SPSS 19

STATISTICAL PACKAGE for the

SOCIAL SCIENCES

MSc in Statistics

Email: mtsagris@yahoo.gr

Nottingham 2011

 IBM SPSS 19

 IBM SPSS 19

................................................................................................. 5
1.1 ...................................................................... 7
1.2 ............................................ 8
1.3 ............................................................ 9
2.1 SPSS ............................................................................................. 10
2.2 SPSS .................................................... 11
2.3 Select Cases .......................................................................................... 15
2.4 Transform........................................................................................... 17
2.5 Analyze........................................................................... 22
3. Bootstrap SPSS 19 ..................................................................................... 26
3.1 ........................................................................................ 26
3.2 .................................................................. 26
4.1 ................................................... 28
4.2 ............................................ 35
4.3 ....................................................................................................... 36
4.4 ......................................................................................... 42
4.5 .................................................................................................... 46
5.1 ....................................................................................... 51
5.2 .................................................................................. 54
5.3 ................................................................... 56
5.4 2 .................................. 60
5.5 Relative Risk Odds ratio ............................................................................... 64
5.6 ............................................................................................ 67
5.7 (t
Wilcoxon ) ........................................................................................................... 70
5.8
(t Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon ) ............................................................. 74
5.9
(t Wilcoxon ) .............................. 78
6.1 ......................................... 81
6.2 ..................................................................................... 81
6.3 ........................................................................... 85
6.4 ................................................................... 91
6.5 .............................. 94
6.6 .................................................................. 96
7.1 (One way ANOVA) ................... 97
7.2 Welch Brown-Forsythe.. 103
7.3 ( Kruskal-Wallis) ........... 105
7.4 ........................................... 107
7.5 ............. 111
............................................................................................................ 113
....................................................................................... 115

 IBM SPSS 19

 IBM SPSS 19

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 IBM SPSS 19

 IBM SPSS 19

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 IBM SPSS 19

2.1 SPSS
SPSS,

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SPSS
( ) windows.
all programs IBM SPSS Statistics IBM SPSS
Statistics 19 for Windows ,
.

1
,
(Data Editor), MS Excel,
2.
SPSS .
Run the tutorial SPSS.
help.
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Type in data Data Editor.

SPSS . (
Cancel)
Run an existing query (
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10

 IBM SPSS 19

Create new query using Database Wizard

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Open an existing data source (
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Files
SPSS.
sav.
Open another type of file More Files
SPSS.
Dont show this dialogue in the future
SPSS.

2
2.2 SPSS
Data Editor SPSS
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Office. E
: File, Edit, View, Data, Transform, Analyze, Direct
Marketing, Graphs, Utilities, Add-ons, Window Help.

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11

 IBM SPSS 19

() IBM SPSS
Statistics Processor is ready.
. SPSS ,
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VAR00001, VAR00002 .
. Data View
Variable View. .

. Excel,
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Enter.

3
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4. Name.
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12

 IBM SPSS 19

4
(Type)
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Data Editor.
Data Editor,
. Numeric
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Decimal Places
. 4
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SPSS
.

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- Options
Edit .

13

 IBM SPSS 19

5
Values 6.
SPSS.
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SPSS Data Editor
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SPSS. 0
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man. Add
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.

6
Missing .

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Likert 1 5

14

 IBM SPSS 19

1 5.

. Columns Align
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(Ordinal) (Nominal).

7
2.3 Select Cases
DataSelect Cases
8.
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. (If condition is
satisfied) If 9.


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SPSS
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15

 IBM SPSS 19

8
random sample of cases 8
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Based on time or case range
.

. H Filter out unselected cases
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0 1 .


. Delete unselected cases,
. Copy selected cases to a new
dataset
SPSS
(Dataset name).

16

 IBM SPSS 19

9
2.4 Transform

(Transform).
Transform Compute Variable.
10. Target Variable
.
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Numeric Expression .
Function group ,
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17

 IBM SPSS 19

10

.
: 20 90+ .

7 .
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Variables, Recode into Different Variables .
,
11.

12.

18

 IBM SPSS 19

11

12

.
Old and New Values
.
13. Old Value

. Range

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. 20 30
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New Value.
Value .

19

 IBM SPSS 19

1.
Add SPSS.

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Continue 12
11. Output Variable
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Change .
SPSS Data Editor
. SPSS
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20 29 1 ( 30
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Data Editor Variable
View, .
Values
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.. 1, 2, 3, ... 1
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13

20

 IBM SPSS 19

, If 14.

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14
Rank Cases
.
15.
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SPSS 1
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Rank Types.
Ties SPSS
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. SPSS
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.

21

 IBM SPSS 19

15
2.5 Analyze
Analyze Data Editor
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File
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Edit ,
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16.
SPSS .

22

 IBM SPSS 19

16

View ,
.
Data
( ),
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Transform
.
Analyze SPSS

.
Direct Marketing
Marketing.
Graphs
.
Utilities ,
..
Add-ons
SPSS.

23

 IBM SPSS 19

Window split
.

(Help).
Analyze
.

17
Analyze
:

Reports:
.
Descriptive Statistics:
, , ..
Tables: .
Compare Means:
. .
General Linear Model:
. .
Generalized Linear Models:
.
Mixed Models: .
Correlate: ,

Regression:
, ..
Loglinear: .

24

 IBM SPSS 19

Neural Networks: .
Classify: , ,
.
Dimension Reduction:

, , .
Scale:
,
, .
Nonparametric Tests:
. .
Forecasting:
.
Survival: .
Multiple Response: (0
1 )
.
Missing Value Analysis: .
Complex Samples: .
Quality Control: .
ROC Curve: .

25

 IBM SPSS 19

3. Bootstrap SPSS 19
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 IBM SPSS 19

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27

 IBM SPSS 19

4.1
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AnalyzeDescriptive StatisticsDescriptives
18.
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(mean), (Std. deviation), (Minimum)
(Maximum) SPSS.
Display Order .

e-mail .

28

 IBM SPSS 19

18

19
Continue.
18.
(Save standardized values as variables).
SPSS
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: (xi-)/, xi X,
X.
SPSS, Output.
Syntax ( )
SPSS Output .

29

 IBM SPSS 19

Edit Options.
16. Draft Viewer
.
Display commands in log.
18 Bootstrap.
20.
Perform bootstrapping. 1000,
999 bootstrap. 999,
99 9999 . 1
100
. Confidence Intervals 95% (
, .. 90%).
Percentile Continue 18,
.

20
1 .

