Waves & Thermodynamics

Solutions of
Waves & Thermodynamics

Lesson 14th to 19th
By DC Pandey
14. Wave Motion

Introductory Exercise 14.1
1. A function, f can represent wave equation, if it satisfy 2 f 2 f = v2 t 2 x 2 For, y = a sin wt, 2 y = - w2 a sin wt = - w2 y 2 t 2 y but, =0 x 2 So, y do not represent wave equation. 2. y ( x, t) = ae - (bx - et) = ae - ( kx - wt) w c k = b and w = e v = = k b 1 3. y ( x, t) = represent 1 + ( 4 x + wt) 2 given pulse, where, 1 1 y( x, 0) = = 2 2 1+ k x 1 + x2 k =1
2 2
the
1 1 = 2 1 + ( x - 2w) 1 + ( x - 1) 2 1 w= 2 w 1/ 2 \ v= = = 0.5 m/s k 1 10 a 4. y = = 2 5 + ( x + 2t) b + ( kx + wt) 2 a 10 Amplitude, y max = = = 2m b 5 and k = 1; w = 2 w v = = 2 m/s and is travelling in () x k direction. 10 5. y = ( kx - wt) 2 + 2 10 10 y( x, 0) = 2 2 = 2 k =1 k x +2 x +2 and y( x, z) = w = vk = 2 m/s 1 m -1 = 2 rad/s 10 y= ( x - 2t) 2 + 2

x t 1. y( x, t) = 0.02 sin + m 0.05 0.01 = A sin ( kx + wt) m 1 1 -1 A = 0.02 m, k = s m -1 , w = 0.05 001 . w 0.05 (a) v = = m/s = 5 m/s k 0.01 y (b) v p = = Awcos ( kx + wt) t 1 v p (0.2, 0.3) = 0.02 0.01 0.2 0.3 cos + 0.5 0.01 = 2 cos ( 4 + 30) = 2 cos 34 = 2( - 0.85) = - 1.7 m/s w 2. Yes, (v p ) max = Aw = Ak = ( Ak)v k 3. l = 4 cm, v = 40 cm/s (given) v 40 cm /s (a) n = = = 10 Hz l 4 cm
2 | Waves & Motion
(b) D f =
2p l =
Dx 2p 2.5 cm = 5p rad
4 cm 4 T 1 (c) D t = Df = Df 2p 2 pn 1 p = 2p 10 3 1 s = 60 (d) v p = (v p ) max = - Aw = - 2pAn = - 2p 2 cm 10 s -1 = - 40 p cm/s = - 1.26 cm/s 4. (a)

y
y = A sin ( wt - kx) 2p 2p = A sin v tx l l 2p 2p = 0.05 sin 12 tx 0.4 0.4 = 0.05 sin (60 pt - 5px) (b) y(0.25, 0.15) = 0.05 sin (60 p 0.15 - 5p 0.25) = 0.05 sin (9 p - 1.25 p) = 0.05 sin (7.75 p) = 0.05 sin (1.75 p) = - 0.0354 m = - 3.54 cm Df 0.25 p T (c) Dt = Df = = 2p w 60 p 1 s = 4.2 ms = 240

1. v= = T = m 0.06 T = m/ l = Tl m 2. v= = T T = m r A 0.98 = 10 m/s 9.8 10 3 10 -6
500 2
100 5 = 129.1 m/s 3

1W P 1 = = W /m 2 2 2 4p 4 pr 4 p (1 m) r 2. For line source, I = 2prl 1. I = 1 and as I A 2 r 1 A r I
Waves & Motion
| 3
AIEEE Corner
Subjective Questions (Level 1)

1. y( x, t) =6.50 mm cos 2p p t 28.0 cm - 0.0360s x - t = A cos 2p l T A = 6.50 mm, l = 28.0 cm, 1 1 n= = s -1 = 27.78 Hz T 0.036 v = nl = 28.0 cm 27.78 s -1 = 778 cm/s = 7.78 m/s The wave is travelling along ( +)ve x-axis. x 2. y = 5 sin 30p t 240 p = 5 sin 30pt - x = A sin ( wt - kx) 8 p (a) y (2, 0) = 5 sin 3 p 0 - 2 8 p 5 = - 5 sin = = - 3.535 cm 4 2 2p 2 p (b) l = = = 16 cm k p/ 8 w 30p (c) v = = = 240 cm/s k p/ 8 w 30 p (d) n = = = 15 Hz 2p 2p 3. y = 3 cm sin (3.14 cm -1 x - 314 s -1 t) = 3 cm sin ( p cm -1 x = 100 ps -1 t) = A sin ( kx - wt) (a) (v p ) max = Aw = 3 cm 100p s -1 = 300 p cm/s = 3 p m/s = 9.4 m/s (b) a = - w2 y = - (100 ps -1 ) 2 3 cm sin (6p - 111p) = - 300p sin ( -105p) = 0 v/n l 350 p 4. (a) Dx = Df = Df = 2p 2p 500 2p 3 7p 7 = m = 0.166 m 60p 50 2p (b) Df = Dt = 2pn Dt = 2p 500 10 -3 T = p = 180 6 5. y ( x, t) = ( kx + wt) 2 + 3 6 6 y ( x, 0) = 2 2 = 2 k x +3 x +3 = k = 1 m -1 w = vk = 4.5 m/s 1 m -1 = 4.5 rad/s 6 y ( x, t) = ( x - 4.5t) 2 + 3 x t 6. y = 1.0 sin p 2.0 0.01 x t = 1.0 sin 2p 4.0 0.02 x t = A sin 2p - l T (a) A = 1.0 mm, l = 4.0 cm, T = 0.02 s y x t (b) v p = = - wA cos 2p - t l T 2pA x t =cos 2p - T l T x 2p 1.0 mm t =cos 2p 4.0 - 0.02 s 0.02 s x p t = - m/s cos p 2.0 cm - 0.01 s 10 v p (1.0 cm, 0.01s) = p 1 0.01 - m/s cos p 10 2 0.01 p p = - m/s cos = 0 m/s 10 2 (c) v p (3.0, 0.01) p 3 =cos p - 1 = 0 m/s 10 2
4 | Waves & Motion
v p (5.0 cm, 0.01 s) = -
p 5 ms cos p - 1 10 2
2p sin x - 2p 3750 t 0.08 = 0.06 m sin (78.5 m -1 x - 23561.9 s -1 t) v 8.00 m/s 9. (a) n = = = 25 Hz l 0.32 m 1 1 T= = s = 0.043 Hz n 15 2p 2p k= = = 19.63 rad/m l 0.32 m x t (b) y = A cos ( kx + wt) = A cos 2p + l T x t = 0.07 m cos 2p 0.32 m + 0.04 s 0.36 0.15 (c) y = 0.07 m cos 2p + 0.32 0.04 9 30 = 0.07 m cos 2p + 8 8 39 = 0.07 m cos p 4 p = 0.07 m cos 10p - 4 p = 0.07 m cos = 0.0495 m 4 Df p + p/4 T (d) Dt = Df = = 2p 2pn 2p 25 3 = s = 0.015 s 200 Mg T T 10. v = = = m rA rA = 2 9.8 8920 3.14 (1.2 10 -3 ) 2 2 9.8 104 89.2 3.14 1.44 = 22 m/s
= 0 m/s p 7 v p (7.0 cm, 0.01s) = - m/s cos p - 1 10 2 = 0 m/s (d) v p (1.0 cm, 0.011s) p = - m/s 10 1 0.011 cos p 2 0.01 p 1 = - cos p - 1.1 10 12 p p 3p = - cos 0.6p = - cos = 9.7 cm/s 10 10 5 v p (1.0 cm, 0.012s) p 1 0.012 = - m/s cos 10 2 0.01 p = - cos p (0.5 - 1.2) 10 p = - cos 0.7 p = 18.5 cm/s 10 p v p (1.0 cm, 0.013 s) = - m/s 10 1 - 0.013 = - p cos 0.8 p cos p 10 2 0.01 = 25.4 cm/s 2p 2p p 7. (a) k = = = cm -1 l 40 cm 20 = 0.157 rad/cm 1 1 T = = s = 0.125 s n 8 w = 2pn = 16p rad/s = 50.26 rad/s v = nl = 8 s -1 40 cm = 320 cm/s (b) y ( x, t) = A cos ( kx - wt) = 15.0 cm cos (0.157 x - 50.3 t) 8. A = 0.06m and 2.5l = 20 cm 20 l= cm = 8 cm 2.5 v 300 m/s n= = = 3750 Hz l 8 cm y = A sin ( kx - wt) = 0.06m
11. l n T M l2 = l1 = M2 M1 8 = 4 = 2. 2
l2 = 2l1 = 0.12 m.
Waves & Motion
| 5
12. T( x) = m ( L - x) g, v( x) = = g ( L - x) dx = dt ; g ( L - x)
T( x) m
x
\ 15. m=
t= t=
2 2 l0 g 8l0 g
Let, L - x = y dx = - dy 0 - dy L g y = t \ 1 - y L t= =2 g g 1/2 1
0
dm = kx dx
2 0
M = dm = kx dx = k= 2M L2 T v( x) = = m t = dt =
1 2 kL 2
T TL2 dx = = kx 2Mx dt
L
13. (a) dm w2 R = 2T sin dq
\
dq T
2Mx dx = TL2
2M TL2 1 + 1 2
1 +1 2 L
dq R
2 2ML3 2 2ML = 3 TL2 3 T Mg T 16. (a) v = = m m = = (b) l = 1.5 9.8 0.055 16.3 m/s = 16.3 m/s
mR 2dq w2 R = 2T dq T w2 R2 = m T \ Wave speed, v = = w2 R2 = Rw m (b) Kink remains stationary when rope and kink moves in opposite sence i. e., if rope is rotating anticlockwise then kink has to move clockwise. 14. x is being measured from lover end of the string x 1 \ m( x) = dm = m 0 x dx = m 0 x2 0 2 m( x) g T( x) \ v( x) = = m m 1 m 0 x2 g 1 2 = = gx m0x 2 l dx t 0 1 = 0 dt gx 2
v = = 0.136 m n 120 / s
(c) l v T M i. e., if M is doubled both speed and wavelength increases by a factor of 2 . 17. E = I At = 2p2 n2 a2 r vAt = 2p2 n2 a2 (rA) (v. t) = 2p2 n2 a2 m. l = 2p2 n2 a2 m = 2 (3.14) 2 (120) 2 (0.16 10 -3 ) 2 80 10 -3 = 582 10 -6 J = 582 mJ = 0.58 mJ E 18. P = = IA = 2p2 n2 a2 rnA = 2p2 n2 a2 mv t = 2p2 n2 a2 Tm = 2 (3.14) 2 (60) 2 (6 10 -2 ) 2 80 5 10 -2 = 4 (3.14 60 0.06) 2 = 511.6 W
6 | Waves & Motion
19. P = IA = 2p2 n2 a2 Tm = 2 (3.14) 2 (200) 2 10 -6 60 6 10 -3 = 8 (3.14) 2 10 -2 6 10 -1 W = 0.474 W l E = Pt = P v 0.474 2 0.474 2 = = J = 9.48 mJ 100 60 6 10 -3
20. P = 2p2 v2 a2 rvA = 2p2 v2 a2 mv ; v = m= T v2
T m
= 2p2 n2 a2 =
T T v = 2p2 n2 a2 2 v v 2 (3.14) 2 (100) 2 (0.5 10 -3 ) 2 100

2 4
100 = 2 (3.14) 10 0.25 10 -6 = 4.93 10 -2 W = 49 mW
Objective Questions (Level 1)

1. w = q= 150 2p p 4 60 = 5p rad/s, A = 0.04 m and p 2p = 0.04 6 l \ l = 12 0.04 = 0.48 m. v 300 m/s 5. l = = = 12 m n 25 Hz 2p 2p Df = Dx = (16 - 10) m = p l 12 m
p \ y = A sin ( wt + q) = 0.04 sin 5pt + 4 w 2. w = 600p, v = 300 k = = 2p v
6. y = 0.02 sin ( x + 30t) = A sin ( kx + wt) y = A sin ( wt - kx) = 0.04 sin (600pt - 2px) k = 1, w = 30 3 y (0.75, 0.01) = 0.04 sin 600p 0.01 - 2p w T v = = 30 m/s = 4 k m 3p = 0.04 sin 6p 2 -4 2 T = m v = 1.3 10 900 = 0.117 N 4 p + p = 0.04 m y y x y = 0.04 sin 7. v p = = =v = slope v 2 t x t x 1 up 3. y ( x, t) = In transverse wave they are 2 2 + 3 ( kx - wt) v 1 1 y ( x, 0) = = 2 + 3 k2 x2 2 + 3 x2 p perpendicular i. e., . In longitudinal k =1 2 1 1 y ( x, 2) = = wave , they are either at 0 or up 2 + 3 ( x - 2w) 2 2 + 3 ( x - 2) 2 v p w p so, 0, and p are the possible angles w = 1 \ v = = 1 m/s 2 k A 4. y = A sin ( wt - kx) = between v p and v. 2 p 8. w = 2p n = 200 p rad/s, wt - kx = 6 3.5 10 -3 m w 2p T p k= =w = 200p \ - = kx v T 35 T 6 6
Waves & Motion
| 7
= 2p rad/m y = A cos ( wt - kx) = A cos (200pt - 2px) y = 2p A sin (200pt - 2px) x When, y = 0 sin (200pt - 2px) = 0 sin (200pt - 2px) = 1 p 1 \ 2pA = A= = 0.025 m 20 40 \ y = 0.025 cos (200pt - 2px) 2p 2p 9. w = = = 8 p rad/s; T 0.25 w 8p p k= = = rad/cm v 48 6 y = A sin ( wt - kx) p = A sin 8 p 1 - 67 6 p A = A sin = A sin 30 = = 3 cm 6 2 A = 6 cm 10. vA vB = = TA rA A dB dA rA B TB = = dB TA p d2 B TB p d2 A TB / 2 TB
Dl Dl E =E = l l 100 p p p 14. A = 4 m, w = , k = , q = 5 9 6 w p/5 9 m/s \ v= = = k p/ 9 5 2p 2p l= = = 18 m k p/ 9 w p/ 5 1 n= = = Hz 2 p 2 p 10 Stress = Y 15. w = 10p and k = 01 p . 2p 2p l= = = 20 m k 01p . 2p 2p \ Df = Dx = 10 = p l 20 2 16. y = (2x - 6.2t) 2 + 20 2 A= = 0.1 m, k = 2 rad/m 20 and w = 6.2 rad/s w 6.2 \ v= = = 3.1 m /s k 2 w 6.2 n= = = 1 Hz 2 p 2 3.1 2p 2p l= = = pm k 2 1 17. I = 2p2 n2 A 2 rv = w2 A 2 rv 2 2 2 2 E IST 2p n A rv St u= = = V V V 1 = 2p2 n2 A 2 r = rw2 A 2 2 E 2 2 2 P = = I . S = 2p n A rv S t 1 2 2 = rw A v S 2 E P E = Pt P = = IS I = t S 18. y = A sin ( px + pt) y ( x, 0) = A sin ( px) y = 0 for x =0 and 1 a = - w2 y = - w2 A sin ( px) 1 3 a = w2 A at x = and 2 2
TA
TB dB / 2 1 =2 = 2 2 11. E A 2 n2 constant
for E to constant, An =
A A n A = A Bn B A A 4n B = A Bn B AB = 4 A A 12. k = 1 rad/m; v = 4 m/s w = vk = 4 rad/s 6 6 \ y= = 2 ( kx - wt) + 3 ( x - 4 t) 2 + 3 13. v l = Y and v t = r Y Dl l =v l r Dl l
v l Dl 1 = l = 10 \ = Dl v t l 100
8 | Waves & Motion
1 3 and 2 2 So all the above options are correct. 2p 19. y = A sin ( x - bt) = A sin ( kx - wt) a 2p 2pb k= , w= a a w 2pb/ a v= = =b k 2p/ a 2p 2p l= = =a k 2p / a v P = pA cos ( px) v p = 0 for x =
x t x t 20. y = A sin 2p - = A sin 2p - a b l T 21.

y
l = a, T = b l a v = nl = = T b
a
as
a = - w2 y
JEE Corner
Assertion and Reason

1. For propagation of transverse waves medium require tension which is possible due to modulus of rigidity. And in gases there is no such Youngs modulus or surface tension. So the reason given is correct explanation. 2. Surface tension of water plays the role of modulus of rigidity and that is why transverse waves can travel on liquid surface. 3. Both the waves are travelling in same direction with a phase difference of p. So reason is false. 4. v = fl is constant for a particular medium so if frequency is doubled wavelength becomes half, and speed remains constant. Thus assertion is false. 5. Sound is mechanical wave which requires material medium for propagation and as on moon there is no atmosphere, sound cannot travel. 2p 6. Angular wave number, n = while l 1 wave number, k = which is defined as l the number of waves per unit length. 7. Electromagnetic wave are nonmechanical, they travel depending upon electric and magnetic properties of medium. They can travel in medium as well as an vacuum. So reason is false. T 1 8. As speed, v = in second v m m string m is more (by looking) so v will be less. Thus reason is true explanation of assertion. 9. At point A both v p and Dl is zero ie, K.E. and P.E. are minimum while at B both v p and Dl are maximum i. e., both K.E. and P.E. are maximum. Thus both assertion and reason are true but not correct explanation. 12.
y P x
If P is moving downword then it shows that the wave is travelling in (-) ve x direction. So assertion is false.
Waves & Motion
| 9
11. A = 2a cos
Df , for A = a 2 Df 1 p cos = = cos 2 2 3
2p 360 = = 120 3 3 Assertion is true but the reason is false. Df =
Match the Columns

1. y = a sin ( bt - cx) = A sin ( wt - kx)
(a) (b) (c) (d) v= w b = k c r s p s (c) (d) vB = Aw aB = 0 ve y0 = 0 s r
(v p ) max = Aw = ab n= w b = 2 p 2p 2p 2p l= = k c
4. (a) u =
2. y = 4 cm sin ( pt + 2px) v p = 4 p cm /s cos ( pt + 2px) a = - 4 p2 cm /s 2 sin ( pt + 2px)

