INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONTOTRACTORS TRACTORDESIGN,POWERANDTRANSMISSION. INDIANTRACTORINDUSTRY. THEMATURINGYEARSIN INDIANTRACTOR INDUSTRY. HISTORY OF SWARAJ. MILESTONES. TECHNICALCOLLABORATIONSANDPRODUCTS&SERVICES WEEK # 1 WEEK # 2 WEEK # 3 WEEK # 4 SPECIFICATIONSOFTHEPRODUCTS.

INTRODUCTION TO TRACTORS A tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractate effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe the distinctive farm vehicle: agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized. Another common use of the term, "tractor unit", describes the power unit of a semi-trailer truck (articulated lorry). The word Tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of traverse to pull. The first recordeduseofthewordmeaning"anengineorvehicleforpullingwagonsorploughs"occurredin190 1, displacement Traction engine The first powered farm implements in the early 1800s were portable engines steam engines on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machinery byway of a flexible belt. Around 1850, the first traction engines were developed from these, and were widely adopted for agricultural use. The first tractors were steam- powered plowing engines. They were used in pairs, placed on either side of a field to haul a plow back and forth between them using a wire cable. Where soil conditions permitted (as in the United States) steam tractors were used to direct-haul plows, but in the UK and elsewhere plowing engines were used for cable-hauled plowing instead. Steam-powered agricultural engines remained

in use well into the 20th century until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed. In 1892, John Froehlich invented and built the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor in Clayton County, Iowa, USA. After receiving a patent Froehlich started up the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company, investing all of his assets which by 1895, all would be lost and his business resigned to become a failure. After graduating from the University of Wisconsin, Charles W. Hart and Churlish. Parr developed a two-cylinder gasoline engine and set up their business in Charles City, Iowa. In 1903 the firm built fifteen "tractors". A term with Latin roots coined by Hart and Parr and a combination of the words traction and power. The 14,000 pound #3 is the oldest surviving internal combustion engine tractor in the United States and is on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington D.C. The two-cylinder engine has a unique hit-and-miss firing cycle that produced 30 horsepower at the belt and 18 at the drawbar. In Britain, the first recorded tractor sale was the oil-burning Hornsby-Ackroyd Patent Safety Oil Traction engine, in 1897. However, the first commercially successful design was Dan Alboins three-wheel Ive tractor of 1902. In 1908, the Saunderson Tractor and Implement Co. of Bedford introduced a four-wheel design, and went on to become the largest tractor manufacturer outside the U.S. at that time. While unpopular at first, these gasoline-powered machines began to catch on in the1910s when they became smaller and more affordable. Henry Ford introduced the Fordson, the first mass-produced tractor in 1917. They were built in the U.S.,Ireland, England and Russia and by 1923; Fordson had 77% of the U.S. market. The Fordson dispensed with a frame, using the strength of the engine block to hold the machine together. By the 1920s, tractors with a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine had become the norm. Tractor design, power and transmission Tractor configurations Tractors can be generally classified as two-wheel drive, two-wheel drive with front wheel assist, four-wheel drive (often with articulated steering), or track tractors(with either two or four powered rubber tracks). The classic farm tractor is a simple open vehicle, with two very large driving wheels on an axle below and slightly behind a single seat (the seat and steering wheel consequently are in the centre), and the engine in front of the driver, with two steerable wheels below the engine compartment. This basic design has remained unchanged for a number of years, but enclosed cabs are fitted on almost all modern models, for reasons of operator safety and comfort. In some localities with heavy or wet soils, notably in the Central Valley of California, the "Caterpillar" or "crawler" type of tracked tractor became popular in the 1930s, due to superior traction and floatation. These were usually manoeuvred through the use of turning brake pedals and separate track clutches operated by levers rather than a steering wheel. A modern 4-wheel drive farm tractor Four-wheel drive tractors began to appear in the 1960s. Some four-wheel drive tractors have the standard "two large, two small" configuration typical of smaller tractors, while some have four large powered wheels. The larger tractors are typically an articulated centre-hinged design steered by hydraulic cylinders that move the forward power unit while the trailing unit is not steered separately. In the early 21st century, articulated or non-articulated, steerable

multi-track "tractors" have largely supplanted the "Caterpillar" type for farm use. Larger types of modern farm tractors include articulated four wheel or eight wheel drive units with one or two power units which are hinged in the middle and steered by hydraulic clutches or pumps. A relatively recent development is the replacement of wheels or steel crawler-type tracks with flexible steel-reinforced rubber tracks, usually powered by hydrostatic or completely hydraulic driving mechanisms. The configuration of these tractors bears little resemblance to the classic farm tractor design.

Engine and fuels The predecessors of modern tractors, traction engines, used steam engines for power. Since the turn of the 20th century, internal combustion engines have been the power source of choice. Between 1900 and 1960, gasoline was the predominant fuel, with kerosene and ethanol being common alternatives. Generally one engine could burn any of those, although cold starting was easiest on gasoline. Often as mall auxiliary fuel tank was available to hold gasoline for cold starting and warm-up, while the main fuel tank held whatever fuel was most convenient or least expensive for the particular farmer. Dieselization gained momentum starting in the1960s, and modern farm tractors usually employ diesel engines, which range in power output from 18 to 575 horsepower (15 to 480 kW). Size and output are dependent on application, with smaller tractors for lawn mowing, landscaping, orchard work, and truck farming, and larger tractors for vast fields of wheat, maize, soy, and other bulk crops. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or propane also have been used as tractor fuels, but require special pressurized fuel tanks and filling equipment so are less prevalent in most markets. Transmission Older farm tractors use a manual transmission. They have several gear ratios, typically 3 to 6, sometimes multiplied into 2 or 3 ranges. This arrangement provides a set of discrete ratios that, combined with the varying of the throttle, allow final-drive speeds from less than one mile per hour up to about 25 miles per

hour (40 km/h), with the lower speeds used for working the land and the highest speeds used on the road. Slow, controllable speeds are necessary for most operations that are performed with a tractor. They help give the farmer a larger degree of control in certain situations, such as field work. However, when travelling on public roads, the slow operating speeds can cause problems, such as long queues or tailbacks, which can delay or annoy motorists in cars and trucks. These motorists are responsible for being duly careful around farm tractors and sharing the road with them, but many shirk this responsibility, so various ways to minimize the interaction or minimize the speed differential are employed where feasible. Some countries (for example the Netherlands) employ a road sign on some roads that means "no farm tractors. Some modern tractors, such as the JCB Fastrac, are now capable of much higher road speeds of around 50 mph (80 km/h). An older model European farm tractor. Older tractors usually have unsynchronized transmission design, which often requires that the operator stop the tractor in order to shift between gears. This mode of use is inherently unsuited to some of the work that tractors do, and has been circumvented in various ways over the years. For existing unsynchronized tractors, the methods of circumvention are double clutching or power-shifting, both of which require the operator to rely on skill to speed-match the gears while shifting. Both of these solutions are undesirable from a risk-mitigation standpoint because of what can go wrong if the operator makes mistake transmission damage is possible, and loss of vehicle control can occur if the tractor is towing a heavy load

