PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

dr. Al Munaawir, Ph.D.

DEPT. OF PATHOLOGY MEDICAL FACULTY UNIVERSITAS JEMBER JEMBER

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE :
AN ACADEMIC FIELD WHICH STUDIES THE

PHENOMENON OF SCIENCE

IT WILL ANSWER SOME QUESTIONS :

WHAT IS A SCIENCE ? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE ? HOW CAN WE MAKE A VALID SCIENCTIFIC CONCLUSION ? WHAT KIND OF ABILITY/INSTRUMENTS DOES SOMEONE NEED TO THINK SCIENTIFICALLY ?
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WHY
SHOULD WE LEARN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

A DOCTOR IS :
A CLINICIAN A SCIENTIST TO TREAT PATIENTS TO EVALUATE THE DISEASE TO DEVELOP THEIR KNOWLEDGE TO FIND NEW TECHNIQUES TO DISCOVER TECHNIQUES

A DOCTOR IS A STUDENT UNTIL HE/SHE DIE

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PROBLEM EXAMPLE
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT TRAUMA TO THE SKULL SKULL-BASE FRACTURE 3 DAYS 80% SUFFERING FROM BRAIN INFECTION (ENCEPHALITIS)

QUESTION : HOW CAN WE PREVENT THE BRAIN INFECTION TO THE PATIENT WITH SKULL BASE FRACTURE ?
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 PREVENTIVE ANTIBIOTICS RIGHT AFTER TRAUMA

Which Antibiotic ?

PROBLEM SOLVING
1. INDENTIFY THE ETIOLOGY OF THE BACTERIA.
CULTURE THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

2. RESULT : PSEUDOMONAS AEROGINOSA

TEST SENSITIVITY FOR ANTIBIOTICS

3. RESULT : KEDACILIN CIPROFLOXACIN

QUESTION : WHICH ONE CAN BE USE AS THE PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTIC ?
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ANSWER : TO REACH THE BRAIN TISSUES, THE ANTIBIOTIC SHOULD HAVE THE ABILITY TO PENETRATE THE BLOOD BRAINE BARIER (BBB) KEDALICILIN CAN PENETRATE THE BBB CIPROPLOXACIN CAN NOT PENETRATE THE BBB

CONCLUSION : KEDACILIN CAN BE USED AS THE PREVENTIVE ANTIBIOTIC TO PREVENT THE BRAIN INFECTION IN SKULL-BASE FRACTURE AFTER TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

ANIMAL KNOWLEDGE

TO KEEP ALIVE SURVIVE EXIST

ADAM & EVE

HUMAN BEING
A-CREATURE WHO IS ABLE TO o THINK o FEEL o REACT KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPING

EXSISTING

WHICH ONE IS -TRUE/FALSE -BAD/GOOD etc -BEAUTIFUL/UGLY

GIVE THE MEANING TO LIFE

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HUMAN BEING
KNOWLEDGE o LANGUAGE :-TO COMMUNICATE o LOGICAL RATIONAL THINKING
-TO INFORM THEIR WAY THINKING

DEVELOPING
LOGICAL THINKING o THE ABILITY TO THINK/ A FORM OF REASONING
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THINKING/REASONING
AN ACTIVITY TO FIND THE TRUTH OF KNOWLEDGE CRITERIA OF TRUTH : RELATIVE LOGICAL

BASED ON REASONING
THE WAY OF THINKING NOT BASED ON REASONING ANALYTICAL ILLOGICAL

NON-ANALYTICAL
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BASED ON REASONING : - LOGIC : ACTIVITY OF THINKING BASED ON A CERTAIN PATTERN OF REASONING

LOGICAL & ILLOGICAL DEPENDS ON THE POINT OF VIEW - ANALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THINKING BASE ON APPLYING CERTAIN STEPS/RULES TO ANALYZE A PROBLEM
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WITH NO REASONING :
FEELING INTUITION NON-ANALYTIC THINKING ACTIVITY WITHOUT A CERTAIN PATTERN OF THINKING REVELATION

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FACT/RATIONALE

RATIONALISME

KNOWLEDGE SOURCE

EXPERIENCE

EMPIRICALISM

REVELATION

BELIEF

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AN EXAMPLE :

CAUSE OF GETTING DRUNK

PLAIN PLAIN PLAIN PLAIN WATER WATER WATER WATER + + + + WHISKEY DRUNK WHISKEY + KRETEK DRUNK PEUYEUM DRUNK TUAK DRUNK

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CONCLUSION
CAUSE OF GETTING DRUNK IS WATER

NOT-VALID

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SCIENTIFIC REASONING TO ANALYZE THE VALIDITY DEDUCTIVE THINKING (RATIONALISM) INDUCTIVE THINKING (EMPIRICALISM) PRODUCE KNOWLEDGE DEDUCTIVE : SPECIFIC CONCLUSION DRAWNFROM SOME GENERAL STATEMENTS INDUCTIVE :GENERAL CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM 18 SOME SPECIFIC STATEMENTS