(a) v p (0, t) = 4 p cm s cos pt = 4p for cos pt = 1 or pt = np t = n = 0, 1, 2, 3, a(0, t) = - 4 p2 cm /s2 sin pt = 4 p2 for sin pt = 1 p or pt = (2n + 1) 2 1 t = n + = 0.5, 2. 5 2 v p (05, t) = 4 p cm /s cos ( pt + p) . = 4p for pt + p = np or t = n - 1 = 0, 1, 2, 3, a (0.5, t) = - 4 p2 cm /s2 p = 4 p2 pt + p = (2n + 1) 2 1 or t = n - = 0.5, 15, 25 . . 2 q, r
(b)
p, s
2 2 2 E IST 2 p n A rvst = = V V V 1 2 2 2 2 2 = 2p n A r = rw A 2 [ML2 T -2 ] [u] = = [ML-1 T -2 ] s [L3 ] E ISt (b) P = = = IS = 2p2 n2 A 2 rvs t t 1 1 = w2 A 2 rvs = rw2 A 2 s v q 2 2 E [ML2 T -2 ] [ P] = = = [ML2 T -3 ] p t [T] E [ML2 T -2 ] (c) I = = St [L2 T]
= [MT -3 ] = [ML0 T -3 ] s 1 (d) = [L-1 ] = [M 0 L-1 T 0 ] s l

q, r
(c)
5.
(a)
y = A sin ( wt - kx) v p = wA cos ( wt - kx) a = - w2 A sin ( wt - kx)
p r p
(d)
(b)
y = A sin ( kx - wt) v p = - wA cos ( kx - wt) a = - w2 A sin ( kx - wt)
3. y = A sin ( wt kx) at t = 0 y = A sin kx v p = w A cos kx and a = - w2 y

(a) (b) v p = wA cos kx a A = ( +) ve as y A is negative s p
(c)
y = - A cos ( wt + kx) v p = wA sin ( wt + kx) a = w2 A cos ( wt + kx)
q s p ds
(d) y = - A cos ( kx - wt) v p = - A w sin ( kx - wt) a = w2 A cos ( kx - wt)
15. Superposition of Waves

1.
When displacement of all the particles is momentarily zero, then there is no elastic potential energy stored in the string and as the speed is maximum at mean position, so entire energy is purely kinetic. T 2. (a) v = m v2 m1 = v1 m2 m1 1 = 0.25 m 1 0.25 1 = =2 05 . v2 = 2 v1 = 20 cm/s 2 v2 (b) a t = ai v1 + v2 2 20 4 = ai = ai 10 + 20 3 v2 - v1 and a r = ai v2 + v1 20 - 10 1 = ai = ai 20 + 10 3 = 3. (a) For fixed end, a phase change of p takes place in reflected wave and direction becomes opposite. as Yi = 0.3 cos (2x - 40 t) Yr = 0.3 cos (2x + 40t + p)
(b) For free end, there is no change in phase for reflected wave and direction becomes opposite. as Yi = 0.3 cos (2x - 40 t) Yr = 0.3 cos (2x + 40 t) w 50 4. v1 = = = 25 m/s and v2 = 50 m/s k1 2 2 50 2v2 at = ai = ai v1 + v2 25 + 50 4 8 = 2 10 -3 m = mm. 3 3 v2 - v1 50 - 25 ar = ai = ai v2 + v1 50 + 25 1 2 = 2 10 -3 m = mm. 3 3 as v2 > v1 the boundary is rearer and there is no phase change. w k2 = v2 50 p = =p 50 2 \ y r = 10 -3 cos p (0.2 x + 50 t) 3 8 and y t = 10 -3 cos p (1.0 x - 50 t) 3 2 40 cm 5. t1 = = 8 s, inverted 1 cm/s
4cm 4cm
6cm
Superposition of Waves
| 11
4 + 10 + 6 1 = 20 s upright t2 =
y
3 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 4 3
y
3 1 4 3
6.
y y
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
8 10 12 14
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t = 2s y
3
t = 3s
4 3 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t = 2s
t = 3s
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t = 2s
t = 5s

1. y = 5 sin px cos 40pt = 2a sin kx cos w t 3 5 p a = = 2.5 cm, k = cm -1 , w = 40 ps -1 2 3 w 40p v= = = 120 cm/s k p/ 3 l 1 2p p p cm = 3 cm Dx = = = = 2 2 k k p/ 9 dy px vP = = - 200 p sin sin 40 p t dt 3 9 p 3 v P 1.5, = - 200 p sin 8 3 2 9 sin 40 p 8 p = - 200 p sin sin ( 45 p) 2 = - 200 p 1 0 = 0 cm/s 2. Two waves with different amplitudes can produce partial stationary waves with amplitude of antinodes being a1 + a2 and amplitude of nodes being a1 ~ a2 . As here node is not stationary that is why energy is also transported through nodes. l 3. (a) = 2 m l = 4 m, 2 T 100 102 = = = 50 m/s m 2 4 10 -2 v 50 n= = = 125 Hz . l 4 and is fundamental tone or first harmonic. 2p y = 0.1 sin x sin 2 pnt l 2p = 0.1 sin x sin 2p 12.5 t 4 p = 0.1 sin x sin 25 p t 2 l 4 (b) 3 = 2 m l = m and v = 50 m/s 2 3 v 50 n= = Hz = 37.5 Hz and is 2nd l 4 /3 overtone or 3rd harmonic. 2p y = 0.04 sin x sin 2p 37.5 t 4 /3 3p = 0.04 sin x`sin 75 pt 2 400 4 F Fl 4. v = = = m m 160 10 -3 v= = (a) 1600 = 102 = 100 m/s 16 10 -2
l0 = l l 0 = 4 l = 16 m 4
12 | Superposition of Waves
3 l1 4 l 16 m = 5.33 m = l l1 = = 4 3 3 5l 4 l 16 and 2 = l l2 = m = 3.2 m = 4 5 5 v 100 (b) n 0 = = = 6.25 Hz l0 16 v 100 n1 = = = 18.75 Hz l1 16/ 3 v 100 n3 = = = 31.25 Hz l 3 16/ 5 l 0.54 5. l = n = n = 0.27 n 2 2 l 0.48 and l = ( n + 1) = ( n + 1) 2 2 = 0.24 ( n + 1) 0.27 n = 0.24 n + 0.24 0.03 n = 0.24 n = 8 (a) These are 8th and 9th harmonic (b) l = 0.27 n = 0.27 8 = 2.16 m l (c) 0 = l l 0 = 2l = 4.32 m 2 6. 5n 0 - 2n 0 = 54 Hz 3n 0 = 54 Hz n 0 = 18 Hz
7.
n0 = n2 = n1 = M + 2.2 2.2
1 2l F2 F1
F m
M + 2.2 2.2
260 13 = 220 11
8.
169 48 =1 + 121 121 M =1 + 2.2 48 2.2 9.6 M = = = 0.873 kg 121 11 =
nn 0 = 250 Hz and ( n + 1)n 0 = 300 Hz n 0 = 50 Hz and n = 5 So these are 5th and 6th harmonics. 1 F n0 = 2l m F = 4 l 2 v2 m = 4 502 0 36 10 -3 = 360 N 1
AIEEE Corner
Subjective Question (Level 1)

1. A =
2 2 A1 + A1 + 2 A1 A1 cos 90
A = 102 + 202 + 2 10 20 cos
p 3
= A1 2 = 4 2 cm = 5.66 cm 2. v2 = 2 v1 v - v1 v 1 Ar = 2 A= 1 A= A v2 + v1 3v1 3 2 v2 4v1 4 At = A= A= A v2 + v1 3v1 3 I r Ar 1 = = Ii A 9 It 1 8 =1 - = Ii 9 9

2
= 100 + 400 + 200 = 700 = 10 7 = 26.46 units p 20 sin 3 tan q = p 10 + 20 cos 3 p 3 = sin = 3 2 -1 3 q = tan = 0.714 rad 2 \ Phase = 5x + 25t + 0.714 rad. 4. y1 = 1 cm sin ( p cm -1 x - 50 ps -1 t)
and
| 13
p y2 = 1.5 cm sin cm -1 x - 100 ps -1 t 2 250 p y1 ( 4.5, 5 10 -3 ) = 1 cm sin 4.5 p 1000 9 p = 1 sin p - 4 2 17 p = 1 sin 4 p = 1 cm sin 4 p + 4 p 1 cm and = 1 sin = 4 2
-3
t=0s t = 0.01 s
t = 0.02 s
6. (a)
1 cm 1 cm/3
1 cm 1 cm 2 cm
1 cm
1 cm/s
t=0 1 cm 1 cm/s
1cm 1cm 1cm t=1s
9 p 500 p y2 ( 4.5, 5 10 ) = 1.5 cm sin 1000 4 9p p = 1.5 cm sin - 2 4 5p = 1.5 sin 4 p = 1.5 sin p + 4 p = - 1.5 sin 4 1.5 =cm 2 1.5 1 y = y1 + y2 = 2 2 0.5 1 ==cm 2 2 2 16 N T = -3 m 0.4 10 102 kg/N = 16 102 4 = 20 m /s
t = 3s
1cm 1cm t = 2s 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm t = 4s
(b)
1 cm 1 cm/s 1 cm 1 cm/s
1 cm 1 cm 1 cm t=0 1 cm 1 cm/s 1cm 1cm t = 2s 1 cm 1cm 1cm t = 4s
1cm 1cm 1cm t = 1s
2 cm 1 cm t = 3s
5. v =
(a) For same shape, time, 2 l 2 0.2 t= = s = 0.02 s v 20 (b)
7. y = 1.5 sin (0.4 x) cos (200t) = 2A sin kx cos wt 2p 2p l= = = 5p m = 15.7 m k 0.4 w 200 100 n= = = Hz = 31.8 Hz 2p 2p p w 200 v= = = 500 m /s k 0.4
8. y = y1 + y2 = 3 cm sin ( px + 0.6 pt) + 3 cm sin ( px - 0.6 p t) = 6 cm sin px cos 0.6 pt = R cos 0.6 pt where, R = 6 cm sin px. 1 (a) R (0.25) = 6 cm sin p 4 6 = = 3 2 cm = 4.24 cm 2 1 (b) R (0.50) = 6 cm sin p = 6 cm 2 3p (c) R (1.50) = 6 cm sin = - 6 cm 2 |R| = 6 cm (d) For antinodes, R = 6 cm p sin px = 1 px = (2n + 1) 2 1 or x = n + = 0.5 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.5 cm 2 2p 2p 9. l = = = 4 cm 4 p/ 2 (a) Distance between successive l antinodes = = 2 cm 2 (b) R( x) = 2 A sin kx p = 2 p cm sin 0.5 2 p = 2p sin 4 2p = = 2 p cm 2 n+1 T n+1 20 10. n n = = 2l m 2 20 9 10 -3 60 3 = 0.786 ( n + 1) = 0.786 Hz 1.57 Hz, 2.36 Hz, 3.14 Hz 11. (a) T = mv2 = mn2 l2 (220) 2 (1.4) 2 0.7 = 162.6 N (b) n2 = 3 n 0 = 3 220 Hz = 660 Hz = 1.2 10 -3 = n+1 100 2 = 5 2 5 2 = ( n + 1) 9 9
12. n n =
n+1 T 50 = 2l m 2 0.6 0.01 50 2 = ( n + 1) = 58.93 ( n + 1) Hz 1.2 n n 20,000 Hz n = 338 \ n 338 = 339 58.93 = 199758 Hz . = 19.976 kHz n 0 = 70 Hz and n = 6
n+1
13. nn 0 = 420 Hz and ( n + 1) n 0 = 490 Hz 450 1 T 1 T . \n0 = l = = 0005 2l m 2n 0 m 2 70 300 = = 2.143 m 140 v 400 m /s 1 14. l = = = m, n 800 Hz 2 l l = 4 = 2l = 1 m 2 (a) 4 n 0 = 400 Hz n 0 = 100 Hz (b) 7n 0 = 700 Hz 1 T 16. n 0 = 2l m 1 n0 l n1 : n2 : n 3 = 1 : 2 : 3 1 1 1 = : : l1 l2 l 3 1 1 1 l1 : l2 : l 3 = : : 1 2 3 = 6 : 3 : 2 = 6x : 3 x : 2x 6x + 3 x + 2x = 1 m 1 x= m 11 6 \position of first bridge = 6x = m 11 and position of second bridge 9 m = 6x + 3 x = 9 x = 11 9 2 From the same end or 1 m = 11 11 from other end .
| 15
17. n 0 =
v 2l n0 = l = v 2 l l= 124 90 cm = 60 cm 186
n0 n0
Thus length of the vibrating string has to be 60 cm. l 18. = 15 cm l = 30 cm, 2 Rmax = 2 A = 0.85 cm, T = 0.075 s (a) y = 2 A sin kx sin wt 2p 2p = 0.85 cm sin 0.3 m x sin 0.075 s t w 2p/ 0.075 0.3 (b) v = = = = 4 m /s k 2p/ 0.3 0.075 l 30 (c) = = 7.5 cm 4 4 \ R (7.5 + 3) = 2 A sin kx 2p = 0.85 sin 10.5 30 21p \ R(115 cm) = 085 sin . . 30 = 0.85 sin (0.7 p) = 0.85 (126 ) = 0.688 cm 19. n 0 = and v 48 = = 16 Hz 2 l 2 1.5 l 0 = 2l = 3 m
(b) 2A = 5.60 cm A = 2.80 cm l 3 2p 3 p (c) l = 3 = = 2 2 k k 3p = cm = 277.2 cm 0.0340 2p 2p (d) l = = cm = 184.8 cm k 0.0340 w 50 n= = = 7.96 Hz 2p 2p 1 1 T= = s = 0.216 s n 7.96 v = nl = 7.96 Hz 184.8 cm = 1470 cm /s (e) (v p ) max = Rmax w = 2 Aw = 5.60 cm 50 rad/s = 280 cm/s (f) for eight harmonic, l l 277 .2 8 = l l = = = 69.3 cm 2 4 4 2 p 2 3.14 k= = = 0.0907 rad/cm l 69.3 8 8 v = 8 v 0 = v = 7.96 Hz 3 3 = 21.22 Hz w = 2pn = 133.4 rad/s y = 5.60 cm sin (0.0907 rad/s x) sin (133 rad/s t) 21. (a) v = nl = n 0 2 l = 60 2 0.8 = 96 m/s (b) T = m v2 = = 40 10 -3 80 10 -2 (96) 2
v 48 n2 = 3n 0 = 48 Hz and l2 = = =1 m n2 48 n 3 = 4 n 0 = 64 Hz v 48 3 and l 3 = = = = 0.75 m n 3 64 4 20. y = 5.60 cm sin (0.340 rad/cm x) sin (50.0 rad/s t) = 2 A sin ( kx) sin ( w t) (a)
962 = 460.8 N 20 (c) (v p ) max = Rmax w = 0.3 cm 2p 60 rad/s = 113 cm /s = 1.13 m/s a max = w2 Rmax = (120 p) 2 0.3 cm /s 2 = 426.4 m /s 2
1.
n2 = n1
T2 3 = T1 2
T + 2.5 T
9 T = 4 ( T + 2.5) 5T = 10 T = 2N n+1 T n+1 T 2. n = = 2l m 2l pr2 r n+1 T n+1 T = = = constant. 2 l r pr ld pr ld n+1 T n1 + 1 l1 d1 T2 = n2 + 1 l2 d2 T1 1 1 = 2 2 3 1 = =1:3 2 3 2 n +1 or 2 =3 2 n1 + 1 1 3. f ; l = l1 + l2 + l 3 l 1 1 1 1 = + + f0 f1 f2 f3 4. During overlapping the displacement of particles is zero while velocity is maximum. So the entire energy is purely kinetic. 5. y ( x, y) = y1 + y2 = a cos ( kx + wt) + y2 = - 2a sin kx sin wt is necessary for a node at x = 0 . Thus, y2 = 2a sin kx sin wt - a cos ( kx + wt) = - 2a sin kx sin wt - a cos kx cos wt + a sin kx sin wt = - a[cos kx cos wt + sin kx sin wt] = - a cos ( kx - wt) 6. In transverse stationary wave, longitudinal strain is maximum at node. While in longitudinal stationary wave at displacement node pressure and density are maximum. So all are correct.
7. In stationary wave all particles errors the mean position simultaneously and are at their maximum displacement simultaneously at different instant at this time all of them are at rest. So all are correct. 8. Maximum displacement y max = 3 A - A + 2 A = 4 A Y Dl vt vt = = vl vl l r Y r Dl l
= 10. f n = n+1 2 1
1 l h 1 = l h 100 = 50 ( n + 1) 0.01
= 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 150 Hz 2n + 1 100 nn = = 25 (2m + 1) 4 1 0.01 = 25 Hz, 75 Hz, 125 Hz f + f2 \ n2 = 75 Hz = 1 2 50 Hz + 100 Hz = = 75 Hz 2 11. In stationary waves all particles perform SHM such that they are at their positive and negative N N extremes N one time each in a time period, where they come to rest. Particles between two successive nodes are in phase while beside node are in opposite phase. So all the particles cannot be at positive extreme simultaneously. 12. The question is wrong, string has to be fix at one end and free at other. Then (2n + 1) n 0 = 90 Hz, (2n + 3) n 0 = 50 Hz and (2n + 5) n 0 = 210 Hz
| 17
2 n 0 = 60 Hz or n 0 = 30 Hz and n = 1 i. e., vibrations are 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic. l 0 = 2l = 1.6 m \ v = n 0 l 0 = 30 Hz 1.6 m = 48 m /s p 13. y = y1 + y2 + y 3 = 12 sin q - 2 p + 6 sin ( q + 0) + 4 sin q + 2 = 6 sin q - 12 cos q + 4 cos q = 6 sin q - 8 cos q p R = 62 + 8 2 + 2 6 8 cos 2 = 100 = 10 mm 14. (2n + 1) n 0 = 105 Hz (2n + 3) n 0 = 175 Hz 2n 0 = 70 Hz n 0 = 35 Hz 1 1 1 1 1 1 15. l1 : l2 : l 3 = : : = : : n1 n2 n 3 1 3 4 = 12 : 4 : 3 \ 12x + 4 x + 3 x = 114 cm 114 x= cm = 6 cm 19 \ l1 = 12x = 72 cm, l2 = 4 x = 24 cm, l 3 = 3 x = 18 cm 16. f T f /2 f Vrg s1 1 s 3 1= 1 = r 4 r 4 f /3 Vrg - Vs2 g s 1 = = 1- 2 = f Vrg r 3 s s 1 8 1- 2 = 2 = r q r 9 s1 3 / 4 27 s 32 \ = = 2 = = 1.18 s2 8 / 9 32 s1 27 where s1 is density of water and s2 is density of the other liquid. = Vrg - Vs1 g = 1s2 1 = r 2 and
17. R = 2 A sin Kx = 4 mm sin

