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PENGANTAR Motor Induksi

Oleh Gigih Prabowo


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Mesin Listrik
Transformator Mesin Arus Bolak-balik Mesin Arus Searah

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Mesin Arus Bolak-balik


Mesin Sinkron
Motor Sinkron Generator Sinkron

Mesin Asinkron
Motor Asinkron Generator Asinkron
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Jumlah fasa
Mesin tiga fasa Motor Induksi Motor kondensor sinkron Generator Sinkron Mesin satu fasa Motor Split-phase Motor Capasitor Motor Shaded-pole Motor Universal Motor reluctance Motor Hysterisis
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Mesin Listrik yang lain


Mesin DC Motor DC Penguat terpisah Penguat sendiri Serie Shunt Compound (long, short, differentiative, commulative) Generator DC Spesial Motor Stepper motor Linier stepper motor Servo Motor AC dan DC
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Jenis Konstruksi Rotor dan Kutub


Jenis Rotor Sangkar (squerellcage rotor) Jenis Rotor Lilit ( wound rotor) Jenis kutub rata (salient pole) Jenis kutub menonjol ( non salient pole)
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Keuntungan Motor AC
Konstruksi kuat Effisiensi tinggi Biaya pemeliharaan murah Starting mudah Effisiensi tinggi pada kondisi normal
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Kerugian Motor AC

Kontrol Putaran Susah Torsi start kecil Putaran akan turun bila beban bertambah
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Konstruksi Mesin AC
Bagian Stator : Inti dan Lilitan stator Bagian Rotor : Inti dan Lilitan rotor
Rotor sangkar (sqeurell-cage rotor) Rotor Lilit (wound rotor)

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Konstruksi MI
Blowers may be added to Blowers may be added to motors to allow operation at motors to allow operation at low speed including 0 RPM low speed including 0 RPM with 100% Torque continuous with 100% Torque continuous

Some motor frames are sized so Some motor frames are sized so that just the surface area is suitable that just the surface area is suitable to dissipate motor heat w/o the need to dissipate motor heat w/o the need of a fan or blower of a fan or blower

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Types of AC Motors

Match Motor type to meet your needs!

T-Frame Construction Motors allow T-Frame commonality in footprint & shaft height.

Definite purpose laminated frame laminated frame designs provide higher power densities & improved torque to inertia performance.
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Bagian motor Induksi


Motor Frame Assembly Stator Winding Assembly Rotor & Shaft Assembly
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Penggunaan

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Persamaan yang digunakan


Hukum Ampere

H.dl = NI

Hukum Farady

Nd e = dt

Hukum Kirchoff
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I = 0

IZ =V
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Medan Putar
Medan putar terjadi pada sumber tiga fasa yang diberikan pada lilitan stator tiga fasa

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Belitan Stator

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Prinsip Kerja motor induksi 3fasa


Kumparan stator diberi tegangan 3 fasa akan timbul medan putar dengan kecepatan : Ns = 120f / p Medan putar akan memotong konduktor pada rotor, sehingga akan menimbulkan tegangan induksi pada lilitan rotor sebesar E2s = 4,44 f2 n2
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Karena lilitan rotor merupakan lilitan yang tertutup, maka akan ada arus yang mengalir pada rotor Adanya arus dalam medan magnet, akan timbul gaya F pada rotor Gaya dikalikan dengan jari-jari koduktor rotor akan menghasilkan kopel (torsi) Jika torsi yang dihasilkan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan torsi beban, maka rotor akan berputar sesuai dengan arah medan putar Agar tagangan E2s tetap ada, maka diperlukan perbedaan relatif antara putaran medan (ns) dengan putaran rotor (nr)
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Perbedaan antara ns dengan nr dinyatakan dengan persamaan slip (s) S = {(ns nr)/ns} 100% Kemungkinan
s=0 s=1 Kondisi motor diam kondisi motor start

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I2 =

(R2 )2 + ( X 2s )2
I2 =

E2s

(R2 )2 + (SX2 )2
E2

SE2

Atau

(R 2 / S )2 + ( X 2 )2

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Karena

1 S R2 / S = R2 + R2 S
Maka

1 S R2 S

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R1

X1

R1

X1

Is

I0

I1

Is

Is

Im
B

Rm

Xm

Xm

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R1

X1

R2

X2

Is
V1

>

Im v

IR

>

JX m

1 S R'2 S

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I '2 =

E1 (a 2 R2 / S )2 + (a 2 X 2 )2

tahanan cos = impedansi


T = P

=
= 3
2

a2R 2 / S (a 2 R2 / S ) 2 + (a 2 X 2 ) 2

E1I
' 2

cos

T =3

(V1 ) (a 2 R 2 )2 + S 2 (a 2 X )2 2
X2

Sa 2 R2

S = R2
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Tmaks = 3

(V1 ) 2

2a 2 X 2
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Diagram daya
Daya input
Pin = 3 VI Cos

