You are on page 1of 10

D a gtQ`qQGh3p jghU 8xmqQC$uSB&gYXCHe6`FC`pX!ie`XuhGHIRF Bc d D R i WP X R W T TU W)YpX9TSB$8VUTrYXCv$QIRr8QlgeX BYXCuhGHIRG$uiBstWpBigr8n d`BstWpBigGAHRFHFEhjCW}dR e Rf W i WP TU F WeA f i WP TU F d R Xa We Xa e R D X d pjY5stWpBigY`IE&8!UiBtWB`iC8yyVUrevWgYXtTiB$u8HeVR89cGXbQA6T88&8!

GXbQA6T88&8!UYGGHAGE9DCA}e{ a XaX W D W T R W Rec W T R e Rf I i B W D i v Rec W TjPI FA B ' 7 # % ( '2%4 2' 8gp }nkngE gug6n6h% }  dfec iI X W X R D R B W T R Be TX c i Wa T W T T 6gyGVAQ$pG)uCsVAiiE5iEtDA8VUHe5gQA!RYg!cTgg1!W8VcTpX`igEmDVWr8VUd!AEfVWTSX`F!Wi SBR SByVUT R 8d`W9WFFuW gjBTE!D`igxED!R&vxdpBmiVWtT)cFgYnBHW$SXYI!W8VcT)VcVi9TYHeGHIVRGdyVUVAheR AU B R R Wa W T { B feX R FX i B vA R iA W T T A F R W j FXejfeX B Rf W R W Rec W T R TX D iXf i v W R GCAwFFudvpCPHFYgg66)YftW!BgcViB$bFHFudtWB`iC8yd8VUen`iVW!TY!Y8QA3Wgme$Sfh`W W T Be RI FA B X vA W R W T T i R e TX R vA BPUa W T AU 8U md$epX9TgGAF`XSQGAQEtDAdwYrX$ifx8VUVAdfVWTSX`F!WiBEGHAVRY$ewY`BitRy$88VUf8xmWtWB FHFu18HAVRY)`eWVbVPigGHAVRT$en8!Ud$fCHG9ABVWx!WYtWByVUf8eYiX8h`geg`F$hEn8!UYA R W e d iX B Xe X R W T P W F i iX W T AU R Fa W f X WfA D W T v BI R D iA BvA W Dce X B Rf R W e eXfecXT W W TU F W T A e R i 8ebGAVTGytUYp`ig8h1&VBgc!SB$hHFFuudBgWgY8)88Y$meE`DWmFhGHIRu8!U6vQAVRgTS$f!W8a F B W T feX fec iI X W X R D W T A R iA W T I R R Fa W R WfA D I X 8cv!BBW`)tc8VUgYg8QVAGhpGguC`u!AiSEr8!UveGHIVRQ3yVUye8HeYSXy$`He6`F$hb8eg HI8 yVUgv!BBW`g9cv8VUdQ18HetRggchAvCtWB`iC8yc 8!UgYrVPQVA9TSB8v8VUu!A$HeGCHAr`e8VUCHFFuve R W T A B W T eA I B j W Re W TvA i RU W T T R A F W T R W `dhYXtTgQApF`XSQGAQEtDAdvv!D`iVWehC!AtTB`i$g8rg Te Be RI FA B X A B T R fA Wfec W e`XuSB8!U8beYiX8h`EgYu8e!RYpXmiW`FWmGP!F$metWB!W8a SBx9WpB`iCH88xyVUwYGHAtRgeg$m3yVUuY)VUT R T AU R Fa W feX I T X T i R W Rec W T vA e B Xa W W T TX Wgme$Sfh`W h`eWsVWnEG9AdVAhebGCA`eyVUgFHFu3$HeVRtTsB$rVWyVc8cBTR QABbGA8GrWytR!BCga W R T i W D B T R A F W T R W edP Wf i T v i v W D TcA F BA W Wf f X W Rec W T vA W X W T W R Wf T Bc X R R HVRi!B$fgetWB`iCy88!UrYGIyVU8eE!D`iVWmT$t!A)AFFnFHFuSB8U dB`iVW`TbYpXiga WD X HW8YQVmitWgQpY`ig8$nYp!D`iVWdHef8tUiB8GyeVR9TSB$ge`XSB`F$hb$F`XSQGAQEtDA&h`eVWmi6~$f FX BAvA W Dce X vAB T R W RcI Rf W WfA D RI FA B T W R 8u`i$iftRgQAme8VUFFurgdC8HeVR!T`TtW$`e!W`i~$YA mi8hHefCQtAue`X`P8!U8U AU W Be W T R W e BI B T W Rf v W Dce X R W F B W W T A A B f X e T FA W R B W Wf TX T Be TXc W W T A e X Wf W T W R YytUtgeqGHAVR8HcGC`iEtDAg!RiVsB$Yg!U3gQA!RYgCwE8!UxvtGHAVRTGHVR`ih8VUr`iCAvHFFu W jI RfeXa B W Rec W T TX T W F W I R X dfec iI X W X R R B vxy8ehgYgh`W n9WpB`iCH88x8!UuYg!Usf8tUiBR8pXtTsB8He$`x&6)8G!AGhQg C`u!AiSED iEtDA W T vA Wa ia W W T B Rf feXj Fc eA I B vj W Rec F X B 8!U&YnBW!RVT`igG!A8E`PC8VUnVBgc!SB$)YrsiXF BCHW888nGE8HetRggchA$CtWB`iC8ydW8G!`itW)GA W T A W i B X R R W W e d d R R e A B R ic R T A Fa W 8!Udv`PC!8tcqVUTueQ`IgpdG!8IHeu89UliB9WpB8QASB8!UdveSX88U '2 ( % ( '2%4 2' 8)u5ngE gug6n6h% }  gd`BS9R8h8xHWFS!RVTY)VPipXh`eE`DHW`Fl)YX BPUa iXa T W W fe 9PHT$HVRYiX`FVWihj`Bi8Y)Ub8VcheY)xj`BitRy$yuYXHWFgh$jmBSEDg$hhEVD`iyVUG!AiqHP8YXG8ntTED R T ReX W D D T Xcw BPUa i ce R XePfA W T D v F TAe BA j`BitRy$yvB8pUgepX8v$`e!W`i~$hYqlQf`pX$vpBtTiBGQAGbtDCgAgjgQAVR9TB8CrtWsB8VUd8HetR!BBVW$yGX BPUa A W i T W Rf PeX D eA if RI FA B Be Wcw W T I iff }e|$8HeGQW VWiVWmi8uzfgeX QVAiEQAvhVWmi8uysBC`F9WpB8Q!AtPHFYgCwqP8yYX { rI RAI X WU D v W D W Af WU W icA T FXc W Faa Be Wcw W j W Rec W vA Xa F R ReX DcU R r i T v W T R R )GA!RtTByx9WB8VUTvCtWB`iC8y8VUTuYVTigttAiBYXEiBqtPHT8Yq8$WgHeCs QVW8!c8c8VUfHeHTqVAT `eg8Y)pFFuYgugeoVDGAv h`e!WiV8cnpBHT!A$HeRGAmFC`$fTlif$k8gjiB1HT1TgVU`Pu8VUeR WaaXU R TXU f X i T i R T a W W R Rf AU R R X T X W T `P8h!Ahf!W8VcgTgVc!itTtWB`iCy8yVUxSBPhfdCtWB`iC8y8!UTuvEVWTX3VWTD!RT8gYeQIVRQyVUT Xf T i B W Rec W T R U e d W Rec W A v X Fc feX R iA W e TU F W B P W f X W W Wa i W T eX Xe X BA W T TA D QA3hGHIRf89Uh`VW`iyVUTgexBCHVRTg9apBi`gF`XS!R`TVWQA`8VUfgYFYgQAVRTQV`i9WgG8VUVUGgQVAiv HWG8uuQrtWB`iC8yx8VUwvYr!WYpX9Tuh`etWsBVW8ar8!Uq)YpX9TBp`ihg8cdVAT&8b`DVW!TY8VU&SBEQGHAGE9DC&@ FAU X BX W Rec W T A T B T i W T fe Wfe Ta TX W T R PI FA BA # 7%4 2 0 ('%# 59(86531)$&$" !      

