Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MATEMATIK
im
TAHUN SATU
2010
ekm
ekm
ekm
iii
eNm eym
!ik d:
iv
!i li
ik>2r u
vii
inm
n
ix
RM10 , m
ix
am
am 0i1m
0i1m
ik>
ix
m 2m
>iik>
ix
24d
xi
2km
xi
xi
uLk
xx
! <m
xx
ukm D !km
xxi
!ip4:
xxii
iii
2i% !
10
eL7
11
0il
12
!ik d:
in 4< 2mik
2mik !l
k>m 2d0R>m iEm e1 <!l
aipDF d ! u%!ik i0
i0 !l
dp0 Gdi 2 <!l
2n !m ok !m !l
!ik
li
!ik
li
ik
li<
!
<m
!
<m
i
2mik,
ik
li<
i
2mik,
i&i
2iRl
em
a0pil
i&i
2iRl
em
a0pil
aiRl, Gn4m, uLm, ul Gi
aiRl, Gn4m, uLm, ul Gi
oniC< n2im iDm e, !i
oniC< n2im iDm e !i
i!in GR m: <m o
i!in GR m: <m o
e!r Ri>m. imRi< ai7,
e!r Ri>m. imRi< ai7,
lD, 2nei, e%pDrFi, 2lz7
lD, 2nei, e%pDrFi, 2lz7
e%m
GRl
GiRp
eR%k
e%m
GRl
GiRp
eR%k
>:m !iR>m
! !iR>m
2d0R>m
>:m !iR>m
! !iR>m
2d0R>m
op
dm
e&ipm
2l>m
opdm
e&ipm
2l>m
i
uk>m
2k !k
i
uk>m
2k !k
eN!>m.
eN!>m.
vi
vii
n
Liil
al: !p:m !id<
airC!
r uki, !R R%m e!ir l
e!ireLQm !inm NDm eRip!
u%!i ey!Rp !idm e!rC< 4r: !pd:
in<.
i!m
R7m
m
iC!i <
iklQk> !4r7 N: 0e:p!R> &i>kin<.
i!m il nik R Sk>ip<n
iC!ik7m TN:in<. a!l!n i! zil
i!m o ki < iU>in<.
ik>
e!kp LiQk ! i!p !id<
ri eN <, i! !il a0p
!inL, E i! Rp DiC< eLl
nRk
eN:L<.
1m
lDn
aim i! !im e%pDm inik
i1m an zil n: ! eyi<.
!pd
inVm
!inm
eN
rQk>k i! aim !im Sd:m
ix
e!rD
>iik>
i!p Rl Ri !il rL i! ai
e%!i1m aRp DiC< eL!i1m ki <m !
N:m. a< rL <, el, d:
GiR al: ! R< ik>m. k1k> [r7
!l, !l \Rm, p: <!l, e!rD,
!i^O <m, e!&il _dm
aiil
aiil e!&il _dm
nRp n: !i >pil
Gn4m, 2n !
R%m ND
2L,
2mik, 2 !, ND
GiR !l
ur!l.
e!&il _d !
a0pk eN
aii1m !ii1m GQp
e%!l.
.
i! 2m
D rFim a&>r7m
E4d <n & ul
rFim E!m.
Rk!i, D !km, !in
R%m 2ni d:!l.
E lD
!id, Dp
20kL Nm
! < !m
>2nm 1e
ey!l.
.
.
i 2d: rL >C!< G% GN:L
a0pk li R N:m. arL Nn%
GN:L 02i oni1m R%m Nn% GN:L
02i iN01m i N:m. a!n i> arL
l 2i <il li e!m.
02i
I
II
2km
e!kp Liin 02i onin i!p
!id< ri DiC<
eLQm !im ki:!il a0p
!inm n: <m GRm
rki<.
2km
2km
eNL
e!r Pdl,
&i !l, ekl,
> !l Gi a0p i!iL, am 0i1m,
e!rDm
DLii1m,
GiRin
nd
ii7: <!l.
i!m,
i
<L,
an
zk
GiR%ki uL i! Rlk NiC<
n: <!l.
>i4:, i FeRL R%m e!i i!
Rlk eN: e!rDk eLQ!l.
i!
!im aim n: !i `&1kR
a> Ri < iFQk>
!4r7
!l.
an
zil
i!
a0pil iC!i !l,
p: <!l, i! GyFi ReLQ!l.
i! Rlm e!rDm rpik l
i!i2i!i <Up n: <!l.
i! !in e&i !l ur!l.
i!k <p DiC< eL7m, i! ai
al: !7m, e! e!rD !l e!&il_dm
ud l i! uU inik
il n: <!l.
xi
i!F iC!
