn at i>leasurc.
Drawers, in
the plural, a close

probably to tremble, or to shrink." apprehension of evil or dan expresses more than fear, and less ger. than terror or fright. It is an uneasiness
sense
is

Great

fear, or

It

To have ideas or images in the mind, in the state of sleep with of before a noun ; to dream of an as, to dream of a battle
; ;

absent friend.

5.

under gar
2.

or alarm excited by expected pain, loss or 2. To think; to imagine ; as, he little dreamed of his approaching fate. other evil. speak of the dread of evil the dread of the .3. To think idly. the dread of .*ufli3ring divine displeasure. It differs from terror They dream on in a course of reading, with out digesting. also in being less sudden or more con Locke

We

ment worn on the lower

limbs.

tinued.

DRAWING,
tracting
;

DRAW'ING,
.'2.

ppr. Pulling; hauhng ; at delineating. n. The act of pulling, hauling

Awe
The

4.

a
4.

fear united with respect,

Terror.
Shall not his
;

be sluggish to waste time in vain thoughts as, to dream away life.

; ;

To

or attracting.
act of representing the appearance or figures of objects on a plain surface, by means of lines and shades, as with a pencil, crayon, pen, compasses, &c.; delineation.
n.

The

DRAWING-MASTER,
es the art of drawing.

One who

teach-

DRAWING-ROOM,
in

n.

A room

appropria;

ted for the reception

of company a room which distinguished personages hold

levees, or private persons receive parties.

It is written by Coxc, imlhdramng-room, a room to which company withdraws from the dining-room. The company assembled in a drawing-

dread fall on you. Job xiii. And dreamt the future fight. Dryden. cause of fear the person or the thing It is followed by a noun of the like sigdreaded. nification as, to dream a dream. Let him be your dread. Is. viii. DREAD, a. Exciting great fear or appre- DRE'AMER, n. One who dreams. 2. A fanciful man ; a visionary one who hension. Shak. forms or entertains vain schemes as a 2. Terrible Shak. frightful. Marshall. political dreamer. 3. Awful; venerable in the highest degree as dread sovereign dread majesty dread 3. A man lost in wild imagination a mope ; a sluggard. tribunal. DREAD, V. t. To fear in a great degree ; as, DRE'AMFUL, a. Full of dreams. Johnson. to dread the ap|)roach of a storm. DRE'AMING, ppr. Having thoughts or DREAD, V. {. To be in great fear. ideas in sleep. Dread not, neither be afraid of them. Deut. i. a. That is to be dreaded. DRE'AMLESS, a. Free from dreams. DREAD'ABLE,
;

DREAM,

V.

t.

To

see in a dream.

[JVot vsed.]

Camden.

2.

room.

DREAD'ED, p;;. Feared. DREAD'ER, n. One that

fear.

DREAMT, pp.
fears, or lives in
Sivifl.

dremt.
;

DREAR,
DREAR,
A

?!.

Dread

From dream. dismalness. Obs.

Spenser.

DRAWL,
utter

II.

*.

words

in

DRAWL,
ance.

V. i.

To [D. drankn, to linger.] a slow lenglhenetl tone. To speak with slow utterlengthened utterance of the

DREAD'FUL,
terrible
;

DRAWL,

n.

a. Impressing great fear formidable as a dreadful storni, or dreadful night. The great and dreadful day of the Lord
;

a.

[Sax. rfreong-, dreary.]

solitude.

Dismal;
.Milton.

gloomy with

drear and dying sound.

n.

Mai.

iv.
;

DRE'ARIHEAD,
ness.

Dismalness; gloomi-

DRAWL'ING,
allured
;

2. Awful venerable. voice. DRE'ARILY, How dreadful is this place. Gen. xlviii. ppr. Uttering words slowly DREAD'FUL'LY, adv. Terribly in a manDRAWN,;);;. [See Draw.] Pulled; hauled DRE'ARIMENT, ner to be dreaded.
;

[jYot in use.]

Spenser. wfc. Gloomily; dismally. Spenser.

n. n.

Dismalness
Dismalness;

terror.

attracted
;

delineated

extended
written.

Dryden.
;

extraeted
3.
;

derived

deduced

DREAD'FULNESS,
DREAD'LESS,
timidated
terror
; ;

n.

Terriblene.ss
;

the

Obs.

Equal, where each party takes his stake as a drawn game.

;

own

quality of being dreadful

a.

frightfidness.

DREARINESS,
solitude.

gloomy

T}.

4.
.5.

Having equal advantage, and neither party a victory as a drawn battle. With a sword drawn. Shak Moved aside, as a curtain unclosed, or
;

undaunted

Fearless; bold; not in free from fear or

;

DRE'ARY,
gloomy
shades.
2.
;

intrepid.
n.

Milton.
;

DREAD'LESSNESS,
dauntedness
boldness.
;

Fearlessness unfreedom from fear or terror

a. Dismal; [Sax. dreorig.] as a dreary waste dreary This word implies both solitude
;

and gloom.
Sorrowful distressing ; as dreary shrieks.
;

closed.
6. 7.

Sidjiey.

S])enser.

Eviscerated as a drawn fox. Shak. Induced, as by a motive ; as, men are drawn together by similar views, or by motives of interest. Drawn and quartered, drawn on a sled, and
;

DREAM,

n. [D. droom ; G. traum ; Svv. In Russ. dremlyu is to dr'om; Dan. drum. But I take the primary sense to he, sleep. to rove, and the word to be allied to Gr.
6po;u)j,

DRED6E,
English.]
1.

n. [Fr. drege

Arm. drag,
&c.

as in

dragnet

for taking oysters,

Carew.
2.
I

cut into quarters.

I

a running, which seems to be from the root of roam, ramble. If not, it may

mixture

of oats

and

barley

sown

together.

D R E
DREDGE,
Willi a
V.
t.

D R E
1.

D R
DRESSING-ROOM,
DRESS'-M.AKER,
DRESS'Y,
n.

To

take,

catcli or gatheij

Carew.\ dredge. j;. t. [This seems to be connected with the Fr. drague, grains, dragh, sugar plums, striall shot, meshn.] To sprinkle flour on roast meat. DRED(5'ER, n. One who fishes with a

DREDciE,

straight or a straight line ; to have the pri adjust to a right line. inary sense in the military phrase, dress your ranks. Hence the sense, to put in order. To adjust ; to put in good order ; as, to dress the beds of a garden. Sometimes, to

To make

n.

An

We

apartment apof gowns,

propriated for dressing the person.

A maker

or similar garments: a niantuamaker. a. Showy in dress; wearing rich or showy dresses. DREST, pp. of dress.
i.

DRED(i'ING-BOX,
dredging meat.

dredge also, an utensil for scattering flour on meat while roasting. A box used for .
;

till

or cultivate.

Gen.

ii.

Deut. xxviii.
;

DRED(i'ING-MAeHiNE, used to take up mud or

n.

An engme
thel 4.

gravel from

bottom of rivers, docks, &c.

[Qu. drivel, or Ar. J |j to wounded hmb DREUL, V. and to apply medicaslaver.] ments. The surgeon dresses the hmb or To emit saliva; to suffer saliva to issue and flow down from the mouth. the wound. To prepare, in a general sense to put in DRI15, 1'. t. [Qu. from dribble, but the word

To

put in good order, as a

to cleanse a wonntl,

CVc.
suffer.

the condition desired

fit
;

DREE,
used.]
iiess

t>.

t.

[Sax. dreah.]
n.

To

; ;

to

make

suitable or

is

[Xot

as, to dress
;

^wifl. Full-! ter case, generally use trim. To dress hemp DRIB'BLE, V. i. [A diminutive from dnp, and properly dnpple.] or flax, is to break and clean it. feculence.j 1. To fall in a. Full of dregs; foul or small drops, or in a DREG'GISH, drops with; 5. To cuiry, rub and comb ; as, to dress a lees; feculent. Harvey. quick succession of drops ; as, water dribhorse : or to break or tame and prepare bles from the eaves. a. [See Dregs.] Containing for service, as used by Dryden ; but this 2. To slaver as a child or an idiot. dregs or lees; consisting of dregs; foul;; is unusual. 3. To fall weakly and slowly ; as the dribBoyle.' 6. To muddy ; feculent. put the body in order, or in a suitable n. plu. Shak. ling dart of love. [Sw. drhgg ; Dan. drank ;\ condition to put on clothes ; as, he dress That which is drained Gr. fpv^, rpvym. DRIB'BLE, V. t. To throw down in drops. ed himself fur breakfast. or thrown oft", or that which subsides. Sec 7. To Stirijt. put on rich garments ; to adorn ; to Class Rg. No. 8. 28. 58.] n. [W. rhib.] small i)iece deck ; to embellish ; as, the lady dressed 1. The sediment of liquors; lees; grounds;) or part ; a small sum odd money in a herself for a ball.

Ruyi

cloth

to dress

meat a lamp

to dress leather or but we, in the lat-

not elegant, nor much used.] or cut off'; to defalcate.

n.

To crop
Dryden.

DRIB,

drop.

[.Vo< used.]

DREG'GINESS,

[from dreggy.}
;

of dregs or lees

foulness

DREG'GY,

DREGS,

DRIBBLET,
;

feculence any foreign matter of hquorsj To dress up, is to clothe pompously or that subsides to the bottom of a vessel. elegantly as, to dress up with tinsel. 2. Waste or worthless matter dross sweepon its applicathe most vile and Tlie sense of dress depends refuse. Hence, ings To dress the body, to dress meat, tion. as the dregs of despicable part of men and to dress leather, are very different sensociety. ses, but all uniting in the sense of preparing Dreg, in the singular, is found in Spenser,! or fitting for use. but is not now used. DRESS, V. i. To arrange in a line as, look DREIN. [See Drain.] to the right and dress. DRENCH, V. t. [Sax. drencean, to drench,' 2. To pay particular regard to dress or raito soak, to inebriate, and drencan, lo drink, Bramslon. ment. to give drink drenc, drench, and drink DRESS, n. That which is used as the covH.drenken ; G. triinken, to wixter, to soak; clothes; ering or ornament of the body Scot.; Sw. dr'anckia, to plunge, to soak of a lady i: garments; habit as, the dress drouk ; W. iroci. Drench, drink, drown,' modest and becoming a gaudy dress ii and probably drag, are from the same root. evidence of a false taste. See Drink and Drag.] 2. A suit of clothes as, the lady has pur
;
|

sum as, the money was paid in dribblets. DRIB'BLING, ppr. Falling in drops or small
drops.

DRIB15LING,
DRI'ED,
sap.

n. falling in drops. pp. of dry. Free from moisture or

DRI'ER,

H. [fromrfn/.] That which has the quality of (trying that which may expel or absorb moisture a desiccative. The sun and a northwesterly wind are great driers of the earth.
;

DRIFT,
2.

n. [Dan. (/n/7; from drive.] That which is driven by wind or water, as drijl seems to be primarily a participle. Hence, A heap of any matter driven together; as a driJl of snow, called also a snow-drift ; a
drift

1.

thoroughly; to soak; to fill or cover with water or other liquid as gar;

To wet

of sand.
;

ments
flood
2. 3.

drenched in rain or in the sea

earth
;

3.

the

chased an Splendid clothes; habit of ceremony

elegant dress.

.3.
;

as
4.

has drenched the drenched in blood. To saturate wilh drink.

full dress.

swords;

A. Skill in

To

purge violently.

Shak. Mortimer.
;

wearing
dress.

adjusting dress, or the practice of as men of elegant clothing Pope.