e X Xe T R iIFX Tc W T T Wcf W WI T ac iI W T dA fecA F QAVRgTGpX!iVTTFgGHAVRYXTh`pXGYg!c8D imR8VUVAr8$`i8!U`TGQVA8G!AGE`PyVU8jBTVWQlg8QgEPHFYX u e AR T X TR X i I j W T X i X a W B B X f WR W P X D B WR XF X I U I c A U TF s @ US Q 7P 7 H r p 9 5 @ hP RGHVYh`pGQCVpY)`tGxsW `H$vn`6H$SYQ8G8!1ty R$TR$I3Rq@ U iTgf d W Rec F X BA W T R FX BX PeX D BX iX W d B T B C9WpB`iCH88rW8QV`i9WgGr8!UlHeR BWhYiXYI 9 m3QEhYq5Q!WYVWmi8U CA 9 m!AhCeAG ` WI i W T R R W Rec W T R P XI Ra T X A BX D W d i B FX T R A G8epX8VUexiB9WpB`iCH888VUe$SXFCF`XS8h9Plv!BGb8U C!W8VcgTgVc!itTvYg!e`iVWhe8e Tc TU R W f X BX D X W XU TX dA W F T RAa BX Fa B R FXI T FX y8u$QIHRF Tb`DlgeuVBQC`gnYg!UT pBTsVWGrCHRCcheQg5QP8EHDtRnBWhYiXY1TXVW!ipFY)tUB W j ic R T vA BA D { Te iAa Rec R R FXI vA i B FX T R W T F v6CtWB8GgA3iB8VUYx9TCE}e`dhYXVTGgEHD88xSBnBWhYiXYCYVW8!cTg!cVitTwY)Ve`i!W$Hed8VUpjsBWYmXVB W i F B W d W Rec W T A i B F B W i F W T R iX ia QVIYiXpUg9cmiC1EC9WpB`iCH888VUnv!W8VcgTgVc!itTbWYmXVQVIYiXyVUePHFVRYqDVRyfVW9TBVW`i!W$HexSBR TR PI FA BA @ dP FXI W T A T W D v F b W D B F iX W e d F GGHAGE9DC&ChYiXYE8VUnvdVW!i$`egWE8!UT QVAitPGGRGbGtAfVWT`XhAE!WYbEPhah` 9TGXHWdYqh8fYu98Qtg`eVWh`rVDi8VUqgYX P6` `8GgdSBGHI88E8!UrY)c$QpX8U B F TX P B iX TcA f T W B X W T fe F TcA X R W Fc W T vA B Rf i W gdpBipXtTwgG!A`iE8hHeYX$QAd9ASBYwVDix9WB8U mdTrVAdf8pUGXVTTVDiYpXHi8taYmi8hxE!UTu B Bc W Dce R Te FX B X W R T W X B XF R B vA W Dce X R CGHI88Y8!UQu8hxpBYXtTYQAQ`IVWtWg`ehFpXVih`eWbuvEftWiBVR8EQAnSB`PtEhHF8U W Fc X W T BX e Ae i B vA e R i B Wf T X A ia D R X e P R W d$SXYW`PthFyVUVAxC8QA`Fg8tcry1xgdBWhYiXYCVAhe9PTh`pXQI vWGAxC!RTGXVi!TYX P FX V X e P R W T T BIe W e B ic R FXI T R R i A i v W T W Wfec W WI T ac iI Tc T W T iX B BX W X W TAe Af i Ts @ S Q P7 8!UT `ihg8u`i8!U`TGQVA8G!AGu88BHWVRHTVRh`erVWYXYgmatWnGrC`g`UguQ8d$npBYXCy R$UTR$7IH d X X WP TU F v X X e B W T T i B i We W BX D i F C`Pu`upBiXCuhGIHRmW3dVWi8tc8!U!A5BYpX9TntTB!WYXy8U pd!BGnYiXG9A}B e B W T A BX D W T R I B A WU j B A T B WIe i W T R iX 89cr8!Uv!BG8VU&SBdh(GF `fCEd!W`i8uhCDGmEVACA $hrGyYpX8VUEHe!PYQ BtW!BGYSXHF`FVWC9WpB`iCH888VUHexhGIHRHW89RSBhuYdgWp8QtAHeY8!UdVWYpBipXCy @ 8764 BX D i Ts d W Rec W T R TU F F R vA ic B RX D W T iX Ts 9 5
 ! & ) '  # 1 )  & # & % # !    $% 3 $20$% (' $$" 
FORMATION BEYOND HUBBLES LAW COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT HUBBLES LAW AGE & FATE OF UNIVERSE COSMIC EXPANSION SOLUTIONS TO EQUATIONS FRIEDMANN EQUATION INFLATION PROBLEMS WITH BIG BANG BIG BANG GALAXY MICROWAVE RADIATION NUCLEO SYNTHESIS DARK MATTER