30

 IBM SPSS 19

Descriptive Statistics
Bootstrap
Statistic

Std. Error

95% Confidence Interval

Bias

Engine

400

Range

451

Minimum

Maximum

455

Sum

78007

Mean

195,02

Std. Deviation

Std. Error
Lower

Upper

400

400

-,03

5,40

184,25

205,43

105,579

-,150

2,999

99,451

111,125

Variance

11146,948

-22,654

632,468

9890,548

12348,867

Skewness

,674

,122

,000

,091

,490

,860

Kurtosis

-,821

,243

,006

,164

-1,126

-,461

400

400

400

Range

184

Minimum

46

Maximum

230

Sum

41933

Mean

104,83

-,01

1,95

100,86

108,62

Std. Deviation

38,522

-,051

1,572

35,426

41,661

Variance

1483,949

-1,491

121,253

1255,030

1735,673

Skewness

1,044

,122

-,005

,107

,833

1,251

Kurtosis

,591

,243

-,015

,334

-,045

1,281

400

400

400

Displacement (cu.
inches)

5,279

Horsepower

Valid N (listwise)

1,926

a. Unless otherwise noted, bootstrap results are based on 999 bootstrap samples

1:
:
(N), (Range)
(Minimum) (Maximum).
(Sum), (Mean)
(Std. Error).

(N).
.
.
(skewness)
.
.

.

31

 IBM SPSS 19

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bootstrap.
AnalyzeDescriptive StatisticsFrequencies
21.
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-. Charts,
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Statistics 22.

32

 IBM SPSS 19

21

22

( , ,
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21. Bootstrap 20 .
bootstrap 999 Continue OK
2 Output SPSS. Quartiles
, .

33

 IBM SPSS 19

Statistics
Bootstrap

95% Confidence

Statistic
Bias

Interval

Std. Error

Lower

Upper

miles per galon 2

20

20

20

Horsepower 2

20

20

20

miles per galon 2

Horsepower 2

miles per galon 2

360,3000

,0209

16,3872

325,9000

390,2000

Horsepower 2

170,5500

,0323

7,0695

157,1500

184,1500

miles per galon 2

16,87806

Horsepower 2

7,23059

miles per galon 2

355,5000

6,9324

18,5847

328,5000

400,0000

Horsepower 2

165,0000

,1552

8,7119

150,0000

186,5000

miles per galon 2

75,48098

-4,01562

16,64645

44,85705

105,60247

Horsepower 2

32,33619

-1,13189

4,02328

22,50912

38,46184

miles per galon 2

5697,379

-313,254

2460,435

2012,155

11151,882

Horsepower 2

1045,629

-55,750

245,213

506,661

1479,313

miles per galon 2

-1,236

,480

,815

-1,920

,756

Horsepower 2

,401

,015

,369

-,316

1,126

Std. Error of

miles per galon 2

,512

Skewness

Horsepower 2

,512

miles per galon 2

3,178

-1,658

2,297

-1,653

5,777

Horsepower 2

-,712

,200

,859

-1,648

1,580

Std. Error of

miles per galon 2

,992

Kurtosis

Horsepower 2

,992

miles per galon 2

322,00

Horsepower 2

110,00

miles per galon 2

133,00

Horsepower 2

115,00

miles per galon 2

455,00

horsepower 2

225,00

Valid
N
Missing

Mean

Std. Error of Mean

Median

Std. Deviation

Variance

Skewness

Kurtosis

Range

Minimum

Maximum
a. Unless otherwise noted, bootstrap results are based on 999 bootstrap samples

2:

bootstrap
bootstrap.
bootstrap . 95%

34

 IBM SPSS 19

, +/- 1.96 .

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100 99.
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21. Display
frequency tables - . . OK
3.
Country of Origin
Cumulative

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

American

253

62,3

62,5

62,5

European

73

18,0

18,0

80,5

Japanese

79

19,5

19,5

100,0

Total

405

99,8

100,0

System

,2

406

100,0

Percent

Valid

Missing

Total

3:
3
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406 (Missing
value 1). .
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(Valid Percent)
405 406. SPSS
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35

 IBM SPSS 19

18%, 60.5%.
100%.
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36

 IBM SPSS 19

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50%,
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SPSS. Graphs
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GraphsChart Builder 24.

SPSS.

Gallery. Histogram
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X-axis? ( ). 24
24.
( Element Properties
24).
.

. Display normal curve Apply.

37

 IBM SPSS 19

24
Titles/Footnotes / /
.
3.

38

 IBM SPSS 19

24

4:

39

 IBM SPSS 19

Graphs. Legacy Dialogs
Histogram 24.

.
Display normal curve.

. OK
5. 4, .
, .

25

40

 IBM SPSS 19

5:

Analyze. AnalyzeDescriptive
StatisticsFrequencies 21.
Charts ,
26.

26
21
.

. Histograms
With normal curve
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41

 IBM SPSS 19

. Continue
21 OK 6.
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398. 8
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Pie charts.
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42

 IBM SPSS 19

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21 Display frequency tables

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(Missing).

7:

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Edit
ContentIn Separate Window 27.
ElementsShow Data Labels
7.
.

43

 IBM SPSS 19

27

44

 IBM SPSS 19

8:
.

GraphsLegacy DialogsPie 26
Summaries of group of cases Define.

28
( 29)

Define Slices by. Slices Represent %
of cases .

( Titles). Options.

. ( )
. OK
7
6.
.

45

 IBM SPSS 19

29

.
.
GraphsChart Builder
24 24. Gallery Pie/Polar
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Slice by. 24
Statistic Percentage(?) Apply.
24
6. .
4.5

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26). GraphsLegacy
DialogsBar 30.
(Simple) Define

46

 IBM SPSS 19

31. 31
Category Axis:.
31
. ,
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.

30
Titles
Options
.
.
OK, 8. 8
.
.

47

 IBM SPSS 19

31

9:

48

 IBM SPSS 19

30 (Clustered)
Continue 32,
31.
Category Axis: Define Clusters by:.


.
.

,
32.

32

49

 IBM SPSS 19

10:

50

 IBM SPSS 19

5.1

,
.

.
SPSS, P-P Plot Q-Q
Plot ( AnalyzeDescriptive StatisticsP-P Plots Q-Q Plots).
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Hypothesis Ho), (Alternative Hypothesis H1),
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SPSS

AnalyzeNonparametric TestsLegacy Dialogs1-Sample K-S

33.

51

 IBM SPSS 19

33
,
.
SPSS
(Normal). Options

. Exact
34. SPSS Asymptotic only.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov .
, Monte
Carlo, , Confidence level
Number of samples. Monte Carlo SPSS

. ,
10000 ()
p-value. 10000
p-value 99% p-value
10000 p-value. bootstrap .
. Continue
33 OK
11 Output SPSS.

