BULK CARRIER

Hull Structural approach

SUMMARY
1.Introduction 2. Damage to Bulk Carrier 3. Bulk Carriers hull design with IACS UR 4. BV approach

Introduction

Introduction
The Bulk Carrier Market
Combined Carriers 151 Ships of 15.1 M. dwt

Capesize Bulk Carrier +80,000dwt 527 ships of 82.5 million dwt Panamax Bulk Carrier 60-80,000dwt 888 ships of 61.5 million dwt

Iron ore Coal Grain Salt Iron ore Coal Grain Bauxite Phosphate Grain coal Steel prod. Cement Potash Rice Sugar Gypsum Forest prod. Scrap Sulphur

Handymax Bulk Carrier 40-60,000dwt 976 ships of 44.9 million dwt Handysize Bulk Carrier 10-35,000dwt 2,945 ships of 78.7 million dwt

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Introduction
Type of Loading

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Introduction
Single side bulk carrier

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Introduction
Double side bulk carrier

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Damage to Bulk Carriers

Trends of Losses at Sea

2.5

1.5

Combos Bulkers

dwt
1

Tankers

0.5

0 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Bulk carrier losses

B U L K C A R R IE R S L O S T
25
200 180

L O S S O F L IV E S

20

160

No. ve sse ls lost

15

No. live s lost 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

140 120 100 80 60 40 20

10

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Ye a rs

Ye a rs

A crew safety problem

Source: Intercargo
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2001

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Primary causes of casualties
80%

Bulk carriers

Considering data from 1999 to 2000, primary causes of fatalities are:

70%

60%

1. Hull damages
2. Navigation error 3. Fire and explosion 4. Machinery failures

50%

40%

Machinery failure navigation error fire and explosion

30%

20%

hull failure
10%

miscellaneous

35%

0% Machinery failure

30%

navigation error

25%

20%

fire and explosion

10%

5%

0%

miscellaneous

Oil tankers

15%

hull failure

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Mini
frequency of incidents per ship year

3.00E-03 2.50E-03 2.00E-03 1.50E-03 1.00E-03 5.00E-04

Handysize Handymax Panamax Cape size

0.00E+00 Hatchcover Pipes& valves Side Shell Side Shell Bottom Shell (Collision) Deck Side Shell Penetration

categories of incidents

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Type of Damages

cracking at hatch corners; plate panel buckling of cross deck strips and stiffening structure; cracking of hatch coamings;

cracking at the intersection of the inner bottom plating and the hopper/stool platings
grab and bulldozer damage to the main frames lower brackets

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Type of Damages

cracking at main frame bracket toes corrosion within topside tanks, of the tranverse bulkheads, the frames and brackets

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Type of Damages

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Type of Damages

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Type of Damages Hatch Covers

1 or 2 case of missing/lost hatch cover per year (excluding ships which sunk) N1 hatch cover ten times more likely to be damaged than hatches from amidships to aft

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Damage to Bulk Carriers

Rules into force - Conclusion

IMO (SOLAS Ch. XII) : Safety IACS Requirements : strength of hull and stability

regulation URS 12,17,18,20,21,25,27

BV Rules April 2005 or CSR rules

includes IACS and IMO requiremetns

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Bulk Carriers Hull design IACS UR requirements

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

IACS Rules for New Bulk

UR S1/1 A
- Requirements for loading conditions, loading manuals, loading instruments and loading sequences

UR S12
- Requirements forSIDE STRUCTURES in single side skin (following UR Z11) Bulk Carrier

0,125 h

h
0,125 h

UR S17
- LONGITUDINAL STRENGTH of Hull girder in flooded condition

UR S18
- Scantlings requirements for Transverse corrugated

watertight bulkheads in flooded condition for each hold (only single side skin B/C following URZ11)
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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

IACS Rules for New Bulk

UR S20
- Scantlings requirements for Double Bottom in flooded condition for each hold (only single side skin B/C following URZ11)

UR S21
- Strength requirements for Hatch Covers and coamings located forward of 0.25 L from the fore perpendicular