e f n k i 2oAmlj

f h g f e d 51S$

q 88s

8y

w x

 C

i pt

i rs

i rq

i p0

g h

f 

a e

E dc b

` $

a S

` @Y

E V XW

U T

D T

R S

G P

H ICF G E

D 

B C

9 9 A@

W T vA e T X B W T i W T A W W A W 8!UrYfQA!RYpXig`a9WC!RYSXmFVWyVUrvTs6g~W FFpX`iC8U `d`i!WVTHTE`DyVUETzsfVW89cGXEY)VUT R W W T X i B W D TX eX T Yg!U P!F$QIHRtFEiBd`iC`RgWVW8!UYff!W8tcQXEf`e8uf!UG8meW`FC`uyVUT HjCW d1jBtTB!Wi TU B R W i W T TX i B W D WU TI W X W d R I icAU We A T W e Rf W T R yeVRyGg$QI`Ryvtb`e`WW 9`TgWgYXtTiB$8VUev eX F i R R i W T YHeR pBTytcB!W5iB8U mdTrVWQAvgu$meW TgVU8Gn8VUbYg!UT `i8!UVT8c&W!FVTTHR3gmFCsXViVAQg&tTB!WibUQXGCEHDVRVUHTusBtWGsXVWigHemiC`RWsVWi X T WeA W T eX W i v F X W T T BXU WjW T R B R W feX R W W T W Rf W T { d X X Rf W D B We BAa W i X P gYw`i!WVTTb`Dx8!U`emWW 9`TgxWgepX9TSB$8VUvwC`Pu`rWgepX9TSB$EG9AEf8QA!RTtRg`iCmRWVWrEh ac W Ra W T R f X ic B X P R W R W X X WU B Wa XU XU W BeA 8sfCi8me8VUrSBgeW8G9Ahlf!WVTTb`D3iBdCslqme8ug`eg8agTgu`ihSftR)G&@ 9 2 5 8gpv5# ngvut(yn# 0 # ' 7 % ( # 7  dfec iI 6g8QVAGhpGX W X R R BA @ W T A W Rf W T f X Bc D v I R i X R FXI X T e C`uVAgiSiEtD&lyVUuvVP`iCA!SB$b8VUgegoGVAi8e$sfWVWVWirBWhYiXYCrTgVUGHAVRT u X i WB A W UT Wi X P W eG!`t)GE8!VY`8U C9p`CH88E8!x!G!tSyU )Y!8V)VV98!x8$)Yp9p`hg8c d W B i W R e c W U T v A P i A T BR f e X W i c T c i T B W U T v A I eR f e X T B i W f e icA Re T FA i X T Be X BA We W i T B Rf T i Ae W yGlsftWSByGA!R8cQC`VWrTgVUxgQAVRTQV`i9WgGd8QVA9TpB`i8!eGAqA 9xVBgc!SB$qVAf`WgWhVA8a Yyde d d F R X D D B iX F B Ra T W DA $GEHW8YX HefmW VRiE89cVWYusBWYmXVpF`XSy$9PxEQCs 9WpB`iCH81 HW8YQVmitWgn B`iVW9TgcF`ig8Cs B`iVW9Tgc&@ BHW$SXYV pBipXCs W Re FX B B Wac BF R FX T }yYmXS8pUpipX`iHW8rVAupBiXg8YtWpBmiC88r8!U&YVW8!cTgVc!itT8!U1TgVUT iB1heQ`PCr8U F R RU W T WaaX W Rec W T vA i B W T X R T RAa W W d D m 13a 8QgYuSBu}T&md$QIRwYf`Wgta8!UEgYr9WpB`iCH88r8!U&YGYVWTygx8VUEh a V TcAX R { TU F vA W B W T feX W Rec W T vA WIX Re W T P sfVWTbDR&SBxgWgYXtTSBhuSB8U CHW8aR)eVRyEe`eC`hCCV`i9WgGd!ArQ8&`iC`Ee`XrvuYg!U19WpB`iCH88c R F R e Rf R d F ia R W WjW BA T WaAU W W W TX T W Re 9 @ W T A R W T T BfeA i W Rec F X BA W @9U S 8!UxvHT88VU!A8)GgtaB!WViQAtWB`iCy8W8G!`itW)G8U y U E T $UP 7 ReUT d W BA TAe X R FXI v 6fC!`itWgQ1Q8rVWiuBWhYiXYCYA B`iVW9TgcgFp`ig89cdY)VU`iG!IYSXpB!W8VcT)VcVi9TTgVUvtWgmetWuyVUHeYVUGCbtDvEGgAg1!ApBiXg8YvtWB`iC B Wa B eX T W i F i B X T B B W T Rj TAA B W D W T WaaX W P 7 U 9 7 u 88dyV6h6wG`1Vg8`H1HY`!gYti$xmC1xy @ RT 5 p R e c W U T j a v A B B W W e R B W F X B W e X T B R f i W @ U p 4 $UD 4 0 da BX W F BX W f X X D Pe h6wG`f Qa QGVIiSXuGue`Xgeu`i!WVTTEhYX vA RA Wf W T WaaX B R B RA iX B Wa B W T W W { da YifGC`h!A3iXg8Y8SfQA dySfGCd!WYxB`iVW9TgcgFp`ig89ctWB8!U`e`WvtmT}edC6wG`SBR sBWhYSXFCwYv`iVW9TgcF`ig8tcd!UTuEfVWTSXRh9AVBQHWY`X!Y`Xi8$9Pr8U gdBWhYiXYCvA pB`i!WtTgHcFpmiytcB R XI vA B Wa B X R BX F BF Ra T W R FXI B Wa 9 P 9 U h BX e Ae X TXU T R ac iI X B P X @ Gu8hdVWirY)uEVAhe8QVAQl9ASBF1B`iVW9TgcF$SXFxV y T S p 7 @ RU 5@ $hD R3 4 da FUIc R P FXI X W GpHP8GyGVAixSBEhYiXYme`WW 9`Tg e T iX B F Ra T W a v X vA W D FA X Ra A B P XI X F Ra GHAVRYXYgmatWYmXS8h9P8U d k`WdvYxb8cQC1sBW88gc`hu`iVW9TgcgFhYSXFCbPHFY`Xi8hP dygY!XgG8!UxhYifG8x`PpB`i8!UGQXVWmi8uGjsBWhYSXFCq`W5HP8GdHeYpXhGgAB`iVW9TgcFu$SXFCI B f e B cA T P eX D FA U XFD W TA B W U R X I v X F eA R T e B P X WEGCdChYiXYV 8GoGVAi`Pu`E$ EG9AC$SXFCd8fEQVA$gns 8VUxSB8QVAGnSB8!UeR DAs dP FX icA D v X X a W D B jP XI X W D ife W T R ac iI R T P FXI W F W T ac i V A W T F R TXU R R X e P R ic B T $SXYtTsBGVIiSXu8!Uc 8QVAn6F`Xhg 8VUrfWHFY`XwSB&YgudHeiB`P3hHF&8ndB`iVW9TgcFVAheR
7 8

 ! %  6 '   ' ! # ' $(4 5& E$# 4T$(

3  22

) 1 !   '  # '  ) '  ! 2) ((1!  " 0(&$!


 

 # ! %$" 

      

a ` E` CA 9 ` B 9WpB`iCH81 W8QV`i9Wgn W Re F X B aGmf m BR 8ifGA a ` CA ` B pB`i!WtTgHcFp`ig8s B Wac a p CeAF ` B BHW$SXYV YA B`iVW9Tgc&@ R FX v B F a p BHW$SXFxV yeVRyGg$QI`Rn me`WW 9`TgrWgepXtTiBR R X I icAU W W a m CA 9 ` B P FX V F Ra hYiXY"YXi8s `W Cs R VBQ BX TVWn d


' 2

) # '  % % ) $($$i('

' ) # '  v !  ' ' % ) ) '  %  ! # '  u    # % 1   ! ! #  s r p 2$(ew $# 4q 4$ 4$! ' ("$2 61$((D3E$6) E4( 5# & 5ItUq'    !  %   #   1 q$ "er2) ) (P0 g $3(8 EqW! "( 5") 1 ePigf2) e'  @i$%   e   i !  # '  # ! !  ' &  )  i ! % ! h % )  ' #  & ! 

D v X X I R A D R XI W FX R Wa XU Fc XU e Wa T icA P GVAi`Pu`8ehEE!W`iW BHW$SXFCE8!UT HFYvq`eg8agtSf8QA dTgfdBgGgAVBHW`FVWd8Qh VU!TY&dGVWmi8fCmRWVWr`i!WYiXgY9TGg$epX9TSB$b8VUeheQgdEG9AdYBWhYiXYE8VUh iX c eA WU W i T F feX BXa T Rf W T R T RAa W D B TX R FXI W T P f!WVTTb`DE8He`Rg1G$QIHRF v8e8!UsPqx`d`i8!UGUQXW QVAil`PsyehYbdVWYG!AT!W`T$f R W I W BX TU A R T X D W e W TA D v X X I RA D iX i W feX R W W T R B R FX TI W X R Wa ia W W X BXU TU F R gY`iVW!TTEmDu8VUvBtWQXVWi)ertAiBYd!UG8meW`FC`upBTQjBHWVRVTmiQVA8&CHR`FC`uQghGHIRuW)eCs 9 d CQV a b 2 f P40 B dV HGF X I`30 YV gygVUQ8`eHW`FC`u B TI W X fC!`itW)GtgYf!WVTTb`D8!UxvHAVRTpX8VUYxVDmiVWqeqf8ghme8VUiB8W`jTv8tU8sfVW8U W BA feX R W W T A i W T vA B T R We Wf W T R jV R B i W 9 QV d Q H PG4 2 F 0 B Uk I0 jW }dhgjTSRP437IHG30 PFFgVcgTGuSBkE$EfC!`itWgQ`e8uxC`ur8!U&YbVUGy`eW`FC`3yVUT d R 6B Q 20 F X X R ( P W BA WU W X W T vA TI W X W jCHPVFh`e8CwtW)GAy6gYw"DiB1C`18!U1yeVR!TTEmD`eyuSB`FC`XVi&TnWgepXtTiB$8VUEme8U gCsf`WgtaB T Wc Be jfeX 6B R W X W T I R W WU W T R Rf W T W dB W X R ( X W BA Xe W T D v X X I R A D R ic B W T TX T BAaac !UTu ATxmiCV`i9WgGugVPigGHAVRTpXtTB8VUQVAiE`Pu`8ehEuSBdW8G9Ad8!UxYg!UdtWy8Cs dP)`e8CwVWipBTv19WpB`iChe8VUpCW}dR@95437 1iBfVW!TTE`Dd!A1C`SByVUT QA`eCpXuEHDVRT Wc v R A W R W Td 8 20 6 R R W W T W X R i v W T W W d TI W X R T R TU FvA TI W X FI B X R ic B W T X T f X 20 8U p!UG8meW`FC`u6iB8VUVUHTup$QIR)YrVUQ8`eWmFCs&WGyetRBTEmDW W8G9Au8!UTgVUge5431SBR A T W T W e Rf W T F R R TX T BAaac d ( TX F W i X f X d v9u8VUd`emWW 9`Tg1gWgYXtTSBhn8VUrPHFYiXVRTye&Yg!UxtWg88Cs )YfVWT`XhApmiC`RWsVW3geCQV d8HIqeR 'Ytf!WY`XhHAEW8G9AdhGIHR8HeVR`ihSftR)GAhfgVRhYgCgqY`XTs6g~SB8U R & TX T F ic B TU F X I W Be P W TeXcw W e W W R d R R W R hC`evTf!W`iCAViB$f AU BPUa e Bc W T X 8urtTiBRS9R8h8qYiXVR!itTg1s 8!U`i!WTsvn!% $# "! 8!UQu8h3iBtVUQ8`eHW`FC`u8VUeR  W T BX e Ae R TI W X W T Tv8tUriB8U CC`u8VUYVUQ8`eHW`FC`ufC!`itWgQyVUtWGsXVWigHeVAxSBn`iCmRWVWgex`i!WVTHTE`DW R B R dW X W T vA TI W X W BA W T B R T R W i f X R
d f 1% 2i f e f k 

vt A A Lem O O

Lobs

 

 r t 

 ' & ) !   # ) ' ) # ($% i$3E$1 q2$i)