11 Either uphill or downhill something that tractors often do. Therefore, operators manuals for most of these tractors state that one must always stop the tractor before shifting, and they do not even mention the alternatives. As already said, that mode of use is inherently unsuited to some of the work that tractors do, so better options were pursued for newer tractor designs. Cutaway of modern tractor

Hitches and power applications The power produced by the engine must be transmitted to the implement or equipment in order to do the actual work intended for the equipment. This may be accomplished via a drawbar or hitch system if the implement is to be towed or otherwise pulled through the tractive power of the engine, or via a pulley or power takeoff system if the implement is stationery, or a combination of the two . Drawbars Until the 1950s, plows and other tillage equipment usually were connected to the tractor via a drawbar, or a proprietary connecting system. The classic drawbar is simply a steel bar attached to the tractor (or in some cases, as in the early Fordsons,cast as part of the rear transmission housing) to

which the hitch of the implement was attached with a pin or by a loop and clevis. The implement could be readily attached and removed, allowing the tractor to be used for other purposes on a daily basis. If the tractor was equipped with a swinging drawbar, the drawbar could be set at the centre or offset from centre to allow the tractor to run outside the path of the implement. The drawbar system necessitated that the implement have its own running gear (usually wheels) and in the case of a plow, chisel cultivator or harrow, some sort of lift mechanism to raise it out of the ground at turns or for transport. Drawbars necessarily posed a rollover risk depending on how the tractive torque was applied. The Fordson tractors (of which more units were produced and placed in service than any other farm tractor) was extremely prone to roll over backwards due to an excessively short wheelbase. The linkage between the implement and the tractor usually had some slack which could lead to jerky starts and greater wear and tear on the tractor And the equipment. A large modern John Deere model 9400 four wheel drive tractor with tripled wheels and a drawbartowed tool chain including one-pass tillage equipment, planter and fertilizer applicator with tanks Drawbars were appropriate to the dawn of mechanization, because they were very simple in concept and because as the tractor replaced the horse, existing horse-drawn implements usually already had running gear. As the history of mechanization progressed, however, the advantages of other hitching systems became apparent, leading to new developments. Depending on the function for which a tractor is used, however, the drawbar is still one of the usual means of attaching an implement to a tractor.

Fixed mounts Some tractor manufacturers produced matching equipment that could be directly mounted on the tractor. Examples included front-end loaders, belly mowers, row crop cultivators, corn pickers and corn planters. In most cases, these fixed mounts were proprietary and unique to each make of tractor, so that an implement produced by John Deere, for example, could not be attached to a Minneapolis Moline tractor. Another disadvantage was that mounting usually required sometime and labour, resulting in the implement being semi-permanently attached with bolts or other mounting hardware. Usually it was impractical to remove the implement and reinstall it on a day-to-day basis. As a result, the tractor was unavailable for other uses and dedicated to a single use for an appreciable period of time. An implement

generally would be mounted at the beginning of its season of use (such as tillage, planting or harvesting) and removed only when the likely use season had ended. Three-point hitches and quick hitches The drawbar system was virtually the exclusive method of attaching implements(other than direct attachment to the tractor) before Harry Ferguson developed the three-point hitch. Equipment attached to the three-point hitch can be raised or lowered hydraulically with a control lever. The equipment attached to the three- point hitch is usually completely supported by the tractor. Another way to attach an implement is via a Quick Hitch, which is attached to the three-point hitch. This enables a single person to attach an implement quicker and put the person in less danger when attaching the implement. A modern three point hitch

The three-point hitch revolutionized farm tractors and their implements. Almost every tractor today features Ferguson's 3 point linkage or a derivative of it. The three-point hitch allows for easy attachment and detachment of implements while allowing the implement to function as a part of the tractor almost as if it were attached by a fixed amount. Previously, when the implement hit an obstacle the towing link would break or the tractor could flip over. Ferguson's genius was to combine a connection via two lower and one upper lift arms that were connected to a hydraulic lifting ram. The ram was in turn connected to the upper of the 3 links so that increased drag (as when a plough hits a rock) caused the hydraulics to lift the implement until the obstacle was passed. Power take-off systems and hydraulics In addition to towing an implement or supplying tractive power through the wheels, most tractors have a means to transfer power to another machine such as a baler, swather, or mower. Unless it functions solely by pulling it through or over the ground, a towed implement needs its own power source (such as a baler or combine with a separate engine) or else a means of transmitting power from the tractor to the mechanical operations of the equipment. Early tractors used belts or cables wrapped around the flywheel or a separate belt pulley to power stationary equipment, such as a threshing machine, buzz saw, silage blower, or stationary baler. In most cases, it was not practical for the tractor and equipment to move with a flexible belt or cable between them, so this system necessitated that the tractor remain in one location with the work brought to the equipment, or that the tractor be relocated at each turn and the power set-up reapplied (as in cable-drawn plowing systems used in

early steam tractor operations).

Modern tractors use a power take-off (PTO) shaft to provide rotary power to machinery that may be stationary or pulled. The PTO shaft generally is at the rear of the tractor, and can be connected to an implement that is either towed by a drawbar or a three-point hitch. This eliminates the need for a separate implement-mounted power source, which is almost never seen in modern farm equipment. Virtually all modern tractors can also provide external hydraulic fluid and electrical power to the equipment they are towing, either by hoses or wires.