2mm 1
2p l
4mm 2mm 2
= 4 mm sin
2px 3m 2 px
3 p = 3 3 x = 0.5 m Thus points 1 and 2 are at 0.5 m from their nearest boundary. So separation between them is 1.5 m - 2 0.5 m = 0.5 m = 50 m 2 px 18. y = - A sin ( wt - kx) 2pn = - A sin 2pnt x v = - A sin (6 pt - 2px) y(3, t) = + A = - A sin (6 pt - 6 p) = A sin (6p - 6p t) p 11 \ 6p - 6p t = = 6t 2 2 11 t= s 12 2p 3 2p 19. Df1 = Dx = l =3p l l 2 p p 5p and Df2 = - Df = 3 p - = 2 2 2 20. nn 0 = 400 Hz , ( n + 1)n = 450 Hz n 0 = 50 Hz and n = 8 1 T 1 T n0 = l = 2l m 2n 0 m 1 490 70 = = = 0.7 m 2 50 0.1 100 l 2 21. 3 = 1 m, l = m 2 3 2 v = nl = 300 Hz m = 200 m/s 3 l1 2l2 3 l 3 22. l = , , 2 2 2
2 mm = 4 mm sin
2l 2l , l3 = 2 3 2l 2l l1 : l2 : l 3 = 2l : : 2 3 1 1 =1: : 2 3 l1 = 2l, l2 = 2p l 2p vT 2p Dx Dx = 2p 300 0.04 (16 - 10)
1 4 ld
T 1 = nA pr 4
\Third overtone of n B = 4n B = n A
Passage
(Q 28 to 30)
23. Df = = =
I r = (100% - 36%) I i = 64% I i = 0.64 I i v - v1 Ar Ir \ = = 0.64 = 0.8 = 2 Ai Ii v2 + v1 0.8 v2 + 0.8 v1 = (v2 - v1 ) - 0.2 v2 = 1.8 v1 v2 = 9 v1 for rarer boundary 1 or 1.8 v2 = 0.8 v1 v2 = v1 9 for danser boundary 28. A r = 0.8 A p 29. Y = A sin ax + bt + + 0.8 2 p A sin ax - bt + + p 2 p = A sin ax + bt + - 0.8 2 p A sin ax - bt + 2 = A cos ( ax + bt) - 0.8 A cos ( ax - bt) = A cos ax cos bt - A sin ax sin bt - 0.8 A cos ax cos bt - 0.8 A sin ax sin bt = 0.2 A cos ax cos bt - 1.8 A sin ax sin bt = 0.2 A cos ax cos bt - 0.2 A sin ax sin bt - 1.6 A sin ax sin bt = 0.2 A cos ( ax + bt) - 1.6 A sin ( ax) sin ( bt) = cA cos ( ax + bt) - 1.6 A sin ax sin bt e = 0.2 30. For antinodes, sin ax = 1 p ax = (2n + 1) 2 p p 3 p 5p , x = (2n + 1) = , 2a 2 a 2a 2a
12 w 30 24. v = = = 30 m/s k 1 T T = = m rA \ T = rAv2 = 8000 10 -6 900 = 7.2 N 2 25. 5n 0 = 480 Hz, 2n 0 = 480 Hz 5 = 192 Hz 26. Ir A = 0.64 = r Ii Ai Ar = 0.8 A r = 0.8 A i Ai v - v1 4 Ar = 2 A i = 0.8 A i = A i v2 + v1 5 5 v2 - 5 v1 = ( 4v2 + 4v1 ) v2 = 9v1 , 1 v1 9
2
6=p
For, v2 > v1 the boundary is rarer and there will not be any change in phase of reflected wave and for v2 < v1 a phase change of 180 takes place. \ Yr = 0.8 A sin ( kx + wt + 30+ 180 ) 1 T 1 T 27. n A = = 2 2 l rpd ld pr 4 1 = 2 2l 2T 2r p 4 d2 4
nB
| 19
So for second antinode, x = 31. n 0 + 15 n0 = 1 + 0.21 1 = 11
3p 2a
constant, wavelength increases while frequency is constant, wavelength increases while phase do not change during change in medium. 35. Y = A sin kx cos wt = 2a sin kx cos wt A a = , third overtone means fourth 2 harmonic and wire oscillate with four loops. 2p 4 p l l = 4 = 2l = 2 = 2 k k and stationary wave do not propagate. 36. For stationary waves, frequency and amplitude has to be same and direction has to be opposite with constant phase difference. It is satisfied in (b) and (d) only. 37. y = y1 + y2 = 2 A cos kx sin wt = R sin wt R = 2 A cos kx so at x = 0 there is antinode. \ cos kx = 1 np p 2p , kx = np, x = = 0, , k 4 x are antinodes.
15 = 0.1 n 0 n 0 = 150 Hz 1.21 n2 T2 = = = 11 . n1 T1 1
n2 = 110% of v1 l 0 = 2l which do not change So, (a), (c) and (d) are correct. 32. For interference, sources must be coherent there frequency has to be equal and phase different has to be constant. So, (a) and (d) are correct. 33. Stationary waves are formed due to superposition (here use of the term interference is literary and not scientific because interference is a different phenomenon than stationary waves) of waves having some amplitude, same frequency and travelling opposite direction. Here nodes are the points who always remain at rest. Total energy is always conserved. 34. A medium is said to be rarer if speed of wave in it is higher. And as frequency is
JEE Corner

1. y1 + y2 = A sin ( wt + kx) + A cos ( wt - kx) p = A sin ( wt + kx) + A sin - wt + kx 2 p wt + kx + - wt + kx 2 = 2 A sin 2 p wt + kx - + cot - kx 2 cos 2
p p = 2 A sin kx + cos wt - 4 4 p = R cos wt - 4 p where, R = 2 A sin kx + ; 4 p R(0) = 2 A sin = A 2 4 So, at x = 0, node is not present, i. e., Assertion is false. 2. In stationary waves only nodes are at rest and not other particles. It is so
called as energy is not transmitted, thus assertion is false. 3. In rarer medium speed of wave is higher and as 2 v2 At = Ai v1 + v2 At > Ai so reason is correct explanation to assertion. 4. In second overtone or third harmonic there are three loops or three antinodes or four nodes. And length of the string, l l = 3 so, assertion and reason are both 2 true.
N A N A N A N
p + A sin q + 2 = - A cos q + A sin q + A cos q = A sin q \ R = A I f = Ii Assertion and reason are both true but reason do no explain assertion. 10. For two coherent sources phase difference has to be constant and that constant be same at all points as Df Df ( t). Different light sources can never be coherent. So phase difference must be same, thus assertion is false.
Match the Columns

1. v1 = v T T and v2 = = 1 m 9m 3 v1 =3 v2 v - v1 / 3 2/ 3 1 Ar = 1 Ai = Ai = Ai v1 + v1 / 3 4 /3 2 2 v2 and A t = Ai v1 + v2 2 v1 / 3 1 = Ai = Ai v1 + v1 / 3 2 A1 A r 1/ 2 A i (a) = = = 1q A2 A t 1/ 2 A i v (b) 1 = 3 r v2 I A 1 2 1 (c) r = r = = and I i Ai 4 2 It 1 3 =1 - = Ii 4 4 I 1 I r I r / I i 1/ 4 1 \ = = = = s I2 It I t / I i 3/ 4 3 (d) P = IS = 2p2 n2 A 2 r vr 1 T = w2 A 2 m 2 m 1 2 2 = w A Tm 2
2
5. As speed of wave is constant in stretched wire, and v = fl, so with increase in frequency, wavelength decreases. So reason is correct explanation of assertion. 6. In stationary waves, amplitude of nodes is zero and it is possible only when superposing waves has same amplitude. But it is not the only condition, there has to be same frequency, opposite direction of propagation and constant phase difference. So assertion is not completely true. 7. Energy lying between conservative node and antinode is constant where it moves to and fro between node and antinode. I 25 5 2 A1 + A2 8. max = = = A -A I min 1 1 2 1
2
5 ( A1 - A2 ) = A1 + A2 4 A1 = 6 A2 A1 : A2 = 3 : 2. Thus reason is the correct explanation of assertion. p 9. y = A sin q - + A sin q 2
| 21
1 2 2 w A1 Tm 1 P1 2 = P2 1 w2 A 2 Tm 2 2 2 A2 m 1 m1 = 1 = 2 9m 1 A2 m 2 1 = s 3 3 v n 3 2. (a) 2 = 2l = r 5 n4 v 5 2l (b) Number of nodes in 3rd harmonic is 4 and in Fifth harmonic 6, 4 2 so, = p 6 3 (c) Number of antnodes in 3rd harmonic is 3 and in fifth harmonic 3 5, 50, r 5 l2 n4 5 (d) = = s l4 n2 3 3. In danser medium speed of wave is lesser and in rarer medium it is greater. (a) When wave goes from denser to rarer medium its speed increases p (b) As frequency do not change with change in medium then with
increase in speed wavelength increases p (c) As v t > v i then A t > A i p (d) Frequency remains unchanged r 4. A 2 + A 2 + 2 A A cos q q = 2 A cos 2 60 (a) R(60 ) = 2 A cos 2 3 = 2 A cos 30 = 2 A =A 3s 2 (b) R(120 ) = 2 A cos 120/ 2 = 2 A cos 60 1 = 2A = A s 2 (c) R (90 ) = 2 A cos 90/ 2 = 2 A cos 45 = A 2 I R = 2 A 2 = 2I i p (d) R(0 ) = 2 A cos (0/ 2) = 2 A I R = 4 A2 = 4I i r R= (a) n 0 (b) n2 (c) n 3 (d) n1 = 70 Hz s = 3n 0 = 210 Hz p = 4n 0 = 4 70 Hz = 280 Hz r = 2 n 0 = 140 Hz s
5. n2 = 3n 0 = 210 Hz n 0 = 70 Hz
16. Sound Waves

1. P0 = S0 kB B= = P0 P l = 0 S0 k 2pS0 14 0.35 2 3.14 5.5 10 -6 (b) S0 = p0 p0 = kB 2 p rv2 l p0 vl p0 l p0 = = = 2 2 2p nrv 2p rv 2p nr v 10 m = 2 3.14 10 3 1.29 340
= 1.4 105 N/m 2 1450 m /s v 2. l = l max = = 72.5 m, n 20 Hz 1450 m /s l min = = 7.25 cm 20000 Hz 3. Pressure wave and displacement wave p has a phase difference of , so, 2 (a) When pressure is maximum, displacement is minimum i.e., zero.
= 3.63 10 -6 m P P0 P 4. S0 = 0 = = 0 kB 2p nr v wrv P0 k = 2 rw 12 8.18 = 129 (2700) 2 . = 1.04 10 -5 m

1. v2 = v1 T2 = 2 T2 = 4 T1 = 4 273 K T1 3. v = nl = 250 8 = 2000 m/s B = rv2 = 900 (2000) 2 = 36 10 8 N/m = 3.6 10 9 Pa 7 8.314 273 gRt 4. v = = 5 M 32 10 -3 = 315 m/s
= 3 273 C = 819 C t 1/ 2 t 2. v t = v 0 1 + = v0 1 + 273 546 30 3 v 30 - v 3 = v 0 1 + -1 + 546 546 33 = v0 546 33 = 332 = 20.06 m/s 546
Sound Waves
| 23

1. P0 = S0 kB = 2p nrv S0 = 2 3.14 300 1.2 344 6 10 -6 = 4.67 Pa P2 ( 4.67) 2 I = 0 = 2 rv 2 1.2 344 = 2.64 10 -2 W/m 2 2.64 10 -2 I L = 10 log = 10 log I0 10 -12 = 104 dB 2. hI I 2L - L = 10 log - 10 log I0 I0 3 = 20 log = 20 dB 0.3 4. (a) I =
2 P0 (28) 2 ; I max = 2rv 2 1.29 345
= 0.881 W/m 2 0.881 Lmax = 10 log = 119.45 dB 10 -12 (2 10 -5 ) 2 I min = 2 1.29 345 = 4.49 10 -13 W/m 2 4.49 10 -13 dB Lmin = 10 log 10 -12 = - 3.48 dB Po Po (b) S0 = = kB 2pnrv 28 ( S0 ) max = 2 3.14 500 1.29 345 = 2 10 -5 m 2 10 -5 = 2 3.14 500 1.29 345 = 1.43 1011 m
= 10 log (h) = 9 dB log h = 0.9, h = 10 0. 9 = 7.9 1 k 3. I 2 I = 2 r r I LF - LM = 10 log F IM r = 10 log M r F

2
( S0 ) min

l = 12 cm 2 l and (2n + 1) = 36 cm 2 l = 36 - 12 = 24 cm v 330 m /s n= = = 1375 Hz l 0.24 m l l p l 2. Dx = Df = = 2p 2p 3 6 v 350 = = = 0.117 m = 11.7 cm 6 n 6 500 2p Df = Dt = 2p nD t = 2p 500 10 -3 T = p rad = 180 1. (2n - 1) 3. Dx1 = 2 H 2 + and Dx2 = 2 ( H + h) 2 + d2 - d = nl 4 d2 1 - d = n + l 4 2
l d2 d2 = 2 ( H + h) 2 + - 2 H2 + 2 4 4 d2 -4 4 H2 + d2 4
or l = 4 ( H + h) 2 +
l = 2 4 ( H + h) 2 + d2 - 2 4 H 2 + d2 1 4. Dx p = d sin q = n + l for minima 2
24 | Sound Waves
Y P S1 d S2 q

Df = =
X
2p
l 2 p 170 340
Dx =
2pn Dx v
v d sin q
(11 - 8) = 3 p = q 3p q = 4 I 0 cos 2 =0 2 2
(a) \ I R = 4 I 0 cos 2 (b) Df = 3 p + p = 4 p
(a) \ d sin q =
l for first minima 2 l v q = sin -1 = sin -1 2d 2nd 340 = sin -1 2 600 2
I R = 4 I 0 cos
= sin -1 (0.142) = 0.142 rad = 8.14 (b) For, first maxima d sin q = l l 340 q = sin -1 = sin -1 d 1200 = 16. 46 (c) Dx max d nl d, n = 3.53 340 n = 3 maxima. = 2 600 d l
5. (a) For coherent speakers in phase, q I R = 4 I 0 cos 2 2 2p 2p l Df = Dx = = p= q l l 2 p I R = 4 I 0 cos = 0 2 (b) For incoherent sources, I R = I 1 + I 2 = I 0 + I 0 = 2I 0 (c) For coherent speakers with a phase difference 180. Df = 180 + Df = p + p = 2p 2p I R = 4 I 0 cos 2 = 4I 0 2 I0 6. 60 dB = 10 log 10 -12 10 6 10 -12 = I 0 I 0 = 10 -6 W/m 2
10 -12 = 10 log 10 6 dB + 10 log 4 = 60 dB + 2 log 2 dB = 60 dB + 6 dB = 66 dB 2p 85 2pn (e) Df = Dx = (11 - 8) v 340 3p = =q 2 3p I R = 4 I 0 cos 2 4 p 2 = 4 I 0 cos p - = 2I 0 4 2 10 -6 LR = 10 log = 63 dB 10 -12 10 -3 10 -3 7. (a) I 1 = = 16 p 4 p 22 = 19.9 10 -6 W/m 2 = 19.9 mW / m 2 10 -3 10 -3 I2 = = 36 p 4 p 32 = 8.84 10 -6 W/m 2 = 8.84 mW / m 2 (b) ( I P ) max = ( I 1 + I 2 ) 2 = ( 4.46 + 2.97 ) 2 = 55.27 mW/m 2 (c) ( I P ) min = ( I 1 - I 2 ) 2 = ( 4.46 - 2.97) 2 = 2.22 mW/m 2 (d) I P = I 1 + I 2 = 28.7 mW/m 2
LR = 10 log
4p = 4I 0 2 = 4 10 -6 W/m 2 4 10 -6
Sound Waves
| 25

1. (a) n 0 = 345 m /s v v lc = = 4lc 4n 0 4 220 Hz = 0.392 m 3v (b) = 5n 0 2l 0 3v 3 345 l0 = = = 0.470 m 10 n 0 10 220 2. (a)
N Fundamental tone AN N N A A ANAN A First overtone Second overtone
dA = l 3l , ,l 5 5
harmonics are odd, which can be seen in closed organ pipe only. (b) These are 5th and 7th harmonic. v (c) n 0 = 4lc v 344 lc = = = 1.075 m 4n 0 4 80 4. v = nl = 1000 2 6.77 10 -2 m /s = 135.4 m /s gRT Mv2 v= r= M RT n 127 10 -3 (135.4) 2 8.314 400
l 0.8 d A = l = 0.8 m d A = , l = m, 3 0.8 2.43 = m, m , 0.8 m 5 4
= 0.7 n
(b)
A NA N
d A = 0n d A = 0,
As 1 < r < 2
N A A N AN A
2l 4l , 5 5 = 0 m , 0.32 m, 0.64 m d A = 0, 2l 3 = 0,0.533 m
n = 2 r = 0.7 2 = 1.4 = 5. n = (2n + 1)v = (2n + 3)v
7 diatonic 5
3.
2 400, 560 0 4 20, 28
4 l1 4 l2 2n + 3 l2 100 5 = = = 2n + 1 l1 60 3
HCF of the two shows, 80 and the values, 400 Hz and 560 Hz are odd multiples of 80. These conservative
n =1 4 l1 n 4 0.6 440 \v = = = 352 m/s 2n + 1 3

1.
A'1 A' 252Hz
B 256Hz
A1
A 260Hz
\ 2.
A'1
n A = 256 - 4 = 252 Hz
A' 381
B 384 <3
A1
A 387
>4
<4
n A = 252 Hz n A = (256 4) Hz and n A - n = (256 6) Hz \ 256 4 - n = 256 6 4 m 6 = n n = - 4 + 6 = 2
>3
n A = 387 Hz n A = (384 3) Hz and n A - n = 384 m, m < 3 \ 384 3 - n = 385 m
26 | Sound Waves
3-n=m 3 m m = n = ( +) ve n=+3-m n A = 384 + 3 = 387 Hz 1 TA 6 Hz = 600 Hz = 2l m 600 Hz = 606 = 600 1 2l TA TB TB m = 1.01
and
= 1.02 TB v 4. 256 4 = 2 0.25 v and 256 = 2 (0.25 - x) 2 0.25 256 1 = = 252 2 (0.25 - x) 1 - 4 x 256 - 4 256 x = 252 4 = 4 256 x 1 100 x= m= cm = 0.4 cm 256 256
TA

1. When source is moving, v 1 ns = n= n v v + vs 1m s v v s -1 = 1 m n v v u = 1 s n = 1 n v v When observer is moving, n 0 = v v = 1 0 n = 1 n v v So, it can be seen that, n 0 and n s are equal if u << v. 340 2. l = = 1.7 m 200 80 (a) l = l - uT = 1.7 m = 1.7 m 200 - 0.4 m = 1.3 m v 340 m /s (b) n = = l 1.3 m = 262 Hz v v0 v n 3. For doppler effect there has to be relative motion between source and receiver, but as they are at rest relative to each other thats why there is no shift in wavelength and frequency. v 344 4. l = = = 0.688 m n 500 30 (a) l front = l - uT = 0.688 500 = 0.688 - 0.060 = 0.628 m (b) l behind = l + uT = 0.688 + 0.060 = 0.748 m 344 (c) n front = = 547.8 Hz 0.628 344 (d) n behind = = 459.9 Hz 0748 . v - w - v0 340 - 5 - 20 5. n = n= 300 Hz v - w + vs 340 - 5 + 10 315 = 300 Hz = 273.9 Hz 345 6.
S vs r P
Sound Waves
| 27
AIEEE Corner