Ex UR S24 replaced by SOLAS Ch. XII Reg. 12 and 13 (Resolution MSC 134 (76) and MSC 145 (77)) + UI SC 179/180
-Cargo hold, ballast and dry space water level detectors (REG. 12) (regardless date of construction) -Dewatering of forward spaces of B/C (REG. 13) (regardless date of construction)

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

IACS Rules for New Bulk

UR S25
- harmonized notations and corresponding design loading conditions including Mass Curves definition

UR S26
- Strength and securing of SMALL HATCHES on the exposed fore deck

UR S27
- Strength requirements for fore deck fittings (Ventilator and air pipes) and equipments (Windlasses)

UR S28
- Requirements for the fitting of a FORECASTLE

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

UR S1 and UR S1A : Loading Instrument and Manual

Loading Instrument all existing bulk carriers of both single and double side skin construction

Loading Manual all existing single side skin bulk carriers all new bulk carriers, ore carriers and combination carriers

includes Loading sequences for single side skin bulk carriers >= 150m built before 1/7/98

includes Loading sequences for all new bulk carriers >= 150m built after 1/7/98

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

UR S12 : Side Structures

Minimum thickness of frame web :

0,125 h

h
0,125 h

t w,min = C(7 + 0.03 L) (+ 15% in foremost hold)

Minimum thickness of side shell : Requirements for construction of upper and lower brackets

Welding requirements
No combined load cargo + sea water considered

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

UR S17 : Longitudinal Strength of Hull Girder in Flooded Condition

Flooding of any hold in any loading condition :

equilibrium calculation: MSW and FSW in flooded condition calculation of under MSW + 0.8 MW

under FSW + 0.8 FW

Typical reinforcements induced by UR S17

> adm increase of section modulus in midship area (increase of deck thickness) increase of side shell thickness in way of transverse bulkhead
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> adm

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

UR S18 : Corrugated transverse watertight bulkhead

Calculation of pressure induced by flooding (design load= cargo + sea water): bending moment and shear force acting on the bulkhead

Checking of section modulus of the corrugation under the bending moment (taking into account

gussets or shedder plates)

Gusset Plates

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

UR S18 : Corrugated transverse watertight bulkhead

Checking of shear stress in web of the corrugation with requirement for shear buckling Strength of plate under local pressure Requirements for construction of upper and lower stools and alignment conditions
Typical reinforcements induced by UR S18

Increase thickness of flange / web of corrugation Gusset or shedder plates

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

UR S20 : Allowable hold loading

Calculation of shear strength of the double bottom to obtain the allowable hold loading considering hold flooding

Sum of shear areas of floors and girders taking into account holes if any
Typical reinforcements induced by UR S20

Increase thickness of flange / girders at their ends Add partial floors / girders

Remove holes

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

UR S21 : Hatch Cover

Design load based on green sea on deck Only hatch covers located forward of 0.25 L from the fore perpendicular Direct calculation of primary members (with effective width for compression flanges) under pressure

Allowable stresses: a a

= 0.8 F (yieldstress) = 0.45 F

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Bulk Carriers Hull design with IACS UR requirement

UR S25 : Harmonized notations and corresponding design Loading

conditions for B/C

Definition of notation BC-A dens>1t/m3, + specified empty hold at maximum draught, + BC-B conditions. BC-B dens>1t/m3, + no empty hold, + BC-C conditions. BC-C dens<1t/m3

Definition of design loading conditions for checking of rules criteria regarding longitudinal strength
Definition of design loading conditions for checking of rules criteria regarding local strength (primary and secondary members) Definition of the hold mass curves to be included inside Loading Manuel and Instrument.