INDIANTRACTOR INDUSTRY Introduction As commercialization of agriculture grew in intensity in the mid-to-late 19thcentury the British Raj and the local legislatures and provinces began investing agricultural development through support and establishment agricultural research farms and colleges and large scale irrigation schemes yet the level of mechanization was low at the time of independence in 1947. The socialist oriented five year plans of the 1950s and 60s aggressively promoted rural mechanization via joint ventures and tie-ups between local industrialists and international tractor manufacturers. Despite this aggressiveness the first three decades after independence local production of 4-wheel tractors grew slowly. Yet, by the late1980s tractor production was nearly 140,000 units per year and by the late 1990swith production approaching 270,000 per year, India over-took the United States as the world's largest producer of four-wheel tractors with over 16 national and 4multi-national corporations

producing tractors today. Despite these impressive numbers FAO statistics estimate that of total agricultural area in India, less than50% is under mechanized land preparation, indicating large opportunities still exist for agricultural mechanization. India is primarily an agrarian nation, with more than 50 per cent of our GDP being contributed directly or indirectly by agriculture. No wonder, India is considered the largest tractor market in the world. If that sounds great, let us face hard facts. In terms of total tractors in use in the country, we are ranked a distant eighth. In terms of penetration, India has a tractor density of 10.5 tractors per thousand hectares of Gross Cropped Area (GCA) as compared to the international average of close to 30 tractors per thousand GCA. Figuratively speaking, Indians large gross cropped area (GCA) is next only to the big two USA and Russia. That and the highly fragmented land holdings in India have helped our country to become the largest tractor market in the world. Thus the Indian tractor market, per Se, has to be viewed only after considering its position in the world. Despite a phenomenal increase in tractor population in the country, the tractor density is very low at about 10.5 tractors per thousand hectares of GCA in comparison to the international average of about 28 tractors. Also, the small size of land holding in India, have led to low average power of tractors at 35Horse Power (HP), which is far lower than the global average of above 80 HP. With the successful introduction and acceptance of the high yielding seeds, however, there was a sudden upsurge in the demand for tractors after 1967 and the demand started multiplying at an annual rate of approximately 50% (1967:18,000;1970: 33,000). The Governments decision to freely invite new entrepreneurst o manufacture tractor in 1968 and sudden upsurge in demand, with the greenrevolution, led to a scramble of new entrepreneurs for new collaborators. 6 unitseventu ally, established the actual manufacturing facilities. They were as follows:

THE MATURING YEARS IN INDIAN TRACTOR INDUSTRY With the entry of new units in 1970 and increasing Government pressure towards indigenization picked up substantially after 1970 and by 1978 almost allthe tractors manufactured were nearly indigenous. A fillip to indigenization wasalso given by the overall industrialization of the country, when a large number of ancillary manufactures had also established them and were in a position to supply wide variety of components to the tractor industry. 1945 to1960 War surplus tractors and bulldozers were imported for land reclamation and cultivation in mid 1940's. In 1947 central and state tractor organizations were setup to develop and promote the supply and use of tractors in agriculture and up to1960, the demand was met entirely through imports. There were 8,500 tractors in use in 1951, 20,000 in 1955 and 37,000 by 1960.

1961to1970 Local production began in 1961 with five manufacturers producing a total of 880units per year. By 1965 this had increased to over 5000 units per year and the totalin use had risen to over 52,000. By 1970 annual production had exceeded 20,000units with over 146,000 units working in the country . 1971to1980 Six new manufacturers were established during this period although three companies (Kirloskar Tractors, Harsha Tractors and Pittie Tractors) did not survive. Escorts Ltd. began local manufacture of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and total production climbed steadily to 33,000 in1975 reaching 71,000 by 1980. Credit facilities for farmers continued to improve and the tractor market expanded rapidly with the total in use passing the half million mark by 1980. 1981to1990 A further five manufacturers began production during this period but only one of these survived in the increasingly competitive market place. Annual production exceeded 75,000 units by 1985 and reached 140,000 in 1990 when the total in use was about 1.2 million. Then India - a net importer up to the mid-seventies - became an exporter in the 1980s mainly to countries in Africa. 1991to1997 Since 1992, it has not been necessary to obtain an industrial license for tractor manufacture in India. By 1997 annual production exceeded 255,000 units and the national tractor population had passed the two million mark. India now emerged as one of the world leaders in wheeled tractor production. 1997to1999 Five new manufacturers have started production since 1997. In 1998 Bajaj Tempo, already well established in the motor industry, began tractor production in Pune. In April of the same year New Holland Tractor (India) Ltd launched production of 70 hp tractors with matching

equipment. The company is making a $US 75 million initial investment in a state of the art plant at Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh state with an initial capacity of 35000 units per year. Larsen and Toubro have established a joint venture with John Deere, USA for the manufacture of 35-65 hp tractors at a plant in Pune, Maharashtra and Greeves Ltd will produce Same tractors under similar arrangements with Same Deutz-Fahr of Italy. Looking to South American export markets Mahindra and Mahindra are also developing a joint venture with Case for tractors in the 60-200 hp range. Total annual production was forecast to reach 300,000 during the following year . 1999toPresent Facing market saturation in the traditional markets of the north west (Punjab, Haryana, eastern Uttar Pradesh) tractors sales began a slow and slight decline. By2002 sales went below 200,000. Manufacturers scrambled to push into eastern and southern India markets in an attempt to reverse the decline, and began exploring the potential for overseas markets. Sales remained in a slump, and added to the market saturation problems also came increased problems of "prestige" loan defaults, where farmers who were not financially able took tractors in moves to increase their families prestige. There are also reported increased misuse of these loans for buying either lifestyle goods, or for social functions. Government and private banks have both tightened their lending for this sector adding to the industry and farmers woes. By 2004 a slight uptick in sales once again due to stronger and national and to some extent international markets. But by 2006 sales once again were down to 216,000 and now in 2007-08 have slid further to just over 200,000. Tractor Manufacturers Association The Tractor Manufacturers' Association of India (TMA) is housed under The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), New Delhi. Though not all manufacturers are members TMA is recognized as the main trade group representing the agricultural tractor industry in India. Mallika Srinivasan, Economic Times Businesswoman of the year 2006, and CEO of TAFE Limited, is currently serving as president. Current Manufacturers of Tractors in India Angad Tractors, SAS Motors Limited Balwan Tractors, Force Motors Ltd Captain Tractors Pvt. Ltd Crossword Agro Industries Eicher Escorts (Escort, Power trac. and Farmtrac) HMT Tractors Indo Farm John Deere Mahindra Gujarat Tractor Limited Mahindra & Mahindra

MARS Farm Equipments Ltd.