DEDUCTION : GENERAL SPECIFIC DEDUCTIVE : SYLLOGISM OF THINKING 2 STATEMENTS (MAYOR PREMISE, MINOR PREMISE)

MAKE THE CONCLUSION EXAMPLE OF SYLOGISM : - ALL CREATURES HAVE EYES (MAYOR PREMISE) - HUSIN IS A CREATURE (MINOR PREMISE)

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SO : HUSIN HAS EYES (CONCLUSION)

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-ALL CREATURES HAVE EYES

- HUSEIN HAS EYES

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SO : ALL OF CREATURES ARE HUSEIN

WRONG

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SHOULD BE :

HUSEIN IS A CREATURE

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ALL ANIMALS HAVE EYES HUSEIN HAS EYES

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CONCLUSION

HUSEIN IS AN ANIMAL

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A VALID CONCLUSION DEPENDS ON :

1. THE TRUTH OF THE MAJOR PREMISE 2. THE TRUTH OF THE MINOR PREMISE 3. VALIDITY OF MAKING THE CONCLUSION
EXPL.: -ALL CITIZENS SHOULD PAY THE TAX - THE POOR ARE CITIZENS

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SO : THE POOR SHOULD PAY THE TAX

FALSE
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THEORY OF COHERENCE

(DEDUCTIVE/ IDEALISM)

CRITERIA OF TRUTH

THEORY OF (EMPIRICAL) CORRESPONDENCE

THEORY OF PRAGMATICS

(PRACTICAL)

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THEORY OF COHERENCE : (PLATO & ARISTOTELES) A PROPOSITION MAY BE ACCEPTED AS TRUE IF IT COHERES WITH OTHER PROPOSITIONS WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE TRUE BUT IT IS NOT SUGGESTED THAT THE TRUTH OF THESE PROPOSITIONS LIES IN THEIR COHERENCE
EXAMPLE : 3+4 = 7 3 + 4 =
7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+1+1+1+1+1

MATH IS PROVED BY COHERENCE THEORY. AXIOM THEOREM

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THEORY OF CORRESPONDENCE (BERTRAND RUSSEL THE CLAIM THAT TRUTH IS :

IN AGREEMENT WITH REALITY THAT IS CONSISTS OF A CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN A STATEMENT AND THE WAY THINGS ARE A RELATIONAL PROPERTY, THAT WHATEVER IS TRUE (SENTENCE, STATEMENT, PROPOSITION) IS TRUE BY ITS RELATION TO SOMETHING ELSE, USUALLY A FACT
EXAMPLE : THE CAPITAL OF THE REPUBLIK OF INDONESIA IS JAKARTA TRUE : BECAUSE THAT STATEMENT CORRESPONDS WITH THE OBJECT 30 AS A FACT.

THEORY OF PRAGMATICS (CHARLES PIERCE) IDEAS BECOME TRUE JUST SO FAR AS THEY HELP US TO GET INTO SATISFACTORY RELATIONS WITH OTHER PARTS OF OUR EXPERIENCE. (FOR ACTUAL USE ONLY).

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ART (SUBJECTIVE) TRIES TO GIVE THE MEANING OF THE OBJECT PERSONAL IN CHARACTER

KNOWLEDGE

MENTAL WEALTH

RELIGION DEPENDS ON FAITH GO INTO THE TRANSCENDENTAL SPHERE

SCIENCE EXTRACTION OF EXPLANATIONS OF NATURE AN INSTRUMENT TO PREDICT AND TO CONTROL THE UNIVERSE GENERAL & IMPERSONAL IN 32 CHARACTER

PROBLEM

SOLVING

ANSWER

KNOWLEDGE THE VALID HOW COULD KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE BE VALID ? SCIENTIFIC METHOD EPISTEMOLOGY

SOLVING THE VALID ANSWER

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WHAT ? (ONTOLOGY)

ANY KNOWLEDGE

HOW ? (EPISTEMOLOGY) WHY ?