52

 IBM SPSS 19

34
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Time to

N
Normal Parameters

a,b

Displacement

from 0 to 60

(cu. inches)

mph (sec)
406

194.04

15.50

105.207

2.821

Absolute

.183

.047

Positive

.183

.047

Negative

-.114

-.032

3.695

.951

.000

.326

Mean

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Monte Carlo Sig. (2-tailed)

Accelerate

406

Std. Deviation
Most Extreme Differences

Engine

Sig.

.000

99% Confidence Interval

.318

Lower Bound

.000

.306

Upper Bound

.000

.330

a. Test distribution is Normal.

b. Calculated from data.
c. Based on 10000 sampled tables with starting seed 2000000.

11:

.
(406).
.
. , Asymp.
Sig. (2-tailed) Monte Carlo Sig. p-value
. Kolmogorov-Smirnov

53

 IBM SPSS 19

p-value ,
Monte Carlo.
p-value
. p-value
0.05,
.
,
=0.05 =5%. ,
.
, ,
p-value (Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed))
0.326, p-value
0.318.
(p-value) 0.05.

=0.05 =5%.

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5.2

SPSS, .
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100 100
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95%
. 95%
. 5%
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95%
: AnalyzeDescriptive
StatisticsExplore 35.
Plots
(Dependent List:).
(Display) Statistics
. OK
12.

54

 IBM SPSS 19

35
Descriptives
Std.
Statistic

Error

Engine Displacement

Mean

194.04

(cu. inches)

95% Confidence

Lower Bound

183.78

Interval for Mean

Upper Bound

204.30

5% Trimmed Mean

188.28

Median

148.50

Variance

5.221

11068.589

Std. Deviation

105.207

Minimum

Maximum

455

Range

451

Interquartile Range

199

Skewness

.692

.121

-.791

.242

Kurtosis

12: 95%
35 bootstrap.
20.
bootstrap.

.
.
. 95%
.

55

 IBM SPSS 19

5% . Interquartile range
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Pearson, Spearman
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Pearson ,
. , Spearman
Pearson
. Spearman Kendall

.
SPSS
: AnalyzeCorrelateBivariate
36.

56

 IBM SPSS 19

36
,
.
,
. 36
Pearson .
.
(Flag significant correlations).
Options ,
. OK
13 14.
bootstrap
.
999 bootstrap
.
.
, bootstrap .

57

 IBM SPSS 19

Correlations
Engine

Miles per Gallon

Pearson Correlation

Miles per

Displacement

Gallon

(cu. inches)
1

Sig. (2-tailed)

Bootstrap

**

.000

N
a

-.789

398

398

Bias

-.001

Std. Error

.021

95% Confidence

Lower

-.824

Interval

Upper

-.744

**

Engine Displacement

Pearson Correlation

(cu. inches)

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

398

398

-.001

.021

Bootstrap

-.789

Bias
Std. Error
95% Confidence

Lower

-.824

Interval

Upper

-.744

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

a. Unless otherwise noted, bootstrap results are based on 999 bootstrap samples

13: Pearson

. Flag significant
correlations.

.
p-value (Sig. (2-tailed)). p-value

(
).
0.05,
=0.05.
. p-value
0.01,
.
.

Correlations

58

 IBM SPSS 19

Engine

Kendall's

Miles per Gallon

tau_b

Miles per

Displacement

Gallon

(cu. inches)

1.000

-.672**

.000

398

398

Bias

.000

.000

Std. Error

.000

.020

Lower

1.000

-.708

Upper

1.000

-.627

**

1.000

.000

398

398

Bias

.000

.000

Std. Error

.020

.000

Lower

-.708

1.000

Upper

-.627

1.000

1.000

-.842**

.000

398

398

Bias

.000

.001

Std. Error

.000

.022

Lower

1.000

-.880

Upper

1.000

-.790

**

1.000

.000

398

398

Bias

.001

.000

Std. Error

.022

.000

Lower

-.880

1.000

Upper

-.790

1.000

Correlation Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Bootstrap

95% Confidence Interval

Engine

Correlation Coefficient

-.672

Displacement (cu. Sig. (2-tailed)

inches)
N
Bootstrapa

95% Confidence Interval

Spearman's

Miles per Gallon

rho

Correlation Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Bootstrap

95% Confidence Interval

Engine

Correlation Coefficient

-.842

Displacement (cu. Sig. (2-tailed)

inches)
N
Bootstrapa

95% Confidence Interval

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

a. Unless otherwise noted, bootstrap results are based on 1000 bootstrap samples

14: Kendall Spearman ( )

Kendall
.

59

 IBM SPSS 19

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60

 IBM SPSS 19

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(1)

(0)

(1)

251
131
382

4
33
37

255
164
419

1
Fisher
22 . Monte Carlo
. 22
, SPSS Data Editor.
(0 1)
SPSS.

. SPSS (
):

37
.
,
. SPSS
: DataWeight
Cases 38.

61

 IBM SPSS 19

38
Weight cases by
(Frequencies )
. OK
38 . AnalyzeDescriptive
StatisticsCrosstabs 39.

39
Display clustered bar charts
3.4
Exact 33
Monte Carlo . bootstrap .
Statistics 40,
Chi-square. Continue ,
39. OK,
, 16.
62

 IBM SPSS 19

,
( 1).
. 15.

40
d

Chi-Square Tests

Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Continuity Correction
Likelihood Ratio

Exact Sig. (2-

Exact Sig. (1-

sided)

sided)

sided)

.000

40.402

.000

44.365

.000

42.675
b

df

Asymp. Sig. (2-

Fisher's Exact Test

Linear-by-Linear

42.573

.000

Point Probability

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

Association
N of Valid Cases

419

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.48.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
c. The standardized statistic is 6.525.
d. For 2x2 crosstabulation, exact results are provided instead of Monte Carlo results.

15: 2
SPSS
15. 22
Fisher Monte Carlo.
- .
25% 5.

63

.000

 IBM SPSS 19

- ,
Fisher Monte Carlo
/ .

5
5.

16:
15 p-value
. Asymp. Sig. (2 sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square Fishers Exact Test.
p-value Likelihood Ratio.

.
.
38.
39
. . SPSS Output
.
,
, .
5.5 Relative Risk Odds ratio
2
.
1 2 . ,
SPSS 1 2 .
1 2 .
Odds Ratio (OR), Relative Risk (RR) .

64

 IBM SPSS 19

.
, SPSS
. . Odds Ratio
,
Relative Risk SPSS. , Relative Risk
,
. SPSS,
. 40 Risk.
Cells 41
(Row, Column).
Continue
17.