1. d = d1 + d2 = v t1 t +v 2 2 2 v 332 3 5 = ( t1 + t2 ) = + 2 2 2 2 v mix = T2 v 1 1 vH = v0 = 0 2 T1 3 3 3 v0 1300 = = = 787 m /s 2.73 2.73 300 273
= 332 2 = 664 m The time for third eco is, 3 5 t = t1 + t2 = + = 4 s 2 2 7 8.314 300 gRT 2. v = = 5 M 2 10 -3 = 21 8.314 104 = 1321 m /s gp 3. v = r 5 76 10 -2 13.6 10 3 9.8 = 3 0.179 5 76 136 9.8 = = 971 m /s 3 0.179 4. (a) B = rv2 = rn2 l2 = 1300 16 104 64 = 1.33 1010 N/m 2 r l2 6400 (15) 2 . (b) Y = rv2 = 2 = -4 2 t (3.9 10 ) = 9.47 1010 Pa 5. v t = Dl Dl Dl v t F =Y vl = ; l l l vl A
2 2
10 -6 = 60 log 10 = 60 dB 10 -12 10 -9 L2 = 10 log = 30 log 10 = 30 dB 10 -12 L1 = 2L2 I 8. 100 dB = 10 log dB I0 7. L1 = 10 log I = 1010 I 0 = 10 -2 W /m 2 P = 4 pr2 I = 4 p ( 40) 2 10 -2 = 64 p W = 201 W I 9. (a) 60 dB = 10 log dB I0 I = 10 6 I 0 = 10 -6 W/m 2 (b) P = AI = 120 10 -4 10 -6 W = 1.2 10 -8 watt I 10. (a) DL = 13 dB = 10 log 2 dB I1 I 2 = 101. 3 I 1 = 20 I 1 (b) As with doubling the intensity, loudness increases by 3 dB irrespective of the initial intensity. P 5 5 11. I = = = 4 pr2 4 p (20) 2 4 p 400 1 = W/m 2 = 9.95 10 -4 W/m 2 320p 1 I (b) I = 2p2 n2 a2 rv a = pn 2 r v = = 1 300 p 1 320 p 2 129 330 . 1 85.5
v 1 2 Y =Y t =Y = t 900 30 l 2 2 + 1 14 6. M mix = = 6 m/mole 2+1 v mix = vH

2
MH
M mix
2 1 = 6 3
1 300 p 1012
= 1.15 10 -6 m
28 | Sound Waves
12. 60 dB = 10 log
I dB 10 -12 1 pn T 2 rv
(c) A a > A w ;
5.66 10 -9 Aa = = 60 A w 9.44 10 -11
I = 10 -6 W/m 2 and a = = 1 800 p
10 -6 = 13.6 10 -9 m 2 1 .29 330 I dB I0 16.
13. 102 dB = 10 log
As bulk modulus of water is much larger than air, such that displacement of particles of medium becomes less. (6 10 -5 ) 2 p2 I = 0 = W/m 2 2 rv 2 1.29 343 = 4 10 - 12 W 4 10 -12 I \ L = 10 log = 10 log I0 10 -12
I = 1010.2 I 0 = 1010.2 - 12 = 10 -1. 8 W/m 2 P = 4 p r2 I = 4 3.14 (20) 2 10 -1. 8 = 80 W
14. I = 2p2 v2 a2 rv = 2 (3.14) 2 (300) 2 (0.2 10 -3 ) 2 1.29 330 W/m 2 = 30 .25 W/m 2 I 30.25 L = 10 log dB = 10 log dB I0 10 -12 = 134.8 dB 15. (a) v w = 2.18 10 9 B = r 10 3 I 2rv
= 20 log 2 = 6 dB v 17. n o = = 594 Hz; 2l v n 0 594 nc = = = Hz = 297 Hz 4l 2 2 ( n + 1)v 344 18. n 0 = = ( n + 1) 2l 2 0.45 = ( n + 1) 382.2 Hz = 3822 Hz, 764.4 Hz, 1146.7 Hz, . (2n + 1)v nt = 2l 344 = (2n + 1) 2 0.45 (2n + 1) 191.1 Hz = 191.1 Hz, 573.3 Hz, 955.6 Hz v 19. n c = 4l v = 4 l n c = 4 0.15 500 = 300 m /s v 300 no = = = 250 Hz 2l o 2 0.6 20. y = A cos kx cos wt 2p 330 t = A cos x cos 2p 1.6 1.6 = A cos 3.93 x cos 1296 t 2n + 1 2n + 3 21. n = v= v 4 0.5 4 0.84 2n + 3 84 = = 1.68 2n + 1 50
Aw
= 1.48 10 3 m /s I 1 = = 2 2 2p n rv pn = 1 3400 p
3 10 -6 2 10 3 1.48 10 3
= 9.44 10 -11 m v 1.48 10 3 lw = N = = 0.43 m n 3400 1.4 105 gp (b) v a = = = 341.6 m /s r 1.2 Aa = 1 3400 p 3 10 -6 2 1.2 3416 .
-9
= 5.66 10 m 341.6 la = = 0.1 m 3400
Sound Waves
| 29
3 - 1.68 = 2n 0.68 \ n = 0.97 = 1 as n is an integer 4l v 4 0.5 512 v= = m /s 2n + 1 3 = 341.3 m/s 2n + 5 n= n 4l 2n + 5 7 l= v= 341.3 4n 4 512 = 1.167 m = 116.7 cm v 340 22. n c = = = 85 Hz 4l 4 1 ns = v 1 = l 0.4 F = 85 m 4 10 -3 0. 4
25. (a) n c =
v 4lc
F = (85 0.4) 2 m = (34) 2 = 11.65 N v 23. n c = v = 4n ( l + l) 4( l + e)
= 4n( l + 03 d) . = 4 480 (016 + 03 005) = 336 m/s . . . (2n + 1) n 24. (a) n e = 4l 5 330 440 = 4l 5 330 15 l= = m 4 440 16 5l 15 A (b) N =l= 4 16 15 4 3 l= = m 16 5 4 2 p 15 Dp = Dp0 cos kx = Dp0 cos 3 / 4 32 15 p 5p Dp0 = Dp0 cos = Dp0 cos = 12 4 2 (c) At open end there is pressure node, so, pmax = Dpmin = Dp0 (d) At closed end there is pressure antinode, such that, and pmax = p0 + Dp0 pmin = p0 - Dp0
v 345 = = 0.392 m 4n c 4 220 5l 3l 3 4 (b) l 0 = , l 0 = = lc 4 2 2 5 6 6 = l c = 0.392 m = 0.47 m 5 5 vs v 26. n s = n c = s 2 0.8 l c 4 l c v s 1.6 = = 0.4 va 4 v 340 17 27. (a) l s = = = m = 113 m . n 300 15 v - vs (b) l a = l - v s T n 340 - 30 31 = = = 1.03 m 300 30 v + vs l b = l + vs T = n 340 + 30 37 37 = = = = 1.23 m 300 30 30 1 F Dn 1 DF 28. n = = 2l m n 2 F DF Dn 15 . 3 =2 =2 = = 0.68% F n 440 440 n = n + Dn = 440 1.5 = 438.5 Hz or 441.5 Hz lc = 29. v = 0.32 m/s; l = vT = 0.32 1.6 m = 0.512 m. l - l l la = l - v s T v s = =v T T 0.12 = 0.32 = 0.245 m/s 1.6 l b = l + v s T = 0.512 m + 0.245 1.6 = 0.512 + 0.392 = 0.904 m. v - v0 340 + 18 30. (a) n a = n= 262 Hz v - vs 240 - 30 358 = 262 Hz = 302.5 Hz 310 v - v0 340 - 18 (b) n r = n= 262 v + vs 340 + 30
30 | Sound Waves
322 262 Hz = 228 Hz 370 v v 31. Dn = nn v - vs v + vs 2 vv n 2v n vDn = 2 s2 ~ s v= v 2v s v - vs 340 4 \ n= = 680 Hz 2 1 v 32. n 0 = n c Dn = 110 2.2; n c = 4lc v 330 lc = = 4n c 4 110 2v 3 \ l c = m; n 0 = 4 2 l0 2 330 2v l0 = = 2n 0 2 (330 2.2) = = 0.993 m or 1.007 m 7 33. n p = n Q and n P < n Q as beat 2 frequency increases waxing of P. v 332 nQ + 5 = nQ = nQ v - vs 332 - 5 332 5 = nQ 5 = nQ 327 327 n Q = 327 Hz and 7 n P = 327 - = 323.5 Hz 2 When Q gives 5 beats with its own echo. OR 7 332 n P = n Q - = n q - 5 = nQ - 5 2 327 7 5 5- = nQ 2 327 327 1.5 nQ = = 98.1 Hz 5 n P = 98.1 - 2.5 = 94.6 Hz When P gives 5 beats with the echo of Q. 2vv n 2v n v v 34. Dn = nn 2 s 2 ~ s v - vs v + vs v v - vs vn 340 2 vs = = 2 n 2 680
1 \ v s = m/s 2 l 35. (2n + 1) = 11.5 cm 2 l (2n + 3) = 34.5 cm 2 2n + 3 34.5 = = 3 4n = 0 n = 0 2n + 1 11.5 l \ = 11.5 cm l = 23 cm 2 v 331.2 m/s n= = = 1440 Hz l 0.23 m v 330 36. l = = = 1.5 m n 220 3 9 Dx = S2 P - S1 P = 3 - = m 4 4 3 3 3 l = = l = (2n + 1) 2 2 2 2 3 1 Here, S1 P = = l 4 2 2p 2p l f1 = S1 P = =p l l 2 3 and S2 P = 3 = 2 = 2l 2 2p f2 = 2l = 4 p l Destructive interference will take place at P. \ PP = Pmin = ( P1 - P2 ) 2 = ( 1.8 10 -3 - 1.2 10 -3 ) 2 = 0.6 10 -3 ( 3 - 2) 2 = 0.6 10 -3 0.1 = 6 10 -5 W x 2 37. Dx = 2 22 + - x = nl = 1 l 2 360 m/s = =1m 360 Hz 2 4+ or x2 4 x2 44 + 4 =1 + x = 1 + 2x + x2
16 - 1 = 2x x = 7.5 m
Sound Waves
| 31

1. Sound cannot travel in vacuum, as it is mechanical wave. 2. Longitudinal waves can travel through all mechanical mediums. gR 288 gRT 3. = 32 28 32 8 T= 288 K = 288 K = 56 C 28 7 4. Third overtone is 7th harmonic ie, there 4 nodes and 4 antinodes.
A N AN A N A N
1 1.01 \ v=
0.01 v 1 1 11. n = n = n = nn n = = 0.5 v+v 2 2 12. I max = ( I + I ) 2 = 4 I = NI N = 4 v 3v 13. n = = 4 ( l1 + e) 4 ( l2 + e) l2 + e = 3 l1 + 3 e l - 3 l1 e= 2 2 42 - 3 17 \ e= cm = 0.5 cm 2 v = 4n( l1 + e) = 4 500 (17 + 8.5) 10 -2 = 20 17.5 = 350 m/s 14. At the moment when velocity of source is perpendicular to the line joining source and observer then there is no Doppler effect i.e., n + n1 = n n1 = 0 ( n + 1)v 340 15. n = = (2n + 1) = 85 (2n + 1) 4l 41 = 85, 255, 425, 595, 765, 935 \ 6 frequencies below 1 kHz. v - v0 v - v0 v + v0 16. Dn = nn = n1 v - vs v + vs v + vs
A o S
10 3 = 337 m/s
5. n
v n T so with increase in l temperature, frequency increases.
6. For sound water is rarer medium and air is densor medium so, it bends towards normal while going from water to air. l v v 2 7. n c = = no = c = =1:2 4lc 2l o lo 4 8. n2 = n1 F2 F1 F1 256 2 M1 = 10 kg 320
2 2
n F2 = 2 n 1 n M2 = 2 n 1
= 6.4 kg \ OM = M 2 - M 1 = 6.4 - 10 = - 3.6 kg i.e., Mass has to be decreased by 3.6 kg v v 9. n direct = n and n reflected = n v - vs u - vs as n D = n R so there will be no beats i. e., beat frequency will be zero. ( l - l2 ) v v 10. Dn = n2 - n1 = =v 1 l2 l1 l1 l2 l1 l2 Dn v= Dl
10 180 = 5 Hz 360 v v 17. Dn = n = n1 - n2 = l1 l2 v( l2 - l1 ) nl1 l2 = v = l1 l2 l1 - l2 = n v + vs = 18.

A' 345Hz
vs + v0
A 250Hz Dn<5 Dn>5
B 355Hz
32 | Sound Waves
As beat frequency between A and B decreases on loading A. i. e., n B < n A n B = 345 Hz

C' 341Hz B 245 Hz C 349Hz
v v v = 512 Hz, n o = =2 4l 2l 4l = 2 n c = 2 512 Hz = 1024 Hz 1 32 + 1 2 24. M min = = 17 1+1 23. n c = v min = vH 2 MH

2
After loading A, n A = 345 + 2 = 247 Hz and n A - n c = 6 n c = l A m 6 = 347 m 6 = 341 or 353 Hz. As possible frequency of C are 341 Hz and 249 Hz then only 341 Hz is justified. l - 3 l1 122 - 3 40 19. e = 2 = cm = 1 cm 2 2 5v v So, = l ( l1 + e) 4( l1 + e) l 3 = 5l1 + 4 l = 5 40 + 4 1 = 204 cm Dn 1 DF 1 DF 20. = Dn = n n 2 F 2 F 1 1 = 200 = 1 Hz 2 100 2n + 1 2n + 1 21. n = v l= v 4l 4n 2n + 1 340 = (2n + 1) = m 4 340 4 1 3 5 = m, m, m. 4 4 4 As, l max = 120 cm l = 25 cm 75 cm. \Height of water column = 120 cm - 75 cm = 45 cm 105 4 l 22. 7 = 105 cm l = = 60 cm 4 7
N N N N
M min
2 17
25. n a > f and n r < f but n a = constant and n r = cosntant. So, curve in (b) represents correctly. (2n + 1) v ( m + 1) v 26. u = 4l 2l (2n + 1) v ( m + 1) v How, 4 2l 4 2l 4 = = 2 beat/s 2 v v 27. Dn = n a - n r = nn v - v1 v + v1 2 vv1n = (v - v1 ) (v + v1 ) 2 320 4 243 = = 6 Hz 316 324 28. n c = (2n + 1) v 4lc = 320 (2n + 1) 41
= (2n + 1) 80 Hz = 80 Hz, 240 Hz, 400 Hz,... ( n + 1)v 320 n0 = = ( n + 1) 2l 0 2 1.6 = ( n + 1) 100 Hz = 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, 400 Hz,... \ n c = n o = 400 Hz 29. I max = 4 I 0 I max = 4 I max = 16I 0 L = 10 dB + 10 log 16 = 10 dB + 40 log 2 dB = 22 dB 2p 2p 30. l = = = 4m k p/2 l 4 l =5 =5 m =5m 4 4 and
l 60 = = 15 cm 4 4 l l l l So, nodes are at, , 3 , 5 and 7 from 4 4 4 4 closed end i. e., they are at, 15 cm, 45 cm, 75 cm and 105 cm.
Sound Waves
| 33
31. d = (2n + 1) =
330 (2n + 1) cm = (2n + 1) 13.75 cm. 24 = 13.75 cm, 41.25 cm, 68.75 cm, 96.25 cm etc. v ( l2 - l1 ) v v 32. Dn = = l1 l2 l1 l2 332 1 10 -2 = = 13.15 Hz 0.49 0.5 300 33. Dn B = n A - n B = 300 - 300 300 - 30 = 33.33 Hz and n A n B So both (a) and (b) options are wrong.
l (2n + 1) 330 = m 4 4 660
34. f a =
v f = 1 + 0 f and v v v0 fr = 1 f v f a v + v0 = fr v - v0 ( f a - f r )v = ( f a + f r )v 0 f + fr v . = a v0 fa - fr 2v0 f - fr f = 2 a f + f f v r a f + fr f = a . 2
v + v0
and
fa - fr =
JEE Corner

1. n c = (2n + 1) v v 3v 5v = , , ,... 4l 4l 4l 4l ( n + 1)v v 2 v 3v 4v while, n 0 = = , , , ,... 2l 2l 2l 2l 2l 5. With increase in intensity sound level increases in lograthmic order so assertion is false. 6. Speed of sound v = gp , with increase in r
it can be seen that n c n o at all situation 1 and n c = n o so assertion is true but 2 reason is false. 2. Apparent frequency is constant for constant relative velocity so assertion is false. 3. At a point of minimum displacement pressure amplitude is maximum i. e., pressure difference is maximum not pressure. So assertion is false. 4. The deriver receiver two sounds one v+u direct, n 0 = n and other n R = n such v -u that be detects beats. So reason is true explanation of assertion.
only pressure density increases such that v= p/r remains constant. Again gRT so both assertion and reason M
are true but reason is not correct explanation of assertion. 7. n A = n B + 4 when A is loaded with little wax then n A sightly decreases and then beat frequency decreases, but if it is heavily loaded with wax then its frequency goes much below n B such that beat frequency increases. So, assertion and reason are both true but reason is not correct explanation of assertion.
34 | Sound Waves
8. 150 450, 7 50, 3, 5 The frequencies are odd harmonics then the pipe is closed and fundamental frequency is also 150 Hz. So assertion and reason are both true but reason is not correct explanation of assertion.
9. n
1 with increase in diameter end l+e
correction, e, increases and n decreases. So reason is correct explanation of assertion. 10. With increasing length of air column, number of overtone increases and not the wavelength so assertion is false.