New Holland Prt Tractors Mahindra & Mahindra Tractor Swaraj Division Same Deutz-Fahr Ltd.Sonalika (International Tractors Ltd.)Standard Tractor TAFEVST TillersAsian Tractors Ltd Ford Tractors Harsha Tractors Haryana Tractors Ltd Kirloskar Tractors Pittie Tractors United Auto Tractors Ltd. Future potential With a total of 140million hectares and with the performance of around3.18 lac tractors in the year 2008 - 2009, India today stands as the largestmanufacturer of tractors in the world. With the average number of tractors in India per hectare well below the world average, the Indian marketis a market witha huge untapped potential. India is the largest market for the b elow 50 HPtractors in the world. In international markets, the average HP of tractors used isa round 80 -100 HP. At present the Indian tractor industry is among the select few in the world that is growing.

HISTORY OF SWARAJ In the mid-sixties, with the Green Revolution triggering large-scale tractor usage, there was a need for the country to build sufficient indigenous capacity to meth is growing demand In 1965, the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI),Durgapur initiated design and development of Swaraj Tractor based on indigenous know how. That is how the idea for development of what was to become Swaraj was initiated. The first prototype was ready in May 1967 and by April 1970, field experience of over 1,500 hours had been gained. At that point, it was decided to christen a name for the product signifying Indian, easy to pronounce and signifying power and grace. The name `Swaraj', was approved by the then Prime Minister ,Mrs Indira Gandhi.In 1970, the Government of Punjab acquired the Swaraj tractor's design and established Punjab Tractors Limited (PTL). The tractors were produced and sold under the brand name of Swaraj. In 2007, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. acquired majority stake in PTL, and in Feb 2009, it was merged into M&M as the Swaraj Division of Mahindra & Mahindra. Origin of the word SWARAJ The word SWARAJ, in Hindi, means freedom from bondage. Since, P.T.L. wasthe first largest tractor project in India, moreover fully based upon Indiantechnolog y. So SWARAJ was appropriately chosen as its brand name.

Growth of PTL Punjab Tractors Limited started with an annual capacity of 5000 tractorsand with a capital of Rs. 3.7 crores. It went into commercial production in theyear 1974; its first production of

26.6 BHP tractors was given the nameSWARAJ 720. Ever since then P.T.L. has not looked back. In the firsttwenty year of its existence its capacity has been increased to 24000 per annum which is a considerable achievement by any standards. PTL is consideredas a highly reputated and impressive company in India. It manufactures many products and is helping in to develop India and improving its farming techniques .Swaraj has become synonymous with tractors that are powerful and reliable because of their long term expertise in delivering such products consistently. Weve been manufacturing tractors that serve the need of our buyers in agricultural as well as commercial operations. Our product range starting from a 22 HP category tractor to a 72 HP category tractor straddles every HP category requirement of our customers. The brand enjoys a strong equity in the market and commands a market share of close to 12%. The brand is known for producing tractors that are powerful and reliable. Presently, there are more than 7,00,000 satisfied customers of Swaraj in the country. Swaraj tractors are also exported to various countries including Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Ghana, Gambia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania and the USA . MILESTONES 1970Establishment of PTL for making Swaraj brand of tractors 1974Commercial production started with 2 models: 724 FE & 735 FE 1980Swaraj 8100, Indias first self-propelled combine harvester launched 1983Swaraj 855 launched in the 50 hp category 1995Establish of the 2nd plant for manufacturing Swaraj tractors in Chhaparchhedi 1999Launch of Swaraj 744 2002Cumulative sales of Swaraj tractors (till date) touches 5,00,000 2007Swaraj 724 FE Orchard and Swaraj 978 launched 2007M&M (the leaders in domestic tractor industry) acquires majority stake in PTL 2009Merger of PTL into M&M and subsequent transformation as the Swaraj Division of Mahindra& Mahindra Ltd. 2009 Launch of 735 XM the first of the XM series of models Financial Information: Annual Turnover for the financial year 2003-04 = Rs. 641.44 crores Net Profit = Rs. 43.11 crores %age turnover spent on Research and development = 1.28% Market Share = 15 % Earnings per share = Rs. 7.10

Inputs: 1. Raw Materials: The following table shows a detailed analysis of raw material consumption during the financial year 2008-2009 2. Power Consumption: The total power consumption last year was 117.83lakh units. 3. Water consumption: No records were kept for water consumption as the net amount spent on water resources was negligible. 4. Diesel Consumption: The average amount of diesel consumed per tractor last year was 619.11 Rupees. This includes consumption in both assembly and paint shop.

Technical Collaborations: For Light commercial Vehicles: P.T.L. entered into technical and financial collaboration with Mazda Motor Corporation of Japan in the year 1984 to set another company by the name of Swaraj Mazda Limited. It was Rs. 50 crore projects with an installed capacity to manufacture 5000 LCVs of up to 3.5 tonnes payload capacity For Forklifts: The Company entered into technical collaboration with KOMATSU FORKLIFTSCOMPANY of Japan in 1985 for the manufacture of high tech forklifts of both diesel and electric at its combine division. For Diesel Engines: P.T.L. set up Swaraj Engines Ltd. (S.E.L.) in technical and financial collaboration with Kirloskar Oil Engines for the manufacture of diesel engines.

Competition within India: The major competitors for PTL in India are Mahindra & Mahindra Tractors, Massey, Escorts, Eicher and HMT. The trends of market shares for the last 30years are shown in the figure below. We can see that the market share of Swaraj tractors has increased from 9.1% in 1983 to 15% in 2003. Also the ranking has improved from 6 to 3rd. This is the sign of growing organization well on track to become the largest producers of tractors in India. On the international scene, Swaraj is now a recognized name in the developing world. Swaraj Tractors find an important place in countries like Ghana, Zambia, Kenya, Sudan, Indonesia, and Malaysia etc.

