Xay Dung Chuong Trinh Ho Tro Giang Day Mon Xu Ly Anh

n tt nghip: Xy dng chng trnh h tr ging dy mn x l nh
Sinh vin: Nguyn Th Khuyn

Lp: CNT43TT1-HT2 - H Hng Hi
1
MCLC
M U ........................................................................................................... 6
CHNG I. C S L THUYT .................................................................... 8
I.1. GII THIU V X L NH.............................................................. 8
I.1.1. Tng quan v mt h thng x l nh ........................................... 8
I.1.2. Mt s khi nim ......................................................................... 10
I.2. BIU DIN NH ................................................................................. 12
I.2.1. Biu din mu .............................................................................. 12
I.2.1.1. M hnh mu RGB............................................................ 12
I.2.1.2. M hnh mu CMY ........................................................... 13
I.2.1.3. M hnh mu HSV ............................................................ 13
I.2.1.4. M hnh nh sng .............................................................. 13
I.2.2. S ha nh ................................................................................... 14
I.2.3. Cc nh dng nh c bn trong x l nh .................................. 15
I.2.3.1. nh dng nh IMG .......................................................... 15
I.2.3.2. File nh PCX ................................................................... 15
I.2.3.3. File nh BMP .................................................................... 16
I.2.3.4. nh dng nh TIFF .......................................................... 16
I.2.4. Mt s phng php biu din nh ............................................. 17
I.2.4.1. M lot di ........................................................................ 17
I.2.4.2. M xch ............................................................................. 18
I.2.4.3. M t phn ........................................................................ 18
I.3. NNG CAO CHT LNG NH..................................................... 19
I.3.1. Ci thin nh dng ton t im ................................................. 19
I.3.1.1. Tng tng phn. ......................................................... 19
2
I.3.1.2. Tch nhiu v phn ngng. ............................................ 21
I.3.1.3. Bin i m bn. ............................................................... 22
I.3.1.4. Ct theo mc. .................................................................... 22
I.3.1.5. Trch chn bt .................................................................... 24
I.3.1.6. Tr nh .............................................................................. 25
I.3.1.7. Nn di sng ................................................................ 25
I.3.2. Ci thin nh dng ton t khng gian ........................................ 26
I.3.2.1. Lm trn nhiu bng lc tuyn tnh .................................. 26
I.3.2.2. Lm trn nhiu bng lc phi tuyn: .................................. 28
I.4. BIN I NH ................................................................................... 29
I.4.1. Bin i Fourrier-TF: khi nim v cng thc ........................... 29
I.4.1.1. Khng gian mt chiu ....................................................... 30
I.4.1.2. Khng gian hai chiu ........................................................ 30
I.4.2. Bin i Fourrier ri rc DFT .................................................. 30
I.4.2.1. DFT cho tn hiu mt chiu .............................................. 31
I.4.2.2. DFT cho tn hiu hai chiu (nh s) ................................. 31
I.4.3. Bin i KL ................................................................................. 31
I.5. LM NI V TCH NG BIN NH ....................................... 34
I.5.1. Lm ni ng bin nh qua b lc FIR ..................................... 34
I.5.2. Tch ng bin nh qua cch tip cn khong cch ................. 35
I.5.2.1. Ton t Robert .................................................................. 35
I.5.2.2. Ton t Sobel .................................................................... 36
I.5.2.3. Cc mt n gradient khp kn ........................................... 36
I.6. NHN DNG NH ............................................................................. 37
I.6.1. M hnh tham s .......................................................................... 37
I.6.2. M hnh cu trc: ......................................................................... 38
3
I.7. NN D LIU NH ........................................................................... 38
I.7.1. Cc loi d tha d liu .............................................................. 38
I.7.1.1. S phn b k t .............................................................. 38
I.7.1.2. Nhng mu s dng tn sut ............................................ 39
I.7.1.3. d tha v tr ................................................................ 39
I.7.2. Phn loi cc phng php nn ................................................... 40
CHNG II. KHO ST H THNG THC ............................................ 42
II.1. Cc chc nng h tr ca my tnh trong qu trnh dy hc .............. 42
II.1.1. Chc nng lu tr v x l thng tin .......................................... 42
II.1.2. Chc nng iu chnh hot ng hc tp ................................... 42
II.1.3. Chc nng luyn tp v thc hnh ............................................. 42
II.1.4. Chc nng minh ho v trc quan ............................................. 43
II.1.5. Chc nng h tr thit k ........................................................... 43
II.1.6. Chc nng m hnh ho v m phng ....................................... 43
II.1.7. Chc nng lin lc ...................................................................... 43
II.1.8. Chc nng nh gi .................................................................... 44
II.2. Cc quan im thit k phn mm theo hng dy hc vi s gip
ca my tnh ................................................................................................ 44
II.2.1. Cc quan im c tnh c in ................................................... 44
II.2.2. Xy dng cc vi th gii ............................................................ 44
II.2.3. Xy dng h tc gi .................................................................... 45
II.2.4. Xy dng h chuyn gia ............................................................. 45
II.3. Cc dng ng dng c th ca my tnh trong dy hc tin hc .......... 45
II.4. Mt s tiu chun xy dng phn mm h tr dy hc ................. 46
4
II.4.1. Nhng tiu chun v phn cng................................................. 46
II.4.2. Nhng yu cu v mt s phm ................................................. 46
II.4.3. Yu cu v cch th hin ............................................................ 46
II.5. Thc trng v vn ging dy cc trng H, C hin nay ........ 47
II.6. Nhng hn ch ca phng thc ging dy thng thng ................. 47
II.7. Nhng u im ca vic s dng chng trnh h tr ging dy ....... 48
II.8. So snh chng trnh h tr ging dy vi gio trnh in t v cc ti
liu PowerPoint ........................................................................................... 49
II.9. Tim nng ca vic s dng chng trnh h tr ging dy ............... 50
CHNG III. PHN TCH H THNG ...................................................... 52
III.1. S mi trng ............................................................................... 52
III.2. S chc nng ................................................................................. 53
III.3. Mc ch yu cu ca chng trnh ................................................... 56
III.3.1. Mc ch chng trnh .............................................................. 56
III.3.2. Yu cu chng trnh ................................................................ 56
CHNG IV. THIT K V XY DNG CHNG TRNH ................. 58
IV.1. Thit k ni dung ............................................................................... 58
IV.2. Thit k d liu .................................................................................. 59
IV.3. Thit k cc mn hnh giao din ca phn mm ................................ 60
IV.3.1. Giao din chnh: ........................................................................ 61
IV.3.2. Giao din L Thuyt: ................................................................ 63
IV.3.3. Giao din Bi tp: ..................................................................... 64
IV.3.4. Giao din V d: ....................................................................... 65
5
IV.3.5. Giao din cp nht, thay i ni dung bi ging ...................... 66
IV.4. Hng dn s dng ............................................................................ 68
IV.5. Yu cu i vi chng trnh ............................................................ 70
KT LUN ..................................................................................................... 72
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................... 74
6
M U
Ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin l mt phn tt yu trong cuc sng con
ngi. Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi v thi i, cng ngh thng tin
c ng dng v nh hng su sc n nhiu lnh vc i sng. N phc v
con ngi t vic gii tr, kinh doanh, lin lc cho n nhng vn phc tp
trong khoa hc k thut. Cng ngy, th gii cng cn t thi gian cho s gia
tng tc pht trin khoa hc k thut. Nh vy, vi kh nng thu thp x l
thng tin gn nh v hn ca my tnh in t hin nay, c mt cu hi t ra
l: Con ngi phi lm g vi mt khi tri thc khng l v ngy cng tng
nhanh ti mc khng th tng tng ni vi hnh thc cung cp v cng d
dng? Liu con ngi c ththch nghi c vi th gii thng tin bao quanh,
v nu c th nh nhng cng c v phng tin no?
tr li cho cu hi ny, khng g khc chng ta thy r rng cn
phi c mt cuc cch mng trong gio dc v o to. Pht trin ng b cc
c quan v t chc trng hc cng vi cc chng trnh v trc ht l
phng php o to. Bi v chc nng ca nh trng bao gi cng l chun
b con ngi cho vic p ng nhng thay i ca vn minh nhn loi.
Trong bi cnh pht trin nh hin nay, nu mun nn gio dc p
ng c i hi cp thit ca cng cuc cng nghip ha, hin i ha t
nc, nu mun vic dy hc theo kp cuc sng, chng ta nht thit phi ci
cch phng php dy hc theo hng vn dng CNTT v cc thit b dy
hc hin i pht huy mnh m t duy sng to, k nng thc hnh v hng
th hc tp ca hc sinh nng cao cht lng o to.
Qua qu trnh hc tp ti i hc Hng Hi, em c cc thy gio
trong Khoa cng ngh thng tin tn tnh ch bo, cung cp rt nhiu thng tin,
nhng tng quan trng trong vic lm n tt nghip. c s nh
hng, to iu kin ca Khoa cng ngh thng tin v s hng dn trc tip
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ca thy gio KS. Nguyn Vn Giang - Khoa Cng ngh thng tin Hc
Vin K Thut Qun S, em la chn ti Xy dng chng trnh h
tr ging dy mn hc x l nh lm n tt nghip cho mnh.
Xut pht t tng dy hc bng hnh nh, em mun xy dng phn
mm m phng tt c cc hin tng, s vt c trong chng trnh ca cc
mn hc nhm h tr cc gio vin khi ging dy trn my vi tnh, c c
cc hnh nh minh ho phc v vic ging dy mt cch thc t hn, sinh
ng hn. Mt phng php ging dy mi trc quan sinh ng v mt
phng php hc mi mt thy tai nghe: l iu m phn mm ny s
mang li cho ngnh gio dc. Vi phng php dy v hc ny ha hn s
nng cao cht lng nn gio dc nc nh.
Tuy nhin do kh nng v iu kin thi gian cn nhiu hn ch nn
n ca em khng trnh khi nhiu sai st, em rt mong c s ch bo, ng
gp ca cc thy gio v tt c mi ngi quan tm n vn ny. Em xin
cm n cc gio vin trong Khoa cng ngh thng tin v c bit l thy gio
Nguyn Vn Giang ch bo hng dn tn tnh, gip em hon thnh n
ny.
Ni dung ca bo co n bao gm c cc chng sau:
- Chng I: C s l thuyt.
- Chng II: Kho st h thng thc.
- Chng III: Phn tch h thng.
- Chng IV: Thit k v xy dng chng trnh.
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CHNG I. C S L THUYT
I.1. GII THIU V X L NH
I.1.1. Tng quan v mt h thng x l nh
X l nh l mt khoa hc cn tng i mi m so vi nhiu ngnh
khoa hc khc, nht l trn qui m cng nghip, song trong x l nh bt
u xut hin nhng my tnh chuyn dng. c th hnh dung cu hnh
mt h thng x l nh chuyn dng hay mt h thng x l nh dng trong
nghin cu, o to, trc ht chng ta s xem xt cc bc cn thit trong x
l nh.
Trc ht l qu trnh thu nhn nh. nh c th thu nhn qua camera.
Thng nh thu nhn qua camera l tn hiu tng t (loi camera ng kiu
CCIR), nhng cng c th l tn hiu s ho (loi CCD - Charge Coupled
Device).