; ;
;

A driving a force impelling or urging forward; impulse; overbearing power or influence as the drift of a passion. Course of any thing aim ; tendency main force as the drift of reasoiung or
; ; ;
;

DRENCH,

n. draught a swill; also, a portion of medicine to purge a beast, particularly a horse. Hence, a violent dose of the throat. pliys-ic to be forced down

DRESS'ED,
;

made straight pp. Adjusted put in order; prepared; trimmed; tilled; clothed adorned attired. DRESS'ER, 71. One who dresses one who
; ;

5.

the drift ol a discourse. Any thing driven by force, as a drift of dust a log or a raft driven by a stream of

argument
;

6.

DRENCH'ED,
DRENCH'ER,

pp.

Soaked

is

thoroughly

employed

in

wet; purged with a dose.

adorning another
in
2.

DRENCH'ING,

n. One who wets or steeps: one who gives a drench to a beast. ppr. Wetting thoroughly

one who is employed preparing, trimming or adjusting any

;

putting on clothes and

7.

water, without guidance. Dryden. A shower a number of things driven at once as a drift of bullets. Shak. In mining, a passage cut between shaft and shaft a passage within the earth.
; ;
;

thing. [Fr. dressoir.]

side-rhoard
for use.

a table or

bench on which meat and other things are

snaking; purging.

DRENT, pp.
DRESS,
V.
t.

Drenched.

[Mt

in use.]

DRESS'ING, ;);jr.
bellishing
;

Mar. Diet. B. Jonson. Arm. drep.a, dregzein ; It "ocity. to erect ; to a DRIFT, t'. t. To accumulate in heaps by rizzare, to erect, to make straight ; dlriz-, 2. That which is used as an application the force of wind ; to be driven into heaps ; wound or sore. zare, to direct, to address ; Sp. enderezar, as, snow or sand drifts. to direct ; Norm, adresctr, 3. That which is used in preparing land for, Port, enderegar, The primary sense is, to make' a crop ; manure spread over land. When 2. To float or be driven along by a current to redress. of water ; as, the ship drifted astern ; a raft it remains on the surface, it is called a straight, to strain or stretch to straight-! The It. rizzare is supposed to be' top-dressing. ness. drifted ashore. formed from rilto, straight, upright, L. 4. In popular language, correction ; a flog- DRIFT, r. t. To drive into heaps ; as, a current of wind drifts snow or sand. tredus, rectus, from eri'g'o, rego.] ging, or beating.
I

pret. to set up, [Fr. dresser, to make straight,

and

Spenser. pp. dressed or drest

dressed or prepared Adjusting to a hne putemting in order; preparing; clothing;

;

cultivating.
)i.

DRESS'ING,

Raiment;

attire.

9.

Encyc. Poiircroy. In navigation, the angle which the line of a shi|)'s motion makes with the nearest when she drives with her side to meridian, the wind and waves, and is not governed by the helm. Also, the distance which the ship drives on tliat line. Encyc. The drifl of a current, is its angle and ve-

D R
DRIFTED,
heaps.

I
;

DRI
driven into
;

D R
to excess
;

I
drops.
SwiJI.

pp. Driven along

ppr.

|2.

To take spirituous liquors

to be
;

DRIP,

V. t.

To let

fall in

DRIFT'ING,

Driving by force

dri
3.

ving into heaps.

inteinperate in the use of spirituous liquors to be a habitual drunkard. Pope. To feast; to be entertained with liquors.
to,

The

thatch drips fast a shower of rain.

DRIFT'-SAIL,
sheets.

under water, veered out right ahead by To drink

n.

n. In navigation, a sail

used
to salute in drinking
;

So we say, roasting flesh drips fat. Shak DRIP, n. A falling in drops, or that which
falls in
liouse.
2.

to invite

drops.

DRIFT'-WAY,
viiig cattle in.

A common way
n.

Encyc.
for dri
Coipel. 9.

by drinking first ; as, I drink to Shak. your grace. To wish well to, in the act of taking the
to drink

In building, avoid the drip of your neighbor's

DRIFT'-WIND,
wind

driving

wind

cup.

that drives things into lieaps.

V.
t.

DRINK,
turn,l 2.
drill
;i

V.

t.

To

Shak. swallow, as liquids to

; ;

The edge of a roof; the eaves flat member of the cornice.

a large

DRILL,
len;

[Sax. thirlian
driller;
;

Beaum.l G. and D. dril-l

;

Dan.

Sw.

drilla

to

wind

or twist

W.

rhill,

a
;

row or

to drill, rhilliaiv, to drill, to trench truliaw, 3. as a hole : troel, a whirl troelli, to turn or
;

latter is evidently connected Class Rl. No. 4.] to perforate by 1. To pierce with a drill of a turning a sharp pointed instrument to bore and make a hole particular form say, to drill by turning an instrument. of metal, or to drill a hole through a piece a cannon. to anuise and to entice 2. To draw on

whiri.

The

with

roll.

to receive, as a fluid, into the stomach as, drink water or wine. To suck in to absorb to imbibe. .\r.d let the purple violets drink the stream. Dryden. To take in by any inlet to hear to see as, to drink words or the voice. Shak. Pope.
; ; ; ;

DRIP PING,
drops.

Chambers. Bailey. fall in ppr. Falling or letting

n.

DRIPPING,
meat
the fat
ing.

in roasting

DRIP'PING-PAN,
DRIP'PLE, DRIVE, V.
pp. driven.
rt.

which falls from which falls in drops. pan for receiving which drips from meat in roast-

The
;

fat

that
ji.

drink delicious poison from thy eye.

t.

or rare. [M'otinuse.] drave ;] pret. drove, [formerly

;

Weak

Pope
14.

We

put off. She drilled him on

elegant.]
3.
4.

to

five

and

take in air to inhale. To drink down, is to act on by drinking to reduce or subdue as, to drink down lui Shak. kindness. To drink off, to drink the whole at a draught as, to drink off a cup of cordial. To drink in, to absorb to take or receive
;
,

To

treiben ; Sw. drifva ; Dan. driver ; also Sax. dry/an, to vex ; adriGerman we have fan, to drive. From the

[Sax. drifan

Goth, dreiban

D.dryven; G.

thrive.

See Ar.

tarafa,

to drive,

Class Rb. No. 29. and Heb. Syr. Ar. 311

id.

No.
;

4.]
;

fifty.

[jVot

Mdison
[.Vol

into

any

inlet.

To

To draw on from
ganf]

step to step.
; ;

eU

'^uth-

drilled
5.

through to drain as, waters a glass or cup, expresses his respect or kind wishes for another. through a sandy stratum. Thomson. JDRINK, n. Liquor to be swallowed; any to teach and Irani raw fluid to be taken into the stomach, for mililar;/ sense, soldiers to their duty, by frequent exer quenching thirst, or for medicinal purpos-! cisc ; a common and appropriate use of the as water, wine, beer, cider, decoces

To draw
In a

To drink up, to drink the whole. To drink health, or to the health, a custom ary civility in which a person at taking

force
drive

6. In

word. husbandry, to or channels.

sow

tions,

&c.
a.

grain in rows, drills

DRINK'ABLE,

That may be drank

;

to move by physical force. a nail into wood with a hammer ; the wind or a current drives a ship on the ocean. To compel or urge forward by other means than absolute physical force, or by means that compel the will ; as, to drive A smoke drives compacattle to market. ny from the room. A man may be driven by the necessities of the times, to abandon

impel or urge forward by force

to

We

fit

DRILL, V. t. To sow in drills. DRINK'ABLE, n. A liquor that may be Steele. 2. To How gently. drank. Beaum. DRINKER, n. One who drinks, particular3. To muster, for exercise. A pointed instrument, used for ly one who practices drinking s])irituous DRILL, n.
2.

or suitable for drink

potable.

his country. Drive thy business

thee.
3.

let

not thy business drive Franklin.

To

chase

to hunt.

and boring holes, particularly in metals Moxon. other hard substances. Locke An ape or baboon. act of training soldiers to their duty. 3. The now called a rill 4. A small stream Sandys. is formed on the root of rill, G.
;

liquors to excess

a drunkard

tipler.

4.

DRINK'ING, jopr. Swallowing liquor;

ing in
;

suckli-

absorbing.
n.

DRINK'ING,
2.

The

act of swallowing

quors, or of absorbing.

The

j)ractice

of drinking to excess.
drinking.
n.

We
6.

hound and horn. Chevy Chase. To impel a team of horses or oxen to move forward, and to direct their course : hence, to guide or regulate the course of the carriage drawn by them. say, to drive a team, or to drive a carriage drawn by a team.

To

drive the deer with

We

[Drill

say, a

man

is sriven to

rilie,

a channel.]

DRINK'ING-HORN,
ed by tiplers
;

horn cup, such

To impel to greater speed. To clear any place by forcing away what

it.

5.

In husbandry, a row of grain, sowed by a

drill-plow.

as our rude ancestors used.

is in

DRINK'ING-HOUSE,
DRINK'LESS,
'

DRILL'ED, pp. Bored or perforated with

a
drill;

exercised;

sown

in rows.
;

?i. A house frequent an alehouse. a. Destitute of drink.

To
7.

drive the country, force the swains away. Dry den.

; ;

DRILL'ING,

ppr. Boring with a drill sowing in drills. training to military duty ; "--^^ --" DRILL-PLOW, (I. plow for sowing grain

DRINK,

In this sense it is more generally inon. transitive. liquor for drink. DRIP, V. i. [Sax. drypan, driopan, dropian, 0. To distress ; to straighten ; as desperate in drills. D. druipen ; G. triefen ; Old pret to drip, to drop ; men far driven. V. I. pret. and pp. drank. Spenser. Sw. drypa ; Dan. drypper. This seems to 10. To impel by the influence of passion. and pp. drunk ; pp. drunken. [Sax. drin be of the same family as drop. Hence Anger and lust often drive men into gross can, drican, drycian ; Goth, dragyan, to

DRINK'-INIONEY,

n.

Money

Chaucer. given to buy

8.

To To

to compel in a general sense. hurry on inconsiderately; often with

force

give drink; D. drinken ; G.trinken; Dan. drikker, to drink Sp. tragar. dricka Port, id., to swallow; trago, a draught. The latter, and probably drink, is from drawing, or the latter may be more nearly allied to W. trochi, or troci, to plunge, Drink and drench are bathe, immerse. radically the same word, and probably observe that n is not radical.] drawn. I. To swallow liquor, for quenching thirst or other purpose as, to drink of tlie brook.
;
;

Sw.

dribble, dripple, drivel.

The

Ar. has the

crimes.
11.

precise
distil.

word

i_-j^

tharafa, to drop or
to drop,

Qu. ^y\ Heb. and Ar.

.

12.

To urge; to press; as, to drive an argument. To impel by moral influence toconipel; as, the reasoning of his opponent drove liim
;

The
1.

Persic has

^>. j

^J

tirabidan, to

to
13.

acknowledge To carry on
;

his error.

to prosecute

to

keep

in

We

exude.

To

fall

See Class Rb. No. ] 1. 35.] in drops as, water drips fron
;

motion
ness.
14.

as, to drive

a trade

to drive busi-

eaves.
2.

To make light by motion

or agitation

as,

To have any
drops
;

Ye

shall

indeed drink of

my

cup.

Matt. xx.

as,

liquid falhng from a wet garment drips.

it

in

to drive feathers. His thrice driven bed of down.

Shak

D R
The
sense
is

D R O
DRIZ'ZLE,
particles.
V. t.