   #

)# 3 &
)

   % ' !   #   $! 1$' 4T$E'  6

 r

 %  $!
) 6 " x 

(4(($3 # %  6  '  %  )    3 6(i i$" R

) % 1

a
9 9

k e

f Fmg d

h m

h k

i g k e k AFmh m$ k e

i d f e x 1m

h @

g Ag 8g i n

d i f Sk (5

k h m (h f 1e d f

7 "

d Q QV a D R B $ S G 2 vA W FX T W X Rf R Wa Yr8HcYQ1)Gc9TBgvBVWT`XShgergGA!BWmFW WQgCdW8y818VUT GVAipXT8uh`eWsVWi Xas Fc W D v Xf T jCW8bYy`Q8q$a $o3QPhdB8HcYQxvQ8YXh!WY`Xi$gHegQA!RYQV`i9WgGdh`e!WVi8&@ Fa DX W iA d I C I W FX A WIe i X T Rf R Be TX BA T ic d CQV i G hP HCmh1tWB C F `H$ G 2 BEQAg SB8!U$gjpBYsXC1Q58)GA9W&v!D`iVW}e{ W D W R T i WP iA Bfe B A B T d CaQV a B D C 6 huEGm G 2 TX T B We WfjC W D iXa W T A B T R W FX Yg!UlpUg9clsf8g$gpD`j`i!W`TEYXYgr8!Uv!D`iVWHe3ycYQ BTR tWSB!RVi`TbYpXigE!AFgGHAVRh`eC$QAxiB1}Tn6f8HeEVDmiVW`T$HPVFQCFHFVR9TxSBR G BYg!U1h`e!W$`eU)tcB W D Xa T Xe T We R { d W R Wf iAAa B 2 TX T T T W X !Ar$epXtT)GAHW8881yVUuv5sBVWYqDVR9TBVemi$hE8GISX8uBW!R$HeYXVT`iW)8U)tcp6sf`W$g}edpmeVWT T T Be Fc W T A TX W WfA D Wc Fa T R ec Bj Wf { d vA i v X BX c D BX P U RU A T BX 2 vA W X Ra W RU feX R X D F W YvG!ATGXxQU)GhEQI8CVAQu G AYn8cFGCF`XS!Ri8b`DSB8)YeQVIi1HW8YX`i$iftRB u e A W D A B P I eR i W B A B X W U B WR XF X I W U T A T B W e X T BR f W U T f W T X DR T B W i W f e c WF c RGEQth8H$!`t)G1Quy5H$SCr8VbVugpti$dyV!YHV9V`hg8r8y81 PmFVWY)8Vc!TGA$1 dxGVv8HIEHeEu8tU&iBR `igY)GGm BW88y1 G!AipXT8YgHeGHIVRGn8U TXe i ve d d R R e A B WaXa Fc D v XfFX R iA W G 2 d h QV V !9 $ myTv89U8f!W3yVUT RB iW !AFgGHAVR!TGgG!A8a SBxgWgYXtTSBhr8VU8Q @gjpBTv8tU8sfVWgFFtDHPVFh`eWFGH8CwuGCpjg$QIHRvqsf`WgtaB T Xe iAa i R e Rf W Tj 9 V R B i X B T X Rc W iA TU F A W W T TW B W 8!U!AuCVRTSX`F!Win8f`WgtaB AF TCCHPVFh`eWFGH8Cc d 87bDR 6vgQAtR)`eEDhf G)U hYpX9TgGgA SByVUT Xj T X Rcw W 5 ABe B W R BX Te Be R TgVUr!WG1 `dhYXtTgQA BCW8y81uGu8h SB8j G 4C9PHTRY)GA!RVTQQVA8wYnhYpX9TgGgAr8VUr!W`i8u X T TA Te Be Fc BX e Ae R 2j FXe iAa ia vA Te Be W T WU d CQV $ G 3dB 2 gy 1) '&%# % " $% % 0 ( $  % I ! U! !   %      B $% % gVT `SXSB8&dC!VYnHW8 TX U F R U TX fW RiiX F u c j B WR XF X I P i X W e W U T v A W e X T BR f I eR f e A a B W i i A f e X TvR U B f W i W U T I eR i X a D A R81QH$SCxhV8&8V)Y&gpti$r8H$gQ9V!GgY8tyV&8!u8!YgEQrP gdgG!Ai1WgepXtTiB$nimR8VUn8ebVD`i!W`T$Y`X8Q8j!BB8VehGHIVR8EfC!`itW)GA Bc D v Rf W T W R Wf e WeA W TU i W B i`RyVUgeB`iVWmTEYXYgtWByVUt8HeVR89cGXbh5Wg`e1 pGHAVRYiXFHFRVdYhAVRmibi`R8!UT )YX W T f X W D iXa W T I i B W D P j W de T BA vA f Wa W fe pVBByVehGI!R89PHTtRCyeE8Hcui`RyVU`e`WvtmTGHAVRYiX`FVW!iGAq8G!AVitTnSBrVW`iyVUgeE8HeVRTVXSBy8!WYX W TU i BA R D F W T W W e T i Ie B X R W T f X I Fca i pBipX9TU)Cs CWyYSX!RYQif`R88`a&uQuYy$uipXtTW8SXVRiQvxg$9P1RgtadwvA VBByVehGI!R8 B c d F iX WU W @ X BX e Ae B F X A Wa T W B X W TU i W T I i B W D P R T W R X W Bc D v e Rf W T F W T F X X BX 8!U8HeVR89cGXblh SByVUfCmW8pUG1ugdgQVAi3gWgYXtTSBhni`R8!UtUSBHR8YXtTBVAW8E9ASBF1Qu W88y1C`jTv8tUyfVWrfCV`i9WgGwi`R8!UkGVAipBWhYiXYCw$epXtTiB$vf`WgtauGHAtRVBsBWVWuyVUn8e!R8tcQXED Fc R B i W BA W T D v R FXI T Rf A W B e i W T I i B W BX W B W T R Fc R f c P W i v W T BX i R WU Fs P GF`Fv5s dB$QG`b8VUerWy881Heu$&t$n`i8!UVT8c`eCYX5QuVQA 1iB8U `d`i8yaRhh $mHed$Gq3GfVWTv8tUyfVWrSBxBWhYiXY39TCEQVAixhGIHRyVUTgVU!P`iCAViB$8U R WfX D BX R B i R R FXI BA D D v TU F W T X T W Rf W `d8Q$gY)3yVU&vd8IHeu89UuSBnYVXQgCxhYXtTSBhdvYyVcVigTgta8U TcAfeXU W T A d R R e A B R i BXcw Te Rf X vA D W B W d``THWGHA$8cpX!iT8wYXv 8!UxVA8e$)GgtaB!WViQAC8Gh` iB!UG8`eHW`FC`u9TBVWppB}TwC8eHRp dg8HaYX F R Fc i W T T I RfeA i j De R TI W X i { dW F XU F c e X D P W UT B X e A e BR BR Yhg 8!xGu8h1S1i8U GV`GQV$yhd8VvYQ!t)Yp! tV yVT d D A T X e W I A i f P U W U T v A e AR TRB e X i T A T W U !A8e$)GgtaB!WViQA!UG8`eHW`FC`ud8!U5iB1hYXVTQbDx9TCE8VUvYdy1d$XViTs9ad8!UeuB8HeRF T I RfeA i TI W X W T R Te iAa R BA D W T vA We d W B W T R W e T i BX feX e R W GHAVR8!aGtA)Y)YQAtR!BSBEmD1S!RtTSB!R`iVWgTGpXigpUvY&gVUQ8`eWmFCsr8VUd8HeVRigEGgA$fVW89cGXbD SBR X vA B TI W X W T I Xa D P i B W Tv89U8f!W8U dBHW$SXFCrvtPHTVRQVAedtTGQ8VUqetfC!`itW)GfmW$gedSBY)uSBdSB8U R B i W R XI A i X D BX W T R W BA Wf R R TXU R R `dT~umiW88QA W W Faa W T T Wcf B R W T TU F R W W T vA TI W X W T Wa W Fc W e B 8!U!Ar8$ftWQXVWgiged!Au$QIHRf!WVTHTE`Dr8VUYE!UG8`eHW`FC`u8VUvTg$mlSfyGA rprgc


i @&
# ) '  % '   e'  4(' 4I!$( "  ! P!  % )
  (8 

 ' )