Hnh 1.1. Cc giai on chnh trong x l nh
nh cng c th thu nhn t v tinh qua cc b cm ng (sensor), hay
nh, tranh c qut trn scanner. Tip theo l qu trnh s ho (Digitalizer)
9
bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu ri rc (ly mu) v s ho bng
lng ho, trc khi chuyn sang giai on x l, phn tch hay lu tr li.
Qu trnh phn tch nh thc cht bao gm nhiu cng on nh. Trc
ht l cng vic tng cng nh nng cao cht lng nh. Do nhng
nguyn nhn khc nhau: c th do cht lng thit b thu nhn nh, do ngun
sng hay do nhiu, nh c th b suy bin. Do vy cn phi tng cng v
khi phc li nh lm ni bt mt s c tnh chnh ca nh, hay lm cho
nh gn ging nht vi trng thi gc - trng thi trc khi nh b bin dng.
Giai on tip theo l pht hin cc c tnh nh bin, phn vng nh, trch
chn cc c tnh, v.v...
Cui cng, tu theo mc ch ca ng dng, s l giai on nhn dng,
phn lp hay cc quyt nh khc. Cc giai on chnh ca qu trnh x l nh
c th m t hnh 1.1
Vi cc giai on trn, mt h thng x l nh (cu trc phn cng
theo chc nng) gm cc thnh phn ti thiu nh hnh 1.2
10

Hnh 1.2. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng x l nh
I.1.2. Mt s khi nim
- Pixel (Picture Element): phn t nh
nh trong thc t l mt nh lin tc v khng gian v v gi tr
sng. c th x l nh bng my tnh cn thit phi tin hnh s ho nh.
Trong qu trnh s ho, ngi ta bin i tn hiu lin tc sang tn hiu ri rc
thng qua qu trnh ly mu (ri rc ha v khng gian) v lng ho thnh
phn gi tr m th v nguyn tc bng mt thng khng phn bit c hai
im k nhau. Trong qu trnh ny, ngi ta s dng khi nim Picture
element m ta quen gi hay vit l Pixel - phn t nh. y cng cn phn
bit khi nim pixel hay cp n trong cc h thng ho my tnh.
trnh nhm ln ta tm gi khi nim pixel ny l pixel thit b. Khi nim
pixel thit b c th xem xt nh sau: khi ta quan st mn hnh (trong ch
11
ho), mn hnh khng lin tc m gm nhiu im nh, gi l pixel. Mi
pixel gm mt cp ta x, y v mu.
Cp ta x, y to nn phn gii (resolution). Nh mn hnh my
tnh c nhiu loi vi phn gii khc nhau: mn hnh CGA c phn gii
l 320 x 200; mn hnh VGA l 640 x 350,...
Nh vy, mt nh l mt tp hp cc im nh. Khi c s ho, n
thng c biu din bi bng hai chiu I(n,p): n dng v p ct. Ta ni nh
gm n x p pixels. Ngi ta thng k hiu I(x,y) ch mt pixel. Thng gi
tr ca n chn bng p v bng 256.
- Gray level: Mc xm
Mc xm l kt qu s m ho tng ng mt cng sng ca mi
im nh vi mt gi tr s - kt qu ca qu trnh lng ho. Cch m ho
kinh in thng dng 16, 32 hay 64 mc. M ho 256 mc l ph dng nht
do l do k thut. V 2
8
= 256 (0, 1, ..., 255), nn vi 256 mc, mi pixel s
c m ho bi 8 bit.
- Biu din nhxm:
Trn nh hai chiu, mi im (x,y) trn mt phng nh ng vi mt
f(x,y) gi tr m t mc xm cho im nh. Trong , x l s hiu ct v y l
s hiu dng trn nh.