D R O
drops or
flhak.

probably to heal ; but I do not recollect this ai>plication of the word in America. to force to remove to a To tirivi
distance
drive

To

shed

in small
'

DRO'NE-FLY,
DRO'NING,
DRO'NfSH,

ji.

two-winged
;

insect,

The

air

V\ inter's

doth drizzle dew. drizzled snow.

Shnk.

atvay, to expel ; to dispel ; to scatter. ; to compel to remove from a off, place; to expel; to drive to a distance, To drive out, to expel. DRIVK, V. i. To be forced along ; to be im-

resenjliling the drone-bee. ppr. Living in idleness a dull sound.

a. Idle;
i.

Encyc.
giving

To

pp. Shed or thrown down in small drops or particles. DRIZ'ZLINC;, ppr. Falling in fine drops or particles shedding in small drops or par-

DRIZ'ZLED,

sluggish; lazy; indoRoive.

lent; inactive; slow.

DROOP,

This word

ticles.

to be moved by any pliysical force or agent as, a ship drives before the wind. as, a 2. To rush and press with violence storm drives against the house.

pelled

DRIZZLING,
iuow
in

n.

The

falling

of rain or
or

small drops.
a.

DRIZZLY,
'I'lie

Shedding small rain, small particles of snow.

winter's drizzly reign.

[Sax. drepan ; Ice. driupa. probably trom the root of the L. torpeo, the letters being transposed or from the root of drop, I), druipen, to drip, drop or droop. Indeed all may be of one
V.
is
;

family.]

Fierce Boreas drvve against

3.

liis

flying sails

DROGMAN.
UROIL,
1'.

Dryden
to

[See Dragoman.]
[I),

Dry den

{.

druilen,
;

mope.]

To
[JVol

To pass in a carriage as, he drove to Loudon. This phrase is elliptical. He drove his horses or carriage to London. to urge towards a 4. To aim at or lend to or obpoint to make an effort to reach tain as, we know tlie end the author is
;
;

work sluggishly or slowly much used.]

to plod.
;

To sink or hang down to lean downwards, as a body that is weak or languishPlants droop for want of moisture ; ing. the hnnian body droops in old age or in;

funiiiy.

DROIL,

71.

Spenser.

mope

a drone
;

a sluggard

a drudge.

[Lilllc xised.]

DROLL,
Sw.

fl.

[Fr. drole

troll,

a satyr
;

G. drollig ; D. id.; trolla, to use magic arts

,

3.

languish from grief or other cause. Sandys. fail or sink to decline as, the courage or the spirits droop.

To To

to enchant.

driving
5.

at.

Qu.

its

alliance to
;

4.

To

faint

to

roll, troll.]

grow weak
ppr.

to

be dispirited

To aim

a blow
in

to strike at
let

with force.
Shak.

Odd

merry
n.

facetious

comical

as a droll or prac a jest Prior.

;

as, the soldiers droop from fatigue.

fellow.

DROOP'ING,
mirth by odd tricks
;

Sinking;
;

hanging or
;

Four rogues

buckram

drive at me.

DROLL,
er
,2.
;

One whose occupation

Drive, in all its senses, implies forcible or violent action. It is opposed to lead. To drive a body is to move it by applying a force behind ; to lead is to cause to nio\ e by ap|)lying the force before, or forward of the body.

tice is to raise

leaning downward ing failing.

declining
;

languish-

a buflbon.
farce
;

DROP,

something exhibited to
{.

raise

[Sax. dropa, a drop drop; Q.lropfen; D. drop;

!.

dropian, to Sw. droppe ;

mirth or sport.

Sunfl
;

DROLL, DROLL,

I'.

To jest To
}i.

to play the

buflbon South

Dan. drqahe.
.

Heb. tun, Ar. uJic -;

Class Kb. No. 11.

and
Ileb.

DRIVE,
drip.]

n.

Passage
V.
i.

in

a carriage.
Boswell.

t'.

t.

cheat.

DROLLER,

A jester;
n.

UEslrange. a buflbon.
Glanville.
1.
;

O
tpy

i
id.]

to drop.

DRIVEL,
1.

driv'l.

[from the root of

To slaver; to let spittle drop or flow from the mouth, like a cliild, idiot or dolard. Grew. Sidney. to dote as a 2. To be weak or foolish
; ;

DROLLERY,
;

Sportive tricks
;

buflbon

2.

driveling hero

driveling love.
;

DRIV'EL,
2.

n.

Slaver
;

Drydcn. saliva flowing iiom

Dri/den.

Shak.

ery comical stories gestures, manners or tales adapted to raise mirth. A puppet-show. Shak. DROLLING, n. Low wit buffoonery. DROLLINGLY^ adv. In a jesting manner.
;

2.

DROLLISII,
dromedario
ipoftas;
;

a.

Somewhat
n.

droll.

the mouth.

DROM'EDARY,

[Fr.
It. id.;

dromadaire
It.

;
;

Sp
Gr.
3. 4.

Port.

dromnn

driveller

a fool
)i.

an

idiot.

[Ao( used.] Sidn ei).

slaverer; a slabberer; an ideot a fo(d. Swijl DRIVELING, ppr. Slavering foolish. DRIVEN, pp. driv'n. [from drive.] Urged forward by force impelled to move constrained by necessity. DRIVER, n. One who drives; the person or thing that urges or compels any thing
; ; ; ;

DRIVELER,

perhaps from swiftness, running This explanaGr. 6|)o^o;, ibfafioi', 6p>^w. tion sujiposes the word to be of Greek
origin.]

A small portion of any fluid in a spherical form, which falls at once from any body, or a globule of any fluid which is pendent, as if about to fall a small portion of water falling in rain as a drop of water a drop of blood a drop of laudanum. A diamond hanging from the ear ; an earring something banging in the form of a drop. very small quantity of liquor as, be had not drank a di-op. The part of a gallows which sustains the criminal before he is executed, and which
; ; ;
;

is

suddeidy dropped.

species of camel, called also the Arabian camel, with one bunch or protuberance on the back, in distinction from the Bactrian camel, which has two bunches. It has

DROPS, DROP,
per
1.

n. plu. In medicine, a liquid remedy, the dose of which is regulated by a certain number of drops. Encyc.
V. t. [Sax. dropian ; D. druipen; G. trdufen or tropfen ; Sw. drypa; Dan. drypRuss. krapayu.] ; To pour or let fall in small portions or globules, as a fluid; to distill.

else to
2.

move.
;

3.
4.

The person who drives beasts. The person wlio drives a carriage who conducts a team.

callous protuberances on the fore and two on the hind ones. It is a common beast of burden in Egypt, Syria and the neighboring countries. Kncyc. one DRONE, n. [Sax. i/ranf, dran ; G. drohne,

four

leg.s,

The heavens
xxxiii.

shall droj)

down dew.
;

Deut.

large sail occasionally set on tlio mizen yard orgafl", the foot being extended over the stern by a boom. Mar. Diet. DRI'VING, ppr. Urging forward by force ; impelling.

1.

DRI'VING,
2.

n.
V.

The
i.

act of impelling.
2.

Tendency.
[G. rieseln. The sense is probably to sprinkle, or to scatter. Qu L. ro.'i, dew, and Fr. arroser. See Heb

DRIZZLE,

3.

wlience drolinen, to tinkle, to shake, to See Ar. No. 4. and 7. Class Rn. tingle. The male of the honey bee. It is smaller than the queen bee, but larger than the working bee. The drones make no honey, but after living a few weeks, they are killed or driven from the hive. Encyc. Hence, An idler a sluggard one who earns Addison nothing by industry. A luuuming or low sound, or the instru; ;

2.

3.

as any substance as, to drop the anchor to drop a stone. To let go to dismiss to lay aside ; to to leave to ]K'ruiit to subside quit as, to drop an affair to drop a controversy
let
fall
;
;

To

4.

To utter slightly, briefly or casually ; as, to drop a word in favor of a friend. 5. To insert indirectly, incidentally, or by
:

to drop a pursuit.

Ch.

DD1,

Ar.

LTJ;

Class Rs. No. IG

ment of humming.
4.

Milton.

To

28.] rain in small drops the clouds in very

to fall
fine

The largest tube of the bag-pipe, which emits a continued deep note. as water from DRONE, !'. i. To live in idleness; as a
Wei
;

way of digression as, to drop a word of instruction in a letter. To lay aside ; to dismiss from possession ; as, to drop these frail bodies. 7. To leave ; as, to drop a letter at the post6.

particles.

say,

it

drizzles

drizzling drops

drizzling] 2.

driz zling tears.

Mdiaoni

droning king. Dryden To give a low, heavy, dull sound as the cymbal's droning sound. Dryden
;

oflice.
8.

To

set

down and

leave

as, the

coach

dropped a passenger at the inn.

D K O
;

DR O
DRO'VER,
land, a
ket.
2.

DR U
n.

to suffer to cease; as, to drop an In medicine, an unnatural collection of water, 9. To quit in any part of the body, proceeding from acquaintance. a greater effusion of serum by the exhato dismiss from association 10. To let go lant arteries, than the absorbents take up. a to
; ;

One who
and

drives
it

cattle or

sheep to market.
purchase

man who makes

fat cattle

Usually in

New Eng-

as,

drop

companion.

his business to drive them to mar-

11. To suffer to end or come to nothing; as, to drop a fashion. 12. To bedi-op ; to speckle ; to variegate, as
if

by sprinkling with drops

;

as a coat

Milton, dropped with gold. 13. To lower as, to drop the muzzle of a

gun.

It occurs most frequently in persons of lax habits, or in bodies debilitated by disThe dropsy takes different names, ease. according to the part affected as ascites. or dropsy of the abdomen hydrocephalus. or water in the head anasarca, or a wattery swelling over the whole body ; &c.
; ; ;

A boat driven by the tide. DROWN, V. [Dan.drugner;

1.

Spenser.

t. Sv/.drhnckia; Sax. adrencan, to drown, to drench ; from the root o{ drench and drink.]

DPiOP,

to fall in small por; tions, globules or drops, as a liquid. Water drops from the clouds or from the eaves.
V.
i.

To

distill

DROSS,

Encyc. [Sax. dros ; D. droes, G. druse. strangles, glanders D. droessem, G. drusen, dregs perhaps from rejecting or
n.
; ;

Literally, to overwhelm in water; and ap])ropriately, to extinguish hfe by immersion in water or other fluid ; applied to an-

imals : also, to suspend animation by submersion.

2.

2.

To

let

drops

fall

to discharge itself in
1.

drops.

The heavens dropped

Ps. Ixviii.
3. 4.

at the

presence of God.

To To To

fall fall

descend suddenly or abruptly. spontaneously as, ripe fruit drops

to
;

throwing off.] The recrement or despumation of metals; the scuin or extraneous matter of metals, thrown off in the process of melting. Rust crust of metals an incrustation formed on metals by oxydation.
;
;

3.

To overwhelm in water ; as, to droicn weeds. To overflow to deluge to inundate ; as. to drown land.
;

To immerse
whelm
5.
;

to

as, to

plunge and lose to overdrown one's self in sensual

; ;

from a
5.

tree.

Mdison.
3.

pleasure.

die, or to die

suddenly.

We see one

after another dropping round us. They drop into the grave. G. To come to an end ; to cease ; to be neaf glected and come to nothing ; as, the

friend

Waste matter refuse any worthless matter separated from the better part impure matter.
; : ;

To overwhelm My private voice

V. i.

to
is

overpower. drowned amid the

senate.

Addison.

The

world's glory

is

but dross unclean.

DROWN,

7.