41
SPSS
Odds ratio (Relative Risk).
(1)
(2) (1) (2).
20.1% .
1.6% .
/

(79.9% 98.4% ).

65

 IBM SPSS 19

Trauma * Depression Crosstabulation

Depression
1.00
Trauma

1.00

2.00

Total

Count

2.00

Total

251

255

% within Trauma

98.4%

1.6%

100.0%

% within Depression

65.7%

10.8%

60.9%

131

33

164

% within Trauma

79.9%

20.1%

100.0%

% within Depression

34.3%

89.2%

39.1%

382

37

419

91.2%

8.8%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Count

Count
% within Trauma
% within Depression

17:

.
,
: 20.1%/1.6%=12.828.

12.828
. 11.828

.
1182.8%
.

, 9.9%/98.4%=0.812.
,
0.812
.
Odds ratio.
15.807

.
Odds Odds.
89.2%,
100%89.2%=8.8%. 8.8% 89.2%.

100%.
89.2%/10.2%=8.745098.
8.745
.
, 100
874.5 .

66

 IBM SPSS 19

Odds. Odds
8.745 (
1). ,

34.3%/65.7%=0.52207.
, 100 52
. Odds
0.522
( 1). Odds Odds ratio. odds
15.807
.
Odds 2 ,
( 22 ,
).
95%
Odds. 95% Odds ratio
,
,
. .

. 95% Odds
,
(
) .
.
Risk Estimate
95% Confidence Interval
Value
Odds Ratio for Trauma

Lower

Upper

15.807

5.482

45.578

1.232

1.139

1.333

.078

.028

.216

(1.00 / 2.00)
For cohort Depression =
1.00
For cohort Depression =
2.00
N of Valid Cases

419

18: Odds Ratio Relative Risk

5.6

.
Cronbach (Cronbachs alpha).
0 1.
(split-half coefficient)
. Cronbach
.

67

 IBM SPSS 19

.
Spearman-Brown.

. 20
184756
.
Cronbach .

. ,
Spearman-Brown. Charter, Richard A.
2003

, .
0.70,
. SPSS
: AnalyzeScaleReliability Analysis
42.

42
,
. .
Model Alpha. SPSS
Cronbach.
Statistics 43.
Scale if item deleted. SPSS
.
.

. .

The journal of General Psychology: A breakdown of reliability coefficients by best type and
reliability method, and the clinical implications of low reliability.

68

 IBM SPSS 19

. Continue
OK .

43
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha

N of Items
.971

19: Cronbach
0.971.
0.70.

0.90 0.95.
.
, ,
.

69

 IBM SPSS 19

Item-Total Statistics
Corrected Item-

Cronbach's

Scale Mean if

Scale Variance

Total

Alpha if Item

Item Deleted

if Item Deleted

Correlation

Deleted

Italy

59.4907

31.201

.949

.963

South Korea

59.0810

31.513

.929

.964

Romania

59.8700

31.680

.934

.964

France

59.0210

33.146

.931

.966

China

59.9377

33.285

.942

.965

United States

59.1397

30.183

.924

.965

Russia

59.8230

30.273

.917

.965

Enthusiast

59.4713

32.666

.660

.981

20:
5.7 (t
Wilcoxon )

.
(..
)
.

.

.
.
.
104.83.

110. ( ) :
: =110
1: 110
t ,
.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
.
.
, ,
.
30
.
400 .
t SPSS :
AnalyzeCompare MeansOne-Sample T-test
70

 IBM SPSS 19

44.
Test Value.
( ).
110.
21, .
, ,
( ) .

44
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
t
Horsepower

54.427

df

Sig. (2-tailed)
399

.000

Mean Difference
104.833

Lower
101.05

Upper
108.62

21: t
,
.
. (-2.683)
t , p-value
(Sig. (2-tailed)).
. p-value
(110)
(104.83) 95%
.
0.008. 0.05,

110.
,

110. df.
(degrees of freedom).
()

71

 IBM SPSS 19

t-student.
,
.

. ,
-1 ,
.

Wilcoxon .

.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
( ) .
0.5=m
X0.5m
0.5 m
.
, .
Wilcoxon . m
110.

(, , ).

.
SPSS ,
. :
,

.
110, 400 .
: AnalyzeNonparamteric TestsLegacy Dialogs2 Related Samples
45.

72

 IBM SPSS 19

45
Exact , Options
.

.
(110 ).
, 50.
,
-.
. Wilcoxon
,
2 22 23.
Ranks
N
median - Horsepower

Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks

Mean Rank

Sum of Ranks

121

234.07

28323.00

260

170.95

44448.00

Ties

19

Total

400

a. median < Horsepower

b. median > Horsepower
c. median = Horsepower

22:
22
, .
.
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Monte Carlo Sig (2-tailed).

73

 IBM SPSS 19

(p-value).
. p-value

Monte Carlo . 0.05,
.
(110).
b,c

Test Statistics

median Horsepower
a

-3.749

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

Monte Carlo Sig. (2-tailed)

Sig.

.000

99% Confidence Interval

Monte Carlo Sig. (1-tailed)

Lower Bound

.000

Upper Bound

.001

Sig.

.000

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound

.000

Upper Bound

.001

a. Based on negative ranks.

b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
c. Based on 10000 sampled tables with starting seed 743671174.

23: Wilcoxon
5.8
(t Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon )

(
). ,

.
1 2
.
.
( t ),
.
.
:
: 1=2
1: 12
1 2
.

74

 IBM SPSS 19

() t . AnalyzeCompare
MeansIndependent-Samples T Test
46.

46

(Test variable(s):).
(Grouping Variable:)
OK .

47
SPSS

. Define
Groups 47.

(1) (2).

1 2 .
Continue , 46
OK Output .

75

 IBM SPSS 19

Group Statistics
Country of Origin
Vehicle Weight (lbs.)

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

American

253

3367.33

788.612

49.580

European

73

2431.49

490.884

57.454

24:
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Interval of the

Mean

Vehicle Weight (lbs.)

Equal

Sig.

23.665

.000

df

Sig. (2-

Differenc

Std. Error

tailed)

Difference

Difference
Lower

Upper

9.610

324

.000

935.835

97.382

744.255

1127.415

12.33

189.18

.000

935.835

75.888

786.139

1085.531

variances
assumed
Equal
variances not
assumed

25: t
.
. t .