Daya output stator (daya input rotor) Daya output rotor (daya mekanis)
Pm

R2 ' P2 = 3 I 2 ' s
1 s = 3I 2 ' R2 ' s
Pout dalam N m
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Daya output (daya yang digunakan)


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Diagram alir Daya

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Air gap Input power Psup


Air gap power Pag Developed power Pdv = 3 Irot2 Rrot (1-s)/s

Output power Pout


Ventilation and friction losses Stator Iron loss Rotor Copper loss 3 Irot2 Rrot 2/ R Stator Copper loss 3 Vsta c 3 Ista2 Rsta

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Karakteristik Torsi-Slip
T = 3V
2

sR 2 ' 2 2 2 R2 ' + s X 2 '

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Gambar 4

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Starting Torque Pull-up Torque Break down Torque Normal Operation

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Pengaruh Tahanan Rotor

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Pengaturan Putaran Motor Induksi


Tegangan Input Frekuensi input Tahanan Rotor Jumlah kutub Arus medan motor

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METODA STARTING
Pada rotor belit : digunakan tahanan mula yang besarnya dipilih sedemikian sehingga torsi start = torsimax. Setelah motor berputar, dalam keadaan nominal rotor dihubung singkat. Pada rotor sangkar : a. Untuk daya kecil dapat distart langsung b. Start dengan auto trafo c. Start dengan saklar Y

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Utility interface Renewable energy

Non-linear control Real-time control DSP application PFC Speed sensorless Power electronic converters

Machine design Speed sensorless Machine Theory

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Tahanan rotor

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VVVF control

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Klasifikasi Motor Induksi berdasar temperatur


Motor Induksi Klas A () Motor Induksi Klas B (80oC) Motor Induksi Klas C () Motor Induksi Klas D () Motor Induksi Klas E (40oC) Motor Induksi Klas F (75o C)
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Berdasar operasi
Drip-proof motor Splash-proof motor Totally enclose. Non-ventilated Totally enclose, fan-cooled motor Explosion-proof motor

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Klasifikasi NEMA

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Name plate motor


Jenis Motor dan jumlah fasa Tegangan nominal Arus nominal Frekuensi kerja Power factor Jenis isolasi Temperatur operasi
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Pengaman Motor Induksi


Thermal Overload Over current/ over load Under/over voltage Under frequency Pole slip Out of excitation Over flux Negative sequence De-rating Factor Earth Foult

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Pemilihan dan Penggunaan Motor Induksi


Standar dan klasifikasi motor Klasifikasi pendinginan
Drip-proof, splash-proof, totally enclose, totally enclose fan-cooled, Explosion-proof,

Klasifikasi sesuai dengan sifat listrik dan mekanis ;


Standart, Torsi start tinggi, slip tinggi.

Ukuran motor dalam HP Pemilihan putaran, pengereman, Beban Motor

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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC DRIVES - MODULE 1

Torque and speed profile


speed (rad/s) 100

Speed profile

10

25

45

60

t (ms)

The system is described by:


J = 0.01 kg-m2,

Te Tload = J(d/dt) + B
Tload = 5 Nm.

B = 0.01 Nm/rads-1 and

What is the torque profile (torque needed to be produced) ?

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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC DRIVES - MODULE 1

Torque and speed profile


speed (rad/s) 100

d Te = J + B + Tl dt
10 25 45 60 t (ms)

0 < t <10 ms 10ms < t <25 ms 25ms < t< 45ms 45ms < t < 60ms

Te = 0.01(0) + 0.01(0) + 5 Nm = 5 Nm Te = 0.01(100/0.015) +0.01(-66.67 + 6666.67t) + 5 = (71 + 66.67t) Nm Te = 0.01(0) + 0.01(100) + 5 = 6 Nm Te = 0.01(-100/0.015) + 0.01(400 -6666.67t) + 5 = -57.67 66.67t
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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC DRIVES - MODULE 1

Torque and speed profile


speed (rad/s) 100

Speed profile

10 Torque (Nm) 72.67 71.67

25

45

60

t (ms)

torque profile

6 5 10 -60.67 -61.67 25 45 60 t (ms)

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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC DRIVES - MODULE 1

Torque and speed profile


Torque (Nm) 70

J = 0.001 kg-m2, B = 0.1 Nm/rads-1 and Tload = 5 Nm. 6 10 25 45 60 t (ms)

-65

For the same system and with the motor torque profile given above, what would be the speed profile?

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Example 1.3. gear - box drive torque / time curve Let us consider an electric drive for an elevator with the data shown in figure 1.11.

Figure 1.11. Elevator electric drive with multiple mechanical transmissions and counterweight
Electric Drives 55

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