Spenser DROSSTNESS, n. Foulness; rust; impua state of being drossy. ity Boyle unexpectedly; with in or into DROSS'Y, a. Like dross pertaining to old friend dropped in, a moment. as, my dross. 8. To fall short of a mark. [Not usual.] Collier. 2. Full of dross Often it drops or ovei-shoots. abounding with scorious or recrementitious matter as drossy gold 9. To fall lower; as, the point of the spear
fair dropped.

pp. Deprived of hfe by immersion in a fluid; overflowed; inundated overwhelmed. DROWN'ER, )!. He or that which drowns. Donne DROWN'ING, ppr. Destroying life by subfoul 3. Worthless impute. dropped a little. DROTCH'EL, n. An idle wench; a slug- mersion in a Uquid ; overflowing over10. To be deep in extent. whelming. Her main top-sail drops seventeen yards. gard. [JVot in tise.] Mar. Diet DROUGHT. [See Drouth.] DROWSE, V. i. drowz. [Old Belgic, divosen.} 1. To sleep imperfectly or unsoundly; to To drop ctstern, in seamen's language, is DROUGHT'INESS, n. Drouthiness. slumber to be heavy with sleepiness. to to pass or move towards the stern a. Drouthy. DROUGHT'Y, Milton. move back or to slacken the velocity of a DROUM'Y, a. Troubled; dirty. Obs. Bacon 2. To look heavy to be heavy or dull, vessel to let another pass beyond her. Chaucer has drovy. DROWSE, V. t. To make heavy with sleep. from Sax. To down, in seamen's language, is DROUTH, n.
;

To come

suffocated in water or other fluid; to perish in water. Methought what pain it was to drown. Shak.

To be

DROWNED,
;

drop

to sail, row or ward the sea.

move down
n.

a river, or to-

[contracted

drugothe,

PROP-SERE'NE,

[giUta serena.] disease of the eye ; amaurosis, or blindness from a diseased retina. MUlon. Coxe. DROP'-STONE, n. Spar in the shape of

D. droogte, from drigan or drygan, to dry. See Dry. This is usually written drought, but improperly after the Belgic dialect The word generally used is now, as it was written by Bacon, drouth or drowth ; its
;

to

make

dull or stupid.
n.

DROW'SIHED,

Sleepiness.

Milton. 04s.

DROWSILY,
dull sleepy

Spenser. adv. Sleepily; heavily; in a

manner.
;

Dryden.
;

regular termination
1.

is ih.]

Sluggishly

idly

slothfuliy

lazily.

drops.

DROP'-WORT,

n.

The name

Woodward. of a plant,

Dryness; want of rain or of water; par ticularly, dryness of the weather, which affects the earth,

DROWSINESS,
with sleep
;

n.

Sleepiness

Aaleigh heaviness
.

and prevents the growth

thirst

the Spirma Jilipendula. The hemlock drop-wort, and the water drop-wort, are species of QSnanthe. Shak. DROP'LET, n. A little drop. DROP'PED, pp. Let fall distilled laid aside dismissed let go suffered to subside sprinkled or variegated. DROP'PING, ppr. Falling in globules distiUing; falling; laying aside; dismissing; rest or subside; vaquitting suffering to like drops. riegating with ornaments DROP'PING, n. The act of dropping a disa falling. tilling
; ; ; ;
;

2.

of plants; aridness; aridity. Temple. Dryness of the throat and mouth

disposition to sleep. Milton. Locke. Bacon. 2. Sluggishness ; sloth ; idleness ; inactivity.

Bacon.

want of drink.

DROUTH'INESS,

?i.

DROUTH
wanting
2.

the weather; want Y, a. Dry, as the weather; arid

rain.
;

Millon.l state of dryness ofj of rain.

DROWSY,
tose.
2. 3.

a. Inclined to sleep sleepy ; heav3' with sleepiness lethargic coma; ; ;

Thirsty

dry

wanting

drink.

Dryden. Dull; sluggish; stupid. AUerbury. Disposing to sleep lulling ; as a drou/si/ couch.
;

Bacon.

DROVE, pret. of drixe. DROVE, n. [Sax. draf;

DROWSY-HEADED,
A

a.

Heavy

having

2.

That which drops.

a.

DROP'SIAL,
with dropsy
drojisv
;

[See Dropsy.] Diseased hydropical inclined to the

;

applied to persons. 2. Partaking of the nature of the dropsy

plied to disease.

ap,

a sluggish disposition. from drive.] colFotherhy. lection of cattle driven a number of ani DRUB, r. t. [Sw. drabha, to touch, hit, beat ; to hit, touch, reach, find Dan. tr'affa, mals, as oxen, sheep or swine, driven in a drieber, to kill treffer, to hit ; G. D, treffen; of a herd of cattle, and a speak body. Gr. fptSu, to beat Sa.x. tribulan, trifelan ; when a number is collected Jlock of sheep, L. tribula. These words It. trebbiare ; but properly a drove is a herd or flock driv seem to be from the same root as the Fr. en. it is applicable to any species of trouver, to find, that is, to hit, to strike on, brutes.
; ;

We

Hence,

DROP'SIED,

a.

Diseased with dropsy.

3.

Any

Shah DROPSY,}!. [L. hydrops; Gr. v5p4, fiom vSwp, water, and u4, the face. Formerly written hydropisy whence by contraction
;

ing or driving forward

collection of irrational animals, movas a finny drove. Milton.

;

A A

crowd of people
Where

in motion. droves, as at a city gate,

cattle.

may

pass.

To

and attraper and frapper, Eng. to rap. But perhaps there may be two different roots. See Class Rb. No. 4. 28. 39. 37. 39. Drubbing is a particular form of driving.]
boat with a stick
;

Dryden road for driving

[English.]

The

Httle

thief

to thrash ; to cudgel. had been .soundly drubbed

dropsy.]

4.

with a cudgel,

L'Eatransrc

D R U
DRUB,
with a stick or cudgel a Addison. tlminp; a knock. DRUBBED, pp. Beat with a cudgel beat
n.
;

D R U
gician, a druid
;
;

DRY
;

A blow

W. derwyz, [denoyth,] which magician Owen supposes to be a compomul of dar,

derw, an oak, and gwyz, knowledge, presence. The Welsh derivation accords with that of I'liiiy, who supposes the druids were so called, because they frequented or instructed in the forest, or sacrificed under an oak. But some uncertainty rests

plu. draoilhe

Sax. dry, a

2.

Drenched, or saturated with moisture or

liquor.
I

will

make my arrows drunk with

blood.

Deut. xxxii.
[Note.

soundly.

DRUBBING,
beating.

ppr. Beating with a cudgel; beating soundly. DRUB'BING, n. cudgeling; a sound

DRUDGE, V. i.

to [Scot, drug, to drag, whence dnigtug, to pull with force; a drawer or gare, drudging ; Ice. droogur, carrier ; Ir. dnigaire, a drudge or slave.

druj.

on

this subject.]

priest or minister of religion, among ancient Celtic nations in Gaul, Britain and

formerly used as the parhe had drunk wine. But modem usage, drank lias taken its place ; and drunk is now used chiefly as an adjective.] DRUNK'ARD, n. One given to ebriety or an excessive use of strong liquor a person who habitually or frequently is drunk. the A drunkard and a glutton shall come to povticiple oi in

Drunk was
as,

drink ;

This seems
draw.]

to be

a dialectical fortn of drag,

J

Germany. The Druids possessed some knowledge of geometry, natural philosophy, &c., superintended the
afl'airs

erty. Prov. xxiii

DRUNK'EN,
tive,
1.
1.

To work

hard to labor in mean offices ; to labor with toil and fatigue. In merriment did drudge and labor.
;

of

re-

DRUD(iE,

n.

One who works

;

hard, or la-

ofligion and morality, and performed the Owen. Enryc. fice of judges. Hudihras. DRUID'IC, Pertaining to the Diu\
ids. DRUID'ICAL, \ DRU'IDISM, )!. The system

a. drunk'n. [participle of drink, but now used chiefly as an adjecand often contracted to drunk.] Intoxicated inebriated with strong liquor. Given to drunkenness ; as a drunken but;

"

ler.
i.

bors with toil and fatigue one who la bors hard in servile employments; a slave.
Millon.
n.

of religion,

Saturated with liquor or moisture drencli;

ed.

DRUJXJ'ER,
2.

A
n.

l)hilosophy and instruction taught by the Druids, or their doctrines, rites and cere-

drudging-box.

DRUDci'ERY,

drudge. [See Dredging-box.] toilsome Hard labor

;

monies,

DRUM,

71.

work; ignoble
ery or sorrow.

toil;

hard work
bliss

in servile

occupations. Paradise was a place of

without dnidgLocke.
1.
;

Sw. trumma Dan. tromme Ir. druma probably from its sound, and the root of See Class rumble, Gr. jiftfia, L. fremo.
; ;

Christ. Observer. hliitaker. [D. trom, trommel; G. trommel;

4.

be drunken with our blood. Shak. Proceeding from intoxication done in a state of drunkenness ; as a drunken quar-

Let the

eai-tl>

rel.

Swijl.
slaughter.

A drunken
ner.

Shak.

DRUNK'ENLY,
;

adv.
n.

Rm. No.

DRUDti'ING,

npr.

Laboring hard

toiling.

DUUDti'lNG-BOX.

DRUDGINGLY,
tigue
;

DRUG,

ened at pleasure. 2. In machinei-y, a short cyUnder revolving laboriously. on an axis, generally for the purpose of [Vr. drogue ; Arm. droguerezou Sp. Port. It. droga. In Dutch, droogery is turning several small wheels, by means of a drug and a drying place, so that drug is C'yc. straps passing round its peripliery. a dry substance, and from the root of dry The drum of the ear, the tymiianum, or Junius supposes it to have signified, origibarrel of the ear; the hollow part of the See the nally, spices or aromatic plants. ear, behind the membrane of the tympa- 2.
)i.

[See Dredging-bor.] adv. With labor and fa-

A martial instrument of music, in form of a hollow cylinder, and covered at the ends with vellum, which is stretched or slack-

10. 11.]

[LAttle used.]

In a drunken manShe^.
Intoxication
;

DRUNKENNESS,

ine-

a state in which a person is briation overwhehned or overpowered with spirit-

uous li(piors, so that his reason is disordered, and he reels or staggers in walkDrunkenness renders some persons ing. stupid, others gay, others sullen, others
furious. Let us walk honestly as in the day
rioting
;

not in

and drunkenness.

St.

Paul.

1.

verb, to dry.] The general name of substances used in medicine, sold by the druggist, and com

pounded by apothecaries and physicians any substance, vegetable, animal or mineral, which is used in the composition or
;

num. The latter is a tense membranewhich closes the external passage of the ear, and receives the vibrations of the air.
Hooper.

'i.

Habitual ebriety or intoxication. Waits. Disorder of the faculties resembling intoxication by liquors inflammation fren;

zy; rage.
Passion
is

the drunkenness of the mind.

It is also appli pre|)arution of medicines. ed to dyeing materials. 2. Any commodity that lies on hand, or not salable ; an article of slow sale, or in
i;

market. n. A mortal drug, or a deadly drug, is-poisoir Shak 4. A drudge. [Scot, drug.] DRUG, V. I. To prescribe or administer drugs B. JoJison. or medicines. V. t. To season with drugs or ingre DRUG, Shak. dients. 2. To tincture with something offensive. Milton
in

no demand

Spenser. to V. i. To heat a drum with sticks DRUPE, 77. [L. drupie, Gr. Sfmrtfrcrif, olbeat or play a tune on a drum. ives ready to fall; Gr. Sprs, a tree, and To beat with the fingers, as with drum to fall.] AiTttu, sticks to beat with a rapid succession of In botany, a pulpy pericarp or fruit without strokes; as, to drum on the table. valves, containing a nut or stone with a 3. To beat as the heart. Dryden. kernel as the plum, cherry, apricot, peach, DRUM, v.t. To expel with beat of drum.