PURPOSE ? (AXIOLOGY)

RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER

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EXP. CAUSE ETIOLOGY MECHANISM

SCIENCE

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL ETC

CANCER

CELL CHARACTERISTICS RADIATION CHEMOTHERAPY GEN THERAPY

TREATMENT

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DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE

MYTH & SUPERSTITION GODS AND GODDESSES COMMON SENSE (TRIAL AND ERROR) APPLIED ART IRRIGATIONS MONUMENTS BOROBUDUR PYRAMID TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

o QUANTITATIVE o DESCRIPTIVE o PHENOMENAL o NARROW SCOPE o IT DOESNT DEVELOP THE THEORY

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 COMMON SENSE (Trial & Error) THE BEGINNING OF SCIENCE ACCORDING TO RANDELL & BUCHLER o KNOWLEDGE THROUGH EXPERIENCES o UNINTENTIONAL o SPORADIC ACCORD TO TITUS o CHARACTERIZED BY REPETITION/HABIT/TRADITION o BASICALLY UNCLEAR o UNTESTED KNOWLEDGE EXPL : THE SUN GOES AROUND THE EARTH DOGMATIC
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o WELLS : THE GREEKS : THE FATHER OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD THE MOSLEMS : THE STEP-FATHER OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD o ROGER BACON (1214-1294) INTRODUCED EXPERIMENTAL METHOD IN WESTERN CIVILZATION o FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626) ESTABLISHED THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AS A SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM AS A RESULT PRODUCED AMMUNITION

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THE PIONEERS OF DEDUCTIVE & INDUCTIVE THINKING. o COPERNICUS (1473-1543) o KEPLER (1571-1630) o GALILEO (1546-1642) o NEWTON (1642-1727) KARL PEARSON (1857-1938) 1890 : THE GRAMMAR OF SCIENCE ABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD SCIENTIST WHO MADE MAJOR DISCOVERIES USING THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD : o HELMHOLTZ o PASTEUR o DARWIN o MAXWELL 1910 : JOHN DEWEY. HOW WE THINK ABOUT THE STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD39

SCIENTIFIC METHOD o A PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN A SCIENCE METHOD : THE WAY TO KNOW SOMETHING (SENN) USING THE SYSTEMATIC STEPS METHODOLOGY : THE INVESTIGATION OF THE METHODS USED TO GET RESULTS EPISTEMOLOGY : HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE METHOD

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
o THE EXPRESSION OF THOUGHT WORK/WAY OF THINKING o CHARACTERISTICS : RATIONAL (DEDUCTIVE, COHERENT) TESTED (INDUCTIVE, CORRESPONDS)

A STATEMENT IS TRUE IF SUPPORTED BY THE FACTS

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD
o LOGICO-HYPOTHETICO-VERIFICATIVE

o CONTINUOUS CONJUGATION (INTERACTION) BETWEEN

DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION (TYNDALL)

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PROBLEMS
LITERATURE STUDY (LOGIC)

FORMULATE THE PROBLEMS

ARRANGEMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

ARRANGEMENT OF THE RELEVANT PREMISES

TEMPORARY ANSWER
VERIFICATION SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROCESS

FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESIS PROVE THE HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION NEW THEORY

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE : CAN BE CONSIDERED AS : A PRODUCT A PROCESS AN ETHICAL PARADIGM ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OR THE PRODUCT/PROCESS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE ARE : HAS THE POWER TO PREDICT CAN BE PROVEN

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TECHNOLOGY : AN APPLIED SCIENCE WHICH IS

ALREADY DEVELOPED INCLUDES HARDWEAR AND SOFTWEAR

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HAS THE POWER

TO DOMINATE NATURE, HUMAN BEING, AND CIVILIZATION

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SCIENCE AS A PROCESS : IS A SOCIAL ACTIVITY ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE, HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR BEHAVIOURS WHATEVER THEY ARE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD HAS CHARACTERIS TICS:

RATIONAL OBJECTIVE

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SCIENCE AS A PRODUCT :
ALL KNOWLEDGE WHICH IS PRODUCED THROUGH THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD BELONG TO

THE PUBLIC SCIENCE IS LIMITED TO FORMULATIONS AND STATEMENTS, WHICH ARE AGREED UPON
BY ALL SCIENTISTS

SUBJECT TO PROOF SO, A THEORY

AT ANY TIME COULD BE ABROGATED
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SCIENCE AS AN ETHICAL PARADIGM ACCORDING TO MERTON, SCIENCE IS A SOCIETY WHICH HOLDS TO FOUR NORMS : UNIVERSALISM COMMUNALISM DISINTERESTEDNESS SKEPTICAL

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UNIVERSALISM : IS NOT DEPENDENT UPON : RACE SKIN COLOR CIVILIZATION/RELIGION COMMUNALISM : SCIENCE BELONGS TO THE PUBLIC DISINTERESTEDNESS : SCIENCE IS NOT FOR PROPAGANDA OR PUBLICITY SKEPTICAL: TRUTHS ARE NOT AUTOMATICALLY RECEIVED WITHOUT EVIDENCE