!in
Rl ii7
p >!i
i!F
iC! !in
el
e!rD !in
p: <!l
e!rDp: <!l
iFQk>
!4r7!l
i!i2i!i !l
!in
eNm eym
am 0i1m
>iil R%m e!rD
DLiil R%m
!im
2n !m
NDm
eNm, Grm,
2ni d:!l,
!nmik R%m
!im
iC! n!m,
&i, e!rD
>py7 !in
iFQk> !4r7 m !in
Gy7 !in
e!rD !in
e!&il_d !k Qm !in
xii
eNm
eNm eym
eN
r !l
&i !l
ekl
> !l
k k>
inm
! inm
m
>iil R%m e!rD
e!kpLi
rQk
!id !il >iil
!i !p im
e<. a<
im
eRik>m.
am
am 0i1m
m 2m
24d
2i% !
eL7
pim
iim
DLii
DLiil
il R%m !im
!7k Q!l
i
ck:
!in
i!
rL W:d:n l Rl Ri !l
20kil W::!R>k e:kp:m ypDL
arL
i!
<k
G&p
DiC<
eL!R>m !pd i! Rl eL
e!iC! 2iil DiC< eL!R>m < Dim.
rQk> RR:m DiC<r7 arL e!ri
RR: !7m, i! Rl al: !7m, e!rC<
2mikn Gy7 ReL7m, i! aip
n: !7m, < Dim. iR% <p eLp
n: !l, e!&il _dk iL, i:i, el,
el !idm n rin Rl a !il
im eRik N:m.
i!
!in
!in en< inm !ink >ikin<.
>py7
>py7
!in
>py7
!ik
Qm
N0:
e!i i !l.
xiii
e<
inR
Gy7 !in
iFk>
iFk>
iFk>
!4r7
m
inRk eN0k>m:
GRl
iF
iF
i
uk>!l;
iFin
kik
P%
aU
!l.
!4r e!iF rpi !l; ey! aU
eipk P%!l.
0 iFQk>
!4r7 a!il
>ipid iRi% iFp > < GyC<
!4r7 !l.
o
!ii
iFk>
ev
a>k eN: !4r7 !l.
!4r7
Dpid1m
2mikn
iFQk> !4r7 !l.
!p:in u!i !l.
rL,
2NrL,
eRrL,
GiirL,
eirL
Giim
ReLp:m
i!
e!rD i!p !il DiC<rm Rm
1p: !ik eL < Dii<. el il
uk>!l,
irC<
eLQ!l,
DiC<ril
nRm
Gi
2e%!
u%!i: !
rQk> >py7 R%m X! R
cOk
yprk
N:m.
U
ud: !i
i!
e!rD
rin
i!
DiC<r7 m: a < D\s<.
el
inik
e!rDk>
rin
!
urin
`&l
!p:i<.
iF`&l
rim, Giirim Em <m LiL
d>m
<m
!il
el1m
<m
PR%k>
ikik>m
<m
!p:i<.
l
`&il rL 20k i, >
al< >pD il E%E%pDn iU>!R> ypD
&U N:m.
p: <!l
e!rD: <!l
i! !id ! al: <m < rL
<kL R%m 02iL e!r !UL eR
ai i! !il uL !pDQkim,
i! !iR>m R <Qk>im e!rD : !
ypDL &Up N:m. a rin i!
DiC<r
m: !i
e!i7m
eL
e!iC!!7m iUF eym.
xvi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
!4r7 l.
l
iFk>
[r7 N< X! Rl R !xn
ks >u,k>m. G X! Rl R !xl
Fk> [r7 m On , Odm
!m
uLks,k
N:m.
c!
F
[r!R
On
rr
rkp N:m. F
[r!R On
nm 20kk eN0k>m.
xvii
i!i2i!ipDF
i!i2i!ipDF ey!l
rkkP0!7m
ik>m.
i!p
iFk
R7m a!
!4r7 N!R>m udii7 apD
u!7i<. eipii7 in ad, e< e&i R%m
am nRk eN0ki<. <k
<7m iFiQk>
!4r7 N!R>m
ii!i2iO <Up n: !m.
rL
i!
e!rDk>m
R%m
<
<r!1k>m
iC!p
i!i2i!i <m
aim.
i!i2i!i <m rQk>m RrQk>m ii
a>, i! i!m R%m i! <r!l,
C<l
n
a!ikin<.
e!rD < R%m 2 iFn
i! !
e!rDp: << nR rL
iC!p i!i2i!i < !il air.
!ii
!ip eL
Ek>!l
>ip<
uN
um
i!
um
ir !l
Si !l
ki:!l
e!rC!
iC!k>m,
i!
0i
<riR>m i!i2i!i <m o kik P
iU>i<. i!i2i!i <m aR i!m, a2i
al<
! <
2ii
ik>m.
i<
emnk>
i! !
im!
o
`z2i RR: !ii:m.
i!i2i!i <m
en<
i!
u !iR>m
uN
u !iR>m qr u!ik !p:i<. &i,
ad,
>i7,
i!
kim
n
a <m
ei
um
R%m
qr
apil
n: !kP0 i!p eL>m.