DRUM,

Military phrase

almond,

olive,

&c.

DRUM'BLE,

V. i.

To drone

to

be sluggish.

DRUPACEOUS,
2.
;

a.

Martyn. Producing drupes as

; ;

[j^ol in use.]

DRUM'-FISH,

?!.

fish,

Shak. found on the coast

of N. America.

drupaceous trees. Pertaining to drupes as drupaceous driqjes

follicles.

or consisting of
fruit
;

drupaceous

Asial. Researches.

DRUM'LY,
stagnant
;

a. [W. muddy.

trom, heavy.] {N'ot in use.]

Thick;

DRUG'GER, DRUG'GET,
It.

n.

druggist. [Ao< used.]

DRUM-MAJOR, n. The

chief or

first

DRUSE, n. [G. druse, a gland, glanders.] Among miners, a cavitj' in a rock having drum its interior surface studded with
crystals,

Burton
n. [Fr.

droguet; Sp. drogucic

DRUM -MAKER,
drums.

mcr of a regiment.
n.

One

who makes DRU'SY,

to beat

droghetto.] cloth or thin stuff of wool, or

of wool and

DRUM'MER,
iiig
;

71.

One whose office is

stick

or filled with water. a. s as z. Abounding with very minute crystals as a drusy surface.
;

Kirwan. G. trocken.
[Sax. dri, drig, or dryg ; D. droog ; See the Verb.] Destitute of moisture: free from water or wetness; arid; not moist; as dry land;
a.
;

thread, corded or plain, usually plain.

the drum, in military exercises and

march DRY,
1.

Ennp

DRUG'GIST,
ro
;

One who

diuui is beaten, or shaped for the purpose of beating a drum. whose occupation is merely to buy and DRUNK, o. [from drunken. See Drink. inebriated overwhelmed or sell drugs, without compounding or prep- 1. Intoxicated In America, the same person aration. overpowered by spirituous liquor stupified or inflamed by the action of spirit on often carries on the business of the drugthe stomach and brain. It is brutish to be gist and the apothecary. DRUG'STER, n. A druggist. [jXoI used.] drunk. Be not drutik with wine, wherein is excess, Boyle St. Paul. DRU'ID, !. [Ir. draoi, formerly drni, a ma
It.
: ;
;

71. [Fr. droguiste ; Sp. droguedroghiere ; from drug.] deals in drugs ; properly, one

who drums. DRUM-STICK, 77. The

one

with which a

2.

3.

4.

dry clothes. Not rainy free from rain or mist ; as dry weather a dry March or April. Not juicy free from juice, sap or aqueous matter; not green; as dry wood; dry stubble ; dry hay ; dry leaves. \Vitliout tears as dry eyes dry mourn; ; ; ;

ing.
5.

Dryden.
;

Not giving milk

as, tlie

cow

is

dry.

Vol.

I.

68

DRY
(j.

DUB
DRY'NESS,
; ;

D U C
; ;

7.

Tliirst)-; craving drink. Barren; jejune; plain; unembellished; destitute oi'patl)Os, or oftliat which amuses as a dry style a dry subanil interests
;

ject
8.

9.

a dry discussion. sarcastic Severe wiping as a dry remark or repartee a dry rub. Goodman. w iping as a dry blow a dry Severe See the Verb, wiiicb signifies basting. to wipe, rub, scour. Bacon. properly
;

2. 3.

4.

5.

10. JOry goods, in commerce, cloths, stufl's, silks, laces, ribins, &c., in distinction from

groceries.

Destitution of moisture want of water or other fluid ; siccity aaridness as the dryness of a soil riility dri)ness of the road. Want of rain as rfr!/?!CM of weather. Want of juice or succulence as dryness f the bones or fibers. Arbulhnot. Want of succulence or greenness; as the dryness of hay or corn. Barrenness jejuneness; want of ornament or pathos want of that which enlivens and entertains; as the dryness of the dryness of a substyle or expression
n.
; ; ; ; ;
; ;

2.

of wavering and indecision of mind ; as, he speaks with dubiousness. as the dubiousness of the Uncertainty
;

question.

DU'BITABLE,
Doubtful
;

[L. dubito. See Doubt.] uncertain. But [Little used.] the derivative indubitable is often used.
a.

DU'BITANCY,
[Little used.]

n.

Doubt

uncertainty.

DUBITA'TION,
bito,

n. [L. duhitalio,

to

douht.]

The

act

doubt.

DU'AL,

[Little used.] a. [Fr. Sp. Port,

;

from duof doubting Brown. Grew. from duke.] Per.

DRY,
li.

V.

t.

[Sax. drigan, adrigan, or drygan,

;
;

ject.
6.

taining to a duke or sensibility in devotion as rf/^ncM of spirit.

;

as a ducal coronet.

adrygan, adrugan, gedrigan G. trocknen, to dry, to wipe

tergo, tergeo
;

D. droogtn ; Gr. Tpvytio

;

Want of feeling
want of ardor;
n.

DUCAT,
al

Fr. torcher ; Sw. torcka. The German iias also diirr, Sw. torr, Dan. tor, but these seem to be connected with L. torreo, Russ. obterayu or oterayu. Class Dr. Whether drigan and dry are derivatives oCthat root, or belong to Class Rg, the root of ra^f, is not certain. See

Dry,
ti'ipe,

Class Rg.

The primary

sense

is

nurse who attends and feeds a child without the breast. One who attends another in sickness. DRY'NURSE, v. t. To feed, attend and Hudibras. bring up without the breast. DRY'RUB, V. t. To rub ami cleanse withto out welting. Dodsley's Poems.

DRY'NURSE,

Taylor.

Johnson n. [from duke.] A coin of severcountries in Europe, struck in the dominions of a duke. It is of silver or gold. The silver ducat is generally of the value of four shillings and sixpence sterling, equal to an American dollar, or to a French crown, and the gold ducat of twice the
value.

Encyc.

1.

dealer in salted or To from moisture of] dry meats, pickles, sauces, &c. Fordyce. any kind, and by any means originally DRY'SHOD, a. Without wetting the feet. Is. xi. 15. by wiping, as to dry the eyes ; to exsicrub, scMur.] free from water, or
n.
;

DRYSAI.TER,

DUCATOON',

n. [Ft. d^lcaion ; Sp.id; from ducat.] silver coin, struck chiefly in Italy, of the value of about four shillings and eight pence sterling, or nearly 104 cents. The

cate.
2.

DU'AL,
;

deprive of moisture by evaporation or exhalation as, the sun rfn'e* acloth wind
;

To

a. [L. dualis, from duo, two.] Exas the dual pressing the iniiiiber two
;

gold ducatoon of Holland

florins.

is

worth twenty
Encyc.

dries the earth.

3.

number in Greek. DUALIS'Tle, a. Consisting of two.

4.

5.

To deprive of moisture by exposure to the sun or open air. dry cloth in the sun. To deprive of natural juice, sap or greenness as, to dry hay or plants. To scorch or parch with thirst; with up. Theif honorable ineu are famished, and their multitude dried up with thirst. Isa. v.

We

C.

To

To deprive of water by draining to drain to exhaust as, to dry a meadow dry up, to deprive wliolly of water.
; ; ;

DRY,
to

V.

i.

To grow

dry

become

free troin

to lose moisture moisture or juice.

;

from due, duke.] dualistic system of Anaxagoras and Plato The consort or widow of a duke. Also, a lady who has the sovereignty of a duchy. taught that there are two principles in na DUCH'Y, n. [Fr. duchi.] The territory or ture, one active, the other passive. dominions of a duke; a dukedom as the Enfield. Blackstone. DUALTTY, ji. That which expresses two ducky of Lancaster. in number. Hales. DUCli'Y-OURT, n. The court of the 2. Division Davics. duchy of Lancaster in England. separation. n. [Sw. duk, a cloth Dan. 3. The state or quality of being two. DUCK, duug ; G. tuch ; D. doek ; allied perhaps to L. toga, Hayley. and to tego, to cover, or tero, to weave.] DUB, i>. /. [Sax. dubban ; coinciding wit' Gr. rvrtruj, and Eng. tap. Class Db.] Lit- A species of coarse cloth or canvas, used
n.

DUCHESS,

[Fr. duchesse,

The

erally, to strike.
1.

Hence,

for sails, sacking

of beds, &c.

To

strike a

The road dries fast in a clear windy day. Hay will dry sufficiently in two days.
9.

blow w ith a sword, and make

his

evaporate wholly; to be exhaled; soinetimes with up ; as, the stream dries or

dries up.
n.

To

a knight. Se cyng

duhhade

sunu Henric

to

ri-

dere.

The King dubbed

2.

his son

Henry

a knight.

Sa.x.

DRY'AD,
a

[L. dryades, plu.

from Gr.

5pif,

To

confer any dignity or

of wealth
is

Chron. An. 1085. new character.

a tree.] In mythology, a deity or

A man

dubb'd a

man

of worth.

nymph of the woods

nymph supposed

to preside

over woods.

DRY'ED, DRY'ER,
eyes.

11. He or that which dries; that 2. In Irish, which exhausts of moisture or greeimess. DUB'BED, pp. Struck; made a knight. DRY'EYED, a. Not having tears in the DUB'BING, ppr. Striking making a knight.
;

pp. oidnj. [See Dried.]

DUB, DUB,

V. i.
JI.

To make

Pope.

a quick noise. Beaum. blow. [Little used.] Hudibras. a jniddle.

DRY'FAT, )i. A dry vat or basket. [Little used.] DRY'FQOT, n. A dog that pursues game DU'BIOUS, a.
by the scent of the
foot.

D[IBI'ETY,

Shak.
1.

DRY'ING,

ppr. Expelling or losing moisture, sap or greenness. DRY'ING, 71. The act or process of depri-

ving of moisture or greenness.

DRY'ITE,

n. [Gr. Spi's, an oak.] Fra^ petrified or fossil wood in which the structure of the wood is recognized Diet ithotit moisture. DRY'LY, adv.

2.

ments of

[See Doiibt.] Doubtfulness. Richardson. [L. dubius. See Doidd. The sense is i)iobably to tiun or to primary waver.] Doubtful; wavering or fluctuating in opinion; not settled not determined as, the mind is in a dubious state. Uncertain; that of which the truth is not ascertained or known as a dubious quesn.
;
;

wa[from the verb, to duck.] called from its plunging. There are many species or varieties of the duck, some wild, others tame. 2. An inclination of the head, resembling the motion of a duck in water. Milton. A stone thrown obliquely on the water, .3. so as to rebound as in duck and drake. Johnson. DUCK, n. [Dan. dukke, a baby or puppet.] A word of endearment or fondness. Shak. DUCK, V. t. [G. ducken, and tauchen ; D. duikcn, prct. dook, to stoop, dive, plunge. Qu. Sax. theachan, to wash, and its alliance to tingo and dye. Class Dg.] 1. To dip or ]>luiige in water and suddenly withdraw as, to duck a seaman. It difn. ter

DUCK,

fowl, so

fers
2.

one's

from dive, which signifies to plunge self, without immediately emerging. plunge the head in water and imineas, duck the boy. diatrly withdraw it

To To

3.