1. At the boundary between two mediums, one part of incident wave gets reflected and other part gets transmitted or refracted. 3.9 p 3l 2. = 3.9 p l = 2 1.5 2p 2p 3 k= = = r = S0 kB 3.9 p 3.9 0 l 1.5 10 -2 105 r0 S0 = = 3 kB 1.3 (200) 2 3.9 3.9 10 -1 = = 0.025 m = 2.5 cm 12 1.3 2 v2 2 100 At 2 = = = A i v1 + v2 200 + 100 3 v v 4. Dn = nn v + v2 v + v1 vn (v1 - v2 ) ~ n (v1 - v2 ) = (v + v2 ) (v + v1 ) v vDn 340 10 \ v1 - v2 = = = 2 m/s n 1700 3. 5. v s = gt = 10 m/s v + v0 v - v0 Dn = nn v - vs v + vs 300 + 2 300 - 2 = 300 - 10 - 300 + 10 150 Hz 302 - 298 150 = 12 Hz = 290 310 6. 7 l 2L =L l= 2 7 2p L = a cos p = - a L 7 2 7
A = a cos kx = a cos
7. For maxima, nl = 3 3 v nv l= ;n= = = 110 n. n l 3 \n = 110, 220, 330 Hz, ..etc. maxima will be formed so maximum will not be formed at 120 Hz and 100 Hz. 8.
W 60 S 20 m/s
20 m/s
v + w cos 60 - v s 300 + 10 = 500 Hz 300 + 10 - 20 310 = 500 = 534 Hz 290 v + 20 v + 20 9. Dn = n R - n 0 = 500 v - 10 v + 10 360 360 = 500 Hz = 31 Hz 300 350 404 p 400p 10. Dn = = 202 - 200 = 2 Hz 2p 2p 2 I max 2 + 1 =9 :1 = I min 2 - 1
n =
v + wcos 60
Sound Waves
| 35
l 4 = 34 cm l = 34 cm 4 3 v 136 n = v51 = nl = n l 3 273 + 16 v16 289 1 1 = = = = v51 273 + 51 324 1.121 1.1 nl51 nl16 = 1.1 136 \ l16 = = 41.21 cm 3 1.1 v -v v+v 12. 176 = 165 v - 22 v 11. 3 176 v (v - v) = 165 (v + v) (v - 22) \ 176 330 (330 - v) = 165(330 + v) (330 - 22) or 1.143 (330 - v) = 330 + v or 0.143 330 = 2.143 v v = 22 m/s 2 32 + 3 48 13. M min = = 41.6 2+3 n2 v2 m1 32 = = = = 0.77 n1 v1 m2 41.6 = 0.875 = 175 Hz 14. v 0 = gt = 30 m/s v + 30 1100 = 1000, 1.1v = v + 30 v 0.1 v = 30 v = 300 m/s
D A B C
Both (a) and b are correct. More Than One (2n + 1)v 19. n = 4l v 330 l = (2n + 1) = (2n + 1) m 4n 4 264 = (2n + 1) 31.25 cm = 31.25 cm, 93.75 cm, 156.25 cm 20. (a) v p0 , (b) v T v2 T, where T is absolute temperature. 1 (c) v F (d) n l \(c) and (d) are correct. Dp Dp 21. P0 = BA k; B = Dp DV p V Dpr r \ Dr = = BA k = rA k B B r p; Pressure and density equations are in p opposite phase i. e., Df = and not p. 2 So, (a), (b) and (c) are correct. 5v 3v l 125 2 . 2 8 22. = = o = = . 4 l c 2l o lc lo l c 1.25 5 2v v v (a) n c = = = 5 4lc 4 l 5 lo o 8 4 v 4 = = no nc < no 5 2l o 5 3v 3v 12 v (b) n c = = = 4lc 4 5 l 5 2l 0 0 8 6 2v 6 = = no nc > no. 5 2 lo 5
Passage (Q 5 to 17) v m + v p = 8 m/s, 50v m = 150v p v m = 3v p , 4v p = 8 m/s v p = 2 m/s and v m = 6 m/s v+2 332 15. n = f0 = f 0 = constant v -6 324 v -2 328 16. n = f0 = f 0 = constant v+6 336 17. n < f 0 < v and graph is (a) 18.
36 | Sound Waves
(c) n c =
15 v 6v v = = 12 5 4 lc 4 l lo 2l o o 8 = 12 v 0 twelbth harmonic. =
15 v
(d) Closed organ pipe cannot have tenth harmonic it only has odd harmonics. gRT v 1 23. f = = 4( l + e) 4( l + e) M (a) increase in r increase in e decrease in f
(b) increase in T increase in v increase in f (c) increase in M decrease in v decrease in f (d) increase in P increase in r no change in v no change in f v v 24. f a = and f r = f f are v - vs v + vs constants during approach and received.
Match the Columns

1. n o = v =f 2l f v (a) n c = = = 0.25 f s 4 2l 4 5v 5 (b) n c2 = = f = 1.25 f p 4 2l 4 3v 3 (c) n c1 = = f = 0.75 f r 4 2l 4 3v (d) n c1 = = 0.75 f r 4 2l 3. f = f T - f S (a) If tuning fork is loaded f T decreases such that beat frequency may increase or decrease depending upon amount of wax r, s (b) If prongs are filed, beat frequency must increase p (c) If tension is increased beat frequency may increase or decrease depending upon the amount of change in tension. r, s (d) If tension is decreased, beat frequency must increase p 1 1 4. (a) For point source, I , and A r r r (b) q 1 (c) For line source, I and r 1 A q r (d) p 2 p 2p 5. l = = =2m k p l 5 l = 5 = m = 2.5 m 4 2 (a) l = 2.5 m s (b) l = 2 m r l 2l (c) , = 1m, 2 m p, r 2 2 l l (d) , 3 = 0.5 m, 1.5 m q 4 4
2 vv f v v 2. Dn1 = v - v - v + v f = v2 - v2 f s s s v 2v 4 f = 16 1 f = 8 f = 15 2 15 v2 v2 16 v + vs 2vs Dn2 = v - v - 1 f = v - v f s s 2 v/4 2 = f = f v - v/4 3 v v Dn 3 = v - v - v - v f = 0 5 5 8 (a) Dn1 = fq 15 2 (b) Dn2 = f p 3 (c) Dn 3 = 0 s (d)Dn = 0 s 3
17. Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases

C F - 32 5 for F = 0, C = - 32 = 5 9 9 = - 17.8 C K - 273.15 F - 32 (b) for K = 0, = 5 9 9 F = - 273.15 + 32 = - 459.67 F 5 x 2x - 32 10x 2. (a) = x= - 17.8 5 9 9 10 17.8 = - 1 x 9 1. (a) x = 17.8 9 = 160.2 C x x / 2 - 32 5 (b) = x= x - 17.8 5 9 18 13 17.8 = x x = - 24.65 C 18 C -5 F - 32 3. = 99 - 5 212 - 32 C - 5 F - 32 = 94 180 52 - 5 F - 32 = 94 180 180 F = 32 + 47 = 122 F 94 K - 273.15 F - 32 4. = 5 9 5 x - 273.15 = x - 17.8 9 4 x = 255.35 x = 574.54 9 C F - 32 9 = x = x - 32 5 9 5 4 x = - 32 5 5 x = - 32 = - 40 C 4 1 6. Dt = at Dq 2 1 = 1.2 10 -5 86400 30 2 = 1.5 1.2 8.64 s = 15.55 s given. 5. 7. As from 0C to 4C, density of water increases so the volume of wooden block above water level increases and as from 4C to 10C density of water decreases so the volume of block above water decreases. 8. V1r 1 g = V2 s1 g and V2 r 2 g = V2 s2 g DV1 V s =1 - 1 = -1 - 1 V1 V1 r1 DV2 s and =1 - 2 V2 r2 DV2 DV1 \ V2 V1 s s s s = 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 = 1 - 2 r r2 r1 r2 1 s1 s1 (1 - g 2 DT) = r1 r 1 (1 - g 1 T)
38 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
= = =
s1 r1 r 1 (1 - g 1 T) s1 g 2 - g 1 r 1 1 - g1 T
DT
s1 g 2 - g 1 r 1 1 - g1 T s1 (1 - g 2 DT)
DT
9. On cooling brass contracts more than iron ( a B > a Fe ) such that brass disk gets loosen from hole of iron. 10. V T V = kT ln V = ln k + ln T DV DT DV 1 = = =g V T VDT T

1. For ideal gases, pV = nRT V VM T= p= p nR mR VM Slope = mR 1 As slope m2 < m1 m p T 2. pV = nRT 2 = 2 p1 T1 360 6 = = 300 5 6 6 p2 = p1 = 10 atm = 12 atm 5 5 1 1 28 + 44 7 + 11 4 3. M mix = 4 = = 36 1 1 1 + 4 4 2 m pV = nRT = RT M pM m pM = RT = rRT r = V RT 101 105 36 10 -3 . \ r= 8.31 290 = 101 36 . 8.31 29 . = 15 kg/m 3 . N RT NA
4. pV = nRT = N=
pVN A
RT 10 -6 13.6 10 3 10 250 10 -6 6.02 1023
8.31 300 13.6 5 6.02 = 1015 = 8.21 1015 8.31 6 5. pV = nRT nR T p 1 Slope r V = p1 > p2
6. pV = nRT p = ( nRT)
1 V y = mx is a straight line passing through origin.

1. Average velocity depends on the direction of motion of gas molecules and as container do not move such that their net effect becomes zero, due to the reason that some molecules are moving in one direction while other are moving in opposite direction. But in case of average speed only magnitudes are in use which do not cancel each other.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
| 39
2.
KE =
3 3 8.31 kT = 300 J 2 2 6 1023 3 = 8.31 10 -21 J 4 = 6.21 10 -21 J 3 RT , M 3 8.31 300 4 10 -3
1 1023 ; 3 S = 4 pR2 = 4 3.14 (6400 10 3 102 ) 2 = = 5.14 1018 cm 2 N 1023 = S 3 5.14 1018
3. v rms = v He =
= 1.37 10 3 m /s 3 8.31 300 v Ne = = 608.5 m/s 20.2 10 -3 3 KE = kT = 6.21 10 -21 J 2 3 RT 4. v rms = M 4 10 -3 10 6 Mv2 rms T = = 3R 3 8.31 = 160.45 K n1r 1 + n2 r 2 n1 + n2 (1 - n2 ) r 1 + n2 r 2 1 - n2 + n2
= 6.5 10 3 molecules/cm 2 3 (a) nCV = nR = 35 J/K 2 70 n= = 2.8 mole 3R 3 (b) U = nRT = 35 J/K 273 K = 9555 J 2 5 (c) C p = CV + R = R = 20.8 J/K mole 2 8. (a) n(C p - CV ) = nR = 29.1 J/K 29.1 n= mole = 3.5 mole 8.314 3 (b) CV = nc V = n R = 3.5 1.5 8.314 2 = 43.65 J/K 5 C p = nc p = n R = CV + nR 2 = 43.65 + 3.5 8.314 = 72.75 J/K 5 (c) CV = nc V = n R = 72.75 J/K 3 7 C p = nc p = n R 2 = 72.75 + 3.5 8.314 = 101.85 J/K 3 RT 8 RT 10. v rms = and v av = M pM 8 Here 3 > v rms > v av , p i. e., the statement is true.
5. r =
= r 1 + n2 (r 2 - r 1 ) r - r1 1.293 - 1.429 n2 = = r 2 - r 1 1.251 - 1.429 136 = = 0.764 = 76.4% by mass 178 ( p + hrg) V pT 6. 2 = 1 2 = 0 V1 p2 T1 p0 277 = (1.01 105 + 40 10 3 10) 293 1.01 105 277 5.01 293 = = 5.25 1.01 277 V2 = 5.25 V1 = 105 cm 3 1 7. N = nN A = 6 1023 18
AIEEE Corner

1. C 68 - 32 36 = = =4 5 9 9 K - 273 68 - 32 C = 20 C ; = =4 5 9 K = 293 K C 5 - 32 27 = == -3 5 9 9 K - 273 5 - 32 C = - 15 C; = = -3 5 9 K = 258 K C 176 - 32 144 = = = 16 5 9 9 K - 273 C = 80 C; = 16 5 K = 353 K 30 F - 32 = F = 54 + 32 = 86 F 5 9 = 546 R 5 F - 32 = F = 9 + 32 = 41 F = 501 R 5 9 20 F - 32 = 5 9 F = - 36 + 32 = - 41 F = 456 R x - 32 x 9 4 = 32 = x - x = - x 5 9 5 5 5 x = - 32 = - 40 4 - 40 C = - 40 F DC DF 9 9 = DF = DC = 40 = 72 5 9 5 5 \ F2 = F1 + 72 = 140 .2 F 32 - 20 C - 0 = 80 - 20 100 - 0 12 100 12 C = C = = 20 C 60 100 60 T2 p 160 = 2 = = 2 T2 = 2T1 T1 p1 80 \ T2 = 2 273.15 K = 546.30 K 7. Rt = R0 (1 + a D q) 3.50 = 250 (1 + 100a) 1 = 250 K . 10 . or a = = 4 10 -3 /C 250 \ 650 = 250 (1 + 4 10 -3 Dq) . . 4 = 10 -2 Dq Dq = 400 q2 = 400C Dq = 400 q2 = 400C i. e., boiling point of sulphur is 400C. 75 + 45 120 3 T p 8. 2 = 2 = = = T1 p1 75 + 5 80 2 3 3 T2 = T1 = 30015 K . 2 2 = 450225 K = 177.08 C . 9. Dg = g ( a Br - a Fe ) Dq Dg 1 Dq = g a Br - a Fe = = \ 0.01 10 -3 6 10
-2 -3
2.
a Br
1 - a Fe
10 6 ( a Br - a Fe ) 10 -3 6 ( a Br - a Fe )
3.
q2 = q1 +
= 30 C +
10 -3 100 = 30 C + 6 ( a Br - a Fe ) 6 0.63
4.
= 57.78 C. 10. (a) Dl = l aDq ~ 88.42 2.4 10 -5 30 = 0.064 cm (b) Dl = l ( a Al - a St ) Dq = 88.42 (2.4 - 1.2) 10 -5 30 = 0.032 cm l S = l + Dl = 88.42 + 0.032 cm = 88.45 cm
5.
6.
| 41
Dl 100% = a D q 100% l = - 1.2 10 -5 35 100% = - 0.042% Dl 12. F = YA = YA a Dq l = 2 1011 2 10 -6 1.2 10 -5 40 = 4 1.2 40 N = 160 1.2 N = 192 N 11. 13. Vsg = (50 - 45) 10 -3 kg = 5 10 -3 kg V s g = (50 - 451) 10 -3 kg . = 4.9 10 -3 kg s V (1 + g s Dq) g = 4.9 10 -3 1 + g l Dq 1 + g s Dq 4.9 = 1 + g l Dq 5 5 + 5g s Dq = 4.9 + 4.9 g e Dq 0.1 + 5g s Dq 1 5 gl = = + gs 4.9 Dq 49 Dq 4.9 1 5 gs = + 12 10 -6 49 75 4.9 = 272.1 10 -6 + 12.2 10 -6 = 2.84 10 -4 C 14. M = 14 + 3 = 17 g/mole = 17 10 -3 kg/mole 17 10 -3 kg/molecule M = 6033 10 -23 . = 282 10 -26 kg/molecule . 6 -2 pV 1.52 10 10 15. n = = = 6.13 RT 8.314 298.15 r= m nM 6.13 2 10 = = V V 10 -2
-3
p1 V1 T2 p T = 1 2 V1 T1 p2 p2 T1 1 270 = 500 m 3 = 900 m 3 0.5 300 pV p V 18. 1 1 = 2 2 T1 T2 mg + p A h mg + p Ah 0 i 0 f A A = 293 273 373 373 hf = hi = 4 cm = 50.9 cm 293 293 25/ 28 40/ 4 n n 19. p1 = p2 1 = 2 = = V1 V2 L1 A L2 A L1 25 1 5 = = = 0.089 L2 28 10 56 n1 25/ 28 25 5 = = = = 0.089 n2 40/ 4 280 56 17. V2 = 20. n = n1 + n2 p( V1 + V2 ) = p1 V1 + p2 V2 p V + p2 V2 p= 1 1 V1 + V2 1.38 0.11 + 0.69 0.16 \p = MPa 0.11 + 0.16 0.1518 + 0.1104 0.2622 = = = 0.97 MPa 0.27 0.27 pV1 pV2 pV pV 21. + = 1 1 + 1 2 T T T1 T2 1 atm 600 cm 3 293 K 400 cm 3 200 cm 3 = p1 + 373 K 273 K 600/ 293 p1 = atm 400 200 + 373 273 3 \ p1 = atm 2 + 1 293 373 273 3 3 = = atm 1.57 + 1.07 2.64 = 1.136 atm
= 1.23 kg/m 3 m nM 16 nM r = = = = 16 r V V V = 19.62 kg/m 3 V 76 16. p2 = p1 1 = 1 atm V2 6 = 12.7 atm
22. V =
nRT 1 8.314 273.15 3 = m p 1.013 105
= 0.02242 m 3 = 22.42 litre pV T V T 23. p2 = 1 1 2 = p1 1 2 T1 V2 V2 T1 0.75 430 = 1.5 105 0.48 300 = 3.36 105 Pa 24. r = p1 + p1 + p2 n RT n1 RT n2 RT = 1 + + V V V 1.4 1.4 0.4 RT = 0.7 + 0.3 + 28 14 4 V 8.314 1500 0.7 + 0.3 + 1 = 10 10 20 5 10 -3 3.3 = 8.314 3 105 Pa 20 = 4.11 105 Pa 1 1 25. RKE = 2 kT = Iw2 2 2 2 1.38 10 -23 300 2kT w= = I 8.28 10 -38 10 -7 6 1.38 \ w = 1012 = 1012 rad/s 8.28 gp 26. v = r 2 rv2 1.3 (330) g= = = 1.398 p 1.013 105 f +2 2 ~ = f = -5 f 0.398 5 7 n1C p1 + n2 C p2 3 2 + 2 2 27. g = = 3 5 n1CV + n2 CV 3 + 2 1 2 2 2 15 + 14 29 = = = 1.53 9 + 10 19 3 28. K = pV 2 3 p2 V2 K2 3 15 =2 = = 4.5 3 K1 2 5 p1 V1 2
K 2 = 4.5 K f +2 58 29. C p = R = 29 f = -2 =5 2 R pV pT = p nR p2 V = constant 1 pV 1/ 2 = constant a = , 2 f +4 f R c= R+ = R = 29 1 2 2 12 58 f = - 4 =3 R 3 2 30. TKE = of total energy and RKE = of 5 5 total energy, so the gas is diatomic. 3 3 TKE = kT = 1.38 10 -23 300 J 2 2 = 6.21 10 -21 J/molecule 5 DQ = nCV DT = 1 8.314 1 = 20.8 J 2 n1C p1 + n2 C p2 31. C p = n1 + n2 2.5 R + 3.5 R = = 3R 1+1 n1`CV + n2 CV 1 2 CV = n1 + n2 1.5 R + 2.5 R = = 2R 1+1 C 3R g= P = = 1.5 CV 2R 32. g = n1C p1 + n2 C p2 n1CV + n2 CV
1 2
( n1 + n2 )C p1 ( n1 + n2 )CV
1
C p1 CV
1
=g
33. p = aV pV - b = constant DQ C= = 0 for adiabatic process for nDT which pV g = constant comparing, we get, b = - g
| 43
34. p = kV pV -1 = constant pV = a constant a = - 1 R R R C = CV + = CV + = CV + 1-a 1+1 2 35. v rms = 3 8.314 373.15 3 RT = M 2 10 -3
m 50 10 = = 6.25 1020 m1 8 10 -26 K 0.3 30 \K 1 = = = 10 -22 J 20 N 6.25 10 6.25 N= = 4.8 10 -22 J 3 RT0 40. v 0 = M0 (a) v = v0 T 573 = = 1.4 v = 1.4 v 0 T0 293
-6
= 2.16 10 3 m /s = 2.16 km/s (500) 2 + (600) 2 + (700) 2 + (800) 2 + (900) 2
36. v rms =
5 100 = 25 + 36 + 49 + 64 + 81 5
= 714 m/s 500 + 600 + 700 + 800 + 900 v av = 5 = 20 (5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9) = 700 m/s v rms v av 3 37. KE = pV 2 N 6 10 -26 = 1.5 2 105 100 10 -3 10 -3 3 10 \ N= = 5 1026 6 10 -26 5000 = 6.023 1023 = 830.15 Na 6.023 \ n = 8300.15 moles v v 38. Frequency of collision, n = = 2 3 l 2 3 V 1 3 RT = M 2 3V p RT RT \n = = = nRT 4 VM 4 nM 4 M p = 2 10 +5 4 1 46 10 -3
(b) v = v 0 as RMS speed changes with temperature and not with pressure. M0 M0 v 1 (c) = = = v0 M 3M 0 3 v0 v= = 0.58 v 0 3 MH gRT gRT 2 41. = T = T MH MO MO
2 2 2
2 = 320 = 20 K = - 253 C 32 1 GMm 42. mv2 = = g e Re m e 2 Re 3 RT v e = 2 g e Re = v H = 2 M 2 g e Re M Te = 3R 2 9.8 6367 10 6 2 10 -3 . = 3 8.314 = 10007 K 2 g m Rm M and Tm = 3R 2 1.6 1.75 10 6 2 10 -3 = 3 8.314 = 449 K 3 3 43. (a) KE = kT = 1.38 10 -23 300 J 2 2 -21 = 6.21 10 J 3 (b) KE = kT N a = 6.023 1023 2 6.21 10 -21 J = 3740 J
= 41.04 10 3 /s 3 3 39. KE = pV = 105 2 10 -6 = 0.3 J 2 2
(c) v rms =
3 8.314 300 3 RT = M 32 10 -3
= 483.6 m /s