y f(x,y) l mc xm. Chng hn, nu c 256 mc xm th 0
f(x,y) 255.
Nu l nh mu, c bng mu th f(x,y) l s hiu mu.
Nu l nh hn 256 mu th f(x,y) l ba byte th hin cc gi tr R, G v
B ca im nh.
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I.2. BIU DIN NH
I.2.1. Biu din mu
Mu ca mt i tng ph thuc vo:
- Bn thn i tng.
- nh sng chiu ca ngun sng.
- Mi trng xung quanh.
- Th gic ca con ngi.
M hnh mu c xc nh trn mt s mu s cp. Xt theo cu to ca
mt, cc mu u l lin kt ca ba mu s cp l:
(RED) 700mm
Xanh l cy (GREEN) 546,1 mm
Xanh da tri (BLUE) 435,8 mm
Cc mu s cp cng vi nhau cho mu th cp. V d:
Magenta := RED + BLUE
YELOW := RED + GREEN
CIE (The Commission International de IEclairage U ban chun quc t)
xy dng mt chun cho tt c cc mu, xc nh thng qua ba thnh phn
c s l RED, GREEN v BLUE.
I.2.1.1. M hnh mu RGB
H RGB gm cc mu c s l RED, GREEN v BLUE.
H mu RGB c s dng trong mn hnh, trong ho raster mu.
M t h RGB theo h to Decarte.
13

Hnh 1.3. H ta mu
H RGB l chun cng nghip cho cc thao tc ho. Nu th hin trn h
mu khc, cui cng vn phi chuyn v RGB.
Vi cc mn hnh khc nhau, gi tr RGB c th khc nhau.
I.2.1.2. M hnh mu CMY
H CMY da trn cc mu s cp CYAN, MAGENTA v YELLOW.
Cc mu ny l phn b ca RED, GREEN v BLUE.
I.2.1.3. M hnh mu HSV
HSV (Hue mu sc, Saturation - s bo ho v Value gi tr), hay cn gi
l HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness - cng sng).
Hue nhn gi tr trong khong [0
o
..360
o
].
Saturation, Value nhn gi tr trong khong [0..1].
I.2.1.4. M hnh nh sng
nh sng nhn thy c l tng hp cc thnh phn n sc.
14
T l trn khc nhau dn n cc mu khc nhau. V d v cc mu n sc
nh RED, GREEN, BLUE hoc CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW.
Cng sng phn x l gi tr o c trn b mt ca i tng ti im
ti. Cng sng ca tia phn x ph thuc vo gc ti v h s phn x
ca b mt.
I.2.2. S ha nh
T mi trng qua thit b thu nhn nh, s nh x thc th thnh ma
trn cc im nh khc nhau, v ty vo phn gii cng nh khng gian
mu. Vic s ha thng qua qu trnh ly mu sau tin hnh lng t ha
cc phn t lu tr.
TT S mu Bits/Pixel
1 2 1
2 16 4
3 256 8
4 16 triu 24

Phng php LUT (LookUp Table Bng d tm). a ch b nh
trong LUT cha mt s bit, c nh x n to cc pixel trn mn hnh.
Cc s bit c c vo b m khung. Mi gi tr ca pixel l ch s cho
bng LUT. Nu c N s bits th LUT c 2
N
u vo. Khi ny ch c 2
N

cng (mu) khc nhau c th to ra cng mt lc. C th lp trnh li
LUT. Thng thng vi mu <=8 bit mu s c bng nh x ly trong
khng gian mu chun (24 bit).
15
I.2.3. Cc nh dng nh c bn trong x l nh
I.2.3.1. nh dng nh IMG
nh IMG l nh en trng. Phn u ca nh IMG c 16 bytes cha
cc thng tin cn thit :
+ 6 bytes u: dng nh du nh dng nh IMG. Gi tr ca 6
bytes ny vit di dng Hexa: 0x0001 0x0008 0x0001.
+ 2 bytes tip theo: cha di mu tin. l di ca dy cc bytes
k lin nhau m dy ny s c lp li mt s ln no . S ln lp ny s
c lu trong byte m.
+ 4 bytes tip: m t kch c pixel.
+ 2 bytes tip : s pixel trn mt dng nh.
+ 2 bytes cui: s dng nh trong nh.
nh IMG c nn theo tng dng. Mi dng bao gm cc gi (pack).
Cc dng ging nhau cng c nn thnh mt gi. C 4 loi gi sau:
Loi 1: Gi cc dng ging nhau.
Loi 2: Gi cc dy ging nhau.
Loi3: Dy cc pixel khng ging nhau, khng lp li v khng nn c.
Loi 4: Dy cc pixel ging nhau.
I.2.3.2. File nh PCX
Nu ta hnh dung trong mt tp nh xp lin tip cc byte t u n
cui v dn chng vo trong mt hp ch nht, th c th hnh dung tp nh
PCX nh hnh v sau:
16
Hnh 1.4. Cu trc file nh PCX
I.2.3.3. File nh BMP

Hnh 1.5. Cu trc file nh BMP
I.2.3.4. nh dng nh TIFF
Kiu nh dng TIFF c thit k lm nh bt cc vn lin quan
n vic m rng tp nh c nh. V cu trc, n cng gm 3 phn chnh:
- Phn Header (IFH): c trong tt c cc tp TIFF v gm 8 byte:
17
- Phn th 2 (IFD): N khng ngay sau cu trc IFH m v tr ca n
c xc nh bi trng Offset trong u tp. C th c mt hay nhiu
IFD cng tn ti trong file (nu file c nhiu hn 1 nh).
- Cu trc phn d liu th 3: cc DE. CcDE c di c nh gm 12
byte.
I.2.4. Mt s phng php biu din nh
I.2.4.1. M lot di
Phng php ny hay dng biu din cho vng nh hay nh nh phn.
Mt vng nh R c th biu din n gin nh mt ma trn nh phn:
u(m,n) = 1 nu (m,n) e R
0 nu khng
Vi cch biu din trn, mt vng nh hay nh nh phn c xem nh
gm cc chui 0 hay 1 an xen. Cc chui ny gi l mt mch (run). Theo
phng php ny, mi mch s c biu din bi a ch bt u ca mch
v chiu di mch theo dng: (<hng,ct>, chiu di).