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TECHNOLOGY : GOAL : TO SOLVE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS TO OVERCOME DIFFICULTIES THAT PEOPLE ARE FACED WITH OFTERS SOME ALTERNATIVES TO OVERCOME PROBLEMS

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FRANCIS BACON : SCIENCE IS POWER TECHNOLOGY IS THE TOOL OF POWER

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POWER OVER HUMAN-BEINGS EXPERIENCED BY UNDER-DEVELOPED

COUNTRIES

TECHNOLOGY IS CONTROLLED BY DEVELOPED

COUNTRIES

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POWER OVER CULTURE TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES TRADITIONAL CULTURE

e.g. VIA TELEVISION

POWER OVER NATURE WITH TECHNOLOGY, MAN CAN DESTROY ITS OWN SPECIES

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SCIENCE FROM A MORAL PERSPECTIVE

SCIENCE TRIES TO EXPRESS A REALITY AS A FACT (DAS SEIN) MORALS BASICALLY INDICATE WHAT ONE SHOULD DO WITH THEIR LIFE (DAS SOLLEN)

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SCIENCE AND MORALITY ARE CATEGORIZED AS KNOWLEDGE, SO THEY :

HAVE : 3 COMPONENTS ONTOLOGY EPISTEMOLOGY AXIOLOGY THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND MORAL SHOULD BE BASED ON THOSE 3 COMPONENTS

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ONTOLOGY

SCOPE/BORDER OF THE OBJECT INTERPRETATION OF THE ESSENCE OF REALITY (METAPHYSIC) OF THE OBJECT EPISTEMOLOGY : HOW TO GET AND TO ARRANGE THE OBJECT OF SCIENCE AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
AXIOLOGY THE PRINCIPLES OF THE USE OF A SCIENCE
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ONTOLOGICAL APPROACH ONTOLOGICALLY, SCIENCE IS LIMITED ONLY TO THE RANGE OF HUMAN EXPERIENCES THE SCOPE OF SCIENCE THAT IS EMPIRICAL IN CHARACTER, IS CONSISTENT WITH THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF SCIENCE THAT ANY CONCLUSIONS SHOULD BE VERIFIED SCIENTIFICALLY (DEDUCTIONS WHICH ARE VERIFIED AND FREE FROM DOGMATIC VALUES) EINSTEIN : SCIENCE STARTS WITH THE FACT, AND END WITH FACT, NO MATTER THE VARIETY OF THEORIES IN BETWEEN
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 METAPHYSIC (WHICH IS BASED ON REALITY = DAS SEIN) REFUSE TO INCORPORATE MORAL PREMISES WHICH ARE NECESSITY IN CHARACTER (DAS SOLLEN)
IT SHOULD BE : SCIENCE SHOULD BE THE TOOL TO REALIZE THE MORAL ASPECT OF THE GOAL

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17 PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY IN SCIENCE

EPISTEMOLOGI SCIENTIFIC METHOD MORAL ASPECTS
1. SEEKS THE TRUTH 2. SHOULD BE DONE HONESTY 3. WITHOUT SELF-INTEREST 4. BASED ON ARGUMENTS 5. BELIEF IN RATIONAL THINKING 6. BELIEF IN OBJECTIVE VERIFICATION 7. BASED ON THE CRITICAL THINKING IN MAKING OF CONCLUSIONS 8. FREE/OPEN TO CRITICISM 9. PRAGMATIC 10. DOESNT CHANGE GODS WILL FOR HUMAN BEINGS/HUMAN NATURE
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ONTOLOGY

EMPIRICAL (DAS SEIN) MORAL ASPECTS

11. NO ABRIDGEMENT OF HUMAN VALUES 12. NO INTERFERENCE IN HUMAN LIFE 13. NEUTRAL FROM DOGMATIC VALUES

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AXIOLOGY

UTILIZATION MORAL ASPECTS

RAISES THE STANDARD OF LIVING WHICH TAKES INTO ACCOUNT 14. HUMAN NATURE 15. HUMAN VALUE 16. BALANCE/CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 17. COMMUNAL & UNIVERSAL

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Philosophy of Medicine: Models of Medical Knowledge and Practice

Biomedic Model, Art, Holistic

Hipocrates, Galen: Teori Humoral Abad 16-17an: Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey. Abad 19: sellular dan molecular Biomedic Model Art of Medicine Holistic

Biomedic Vs Humanistic
Metaphysics Metaphysics Biomedical model Mechanistic monism Epistemology Objective knowledge Ethics Emotionally detached concern

Humanistic models

Dualism/holism Subjective knowledge

Empathic care