' %

! # '  % # ' (( 6 I2)

#B

#  #' 2 # ((

3  22

)   ' #  % )  31$(( #

)  h'  S2 

A@

k e 2 m( n d g

f  & k S g e d

d 5(@ h k d

n Am m$ g

P W R Wf Wc Re R Wa W T vA e T F W B TI W X WU RU TX F T W hf8HeEVD`i!W`T$bP`Fyxiw88c SBXg8!U&YGA!RY`XhHAr8U gdgVUQ8`eHW`FC`uu`i8QI8nYbPHFYiXVRh`e8e u h`YiYdgYCYsi}wd Qp8g`GbGH8!`C3uVd$hghQS8rwY&Yg!8ppD A a W ~ A BFF Xv f e X f W X W a BR T{ P X i c X U IR U P i W X A T P f A XF X v A T X U T B W U T X D W B R T A i v W TcAf XU i F W A d R R e A B R TI W X 8Vc!iTgtaxiB8VUvvVDGAyU gdpB8Q$geg!W8VcTsWd8!UT vEyIHeu89UxSBv6VUQ8`eHW`FC`u eA B T R A Wf W Wf W e Rf @ W T v D W B W BA W QdtPHTtRgmeVWheR pBHTvxWgme$g`eg`a$8!UTGHAVRTSX$QpXi vd8VUwYA 8Vc!iTgtaEsfCV`i9WgGr8U d W BA TA R T TcjI R BA RU 6sfCV`i9WgGnG8e iBR SB8!Uu888y8ehV`i9WgGr!W`iW rW bUi8ueR e Rf W T T W B B W T B T R R Wa W FcA j W Rec W T vA e R GA!RT!Wi$8!UEVArCHVRT9Rg`e9WbVAE9PT9Rg`e!W$He1pBHT1Tsh`if8GvW 8tWpBmiC88dyVUvYQAGmIVWi W B X R I i A ia D v B X R { W W F F W D B T Wcf eX Rs9ae8HeVRViyc`h3!BBWh!A8lX QVAi9WCVAiTvvE`dgT~f`W RYmXhAdEQtA!Ay$qY)VUT mi8VUTpX`iGiEtDAiBdeQIVRQBTTgVUpB!WY`Xi$geSB8!UgYvtWB`iCy8c 8!Ude6gQA!RTVWHi$gHFYX G!Aigc W j R B R R iA R X T T Rf R R T feX W Re W T RBe Rf F D v B B8pUGX!WGA!RYiX$GXi vyU `dVTQ8tUnQAv vxG8G ) 98 7 ) ! " H( 8!UT GX W i e T Rf @ W iA B i @ iAj 0 6 ( W B e Ae R feX a R W Rf BX e Rf i R d D W B W T A f X W X R u8hSBdgYGmef!W`iCAViB$&GQAVRTSX$QpXSByU 8Vc!iTgtan8!Upvgeg&C`uVAiiED W T R W W B TI W X R e Rf i WeIX D W R W TX R W Rec W 8!UHelfCXga gVUQ8`eWmFCs!UTuGHAVRTSX$QpX1iVR`T8QYQVA!iTWmFef8!UYg1iBrtWpBmiC888U # 7% 7 0 4 0 # 2 ('2 04 ( (' & 7 $( 59(y x& 5n5g&31& )vp g6947 '94%vt #"  d Q  I# iBxtWB`iC8y3yVUuY)VUr$gHcFgGgAVAugc 8GsXWuTgYGHAVRYQ!`itWgQ6F`XSQGAQEtDA R W Rec W T TX T Wf e T B Bf F R feX e TX BA RI FA B FYX$`ebY8gyc5iBSByU dpByGQVAi) ! BHW$SXFCYGA!RGEuyVUY6!D`iVWerf8eRSX8h`ug T W DXfe v X R R icA D v R XIvA e TA D W TvAB T R W Fa W W e`XuBWhYiXYvdtPHTVRQVAedntTGQr8!UvuTv89U8fVWfCV`i9WgGr8!UT SBGHAtRgHcFgQAEmPC3yU  R FXI A i X D BX W T A R B i W BA W R e B e W W
g & t g

 6 ) 6 ' ) i42S4 !(('  ! E)  $# ) $#  f$($(E3 0$E21( qe$# "$# 2) $2 1 C# i)   e #  2$% i 2)  ' #    # !  %  ) ' &   ! &  '     ) ) '  1 % ) # '  &  ! !    ' ) # % ) i ) 1 # ' # ' )' # % e( ! 2q $3i) 1 e g# e !   ' i h 1 ) &  6   ' 20 (20d) (E& )  t5T # 1 ! ) $0( g# 1(e   )     &   % %  #  !    x2  ' 2q #(e) 6 2)$(((3 3 4'$%  i !(T(IA 4'$i!  5T % 1  2A)  (i $  % 1) '  ' !!'% #  )' % i i  % )    &  ) #   

     

Velocity [km/sec]

1000

500

Distance [Mpc] 1

!  #  # ' ($! ' $e4 %  1 )  #    )  '  % ' ' ) )  E' (Du E) 2R! $i '  6 r1 i (h 4"2$#  (h%  ) S2   R! 2$ 52(( $E' e 1 $2h! (( 22i)  )  h '  ! #   ' ) # ) ' ) '  !  # ! #  # ' 3  ) #  &   & 1    %  g@% 4 4 eD 5( $# '  X( ' t) " $# 46g( @"21  4ig@S  $# 3) x! (842 `$%  %  ) ' '  ) & ) ) ' i & #  )  & )  ) )    % )   '   )# % # ) q$(6q' ) 2  %  (r1 3R) $#  &$% fxe'  e! ! C! qq22 (h3 $624(m322 (h3! P$E( '  )  #  2   # & 1   &   # &  ' ) # )  % !  # 1 )   ' ) # )  %  % ) !   & 1  %  #   )  ! &'  !  1      % 1 #! % 1 !'  # ! @&$% 44 eD(8P( # 4'!T2A$# @S) s 1 0$E21(rI)42) 6! 6i I Ti) %  0 ) 3213E$T! 2 @&$E 4 e  5( $#  % 1 ' 2T2h$"4'qe'  @2% S' 6$# $% 0) $# l $!qf 46((D ! 2  TE$#  % & 1  %   1) ##!  ) ' #  ' ) 6  !  ) 1  )  #' u % )# ) %    we26  $32&! 2$ 52(' @S ' l5m($2 Eq0$E$2h(i # ' 4iq #  (( 2 ) (8 ) $#   # '    %  %  ' ) # ) ' )  ) ) h    ' # ' % i ')  % & #  %     6 #' 3 '   #   '  1' #  $# !$(E'    %  &  # ' # )% )  h' '  % # )#   % !  ) ' @0 e   E$3! 2)2 (hg ) S2  (e' ' (' & (h$Y$#Y( '  $#  5( 
'

h A 1f k

2f  $ n k k

g d m8

k e

k h

k (

f h 25 F e f

h uA(d h f i g

f n e i oPmg x 2PSd i f

k m%

f i

d e SF2t A(m(k A 5k i g d n i k h

8 m$ e g

mk

d mg e

d d g (mmg

k h

e mk

$o

e f "