18
0 1 2 3 4
0 nh c biu din
1 (1,1) 1, (1,3) 2
2 (2,0) 4, (3,1) 2

Hnh 1.6. nh nh phnv cc biu din m lot di tng ng.
I.2.4.2. M xch
M xch thng c dng biu din bin ca nh. Thay v lu tr
ton b nh, ngi ta lu tr dy cc im nh nh A, B,..., M . Theo phng
php ny, 8 hng ca vct ni 2 im bin lin tc c m ho. Khi
nh c biu din qua im nh bt u A cng vi chui cc t m. iu
ny c minh ho trong hnh 2.5 di y.
2 A 7
3 1 M 1 0 1 E 0

2 J CDG 4 0 K 4 J 2 5
3 I 4 H
5 6 7
Hnh 1.7. Hng cc im bin v m tng ng.
A 111 110 000 001 000110 101 110 101 010 100 010
I.2.4.3. M t phn
Theo phng php m t phn, mt vng ca nh coi nh bao kn bi
mt hnh ch nht. Vng ny c chia lm 4 vng con (quadrant). Nu mt
vng con gm ton im en (1) hay ton im trng (0) th khng cn chia

19
tip. Trong trng hp ngc li, vng con gm c en v trng gi l vng
xm li tip tc c chia lm 4 vng con tip. Qu trnh chia dng li khi
khng th chia tip c na, c ngha l vng con ch cha thun nht im
en hay trng. Nh vy, cy biu din gm mt chui cc k hiu b(black),
w(white) v g(grey) km theo k hiu m ho 4 vng con. Biu din theo
phng php ny u vit hn so vi cc phng php trn, nht l so vi m
lot di. Tuy nhin, tnh ton s o cc hnh nh chu vi, m men l kh
kh.
I.3. NNG CAO CHT LNG NH
I.3.1. Ci thin nh dng ton t im
khc nhau c cc dng khc nhau:
- Tng tng phn.
- Tch nhiu phn ngng.
- Bin i m bn.
- Ct theo mc.
- Trch chn bt.
- Tr nh.
- Nn di sng.
I.3.1.1. Tng tng phn.
tng phn biu din s thay i sng ca i tng so vi nn,
hay ni cch khc, tng phn l ni ca im nh hay vng nh so vi
nn.
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nh s l tp hp cc im, m mi im c gi tr sng khc nhau.
y, sng mt ngi d cm nhn nh song khng phi l quyt nh.
Thc t ch ra rng hai i tng c cng sng nhng t trn hai nn khc
nhau s cho cm nhn khc nhau. V vy, ta c th thay i tng phn
ca nh sao cho ph hp.
iu chnh tng phn ca nh, ta iu chnh bin ca nh
trn ton di hay trn di c gii hn bng cch bin i tuyn tnh bin
u vo (dng hm bin i l hm tuyn tnh) hay phi tuyn (hm m hay
1 trong min cn gin. Cc cn a, b c th chn khi xem xt lc xm ca
nh.

s s +
s +
< s
=
L u b v b u
b u a v a u
a u u
u f
b
a
) (
) (
0
) (
|
o

Ch : Nu gin tng phi bng hm tuyn tnh ta c:
o = | = nh kt qu trng vi nh gc.
o, |, >1 gin tng phn.
o, |, <1 co tng phn.
Hm m hay dng gin tng phn c dng
F = (X[m,n])
p
; p thng chn bng 2
v
b
v
a

a b
L
u
v
21

A B
A. nh gc B. nh tng tng phn
Hnh 1.8. Hnh tng tng phn

C D
C. nh gc D. nh tng tng phn
Hnh 1.9. nh gim tng phn
I.3.1.2. Tch nhiu v phn ngng.
s
s
< s
=
u b L
b u a u
a u
u f o
0 0
) (
22
Tch nhiu l trng hp c bit ca gin tng phn khi h s gc
o==0. Tch nhiu c ng dng trong trng hp khi bit tn hiu nm trn
khong [a, b].
Phn ngng l trng hp c bit ca tch nhiu khi a=b=const.
Trong trng hp ny nh u ra l nh nh phn (v ch c hai mc). Phn
ngng hay dng trong k thut in nh hai mu v nh gn nh phn khng
th cho ra nh nh phn khi qut nh bi c s xut hin ca nhiu do b cm
bin v s bin i ca nn. Th d nh trng hp nh vn tay.
I.3.1.3. Bin i m bn.
f(u) = L u
Bin i m bn rt c ch khi hin cc nh Y hc.

Hnh 1.10. A - nh gc; B - nh m bn
I.3.1.4. Ct theo mc.
K thut ny dng hai php nh x khc nhau cho trng hp c nn v
khng nn.

C nn
a b
u
v
23
s s
=
di Khac u
b u a L
u f ) (

Khng nn
s s
=
di Khac
b u a L
u f
0
) (

Bin i ny cho php phn on mt s mc xm t phn cn li ca
nh. N hu dng khi nhiu c tnh khc nhau ca nh nm trn nhiu min
mc xm khc nhau.

a b
u
v
24
Hnh 1.11
A- nh gc
B- Ct nh c nn vi L = 20, a = 0 v b = 20;
C- Ct nh c nn vi L = 50, a = 30 v b = 255;
D- Ct nh khng nn vi L = 50, a = 30 v b = 255;
I.3.1.5. Trch chn bt
b=64 ={0100 0000}, b=75 ={0100 1111}
Mi im nh c m ho trn B bt. Nu B=8 c nh 2
8
=256 mc xm (nh
nh phn ng vi B=1). Trong cc bt m ho ny, ngi ta chia lm hai loi:
bt bc thp v bt bc cao. Vi bt bc cao, bo ton thng tin cao hn
nhiu so vi bit bc thp.
U = k
1
2
B-1
+ k
2
2
B-2
+ ... + k
B-1
2 + k
B

Nu ta mun trch chn bit th n v hin chng, ta dng bin i:
=
=
di Khac
k neu L
u f
n
0
1
) (

25

Hnh 1.12. A- nh gc; B - nh vi bit 5; C - nh vi bit 4; D - nh vi bit 3
I.3.1.6. Tr nh
Tr nh dng tch nhiu khi nn. Ta quan st nh hai thi im
khc nhau, so snh chng tm ra s khc nhau, sau dng thng hai hai
nh ri tr i v thu c nh mi. nh mi chnh l s khc nhau. K
thut ny hay c dng trong d bo thi tit hay trong y hc.
I.3.1.7. Nn di sng
i khi do di ng ca nh ln, vic quan st khng thun tin, cn
phi thu nh di sng li m ngi ta gi l nn di sng. Ngi ta
dng php bin i Loga sau: v(m,n)=c log
10
(o+u(m,n)).
26
Vi c l hng s t l, o rt nh so vi u(m,n). Thng o chn c 10
-3
.
I.3.2. Ci thin nh dng ton t khng gian
I.3.2.1. Lm trn nhiu bng lc tuyn tnh
a. Lc trung bnh khng gian
Mi im nh c thay th bng lc trung bnh trng s ca cc im ln
cn:

e
=
w l k
l n k m y l k a n m v
) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
Nu ta dng cc trng s nh nhau, cng thc tr thnh.