MARKET SHARE PERCENTAGE AND VOLUME

Pollutants and Pollution control measures:

1. Water Pollution: There are two kinds of effluent waste that pollutes water Industrial effluent: Process water after use is discharged as effluent. Industrial effluent is contaminated with pH imbalance, sulphates, chlorides, dissolved solids, suspended solids, oil and grease. Domestic effluent: Domestic use consists of drinking and canteen water consumption apart from toilets. Domestic effluent is discharged into public sewer directly. 2. Air Pollution: Major contributors to air pollution are: Shot-blasting section Painting booths Baking oven D.G. sets Major air pollutants include SPM, NO, SO2. 3. LandPollution: The following solid was 8 Pollution Control Measures: Plantation of trees Expenditure of 5 lakh rupees per year for environmental management and pollution control activities Effluent Treatment Plant for Industrial Effluent Treatment Bag House Filter for the Shot Blasting Sections Fume Extraction System for the pre-treatment process Filter press for the extraction of water contents from the effluent sludge Hierarchy of the Organization: 1. Board of Directors (B.O.D) 2. Working Directors: Vice Chairman and Managing Director 3. Executive Directors: Finance, Human Resource and Development, Manufacturing, International Business Division, Material Services, Swaraj Automotive Limited, Swaraj Motors Limited, Senior Vice-President (Marketing) 4. Vice-presidents: 3-4 under each Executive Director in level 3 5. Assistant Vice President

6. General Manager 7. Chief Manager 8. Senior Manager 9. Manager 10. Assistant Manager 11. Senior Engineer 12. Engineer 13. Assistant Engineer 14. Junior Engineer 0 15. Operating Class The level 5-15 are under each vice president of level 4. Employee Strength: The total numbers of employees currently under the Mohali division of PTL are around 1600. These comprise of 500 in management staff and rest is working staff. Products: The major products of Punjab Tractors limited are divided into two categories i.e. for domestic consumption and overseas consumption. The domestic products include the following: 1. Swaraj 855 2. Swaraj 939 FE 3. Swaraj 834 FE 4. Swaraj 744 FE 5. Swaraj 735 FE 6. Swaraj 733 FE 7. Swaraj 724 FE 8. Swaraj 722 1 9. Forklift 15 10. Forklift 20 11. Forklift 30 12. Electric Forklift 15 13. Swaraj 8100-Harvester Combine The products for overseas consumption include: 1. Swaraj 978 FE, 4 Wheel drive

2. Swaraj 978 FE, 2 Wheel drive 3. Swaraj 855 FE, 4 Wheel drive 4. Swaraj 939 FE, 4 Wheel drive 32 WEEK # 1 I spent the first few days of my training period for observational part. I spent time at various shops and tried to understand the various aspects of manufacturing. The manufacturing includes the following departments: 1. Production Light machine shop (LMS) Heavy machine shop (HMS) Assembly shop Heat treatment shop Paint shop 2. Product services Tool room Tool Design Tool Control Research & Development Production planning & control (PPC) Material Management & control (stores) Quality Engineering Maintenance Industrial Engineering 3. Support Services Management systems Finances. Purchase

LIGHT MACHINE SHOP (LMS) INDRODUCTION LMS is the largest section in the factory. All transmission components viz.shafts and gears used in Tractors are manufactured here. It has more than120 machines; Facilities of this shop include Equipment for blank operation, boring, drilling etc. Except the bevel gear generator & gear shaver, which have been imported from WIv1W & Churchill of West Germany respectively, all other machines are from HMT Ltd. The rupees thirty one million plant and machinery of this shop installed in an area of 33,000 sq. ft. and casting, forging and high standard of quality. TYPES OF MACHINES Cylindrical grinder, internal grinder, copying lathe, gear hobber, Radial drilling machine, drum turret lathe, turret lathe, Honing machine, Centre lathe, Capstan lathe, Capstan lathe, Vertical pull broaching machine, Chuckmatic, Fay Auto, Cantering & facing machine, Vertical Milling machine,Horizontal Milling Machine. Deburring machine, D/E boring machineGear Shaver G TR machine, Bevel Gear Generator, Gear shaper, CNCmachine, Power Hacksaw Special purpose drill ing machine, twinchucker, CentreHole grinding machine. Function of the department Gear manufacture and grinding, machining of bull gears, bevel gear cutting of all rounds on power hacksaws, facing and centering, all type of grinding inner and outer gears, hobbing and broaching machine. Gear shaving gear d burring machine, drilling of all gears reporting system, number of workmen shifts operations Inter relations with other departments Tool room: jigs, fixtures and cutting tools Maintenance: attending breakdowns and carrying out preventive maintenance of machine tools etc. Industrial engineering: provision of process charts for machining operations. Assembly: ensuring proper fitment of components Production planning and co-ordination: Micro loading of components on daily basis. Quality control and inspection, storage and inspection R & D Heat treatment- shot blasting operations lab testing, inspection etc. Different Manufacturing Operations in LMS Facing: It is the operations of finishing the ends of the work, to make theends flat and smooth& to make the piece of required length. Under Cutting: It is similar to grooving operation but is performed inside hole. Chamfering: It is the operation of bevelling the extreme end of the work piece. Chamfer is provided for better look/to rough turning: in this operations max. Metal is removed &very little oversize dimensions is left for further machining.

Finish Turning: Here min. metal is removed &very fine finish is obtained on the work surface. Grooving: It is the operation of turning the groove or neck in order to terminate a thread or to provide adequate clearance enable nut to pass freely on threaded work piece, to remove burs &to protect the work piece from being damaged. Knurling: It is a proc of embossing a diamond shaped regular pattern on the surface of the work piece using a special knurling tool. Broaching: It is a method of metal removal by a tool that has successivelyhigher cutting edges in a fixed path. Each tooth removes a fixed amount of material. Drilling: It is a process of making hole in an object by forcing a rotating tool called drill. Boring: It is a process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled. Grinding: To grind means to abrade to wear away by friction or to sharpen Ingrinding:The material is removed by a means of a rotating abrasivewheel. It is generally used for s harpening the cutting tool, for grinding threads, better surface finish etc. Hobbing: It is the process of cutting teeth on gear &shafts & is performed by rotating tool called hob on the hobbing machine

Shaping: The process of cutting gears on the shaper is known as shaping. The tool used in shaping for teeth cutting is a multipoint cutting tool. HEAVY MACHINE SHOPINTRODUCTION: All heavy castings of tractors are machined in this shop with the help of variety of special machines (SPM).These machines are tailor made by HMT to suit component requirements.About 20 SPM and 30 GPM are installed in a covered area of 47,000 sq. ft. at a cost of 20 million, 2600 tonnes of castings are machined every year on a two-shift basis. In addition to the machining of castings for the tractor, some jobs are also performed for Swaraj Mazda Limited. COMPONENTS MACHINEDIN THE SHOP: -33, Casting, 180-230 BHN, 76-kg wt.)

FUNCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT Machining of heavy castings like differential housing, gear box housing, rear cover, trumpet housing, steering housing of tractors, machining of tractors parts, machining of some components for Mazda

INTER-RELATION WITHOTHER DEPARTMENTS Tool room- Requirement of jigs, fixtures and cutting tools.

Maintenance- Attending breakdown and carrying out preventive maintenance of machine tools. Industrial engineering- Provide process charts for machining operations. Assembly- Ensuring proper fitment of components, production planning and control, micro loading of components on day-to-day basis. Quality control & inspection Storage and inspection. R&D Paint shop TYPES OF MACHINES Radial drilling machine Vertical milling Horizontal milling Simplex milling Duplex milling

Double end T/W boring Automatic lathe SPM (special purpose M/c ASSEMBLY SHOP The Assembly Shop is the production shop where assembly and sub-assembly of all the parts take place. The final processed parts from the various parts of production shop such as HMS, LMS and Heat Treatment reach the assembly Shop. The various parts reach the assembly. shop only after being washed, cleansed and dried, which takes place when the different parts are on their way to assembly shop.The above washing process takes place automatically i.e. the machinisthas to drop the final Part on the roller conveyor, and the parts reach the assembly shop after being automatically washed and dried. The assembly shop can be divided into various groups depending upon sub- parts being assembled. These groups are: 1. Differential assembly and sub-assembly. 2. Differential Cover assembly .3. Gear Box assembly and sub-assembly.

4. Main assembly line

WEEK # 2 DIFFERNTIAL ASSEMBLY

Before the various differential parts such as BP shaft, differential cage etc.are assembled, the various sub-assembly of parts are performed in the subunits. In the first unit, both the BP shafts arefitted with various components suchas circular clips, needle bearings e tc. to be able to be assembled to thedifferential Cage. This constitutes the assembly of Cross Bar, Plan etary Gear, Planetary Gear Cover, and Crown Wheel etc.The various bolts required making the assembly. of about parts and integral one are bolted using a pneumatic bolter gun. After this, the differential cage is collected from the conveyor firstly fitted with the necessary bearing races. Then the differential Cage unit and the BP shaft are assembled, making up a complete one unit. The Trumpet Hsg. and the Axles are assembled in a different assembly shop and there on the wholeunit along with the Bull Gears is assembled to the differential Cage. The Assembly of Differential Hsg. is complete with the assembly of lay shaft ext., the oil filter and the brake mechanism

Flow chart for the differential assembly:

Section of differential

The differential has three jobs: 1. To aim the power to the engine wheels. 2. To act as the final gear reduction in the vehicle, slowing the rotational speed of the transmission one final time before it hits the wheel 3. To transmit power to the wheels allowing them to rotate at different speeds. Differential assembly with cage assembly Cage assembly used in differential Spider cross

Gear Box Assembly The Gear Box Assembly is the third stage of the assembly unit in which the gear box is assembled. Firstly, the gearbox cage is collected from theconveyor roller and successively parts such as the counter shafts, clutchshafts, main shaft along with the ball bearings are assembled to the unit. There is separate sub unit assembling the planetary cage and gears, which is thenattached to the Gear Box output shaft to obtain the duplex speed ratiosof the tractor. The box after being tested for its efficiency is sent to the 5 stages

Working on gearbox assembly

. Steering Gear Box + Gear Shifting + Brake Assembly: This unit consists of 4 stages of the assembly unit. In this unit the subassembly of the steering gear box, gear shift mechanism on gear cover + the brake mechanism is assembled of these mentioned sub assemblies, the brake assembly issent to the 1 stage of assembly and the steering gear box and gear box cover assembly is sent to the 3 stage of assembly. Apart from these sub assembly unit also produces the KPS assembly. Figure showing gear arrangement Sliding mesh gear box with four gears1.

1. Main drive gear 2. Counter shaft 3. Main shaft 4. Gear I 5. Gear II 6. Gear III 7. Gear IV

WEEK # 3 Differential Cover Assembly The second stage of Assembly shop is the differential cover assembly shop which incorporates the gear pump assembly. And the direction control valve. The DI cover is collected from the conveyor and the various attachments such as Power Cylinder, Piston Assembly., Oil Pump, DCV Valve etc. is made, and the

cover istested for its efficiency on the testing jig. After which it is sent to the first stagewhere the whole unit is assem bled to the Dc assembly. And further sent tothe 5 stages of the assembly.

Flow process chart of rear cover assembly

In this assembly

Control valve

control sector

Ram cylinder piston

Bracket and ram arm

REAR COVER TESTING MACHINE In this testing rig all the rear covers are tested before applying them on differential. The rear cover is fixed to the machine temporarily and then the testing is done. All the oil levels are checked and then the movement of bracket arm and the rocker arm is checked. The pressure is checked abed it should be between 16-17 k pas. The defected cover is again checked and tested so that the customer should get the best machine possible. Assembly of Engine + Clutch Mechanism This unit is separate 6 stage of assembly in which the engines are received from the stores and fitted with the clutch mechanism and lay beam along with the counter weights.

Assembly of Engine with the rest transmission section The assembly of the engine and rest of the transmission is done within the 7 stage. In this stage the whole of the chassis is formed as an integral unit. The various links and mechanism between the engine and the gear box or diff isfastened together and the whole integral unit is checked for its completeaccessories etc. In all the above stages of assembly, the skilled workers are used to accomplish all the stages of assembly. But they are also held by the pneumatic bolt guns and the over head automatic conveyors and the alarmconveyor etc to make th eir job easy. Also the whole of the assembly isdone on the assembly jigs or stands which is kept moving at a speed of about 7cm/mm. Also it is to be made in mind that any spill of the sub parts such as bolts, nuts etc. by mistake is not going to spoil the working space as all these spillsgets underneath the working space and as a result the working space remainsclean and tidy.

