12/29/2011

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PREVIOUS LESSON

Power point@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk

OBJECTIVES

Stage One : Glycolysis

Splitting of Sugar In the cytoplasm.

a) Describe glycolysis pathway: (from glucose to pyruvate)

Breaks down glucose (6C) into TWO molecules

of pyruvate (3C).
Occurs whether or NOT O2 is present.
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Stage One : Glycolysis

Has two major phases: a. Energy investment phase 2 ATP 2 ATP Used Phosphorylate Sugar 2 ADP + Pi a. Energy payoff phase 4 ADP + Pi 4 ATP yield 4 ATP Net ATP yield : 2 ATP By Substrate-level phosphorylation Produces : 2 NADH + 2H+

What is NAD+?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Coenzyme. Electrons from organic compounds
2 NAD

are usually first transferred to NAD+. As an electron carrier , NAD+. functions as a oxidizing agent.

2 NADH + 2H+

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Stage One : Glycolysis

Dehydrogenase Reduction of NAD (from food) Nicotinamide (oxidized form) Nicotinamide (reduced form) Oxidation of NADH

Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase

ATP

ADP
Hexokinase
1

NADH
Glucose

Glucose 6-phosphate

NAD
Oxidizing Agents

Reducing Agents
1

Phosphorylation of sugar by ATP. A phosphate-group transfer from ATP to glucose. Glucose 6-phosphate.

Stage One : Glycolysis

Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
ATP
ADP

Stage One : Glycolysis

Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
ATP ADP
Hexokinase

ATP ADP

Hexokinase

Glucose
2

Glucose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

Glucose
3

Glucose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Rearrangement of Glucose 6-phosphate. Converted into Fructose 6-phosphate (isomer).

Phosphate group from ATP transfer to Fructose 6-phosphate form Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate.

Stage One : Glycolysis

ATP Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Stage One : Glycolysis

ATP

ADP

ADP

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Isomerase

Isomerase

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate split into Dihydroxyacetone phosphate & Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Enzyme catalyzes the reversible conversion between the 2 isomers.

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Stage One : Glycolysis

Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 2 NAD NADH + 2 H 2 ADP 2 ATP

Stage One : Glycolysis

2 NADH 2 2 NAD + 2 H 2 ADP

2 ATP
2

2
6

2Pi

2Pi

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6

3-Phospho-glycerate
7

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

3-Phosphoglycerate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized by the transfer of electrons to NAD+, forming NADH. Energy used to attach a phosphate group to the oxidized

Phosphate group (added in previous step) is transferred to ADP. Produces 2 ATP. (Substrate-level phosphorylation) 3-Phosphoglycerate (2 molecules)

substrate:1,3Bisphosphoglycerate (2 molecules)

Stage One : Glycolysis

2 ATP 2 H2O
2 2 2 2 ADP 2 2

Stage One : Glycolysis

2 ATP 2 H2O
2 2 2 ADP 2

3-Phosphoglycerate
8

2-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Pyruvate
9

3-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Pyruvate

Enzyme relocates the remaining phosphate group. 2-Phosphoglycerate (2 molecules)

Enzyme causes a double bond to form in the substrate by removing a water molecule. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) (2 molecules)

Stage One : Glycolysis

2 ATP 2 H2O
2 2

Summary of Glycolysis
2 ATP 2 ADP

2 ADP
2

10

6C
Pyruvate

2x 3C

3-Phosphoglycerate
10

2-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

4 ADP

4 ATP

The phosphate group is transferred from PEP to ADP. Produces 2 ATP. (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) Pyruvate (2 molecules)

For One molecule of Glucose Products : 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH + 2H+ 2 ATP used and 4 ATP produced Net ATP production : 2 ATP

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NEXT LECTURE
15.2.1 Link Reaction 15.2.2 Krebs Cycle