e
=
w l k w
l n k m y
N
n m v
) , (
) , (
1
) , (
Vi
w
kl
N
a
1
= ; N
w
: l s im nh trong ca s lc.
y(m,n) : nh u vo.
v(m,n): nh u ra.
w(m,n): ca s lc.
a(m,n): trng s lc.
Lc trung bnh c trng s chnh l thc hin chp nh u vo vi nhn chp
H. Nhn chp H trong trng hp ny c dng:
(
(
(
=
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
9
1
H
Trong lc trung bnh i khi ngi ta u tin cho cc hng bo v bin
ca nh khi b m i do lm trn nh.
b. Lc thng thp
27
Lc thng thp thng s dng lm trn nhiu.
S dng mt s nhn chp sau:
(
(
(
=
0 1 0
1 2 1
0 1 0
8
1
H

(
(
(
+
=
1 1
1 1
) 2 (
1
2
2
b
b b b
b
b
H
b

Khi b=1 H
b
chnh l nhn chp H
1
(lc trung bnh).
hiu r hn, ta vit li phng trnh thu nhn nh di dng:
X
qs
[m,n] = X
goc

2
n
. Nh vy, theo cch tnh
ca lc trung bnh ta c:

e
+ =
w l k
goc
w
n m l n k m x
N
n m Y
) , (
] , [ ) , (
1
) , ( q
Hay:

e
+ =
w l k w
n
goc
w
N
l n k m x
N
n m Y
) , (
2
) , (
1
) , (
o

Nh vy nhiu cng trong nh gim i N
w
ln.
c. Lc ng hnh
K thut lc ny hiu qu i vi nhiu nhn. Thc t nh quan st c gm

X (m,n) : nh gc
X (m,n) : nh thu c

28
Lc ng hnh thc hin ly logarit ca nh quan st.

R rng nhiu nhn c trong nh s b gim.
I.3.2.2. Lm trn nhiu bng lc phi tuyn:
a. Lc trung v
v(m,n)= Trung vi(y(m-k,n- (1.1)
K thut ny i hi gi tr cc im nh trong ca s phi xp theo th t
tng hay gim dn so vi gi tr trung v. Kch thc ca s thng c
chn sao cho s im nh trong ca s l s l. Cc ca s hay dng l ca s
3 x3, 5x5, hay 7x7. Th d:
Nu y(m)={2,3,8,4,2} v ca s W= (-1,0,1), nh kt qu thu c sau lc
trung v s l v(m)= (2,3,4,4,2).
Thc vy: mi ln ta so snh mt dy 3 im nh u vo vi trung v, khng
k im bin. Do :
v[0]=2<gi tr bin>
v[1]= Trung v(2,3,8)=3
v[2]= Trung v (3,8,4)=4
v[3]=Trung v(8,4,2)=4
v[4]=2<Gi tr bin>
Tnh chtca lc trung v:
- Lc trung v l phi tuyn v:
Trung v ((x(m) + y (m))# Trung v(x(m)) + Trung v(y(m))
- Hu ch cho vic loi b cc im cc im nh hay cc hng m vn bo
ton phn gii.
29
- Hiu qu gim khi s im nhiu trong ca s ln hn hay bng mt na s
im trong ca s. iu ny d gii thch v trung v l (N
w
+1)/2 gi tr ln
nht nu N
w
l. Lc trung v cho trng hp 2 chiu coi nh lc trung v tch
c theo tng chiu, c ngha l ngi ta tin hnh lc trung v cho ct tip
theo cho hng.
b. Lc ngoi (Outlier Filter)
Gi thit rng c mt mc ngng no cho cc mc nhiu (c th da vo
lc xm). Tin hnh so snh gi tr ca mt im nh vi trung bnh s
hc 8 ln cn ca n. Nu s sai lch ny ln hn ngng, im nh ny c
coi nh nhiu. Trong trng hp ny ta thay th gi tr ca im nh bng gi
tr trung bnh 8 ln cn va tnh c. Cc ca s tnh ton thng l 3x3.
Tuy nhin ca s c th m rng n 5x5 hay 7x7 m bo tnh tng
quan gia cc im nh. Vn quan trng l xc nh ngng loi nhiu
m vn khng lm mt thng tin.
I.4. BIN I NH
I.4.1. Bin i Fourrier-TF: khi nim v cng thc
Bin i Fourrier cho mt tn hiu c th hnh dung nh sau:
x(t) TF X(f)

Min thi gian Min tn s
Mt s ng dng cn min phc, ngi ta dng bin i phc (bin i z) :
x(n) TZ X(z) vi z l bin phc
Bin i Fourrier cho mt tn hiu mt chiu gm mt cp bin i:
30
- Bin i thun: chuyn s biu din t khng gian thc sang khng
gian tn s (ph v pha). Cc thnh phn tn s ny c gi l cc biu din
trong khng gian Fourrier ca tn hiu.
- Bin i ngc: chuyn i s biu din ca i tng t khng gian
Fourrier sang khng gian thc.
I.4.1.1. Khng gian mt chiu
Cho mt hm f(x) lin tc. Bin i Fourrier ca f(x), k hiu F(u), u
biu din tn s khng gian, c nh ngha:
F(u) = f x e dx
ixu
( )

}
2t
(1.2)
Bin i ngc ca F(u) cho f(x) c nh ngha:
f(x) = F u e du
ixu
( )
2t
}
(1.3)
I.4.1.2. Khng gian hai chiu
Cho f(x,y) hm biu din nh lin tc trong khng gian 2 chiu, cp
bin i Fourier cho f(x,y) c nh ngha:
- Bin i thun F(u,v) =
} }

+
dxdy e y x f
yv xu i ) ( 2
) , (
t
(1.4)
u,v biu din tn s khng gian.
- Bin i ngc f(x,y) = F u v e dudv
i xu yv
( , )
( ) 2t +
} }
(1.5)
I.4.2. Bin i Fourrier ri rc DFT
Bin i DFT c pht trin da trn bin i Fourrier cho nh s.
y, ta dng tng thay cho tch phn. Bin i DFT tnh cc gi tr ca bin
i Fourrier cho mt tp cc gi tr trong khng gian tn s c cch u.
31
I.4.2.1. DFT cho tn hiu mt chiu
Vi tn hiu mt chiu, ngi ta biu din bi mt chui trc giao cc
hm c s. Vi cc hm lin tc, khai trin chui trc giao s cung cp chui
cc h s dng trong nhiu qu trnh khc nhau hay trong phn tch hm. Khai
trin Fourrier ri rc DFT cho mt dy {u(n), n = 0, 1, ..., N-1} nh ngha
bi:
v(k) = u n WN
n
N
kn
( )
=
0
1
vi k =0, 1, ..., N-1 (1.6)
vi W
N
= e
-j2t/N

v bin i ngc u(n) =
1
0
1
N
v k
k
N
( )
=
W
N
-kn
, k=0, 1, ..., N-1 (1.7)
I.4.2.2. DFT cho tn hiu hai chiu (nh s)
Cp DFT n v hai chiu c nh ngha:
v(k,l) =
1
0
1
0
1
N
u m n
n
N
m
N
( , )
=