k $

jCHPVFh`e8CwtW)GAh6geu9WpB`iCH88u8!UdeQA!RTVWHi$sfVWVimiWvVW8r8SBuVWmi8VUTgVU6sBWRyED$QVAViQtA9B{ T Wc Be jf X W Rec W T R e Rf ia Ae R W T X T Fa R Pa T gd ) ) D ! % % 6 0 (  0 % ! $H gV!YtB % #0 TX UT BWTXT feX gY " ( W UT BX e A e R R d fW f e c v R P I F A DB A eiW f A D U R U H !8VQu8$pSBpSByU 6$gyGA6SBrGQAGbtCg!`$hEi8u eA ac F ia T W DXfe v X T W D Ae Be X BA W AX W T P TX TA QlyuW8HaRge!R88FpXh`eEYyg8c!AuEGgAYyxW hjgQAVRTQV`i9WgGxCgY8VUdhf!WYQ!RG  %7 # n 2 ( ( $ n#  gh8C9 pnV#g 947 9( %vt   0  ('% ("  74 7'  2 ( $ ( `dQ` HeVTigq!AVDQAv88pCHP`FtWiBR!W8Q88yCHPVFYsX8VP`iCrSBR v8VUgC`W VRiE89cA R Xa T i Recj ia TAe Tc j i We W @ W Tj X D D B df!WG8QIrglSfyG89UgeyYSXyiVRTQSXFCr8VUT GVAidGHAtR!BSBE`DVAr8huSBuGHA8r8VUYx!WVih`eW iAe R W FcA B f X We Fa XI W D v e R W T Wcf R T Fa W T vA T W T Ie FX f X fX i W   8!U8GHAYqgegf!Wi QC!A8E8U td I%   0 % (  SBR 0 e Rf i W T aX D R T W T R F i W W R TcA I Tc B D TcA QAVRTSX$QpXxyVUdc YqpfHi8VUxyVUeBT89cBVW&Ts6g~SByVUT yGyeVRgTGpX!i88Cs d $QGn8QgYX iBhYiXYV 8QuYsf`WgtasfVWVimiW$ed8U CtWB`iCy8d8VUvvxtTB!Wd8VU!A3CHVRTSX`F!W`Ptb$HF R P FX icA vA W B v R W d W Rec W T A i W T T W i X e P R icA vA e TA D W D v I iX W W Faa X T Wcf R R de Rf BAaa yGYtQAVRQEE8!UT QVAi8HetRiBVRYuT~d`iHW88QA !Aly$iBSB8U GA!RT!Wi$VWHTtRyGA W T R eX T e Rf WeA R d P W iX e T Rf i W T TX T TcA B i T 8!UHeY)VUQA!RTVWHi$yGHe Q$ hd`iE!DYudSBR GHAVRYiX$GX8!UEY)VUE8Q)Ve8!c}T{ dCPQpX8cmGnvp`FC`HWiB8VUrTVDQAv8y1SBVW8!cYpXmib`DVWd8!Uc fVWTsVW`T$gSf8QAk`WX i X A W F R T X i Rec R i T Wa T W T Wf W Fc D v W AX W R i Wa T FeA R W BA W FcA TXU B A B X D i W CgYBWgmeVW`i~hf !W8VcTpX`igEmDVWrP8Qv3sfCV`i9WgGug3if8Gv&Ygun89UdatTBg 8U dB!W8VcTpX`igE`D!W&`iyGIyU i Wa T WU R `iW HAuVWGy`e$&gGHAG`I!W6g`iVWhGHIRFu`iCVi8hjBGAyutWB8!U}e`dmiVWh`eWn8!UdeiB)cVRipX!TTGIh8jghU F TA Wf Be R i TU W Xf T Fa W T { T W T R R B R Xs Bc dpYqd8VUY!WVih`eW8!U8GHAYHPFFpXhG`A VRGyE8ey88Vc`PEhFb8!UT vyYSXyd8VU!UTu aX D W T vA T W T Ie FX Te iAU I Ree i X e P R W A We Fa W T R gjBVWTgehpfGCgAS!RTGiXYeqfVW!TGHA8!WYgY8U gdmyGgYX hfVWTpXY)`atWdgQA!RTVWHi$f X R iA FXI R T Fa iX BaX D W TcA P iX B Be R `eCQA 9`e`WvtmTxBgWg`eVWmi6~$VWyVcYX`igE`D!WE8VUsfVW89cGXEc ulVWTHRF`F!WY!Xr c ut@ W RI T W W W Rf i T Wa T W T i B W D @ d T B miVWGHA8hc g8G!AGhQX SE9DC&yVU$$GqD v8!UnYrgYd!W8VcTpX`igEmDVW$9B HF8cv i Fa fec iI R BA @ W T P WfX @ W T vA BaX D i Wa T P F `WVW8!UxnYytU8GhgYg8VUoG!AixyIrgdg5sB8UQXVWnTUi8u QVAiEGHAVRTsVWih8VUvYuVBsBWF i T B A B TcAfeXU W T D v d R Bc W i R RU D v e Rf W T vA u Y`Vi VG88iR !8Vp`gE`!pH&Yg!iR f i X I W D i A v R e c B W i c T X i W a D W T B T R T X U T B vx8VUYuVWyVcYsXWWyYQVi`DVWw`i8VUQ81s @ W TvA i T v FX X i W TAe d D i Rc W X W ycVRyRHF8Cw6FVD`iyVUT gYXyeYrVWTpXtTdHePmFCVRgT~EgYX P%% G T8mj`iGy8GCP Qux9WpB`iCH88x8!U`e8uuY)VUT i W vA B X R W W W fe BX R WIecA BX W Rec W T WU TX BWHR8EDv}T}dmF$hEd8egdI8uQ8x8!UvgQA!RTS$sfVW8r8QVAtT`i8!eGAryVUwYr8G&SBR vyVUT Fa R { WfA D I X R TAU W T A Be R ia We B W i W T vA WeA @ W jC`W9WpFFgtUW xs 6fCVmitWgQlme`WgmiC`1C`gd!AE$hghQSX8x!WYX8c`QutTEx8!UiBR SB8U B X B B d W BA W W W W XU T PfA F T i X BA D W T R d6`e`W9WEif8GAq`P8VUr!WGAvgsBED!RQGumiCYEf)8QYrg!AxC`gU B W Fc W T i W W T WA W ReIX D W T W X if8GvBYgrQVAVimid8VU6f`W$g}e{E8HeRd8!UuYnVBB8hpS8!Ud8VUYg!Ux`i8ye8!U!WYrpBigrGVA!i`iW FcA iX i W W Tj Wf W F W T vA We R T W T eX T We R T iX X i W T TX T i B W D i X B W BXU f X B W i T W W T T R B W 8!U&Yg!U3f!W8tcQXEHP`FVWTpX8gc`GtAme`WgG)ge8HF`FW r9AnCV8cvgQc9TBgu8VUpB)TntWgc`Xg TH1mWtWdHPFFgVcTQuQ8EYmXGCC$&yIbe&h`etWsBVW8SBrpXT8r8!UQ8G8!UT1s dYQhR Gs hwYA R B X X TAe e cAPj d R R T ia R Xf W T UIcA F d v VWyVcYX`igE`D!W3bVUTuGHAVRTSX$QpXd$hghQSX8VAygGgtasBVWViQAXY8nyVU!AT C!8cu)Gc9TBg1yVUT i T Wa T X R e Rf i PfA F T BfeA i TXf W T W i T W W feX i T Wa T gYVW8!cYpXmib`DVWS!RtTiBVR`i!WTGXYgpUxQgdGHAVRYiX$GXi 8!UY)VUsBWRyEDpSB8U C!W8VcTpX`igEmDVWT yVUT iX X BXU e T Rf W T TX T Fa R R d i Wa W
9


' 4

f

  

 ( "  % '   )  ! ) & )    qi2) 5(' # (' '   (t$(4 5q $1 T! ' (%  $i) E(t 4& 2 4 1 gf(h# i) %4i(' 6 ) '   ! %  6 ' &  # ) )  %  # # & )    1 ' '   h  # ' ) & )   &!% i # ' '  & ) & )   ' i #  )! ! % # '   ' )!%  @($E''  2)$# 1e) q% i3# (C ((P! 4' $ 32rg$(E$T1 (E' !  2213!3! 

