NNG LNG MT TRI VIT NAM: TIM NNG CHO PHT TRIN TH BN VNG

Ng Th T Nhin Vin ng dng Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh 25 L Thnh Tng, H Ni; Email: ntnhien@most.gov.vn. TM TT Qu trnh th ha, hin i ha nhanh chng Vit Nam thc y s gia tng nhu cu s dng nng lng cho giao thng vn ti, pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip, khu vc thng mi dch v cng s v cc h gia nh. c bit l s gia tng mt cch t nhin nhu cu s dng cc loi nng lng hin i cc thnh ph do qu trnh di dn, do yu cu cuc sng tin nghi nhng ni ngi dn c thu nhp cao. Tt c nhng yu t trn dn n nhu cu s dng nng lng cui cng ca Vit Nam tng nhanh hn tc tng trng ca nn kinh t. Nng lng l mt yu t c bn ng hnh vi qu trnh pht trin ca cc siu th trong tng lai, nng lng nh hng trc tip ti s pht trin ca nn kinh t, quyt nh gi thnh sn phm v gin tip tc ng n mi trng. Do m bo an ninh nng lng Vit Nam ni chung, vic thc y cc gii php mi trong s dng nng lng ti cc th trong tng lai ni ring cn c t ln hng u. Bi bo s tho lun v pht trin th xanh di gc nhn v lnh vc pht trin nng lng bn vng. Trong khun kh bi bo cng s ch ra cc thch thc v chin lc lin quan n vic ng dng cc gii php mi v nng lng trong th nhm thch nghi v gim thiu tc ng ca bin i khi hu. GII THIU Thch thc ln nht trong thi i ca chng ta l s bin i kh hu ton cu v s gia tng dn s. Gia tng dn s lin tc to ra sc p ln ti ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng trn tri t do khai thc qu mc cc ngun ti nguyn phuc v cho cc nhu cu nh , sn xut lng thc, thc phm, sn xut cng nghip v.v... N cng lin tc to ra cc ngun thi tp trung vt qu kh nng t phn hu ca mi trng t nhin v nhu cu tiu th nng lng trong cc khu vc th, khu sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip. Ngoi ra s chnh lch v tc pht trin dn s

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gia cc nc cng nghip ho v cc nc ang pht trin gia tng, dn n s ngho i cc nc ang pht trin v s tiu ph d tha cc nc cng nghip ho. S chnh lch ngy cng tng gia th v nng thn, gia cc nc pht trin cng nghip v cc nc km pht trin dn n s di dn mi hnh thc. Trn thc t, s gia tng dn s xut hin ti cc thnh ph ln cc quc gia ang pht trin, ni hu ht ngi ngho i ca th gii tp trung . Qu trnh th ha Vit Nam gn y din ra nhanh chng, dn s khu vc th nm 2008 l 24 triu ngi chim 27,9% tng dn s, tng 3,57% so vi nm 2007. Theo nh hng quy hoch tng th pht trin h thng th Vit Nam n nm 2020, quy m th t mc 30,4 triu ngi v din tch 2.432km2 nm 2010 s tng ln 40 triu ngi v din tch 4.600km2 (chim 45% dn s v 1,4% din tch c nc) vo nm 2020. Qu trnh th ha to nn sc p v nhu cu s dng nng lng cho giao thng vn ti, pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip, khu vc thng mi dch v cng s v cc h gia nh. c bit l s gia tng mt cch t nhin nhu cu s dng cc loi nng lng hin i cc thnh ph do qu trnh di dn, do yu cu cuc sng tin nghi nhng ni ngi dn c thu nhp cao.