W
N
(km+ln)
0 = l, k = N-1 (1.8)
u(m,n) =
1
0
1
0
1
N
v k l
l
N
k
N
( , )
=

W
N
-(km+ ln)
0 = m, n = N-1 (1.9)
y, W
N
(km+ln)
l ma trn nh c s. Nhc li rng e
jo
= cos(o) +jsin(o)
(cng thc le). Do vy:
W
N
(km+ln)
= e
-j2t(km+ln)/N
= cos(2t(km+ln)/N) - j sin (2t(km+ln)/N).
Nh vy, cc hm c s trong ma trn nh c s ca bin i Fourier l
cc hm cosine v hm sine. Theo tnh ton trn, ta thy bin i Fourrier
biu din nh trong khng gian mi theo cc hm sine v cosine.
I.4.3. Bin i KL
a. nh nghav khi nim:
32
Cho u l mt vc t cc s thc ngu nhin; vct c s ca bin i
KL l cc vc t ring trc giao ca ma trn hip bin R cho bi phng
trnh: R
k
=
k
k
; 0 s k sN-1
Bin i KL ca u l v = u*
T
u (1.10)
v bin i ngc u = uv =
k
N
=
0
1
v(k) u
k
(1.11)
u l vc t ct, v l vct hng v u
k
l ct th k ca ma trn u.
Bin i u a R v dng ng cho :
33
1

u*
T
Ru = =
2

. . .
N

Thng ngi ta hay lm vic vi ma trn A hn.
b. Bin i KL ca nh:
Nu mt nh u(m,n) NxN c biu din bi trng ngu nhin, ma trn A
cho bi:
E[u(m,n)u(m',n')] = r(m,n;m',n -1 (1.12)
k,l
l li
gii ca phng trnh:
n
N
m
N
=

0
1
0
1

k,l

k,l k,l
(1.13)
Theo k php
i

i i
i = 0, 1, ..., N
2
-1 (1.14)
i
l vc t N
2

k,l
v R l ma trn N
2
x N
2
nh x vo
vc t u, R = E[uu].
N2 x N2

i
s tch c:

k,l
(m
1 2
hayR = R
1 2
(1.15)
T
1
*T
2
*T

1 2
(1.16)

34
I.5. LM NI V TCH NG BIN NH
I.5.1. Lm ni ng bin nh qua b lc FIR
V ng bin nh chim di tn s cao trong ph ca nh, nn ta c
th lm ni hoc tch ng bin nh qua b lc thng cao. Dng cho chc
nng ny, ta c th dng b lc tng phn pha c im ct tn s cao
lm ni ng bin nh v lm m cc chi tit khc ca nh c tn s thp.
Mt phng php khc hay dng lm ni ng bin nh l dng b
lc Laplace, nh ngha nh sau:
(1.17)

y f(x,y) l hm cng ca nh. c tnh tn s ca Laplace c nh
ngha nh sau:

2
2
2
1 2 1
) , ( e e e e + = H (1.18)
hiu hot ng ca phng php Laplace trong vic trch ra ng
bin, xem s v d hnh 1.14. Chng l s n gin ho sn m v sn
dng ng bin.

Hnh 1.13.(a) Kt qu s dng b lc PCF vi 7 . 1 =
c
e .
(b) Kt qu s dng lc PCF vi 0 . 2 =
c
e .

y
y x f
x
y x f
y x f
2
2
2
2
2
) , ( ) , (
) , (
c
c
+
c
c
= V
35

Hnh 1.14. o hm bc nht v bc hai ca ng bin.
R rng l o hm bc hai c th dng pht hin ng bin nh. Thng
thng, cc im ct zero ca o hm bc hai l ni c ng bin nh. Cn
phi nh rng o hm ca mt hm hai bin ti bt k im no cng ph
thuc vo hng ly o hm.
Cc b lc FIR c th dng xp x mt Laplace.
I.5.2. Tch ng bin nh qua cch tip cn khong cch
I.5.2.1. Ton t Robert
N bao gm hai mt n sau y :

Chiu di ng bin nh c th rt ra bng cch dng bt k php x l
khng tuyn tnh no sau y.
y i j y i j y i j ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) = +
1
2
2
2
(1.19)

{ }
y i j y i j y i j ( , ) max ( , ) , ( , ) =
1 2
(1.20)
W
1

0 -1
1 0

W
2

-1 0
0 1

f(x)
a

x
f x
c
c

b

x
fx
2
2
c
c

c
36

{ }
y i j y i j y i j ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) = +
1 2
(1.21)
Trong y
1
(i,j) v y
2
(i,j) l p ng rt ra t mu W
1
v W
2
. Hai biu thc
cui cng c dng thng xuyn nht. Hng ca ng bin u(i,j), tnh
theo phng nm ngang, c th rt ra bi:

) , (
) , (
tan
4
) , (
1
2 1
j i y
j i y
j i

=
t
u (1.22)
Cc phn t trong mt n gi l cc trng s.
I.5.2.2. Ton t Sobel
Phng php Sobel c thit k xp x hm gradient ri rc. Mt n x l
Sobel c dng sau:

V nh chiu di ng bin tnh ra t tnh ton dng biu thc (1.19), (1.20)
hoc (1.21). Hng ca ng bin tnh t:
u( . ) tan
( , )
( , )
i j
y i j
y i j
=
1 2
1
(1.23)
Ch rng W
1
dng tch ly ng bin dc nh, cn W
2
dng tch ly
ng bin ngang ca nh.
I.5.2.3. Cc mt n gradient khp kn
Chng c pht trin da trn s nh gi tt c cc hng c th ca
mt ng bin nh trong mt nh ri rc. Bi vy thay v ch p dng hai
1 0 -1
2 0 -2
1 0 -1

W
1
-1 -2 -1
0 0 0
1 2 1

W
2

37
mt n nh hai phng php trc, tm mt n c dng, mi ci cung
cp mt cnh ng bin dc theo mt trong tm hng c th ca vng (xem
hnh 5.4). Bn kiu khc nhau ca cc mt n ca phng php ny cho
pha di. Chng l s pht trin da trn m hnh d liu c s cho ng
bin trong nh.