W T TX T Fa R W Rec W T A Pa T R W d X Bc fec X T iX TX T X 8!U&Yg!U6BWHR8EDvtWB`iC8y18!Upvd$QVAViQtAiBu8U ( T&gg8QVAidfVW!i$`egWx!WYvYg!UmiVWVTTD F`XS!R`T8VUQg$hUnvA SBHF`F8tUbA 9n`i$iftRgQ&1hYiXY1Tf!WY`XhHAF SBu`iC!`itWgQ1hYXtTiB$Y)VUT W TAaP W B T W BeA @ d P FXI X T R W BA Te Rf X TX feX d d R R ( P FXI TX F iX W TX T BAaa B Bc W WIA DA R W Re gY$G!x8HIHekRhYiXYxYfVWT`XhAVWYvxYg!UdtWy8tcjgQ`A8`eQGEQ8U SBr9WpB`iCH88c W T X T Fa R R T PU B W BA Te Rf X T Ra T R i Wa X FcA B R Bc 8!UTgVUgBWHR8EHDiB8VUrhumWtWrA `d`iC!`itWgQhYXtTiB$xVAi8G!AViQtASBwYXg8adSf8Q8tUwTGgjgnVAT i8G!AViG9ASB&pBYsXyYntWB`iCy81yVUvCj)$U gdeF9WpB`iCH88n8VUeGHAVRT9RCg&YiX8cS!RVTiga 8QA 8QgYX Ra T R i WaaX W Rec W T R Bc W Rec W T R e BAa i F X ic TcA FSXRs9axye8!UG86iB!W`i8!UpYg!Ub8tc!BGvW yvxhG!AViQtASB6BTkG!Aiv P!FTVWHi$nYHAFQAtWB`iC8yyVUT W B I R TAe R W TTX T W D BX R Pa T R R D RfB F v W RecW vA W WIA DAU W W W A P FX V ic Fa WeA D v W Re W T R FeA YtPHT`R8`eQGEQ8u8!U`T`j`iC`v1dhYiXY08QArWQSX8u8QkGVAi&tWB`iC8yc 8!Ut`WhHP8Gde`X W B Bc W WIA DAU R W Rec W T TX T FXe TX BA F W TAe e W v3gWge9RpjgQ`A8`eQGEQ8uSBrtWB`iC8y8!UxYg!UHPFY)GA!RYQVmitWgQtUiBR8pX9TBxGyY`Xue pdC&8I} d R fec iI X W X R D R B W T A i Wa T i Rec W T D v X W R g8QVAGhpGgrC`uVAgiSErSE9DCAb8VUnv!W8VcTpX`igE`D!WVDQAv888!UGVAixBtWiBVRidWgme$Sfh`W mi8VU!T88d6QCAdvGHAVRTsVWih8VUYxh`e$gmema$genSBxgc QVAisP`xBWhYiXYuYQA9RVBBWsVWi W ic dA F W e Rf W T vA T Wf W Wf R R B D v X X R FXI vA e W T f X e B Xa W R B W T F Fc D v B F v W Rec W T vA Pa T 8!UgeqGHAtRgeg$mSE9DCAyVUc `iX1BCHW888nQVAinHAFGA9WpB`iCH88EyVUnYhGVA!iG9ASBR W T i v W R c da a W AX F B eA i Rec W D W T WaaX WAf W Re 8!UrGAWgme$SfhtGGICgYrBHWY`X!tQVDQAv88dbGAgVAiXg8YBC$9WpB`iCH88c W T f X W Rec W T TcAUIc i T Tc Rf F W W iX R XI B W A 8!UlgertWB`iCy8r8VUxyG8Q8G!A8VUEf!W88!RVi9TSB$HP8`eC`VWYusBWhYSXFC&vA pB`i!WtTgHcFh`j`iCmW 1 dQ6g` `kA`FgBHWY`X!EQ)G`A8meGGbG8vG8uS8QVA!iGtAiB`i8!UT`RyiButWB`iC8y18!UT TgVU6BHWR8bDR a W F B eA Bc W WIA DAU iAe Ra T R W We R W Rec W X T Fa P FX W T A i B FX T R W Tj R W R Bc W WIA DAU iAe Ra T R W We $SXYV 8VU&v!W8VcT)VcVi9TYg!e`iVWher8!U8CtWiBu`Cg gQ`A8`eQGEQ81Q83i8G!AViQtASBumi8VUHT`R8uSBR !WViYsX8VUrVWyVcTHWF`XSy$9PqBWF`XVHFY9D!P`iCGifG8rQ81BC$HW8aR)eVRyF`XSQGAQEtDA T W T i F Ra T X c B FX B W eA FAU TAe WAf F ia RI FA B W T j i F @ F B W F T P e W D W TXU P FXcw Bc D W 8!UuCP!FYXHW&HdBHWY`X!tQVIiSXtHPVFh`eWRq9cBX hfYsXEvYgufhPvRY)xbtTge d WU W CVW`iyu$!P`iC`W W D B W T WaaX W Rec W T T B R W RI X X TX T B W D W WIA DA de R EY!Xr8VUupBiXg8YtWB`iCy8r8VUv$epXtT)eE`eCHGnTnYg!UgeXE9PHT`R8`eQGEQ1pQA!RTVWHi$f vA F X i W B W T BA F R T RAa F iXa X D v W R R W Rec W T WU YnVBBHW$pfiC`I!WEDVX8!U18QCAxHT6`jheQg1iSX8ciVR!TYgEQVAifv`Wh1SBr9WpB`iCH88d8!U`e8u
7

!  ' i) & ) 

 !) 
d3

) !  ! #  (C('


i P!

' 4

! # ' ) i ) # & )  ' i ) % # ) ! !  ! %  6 ' &   $e4) 6# ( !$$i$"$$4 3E$# 1 )  

