Chemistry Test Study Guide SIS 8th Grade Science, November 2012 ***This study guide is meant to help

you review the main concepts learned in chemistry. Anything we have learned in any chemistry unit is eligible information for this test regardless if it is included on this study guide.*** Resources: Check the Unit Pages for lists of assignments, notes, readings, and other resources you can review for the test. See the FAQ page for the Evernote Table of Contents Key Vocabulary: Be able to dene and give examples of Chemical reactions: Any change which alters the chemical properties of a substance or which forms a new substance. During a chemical reaction, products are formed from reactants. Example: Gas is formed when you add baking soda and vinegar together. Reactants: The substance present at the beginning of a chemical reaction. Example: vinegar (C2H4O2) + baking soda (NaHCO3) Products: The substance formed in a chemical reaction. Example: carbon dioxide (CO2) + sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2) + water (H2O) Chemical formula: way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using a single line of chemical element symbols, numbers Example: Carbon dioxide CO2 Conservation of mass: An equation is balanced. Atoms in the reactants end up in the products and that no new atoms are created and no atoms are destroyed. Example: N/A Oxidation: When oxygen molecules react with molecules of other substances. Example: Iron rusting.

Rusting: When iron, air, and water reacts and creates a brown solid. Example: Iron nails rust. Combustion: The exothermic reaction between a substance and a gas. Usually takes place in air. When the substance that burns combines with oxygen. (exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction during which hear is transferred to the surroundings) Example: re Precipitate: An insoluble solid formed when a reaction occurs in a solution. (Flocculent, Milky, Creamy, Heavy) Example: Silver Chloride Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is chemically unchanged itself at the end of the reaction. Example: Yeast when mixing Hydrogen peroxide and detergent Solid: A state in which a substance has a denite volume and shape. Example: a pencil Liquid: A state in which a substance has a denite volume, but can change shape. Example: Water Gas: A state in which a substance has no denite volume or shape. Example: Nitrogen Plasma: Made up of groups of positively and negatively charged particles. In neon gas, the electrons are all bound to the nucleus. In neon plasma, the electrons are free to move around the system. Example: sun Evaporation: A change in state from liquid to gaseous (vapor), due to the escape of the molecules from the surface. Example: sea water vapor Sublimation: The change of state from sold to gaseous (gas, via vapor) on heating, and from gaseous directly to solid on cooling. **at no stage is a liquid formed Example: dry ice Condensation: A change of state from gaseous (gas or vapor) to liquid (of a

substance which is a liquid at room temperature and pressure). Usually caused by cooling. Example: cloud to rain Melting Point: The temperature at which the substance starts to melt, or turn in to liquid. Example: 0C Freezing Point: The temperature at which the substance starts to turn into a solid. Example: 0C Boiling Point: The temperature at which the liquid starts to change into gas. Example: 100C Elements: A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Example: Magnesium Metal: An element with characteristic physical properties that distinguish it from a nonmetal. Example: Mercury Non-metal: An element with characteristic physical properties that distinguish it from metal. Example: Bromine Property Physical State Metal Solid (except mercury) Shiny Non-metal Solid, liquid, or gas (bromine is the only liquid) Mainly non-shiny (iodine is one of the exceptions) Poor (except graphite) Poor Poor Generally low (except carbon) Generally low

Appearance

Conductivity Malleability Ductility Melting point Boiling point

Good Good Good Generally high Generally high

Reactivity: When two or more substances interact with each other. Example: N/A Metalloid: A chemical element with properties that are in-between or a mixture of those of metals and nonmetals, and which is considered to be difficult to classify unambiguously as either a metal or a nonmetal. Atomic number: The number of protons found in the nucleus of one atom of that particular element. Matter: Anything that has mass that takes up space. Atom: The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. Atomic Nucleus: The dense center of an atom and is made up of neutrons and protons. Proton: A subatomic partible that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutron: A subatomic particle that ha no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom. Electron: A subatomic particle that has a negative charge. Molecule: A particle made up of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds; the atoms can be of the same element or different elements. Compound: A substance made of atoms of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds. Periodic Table: An arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers. Both the physical properties and chemical properties of an element and its compounds are related to the position of the element in the periodic table. Trends in the periodic table: The change in the elements in the periodic table. i.e.) The amount of reaction increases as you go down the periodic table of elements.