Thit k v quy hoch th theo quan im hng n th xanh l li thot duy nht cho cc th ln Vit Nam hin nay, c bit l H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh ni quy t phn ln dn di c t cc vng nng thn. Mt cc cng trnh xy dng v cc khong khng gian xanh xen ln trong th s l cha kha gim bt hiu ng o nhit th. Ngoi ra, vic thit k nhng th c khng gian m v tp hp cc cng trnh theo cch thc ch cn ngun nng lng ti thiu chiu sng, thng gi, lm mt, lm lnh cng lm mt gia php c bn i vi iu kin mi trng nng v m (nhit i) nh Vit Nam. XU HNG S DNG NNG LNG CC TH CA VIT NAM Mc d hin nay c s suy gim ca nn kinh t th gii nhng trin vng tng trng kinh t ca Vit Nam trong trung hn l kh quan. Nu GDP ca Vit Nam tng trng khong 6,9%/nm trong giai on 2009-2018 v mc n hi nng lng s dng trn GDP l 1,7 nh xy ra trong thp k qua th nhu cu nng lng s tng khong 12,1%/nm, gim hn mt cht so vi thp k trc. Tuy nhin, vi tc tng trng nh vy, nhu cu nng lng s tng gp ba ln trong khong 10 nm vi tng nng lng tiu th 100

cui cng vt qu 100 triu toe vo nm 2018. Nng lng s dng trong nn kinh t Vit Nam thay i c bn trong mt vi thp k qua vi s chuyn i t mt m hnh ch yu da vo cc loi nng lng truyn thng sang s dng hn hp cc loi nng lng khc nhau. Nh trnh by trong hnh 1, nng lng thng mi tiu th ca Vit Nam tng gp 7 ln t mt mc rt thp vo nm 1980. S gia tng ny ch yu l do s gia tng tnh thng dng ca cc loi nng lng thng mi v in cho s dng ti h gia nh, s pht trin ca cc phng tin giao thng v s pht trin nhanh chng ca ngnh cng nghip ang tr thnh tr ct ca nn kinh t. Nng lng thng mi(1) tng nhanh hn tc tng trng chung ca nn kinh t. Trong giai on 1999-2006, nng lng thng mi tng mc trung bnh 12,4%/nm trong khi GDP ch tng khong 7,2%. H s n hi gia mc tng trng ca nng lng thng mi v GDP mc rt cao l 1.7. Cng s dng nng lng ca Vit Nam tng t 387 kilograms du tng ng (kgoe) trn US$1000 ca GDP vo nm 1998 ln
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569 kgoe trn US$1000 vo nm 2006, vi gi c nh nm 2000. Tiu th nng lng cui cng tng t 10,8 triu tn du tng ng (toe) vo nm 1998 ln 27,5 triu toe vo nm 2006. Loi hnh nng lng thng mi chnh s dng bi khch hng cui cng Vit Nam l than, sn phm du m v in (ngoi tr mt t l rt nh s dng trong cng nghip, phn ln kh t nhin ca Vit Nam s dng cho pht in ch khng phi khch hng cui cng). Mc s dng c ba loi nng lng trn u tng nhanh hn tc tng trng GDP trong giai on 1999-2007. Hnh 2 m t tng trng ca nng lng tiu th cui cng (thng mi) theo loi nng lng trong giai on 1999-2007. Nu nhn vo c cu tiu th nng lng ca Vit Nam theo ngnh, ta c th nhn thy 84,8% nng lng ca Vit Nam c tiu th bi cc ngnh cng nghip, giao thng v cho dn dng.

Khi nim nng lng thng mi trong bo co ny ch n than, cc sn phm du m, kh t nhin v in. Cc loi nhin liu truyn thng nh ci khng bao gm trong nh ngha ny do s liu v mc s dng v c bit l xu hng s dng rt t v khng m bo mc tin tng.

Hnh 1. Tiu th nng lng s cp ca Vit Nam, 1980 & 2007

(Ngun: Ngn hng th gii, 2009)

101

Nu nhn vo c cu tiu th nng lng ca Vit Nam theo ngnh, ta c th nhn thy 84,8% nng lng ca

Vit Nam c tiu th bi cc ngnh cng nghip, giao thng v cho dn dng.