. ,


.
, Levene
t .
, ,
t
Levene. Levene
p-value. p-value 0.05,
.
. , p-value (Sig.) Levene,
.
p-value 0.05,
.
. p-value
(Sig. (2-tailed)). ,

76

 IBM SPSS 19

=5% . 95%

.
t MannWhitney-Wilcoxon.
(
...). :
:
1:

AnalyzeNonparametric
TestsLegacy
Dialogs2
Independent Samples 48.

(Define Groups). Exact
Monte Carlo .
Output ,

26.

48
23,
p-value

Monte Carlo. p-value .
,
.

77

 IBM SPSS 19

Test Statistics

Vehicle Weight
(lbs.)
Mann-Whitney U

3049.500

Wilcoxon W

5750.500

-8.718

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Monte Carlo Sig. (2-tailed)

.000
Sig.

.000

99% Confidence Interval

Monte Carlo Sig. (1-tailed)

Lower Bound

.000

Upper Bound

.000

Sig.

.000

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound

.000

Upper Bound

.000

a. Based on 10000 sampled tables with starting seed 112562564.

b. Grouping Variable: Country of Origin

26: Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon
5.9
(t Wilcoxon )

. ,
; t

Wilcoxon .
,

.
,
.
.
.

.
t : AnalyzeCompare
MeansPaired-Samples T Test 49.
Wilcoxon
(. 50)

.
.
. 3
.
, ,
.
27 28 .
78

 IBM SPSS 19

49

.

,
.

0.028,
.
Paired Samples Correlations

Pair 1

Before & After

Correlation

Sig.

27

-.422

.028

27:
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
95% Confidence Interval

Pair 1

Before - After

Std.

Std. Error

Mean

Deviation

Mean

188.5185

1577.15999

of the Difference
Lower

303.52458 -435.38520

Upper
812.42223

Sig. (2t
.621

df
26

28: t

, .
0.05 ,
.
. 49

79

tailed)
.540

 IBM SPSS 19

.
, .
t
.
Wilcoxon SPSS
: AnalyzeNonparametric TestsLegacy Dialogs2 Related Samples
45. 45
49.
.
Monte Carlo,
Output 29 (
). ,

=5%.
b,c

Test Statistics

After - Before
Z

-.673

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Monte Carlo Sig. (2-tailed)

.501
Sig.

.524

99% Confidence Interval

Monte Carlo Sig. (1-tailed)

Lower Bound

.511

Upper Bound

.537

Sig.

.261

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound

.250

Upper Bound

.273

a. Based on positive ranks.

b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
c. Based on 10000 sampled tables with starting seed 221623949.

29: Wilcoxon

80

 IBM SPSS 19

6.1

,
.
(X)
().
.
,
. ,
.

3.6.


.
(scatter
plot).
SPSS,
.

(
) ( ).

.
( )
.

( ) ei, i (i=1,2,3,n)
i- .
. :

, ei~(0,2),
(Normal distribution) 0
() 2 .
, Cov(ei , ej)=0
ij.
(Covariance) .
, Cov(ei , ej)=2
i=j i.
2 .

.
6.2
.
GraphsLegacy DialogsScatter/Dot
51.

81

 IBM SPSS 19

Simple Scatter Define 52

.
.

51
Titles
Options .
SPSS , .

52

:

82

 IBM SPSS 19

30:

.

(-0.771, ).
:
GraphsChart Builder 53.

83

 IBM SPSS 19

53
53 Excel.
Gallery Scatter/Dot
(Drag a Gallery chart to use it as
your starting point).
54 53.
Element properties 54
.

.
30.

84

 IBM SPSS 19

54
6.3
SPSS

AnalyzeRegressionLinear 55.
Dependent:
Independent(s):
.

Statistics Durbin-Watson

.

(
). Save
56,
(
56). Plots
,
Save.

85

 IBM SPSS 19

55

56

86

 IBM SPSS 19

,
Kolmogorov-Smirnov.

.
2 2.5 .
Statistics 55
57 Confidence
intervals.

57
OK
.

55,

Model Summary

Model
1

R
.771

R Square
a

.595

Adjusted R

Std. Error of the

Square

Estimate
.594

4.974

a. Predictors: (Constant), Horsepower

31:
R
. R Square
.

. ,
59.5% .
(Adjusted R Square)
.

87

 IBM SPSS 19

ANOVA
Model
1

Sum of Squares
Regression
Residual
Total

df

Mean Square

14169.756

14169.756

9649.237

390

24.742

23818.993

391

Sig.

572.709

.000

a. Predictors: (Constant), Horsepower

b. Dependent Variable: Miles per Gallon

32:
F ( F )
.
.
(14169.756)
(23818.993) .
.

.

Coefficients

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients
Model

39.855

.730

-.157

.007

(Constant)
Horsepower

Std. Error

Coefficients
Beta

95.0% Confidence Interval for B

t

-.771

Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

54.578

.000

38.419

41.290

-23.931

.000

-.170

-.145

a. Dependent Variable: Miles per Gallon

33:
(
) y=+x+ei, y
, x ,
ei i-
.
Miles per Gallon=39.855-0.157*Horsepower.
33 . 39.855
(Constant)
yy. -0.157
.
. 1

. 100 ,
15.7 .

88

 IBM SPSS 19

.
. .
38.522 ( )
0.771*7.816= 6.026, 7.816
.
.

.
Sig. ,

.
:
: =0
1: 0

: =0
1: 0

p-value 0.05
,
.
95%
.
.

. , 95%
(-0.17, -0.145). ,
0
5%.
=5%. bootstrap
.
.
.
0.
0.
.

. p-value
0.05 (
) . ,
,
.

89

 IBM SPSS 19

Residuals Statistics
Minimum
Predicted Value

Maximum

Mean

Std. Deviation

3.64

32.61

23.45

6.020

392

-16.212

16.980

.000

4.968

392

Std. Predicted Value

-3.290

1.523

.000

1.000

392

Std. Residual

-3.259

3.414

.000

.999

392

Residual

a. Dependent Variable: Miles per Gallon

34:

. 56
SPSS Data Editor
.
,
(P-P Q-Q Plots) Kolmogorov
Smirnov 5 .
,
.

.
, , Theil
,
SPSS.


.

. (pattern)
.
.
.
,
.
,
, .

SPSS.
,
,
.

.
( )
.

.
(Theil,

90

 IBM SPSS 19

).
( ).
.


.


.
6.4


.
, ( , ).

:
Y=a+b1X1+b2X2+bpXp+ei ,
p ei
i- .

.

.
.
,
.
.

,
.
. ,
( ).

-
.
, .
, ..
,
.
SPSS VIF, .
,
Added Variable Plot
, .

SPSS . 55
(Independent(s):)

91

 IBM SPSS 19

,
. Statistics,
57.