Hnh 1.15. Cc hng x l.
I.6. NHN DNG NH
I.6.1. M hnh tham s
S dng mt vct c t i tng. Mi phn t ca vct m t mt c
tnh ca i tng.
Gi s tip :
x
0
=
1
1
N
i
N
=
x
i

y
0
=
1
1
N
i
N
=
y
i

l to tm im. Nh vy, moment trung tm bc p, q ca ng bao l:

1
2
0
7 6 5
4
3
E
NE
N
NW
W
SW
S
SE
38

pq
=
1
1
N
i
N
=
(x
i
-x
0
)
p
(y
i
-y
0
)
q
(1.24)
Vct tham s trong trng hp ny chnh l cc moment
ij
vi i=1,
2,...,p v j=1, 2,...,q. Cn trng s cc c trng hnh hc, ngi ta hay s
dng chu tuyn, ng bao, din tch v t l T = 4tS/p
2
, vi S l din tch, p
l chu tuyn.
Vic la chn phng php biu din s lm n gin cch xy dng.
Tuy nhin, vic la chn c trng no l hon ton ph thuc vo ng dng.
I.6.2. M hnh cu trc:
Cch tip cn ca m hnh ny da vo vic m t i tng nh mt
s khi nim biu th cc i tng c s trong ngn ng t nhin. m t
i tng, ngi ta dng mt s dng nguyn thu nh on thng, cung,
v,...,v. Chng hn mt hnh ch nht c nh ngha gm 4 on thng
vung gc vi nhau tng i mt.
I.7. NN D LIU NH
Nn d liu l qu trnh lm gim lng thng tin "d tha" trong d
liu gc v do vy, lng thng tin thu c sau nn thng nh hn d liu
gc rt nhiu. Vi d liu nh, kt qu thng l 10 : 1. Mt s phng php
cn cho kt qu cao hn.
Ngoi thut ng "nn d liu, do bn cht ca k thut ny n cn c
mt s tn gi khc nh: gim d tha, m ho nh gc.
I.7.1. Cc loi d tha d liu
I.7.1.1. S phn b k t
Trong mt dy k t, c mt s k t c tn sut xut hin nhiu hn
mt s dy khc. Do vy, ta c th m ho d liu mt cch c ng hn. Cc
39
dy k t c tn xut cao c thay bi mt t m nh phn vi s bt nh;
ngc li cc dy c tn xut thp s c m ho bi t m c nhiu bt hn.
y chnh l bn cht ca phng php m ho Huffman.
- S lp li ca cc k t
Trong mt s tnh hung nh trong nh, 1 k hiu (bt "0" hay bt "1")
c lp i lp li mt s ln. K thut nn dng trong trng hp ny l thay
dy lp bi dy mi gm 2 thnh phn: s ln lp v k hiu dng m.
Phng php m ho kiu ny c tn l m ho lot di RLC (Run Length
Coding).
I.7.1.2. Nhng mu s dng tn sut
C th c dy k hiu no xut hin vi tn sut tng i cao. Do
vy, c th m ho bi t bt hn. y l c s ca phng php m ho kiu
t in do Lempel-Ziv a ra v c ci tin vo nm 1977, 1978 v do c
tn gi l phng php nn LZ77, LZ78. Nm 1984, Terry Welch ci tin
hiu qu hn v t tn l LZW (Lempel-Ziv- Welch).
I.7.1.3. d tha v tr
Do s ph thuc ln nhau ca d liu, i khi bit c k hiu (gi tr)
xut hin ti mt v tr, ng thi c th on trc s xut hin ca cc gi
tr cc v tr khc nhau mt cch ph hp. Chng hn, nh biu din trong
mt li hai chiu, mt s im hng dc trong mt khi d lu li xut
hin trong cng v tr cc hng khc nhau. Do vy, thay v lu tr d liu, ta
ch cn lu tr v tr hng v ct. Phng php nn da trn s d tha ny
gi l phng php m ho d on.
Cch nh gi d tha nh trn hon ton mang tnh trc quan
nhm biu th mt ci g xut hin nhiu ln. i vi d liu nh, ngoi
c th chung , n cn c nhng c th ring. Th d nh c ng dng
40
khng cn ton b d liu th ca nh m ch cn cc thng tin c trng biu
din nh nh bin nh hay vng ng nht. Do vy, c nhng phng php
nn ring cho nh da vo bin i nh hay da vo biu din nh.
I.7.2. Phn loi cc phng php nn
C nhiu cch phn loi cc phng php nn khc nhau. Cch th
nht da vo nguyn l nn. Cch ny phn cc phng php nn thnh 2 h
ln:
- Nn chnh xc hay nn khng mt thng tin (Lossless): h ny bao
gm cc phng php nn m sau khi gii nn ta thu c chnh xc d
liu gc.
- Nn c mt mt thng tin (Lossy): h ny bao gm cc phng php
m sau khi gii nn ta khng thu c d liu nh bn gc. Trong nn
nh, ngi ta gi l cc phng php "tm l th gic". Cc phng
php ny li dng tnh cht ca mt ngi, chp nhn mt s vn xon
trong nh khi khi phc li. Tt nhin, cc phng php ny ch c hiu
qu khi m vn xon l chp nhn c bng mt thng hay vi
dung sai no .
Cch phn loi th hai da vo cch thc thc hin nn. Theo cch ny,
ngi ta cng phn thnh hai h:
- Phng php khng gian (Spatial Data Compression): cc phng
php thuc h ny thc hin nn bng cch tc ng trc tip ln vic
ly mu ca nh trong min khng gian.
- Phng php s dng bin i (Transform Coding): Gm cc
phng php tc ng ln s bin i ca nh gc m khng tc ng
trc tip nh h trn [6].
41

C mt cch phn loi khc na, cch phn loi th ba, da vo trit l ca s
m ho. Cch ny cng phn cc phng php nn thnh 2 h:
- Cc phng php nn th h th nht: Gm cc phng php m
mc tnh ton l n gin, th d nh vic ly mu, gn t m, v..
v...
- Cc phng php nn th h th hai: Da vo mc bo ho ca t
l nn.
Trong cc phn trnh by di y, ta s theo cch phn loi ny.
Cng cn phi k thm mt cch phn loi th t do Anil.K.Jain nu ra. Theo
cch ca Jain, cc phng php nn gm 4 h chnh:
- Phng php im.
- Phng php d on.
- Phng php da vo bin i.
- Cc phng php t hp (Hybrid).
Thc ra cch phn loi ny l chia nh ca cch phn loi th ba v da
vo c ch thc hin nn. Xt mt cch k lng n cng tng ng cch
phn loi th ba.
Nhn chung, qu trnh nn v gii nn d liu c th m t mt cch tm
tt theo s di y:
Qu trnh nn
D liu gc D liu nn
Qu trnh gii nn