Hnh 2. Nng lng thng mi cui cng ca Vit Nam, 1998-2007 (Ngun: WB, 2009)

Hnh 3. Tiu th nng lng ca Vit Nam theo ngnh s dng nng lng, 2007 (Ngun: WB, 2009) 102

T hnh trn ta thy nu xt phn b tiu th nng lng ca mi ngnh kinh t th bn ngnh s dng nng lng chnh ca Vit Nam l (a) s dng nhin liu trong cng nghip, (b) s dng in trong cng nghip, (c) s dng cc sn phm du m cho giao thng vn ti, (d) s dng in ti khu vc dn dng cc h gia nh (hnh 3). Theo nh phn tch ca bn chin lc, quy hoch tng th pht trin ngun nng lng mi & ti to Vit Nam n nm 2015, tm nhn 2025. Tc tng GDP bnh qun ca Vit Nam cc giai on d bo nh sau: 2001-2010: 7,2% - 8,5%;

2011-2020: 7,09% -8,5%; 2021-2030: 6 7%. C cu GDP cng c s dch chuyn theo hng tng t trng cng nghip v dch v, gim t trng nng lm nghip. D bo dn s tng t 86 triu ngi hin nay ln 87,77 triu ngi nm 2010 v 97,85 triu ngi nm 2020. Mc th ho cng c s thay i, dn s th t 25% tng ln 32% nm 2010; 40% nm 2020 v 70,5% nm 2050. Khi nhu cu nng lng cui cng theo cc ngnh v nhin liu n nm 2025 c th hin trong th di y:

Hnh 4. Kt qu d bo nhu cu nng lng theo cc ngnh (2000-2025) (Ngun: RE Master Plan, 2009) Tiu th nng lng thng mi cui cng bnh qun u ngi n nm 2025 t khong 700 850 kgOE; C cu tiu th nng lng cng c s dch 103

chuyn theo hng tng t trng ngnh Cng nghip, gim t trng ngnh Giao thng vn ti. D bo c cu tiu th nm 2025: Cng nghip 37,7%; Dn dng 30,2%; Giao thng vn ti 23,2%; Dch v 8% v Nng nghip 0,9%. T cc con s trn ta c th nhn thy vic pht trin cc ngun nng lng ti to cung cp cho khi cng nghip v dn dng l v cng cn thit. CC GII PHP NHM PHT TRIN CC TH XANH VIT NAM Nng lng l mt yu t c bn ng hnh vi qu trnh pht trin ca cc th, cch nhanh nht ng ph vi vn bin i kh hu ton cu l gim s pht thi kh nh knh, thit k v quy hoch th c tnh n cc yu t s dng nng lng tit kim, hiu qu hn v tn dng cc ngun nng lng ti to. S dng nng lng tit kim, hiu qu hn cng c ngha l pht trin v s dng cc thit b c hiu sut cao hn v ph hp hn cho cc khu th, s dng hu nh nh sng t nhin ban ngy, thot nc ma, lm mt v khai thc nng lng mt tri gim hoc b nhu cu si m v lm mt nhn to. Gii php s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu Gii php v mt th ch

thc y cc gii php s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu, rt cn c s h tr ca khung php l v cc d n trin khai c th. Trc ht phi ni n hin trng cc vn bn php quy ca Chnh ph nhm thc y vic s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu Vit Nam: - Lut in lc ca Quc hi Nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam s 28/2004/QH ngy 03 thng 12 nm 2004. - Quyt nh s 40/2005/Q-BXD ngy 17 thng 11 nm 2005 ca B Xy dng v vic ban hnh QCXDVN09: 2005. - Ngh nh s 102/2003/N-CP ngy 14 thng 4 nm 2006 ca Th Tng Chnh ph v vic s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu. - Quyt nh s 80/2006/Q-TTg ngy 14/4/2006 ca Th Tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chng trnh tit kim in giai on 2006-2010. - Ngh nh 105/2005/N-CP ngy 17 thng 8 nm 2005 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut in lc. - Quyt nh s 79/2006/Q-TTg ngy 14 thng 4 nm 2006 ca Th Tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu - Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BCN ngy 16 thng 11 nm 2006 ca B Cng nghip hng dn trnh t, th tc dn 104

nhn tit kim nng lng i vi cc sn phm s dng nng lng. - Quyt nh s 02/2006-BCD V vic ban hnh Quy ch tuyn chn t chc, c nhn ch tr thc hin cc D n thuc Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu. - Thng t s 111/2009/TTLT/BTCBCT v vic hng dn thc hin tit kim in trong cc c quan nh nc, n v s nghip cng lp. - Lut S dng nng lng tit kim

v hiu qu c Quc hi kho XII, k hp th 7 thng qua ngy 17 thng 6 nm 2010. Bn cnh cc c quan Chnh ph v cc t chc quc t cng trin khai mt s cc d n nhm thc y cc gii php s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu hn. Cc d n mang li cc hiu qu nht nh trong vic nng cao nhn thc v pht trin th trng tit kim nng lng ca Vit Nam trong thi gian qua phi k n l:

Nh ti tr

Tn d n

Nm thc hin

C quan phi hp trin khai

ADB TA: Supporting implementation of the National Energy Efficiency Program International Copper Association ICASEA European Union EC Switch-ASIA 1. Mainstreaming EE through Business Innovation Support Vietnam 2. Establishment of ASEAN Energy Management Scheme Netherlands, EU, SIDA, UNDP AFD DANIDA Finland Energy Conservation and Efficiency Program for Vietnam Support to energy sector in Vietnam Ideas for future supports TA to VNEEP (DCE) Cleaner Production in Industry Promotion of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in Vietnam through Capacity Building in Energy Auditing 1. Study on National Energy Master Plan in Vietnam from 2010 2006-2011 2007-2010 MOIT MOIT MOIT 2009-2013 2010-2014 ETC Energy ASEAN Center of Energy MOST 2008-2010 MOIT

Home appliance survey

2009

1995-2001 from 2010

JICA

2008-2009

JPower

105

2. Private -Sector Investment Finance Program 3. Support in conducting energy conservation training programs and providing expert assistance in the development of EE&C Law Project for Promotion of Energy Efficient Appliances in Vietnam

ongoing N/A

VDB ECCJ

METI

2007-2008

Jukankyo Research Institute VNCPC Entec VNCPC / commercial banks MOST

SDC SDC/UNIDO SDC/UNIDO SDC/SECO National clean production program for Vietnam Energy-Efficient Brick Project (EEBP) Green Credit Line (GCL) 1998-2008 2001-2004 2008-2012

United Nations UNDP/GEF Vietnam: Promoting Energy Coservation In Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (PECSME) Vietnam Energy - Efficient Public Lighting Barrier removal to the cost - effective development and implementation of energy effiency standards and labeling project Phasing out Incandescent Lamps through Lighting Market Transformation in Vietnam 2006-2010

UNDP/GEF UNDP/GEF

2006-2010 from 2010

NCST/IMS MOIT

UNEP/GEF

2010-2014

lead INSPONRE (MONRE) in collaboration with MOIT, MOST; Vietnam based IL/ESL producers; and UNEP/DTIE

UNDP/UNIDO World Bank IDA/SIDA WB/GEF

Planned UNDP/UNIDO support from 2010 Vietnam Demand-Side Management (DSM) and Energy Efficiency phase 1 Vietnam Demand-Side Management (DSM) and Energy Efficiency phase 2 1. Pilot Commercial Energy Efficiency Program (CEEP) 2. CFL promotion program 3. FTL promotion campaign 3a. Pilot program on Solar Water Heaters 3b. Pilot program on Standards and Labeling 4. Time of Use Metering Program 5. Load Research Program 6. National Energy efficiency Law and VNEEP

from 2010 1997-1999 2000-2010 2004-2009 2004-2007 2004-2009 2008-2009 2008-2009 2008-2009 2008-2009 2008-2009 2002-2009 from 2010 EVN MOIT/EVN ERAV EVN EVN MOIT MOIT EVN EVN MOIT MOIT/EVN

WB/GEF IFC

System Efficiency Improvement, Equitization & Renewables Project Energy Efficiency and Cleaner Production Financing program for Vietnam

106

c bit quyt nh s 79/2006/QDTTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v chin lc quc gia i vi vic tit kim v s dng hiu qu nng lng n nm 2015 nh sau: 1. 2006 2010 gim thiu nng lng tiu th t 3 n 5% v 2. 2011 2015 gim thiu nng lng tiu th t 5 n 8%.