 The amount of reactivity decreases as you go across the periodic table. As you down the periodic table, the elements are less soluble. Atoms, Molecules, Compounds Be able to describe the similarities and differences between elements, atoms, molecules, and compounds. Elements are the purest essence of a substance. When atoms of the same kind come together, they create an element. Molecules are two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds. Compounds are when two or more different types of atoms come together to create one molecule. Be able to describe what a chemical bond is. Chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms Be able to identify the properties that all matter shares. They all have mass and volume. Be able to identify examples of matter. Pencil, eraser, notebook, and pen Be able to identify examples of elements, atoms, molecules, and compounds. Helium, hydrogen atom, oxygen molecule, and carbon dioxide Be able to compare the properties of elements, molecules, and compounds. A molecule can be an element it self, or it can be a compound. It depends whether or not the atoms are different from each other. Be able to describe the basic structure of an atom. An atom is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are the biggest and electrons are the smallest. Protons(+) and neutrons(no charge) make up the atomic nucleus, and the electron(-) orbits the nucleus. States of Matter Be able to identify and describe how the motion of particles affects the state of matter. If the particles dont move at all, it is a solid. If the particles are moving but arent free, its liquid. Lastly, if the particles are moving around freely, the substance is gas. Be able to describe the temperature of a substance while it goes through a

phase change. When a substance goes through a phase change, the temperature stays constant. Be able to describe and identify the motion of particles in different states of matter. Solid VEEERRRRYYYY SLOW (if at all, moving) Liquid it moves, but not so fast Gas moves very quickly Elements and the periodic table Be able to describe what the periodic table is, what is included on it, and how it is organized. It is an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers. Both the physical properties and chemical properties of an element and its compounds are related to the position of the element in the periodic table. Know the basic history of the periodic table and the key scientist who developed it. All possible and discovered elements are listed in the table. Know why the periodic table is important. Know what the atomic number is. The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom. Be able to identify the most important characteristics for how the periodic table is organized. Physical and chemical properties of the element (continued on next page) Chemical Reactions Explain the difference between a chemical change and physical change. In a chemical change, new substance is produced, such as gas. However, during a physical change, the substance is the same, with nothing new added on to it. Identify four ways to change the rate of a chemical reaction. - increasing the temperature - adding a catalyst - increase pressure - increase volume Identify four types of evidence of a chemical reaction (not including smell).

- production of gas - formation of precipitate - colour change - temperature change Is change in color always an indicator of chemical change? Explain why or why not with an example. Colour change may not always indicate chemical reaction. This is because for example when you write with a black marker and you put it in water, it divides into various colours. However, this is a physical change because the colour black just divided itself into the different colours. On the other hand, if copper changed into green, this is a chemical change, because the colour changed due to the water and copper. Identify the reactants and products of a chemical equation. The reactants are on the left side of the equation, and it is what you start out with. The products are on the right side of the equation, and it is what you end up with. Be able to describe, using atoms and chemical reactions, what conservation of mass means. When a chemical reaction occurs, the mass of the reactant and the product are the same. This is because the number of atoms are constant, and all they do is rearrange themselves. What does it mean to say that atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction? No atoms are created and destroyed in a chemical reaction. However, they do rearrange themselves. In a chemical reaction, why is it possible to change the amount of products by changing the amount of reactants? It is possible because atoms from the reactants need to interact to form the products. Can atoms that are not in the reactants end up in the products of a chemical reaction? Why or why not? No. This is because no atoms are lost nor created during a chemical reaction. When you combine vinegar and baking soda, a gas is produced. Why is the gas considered evidence that a chemical reaction occurred? Gas is something that hasnt existed before the reaction. Gas is a new

substance, which is why it is evidence that the reaction was chemical. When you combine calcium chloride solution with baking soda solution, a precipitate is formed. Why is the precipitate considered evidence that a chemical reaction occurred? The solid didnt exist before, therefore making it a new substance. Being a new substance, it is evidence that the reaction was chemical. Why would lowering the temperature of the reactants affect the rate of a chemical reaction? The atoms will move more slowly causing the reaction to slow down. What is a catalyst? A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is chemically unchanged itself at the end of the reaction.