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BV approach

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BV approach
Critical Point
Members Inner bottom plating Connection with Sloping and /or vertical plate of lower stool Sloping plate of hopper tank Inner side plating Sloping plate of hopper tank

Transverse bulkhead

Sloping plate of lower stool

Sloping plate of upper stool

Frames of single side bulk carriers Ordinary stiffeners in double bottom Hatch corners Hatch coaming ends Hatch cover stopper

Upper and lower wing tank Floors in way of transverse bulkheads Free edges of hatch corners Upper deck Fx, Fy, Fz Stopper

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BV approach
Critical Point

Double bottom in way of transverse bulkheads

CONSTRUCTION Misalignment (median lines) between floor and bulkhead (or stool) plating t /3. Cut-outs for connections of the inner bottom longitudinals to double bottom floors to be closed by collar plates welded to the inner bottom.
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NDE : The following NDE are required : VE 100%, UE 35% of full penetration weld for absence of cracks, lack of penetration and lamellar tears

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BV approach
Critical Point

Double bottom in way of hopper tanks

CONSTRUCTION Misalignment (median lines) between girder and sloping plate tA /3. Misalignment (median lines) between floor and hopper transverse web tB/3.
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NDE : The following NDE are required : VE 100%, UE 25% of full penetration weld for absence of cracks, lack of penetration and lamellar tears

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BV approach
Critical Point

Lower part of inner side (In case of double hull)

CONSTRUCTION Misalignment (median lines) between hopper tank top plate and hopper tank sloping plate tA /3. . Misalignment (median lines) between members above and below hopper tank top plate tB /3. If not full penetration welding of hopper tank top plate to inner side, the weld preparation is to be indicated on the approved drawings. Butt welds between inner side and hopper tank sloping plate at a distance greater than 500mm from the hopper tank top plate.
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NDE : The following NDE are required : VE 100%, UE 25% of full penetration weld for absence of cracks, lack of penetration and lamellar tears

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BV approach
Critical Point

Lower part of transverse bulkheads with lower stools

CONSTRUCTION Misalignment (median lines) between corrugation flanges and stool side plating tA /3. . Misalignment (median lines) between lower edge of shedder plates and stool side plating tB /3. Knuckled shedder plates are to be avoided. Corrugation radius according to Ch 4, Sec 7, [3.1.3].

NDE : The following NDE are required : VE 100%, UE 35% of full penetration weld for absence of cracks, lack of penetration and lamellar tears.

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BV approach
Critical Point

Transverse corrugated BHD with upper stool or top side tank

CONSTRUCTION
Misalignments between : Transverse web or intercostal reinforcement fitted inside the upper wing tank and corrugation flanges, Transverse web or intercostal reinforcement fitted inside the upper wing tank and upper stool side plating, Upper stool side plating and corrugation flanges, are to be t /3.
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NDE :
The following NDE are required : VE 100%, with particular care for fillet shape and undercuts on the plating, UE 100% of full penetration weld for absence of cracks, lack of penetration and lamellar tears

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BV approach
Critical Point

Side frames with hopper and topside tank

CONSTRUCTION Misalignment (median lines) between flame web and the connecting brackets inside hopper tank and upper wing tank t /3, where t is the minimum thickness among those of the connected elements. Soft toe : tapering of frame flange at ends : thickness 1:3, width 1:5.
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NDE : The following NDE are required : VE 100%, with particular care for fillet shape and undercuts on the plating at the soft toes, ME or dye penetrant depending on the results of VE.

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BV approach
Critical Point

Double bottom longl. In way of transverse BHD stool

CONSTRUCTION Misalignment between webs of bottom and inner bottom longitudinal with floor stiffener t /3. In case of fillet weld, misalignment may be as necessary to allow the required fillet leg size, but 10mm.
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NDE : Visual examination 100%.

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BV approach
Critical Point

Hatch corner

CONSTRUCTION Corners of insert plates to be rounded, unless corresponding to joints of deck strakes. Insert cut edges to be carefully executed.

NDE : The following NDE are required : VE 100%, RE / UE in areas indicated in the sketch.

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BV approach
Critical Point

Ends of longl. Hatch coamings

CONSTRUCTION Misalignment between bracket and under deck longitudinal tB /3. Soft tow : tapering of bracket flange at ends : thickness 1:3, width 1:5

NDE : The following NDE are required : VE 100%, with particular care for the weld shape and undercuts on deck plating,

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BV approach

Priorities for bulk carrier safety

PRIORITY 1
strengthen the side shell to prevent flooding

PRIORITY 2
avoid progressive flooding

PRIORITY 3
alert the crew to the occurrence of flooding at the very first stage

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BV approach
Rules entered into force after July 1st, 1998 : Existing & New Ships

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We are ready to go!

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