4. Tin hnh nh hng ngi tiu dng s dng cc thit b tiu th nng lng c hiu sut cao thng qua cc chng trnh dn nhn nng lng trn sn phm, thit b. 5. Pht trin th trng tit kim nng lng thng qua cc cng ty cung cp dch v tnh ton gii php tit kim nng lng. 6. Thc y nghin cu v ng dng cc gii php khoa hc cng ngh nhm tit kim v s dng hiu qu nng lng. Cc gii php c th c kh nng ng dng cc khu vc th: 1. Tit kim in cho h thng chiu sng: Thay th n hunh quang tit kim in T5 -28W (n tup) vi ng knh 16mm thay th cho cc loi bng hunh quang T10 (ng knh 32mm) v T8 (ng knh 26mm) c. Gii php ny gim c mc tiu th in n 40% so vi n hunh quang T8, 52% so vi n hunh quang T10, ngoi ra nh sng c th tng cng t 10% n 30%. Hoc thay th n hunh quang compact 100W vi n Compact trong khong 20W tr xung. Tuy mc u t ban u ca cc loi bng n tit kim in cao hn so vi bng n thng thng nhng ngi tiu dng s c li v mc tiu th in. Tui th ca cc loi bng n tit kim in cng cao hn nhiu ln so vi 107

Gii php v mt cng ngh thc hin mc tiu chin lc quc gia ny, cc gii php tip theo rt cn trin khai cho cc khu vc th: 1. Xy dng c c s d liu v qun l vic s dng nng lng ca c s tiu th nng lng trng im khu vc th. Cc c s tiu th nng lng trng im l cc c s sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip, n v vn ti, c s hat ng dch v c mc tiu th trn 1000 TOE/nm. Hoc cc ta nh, c quan, n v s dng ngn sch nh nc tiu th 500 TOE/nm. 2. Tin hnh xy dng cng c nh gi v gim st vic tiu th nng lng ca cc c s tiu th nng lng trng im khu vc th. 3. Nng cao nng lc, nhn thc v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu cho cc cp lnh o v xy dng h thng cn b nng ct tham gia qun l nng lng t Trung ng n a phng v ti cc c s tiu th nng lng trng im khu vc th.

bng n thng thng. V d nh bng n hunh quang T5 c tui th l 20.000 gi gp 3 ln so vi bng n T10 l 6000 gi. Bng n compact c tui th t 6000 - 10.000 gi, cn bng n trn thng thng ch t c trn di 1000 gi. 2. Tit kim in cho h thng iu ha nhit : S dng iu ha bin tn c th tit kim 30-40% in so vi s dng iu ha thng thng. Vi my iu ho bin tn, khi khi ng, b bin tn s iu chnh cho ng c my nn tng tc t t n khi t c cng sut ln nht. Vi cch ny, nng lng tiu hao cho vic khi ng ng c my nn s gim ng k. Sau my s lm vic ch ln nht (qu ti) nhanh chng a nhit phng v n nhit yu cu. Khi nhit phng t n nhit yu cu, ng c my nn s c iu chnh bi b bin tn v trng thi hot ng bnh thng. Khi tn tht nhit ca phng cn bng vi cng sut lm lnh ca my, l ch lm vic tit kim nng lng (in nng) nht. V c bn iu ha Inverter khng s dng c ch bt tt lin tc khi nhit hoc cha t mc m my nn ca chng c duy tr hot ng lin tc mc thp v n nh khi nhit nn in nng c tit kim ti a. 3. Tit kim in trong sn xut

Lp t bin tn cho cc dy chuyn sn xut non ti hoc cc ng c in xoay chiu ba pha khng ng b loi roto lng sc hay cn gi l ng c cm ng. Gii php ny gip gim thiu 20-30% in nng, gii php ny ph hp cho vic iu khin ng c khng ng b cng sut t 15 n trn 600kW vi tc khc nhau hoc iu chnh lu lng ca bm, lu lng khng kh qut ly tm, nng sut my, nng sut bng ti .... Gii php ny c kh nng n nh lu lng, p sut mc c nh trn h thng bm nc, qut gi, my nn kh, my quay si ... cho d nhu cu s dng thay i. iu khin qu trnh khi ng v dng chnh xc ng c trn h thng bng ti... 4. Tit kim in trong cc cng trnh xy dng Thit k cc cng trnh xy dng c tnh n cc gii php tn dng nh sng mt tri, thng gi trong ta nh, s dng vt liu xy dng hp l cho tng, mi nh trnh nng trc tip. Ch trng s dng cc gii php tit kim nng lng cho chiu sng, nc nng bng nng lng mt tri, s dng cc thit b in c hiu sut cao. Nn ng dng gii php iu khin tp trung vn hnh t ng tt c h thng in, nc, iu ha nhit , kim sot an ninh, mng. trong cc ta nh. ngay t khu thit k ban u. V d: Lp t h thng cm ng t iu chnh nhit 108