DUCK,

tion.
.3.

Not

clear

not plain

as dubious light. Milton.

.Milton. 2.
;

water and imto dip to plunge mediately withdraw the head in water or other liquid.
;
;

l)ow, stoop or nod. To plunge into r>. i.

2. 3. 4.

Coldly ; frigidly without affection. Bacon. Severely sarcastically. Barrenly without embellishment with out any thing to enliven, enrich or enter; ; ; ;

4.

Of uncertain

In Tiber ducking thrice by break of day.

event or issue.

In dubiims battle.

To drop

the head suddenly

to

bow

Dryden.
;

to

tain.

adv. Doubtfully uncertainwithout any determination. ly Swift. Pope. DU'BIOUSNESS, n. Doubtfulness ; a state
;

DU'BIOUSLY,

cringe. I>uck with French nods.

DUCK'ED,

pp.

Plunged

Shak. dipped in water.

DUE
DUCK'ER,
/(.

DUE
;

D U L

plunger
;

a diver

a;

DUCK ING,

criiiger.

thrusting sudppr. Plunging denly into water and withdrawing dip;

DUCK'ING,
ill

n.

The

act of plunging or put-

water and withdrawing. Ducking ting is a punishment ot" offenders in France, and among English seamen, it is a penalty to which sailors are sulijcct on passing, for the first time, the equator or tropic.

DUCKING-STOOL,

which common and plunged into water.

stool or chair in scolds were formerly lied

n.

Blackstone.

DUCK-LEGGED, a. Having short legs, like a duck. Dryden. DUCK'LING, n. A young duck. Ray. A idaut, the Lemna, DUCK'-MEAT, "'
)

DUCK'S-iMEAT,
The

^ growing iu and shallow water, and serving for ducks and geese.

ditches

for food

starry duck's-ineat

is

Enci/c. the Callitriche.

DUCKOY.
lum
;

Fam. of
[See Decoy.]
n.

Plants.

DUCK'S-FOOT,

plant, the

Podophyl-

called also May-ai)ple.

Fam. of Plants.

DUCK'-WEED,
DUCT,
1.

n.

The same

n. [L. ductus,

from daco,

as duck-meat. to lead

See Duke.] Any tube or canal by which a fluid or other substance is conducted or conveyed It is particularly used to denote the vessels of an animal bod}-, by which the blood, chyle, lymph, &c., are carried from one part to another, and the vessels of

2.

which the sap plants Guidance direction.

in
;

is

conveyed.

[Little used.]

Hammond.

DUCTILE,
lead.]
1.

a.

IL. dtictUis,

from duco,

to

That may be
tractable
;

led

easy to
;

complying

be led or drawn obsequious yield;

;

ing to motives, persuasion or instruction a ductile as the ductile minds of youth Addison. people. Pkiiips.
3. Flexible
;

Sp. deber. It. dovere. Qu. Or. itu, to 2. One who professes to study the rules of honor. bind. Class Db. It has no connection with owe.] DUEL'LO, n. Duel; or rule of dueling. Shak. Owed that ought to be paid or done to jJVot used.] 1. another. That is due from me to another DU'ENESS, n. du'ness. [See Due.] Fitness propriety due quality. which contract, justice or propriety requires me to pay, and which he may just- DUEN'N.\, n. [Sp. dutna, fem. of rfueno ; Fr. duegne; the same as dona, the femiReverence is due ly claim as his right. nine of don. Qu. W. dyn, Ir. duine, man, to the creator civility is due from one man to another. Money is due at the ex- a person. See Don.] piration iif the credit given, or at the pe- An old woman who is kept to guard a Arbuthnot. riod promised. younger; a governess. ) be- DUET', suitable [Ital. (/uc((o, from rfuo, two.] Proper fit appropriate A song or air in two parts. coming required by the circumstances as, DUET'TO, ^ the event was celebrated with due solem- DUG, n. [Ice. deggia. This word corresnities. Men seldom haie a due sense of ponds with the root of L. digitus, Eng. Norm, doy, a finger, signifying a their depravity. toe. shoot or point.] 3. Seasonable ; as, he will come in due time 4. Exact proper ; as, the musicians keep The pap or nipple of a cow or other beast. It is applied to a human female in condtte time. 5. Owing to ; occasioned by. temjit, but seems to have been used for[Little used. merly of the human breast without reBoyle. (3. That proach. ought to have arrived, or to be presFrom tender dug of common nurse. ent, before the time specified as, two mails arc now due. Spenser. DUE, adv. Directly ; exactly as a due east DUG, pret. and pp. of dig ; as, they dug a course. ditch a ditch was dug. DUE, n. That which is owed that which DUKE, 71. [Fr. rfuc; Sp. Port, rfuyuf ; It. one contracts to [lay, do or perform to anduca ; Arm. dug or doug ; Sax. teoche, other that which law or justice requires and in composition, toga, toge, as in hereThe money that I to be paid or done. D. herloga, an army leader, a general contract to pay to another is his due ; the tog ; G. herzog; Dan. heriug ; Sw. hertig; service which I covenant to perform to Venetian, rfog-c ; L. rfu.r, from duco, to lead, another is his due ; reverence to the creaas in Saxon, tiogan, teon, to draw, to lug tor is his due. Gr. tayoi Thessaliau, tagus. Class Dg. That which office, rank, station, social re No. 5. 14.] or established rules of right or de- 1. In Great Britain, one of the lations, highest orcorum, require to be given, paid or done. der of nobility a title of honor or nobility next below the princes as the Duke of Respect and obedience to parents and Bedford or of Cornwall. magistrates are their due. 'i. That which law or custom requires ; as 3. In some countries on the Continent, a fees of office, or other legal toll, tribute, sovereign prince, without the title of king Addison. as the Duke of Holstein, of Savoy, of perquisites.
Leo,
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
; ;

4.

Right just title. The key of this infernal

;

pit

by due

.Milton.

Parma,
2.

Sec.
;

keep.
V.
i.

chief; a prince Gen. xxxvi.

n.
;

as the dukes of Edom.

pliable.

The
3.

ductile rind and leaves of radiant gold.

DUE,

To pay
;

as due.

[JVot used.]

DU'KEDOM,
;

Shak.

ions of a duke

Dryden.
threads. metals.
4.

The seignory or possessthe territory of a duke.

That may be drawn out Gold is the most

ductile

into wire or' of the

DU'EL,

That may be extended by beating. DUC'TILENESS, n. The quality of suffering extension by drawing or percussion
ductility.
;

Donne.
property of solid bod-

1.

DUCTIL'ITY, n. The

ics,

particularly metals, which renders them capable of being extended by draw;

ing without breaking gold, iron or brass.

2. Flexibility
;

as the ductility of
;

tion of

mind
;

or influence

DUC'TURE,
in use.]

a disposithat easily yields to motives 2. Roscoe. DU'EL, ready compliance. n. [L.'duco.] Guidance. [jVot
obsequiousness
South.
n. [G. degen.]
n.

duellum ; Fr. duel It. duiftlo Shak. Ibid. Sp. duelo. In Armoric, the word 2. The title or quality of a duke. or duvelt, and Gregoire supposes DUL'BRAINED, a. Stu[dull and train.] the word to be compounded of dou, two, <loltish ofdull intellects. [See Z>ii//pid and 6e//, bellum, war, combat. So in Dutch, Shak. brained.] tweegevegt, two-fight; in G. zweikampf id.]' DUL'CET, a. Sweet to [L. dukis, sweet.] a premeditated combat' the taste luscious. Single combat between two persons, for the purpose of She tempers dulcet creams. .Milton. deciding some private difference or quar-j 2. Sweet to the ear melodious harmonirel. A sudden fight, not premeditated, is] called a rencounter. A duel is fought with ous; as dulcet sounds rfu?cc( symphonies. Jitilton. deadly weajions and with a purpose to DULCIFICA'TION, n. [See Dukify.] Th take lift. act of sweetening the act of freeing from Milton. Any contention or contest. acidity, saltness or acrimony. Boyle.
n. [L.
:

Port. id.

is dufell,

1'.

i.

To

fight in single

combat.

South.
V.
t.

DUL'ClFIED,
from
salts.

pp.

Sweetened

purified

DUDg'EON,
ger.

A
;

small dagHudibras.

DUD(i'EON,
sentment
;

[W. dygen.]
;

Anger
discord.

re-

malice

ill

will

VEstrange.

Hudibras.

?i. [Scot, rfitrf, a rag; duds, clothes, or old worn clothes.] Old clothes tattered garments. [.J vulgar

DUDS,

attack or fight singly. a term formerly applied to Milton. Dulcifed spirits, the different ethers ; as dulcifed spirits of combatant in single fight. DU'ELER, n. niter and vitriol, nitric and sulphuric DU'ELING, ppr. Fighting in single combat. ethers. Dispensatory. DU'ELING, 71. The actor practice of fightDULCIFY, t'. t. [Ft. dulcifier, from L. dulcis, ing in single combat. sweet, and DU'ELIST, n. Que who fights in single To sweeten facio, to make.] to free from acidity, saltness combat. Dryden. or acrimony. ffiseman. Tlic (tuelixt values liis honor above

DU'EL,

To

the

life of,

word.]

DUE,

a.

du. [Ft.

dii,

pp. of devoir, L.

de-

his antagonist, his of his family.

own

life,

and

tlie

happiness
{

DULCIMER,
sweet.

n.

[It.

rfotomco,

from

do/cc,

Skinner.]

D U L
Au
instrument of music played by striking brass wires with little sticks. Daniel iii. 5. Johnson. DUL'CINESS, n. [L. dukis.] Softness; Bacon. easiness of temper. [JVot ttsed.]
sight
IcCt
'

D U M
DULL'-SIGHTED,
;
.

DUN
choly
;

Having imperfect DUMP'ISH,

Having a
;

purblind.

Dull stupid depressed in spirits

o.
;

sad
as,

he

melanlives a

DULL'-WITTED,
llGciVV

dull intelHall.
;

dumpish

life.

DUL'3RATE,
2.

v.

t.

[L. dulcis,

pudding or mass of paste in cookery usuDULLED,;);). Made dtdl blunted. n. That which makes dull. ally, a cover of paste inclosing an apple and )flsevian. DULL'ER, dull. boiled, called apple-dumpling. DULeORA'TION, n. The act of sweeten- DVhVmG,ppr. Making n. slowness of| DUMP'Y, a. Short and thick. Stupidity; Bacon. DL'LL'NESS, ing. weakness of intellect DUN, a. [Sax. dunn ; W. dwn ; Ir. donn ; comprehension DU'LIA, n. [Gr. Souxaa, service.] An infe-

L. duho, to sweeten.]

To

sweet Low sweeten. Bacon.

;

DULL'ARD, a. Doltish stupid. DULL'ARD, n. A stupid person

blockhead
;

DUMP'ISHLY, adv. In a moping manner. DUMP'ISHNESS, n. A state of being dull,

heavy and moping.
n.

a dolt

a dunce.
;

Shnk.

DUMP'LING,

[from dump.]

kind of
;

To make

less

acrimonious. Johnson.

of worsliip or adoration. [Not an English word.] Stillingjleet. DULL, a. [W. dni, did ; Sax. dol, a wanalso dull, foolish, stupid D. dol, dering jnad G. toll, and iiilpd, a dolt; Sax. Qu. Dan. dwolian, to wander, to rave.
rior kind
; ; ;

indocility; as the didlness oi

a.

student.

2.

Want
sire.

South of quick perception or eager de

;

1.

qu. tan, tawny. 28. .35.] Of a dark color

See Class Dn. No. 3.24.