1. v av = 2. v rms = = 3. 8 RT pM 12 + 02 + 22 + 3 2 4 14 = 3.5 m /s 4 10. a = T= p( V1 + V2 ) T T p( V1 + V2 ) = 1 2 p1 V1 p V p1 V1 T2 + p2 V2 T1 + 2 2 T1 T2
0.08 10 -3 Dl = l Dq 10 10 -2 100
Dl = - aDq = - 12 10 -6 50 l = - 600 10 -6 = - 6 10 -4 V T 4. V T 2 = 2 = 2; V1 T1 V2 - V1 DV = = 2 - 1 = 1 = 100% V V1 5. KE T K 2 T2 2E = = =2 K 1 T1 E
= 8 10 -6 / C DV = VgDq = 3 VaDq = 3 100 cc 8 10 -6 100 = 0.24 cc V = 100 cc + 0.24 cc = 100.24 cc 11. T = T0 + tan 45 V = T0 + V pV = nRT = nR( T0 + V ) = nRT0 + nRV nRT0 b or p = nR + p=a+ V V ie, p versus V graph will be hyperbola. 12. p2 V = constant T2 = T1 nRT V = constant. V T2 V V2 3 V0 = = 3 V1 V0
2
T2 = 2T1 = 2 283 K \ T2 = 566 K = 293 C f n 6. TE = kT = kT. 2 2 v T2 1200 7. 2 = = = 2 v2 = 2 v1 v1 T1 300 8. (a) pav = m1v is different for different m1 3 (b) (KE) molecule = kT is same for any 2 gas. 3 pV 3 (c) (KE)/ V = = p is different as 2 V 2 p is different for different. 3 pV 3 p (d) (KE) m = is different as = 2 m 2 r p is different. r pV p V pV1 pV2 p( V1 + V2 ) 9. 1 1 + 2 2 = + = RT1 RT2 RT RT RT
T2 = 3 T1 = 3 T0 1 2 1 m 2 13. p = rv rms = v rms 3 3 V mT = constant m1 T2 310 = = = 1.1 m2 T1 280 14. As temperature of vessels A and B are some so is average velocity of O2 , i.e., u. pV 15. N = nN a = Na RT 10 -13 10 -6 = 6.023 10 +23 8.314 300
| 45
= 16.
602.3 = 24 8.314 3
1 GMm GMm mv2 = = mgh 2 R R+h \ h~ h= v2 3 RT = 2 g 2 gM 3 8.314 273 2 10 28 10 -3
9 63 28 g = g 20 5 mp m m 21. r = = = RT ( n1 + n2 ) RT V ( n1 + n2 ) p 5 12 1.01 10 10 -3 = = 0.12 kg/m 3 (2 + 2) 8.314 300 = kM V pV = constant is for isothermal process, i. e., T = constant p2 23. = constant r 22. p = kr = p2 V constant pT = constant r /2 p2 r2 1 = = = p1 r1 r 2 p p2 = 1 2 T2 p1 = = 2 T1 p2 T2 = 2T1 = 2T 1 as pT = constant p T i. e., p - T graph is hyperbola.
= 1216 10 3 m 12 km . l1 a 2 19 17. and l1 - l2 = 30 cm = = l2 a 1 11 11 l1 = l1 = 30 cm 19 19 l1 = 30 cm = 7125 cm . 8 11 and l2 = l1 = 41.25 cm 19 18. p V T V = constant

p
19. V = V0 + tan q T, pV = nRT = \ or m p( V0 + tan q T) = RT M 1 m tan q = RT - pV0 pT M mR V0 tan q = pM T
m RT M
24. p2 V = constant PT = constant and T 2 V -1 = constant. p2 V1 V 1 = = = p1 V2 4V 2 p p p2 = 1 = 2 2 T2 V2 4V = = =2 T1 V1 V T2 = 2T1 = 2T 1 as p p-T graph is hyperbola. T C -0 F - 32 F - MP 25. = = 100 - 0 212 - 32 BP - MP ice point = 32 F and steam point = 212 F
\ tan q remains same when m 2 m and p 2 p pV p V 20. n1 = 1 and n2 = 2 RT1 RT2 n1 p1 T2 10 300 600 20 = = = = n2 T1 p2 5 330 330 11 11 \ n2 = n1 20 11 \ Dm = m1 - m2 = m1 = m1 20
26. p V at a p = p0 and V = V0 and at b , m p = 2 p0 and V = 2V0 , r = V r b Va V0 1 = = = ra Vb 2V0 2 1 r b = Pa 2 Tb PV 2 p0 2V0 = b b = =4 Ta Pa Va P0 V0 Tb = 4 Ta U T Ub = 4Ua as P V T V2 Parabola passing through origin 27. (a) TKE = 3 nRT is independent of type 2 of gas true. (b) In one degree of freedom for one 1 mole of gas, V = RT 2
(c) false (d) false 28. V T V = tan q T m pV = nRT = RT M mRT mR p T tan q = tan q + M MP m1 m2 tan q1 > tan q2 > p1 p2 all a, b, c and d are possible. 29. pV = nRT N m/V n m p = RT = a RT = RT V M M 3 kN a T 3 RT 3 kT v rms = = = M M M (a) and (d) are correct.
JEE Corner
Assertion & Reason

1. Assertion is false.
p isobaric
h oc ic or
isothermal T
4. Internal energy remains same in train frame of reference, so temperature do not change, but KE of gas molecules in ground frame increases. 5. According to equipartition theory, energy is equally distributed for each degree of freedom, so assertion is false. 6. At high temperature and low pressure intermolecular distance is much larger than size of the molecules and intermolecular forces can be neglected. So, assertion and reason are both true but not correct explanation. 7. At 4C, volume is minimum or density is maximum i. e., liquid will overflow on increasing or decreasing temperature This reason is false.
is
2. Assertion and reason are both true but reason is not correct explanation of assertion. As at low temperature atoms in molecules are tightly bound such that they cannot oscillate. 2 3. pV = nRT = KE 3 2 KE 2 p= p = E. 3 V 3 Assertion and reason are both true but reason cannot explain assertion.
| 47
8. Temperature remains constant as pressure is double and volume is halfed, so internal energy remains constant. So reason partially explains assertion. 9. Assertion and reason are both true but not correct explanation.
10. V =
MR nR T = Mp T slope m; reason r is correct explanation.
Match The Columns

1.
r p s s (d) 1 aTDq increases with 2 increasing temperature DT = p
(a) TKE = 3 nRT = 3 2RT = 3 RT 2 2 2 2 (b) RKE = nRT = 2RT = 2RT 2 2 (c) PE = (d TKE = 5 nRT = 5RT 2 )
5. (a) p = constant q
p
q 2.
U T
1 VT = constant V pT 2 = constant and pV 2 = constant (a) U increases T increases P decreases r (b) p increase V decreases r (c) U increases T increases q T TV constant (d) as = = = increase V V2 V2 Vdecreases q 8 3. x1 = 3, x2 = , x 3 = 2 and x4 = r p (a) r, (b) s, (c) q, (d) s U = p T 4.
(a) (b) (c) density of water is maximum of 4C depends of change in density of solid and liquid depends of change in density of solid and liquid s s s
(b) V T 1 U r
U
R
p
(c)
p
V
(d) V T
1 T r
T
r
r
18. First Law of Thermodynamics

1. (a) DW = pDV = - 1.7 105 (1.2 - 0.8) J = - 6.8 10 J (b) DV = 1.1 105 J DQ = DU + DW = - 17.8 104 J i.e., 1.78 105 J of heat has flown out of the gas. (c) No, it is independent of the type of the gas. 2. (a) In p - V graph of cyclic process, clockwise rotation gives positive work and anticlockwise gives negative work. And as loop 1 has greater area than loop 2, that is why total work done by the system is positive. (b) As in cyclic process change in internal energy is zero, thats why for positive work done by the system, heat flows into the system. (c) In loop 1 work done is positive so, heat flows into the system and in loop 2 work done is negative so heat flows out of the system.
4
3. As the box is insulated i.e., no heat exchange takes place with surrounding and as the gas expands against vacuum i.e., zero pressure thats why no work has been done and there is no change in internal energy. Thus, temperature do not change, internal energy and gas does not do any work. f 3 4. U = nRT = nRT 2 2 2U 2 100 n= = 3 RT 3 8.314 300 = 0.0267 mole. 5. DQ = ms Dq = 1 387 30 J = 11610 J m DV = Vg Dq = 3 a Dq r 1 = 3 7 10 -6 30 8.92 10 3 = 7.1 10 -8 m - 3 DW = p DV = 1.01 105 7.06 10 - 8 = 7.13 10 - 3 J DU = DQ - DW = 11609.99 J

1. (a) At constant volume, DU = 0 DW = 0 DQ = nCV DT DQ 200 D= = = 16.04 K nCV 1 3 8.314 2 \ Tf = Ti + DT = 300 + 16.04 = 316.04 K (b) At constant pressure, DQ 200 DT = = = 9.62 K nC p 1 5 8.314 2 Tf = 300 + 9.62 K = 309.62 K 2. For adiabatic process, pVg = constant = c (say) V V V c \ f p dV = f g dV = c f V - g dV Vi Vi V Vi
49 | First Law of Thermodynamics
=c
Vi -g + 1 pf Vf Vf
V -g +1 -g+1
Vf
=c
Vf
-g + 1
- Vi
-g + 1
M DQ m 3R
200 199 2010 3 8.314
1-g
- g +1
- pi Vig V f
= 0.8 C 6. DW = DW AB + DWBC + DWCD + DWDA p = nRT1 m 1 + p2 ( VC - VBC ) p 2 p + nRTm 2 + p1 ( V1 - V2 ) p 1 p2 = nR( T2 - T1 ) ln p + p1 V2 - p1 V1 1 + p1 V1 - p1 V2 p2 = ( p2 V2 - p1 V1 ) ln p 1 7. DW ABCA = (+)ve DW AB = (+)ve, DWBC = 0, DWCA = ( -)ve For BC, DQ = ( -)ve DUBC = ( -)ve and DWBC = 0 For CA, DU = ( -)ve DQCA = ( -)ve as DWCA = ( -)ve.
DU AB BC CA Total + 0 + 0 + DW + + DQ
1-g p f V f - pi Vi pi Vi - p f V f (Proved) = = 1-g g -1 3. DW AB = + 500 J,DQ AB = + 250 J DU AB = - 250 J DW AC = + 700 J, DQ AC = + 300 J DU AC = - 400 J (a) Path BC is isochoric process, i.e., DWBC = 0 \ DQBC = DUBC = DU AC - DU AB = - 400 J - ( - 250 J) = - 150 J (b) DWCDA = DWCD + DWDA = - 800J + 0 = - 800 J (Work is negative as volume is decreasing) DUCDA = DU AC = - DU AC = 400 J DQCDA = DWCDA + DUCDA = - 800 J + 400 J = - 400 J -2 5 pV 1 10 2 10 4. (a) T = = nR 1 8.314 = 240.6 K 5 -3 pDV 2 10 5 10 (b) DW = = 5 g -1 -1 3 3 10 J = 2/ 3 5. (a) p2 p2 p2 1 1 = 2m i 2m f 2 mi m f -3 2 (10 10 200) 1 1 = -3 2 2.01 10 10 1 = 2 100 - = 199 J 2 DQ DQ (b) DQ = nCV DT DT = = m nCV CV M DK =
For AB, as DU ABCA = 0 and DUBC = ( -)ve, DUCA = ( -) ve DU AB = ( -) ve As DQ ABCA = DW ABCA = ( +)ve and DQBC = ( -)ve DQCA = ( -)ve DQ AB = ( +)ve In isobaric process, DW = pDV = nR DT = 0.2 8.314 (300 - 200) = 166.3 J 1 9. DW = p dV = aV 2 dV = aV 3 3 1 5 = 5 1.01 10 (2 3 - 1 3 ) 3 = 1.18 10 6 J
First Law of Thermodynamics
| 50

1.
p
C A B V0 5V0 V
g=
Cp CV
29.39 = 1.4 21.07
p0 p0/5
2. DQ = DU + DW ; DQ = nC p DT 1600 = 1 C p 72 C p = 22.22
CV = C p - R = 13.9 g =
Cp CV
= 1.6
V DWBB = nRT ln B = 3 R 273 ln 5 V A = 10959 J DWBC = 0 DQ = DU + DW DU = DQ - DW = 80000 - 10959 = 69041 Tf = 5Ti = 5 273 K = 1365 K DQ ABC = DQ AB + DQBC = DWBC + 0 + 0 + DUBC DQBC DQBC = nCV DT CV = nDT 69041 = = 21.07 3 4 273 C p = CV + R = 29.39
DW = DQ - DU = 1600 - nCV DT = 1600 - 1 13.9 72 = 1600 - 1000.8 J = 599.2 J and DU = nCV DT = 1 13.9 72 = 1001 = 1 kJ 1 3. DW = DpDV 2 1 = 20 1.01 105 1 10 -3 2 = 10 101 = 1010 J nDW 100 1010 J \p= = Dt 60 s = 1.68 kW
AIEEE Corner
Subjectve Questions (Level 1)