Hydraulic pump

alternator and self starter

KAIZEN

Kai + Zen Change + Good Kaizen means non-stop improving the quality and the process. With Kaizen, an involved leadership guides to continuously improve the ability to meet high quality, low cost and on-time delivery. Kaizen transforms companies into superior global competitors .Kaizen costing are a continuing reduction during the manufacturing phase of an existing product. The Japanese word Kaizen refers to continual & gradual improvement through small betterment activities, rather than large or radical improvement made through innovation or large investment in technology. Kaizen costing is most consistent with saying slow & steady win the race. There are two essential elements that make up KAIZEN: *improvement/change for the better; and *ongoing/continuity. KAIZEN achieves its effects by working through people. All are expected to be involved. Managers, for example, are expected to spend about half their time on improving what they - and those for whom they are responsible - do. KAIZEN recognizes that improvements can be small or large. Many small improvements can make a big change - so KAIZEN works at a detailed level It is adopted by swaraj tractors in order to improve the quality of the production. All the workers are involved in this process which lead to the changes in the root level

PAINT SHOP Operations performed in paint shop are: Surface Preparation (Pre Treatment Cell)-carried out for sheets andrims .

Rejection (Reprocessing)-for sheets and rims . Pre Treatment Cell Various procedures followed here are:

Water Rinsing (part which is degreased is alkaline in nature so rinsed with water due to its being good solvent) De Rusting

Surface oxidation Phosphating (done so as to form a thin layer of coating on part so that no surface remains unpainted) Passination (done so as to avoid paint penetrating through certain section of part bodys surface)

Painting Chassis Paint Line: Operations carried out here are: Washing: Here chassis is first washed with a chemical cleaner, concentration of which is 5% and auto sprayed in a chamber Drying: The chassis is then dried by hot air whose temperature is up to 60 to 70C. Primer Painting: A thin layer of primer paint is sprayed on the chassis so that the final paint is strongly fixed on Flash Off: This is the distance given so as to allow paint to dry Final Painting Flash off. Baking: Chassis is allowed to bake for around 30 minutes. Sheet and rims Painting: After surface preparation in PTC, sheets and rims are first of all cleaned with ordinary cloth. There after following operations are carried out: Primer painting (full primer in addition to single coating of paint) Flash off . Baking (at temperature of around 120-130C) Wet Rubbing and cleaning with tack rag.

WEEK # 4 QUALITY ENGINEERING DEP ARTMENT Discipline that deals with the analysis of a manufacturing system at all stages, to improve the quality of the production process and of its output. Quality engineering receipt (formally known as Quality Engineering Department) is divided into two fields at Swaraj division of Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd.

1. Suppliers Quality 2. In-House Quality SUPPLIERS QUALITY Suppliers section consists of maintaining the quality of products that are being supplied by suppliers. It contains inspection of the raw materials being supplied by suppliers. It also includes discussion regarding delay of raw material and defective parts supplied. Subsequent actions are taken if the supplied products being supplied are found defective and inspectors from the industry are sent regularly to avoid such defects. This inspection is regularly done by the industry so maintain good quality supply and sound relationship with suppliers. IN HOUSE QUALITY In house quality is embedded into every department of the industry. As such there are five dept. that are: Q.E.L.M.S (Light Machine Shop) Q.E.H.M.S (Heavy Machine Shop) Q.E.H.T (Heat Treatment) Q.E.P.M (Plant maintenance) Q.E.A (Assembly)

Quality Engineering Assembly Quality Engineering Assembly consists of five quality posts. Each Quality Posts are situated at every intervals of the assembly line. Each Quality post has a certain responsibility of maintaining the quality of the Product being manufactured in the industry. And the final quality post is known as P.D.I (Pre Dispatch Inspection). P.D.I.(Pre Dispatch Inspection) P.D.I (Pre Dispatch Inspection) is the final quality post which carries a major responsibility of dispatching the tractors as manufactured by the assembly line of phase IV. This is similar to giving final touches to the jewellery being sold. This department carries rigorous checks as per the predesigned checklist prior to dispatch of machinery. HOW DOES IT HOLD GOOD? P.D.I acts as one of the major diagnosing centre for every daily to daily outgoing failure and scrutinizing them and hopefully trying to remove these failures. This way forthcoming problems reported by dealers are reduced. This helps to maintain healthy relationship with dealers and customers. MEASURES UNDER P.D.I

1. TRANSMISSION FLUID LEVEL 2. ENGINE OIL LEVEL 3. F.I.P OIL LEVEL 4. WATER LEVEL IN RADIATOR

5. ELECTRICAL FUCTIONING 6. COMPONENT STORAGE 7. CHECKING OF AIR LEAKAGE FROM THE AIR INTAKE FILTER

8. PAINT DEFECTS AND OTHER VISUAL INSPECTIONS 9. WATER MIX IN ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION FLUID

TRANSMISSION FLUID LEVEL To check the transmission fluid level, the dipstick from tractor is removed using/E spanner (24*27). The oil level is checked by using the gauge. If the oil is over or under the required quantity, oil is added or drained respectively to adjust the oil level and it is brought up to the required level.

ENGINE OIL LEVEL To check the engine oil level, a pull out dipstick is used which is pulled out from the engine block by hand. To check the oil level correctly, the oil is wiped off the dip-stick with a clean cloth. The dipstick is reinserted and then again taken out. The oil level is again checked using the mark built on the dip-stick. If the oil is above or below the required level, it is added or drained respectively. F.I.P OIL LEVEL To check the oil level of the Fuel Injection Pump oil level, we loosen the inspection screw by D/E spanner (14*17) and check the oil in the F.I.P(Fuel Injection Pump). Oil is added in case the oil is not coming out.

WATER LEVEL IN RADIATOR The water level in the radiator has a very essential role. Without the water the radiator cannot work efficiently. Before the tractors are dispatched, the water/coolant level is checked and filled if the level is not unto the full mark. To check it, radiator cap is opened and so is the cap of the water/ reservoir tank. The level of water/coolant in the reservoir tank can be checked by visual inspection. To check the water levels in the radiator, finger is immersed inside it after removing the cap. If the water level is not fine it is filled up to the required level. This test also checks the seals on the radiator cap.