2 !m
!m NDm
i!p
!id !il 2 !m NDm lD
r uk>! 2kk eN:L<.
a!
!ir <
!l
ur!1m,
Nm
ureNm
di
eN
eLL
i
!i
uk
0i<.
2 !m
Nm
DiC<
eN
i
! !
207m
7m
1eF
eyi<.
e!rD
ND
en<
>pil
2n !
uk !il mC!pd:L<. ipN< i!
20kin < uL e!r i% <i<.
u! i! !iR> !ipi !l, > iU>!l,
C<1m <p iRm ey!l, id:k
e: !l, 2: 2iil, C! iC! eN0 !l
R%m oker !ipi !>m.
&ip
&ip ND en< i! !il >ipid 20k
&ip
NDn
mC!pd:L!k >ikin<.
u! p: <!l, i!i2i!i <m ey!l,
iFk>
!4r7
l,
e!rD
eLQ!l,
mC!p: <!l R%m e!&il _d !p n: <!l
n!>m.
uLrC! ND en< i! uLk !m a<
e!rD <, (e. R%p ND, p
ND) uk>!m >ikin<.
xix
uLk
!m
ai72i
al<
DiC<eN
<kL
GiRin
a0pil
rL
e!iC<
!ikN0 al< eykP0< e!r
>ipid PR%. aikP0 0il ND, !in, ai7
GiRp
e%!il
rQk>L
GRk
d:m PR%.
Rl !m, Rl Ri !in 02ik d<.
rL i! !il <k uk7m, !in,
2 !, ND GiR r <keL7m, RRD
`& uk Giirin GkF iC!k> RR
&Up:m ypD G>m.
xx
GkF
iC!m
D !kF
iC!m
eN
r GmpLi ! ukp N:m.
i<
arL
!Uim
D!C<L
GR
eike7m
!Uin
k!im
Gr !m
u7m &i >k>m.
Rl Ri !il GkF iC!m D !kF iC!m
iFk>
!4r7
!l,
RF
iC!i !l,
e!rD eLl, e!rD : <!l, e!&il _d !p
n: <!l nRin Nm udD> ! 0m. i!n
&i rL:
0UL
R%m
e!rDL
Nm
i!
07k uk>!l.
i! !inp n: !i am ey!l,
a !l, an zil p:m !7k
dip !l.
i! !in R <: oUi !l
&k, &kl! iFk k>Qk>k
i! aip n: !i !4r7 !l.
uN ikF n G! ill
onp Ri am ey!l (konjektur).
ukm D !km
ukm en< D!i N:i0pF eykP0
!i
al<
GR>m.
!id
md:
iiin0, ukm en< pR D!i R
uk>!>m.
avl
!i|r
iC!
R%m
oniC! RlL Nm ii<.
!ip4:
!ip4: Rl Ri !il ki qr aUm. a<
>p 20kil
!idipd:
e!rFi
2 !p
N:m.
l%
i!
20kin
Nm
rin
>2i
!ipi 0m. e <, ye&i, ey<dl Gi
20k: l% a>k eN:m
!ip4: eym. 2rl (e..) i e!: !l,
uR%2k>!l,
Gy7
ey!l
n
i1m
!ip4d 2 !m. aC! !ip4d: 0k eN:
Giir rin >k !: !Uin
!m m: !ik eLm. p: <!l
R%m
>24kl
20kin
Nm
Giir
rin GRm m: !m.
xxii
eNm
eNm eym
eym
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
(i)
(i)
eNm
eNm eym
eym
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
(i)
(i)
eNm
eNm eym
eym
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
1.6 aip,r.
(i)
(i)
eNm
eNm eym
eym
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
2.1
i eNk Ni6/
aRik3 erU
eN u9k3r.
2.2
3i@k Nir.
2.3
(i)
eNm
eNm eym
eym
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
2.4
eN
eNm eym
eym
3. ,inm
3.1
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
i)
ii)
eNm
eNm ey
eym
m
N 1
4. RM10 i ,m
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
, R-r
a) RM1 i l `L
) RM10 i 1dL
(i)
(ii)
am
am SiZm
SiZm
5. m 1m
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
5.1
L R-m Ip
e,id ,Li LL
er, Sk
ik3r.
5.2
am
am SiZm
SiZm
6. @d
6.1
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
am
am SiZm
7. i-
7.1
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
10
am
am SiZm
8. eL4
eL4
8.1
N 1
uLk m
Rl m
kd!n
kd!n #m rL...
rL...
ip,
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
eL ap,R3
LRU ap
,n,/r.
11
am SiZm
N 1
9. Sil
uLk m
Rl m
ip, i-.il
i-.il rL ....
9.1
9.2
(i)
12