ca my lnh trong phng vi ph hp vi nhit ngoi tri, t ng ngt in khi khng c ngi trong phng. p ng cc gii php ny ta nh c th gim c in nng tiu th t 15% n 30%, ng thi tng cc gi tr khc ca ta nh ln gn 4%. Gii php s dng tn dng ngun nng lng ti to Gii php v mt cng ngh Nng lng Mt tri l ngun nng lng ti to c tin cy cao v c th d on trc c, c nng sut rt cao vo nhng gi tiu th in nhiu nht, c th thit k vi qui m nh cp in cho mt ta nh hoc ln cp in cho c mt th trn v hn na y l cng ngh c th trng khng nh vi chi ph ngy mt h. Cng ngh ny l ngun nng lng ti to m khi c trin khai rng khp, c th thay th cho 2 - 3 t tn than mi nm trong phm vi ton th gii. Hin nay hn 100 quc gia a ra

chnh sch pht trin nng lng ti to, mi nc c mt chnh sch pht trin nng lng ti to khc nhau da trn tim nng, iu kin kh hu t nhin v a hnh. Nu xem xt cc ngun nng lng ti to c kh nng khai thc cc th Vit Nam th nng lng mt tri l c tnh kh thi nht bi cc l do: - Tim nng nng lng mt tri cc khu vc th ln t 4,08 kWh/m2/day - 5,15 kWh/m2/day. - V mt cng ngh, n c kh nng p ng cc hnh thc nhu cu nng lng khc nhau nh nc nng, si m, lm mt, in cho mt cuc sng tin nghi; - Vic tch hp cng ngh nng lng mt tri vo cc ta nh cng to ra cc yu t hp dn v mt thm m. Cng ngh ny c kh nng ti u ha khi tch hp vi cc h thng nng lng khc, cung cp ti a v li ch v tnh bn vng ton din.

Bng 1. Trung bnh cng bc x mt tri ti cc tnh c th ln

Tnh H Ni Nng Bnh nh Gia Lai Qung Ngi Nha Trang Tp. HCM 1 2.44 3.07 3.16 4.28 2.86 4.66 4.65 2 2.40 3.27 4.06 5.15 3.78 5.29 5.19 3 2.53 4.55 4.99 5.51 4.68 5.69 5.43 4 3.46 5.09 5.93 5.66 5.68 5.91 5.45 5 5.23 5.27 5.93 5.51 5.87 5.90 4.79 6 5.31 5.81 5.76 4.96 5.83 5.66 4/67 7 5.59 5.77 5.55 4.71 5.74 5.66 4.34 8 5.10 5.42 5.80 4.57 5.75 5.51 4.78 9 4.79 4.91 5.35 4.48 5.33 4.92 4.42 10 4.18 3.52 4.07 4.45 3.99 4.42 4.40 11 3.45 2.89 3.02 3.84 2,88 4.04 4.31 12 2.97 3.07 2.80 3.80 2.71 4.15 4.28
2

TB 4.08 4.43 4.70 4.79 4.60 5.15 4.72

(n v tnh: kWh/m /ngy) Ngun: Quy hoch tng th ngun nng lng mi ca Vit nam nm 2001 (trang 22) 109