Level of water in the Reservoir tank

ELECTRICALFUCTIONING 1) Operation of Brake Switch Brake switch is a small, brake pedal operated spring loaded switch used to light up the rear stop light (red light) on the application of the brakes. It can have very serious affects if the tractor is on a heavy traffic road. To check if its working properly or not, the electrical switch of the battery is put on the level and then the brakes are applied. If the stop lights, light up, then the switch is working fine otherwise it is replaced. 2) Battery The battery of the tractor is a very costly and an essential part. The customer should not get a decharged battery. The battery of the Swaraj 735 FE and above models has a battery with a magic eye. The magic eye has a colour indicator for the indication of the condition of the battery. If the battery is OK - then the colour shows Green If the battery needs charging then it shows a white indicator If distilled water needs to be added to the battery It shows a red indicator 3) Fuse box The fuse box of the tractor is also checked before it is rolled out. To check if any fuse has been broken, the tractor is started and all the electrical functions like the head and the rear lamps, the turnindicators and the horn is checked. If any component does not seem to work, the first check is to check the fuse connectionism the fuse box. COMPONENT STORAGE Visually inspect the tractor is done. All the nuts and bolts are checked, the logos and stickers are observed and checked so that they are correctly placed and are appropriate to the product. If the components are missing, deteriorated or wrongly fitted, the needful is done. For example, all the 4 tyres of the tractor are required to be of the same brand. This helps in the proper control of the tractor while in motion. CHECK ING OFAIR LEAKAGEFROM THE AIRINTAKEFILTER The air intake by the engine is done through the air filter. If the air does not goes through the air filter the engine will choke destroying the piston linings and hence causing a massive damage to the engine. The intake of air through the air filter is even more important in case of tractors as they work in dusty environments full of sand and other materials. The air filter is located above the level of the engine on the left side, as seen by the driver. To check if there is any air leakage in the Suction tube, the air filter cap is removed and the tractor is started. Hand is placed on top of the air inlet pipe, properly covering it. If the engine stops on doing this, the tractor passes the test. When the hand is placed and the entry of the air is blocked, the engine stops PAINT DEFECTS AND OTHER VISUALINSPECTIONS A variety of paint defects occur while the tractor is being assembled. These defects are inspected at the IQS (Internal quality study). The IQS area at Swaraj tractors plant has been set up by Mahindra and Mahindra Limited. It involves a thorough check on tractors finish i.e. Buff marks, etc. It involves a very thorough check in very good illumination from each side. They select five random tractors from the assembly line and inspect them thoroughly. Various paint defects that are found at IQS are:

1. Dust in paint 2. Excessive buff marks 3. Metal scratches 4. Paint scratches 5. Paint run-down 6. Poor touch up/ overspray 7. Dent / ding

WATER MIX IN ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION FLUID Due to various leakage points, water seepage occurs and water seeps into the engine oil and transmission fluid compartments. The water mix levels of engine oil and transmission fluid is checked by two methods:1. Visual inspection of the Dip-sticks of both the engine oil and the transmission fluid compartments can easily tell if water is present or not. If water is not mixed, both the engine oil and the transmission fluid are transparent. If water is present in the engine oil compartment, the drop of the oil which comes out with the dip-stick will be hazy. The same is the case of transmission fluid. If water is present it will turn translucent.2. Water mix paste is used to check if water is present in the engine oil or transmission fluid. The Water mix paste (green in colour) is put on the tip of the dip-stick and inserted back into the respective compartments. If water is present, it reacts with the green coloured water mix paste and turns it pink in colour. This gives a proof of the presence of water. Various others tests are performed before the tractors are finally dispatched, which are performed as the need arises

MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION Many changes have taken place in the maintenance system and practice used in the industries with the progress made by technology. Along with production, maintenance plays vital role. In fact production and maintenance go side by side If a machine is under

breakdown, it cannot be subjected to the production process with the advent of new and modern technology, the entireconcept of maintenance has changed. Earlier maintenance practices were only confined to the breakdown maintenance, but now different types of maintenance practices are followed like: 1. Scheduled maintenance 2. Break down maintenance 3. Preventive maintenance 4. Predictive maintenance The following are the main objectives of maintenance: to achieve the minimum break down level and to achieve the production target at low cost to keep the plant in proper working condition Machine and other facilities should be arranged so that they can beused to their max. capacity. the facilities necessary for the performance of functions at optimum return of investment

IMPORTANCE OFMAINTENANCE 1. Equipment breakdown leads to inevitable loss of production time, which is prevented by maintenance department. 2. Plant maintenance plays an important role in production 3. management by preventing breakdowns which caves inevitable shortfall of target, ne eds Of sub-contracting work, rescheduling of production, need of over time etc. 4. Routine check-up of facilities ensure safe and efficient operation of machinery. 5. Maintains optimum production efficiency of machinery 5. Helps in maintaining the operational accuracy and reduces the work content. 6. Reduce breakdowns and concerned downtimes thus achieving the target of max. Production at min .cost .7. Ensure safety of life and limbs of workers and machine operators. With rise in the technology, not only predictive and preventive action bus the concept of cost cutting, proper utilization of resources ,better spare parts planning, training have also become important now. This can be made possible to cent percent by systematic maintenance. In swaraj tractors limited systematic maintenance operations are practiced to

improvethe plant availability and to achieve the goal at a reasonable cost. i.e. toachieve availability pe rformance at the lowest cost and within the safetyconstants

At present the maintenance deptt. Of SWARAJ TRACTORS have five subsections. 1Electrical maintenance cell 2. Engineering machine maintenance cell 3. Material handling equipment maintenance cell. 4. Spare part planning and control cell.5. Engineering utility maintenance TQM (TOTALPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT) They follow a policy of TPM-Total Productive Management. Total productive management contains following aspects: 1. Maximize reliability of plant and machinery by aiming above and eliminating the losses. 2. Nurture teamwork and continuous improvement through total employee involvement. 3. Promote healthy, clean and cheerful working environment 4. Cultivate MY MACHINE, MY WORK PLACE concept.5. Making available low cost, trouble free, accident free ,customer focused and attractive products.