d1

O
d2

m2e e k

g @

sB8tUg!c5iBVR8m$rY)VU`PurEY!Xd8!UUgHegjgG!Aiq`PsyehYb39WpB`iCH888VUvYntTsBVWi W B i i Wf TX T X W D B W T c D R Bc D v X X I RA D W Rec W T vA W T R X B R T RAa W W D B TX We BAa BX P X icA vA R T T I Ta 8!UVUTuWG)taen$HeGgEfhg1EQtAYsf8GHAVRT9RCg1Q$SXFxV 8Q&YEye8!U!A8HeVR8EmDVWT iB}TpdCQV`SXBCWy881qhmeCGdgc G!AilW)YpX9TSB$Hi`R8!UtVAxFgGHAVR!TGgG!A8zfmW9atX R { d F Fc P W RI B D v e Rf W T T Xe iAa ia W B !UTu6gjpB8QA QVAiE`Pu`dyehYbdVWY9WpB`iCH88yVUHe5sBWhYSXFCn`i8!UGvY9PTVRQVAedx9TGQyVUT R ic D v X X I RA D iX W Rec W T R R XI W TA vA i X D BX W TgVUEBYXg8aEHTR C`Pt$HFyVUfeheGgQYpXhYQEyGA QVAiftW!BgcViB$C`gW dxs X T i Wa X j X e P R W T R T RAa WI TeX ic D v j B Rf W XU B t n# 9 pnV#g 947 9( %vt   2 0 74 7'  2 ( $( dW F RU R W Re CCHRrW bUi8uex9WpB`iCH88c W T vA i T v F B W F W T W Wf T B fe Be T F B W T j FI i i 8!UrYsBVW8!cYXWWYmXVhcGVIiSX8!UlgHVRi!B$VA`DmWtW)gEW gQA!R8cQtA8VU&CHPG8HetRSB!R8VaytcB TXU W DAs W TX Wf F X B F We e B je BAa X B vA T Wf W Wf YgumEGCgdBC!RYQ!R`i$YiXVRTgtabTHWG`I8YmXW q9ArpGHAVRT9RCgxFSXVRTgtaY$me$g`eg`a$)eR !WYnBW!RTVRhY)x&F`XS9R8h86mjYiX8cS!RVTig}edx`i!W8Yg&EmWtW}BbtWB`iC8yd8VUYGHAVR8HcGC`dyVUT iX TeXcw BPUa i F Xa { TaXU @ W Rec W T vA e T FA W W W R Wf X T Be Xc F RI FA B W T I R F feX I R Wf WU Be Ta D B yeE!D`iVW`ThETgVUdgGHAVRTgxswW YmXSGQAQEtDA8VU8ehQtAB gY8eh!R`i$fme8ugGHAVR8b8tc!BGX I R Fa B A W Dce X W X D T F X X j F i F RI FA BA @ W T I RA R P 8ehPvHR8ED9R&v`ig8$nCdVAW8rVWirW GW8HaRge!RYmXSGQAQEtD&8VUr8He$QC$Heh jVBsBW`F8!UVT`iCm1 CtWB`iC8y8Gr!APy8Ydif8G89UHThuQtAQXVW`i W W W d W Rec icA T FaaX FcA B R PU e B Ae W T TX T fe 8SBR !W`i8!UYg!U)YX WyaRgHeVR8d9TgVc3SBdWyaRgHeVRY`XiGQAGbtDC&8!UY)VUd`W tRG)8E`DVAxhYXVTGgEHD3iB3}T{ F ia X B d R F i F RI FA BA @ W T TX T BXUa W T Te iAa R R dgQ`A8`eQGEQ8gd!AxtWB`iC8y3yVUnGA)YXEuHT1Tgu SBR iB8U pGHAVRT9RCga Bc W WIA DAU W T W Rec W T i v Be W D R XU R de BA v A T W f W W f R W B cF D W R c W T T c A U c i X D v A B W f W T j R X i Yuh`e$)`eg`a$gHeg 9TgtWpB miC88e r8!Ux8Q8G8I QVA8!UT F `i!WVTT&Y9PTF 9Rg`e$8!U8CVPipXViHT8Vid!WYX SBHF`F8tUu8VUrW)etR6geX $ 3 $ CgWg`e1ud $ $ geX $ QAVRgTtWB`iVWhe&v5B$HeGga W B W T Bjf $ j W f $ e T R A T RA W T TX TX T B F v Rj ( fec iX BA T 8!U&YvYg!UnYHAFQAThtg8G!AYtW8VUppBTstWpBmiVWhe8HF`F8tU&iB8VUv&C`PVXB F EC9PHTtRg`ehf VDGAv88xX T R W B R T { d $j B W i Rec W XU X Bc D fec iX TX D vA W B X T W Dc iX i R B X Pj A d W W Cs)dtASBFu9Tg g8G!AY`iVW!TYwYgFmF8tUdy`jh`eE8QVIYYSXHFED9RdEh$r1 CHP`FC!RTgtasBVWi j geX $ GvBW!RT9Rg`e$tWsB8VUrVWQ8`e$u)u`Tg !DGAv88rg tT)&SBFmF8tUtWsB8VUwY&BW!RTtR)`e$f $ f BX B Wf W T TA Wf Bc W d i Rec W Bc D W B W T vA B W
7   (1  t  

' )  ! )   i2) 56E$# 1 ) (' ' E& 1 $! ' (' ($ )    ) #'% #' ) ! )% ((% Et' 6I$i3  (S"$2) p  (e pe' $%    1 # ' )  6 # 

ii @I

 i ' % f(E'  ! ! ) 1 !   ' ' # ! ) ' ) # 2 I42) 0  (E(  d22 %  q$ $# 2$% i i  ! ! # ) ' ) # % ) i )  & $i)  # l % q"$% 21  '   (i i$6 R   ) 1 ) &! 

v B

2v

k m

e k m$ k e

d f e 1(m

d dw c F i W T e Xc R T v W B TA vA B FcfA D W T I R xQVug&HeR pBHT8tcB!W`e8VUQAVRTgCwW SB8!U&YA sB$Sf9RVUQg&Y&gc8hhEr8VU8ehYX d CQV G 3 B 2 y !AFgGHAVR!TGgG!A8a SBugQVAiv T X e i A a i R B c D  gptTiB$bhYSXCrwY9PHThA`CGHAtR!B!Wx8VUCj GA!R!Wi$dbeGCHAxW x3pQA!RYgCW  W e X R f X P F X I X v A R F W e B W i W T e T R f X R A F B s d e T X c w i W X BX R F Fc I i A X ia iA D X j W Rec W T vA Pa T G!ATCldQrSB`SXxBW88y18e!RTVRunv`P9WSBR!W8dVWQElC9WpB`iCH88EyVUnYhGVA!iG9ASBR fC!`itW)G&8VU)Y`WhHeTgVUgWg`eVWmiWvVWvVW8!c8cQA!WG8&W 8ye$gHcFgQAu!WGAvg`CHPFY)e W BA W TvA R R X T i i T v i v TAe jI Rf e i W j FX R `SF B88y1uSR i8Vc gp9S$uVT X WF c B BR U T W e X TBR f B TR A % ! !  e9G!gHe`CVmtgQ18!QVhYSXCxs`gtbGA!YYg`9v$`!YgyYX % R B WB X Wi R i W i WB A W UT D Aiv P F X I X v A f W W aB e RT Xi X a WB T e Wi X a a W T X T Fa R R T R & B D v i v BX R T R Rs d j W B R T R T T 8!U1TgVUBHWR8bDuSB8!UgjSBgGX ( QVAiuYX5QrWSu9uSBW)eC1gB gf`WgtanSB8!UrWSu9nYX ( QV`u`b8ehEEgntg$SXCpghU g1`gtEVb8Vr& QV`u`X D Aiv P X X I R A D W TB c D P F X I j B c d B j f W W aB W D XB W UT T X D Aiv P X I R A D W P FXI W BA FcA B TX W BA eX TX T F i RI FA BA 8He$EgdVAT hYiXYxCV`i9WgGSf8Q8tUk& Y`iCV`i9WgGYYg!U1HW8agRge!R F`XSQGHAGE9DC&@ W D vB F v Rj W B X 8!UT QVAi1nAFQA1TB fmW9aTX ( G!Ail`Pu`nBCE& vd& hYiXY3GX ( G!AixYXv D v X X W A D { d P FXI B D v i BX R T R P FXI Bc d T iX B F W W iX Fa B i v TX T j fe & j GbWiutrSBhYiXYjghU 6sfVWYXYgmatWHP8`eC`!WY9PTRiR8EHDtRuGAY)VUgYX U( jBHW$SXFCn`WVW8!Ud8eu89U&CaG! yIbenVW8!cTSyf`W HRYXhSfn8VU&`i$iftRgQA8gjSB8!UYA `Wh}e{ R XI i T I R A B d d R R i Ra F W R W T W Be R Tv R d Rf e T X B W T T FXe iAa i CWgepXtTiB$QA!RYpXig`a9WyVUVAYgQAVR!TGgG!A8a fmW9adVUTub$SXYuYumi8U SB8U G!Ai`Pu`8ehErd!ABHW$SXFCpFFrCVmitWgQqif8GytUB W B X R P FXI e A W R D v X X I R A D W T R XI X W BA FcA W WU R TX Tj X e P R W T R Bc P W BA TX T T i R B ic R X W W B 89UB ygjSBrY)VU6C`P$HF8!UexghfC!`itWgQrYg!Ul!AuYiXFEHDtR8GHA$`gmUdC!`itW)GA if8G89U$SXYhYXtTiB$1uep`iC!`itW)GeTgVUpnAHFGA6T`e8!U$QVW`i8uhVPmiC`&EY!Xu8!UyGCHAF FcA B P FXI Te Rf X R W BA X X TB F v R W T WU W W W D B W T BA B)G`A8meGGbG8xSBtWB`iC8yd8VUvvW8HaRge!R Y`XiGQAGbtDC&8!UuYWg`eyxw9WgGgArT!Wi$X c W WIA DAU R W Rec W T { d F i F RI FA BA @ W T vA Wc Be Rf BG&nAHFGAqsiXBW88y18gjg`eg8Y)HTxIx`SXBCHW8881`TVW8!a`iVWheuvEYmX$`e8VUCr1 X B F v F Fc B WaaXU R B s r F Fc i T R W e j W Tj A d W Rec W T A T W W T TX W icA fe tWpBmiC88r8!UvxVW!i$meWE!P`iCr8VUnYvBCmFtWpByGl)YX P FX V icA Fa R B W i R R de B Fa W Xv T W D v X $SXYq8QBWQSX8HTutWgc`XgTsVWViQAg% iBSB8U pGHAtRCHA8h`eYA !WVih`eW8VUT G!Ai3`Pu`X
k Ft

You might also like