1. DU = DQ - DW = 254 J + 73 J = 327 J 2 DQ 2 200 DQ 2. (a) DT = = = nCV 3 nR 2 1 8.314 = 16 K Tf = Ti + DT = 316 K (b) DT = 2 DQ 2 200 DQ = = nC p 5 nR 5 1 8.314
T f
= 9.6 K = Ti + DT = 309.6 K
3. DU = nCV DT, in adiabatic process, DQ = 0 and DU = - DW
where, DW = 4.
nR DT
1-g nRDT for all process. DU = g -1
DV = 0 DW = 0
DU 900 = = 14.43 3 nCV 5 8.314 2 Tf = Ti - DT = 127 C - 14.43 C = 112.6 C DT = 8. When gas expands it does positive work on the surrounding and for this purpose heat has to be supplied into the system. 9. DW = rDV = r( V f - Vi ) 1 1 = rm 1 - 1 = rm r ri 1000 999.9 f 105 2 0.1 == - 0.02 J 1000 999.9 (work done is negative as volume decreases) DQ = ms Dq = 2 4200 4 = 33600 J DU = DQ - DW = 33600.02 J m 10. DW = pDV pV f = p r 5 -3 10 10 10 = = 1666.67 J 0.6 DQ = msDq + mL = 10 -2 4200 100 + 10 -2 25 10 6 . = 4200 J + 25000 J = 29200 J DU = DQ - DW = 29200 J - 1666.67 J = 27533.33 J = 2.75 104 J 11. DW = p DV = 1.013 105 1670 10 -6 = 1.013 167 J = 169.2 J DQ = mL = 10 -3 2.256 10 6 J = 2256 J \ DU = DQ - DW = (2256 - 169.2) J = 2086.8 J 2087 J 12. DW = pDV = - 2.3 105 0.5 = - 1.15 105 J DU = - 1.4 105 J DQ = DU + DW
5 \ DQ = DU = nCV DT = n R DT 2 5 5 = ( p f V f - pi Vi ) = ( p f - Vi ) V 2 2 5 5 5 = (5 10 - 10 ) 10 10 -3 2 5 = 4 105 10 -2 = 104 J 2 5 5. DQ1 = DU1 = nCV DT = n R (3 Ti - Ti ) 2 = 5 nRTi 5 DQ2 = nC p DT = n R (6Ti - 3 Ti ) 2 = 7.5 nRTi 12.5 nRTi 12.5 R DQ \c = = = = 2.5 R n DT n (6Ti - Ti ) 5 p 1 6. DW AB = 0, DWBC = 0 V0 = p0 V0 2 2 1 = nRT0 = 300 R 2
p p0 A
p0/5
C V
V0
2V0
DQ = ( DU + DW ) AB + ( DU + DW ) BC = DU AB + DUBC + DWBC = 0 + 300 R (As TA = TC ) = 2.49 10 3 J = 2.49 kJ 7. DU = DQ - DW = 1200 J - 2100 J = 900 J
| 52
= - (1.4 + 1.15) 105 J = - 2.55 105 J Thus, 2.55 105 J of heat flows out of the system and it is independent of the type of the gas. 13. In a cyclic process, U = 0 DQ = DW (a) \Wh = (Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 ) - (W1 + W2 + W3 ) = (5960 - 5585 - 2980 + 3645) - (2200 - 825 - 1100) = 1040 - 275 = 765 J work done 1040 (b) h = = = 10.83% heat supplied 9605 14. (a) DW = 1 1 AB AC = 2 p0 V0 2 2 = p0 V0 2 p0 V0 p V (b) TC = and TA = 0 0 nR nR p V DQCA = nC p DT = - nC p 0 0 nR p0 V0 5 5 = - R = - p0 V0 2 R 2 3 p0 V0 , DQ AB = nCV DT TB = nR p V 3 3 p V = n R 0 0 - 0 0 2 nR nR 3 = 2 p0 V0 = 3 p0 V0 2 (c) DQ AB + DQBC + DQCA = DW 5 = 3 p0 V0 + DQBC - p0 V0 = p0 V0 2 p0 V0 DQBC = 2 (d) Temperature is maximum at a point D lying somewhere between B and C where the product pV is maximum. 2 p0 p=+ 5 p0 V0 - 2 p0 pV = V V + 5 p0 V 0
2 p0 2 V + 5 p0 V V0 d For pV = maximum ( pV ) = 0 dV 2p - 2V 0 + 5 p0 = 0 V0 5V0 V = 4 2 p0 5V0 5 p= + 5 p0 = p0 V0 4 2 ( pV ) max \ Tmax = nR 5 5 p0 V0 25 p0 V0 4 \ p= 2 = 1 R 8R nRTA 2R 300 15. V A = = = 3 10 -3 R pA 2 105 =p 2 atm A B
1 atm D
C V
VB = VC = V0 =
2R 400 2 105 2R 400 105 2R 300
= 4 10 -3 R, = 8 10 -3 R
= 6 10 -3 R 10 DW = 2 105 ( 4 - 3) 10 -3 R 8 + 2R 400 ln + 1 105 (6 - 8) 10 -3 4 K 3 + 2R 300 ln 6 \ DW = 200R + 800R ln 2 - 200R - 600R ln 2 = 2000R ln 2 = 1153 J As DQ = DW = 1153 J and DU = 0 cyclic process.
V 1 3V 16. DW = 0 - 0 ( pB - p0 ) 2 2 2 V 1 3V + 0 - 0 ( p0 - p0 ) 2 2 2 1 1 = V0 ( pB - p0 ) + V0 ( p0 - pD ) 2 2 1 = V0 ( pB - pD ) 2 p V 3 p0 where, pB = p0 + 0 0 = V0 2 2 p0 V0 p0 and pD = p0 = V0 2 2 1 3 1 =1p V \DW = V0 p0 - p0 0 0 2 2 2 2 V 1 3V V 3V DW ABC = p0 0 - 0 + 0 - 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 ( pB - p0 ) = p0 V0 + V0 p0 - p0 2 2 5 = p0 V0 4 DU ABC = nCV ( TC - TA ) 3 V0 V p p0 0 3 0 2 2 =3 p V = n R 0 0 2 nR nR 2 5 11 \DQsupplied = p0 V0 = p0 V0 4 4 1 p0 V0 2 h= 2 = = 0.1818 = 18.18% 11 11 p0 V0 4 17. (a) As the cyclic process is clockwise i.e., work done is positive, so heat is absorbed by the system. (b) In cyclic process work done is equal to the net heat absorbed (as change in internal energy is zero) so, work done in one cycle is 7200 J. (c) In anticlockwise rotation, work done is negative and heat is liberated by the system, and its magnitude is 7200 J. 18. (a) As area under clockwise loop is more than that at anticlockwise loop, so network done is positive.
(b) In loop I work done is positive and in loop II work done is negative. (c) As network done in one cycle is positive so heat flows into the system. (d) In loop I heat flows into the system and in loop II heat flows out of the system. p V 1.01 105 22.4 19. TA = A A = nR 10 3 8.314 = 273 K p V 2 pA VA TB = B A = = 2TA nR nR = 546 K = Tc nRTc nRTc nRTB Vc = = = pc pA pA 2nRTA = = 2V A = 44.8 m 3 pA 20. (a) DW = AB BC = ( 4 - 1.5) 10 -6 ( 4 - 2) 105 = 2.5 0.2 = 0.5 J (b) DQ = DW as DU = 0 in a cycle DQ = 0.5 J 1 21. As r V
r 2r0
p
r0 2p0
21
3 p
p0
p0 V0/2
2p0
1
V0
| 54
V / 2 (a) DW12 = nRT0 ln 0 V 0 M = - p0 V0 ln 2 = - p0 ln 2 r0 V DW23 = 2 p0 V0 - 0 = p0 V0 2 M ; DW31 = 0 = p0 r0 (b) DQ231 = DQ23 + DQ31 = nCV DT23 + DW23 + nCV DT31 V 2 p0 0 2p V 3 2 + p V = n R 0 0 0 0 2 nR nR V 2 p0 0 p V 3 2 + + n R 0 0 2 nR nR 3 5 p0 V = p0 V0 + p0 V0 = p0 V0 2 2 \ Heat rejected = DQ231 - DW 5 = p0 V0 - p0 V0 + pV ln 2 0 2 3 = p0 V0 + p0 V0 ln 2 2 p M 3 5 = p0 V0 + ln 2 - 0 - ln 2 p0 2 2 work done DW (c) h = = heat supplied DQ231 p V - p0 V0 ln 2 2 = 0 0 = (1 - ln 2) 5 3 p0 V0 2 22. DW AB = p0 (3 V0 - 2V0 ) = p0 V0 ;
p c
DWBC = 0, DWCA = ? DQ = DW AB + DWBC + DWCA - 800 J = P0 V0 + 0 + DWCA DWCA = - 800 J - p0 V0 1 = - 800 J - nRTA 2 \ DWCA = - 800 J - 200R = - 2463 J p V - pA VA 23. DW AB = B B 1-g
p A
C B V0 2V0 V
3 ( p A V A - pB VB ) 2 T 3 3 = nR( TA - TB ) = nRTB A - 1 ; TV g - 1 T 2 2 B =
5 -1 3 2 3 3 = nRTB - 1 = nRTB (22 / 3 - 1) T 2 2 V DWBC = nRTB ln 0 2V 0
p0
a (200 K) 2V0
b (300 K) 3V0 V
= -nRTB ln 2 and DWCA = 0 Heat Supplied 3 DQCA = DUCA = nR( TA - TC ) 2 3 = nR( TA - TB ) 2 T 3 3 = nR TB A - 1 = nRTB (22 / 3 - 1) T 2 2 D DW \ h= DQCA 3 nRTB (22 / 3 - 1) - nRTB ln 2 + 0 2 = 3 nRTB (22 / 3 - 1) 2
h =1 -
ln 2 2 2/ 3 = 1 - 07867 = 0 .213 . 3 2 -1
= 21.3%

1. 3 3 1 RT = RT 2 2 2U T= 3R 2V0 TD = = 300 K U0 = 450 R, 3R 4 V0 TA = = 600 K 3R 2V DW = DW AB + WCD = nRTA ln 0 V 0 V0 + nRTD ln 2V = nR( TA - TD ) ln 2 0 U = nCV T = = 1 R (600 - 300) ln 2 = 300R ln 2 = DQ 2. DW12 = pDV = nRDT = 2R 300 = 600R DW23 = ?; DW31 = 0. As, DQ = DW12 + DW23 + DW31 = - 300 J = 600R + DW23 + 0 DW23 = - 300 J - 600R = - 5288 J 3. nC p DT1 = nCV DT2 4. TV 7 5 30 = DT2 2 2 DT2 = 42 K
n-1
p 2 3
4 V
p 2 3
4 T
6. W = p dV = kVdV = =
k 2 V 2
1 1 R pV = nR ( T2 - T1 ) = ( T2 - T1 ) 2 2 2
= constant
7. p V 2 , W = p dV = kV 2 dV 1 1 kV 3 = pV 3 3 1 = nR ( Tf - Ti ) = ( +) ve 3 Vf 8. DW = - nRT ln V i 1 = - nRT ln = nRT ln 2 2 = 9. DU = 600 J - 150 J = 450 J 3 = nCV DT = R nDT 2
pV V n - 1 = pV n = constant ln p + n ln V = ln c Dp Dp DV =-n = np = B p V DV / V V
4
5. 2 3 and 4 1 are isobaric. 3 4 is close to isothermal and 1 2 is isochoric.

1 2 3 T
| 56
C=
600 J 3 DQ 600 = = R nDT 450 J 2 450 3 R 2 3 4 = R = 2R 2 3
CV C p - CV
CV R 1 50 (0.2 - 0.1) 2
16. DW = 50 (0.4 - 0.1) +
10. DW1 = ( +) ve, DW2 = 0, DW3 = ( -) ve and DU1 = DU2 = DU3 as DQ = DU + DW Q1 > Q2 > Q3 11. U = 2 p0 2V0 - 2 p0 V0 = 2 p0 V0 and DW = p0 (2V0 - V0 ) = p0 V0 \ DQ = DU + DW = 3 p0 V0 12. In adiabatic compression, temperature of the gas increases and as pV T so, pV increases. 13. As DW1 < DW2 while DU1 = DU2 DQ1 < DQ2 C1 < C2 C1 <1 C2 nR (5T - 4 T) 1-g nR ( T - 3 T)
= 15 + 2.5 = 27.5 J DU = 2.5 J DQ = DU + DW = 20 J 17. W1 =

2 V0 V0 2 V0 V0
pdV = p(2V0 - V0 ) = pV0 kVdV =
1 kV 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 = k ( 4 V0 - V0 ) = kV0 = PV0 2 2 2 W1 < W2 W2 = 18. DW = p r1 r2 = p ab r - r1 ( p2 - p1 ) =p 2 2 2 p = ( p2 - p1 ) ( V2 - V1 ) 4 nRT dx 19. W = PdV = dV = nRT V -b x x=V -b dx = dV 2V = nRT ln x = nRT ln ( V - b) V = nRT [ln (2V - b) - ln ( V - b)] 2V - b 2V - b = nRT ln = RT ln V - b V - b as n = 1 mole 20. AB is isochoric process, so, DW AB = 0 BC is isothermal process, so, V V DWBC = nRT2 ln 2 = RT2 ln 2 V V 1 1 CA is close to isobaric process, so, DWCA = nRT = nR ( T1 - T2 ) = R ( T1 - T2 ) 21. DQ = DU + DW = - DQ + DW DW = 2 DQ DU = nCV DT = n f n RD T = RDT; 2 g -1
14. DW = nR( 4 T - T) + + nR (3 T - 5T) +
1-g nRT 2nRT = 3 nRT - 2nRT + 1-g 1-g nRT = nRT + g -1 g nRT = ( g - 1 + 1) = nRT g -1 g -1 5/ 3 = 1 RT = 2.5RT 5/ 3 - 1 15. Up = constant 3 nM 3 2 T = nRT = n MR 2 V 2 V T V i.e., isobaric process. 3/2 DU DU 3 = = = DW DQ - DU 5 - 3 2 2 2
g=
f +2
f 2 f = g -1
=1 +
2 f 24.
positive. Looking at the graph, area can be assumed to be equal so, WDEF = - W ABC . 2n RD T g -1 DWisobaric = pDV = p(2V - V ) = pV 2V DWisothermal = nRT ln = pV ln 2 V = 0.693 pV p f 2V - pi V = 1-g
r
DW = p dV = 2 DQ = 2 nRDT =
nRDT for polytropic 1-g 1-a process with pV a = constant 1-g 2 1 \ = 1 - a = 1-g 1-a 2 1 g 1- + =a 2 2 1+ g 1 or a= +g= 2 2 \ pV a = constant
1+ g
DWadiabatic
V pi 2V - pi V pV (21 - r - 1) 2V = = 1-g 1-r 1 - 21 - r = pV r -1 1 - 4 -1/ 3 = pV 2/3
= TV a - 1 = TV
g -1
-1
= TV
= constant
= 0.55 pV So, work done is minimum in adiabatic process. 25. DQ = DU + DW 7 5 RT0 = 10 RDT + 10RDT = 35RDT 2 2 T0 = 100T = 10 ( T - T0 ) 11 T0 = 10 T T = 1.1 T0 pV0 pV = RT0 R 1.1 T0 11 V = V0 = 1.1 V0 10 26. DW = (3 p0 - p0 )(2V0 - V0 ) = 2 p0 V0 p V 3 3 p V DQsupplied = n R 0 0 - 0 0 2 nR nR 5 3 p0 2V0 3 p0 V0 + n R 2 nR nR 2p V 3p V 3 5 = nR 0 0 + nR 0 0 2 nR 2 nR 15 21 = 3 p0 V0 + p0 V0 = p0 V0 2 2 2 p0 V0 DW 4 h= = = 21 Dr p0 V0 21 2
22. DW AB = 0, DU AB = 600 J
p 8 atm B C
3atm
A V
2104
5104
DWBC = 8 105 (5 - 2) 10 -4 = 240 J DUBC = QBC - WBC = 200 - 240 = - 40 J DU = DU AB + DUBC + DUCA = 0 in cyclic process. \ DUCA = - DU AB - DUBC = - 600 J + 40 J = - 560 J 23. Starting and ending points along x-axis in graph are not clear, so nothing can be said about the magnitude of work. It can only be said that work done in ABC is negative and that in DEF is
| 58
27. DW12 < DW13 can be seen from area under the curve, while DV1 = DV2 DQ12 < DQ13 Q2 < Q1 or Q1 > Q2 28. DWCA = p0 ( V0 - 2V0 ) = - p0 V0 3 and DUCA = - p0 V0 2 5 DQCA = - p0 V0 2 29. DQ AB = 200 kJ = nCV DT;
p C B
800 T ln VB = 9 104 J 225 T ln VD = 2 DW ABCD = DW AB + DWBC + DWCD + DWDA VB pC pC - pB pB = nRT ln V + 1-g A + pC ( VD - VC ) + 0 105 - nRTB = 9 104 + + 105 (2 - 1) 5 13 3 4 5 = 19 10 - (10 - 800 TB ) 2 4 = 4 10 + 1200 TB 2.4 105 1 = 4 104 + 1200 100 8
A V
DUBC = - 100 kJ and DWBC = - 50 kJ DW AB = 0 DU AB = 200 kJ, DQCA = 0 = 4 105 J DU ABC = DU AB + DUBC + DUCA = 0 p V - pB VB or 200 kJ - 100 kJ + DUCA = 0 31. DW = DW AB + C C + DWCD 1-g DUCA = - 100 kJ DQ AB + DQBC + DQCA 103N/m2 = 200 kJ + ( - 100 kJ - 50 kJ) + 0 A 2.4 = 50 kJ B DW AB + DWBC + DWCA = 0 + 200 kJ + DWCA C 1 D = DQ ABC = 50 kJ \ DWCA = - 150 kJ m3 1 2 20 10 -3 20 10 3 30. DQ = DW = p ab = p 2 2 2 105 - 9 104 p = 9 104 + - 1 105 1 - 5/ 3 2.4 A = 102 p J 3 B = 9 104 + 11 104 - 10 104 VB 2 4 31. DW AB = nRT ln = Q AB = 9 10 J 33 1 = - 1 104 = 15.5 104 C 2 1 D 1 32. DW = p dV = kVdV = kV 2 2 V
1 2
1 1 1 pV = nRT0 = RT0 2 2 2 3 DU = nCV DT = 1 RT0 2 3 + 1 RT = 2RT DQ = 0 0 2 2 = 33. pT = constant = p

p C
37. h = 1 -
300 =1 Tsource 600 1 = 1 - = 0.5 = 50% 2
Tsink
pV p2 V = nR nR 2 p V = constant
38. As the volume is adiabatically decreased, temperature of the gas increases and as the time elapsed, temperature normalizes i.e., decreases and so pressure also decreases. 39. As the compression is quick , the process is adiabatic while leads to heating of the gas. 40. pV g = constant nRT g = V = nRTV g - 1 V TV g - 1 = constant T1 V2 = T2 V1
g -1 5
A B V
p 2 \ p2 V0 = 0 V V = 4 V0 0 2 p0 4 V0 p V T= 2 = 2 0 0 = 2T0 nR nR 3 \ DU = nCV DT = 2 R (2T0 - T0 ) 2 p0 V0 3 = 3R = p0 V0 2R 2 V 35. DWBC = nRT0 ln C V B p V = nRT0 ln B = 2 nRT0 ln B p V C A pA = 2nRT0 ln p B p p \ ln B = ln 0 = ln 4 p / 2 p 0 C pB = 4 pC p p pC = B = 0 4 8

2
L = 2 L 1
-1
L = 2 L 1
g
ngT 41. pV g = constant = p p
p1 - g T g = constant pg - 1 T g
g g -1
36. As, DWa > DWb DW1 > DW2 while, DU1 = D U2 DQ1 > DQ2
pT 7/5 7 g As = = for diatom gases. 7 g -1 -1 2 5 3.5 \ p T a = 3.5 nRDT 42. pV x = constant , DW = , 1-x 5 D U = n RD T 2 nRDT 5 + nRDT 1-x 2 DQ C= = nDT nDT 5 R = R+ <0 2 1-x 5 R 2 R< x -1 < 2 x -1 5
| 60
7 x < 1.4 but x > 1 as for x < 1, 5 C will become positive. \ 1 < x < 1.4 n1CV + n2 CV 13 1 2 43. CV = = R n1 + n2 6 5 5 2 R + 4 R 2 2 = 15 R (a) 2+ 4 6 5 3 2 R + 4 R 2 2 = 11 R (b) 2+ 4 6 3 5 2 R + 4 R 2 2 = 13 R and (c) 2+ 4 6 6 3 2 R + 4 R 2 2 = 12 R (d) 2+ 4 6 x< Passage 44 & 45 pV 1 44. DW ABCA = p V = = DQnet 2 2 45. CA isobaric and BC isochoric, Cp 5 \ =g= Cv 3 46. pV \ \ TB TA
g
3 R ( TC - TB ) 2 p V 3 p V = n R C - B 2 nR nR 3 1 2 = pA - pA V 2 3 3 =n =1 1 3 3 p A V = - pB V = - nRTB 2 2 2 4 3 25 = - 1 850 = - 5312.5 J 4 3
49. DW AB = ( +) ve, TA = TB
p p0 A
p0/2 V0
B V
2V0
or
nRT = constant = p p p1 - g T g = constant

g -1
p0 3 V + p0 2V0 2 p0 nRT 3 =V + p0 V 2V0 2 p0 3 p0 2 T =V + V0 2nRV0 2nR p=-
T p T p p = B p A
g 5/ 3 - 1 5/ 3 2 /5 2 /5
y = ax2 + bx is parabola . p nRT 3 Again, p = + p0 2V0 p 2
T p
2p = c 3 p c
2 /5
is also equation of parabola. While going from A to B temperature first increases ad than decreases. 50. pV 2 = constant k 1 dV = k - 2 V V f = - pV i = pi Vi - p f V f = nR( Ti - Tf ) = - nR ( Tf - Ti ) = ( -) ve as Tf > Ti as Ti < Tf Ui < U f DU = ( +) ve DW = p dV =
= 0.85
\ TB = 0.85TA = 850 K 25 1 150 nRT 3 47. DW AB = = 5 1-g -1 3 = 75 25 J = 1875 J 48. DWBC = 0, DQBC = DUBC
DQ = nCV DT - nRDT = n(CV - R) DT = ( +) ve as CV > R i.e., heat is given to the system. 51. In cyclic process, DU = 0
p 2T0
3 RT0 + 4 RT0 ln 2 2 = 3 RT0 + 4 RT0 ln 2 =2 52. ab isochoric, bc isobaric and ca isothermal.