T nhng s liu trn, ta c th d dng nhn thy cng bc x mt tri ti cc th ca Vit Nam c tim nng kh thi pht trin khai thc nng lng mt tri. Trn thc t, vi tnh trng bin i kh hu bt thng nh hin nay, cng bc x c kh nng s cao hn so vi cc s liu o c t nm 2001. Cc gii php ng dng nng lng mt tri c th trin khai khu vc th: 1. S dng Pin mt tri cho chiu sng cng cng. Gii php ny c kh nng thng mi ha v cnh tranh cao, n c tm quan trng nht nh i vi cc nc c s gi nng t 1800 gi/nm nh Vit Nam. Hin ti, gii php pin mt tri ni li in ang c trin khai rng ri nhiu nc trn th gii, vi 70% tng trng trong nm 2008 n cung cp 13 GW. Gii php ny m ra nhiu c hi pht trin th trng cc khu vc th. Chng c th c trin khai trn mt t, mi nh, lan can cc khu thng mi, n chiu sng th, n giao thng hoc cc n cnh bo. Tuy nhin, do sut u t ca nng lng mt tri PV cn kh t so vi sut u t vo nhin liu ha thch, do vy rt cn phi c cc chnh sch khuyn khch trc tip hoc gin tip

ca c th trin khai ng dng cc th. 2. Gii php s dng nng lng mt tri un nc nng Cng ngh Solar thermal s dng kh ph bin cc khu th, n c coi l gii php c pht trin nhanh nht lin quan n nng lng ti to. Tng cng sut cc h thng thu nhit nng lng mt tri trn ton th gii l 151.7 GWth tng ng vi 217.0 triu m2 vo cui nm 2008. Hin nay, th trng pht trin cng ngh nay ch yu l Trung Quc (87.5 GWth), Chu u (28.5 GWth), cn li l M v Canada (15.1 GWth). Tc pht trin ca cng ngh ny cho thy kh nng cng nh li ch ca n trong cuc sng hng ngy. Vit Nam, trong nm 2008-2009 EVN v Tp on Sn H trin khai cho 5 Cng ty in lc pha Nam th nghim chng trnh s dng bnh nc nng NLMT vi 1000 h gia nh. Kt qu cho thy, nhu cu ca th trng v bnh nc nng NLMT l rt ln. Hn na, s tham gia ca cc Cng ty in lc cng mang li uy tn v an tm cho khch hng s dng. Theo chng trnh k kt gia EVN v Tp on Sn H thng 1 nm 2010, EVN s h tr khch hng 1 triu ng/b sn phm khi ngi tiu dng mua sn phm Thi Dng Nng Sn H. S lng trin khai l 20.000 bnh 110

tng ng 20 t ng, trong nh sn xut s min cng lp t 200 ngn ng/b sn phm, bo hnh 5 nm. Sn H cng cam kt ti tr cho chng trnh thm 10.000 b v 200.000 cng lp t (30.000 b) tng ng 16 t ng. Bn cnh vic s dng nng lng mt tri un nc nng, hin nay c cc d n s dng nng lng mt tri cho iu ha khng kh. nh gi chung v hiu qu kinh t ca cng ngh ny l s vn u t ban u kh cao, do vy thi gian hon vn di t 20-24 nm. Tuy nhin hiu qu ct gim in l r rng, v d h thng th nghim ti mt bnh vin Hy Lp ct gim trn 15.000 kWh/nm i vi h thng iu ha c cng sut 288.000 Btu/h. Tuy nhin, nu ch xt v kha cnh xy dng cc nh my sn xut in tha mn nhu cu v iu ha khng kh vo ma h nng nng, th y cng l mt cng ngh ng c nghin cu trin khai vo thc t Vit Nam nhm ct gim in s dng vo ma cao im. Gii php v mt th ch Ngun nng lng mt tri Vit Nam c coi l sn c trong t nhin v c tim nng rt ln, tuy nhin do c nhng c th ring trong p dng v trnh cng ngh hin ti cha cao nn phn ln cc cng ngh nng lng ti to thng t , vn hnh v bo