3.

Heaviness
sleep.

drowsiness

inclination to
2.

Sw. dvtdias, id., or dvala, 5. ; Sluggishness slowness. a trance.] 6. Dimness; want of clearness or luster. doltish; blockish slow of under- 7. Bluntness Stu])id want of edge. standing; as a lad of dull genius. as dull 8. Want of brightness or vividness 2. Heavy without life or spirit sluggish ness of color. as, a surfeit leaves a man very didl. DUL'LY, adv. Stupidly; slowly; sluggishas a dull 3. Slow of motion sluggish ly; without life or spirit stream. DU'LY, adv. [from due.] Properly fitly 4. Slow of hearing or seeing; asrfMHof hear in a suitable or becoming manner as, let ; dull of seeing. ing the subject be drdy considered. 5. Slow to learn or comprehend unready 2. Regularly at the proper time as, a man awkward as a dull scholar. duly attended church with his family fi. Sleepy drowsy. DUMB, a. dum. [Sax. dumb ; Goth, dumbs, 7. Sad melancholy. duinba ; G. dumm ; D. dom ; Sw. dumm or 8. Gross insensible as the dull cloggy dumbe ; Dan. dum ; Heb. Ch. Dn, to be earth. 9. Not pleasing or delightful not exhilara Ar. j,\ ^ to continue or be persilent ting; cheerless; as, to make dictionaries
dvctler, to loiter
;

4.

Heaviness; disinclination to motion.

of a color partaking of a brown and l)lack of a dull brown color ; swarthy. Dark gloomy. In the dun air sublime. Milton.
; ; ;

DUN,
give

D.

t.

To

cure, as fish, in a
color.

manner

to

1.

them a dun
V.
t.

[See Dunning.]

DUN,
1.

[Sax. dynan, to clamor, to din.

See Din.
Hence,

Qu. Gr. Soksw.] Literally, to clamor forpayment of adebt. to urge for payment ; to demand a debt ill a pre.ssing manner to urge for payment with im|)ortunity. But in common usage, dun is often used in a milder sense, and signifies to call for, or ask for payment.
;

2.

To
for

urge importunately, in a general sense,

but not an elegant word.

DUN,
2.

is dull

work.
clear;

Johnson

10.

Not bright or
;

clouded; tarnish;

manent, to appease, to No. 3. In this word,

added.]

quiet. Class Dm. 3. b is improperly

n. An importunate creditor who urges Arbuthnot. payment. Philips. urgent reijuest or demand of payment in writing as, he sent his debtor a dun. \n eminence or mound. [See Down and Town.] ,

An

ed

as,

the mirror

is dull.

U. Not bright; not

dull
12.
fire.
;

briskly burning

as

1.
s

Mute
I

not speaking. silent 1 lield was dumb with silence

; ;
;

DUNCE,?!,

my

peace.

Dim

Ps. xxxix.

obscure

not

vivid

as a dull

i.

light.

13. 13.

Blunt; obtuse; having a thick edge

; ;
;

as

a dull knife or ax.

Cloudy overcast not clear not enlivening ; as didl weather. 15. With seamen, being without wind as, a 3. ship has a dull time. 16. Not li\ ely or animated as a didl eye. To
; ;

Destitute of the power of speech ; unable as the dumb to utter articulate sounds The asylum at Hartford in Conbrutes. necticut was the first institution in Ameri ca for teaching the deaf and dumb to read and write. Mute not using or accompanied with dumb signs. speech as a dumb show
; ;

duns. [G.duns. Q.u. Pers- j^j^ a stupid man.] a dullard ; a person of weak intellects dolt; a thickskull. 1 nevei- knew this town without dunces of
;

fijfuie.

Smijl.
n.
V.

DUN'CERY',

Dullness

stupidity.

Smith.

DUN'CIFY,
lect.

i.

To make

stupid in intel-

[Not used.]
n.

Warburton.
;

DULL,
2. 3.
4.

V.

t.

To make
;

dull

to stupify

as, to

dull the senses.

Shak.

To blunt as, to dull a sword or an ax. DUMB, V. To silence. Shak. swers the purpose of yeast la the fermentation To make sad or melancholy. of flour. Edwards, JV. hid. DUMB'LY, adv. dum'ly. Mutely; silently To hebetate to make insensible or slow without words or speech. DUNE, n. A hill. [See Down.] to perceive to dull the ears to dull DUMB'NESS, n. dum'ness. Muteness si DUN'-FISH, n. Codfish cured in a particas,
t.
; ; ;
:

L. redundo.] dumb, is to confound to astonisli or it Lees to render silent by astonishment dregs a word used in Jamaica. mav be, to deprive of the power of speech The use of dunder in the making of rum anstrike
; ; ; ;

DUN'DER,

[Sp. redundar, to overflow

the wits.
5.

To damp

Spenser.
;

Ascham.
as, to dull

to

render

lifeless

the attention.
6.

Hook
or slow of motion; as, to

2.

To make heavy

omission of| lence or holding the peace This is voluntary dumbness. speech. inability to articuIncapacity to speak This is involuntai-y dumblate sounds.
;
;

ular manner.
n.

DUNG,

[Sax.

[See Dunning.] or dincg, or dinig ; rfiHig-,

;

G. dung,
dynga.]

The excrement

danger

Dan.

dynd

Sw.

of animals.
jBacoji.

dull industry. 7. To sully ; to tarnish or cloud breath dulls a mirror.

Bacon.
;

as, the

DUM'FOUND,
fuse.

V.

i.

To strike dumb
One who

to con-

DUNG,

V.

t.

To manure

with dung.

DULL,
lect.

I',

t.

To become
a.

[A low word.]
n.

Spectator.

dull or blimt

to

become

DUM'MERER,
ness.

feigns
;

dumb DUNG,

stupid.

DULL-BRAINED,

Stupid ; of dull mtel

DUMP,
1.

[.Vo( in use.] n. [from the root

of dumb

D. dom
;

DULL -BROWED,
look.

a.

Having a gloomy

G. dumm.]
sadness melancholy; sorrow; heaviness of lieart. In Aolciul dumps. ^ay. Absence of mind reverie. Locke. A melancholy tune or air. Shak and in [This is not an elegant word, America, I believe, is always used in the
; ;

A dull

gloomy state of the mind

void excrement. DUNG'ED, /). Manured with dung. DUN'GEON, n. [Fr. dongeon, or donjon, a tower or platform in the midst of a castle, a turret or closet on the top of a house.
V. i. Ill

To

Dryden.

DULL-DISPO'SED,
or sadness.

DULL'-EYED,

^uarles. Inclined to dullness B. Jonson. a. Having a downcast look.

a.

Shak

DULL'-HEAD,
standing
;

ji.
;

a dolt

a person of dtdl under a blockhead.

plural

as,

the

woman

is

in the dumps.]

one Armoric dialect it is domjou, and Gregoire suggests that it is compounded of rfojn, lord or chief, and joM, Jupiter, Jove, an elevated or chief tower consecrated to In Scottish, it is written doungeJupiter. oun, and denotes the keep or strongest tower of a fortress, or au inner tower sur-

DUO
roinded by a
ditcli.

D U R
a.

DU
The
Arbuthnot. first of the

S
:

used for confining prisoners,

application to prisons
1.

and decu[L. duo, two, Jamieson. It was DUODEC'UPLE, plus, tenfold.] Consisting of twelves. and hence its '^

ing out; as durable timber; durable cloth durable happiness.

close prison

ofeminent strength.] or a deep, dark place of

fipenser. out of the ditnliastily

DU'RABLENESS,
durability
;

n.

Power of

lasting;

DUOD'ENUM,
a
letter.] biliteral.

n.
a.

[L.]

as the durableness of honest

adv. In a lasting

confinement. And in a dungeon deep.

small intestines.

fame.

DU(JLIT'ERAL,

They brought Joseph

2.

[L.duo, two, and litera, Consisting of two letters only

DU'R.\BLY,

A subterraneous ment.
v.t.
?i.

ge&n.

Gen.

xli-

Stuart.

DU'RANCE,
duro.]
1.

manner ; with long continuance. n. [from Fr. dur, durer, h.

Imprisonment; restraint of the person;
custody of the
jailer.

jilace

DUN'GliON,

To

of close confineJeremiah. confine in a dungeon.

Hall.

DUPE, n. [Fr. dupe. See the Verb.] A person who is deceived; or one easily led DUPE,
Qu. [Fr. duper ; Sw. tubba. Sp. and Port, eslajhr.] To deceive ; to trick ; to mislead by impoI'.

fork used to throw DUNG'FORK, or to dung from a stable or into a cart,

astray by his credulity party.

/.

as the dupe of a
2.

Continuance
rance.]
J!.

duration.

Shak. [See Endu-

DURANT',
by some

A glazed woolen stuff

n.

Drydm.
;

called

spread
2. 3.

it

over land.
n.

everlasting.

DUNG'HILL,

heap of dung.

4.

double cocoon, formed by He Ufteth the heggar from the dunghill. two or more silk-worms. Encyc Sam. ii. DU'PLE, a. [L. duplus.] Double. Duple raA term of reproach for a man meanly tio is that of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, &^c. Sub-duple Shak. born. [Kot used.] ratio is the reverse, or as 1 to 2, 4 to 8, &c
a. Sprung from mean; low; base; vile.

A mean or vile abode. Dnjdm by flattery. DU'PION, n. A Any mean situation or condition. 1

sing on one's credulity

as, to

be duped

DURATION,
;

DUNG'HILL,

the dunghill;
Sfiak.
vile.

DU'PLleATE,
plico, to
fiild
;

DUNG'Y,
dung
is

a.

Full of dung; filthy;

n.

Shak.

DUNG' YARD,

A yard or iuclosure where

Mortimer.

collected. fowl, a species DUN'LIN, n.

DUN'NA6E,

of sandpiper. Pennant. Faggots, boughs or loose of a ship to raise wood laid on the bottom heavy goods above the bottom.
n.

DUN'NED,pf.
pay a debt
;

[fromrf)i.]

Mar. Did. Importuned to

Duplicate Thus in geomettion or ratio of squares. rical proportion, the first term to the third is said to be in a duplicate ratio of the first to or as its square is to the square the second, Thus in 2. 4. 8. 16, the of the second. ratio of 2 to 8 is a duplicate of that of 2 to of 4. 4, or as the square of 2 is to the square

from rfa. [L. duplicatus, double, from duplex, double, twoSee duo, two, and phco, to fold. Double twofold. Double.] proportion or ratio, is the propor
;

DU'PLICATE,
the
2.
first
;

urged. DUN'NER, n. [from dun.] One employed in soliciting the payment of debts.
Speclator. Urging for

Another corresponding to or a second thing of the same kind.

n.

time length or extension of existence, indefias the rfiH-a/ioH (jf life xho. duration nitely of a partnership the duration of any given period of time everlasting (/urad'on. This lioUling on or continuance of time is divided by us arbitrarily into certain portions, as miiuitcs, hours and days; or it is measured by a succession of events, as by the diurnal and annual revolutions of the earth, or any other succession and the interval between two events is called a part of duration. This interval may be of any indefinite length, a minute or a centiuy. 2. Power of continuance. Rogers. DURE, t'. J. [h.duro; Vr. durer; Sp.durar; See Durable.] It. durare. To last to hold on in time or being ; to continue to endure. [This word is obsolete ; endure being substituted.] DU'REFUL, a. Lasting. Obs. Spenser.