p
c a b
T0
a V0
d V c V
2V0
2V DW = 0 + nR2T0 ln 0 V 0
V + 0 + nRT0 ln 0 2V 0 = 2nRT0 ln 2 - nRT0 ln 2 = nRT0 ln 2 = ( +) ve i.e., DW > 0 DQsupplied = DUab + DWbc = nCV (2T0
DWab = 0, DUca = 0 as in ca density is increasing, so volume is decreasing i.e., DWca = ( -) ve, i.e., DWca < 0 in isochoric process DQab is positive for increase in temperature. 53. In isochoric process DW = 0. and in adiabatic process DQ = 0 Q3 to be minimum Q2 > Q1 > Q3
2V - T0 ) + nR 2T0 ln 0 V 0
JEE Corner
Assertion & Reasons

1. In adiabatic expression, DW = ( +) ve while DQ = 0 and as according to first law of thermodynamics, DQ = DU + DW DU = - DW i.e., DU = ( -) ve this implies decrease in temperature. So, Assertion and reason are both true but not correct explanation. 2. Assertion is false, as work done is a path function and not a state function i.e., it depends on the path through which the gas was taken from initial to find state. 3. Assertion is false, as first law can be applied for both real and ideal gases. 4. During melting of ice its volume decreases, so work done by it is negative and that by atmosphere is positive. So, reason is true explanation of assertion. 5. As DQ = DU + DW DU = DQ - DW , where DU is state function while DQ and DW are path function as for definite
| 62
initial and final state DU is constant and so is Q - W . Thus assertion and reason are both true but not correct explanation. 6. Carnots engine is ideal heat engine with maximum efficiency but it is not also 100%. So assertion and reason are both true but not correct explanation. pV p2 V 7. pT = constant = p = R nR p2 V = constant dV V 1/ 2 \ DW = p dV = k = k 1/ 2 V = 2 k V = 2 kV = 2 p / V = 2 pV = 2nR ( Tf - Ti ) = 2nRT DT \ DW = ( +) ve for DT = ( +) ve nRT and T = constant. V
T2 V or, V T2 Thus assertion is true but reason is false. 8. In adiabatic changes for free expansion, Q = 0, W = 0 and DU = 0 as in free expansion no work is done against any force. For ideal gases pV = constant as DU = 0 T = constant So, assertion and reason are both true but not correct explanation. 9. Assertion and reason are both true and correct explanation. 10. Assertion and reason are both true and correct explanation.
Match the Columns

1. (a) DW = p dV = pV = nR ( Tf - Ti ) = nRT = 2RT r (b) DU = nCV T = 2 3 R (2T - t) 2 (d) Nothing can be said about molar heat capacity s 3. (a) DW = pdV = k dV dV = k V V
= 3RT p nR (2T - T) 3 (c) DW = = - 2RT 1 - 5/ 3 2 = - 3RT s (d)DU = nCV DT = 3 RT p 2. (a) In ab slope is more so, pressure is less nR as V = T, but is constant and in p isobaric process. DW = pDV = nRDT and as DT is same in both process so, DW is same for both r (b) As DU = - nCV DT is same for both process r (c) As DQ = DU + DW , it is also same for both process s
= 2 kV = 2 pV = 2nRDT p 3 (b) DU = nCV DT = nRDT s 2 3 (c) DQ = 2nRDT + nRDT 2 7 = nRDT s 2 (d) s 4. (a) DW = pDV = nRDT and DU = nCV DT DW < DU q (b) DW = 0 DQ = DU ,DU = ( -) ve p, r (c) DW = ( +) ve, DU = ( -) ve, DQ = 0 p (d) DW = ( +) ve, DU = 0, DQ = ( +) ve p 1 5. (a) DW AB = p0 V0 + p0 V0 2
3 p0 V0 s 2 (b) DU AB = DQ - DW 3 9 = + 6 p0 V0 - p0 V0 = + p0 V0 s 2 2 (c) DQ = + 6 p0 V0 p V 4 p0 V0 = nC - 0 0 nR nR 3 p0 V0 = C R
C = 2R p (d) DU p V 4 p0 V0 = nCV - 0 0 nR nR p V 9 = 3CV 0 0 = p0 V0 R 2 3 CV = R s 2
19. Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer

Introductory Exercise 19.1.
1.
140 g ice Q1 15C 140 g ice 0C Q2 mg water 0C Q3 200 g water 0C 200 g water 40C
\ or or or
As Heat gain = Heat loss Q1 + Q2 = Q3 140 0.53 15 + m 80 = 200 1 40 8000 - 1113 m = = 86 g is the mass of 80 ice melt \ Mass of water = 200 g + 86 g = 286 g and mass of ice = 140 g - 86 g = 54 g while final temperature of mixture is 0C. 2.
16C 23C
ms B (23 - 19) = ms C (28 - 23) 4sB = 5 sC 4 ms A ( q - 12) = ms (28 - q) 5 3 4 s B ( q - 12) = s B (28 - q) 4 5 15 ( q - 12) = 16 (28 - q) 31q = 448 + 180 q = 20.26 C
3. mL = msDq 80 cal = 1 cal/ C (q - 0 C) q = 80 C 4. As Heat gain = Heat loss (100 - m) 529 = m 80 \ 100 529 = 609 m 100 529 m = g = 86.86 g of ice will 609 be formed. dq d dm 5. P = = ( msDq) = sDq dt dt dt dm P = dt sDq 500 10 6 J/s dm \ = dt 4200 J/ kg C 10 C 5 = 104 kg/s = 12 104 kg/s . 4.2
A 12C
B 19C 0C
C 28C
ms A (16 - 12) = ms B (19 - 16) 4s A = 3sB
65 | Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer
Introductory Excersise 19.2

1. Rest of the liquid will be heated due to conduction and not convection. 2 dQ k 4 pr ( - dq) 2. = dt dr or q = 242 = - 8.07 C 30 dQ 0.01 1 (19 + 8.1) = dt 3.5 10 -2
r b
r+dr a
= 7.74 W/m 2 0.44 kg dQ dm 5. = L= 2.256 10 6 J/kg dt dt 300 s = 3308.8 J/s kA q 50.2 0.15 ( q - 100) = = t 1.2 10 -2 = 627.5 ( q - 100) 3308.8 q - 100 = = 5.27 627.5 q = 105.27 C dQ kA [0 - ( - q)] dm 6. = = L dt y dt
dy
dQ dr = - 4pk dq dt r2 T2 dQ b dr or a r2 = - 4 pk T1 dq dt dQ 1 1 or - = - 4 pk ( T2 - T1 ) dt a b T - T2 dQ 4 pk ( T1 - T2 ) = = 4 pkab 1 1 1 dt b-a a b dQ kADq 3. = dt t dQ t k= dt ADq m \ Unit of k = watt 2 = W/m - K m -k K 1 A D q1 K 2 A D q2 4. = l1 l2 \

19C q 10C
dy dV L = rA L dt dt dy kAq = rAL y dt dy kq (Proved) = dt Lry =r
0.01
0.08
3.5 cm
2 cm
001 (19 - q) . 3.5
0.08 ( q + 10) 2
or 2 (19 - q) = 28 ( q + 10) or 38 - 280 = 30q
dQ = esAT 4 dt = 4 5.67 10 -8 4 p ( 4 10 -2 ) 2 (3000) 4 2 4 = 0. 4 4 p 5.67 4 3 J/s = 3.7 104 watt dQ Dq Dq K 8. = Rth = = = KW -1 dq W dt Rth dt 7.
Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer
| 66
AIEEE Corner
Subjective Questions (Level-1)

1. ice Water Water steam
0 C 0 C 100 C 100 C
1 5. Q = 2 v= \ v= = =
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = mL f + msDq + mLv = 10 [80 + 1 100 + 540] = 10 720 cal = 7200 cal 2. 10 g of water at 40C do not have sufficient heat energy to melt 15 g of ice at 0C , so there will be a mixture of ice-water at 0C. Let the mass of ice left is mg. \ (15 - m) 80 = 10 1 40 15 - m = 5 m = 10 g \Mass of ice = 10 g and mass of water = (10 + 5) g = 15 g 3. 4 s P (60 - 55) = 1 s R (55 - 50) 4s P = s R 1 s P (60 - 55) = 1 s Q (55 - 50) sP = s Q 1 s Q (60 - q) = 1 s R ( q - 50) or s P (60 - q) = 4 s P ( q - 50) 260 260 = 5q q = = 52 C 5 3 dQ m 336 10 J/ kg 4. = dt 4 60 s
T
q = 40 C 1 mv2 = ms Dq + mL 2 4 ( sDq + L) 4 (125 300 + 25 104 ) . 4 (3.75 + 2.5) 104 4 6.25 104 = 500 m /s
6. h mg Dh = msDq hgDh 0.4 10 0.5 1 \ Dq = = = C s 800 400 = 2.5 10 -3 C K 1 A ( q - 0) K 2 A(100 - q) 7. = l l ( K 1 + K 2 ) q = 100 K 2 100 K 2 100 46 \ q= = = 1055 C . K 1 + K 2 390 46 8. iCD = i AC - iCB KA( q - 25) KA(100 - q) KA( q - 0) = l l /2 l /2 or or \ q - 25 = 2 (100 - q) - 2q 5q = 225 q = 45 C 45 - 25 Dq iCD = = =4W Rth 5 KA( q - T3 ) KA( q - T2 )
9. i A = iC + iD KA ( T1 - q) l
qC 0C t
= 1400 J/ kg = 1400 mW/ kg m sDq m 4200 ( q - 0) c = = t 2 60 s 1400 2 60 \ =q 4200
3l /2 3l /2 2 2 T1 - q = ( q - T3 ) + ( q - T2 ) 3 3 2 1 + 4 or T1 + ( T2 + T3 ) = q 3 3 2 T1 + ( T2 + T3 ) 3 q= 7/3 3 T + 2 ( T2 + T3 ) = 1 7 KA(200 - q1 ) 2 KA( q1 - q2 ) 10. = l l
l \ 200 - q1 = 2 ( q1 - q2 ) = 3 ( q2 - 100) 3 q1 - 2q2 = 200 q1 + 3 q2 = 500 q1 = 11. 25 = -11q2 = - 1300 1300 q2 = = 118.2 C 11
3 KA( q2 - 100)
6 t 45 60 + 30 - 20 t = 9 min 2 =
(60 - 30)
Objective Questions (Level-1)

1. 3 KA(35 - q) 10 20 6 (35 - q) = q 6 35 q= = 30 C 7 \ Dq A = 35 - 30 = 5 C TS l N 350 2. = = = 0.69 TN l S 510 According to Wiens law 1 K 4 A Dq = KA( q - 0)
1 [200 + 2q2 ] = 145.45 C 3 400 10 -4 ( q - 100) 1/2 + 400 10 -4 ( q - 0) 1/ 2
25 W 5 100C 1/2 m S 0C 1/2 m
dQ 3. dt 2
dQ = 4 dt 1
25 = 8 10 -2 [ q - 100 + q] or 312.5 = 2q - 100 412.5 q= = 206.25 2 \ Dq1 = 106.25 and Dq2 = 206.25 Dq1 106.25 C \ = = 212.5 C/m Dl 1/ 2 m Dq2 206.25 C and = = 412.5 C/m Dl 1/ 2 m dQ 12. = esAT 4 = 0.6 5.67 10 -8 dt 2 (0.1) 2 (1073) 4 = 0.6 5.67 (10.73) 4 10 -2 2 = 902 W dQ dQ = sAT 4 4 13. = esAT and dt 1 dt 2 ( dQ/ dt) 1 210 e= = = 0.3 ( dQ/ dt) 2 700 (80 - 50) c 80 + 50 14. = - 20 c 5 2 6 K = ; 45
l /2 KD q l
=2
dm dm = 0.2 g/s =2 dt 2 dt 1 dQ 4 pK ( q - 0) 4 p K (100 - q) 4. = = 2a - a 3 a - 2a dt a 2a 3 a 2a 2q = 6 (100 - q) 6 q = 100 = 75 C 8 K 1 A( T2 - T1 ) K 2 A( T3 - T2 ) 5. = d 3d 1 K 1 ( T2 - T1 ) = K 2 ( T3 - T2 ) 3 1 K1 = K2 K1 : K2 = 1 : 3 3 dQ dQ 2 K 2 A Dq KA Dq = 2 6. = l 2l dt 2 dt 1 dQ dQ = 8 cal/s =2 dt 2 dt 1 7.

0C x q, q, + dq dx
| 68
dQ K Adq K 0 (1 + ax) A d q = = dt dx dx l K 0 A 100 dx \ = dq 0 1 + ax P 0 P= 102 10 -4 1 100 ln (1 + ax) |l = q |0 = 1 0 a 1 ln (1 + al) - ln 1 = 1 ln (1 + al) - ln 1 = 1 ln (1 + al) = 1 or 1 + al = e1 1 or l = ( e - 1) = e - 1 = 1.7 m a l2 T1 2 2 8. = = l2 = l m l1 T2 3 3 9. Heat required to boil 1 g of ice is 180 cal while 1 g of steam can release 540 cal during condenstion. So, temperture of the mixture will be 100C with 2/3 g steam and 4.3 g water. 10. T1 < T2 < T3 as temperature of a body decreases in rate of cooling also decreases such that time increases for equal temperature difference. 11. Conduction is maximum for which thermal resistance is minimum, as l Rth 2 then for r (a) 50 (b) 25 (c) 100 (d) 33.33, So option b has minimum resistance. 12. Slope of temperature versus heat graph gives increase of specific heat or heat capacity and the portion DE is the gaseous state. 13. dQ = m sdt = maT 3 dT Q a 42 a 15a = T | = (16 - 1) = 1 m 4 4 4 14. Resistance becomes 1/4th in parallel of that in series, so times taken will also become 1/4th ie, 12/4 = 3 min. 15. ms1 12 = ms2 8 s1 : s2 = 2 : 3
16.
KA( T - Tc ) 2l
KA( Tc - 2 T) l
T T + 2T = Tc + c 2 2 1+ 2 3 T= Tc 2 2 3 Tc = T 1+ 2
17. P = (1000 - 160) W = 840 W 2 4200 50 = t 42 104 \ t= = 500 s = 8 min 20 s 840 dQ KA( T2 - T) 2 KA( T - T1 ) 18. = = dt x 4x 1 1 T2 - T = T - T1 2 2 1 3 T2 + T1 = T 2 2 2 1 1 T = T2 + T1 = (2T2 + T1 ) 3 2 3 dQ KA 1 \ = T - (2T2 + T1 ) 2 3 dt x KA 1 = [3 T2 - 2T2 - T1 ] x 3 KA 1 = ( T2 - T1 ) x 3 1 f = 3 1 19. Dq K Dq A K 1 = B = Dq B KA 2 1 Dq A = Dq B = 18 C 2
More than One Correct Options
20. Amount of heat radiated or absorbed depends upon. Surface type, surface area, surface temperature and temperature of surrounding, so (a) and (b) are correct.
21.
KA( 40 - q) l or So,
l 40 - q = 2q - 50 3 q = 90 q = 30 C (b) and (d) are correct.
KA( q - 30)
KA( q - 20) l
So, (b) and (c) are correct. 23. In series rate of R = R1 + R2 qq 1 1 1 = + q= 1 2 q q1 q2 q1 + q2 1 1 1 In parallel = + R R1 R2 1 q = q1 + q2 as q R So, (b) and (c) are correct. 24. (a), (c) and (d) are correct.
22. m s (2q - q 0 ) = m 2s ( q 0 - q) 4 4q = 3q 0 q 0 = q 3 c1 : c2 = m1 : s2 = s1 : s2 = 1 : 2
JEE Corner

1. Assertion is false. 2. According to Wiens law assertion and reason are correct. 3. Assertion and reason are true but not correct explanation. 4. Assertion is true but reason is false as resistance becomes 1/4th. 5. Assertion and reason are both false. 6. Assertion is false as this statement was not given by Newton. 7. Assertion and reason are both true with correct explanation. 8. Both are true explanation. but not correct
2 -2 (c) e = E = [ML T ] = [MT -3 ] At [L2 T] q (d) Rth = dq = dQ/ dt [ML2 T -2 T -1 ]
r s
= [M-1L-2 T 3q]
2.
(a) (b) (c) (d) Slope of line ab Length of line bc m Solid + liquid bc Only liquid cd s r s q
3.
KA (100 - q b ) l
= =
KA ( q b - q d ) l KA ( q d + 80)
9. Assertion is false as temperature at different points become different. 10. As mass of follow sphere is less so cooling will be faster. So, both are true with correct explanation.
l \ 100 - q b = q b - q d and 100 - q b = q d + 80 q - 2q b = - 100 \ d -3 q b = - 120 q d + q b = 20 q b = 40 C q d = - 20 C 40 - 20 qc = q f = = 10 C 2 \ (a) q, (b) p, (c) p, (d) r 4. (a) ms ( q1 - q) = 2ms (2q - q1 ) 5 3 q1 = 5q q1 = q q 3
Match the Columns

s
1.
2 -2 -1 (a) s = ( dQ/ dt) = ML T T AT4 L2 q4 -3 -4 = [MT q ] (b) b = lT = Lq
| 70
(b) ms ( q2 - q) = 3 ms (3 q - q2 ) 5 4 q2 = 10 q q2 = q p 2 (c) 2ms ( q 3 - 2q) = 3 ms (3 q - q 3 ) 13 5q 3 = 13 q q 3 = qs 2 (d) ms ( q4 - q) + 2ms ( q4 - 2q) = 3 ms(3 q - q4 ) 7 6q4 = 14 q q4 = q r 3
5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 dQ J = m dq kg C dQ c = ms = m = J/C mdq dQ i= = J/s dt E L= = J/kg m s= q s r s

Waves &amp; Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Waves &amp; Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solutions of