Acknowledgement

This project has been developed in the chemical laboratory of KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,PITAMPURA. For successful completion of the project named,STUDY OF DIFFUSION OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS I would like to thanks our working chemistry teacher Mrs.Saroj singh for her guidance and help I would like to thanks Mr.Lakshman singh for providing me the lab apparatus. At the end I would like to thanks all those who where associated with me, whose cooperation made the development of the project a worthy experience. Avinash Roll no.- 12

INTRODUCTION
When substances are brought in contact with each other, they intermix. This property of intermixing is known as diffusion. This property of diffusion takes place very rapidly in case of gases and to a lesser extent in case of liquids whereas solids do not show this process of diffusion with each other. But what we can observe in case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes place at a very slow rate. If a solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it is soluble, some portion of the solid starts dissolving. After some time a stage reaches when whole of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is known as dissolution of the solid in a liquid and this process has taken place due to the diffusion of solid particles into the liquid. We know that molecules of solutes in solutions are in constant random motion due to the collisions between molecules of solute and that of the solvent. Also as the temperature is raised, kinetic energy of molecules increases which thereby increases the number of collisions. Particles of different substances move at different rates e.g., when different coloured inks are placed in water at constant temperature, they diffuse at different rates. The speed of the movement of solid particles depends upon (a) Temperature (b) Size of the particles (c) Mass of the particle.

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As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles which thus increases the diffusion. Also the rate of diffusion if the size of the particle increases. In case the upward rate of diffusion is measured, the particles of larger mass will have slow rate diffusion because force of gravity slows down the upward rate of diffusion.

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Experiment 1
To study diffusion when copper sulphate (solid) is brought in contact with water (liquid). REQUIREMENTS Copper sulphate crystals, 100 mL beaker. PROCEDURE 1. Take about 2 g of copper sulphate crystals in 100 mL beaker. 2. Add about 50 mL of water and allow to stand for few minutes. 3. Note the development of blue colour in water. 4. Allow to stand further when it will be observed that whole of the copper sulphate disappears. 5. Note the blue colour change in water.

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OBSERVATION Weight of CuSO4.5H2O added in each beaker = 1.00 g Volume of water taken in each beaker = 150 mL Room temperature = 27C Beaker No. Treatment given Time taken for complete dissolution of CuSO4.(s) 1. Undisturbed 2. Heated 3. Stirred DISCUSSION Stirring and heating facilitate the diffusion of the copper sulphate in water. This is probably due to increase in the kinetic energy i.e., randomness of the molecules of solid particles by both stirring and increase in temperature of the system.

CONCLUSION Rate of diffusion of a solid in a liquid increases on stirring and heating.

EXPERIMENT 2 To study the rate of diffusion of solids in a liquid as dependent on the molecular mass of the solids. REQUIREMENTS Two 250 mL beakers, measuring cylinder, stop watch, pestle and mortar and weight box.

CHEMICALS Potassium dichromate, copper sulphate and distilled water.

PROCEDURE 1. Powder potassium dichromate and copper sulphate well in a clean pestle and mortar weigh 1.10 g of each. 2. Take 100 mL of distilled water in a clean beaker with the help of a measuring cylinder. 3. Add 1.10 g of potassium dichromate into it and immediately start a stop watch. Note the time for complete dissolution of the dichromate. 4. Similarly, Find out thee time for complete dissolution of 1.10 g of the powdered copper sulphate in 100 mL of water.

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OBSERVATION Room temperature = 27C Weight of the solid taken = 0.10 g Volume of distilled water taken each time = 100 mL Time for complete dissolution of K2Cr2O7 = _ _ secs. Time for complete dissolution of CuSO4.5H2O = _ _ secs. DISCUSSION It is observed that time taken for complete dissolution of CuSO4.5H2O is less as compared to the time taken for complete dissolution of the same amount of potassium dichromate. Thus, it can be said that rate of diffusion of a solid in a liquid depends upon the nature of the solid and their molecular masses, other conditions remaining same. Diffusion rate of potassium dichromate having higher molecular mass than copper sulphate is slower as compared to copper sulphate. That is, rate of diffusion of solids in liquids is inversely proportional to the molecular mass of the solid, if other conditions are same. CONCLUSION Rate of diffusion of a solid in a liquid depends upon molecular mass of the solid.

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This is certified that Avinash of Class XII-C , ROLL NO-12 has successfully completed his Project SUTDY OF DIFFUSION OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS in CHEMISTRY. I have thoroughly checked the Report and found it to be correct. MRS. SAROJ SINGH ( PGT,CHEMISTRY)
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CERTIFICATE

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT:-

Rate of diffusion depends on three factors viz. temperature, size of particle and mass of particle. In this project we aim at illustrating these facts experimentally by taking crystals of copper sulphate, potassium permanganate and ammonium dichromate.

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