(Collinearity diagnostics). Confidence Intervals
95% .
Continue OK Output.

36
.
b

Model Summary

Model

Adjusted R

Std. Error of the

Square

Estimate

R Square

.783

.613

.611

4.867

a. Predictors: (Constant), Time to Accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (sec),

Horsepower
b. Dependent Variable: Miles per Gallon

35:
b

ANOVA
Model
1

Sum of Squares
Regression

Mean Square

14605.572

7302.786

9213.422

389

23.685

23818.993

391

Residual
Total

Df

Sig.

308.331

.000

a. Predictors: (Constant), Time to Accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (sec), Horsepower

b. Dependent Variable: Miles per Gallon

36:
Coefficients

Model
1

Unstandardized

Standardized

Coefficients

Coefficients

B
(Constant)

Std. Error

50.812

2.652

Horsepower

-.184

.009

Time to Accelerate from

-.528

.123

Beta

Collinearity Statistics
t

Tolerance

VIF

19.157

.000

-.902

-20.595

.000

.519

1.927

-.188

-4.290

.000

.519

1.927

0 to 60 mph (sec)
a. Dependent Variable: Miles per Gallon

37:

92

Sig.

 IBM SPSS 19

.
.
:
Miles per Gallon=50.812 -0.184*Horsepower-0.528*Time to Accelerate


. (50.812)
( ) .
(-0.184)
,
.
. (-0.528)
.

0.528 .

.
7.816, 38.522
2.821. -0.902
-0.188 .
38.522 ,
0.902*7.816=7.05 , 2.821

0.188*7.816=1.47 .
.
39
, . VIF (Variation
Inflation Factor) .
.
Tolerance
.
(1-Tolerance)%.
Tolerance 0.5 .
.
Condition Index
. 15
30 .

93

 IBM SPSS 19

Collinearity Diagnostics

Variance Proportions
Time to
Accelerate from
0 to 60 mph
Model

Dimension

Eigenvalue

Condition Index

(Constant)

Horsepower

(sec)

2.871

1.000

.00

.01

.00

.124

4.820

.00

.31

.05

.005

23.139

1.00

.69

.95

a. Dependent Variable: Miles per Gallon

38:

.
6.5

, .
, (mpg)
(cu.inches).
:

39:

, , .

94

 IBM SPSS 19

.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov p-
(Sig.) 0.018, 0.05.
.
.
(mpg),
. 10,
Arithmetic Function group
. (mpg)
(LN(mpg)). Target variable
.
()
.
:

40:
,

.
. p- (Sig.)
0.160.
. ,

.
, Exp
Compute. ,
10
.

95

 IBM SPSS 19

6.6

55.

(Method).
Enter.
.
.

VIF.
(
) ;

.
,
;
Enter
.
.
Forward ,
.
,
.
.

.
.
Backward .


.
.
, .

, , .
Stepwise ,
.

.
.
/ .
Forward Backward .
.
,
, .


. SPSS
(Excluded Variables).

96

 IBM SPSS 19

7.1 (One way ANOVA)

.


. t
.
.
.

.

.

.

.

.
.

( SPSS)
.
.

.

Kruskal-Wallis,
.

.


,
.
,
Welch Brown-Forsythe,
.
.
:
: 1=2=3
1:

.
, Box Plot.
GraphsLegacy DialogsBoxplot

97

 IBM SPSS 19

58
(Simple) Define 59.

58

59
(Variable:)
(Category Axis:)
40.
.

.
.
. .

,
.
98

 IBM SPSS 19

( )
.

41: Box plot

SPSS
: AnalyzeGeneral Linear ModelUnivariate
60.

60
(Dependent Variable:)
, .

99

 IBM SPSS 19

(Fixed Factor(s):)

.
Save
56
,
, (
). Options
61.

61
61
(Descriptive statistics)
Levene (Homogeneity tests). Post Hoc
60 62.
Bonferroni

Tamhanes T2
. Continue OK
Output .

100

 IBM SPSS 19

62
Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable:Vehicle Weight (lbs.)
Country of Origin

Mean

Std. Deviation

American

3367.33

788.612

253

European

2431.49

490.884

73

Japanese

2221.23

320.497

79

Total

2975.09

843.546

405

42:
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances

Dependent Variable:Vehicle Weight (lbs.)

F
44.145

df1

df2
2

Sig.
402

.000

Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance

of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept + origin

43: Levene
42 ,
43 . Levene

.
.

101

 IBM SPSS 19

: 12= 22= 32
1:
Levene
.
, .
F .
.

.
,
Welch Brown-Forsythe ,

( ) .
SPSS.

, .
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:Vehicle Weight (lbs.)
Type III Sum of
Source

Squares

Df

Mean Square

Sig.

Corrected Model

1.054E8

52695945.030

116.342

.000

Intercept

2.122E9

2.122E9

4685.263

.000

Origin

1.054E8

52695945.030

116.342

.000

Error

1.821E8

402

452941.746

Total

3.872E9

405

Corrected Total

2.875E8

404

a. R Squared = .367 (Adjusted R Squared = .363)

44: F
.
.
Bonferroni, .

Tamhane,
. Bonferroni

Tamhane .

102

 IBM SPSS 19

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable:Vehicle Weight (lbs.)
95% Confidence Interval

Mean Difference
(I) Country of Origin
Bonferroni

American

(J) Country of Origin

Japanese

Tamhane

American

European

Japanese

Std. Error

Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

935.83

89.415

.000

720.88

1150.79

1146.10

86.739

.000

937.58

1354.63

American

-935.83

89.415

.000

-1150.79

-720.88

Japanese

210.27

109.262

.165

-52.40

472.93

American

-1146.10

86.739

.000

-1354.63

-937.58

European

-210.27

109.262

.165

-472.93

52.40

European

935.83

75.888

.000

753.02

1118.65

Japanese

1146.10

61.306

.000

998.92

1293.28

American

-935.83

75.888

.000

-1118.65

-753.02

Japanese

210.27

67.832

.007

46.05

374.48

American

-1146.10

61.306

.000

-1293.28

-998.92

European

-210.27

67.832

.007

-374.48

-46.05

European
Japanese

European

(I-J)

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 452941.746.
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

45:

.
, .. .
.
, ,
Welch
Brown-Forsythe.
7.2 Welch Brown-Forsythe

Analyze. AnalyzeCompare
MeansOne-way ANOVA 63.

. Post Hoc
64
Tamhane. Options 65.