Continuance
;

in

A copy;
first is

a transcript.

ter or bill

Thus a second let of exchange exactly like the

DU'RELESS,
DURESS',
1.

a.

Not

lasting

fading.

Raleigh.
n.

called a duplicate. DUN'NING, ppr. [from dun.] DU'PLICATE, D.<. [L.duplico.] Todouble; payment of a debt, or for the grant of to fold. some favor, or for the obtaining any re DUPLle.\'TION, ?i. The act of doubhng
;

[Norm,
;

durcs.ie, durefte,

from

dur, hard, grievous See Durable.]

L.

duritics,

durus.

DUN'NING,

quest; importuning. a color. ppr. or n. [from dun, The operation of curing codfish, in such a manner as to give it a particular color and Fish for dunning are caught quality. early in spring, and often in February. At the Isles of Shoals, oflf Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, the cod are taken in deep

2.

the multiplication of a number by 2. A folding a doubling also, a fold the duplication of a membrane.
;

as

DU'PLI.\TURE,
vessel.

n.

doubling

fold.

In anatomy, the fold of a

membrane
;

or

DUPLICITY,
plicidad double.]
1.
;

n.

[Fr. duplicite
;

Ena/c. Sp. du-

It.

water, spht and slack-salted; then laid in a pile for two or three months, in a dark store, covered, for the greatest part of the time, with salt-hay or eel-grass, and pressed with some weight. In A|)ril or May, they are opened and piled again as close as possible in the same dark store, till July or August, when they are fit for use.
J.

duplicita

from L. duplex,
ffatts.
;

i.

Haven.
color

DUN'NISH,

a.

Inclined to a

dun

somewhat dun.

R^y-

DUN'NY,
[Local.]

a.

Deaf;

DU'O, n. [L. two.] A DUODEAHE'DRAL. DUODECAHE'DRON.

dron.]

dull of apprehension. Grose. 3. In law, duplicity is the pleading of two or rus, duro.] 1. Hardness; firmness. more distinct matters or single pleas. song in two parts. Bluckstone.' 2. Hardness of mind Dodecahe )
i

the act or different or contra- 2. Imprisonment; restraint of liberty. practice of exhibiting a different or con- DURING, ppr. of dure. Coiiliniiing lastry conduct, or uttering as during life, that is, at different times, in reholding on ing trary sentiments, or the act of life continuing during our earthly pillation to the same thing grimage during the space of a year dudissembling one's real opinions for the ring this or that. These phrases arc the purpose of concealing them and mislead and inter case absolute, or independent clauses iug persons in the conversation durante vita, durante hoc. course of life double-dealing ; dissimuDU'RITY, n. [Vr. durete, from dur, L. dulation; deceit.
;

Doubleness the number two. Doubleness of heart or speech

;

hence, constraint. Literally, hardship Technically, duress, inlaw, is of two kinds; duress of imprisonment, which is imprisonment or restraint of personal liberty and duress by menaces or threats [per minas,] when a [>erson is threatened with loss of Fear of battery is no duress. life or limb. Duress then is imprisonment or threats intended to compel a person to do a legal or to commit an act, as to execute a deed offense in which cases the act is voidable Blackstone. or excusable.
;
;

[See

harshness.

[IMUe

dral,

Dodecahe-

DURABIL'ITY,

DUODEC'IMFID,
parts.

a.

and_^jirfo, to cleave.]

[L. duodecim, twelve, Divided into twelve

DUODECIMO,
;

a.

from duro, Having or consisting of twelve leaves to a DU'RABLE, a. [L. durahilis, W. dur, steel duraw, as a book of duodecimo form or last, durus, hard sheet
; ;

[L. duodecim,

twelve.]

used.] [See Durable.] The' Smith. in any| DU'ROIJS, a. Hard. [.Yot used.] power of lasting or continuing, kind of millet, cultivated as the du-, DUR'RA, II. given state, without perishing; in N. Africa. of cedar or oak timber ; the durarability of dare. [D. dorst.] animal and vegetable life is very DURST, pret. bility of " QuosDUSE, n. A demon or evil spirit. limited.
n.

to!

dam dojmonea quos

dusios Galli nuncu-

size.
is

DUODECIMO,

August. De Civ. Dei, 15. 23. pant." to; What the duse is the matter ? The rfiise is harden.. in you. n. A book in which a sheet Having the quality of lasting or continuing [Vulgar.] a. [D. duister ; G. diiiter ; Russ. folded into twelve leaves. long in being, without perishing or wear-llDUSK,

DU T
to tarnish, to tusk, tarnish; tusknu, come dull or obscure. Q.U. Gr. iasuj.]
1.

D U U
be-

DUTCH,
that

darkness, or moderately dark. dark or black color modeMilton rately Iilack. DUSK, 71. A tending to darkness incipient or imperfect obscurity ; a middle degree between light and darkness twilight as the dusk of the evening. darkness of 2. Tendency to a black color
2.

Tending Tending

to

DU'TEOUS,

to a

color.

Whose dusk set

off the

whiteness of the skin.

Dryden.

DUSK, DUSK,
ness
;

V.

t.

V. i.

To make dusky. [LitUe used.] To begin to lose light or whitedark.

[Little used.]
;

to

grow

DUSK'ILY,

adv. With partial darkness with a tendency to blackness or darkness.

n. Incipient or partial dark ness; a slight or moderate degree of dark ness or blackness.
n.

Sherwood.

DUSK'INESS,
DUSK'ISH,
obscure
ish
;

Moderately dusky
;

partially

sUghtly dark or black

tincture.

as duskSpenser.

smoke.
adv. Cloudily
n.
;

Daskish

Wotton.
darkly.

DUSK'ISHLY,
to darkness.

Bacon

DUSK'ISHNESS,
DUSK'Y,
1. 0.
;

luminous

A dusky
Tending
black
;

Duskiness; approach More. Partially dark or obscure not a dusky valley. as Dryden.
;
;

as in ancient Rome. [from duty.] Performing DVVALE, n. In heraldry, a sable or black color. due, or that which law, jusobedient re 2. The deadly nightshade, a plant or a tice or ])ropriety requires Chaucer. sleepy potion. spectful to those who have natural or le service or duty DWaRF, n. [Sax. dwerg, dweorg ; D.dteerg; gal authority to require Sw. id. ; Dan. dvwrg.] as a duteous child or subject. Obedient obsequious in a good or bad 1. general name for an animal or plant which is much below the ordinary size of sense. the species or kind. A man that never Duteous to the vices of thy mistress. Shak 3. Enjoined by duty, or by the relation of grows beyond two or three feet in highth, This word when used alone is a dwarf one to another ; as duteous ties. [lAttle Shak. usually refers to the human species, but used.] to a. sometimes to other animals. When it ie DU'TIABLE, [See Duty.] Subject the imposition of duty or customs as duapplied to plants, it is more generally used in composition; as a dwarjf-tree; dioarftiable goods. Supreme Court, U. S. elder. DU'TIED, a. Subjected to duties or cusAmes. 2. An attendant on a lady or knight in rotoms. or obmances. DU'TIFyL, a. Performing the duties Spenser. ligations required by law, justice or pro- DWARF, r. t. To hinder from growing to the natural size to lessen ; to make or priety obedient submissive to natural or as a dutiful small. Mdison. respectfid keep legal superiors son or daughter a dutiful ward or ser- DWARFISH, a. Like a dwarf; below the vant a dutiful subject. common stature or size very small low; 2. Expressive of respect or a sense of duty despicable as a dwarfish animal ; petty a dwarfish shrub. respectful reverential required by duty Dryden. attentions. as dutiful reverence DWaRF'ISHLY, adv. Like a dwarf dulifxd DU'TIFULLY, adv. In a dutiful manner DWARF'ISHNESS, n. Smallness of stawith a regard to duty obediently subture; littleness of size.
a.

Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhabitants.

a.

government of two men thus associated;

which

is

missively

reverently
n.

respectfully.
Swifl.
;

DWAUL,
wander.]

V.

i.

To
0.
j'.

be delirious.

[Sax. dwelian, dwolian, to 06s. Junius.

torch.

Shak.

DU'TIFULNESS,

Obedience

submis-

DWELL,

dusky brown. Dusky clouds.

?,.

to blackness in color partially dark-colored ; not bright as a Bacon;

sion to just authority ; habitual performance of tluty ; as dutifulness to parents.

pret. tracted into dwelt.

[Dan.

wait, loiter, delay;

dwelled, usually condvoeler, to stay, Sw. dvala, a trance;

Dryden.
2.

Dryden

Reverence

respect.
;

Taylor.

Gloomy

4. Intellectually

sad. ; This dusky scene of horror. Sentley. clouded ; as a du.iky sprite.

?!.

DU'TY,

DUST,
1.

[Sax. dust, dysf

Scot, diust

Pope Teut

doest, duyst, dust, fine flour.]

ter,

Fine dry particles of earth or other matso attenuated that it may be raised
;

3.

and wafted by the wind jiowder as clouds of dust and seas of blood. Fine dry particles of earth fine earth. The peacock warmetli her eggs in the dust.
; ;

Job xxxix.
3.

unorganized earthy matter. Dust thou art, and to dust shall thou return Gen. iii.
;

Earth

4.

The

grave. For now shall

n. [from due, Fr. dii.] That which a person owes to another that which a person is bound, by any natural, moral or legal obligation, to pay, do or perform. Obedience to princes, magistrates and the laws is the duty of every citizen and subject; obedience, respect and kindness to parents are duties of children fidelity to friends is a duty; reverence, obedience and prayer to God are indispensable duthe government and religious inties ; struction of children are duties of parents which they cannot neglect without guilt. Forbearance of that which is forbid by It is morality, law, justice or projiriety. our duty to refrain from lewdness, intem;

dvalias, to delay, abide, remain or linger. Teut. dualla; Ice. duelia ; Scot. duel,dwell. Qu. attal, dal, to hold, stop, stay, and This word coincides Ir. tuilim, to sleep. nearly with dally, in its primitive significa-

W.

1.

and may be of the same family. Its radical sense is probably to draw out in time ; hence, to hold, rest, remain. see like senses united in many words, as See Dally and in teneo, rticu, continue. Class Dl. No. 3. 5. 6. 21.] To abide as a permanent resident, or to inhabit for a time to live in a place ; to have a habitation for some time or pertion,

We

manence. God shall

sleep in the dust.

Job

vii.

5.

A low
God

condition.
raiscth the poor out of the dust.
1

Sam

perance, profaneness and injustice. submission. 3. Obedience 4. Act of reverence or respect.

;

5.

DUST,
9.
3.

V t. To free from dust to brush, wipe or sweep away dust as, to dust a ta;

ble or a floor.

To To

sprinkle with dust.

levigate.
n.

DUST -BRUSH,
rooms and
.'i

Sprat. 7.

did duly to (heir lady, .'ipenser business of a soldier or marine on guard as, the company is on duty. It is applied also to other services or labor. Tlie business of war military service as, the regiment did duty in Flanders. Tax, toll, impost, or customs; excise

They both
;

The

enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell Gen. ix. in the tents of Slieni. Dwell imports a residence of some conuse abide for the resting of tinuance. or an hour but we never say, he a night dwelt in a ))lace a day or a night. Dwell may signify a residence for life or for a much shorter period, but not for a day. In scripture, it denotes a residence of seven days during the feast of tabernacles. Ye shall dwell in booths seven days. Lev.

We

xxiii.

The word was made

us.

flesh,

and dwelt among

;

brush for cleaning

DUSTER,

DUSTINESS,

furniture. 11. An utensil to clear from dust; sieve. also, n. The sta