dng tng i phc tp, tnh sinh li thp nn kh nng hp dn ca cc d n nng lng ti to km hn nhiu so vi cc cng trnh nng lng truyn thng. Chnh v vy, thc y cng ngh nng lng ti to pht trin trong giai on trc mt cn phi c nhng chnh sch, khung php l ring km theo. Cc chnh sch ny tp trung ch yu vo vic khuyn khch u t, to c ch thun li nht cho nng lng ti to pht trin. Vit Nam, B Cng Thng chu trch nhim pht trin cc chnh sch v nng lng, trong c Chnh sch nng lng quc gia ca Vit Nam c ban hnh thng 9/2004. Chnh ph Vit Nam cng ban hnh mt s chnh sch nh hng pht trin nng lng ti to nh: - Quyt nh s 1855/DQ-TTg (2007) km theo bn Chin lc pht trin nng lng Vit Nam n nm 2020, tm nhn 2050 vi nhim v pht trin nng lng ti to thay th cho nhu cu nng lng thng mi cui cng l 3% nng lng ti to nm 2010, 5% vo nm 2020 v 11% vo nm 2050. - Quyt nh s 110/2007/QD-TTg Ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin in lc quc gia giai on 2006 - 2015 c xt n nm 2025. Trong quyt nh ny c nu r trong tng lai in t ngun nng lng ti to s t 241 MW/year trong giai on 2006 2015 v 160 MW/year trong giai on 2016-2025, 111

tng ng kong 4050 MW in t ngun nng lng ti to vo nm 2025. Tuy nhin nhn chung cc chnh sch pht trin nng lng ti to ni chung v nng lng mt tri ni ring vn cha thc s c th. Trn thc t, Vit Nam nn c thm cc chnh sch tr gi v khuyn khch ng dng nng lng ti to bo m an ninh nng lng, bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng. Ngoi ra, cc cc chnh sch khuyn khch u t t cc ngun vn t nhn (trong v ngoi nc), to ra mi trng cnh tranh trong cung cp nng lng cng cn c xem xt. Trong tng lai gn Chnh ph cn xem xt a ra cc ni quy, quy ch c bit v pht trin nng lng ti to cc th, c th nh sau: - B tiu chun nng lng trong cc ta nh yu cu cc cng trnh xy dng ta nh thng mi, khu chung c phi lp k hoch v bo co u t c th khi trnh d n xy dng. - Xem xt ban hnh cp giy php c bit cho cc nh thu c kh nng trin khai c cc cng trnh xy dng xanh s dng nng lng mt tri vo trong h thng nc nng, h thng iu ha khng kh, h thng in t nng lng mt tri. Nh thu phi c xc minh l c i ng k thut vin c trnh v hiu bit v vic lp t cc h thng nng lng ti to.

- Cc tiu chun v nng lng trong cc ta nh cng cng, c bit cc ta nh ca chnh ph cn tun th nghim ngt cc tiu chun ny. - Ban hnh cc quy ch c bit bo v ngi tiu dng thng qua vic cp giy chng nhn i vi cc thit b nng lng ti to t c cc tiu chun k thut nht nh. Yu cu ny khng ch mang li li ch cho ngi s dng, m n cn bo v cho ngnh cng nghip nng lng ti to bng cch a ra cc h thng tiu chun c th nhm a sn phm ra th trng. - Nghin cu xut lut khai thc v sn xut in t nng lng mt tri, l ph ha vo li in v c ch mua in i vi cc i tng c kh nng sn xut in t cc ngun nng lng ti to. KT LUN Bin i kh hu v pht trin th lin quan cht ch vi nhau v thng tng tc tiu cc. Thc t cho thy phn ln cc bin php ng ph vi bin i kh hu cng chnh l cc gii php pht trin th bn vng. Bin i kh hu v nh hng ca n cn c thng tin y n mi thnh phn trong x hi, t gii php thch nghi n cc hnh ng c th nhm h tr cng ng ng ph ng thi c ngha v trch nhim pht trin th bn vng hn. 112

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, January 29, 2010. Renewable Energy for Urban Application in the APEC Region. 2. Werner Weiss | Franz Mauthner AEE-Institute for Sustainable Technologies, 2008. Solar Heat Worldwide - Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply. A8200 Gleisdorf, Austria 3. Prof. Peter Lund, Helsinki

University of Technology, Finland. Urban solar energy schemes as sustainable energy solutions for ecocities. 4. B Cng thng Vit Nam. Chin lc, quy hoch tng th pht trin ngun nng lng mi & ti to Vit Nam n nm 2015 tm nhn 2025. 5. Robert P. Taylor, Jas Singh, Alberto U. Ang Co, World Bank 2009. Vietnam: Expanding Opportunities for Improving Energy Efficiency.

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