103

 IBM SPSS 19

63

64
64 Fixed
and random effects Homogeneity of variance test (
, Levene).
Continue 63 OK
.
.
Descriptives
Vehicle Weight (lbs.)
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

Minimum

Maximum

American

253

3367.33

788.612

49.580

3269.68

3464.97

1800

5140

European

73

2431.49

490.884

57.454

2316.96

2546.02

1825

3820

Japanese

79

2221.23

320.497

36.059

2149.44

2293.02

1613

2930

405

2975.09

843.546

41.916

2892.69

3057.49

1613

5140

Total

46:
104

 IBM SPSS 19

Robust Tests of Equality of Means

Vehicle Weight (lbs.)
a

Statistic

df1

df2

Sig.

Welch

178.311

192.960

.000

Brown-Forsythe

205.193

311.916

.000

a. Asymptotically F distributed.

47:

48:
47
95%
.
Anova . 48
.
.
, .
Output
Tamhane .

. .
7.3 ( Kruskal-Wallis)

.
;
. William
105

 IBM SPSS 19

Kruskal W. Allen Wallis

Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon .

. SPSS :
AnalyzeNonparametric TestsLegacy DialogsK Independent Samples
65.

65

(Test Variable List:)
(Grouping Variable:). Define Range
( ).
Exact
Monte Carlo.
49.

Kruskal-Wallis . ,

=5%.

106

 IBM SPSS 19

b,c

Test Statistics

Vehicle Weight
(lbs.)
Chi-Square

161.198

Df

Asymp. Sig.
Monte Carlo Sig.

.000
Sig.

.000

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound

.000

Upper Bound

.000

a. Based on 10000 sampled tables with starting seed 2000000.

b. Kruskal Wallis Test
c. Grouping Variable: Country of Origin

49: Kruskal-Wallis
7.4
.
?
5 t-test .
.
Repeated Measures ANOVA,
.
SPSS , testmarket.sav.
2.
.
( )

.
.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Week1
18
19
14
16
12
18
16
18
16
19
16
16

Week2
14
12
10
12
8
10
10
8
12
16
14
12

Week3
12
8
6
10
6
5
8
4
6
10
10
8

Week4
6
4
2
4
2
1
4
1
2
8
9
8

2:

107

 IBM SPSS 19

2 4 .
4
. SPSS AnalyzeGeneral
Linear ModelRepeated Measures 66.
(Within-Subject Factor Name:)
. (Number of Levels:)
,
4 . Measure Name:
, .
.

66
Add Define
67. () .
Plots
. Options 61
.
.

. 67
.
Mauchly .

108

 IBM SPSS 19

67

. p-value
0.05 (Sig=0.112). .
51 4 .
.
.
.

.
b

Mauchly's Test of Sphericity

Measure: sales

Epsilon
Approx. ChiWithin Subjects Effect

Mauchly's W

Week

Square

.398

8.957

GreenhouseDf

Sig.
5

.112

Geisser
.622

Huynh-Feldt
.744

Lower-bound
.333

Tests the null hypothesis that the error covariance matrix of the orthonormalized transformed dependent variables is proportional to an
identity matrix.
a. May be used to adjust the degrees of freedom for the averaged tests of significance. Corrected tests are displayed in the Tests of
Within-Subjects Effects table.
b. Design: Intercept
Within Subjects Design: week

50: Mauchly

109

 IBM SPSS 19

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects

Measure: sales
Type III Sum of
Source
Week

Error(week)

Squares

df

Mean Square

Sig.

Sphericity Assumed

991.500

330.500

127.561

.000

Greenhouse-Geisser

991.500

1.865

531.709

127.561

.000

Huynh-Feldt

991.500

2.231

444.504

127.561

.000

Lower-bound

991.500

1.000

991.500

127.561

.000

Sphericity Assumed

85.500

33

2.591

Greenhouse-Geisser

85.500

20.512

4.168

Huynh-Feldt

85.500

24.536

3.485

Lower-bound

85.500

11.000

7.773

51:
=5%.
.
t- .
67 Options
68 61.

68

110

 IBM SPSS 19

Compare main effects
Bonferroni. Bonferroni
5% .
52.
Pairwise Comparisons
Measure:sales
95% Confidence Interval for
Difference

Mean
(I) week
1

(J) week

Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

5.000

8.750

.799

.000

6.187

11.313

.906

.000

9.345

15.155

.663

.000

-7.127

-2.873

12.250

.663

.000

2.873

7.127

-5.000

3.750

.429

.000

2.375

5.125

7.250

.494

.000

5.664

8.836

-8.750

.799

.000

-11.313

-6.187

-3.750

.429

.000

-5.125

-2.375

3.500

.515

.000

1.848

5.152

.906

.000

-15.155

-9.345

.494

.000

-8.836

-5.664

.515

.000

-5.152

-1.848

4
3

Std. Error
*

4
2

Difference (I-J)

-12.250

-7.250

-3.500

Based on estimated marginal means

*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
a. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.

52:
7.5

2 .
.
. AnalyzeNonparametric
TestsLegacy DialogsK Related samples
69 SPSS.
Exact p-value Monte-Carlo.
53.

111

 IBM SPSS 19

69
a

Test Statistics
N

12

Chi-Square

12.000

Df

Asymp. Sig.

.001

Monte Carlo Sig.

Sig.

.000

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound

.000

Upper Bound

.001

a. Friedman Test

53: Friedman
,
=5%.

112

 IBM SPSS 19

(2005). SPSS.
(2002).
. Leader Books.
A. (2003). ,
. .
. .
. (2007).
.
I. (2005).
. .
E. (2001). .
E. (2004). .
.
I. & E. (2000).
, 1, .
I. & E. (2000).
, 2,
.
I. (20001). .

. (2008).
. (2006).
SPSS
. & . (2008). SPSS
16.0
& . SPSS.
(2006). SPSS.
.
(2003). :
(2 ). Rosili, ,
M (2005).
.

Charter R. A. (2003). A breakdown of reliability coefficients by test type and

reliability method, and the clinical implications of low reliability. The journal
of General Psychology. Vol. 130(3):290-304
Efron B. & Tibshirani R.J. (1993). An introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman
& Hall/CRC
Efron B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. The annals
of Statistics. Vol 7(1):1-26
Montgomery D.C. (2001). Design and Analysis of Experiments (5th Edition).
John and Wiley and Sons Inc.

