Lecture8

Gasification:MaterialandHeatBalance
Thefollowingdiagramshowstheinputofmaterialslikecoal,airandsteaminagasifierandthe
outputsareproducergas,ashes,tarandsoot.
Coal
Air
(wt%)(Moist)
C
H
O
N
H2O
A
+
Steam

Ashes
Tar(wt%)
Ash
C
+S
Carbon
N

H
A

Soot(wt%)
C
A

ProducerGas
(vol%)
CO2
CO
CH4
N2
H2
H2O
C6H6
H2S
C2H4

A=Ash

Basis:1000Kgcoal
a) Amountofproducergas

Carbonbalance
Cfromcoal=Cinashes+Cintar+Cinsoot+Cinproducergas
b) Tocalculateamountofsteamdecomposed
DecompositionofsteamproducesH2.
MoistureofcoaldirectlyentersintoPGwithoutbeingdecomposed.
MoistureofairandsteamdecomposetoH2andisincludedinCH4,H2andother
hydrocarbons.

Hbalance

Hfromcoal+HfromMoistureofcoal+Hfromsteam+Hfrommoistair=Hintar+HinPG
(producergas)
c) Waterinproducergas=Moisturefromcoal+undecomposedsteam

d) Nitrogenbalanceforamountofair

Oxygenbalanceifrequiredtochecktheresultsofcalculation.
e) Ashbalancetoknowamountofashes,ifnotgiven.


Therawhotgasfromproducercanbedeliveredthroughinsulatedmainsassuchtothefurnacesand
plantsnearby.

Insulatedpipe
Gas
tosupplyhotgas
Producer

Furnace

Advantages:Bothpotentialenergyofgas(CV)andsensibleheat,canbeutilized.AlsoPE+sensible

heatoftarandsootwillalsobeavailable.
Amoreprevalentpractiseistocoolthegasandpurifyittoremovedeleteriousconstituents.E.g.H2S
andthendistributetoplants.

Coldgasefficiency=PotentialEnergy(CV)ofgasmade100
(Totalheatinput=CVofcoal+sensibleheatofcoal,air,steam)

Hotgasefficiency=(PEofgas+sensibleheatofgas+sensibleheatofwatervapour+PEoftar+

PEofsoot+sensibleheatoftar+sensibleheatofsoot)100

Totalheatinput

Thermalefficiency=(Potentialenergyofgas+enthalpyofsteamproduced)100
Totalheatinput
Coldgasefficiency6080%
Hotgasefficiency90%
Losses9%

DetermineMaterialandheatbalanceofagasifierandcalculateefficiencies.Theanalysisofvarious
inputsandoutputsaregiven.Temperaturesofinputandoutputsarealsogiven.

Gas(vol%)
C79.1
CO27
H5.0
CO21
O6.4
T=25oC
CH4 2.5
N1.7
H214
H2O1.7
Ashes=9%wtofcoal
N253
A6.1
(180oC)
H2O2.5

(627oC)

Air:RH=80%
PSH2O=26mmHg(25oC,740mmHg)
Steamisblowninat30.8psigpressurewithblast.
Meanspecificheatofashes=0.21Kcal/KgK(25180oCrange)
Basis1Kgcoal.
Volumeofproducergas(fuelgas)
LetYKgmoleproducergas
Cincoal=Cinproducergas+Cinashes
0.791/12=(0.07+0.21+0.025)Y+(0.090.061)
Y=0.208Kgmoleor=4.66m3/Kgcoal(1atm,273K)

Volumeofair(moist)
LetXKgmolemoistair
Sincetheairismoist,wehavetocalculatecompositionofair.
PN2+PO2+PH2O=740mmHg
PN2+PO2=7400.826
PN2+PO2=719.2mmHg
PN2=568.168mm
PO2=151.032mm
PH2O=20.800mm

Compositionof1Kgmoleofmoistair
N2=0.7677
O2=0.2041
H2O=0.0281

N2balance
Nincoal+N2frommoistair=N2inProducergas
0.017/28+0.7677X=0.530.208
X=0.14279Kgmoleor=3.601m3(26oCand740mmHg)

Weightofsteam:Hydrogenbalance
ConsiderZKgmolesteam.
0.025+0.00094+Z+0.00401=0.004472
Z=0.015Kgmole
=0.266Kgsteam/Kgcoal

%H2Oblownin,thatwasdecomposed
WatervapourinPG=WaterfromevaporationofMofcoal+Waterofundecomposedsteam
0.0250.208=0.017/18+W
W=0.004255Kgmoleundecomposedsteam
Steamdecomposed={0.266(0.00425518)}
=0.1895Kg

%steamblown,thatisdecomposedinproducergas=0.1895100/0.266

=71.2%
NCVofproducergas

CO
CH4
H2

Kgmoles
0.04368

0.0052

0.02912

Kcal/Kgmole
67.6103
194.91103
57.8103

NCVofcoal

=81%C+341[%H%O/8]5.84(9%H+M)

=8179.1+341[56.4/8]5.84(95+1.7)

=7566.32Kcal

Enthalpyofwatervapourinmoistair
H2O(l)=H2O(g)

Heatabsorbed=584Kcal/KgH2O

=5841.7/100

=9.93Kcal

NCV=5.64103Kcal

Enthalpyofsaturatedsteam:

Gaugepressure=30.8psi
Pressure740mm=14.3psi
Absolutepressure=45.1psi

Enthalpyofsaturatedsteamat45psireferredtowaterat0oC=651Kcal/Kg
Enthalpydifferencebetweenwaterat25oCandwaterat0oC=24.94Kcal/Kg
Enthalpyofsteamreferredtowaterat25oC=626Kcal/Kg
Enthalpyofsteamused=6260.266

=166Kcal
Enthalpyofwatervapourinhotgasat900K
H2O(l)=H2O(g)Ho298=10.5Kcal/gmoleH2O
H2O(g),298K=H2O(g),900KHo5.2Kcal/gmoleH2O
EnthalpyofwatervapourreferredtoH2O(l)=15.7Kcal/gmoleH2O
Enthalpyofwatervapourinhotgas=15.70.20810002.5/100

=81.64Kcal

Sensibleheatofdryproducergasat900K
H900H298|CO2=6708Kcal/Kgmole
H900H298|CO=4400Kcal/Kgmole
H900H298|CH4=7522Kcal/Kgmole
H900H298|H2=4224Kcal/Kgmole
H900H298|N2=4358Kcal/Kgmole

HeatBalance
HeatInput:
Input
CVofcoal
Sensibleheatincoal,air
Enthalpyofwatervapourinair
Enthalpyofsteam
Total

Kcal
7566.32
0
9.93
166
7742.25

HeatOutput:
Output
CVofdryPG
SensibleheatofdryPG
Enthalpyofwater
vapourinhotgas
Heatlosses
Total

Kcal
5640
932.8
81.6
1087.85
7742.25

Coldgasefficiency=5640100/7742.25

=72.85%
HotGasefficiency=6653.6100/7742.25

=85.9%
Thermalefficiency=5721.6100/7742.25

=73.9%

Sourceforthermodynamicvalues:
H.AlanFineandG.H.Geiger:Handbookofmaterialandenergybalancecalculationsinmetallurgical
processes
A.ButtsMetallurgicalproblems(formoreproblems)
Keywords:Materialsandheatbalance,Gasproducer,Efficiency