113

 IBM SPSS 19

Schwab J.A. (2007). Solving Homework Problems in Data Analysis I. Lecture

notes.
University of Sheffield. Department of Probability and Statistics. Methods for
Data Analysis. Lecture notes.
Williams R. (2004). Advanced Social Statistics I

114

 IBM SPSS 19

A
acceptance region
acceptance sampling
accessibility sampling
additive model
algorithm
alpha
alternative hypothesis
analysis of covariance
analysis of variance
antithetic random variables
approximation
area sampling
arithmetic mean
assumption
asymptotic
autocorrelation
autocorrelation function
average
axis

backward elimination procedure

bar chart
Bayes factor
Bayes' theorem
Bayesian inference
Bayesian information criterion
Bayesian statistics
beta
beta distribution
beta function
beta-binomial distribution
bias
bimodal distribution
binary data
binomial coefficient
binomial distribution
binomial test
biostatistics
bivariate distribution
box plot
branching processes
Buffon's needle

Bayes
Bayes
Bayes
Bayes
Bayes

Buffon

115

 IBM SPSS 19

C
canonical correlation analysis
capability index
capture-recapture methods
categorical variable
categorical data analysis
causality
censored data
census
central limit theorem
characteristic function
chi-square distribution
classification
clinical trials
cluster analysis
clustered bar chart
clustered sampling
coefficient
coefficient of determination
coefficient of variation
cohort studies
collinearity
compound Poisson process
concordant pair
conditional distribution
conditional expectation
conditional probability
confidence band
confidence interval
confirmatory factor analysis
confounding factor
conjugate distribution
consistency
contingency coefficient
contingency table
continuity correction
continuous distribution
continuous random variable
continuous variable
contrasts
control chart
control-cases studies
convolution
correlation
correlation coefficient
correlation matrix
correspondence analysis
covariance
covariate

Poisson

116

 IBM SPSS 19
coverage probability
credibility interval
credibility region
critical value
cross-sectional studies
cumulative distribution function
curve

D
data
data analysis
data mining
deciles
degree of association
degrees of freedom
demography
dendrogram
dependent variable
descriptive statistics
design matrix
design of experiments
diffusion process
discordant pair
discrete distribution
discrete random variable
discriminant analysis
dispersion
distribution
dot plot
dummy variable

E
efficient estimator
efficiency
epidemiology
ergodic theorem
ergodicity
error
estimation
estimator
estimated value
event
exact test
expectation
expected value
experimental units
explanatory variable
exponential distribution

117

 IBM SPSS 19
exponential family

F
factor
factor analysis
factor loadings
factorial design
false negative case
false positive case
finite
first quartile
fixed effects
fixed effects model
follow-up studies
forecasting methods
forward procedure
frame
frequency
frequency polygon

G
game theory
gamma distribution
gamma function
general linear model
generalized linear models
geometric distribution
geometric mean
goodness of fit test
graph

H
harmonic mean
hazard function
hazard rate
hazard rate function
heterogeneity
heteroscedasticity
hierarchical model
highest posterior density
histogram
homogeneity
homoscedasticity
hypergeometric distribution
hypothesis testing

a-posteriori

118

 IBM SPSS 19

independent variable
index number
inertia
infinite
information
information matrix
informative prior distribution
interaction
interquartile range
interval estimation
interval scale
irreducible Markov chain

prior

Markov

J
joint distribution
judgemental or purposive sampling

K
kurtosis

L
lack of memory
latent variables
latin squares
law of large numbers
least squares estimators
leptokurtic distribution
linear model
location parameter
logistic model
logistic regression
logistics distribution
loglinear model
lognormal distribution
longitudinal data analysis
longitudinal studies
loss function

M
main effects
marginal distribution
market research
Markov chains
maximum
maximum likelihood

Markov

119

 IBM SPSS 19
mean
mean absolute deviation
mean square error
measure theory
measures of association
median
mesokurtic distribution
minimum
missing values
mixed effects model
mode
model
moment
moment generating function
monotone regression
mortality (death) rate
moving average
multicollinearity
multidimensional scaling techniques
multilevel models
multinomial distribution
multiple comparisons
multiple correspondence analysis
multiple linear regression
multivariate
multivariate analysis of variance
multivariate case

N
negative binomial distribution
negative confounder
negative predicted value
nested models
nominal scale
nominal variable
non-informative prior distribution
non-linear model
nonparametric statistics
normal distribution
nuisance factor
null hypothesis

prior
-

O
observations
observed significance level (p-value)

(p-)

odds ratio

120

 IBM SPSS 19

one-sided test
one-way ANOVA
operating characteristic curve
opinion poll
ordered data
ordinal scale
ordinary least squares method
orthogonal contrasts
outliers
overparameterization

P
parameter
parametric statistics
partial correlation coefficient
permutation
pie chart
pivotal quantity
platykurtic distribution
plot
point estimation
point process
population
population characteristic
positive confounder
positive predicted value
posterior or a-posteriori distribution
predicted value
prediction interval
prevalence
principal component analysis
principal coordinate analysis
prior or a-priori distribution
probability
probability density function
probability generating function
probability sampling
prospective studies

posterior

prior

Q
qualitative
quantitative
queues
quota sampling

121

 IBM SPSS 19
random effects
random effects model
random factor
random processes
random sample
random variable
random walk
randomization
randomized complete block design
range
ranks
ratio scale
recurrent state
regression analysis
regression coefficients
regressors
rejection region
rejection sampling
relative risk
reliability
reliability coefficient
reliability function
renewal process
renewal theory
repeated measures
replication
residuals
response surface
response variable
retrospective studies
ridge regression
robust regression
runs test

S
sample
sample surveys
sampling distribution
sampling frame
sampling mean
sampling techniques
sampling theory
sampling units
saturated (full) model
scale
scale parameter
scatter plot
seasonality
semiparametric

122

 IBM SPSS 19

sensitivity analysis
serial correlation coefficient
shape parameter
sign test
significance level
simple linear regression
simple random sampling
simulation
size effect
skewed distribution
skewness
specification limits
specificity
sphericity
split-half reliability
stable process
standard deviation
standard error
standardization
standardized values
state space
stationary distribution
stationary process
statistical
statistical inference
statistically significant
statistician
statistics
stem-and-leaf plot
stepwise regression
stochastic models
stochastic processes
stratified analysis
stratified randomization
stratified sampling
study population
subjective probability
sufficiency
sum
sum of products
sum of squares
survival analysis
survival function
symmetric distribution
systematic sampling
T

()


(, )

target population
third quartile
time series

123

 IBM SPSS 19
transformation
transient state
transition matrix
transition probability
trend
trimmed mean
two-sided test
two-way ANOVA

ANOVA

U
unbiased estimator
uniform distribution
unimodal distribution
univariate case
universe
unstable process

V
variability
variable
variance
variance-covariance matrix

W
waiting time
weighted least squares method
weighted mean

124