Hnh 1.16. S chc nng qu trnh nn d liu

42
CHNG II. KHO ST H THNG THC
II.1. Cc chc nng h tr ca my tnh trong qu trnh dy hc
II.1.1. Chc nng lu tr v x l thng tin
My tnh c th qun l, x l cung cp thng tin khc nhau nh vn
bn, d liu thng k, suy lun logic, cc cng thc, cc php ton v cc
dng khc nhau ca tri thc. My tnh s pht huy c sc mnh ca n khi
thng tin cn cung cp c trch t ngn hng d liu. kha cnh ny, my
tnh phc v xut sc nu nhim v ca ngi hc c mt trong cc yu cu
sau:
- Tm kim thng tin.
- Chn lc thng tin.
Kim tra mt khi nim c ni dung xc nh thng qua lin kt trong
ngn hng d liu.
II.1.2. Chc nng iu chnh hot ng hc tp
Nu c lp trnh thch hp, my tnh c th iu chnh hon thin v
pht trin hot ng hc tp ca hc sinh. My tnh lm cho cc mn hc tr
nn hng th hn i vi hc sinh, kch thch hc sinh tm ti, khm ph kin
thc mi. My tnh gip cho hc sinh pht trin kh nng din t, kh nng
t duy logic (c bit t duy thut ton).
Da vo mc ch dy hc v kt qu hc tp ca tng hc sinh, my
tnh cung cp thng tin phn hi (thng tin ngc) cho hc sinh nhm gip
h c th iu chnh hot ng hc tp ca mnh.
II.1.3. Chc nng luyn tp v thc hnh
Cc chng trnh luyn tp v thc hnh trn my tnh gip hc sinh
c c hi tt tip xc vi nhng vn thc tin c n gin ho sao
43
cho ph hp vi kh nng v trnh hc sinh. Hc sinh c th luyn tp
hoc thc hnh trn my tnh trc khi bt tay vo lm vic vi i tng
thc.
II.1.4. Chc nng minh ho v trc quan
My tnh cung cp mt kh nng ln v lu tr, th hin cc hnh nh,
m thanh. Chnh v vy, nh my tnh, cc hnh nh trc quan trong qu trnh
dy hc c th c th hin mt cch sinh ng, a dng v phong ph.
II.1.5. Chc nng h tr thit k
Chc nng ny th hin vic a vo qu trnh dy hc cc chng
trnh ho hay cc chng trnh tng t.
II.1.6. Chc nng m hnh ho v m phng
M hnh ho v m phng l nhng phng php gn tng t nhau
dng phn nh tin trnh nghin cu khoa hc v sau dy v c s
ca cc tin trnh . Trong khoa hc, m hnh ho cc qu trnh l thuyt
c coi l con ng tt nht hun luyn t duy khoa hc v phng
php gii quyt vn , m hnh ho, ta c th tm thy hu nh tt c cc
khu ca qu trnh nhn thc v khm ph in hnh i vi mt ngi
nghin cu.
II.1.7. Chc nng lin lc
Chc nng lin lc ca my tnh c s dng nhiu trong nhng trng
hp m mi lin lc gia ngi hc v ngi dy mt cch trc tip gp kh
khn (v d o to t xa). Trong nhng trng hp my tnh ng vai tr
l phng tin truyn thng gia ngi dy v ngi hc.
44
II.1.8. Chc nng nh gi
My tnh, qua cc phn mm dy hc, ng vai tr l mt thit b phn
tch v nh gi cc bi kim tra, chun on a ra cc hng gii quyt (cc
thng tin phn hi).
II.2. Cc quan im thit k phn mm theo hng dy hc vi s gip
ca my tnh
II.2.1. Cc quan im c tnh c in
Cc quan im c in nht trong vic thit k cc phn mm dy hc
c tm thy trong cc dng ng dng c phn cp theo mc ch ng
iu khin cc phn mm. C th ch ra cc dng thit k phn mm sau:
- Thit k cc phn mm luyn tp v thc hnh.
- Thit k cc phn mm m phng.
- Thit k cc phn mm gia s.
- Thit k cc phn mm h tr cho vic m hnh ho.
- Thit k cc h tng tc (gia ngi hc v my) trn c s tri thc.
- Thit k cc h tm kim thng tin.
- Thit k cc phn mm tnh ton.
- Thit k cc phn mm dng trong th nghim.
II.2.2. Xy dng cc vi th gii
S xut hin ca my tnh trong dy hc c th gip ch cho vic gii
quyt cc xung t v nhn thc gia ci mi v ci bit cng nh cc vn
tng t bng cch to ra cc th gii ch tn ti trn my tnh v tun theo
cc quy lut m l thuyt ca th gii thc khng nh.
45
II.2.3. Xy dng h tc gi
Cc ngn ng tc gi hoc h tc gi cho php ngi gio vin vi mt
kin thc ti thiu v tin hc cng c th to ra cc sn phm l cc chng
trnh dy hc. H tc gi cho php gio vin pht huy tnh tch cc nng lc
sng to ca mnh trong vic xy dng cc bi hc di s h tr ca my
tnh. ng thi n cng gip cho hc sinh nng cao hiu bit, kh nng t
duy, phn on v rn luyn trong qu trnh t hc, t nghin cu.
II.2.4. Xy dng h chuyn gia
H chuyn gia l phn mm cha cc tri thc v mt lnh vc c th v
trong mt mc no , h c kh nng gii quyt nhng yu cu ca ngi
s dng trnh ca mt chuyn gia c kinh nghim lu nm.
H chuyn gia c th lu tr, cp nht tri thc ca nhiu chuyn gia
trong cng mt lnh vc v s dng tri thc trong cng vic m h m
nhim. Trong lnh vc gio dc, h chuyn gia nh nhng ngi thy my
tnh c th gip hc sinh mt cch c lc trong hc tp bng cch a ra
nhng hng dn, cch thc gii bi tp, kim tra kin thc ca hc sinh
Ngoi ra, my tnh c th hiu cc cu hi v tr li ca ngi s dng
cc vn lin quan n ni dung hc tp.
II.3. Cc dng ng dng c th ca my tnh trong dy hc tin hc
Hin nay trong thc t xut hin cc chng trnh h ch cho dy
hc tin hc v cc kha cnh nh:
- Minh ho v trnh by kin thc.
- M phng cc qu trnh.
46
II.4. Mt s tiu chun xy dng phn mm h tr dy hc
II.4.1. Nhng tiu chun v phn cng.
Nhng yu cu v phn cng bao gm: Loi my tnh, dung lng a
cn thit, cc thit b ngoi vi (mn hnh, a, chut, bn phm,), h iu
hnh dng cho phn mm.
Nhng tiu chun v phn cng phi c nu c th v r rng to
iu kin cho ngi s dng c th khai thc ht cc tnh nng v tc dng
ca phn mm.
II.4.2. Nhng yu cu v mt s phm
a. Ni dung dy hc
Tc gi phi nu r mc ch c th ca phm vi s dng ca phn
mm: phn mm dy hc mn hc no, p dng cho i tng no, thuc th
loi no.
b. Tnh chnh xc v mt khoa hc thut ng
Nhng thng tin phi c m bo chnh xc v khoa hc ca vn
c trnh by. Vn phong phi r rng, cch din t phi d hiu, c ng,
xc tch. Cc chun v chnh t ngn ng ting vit phi c m bo.
II.4.3. Yu cu v cch th hin
a. Trnh bytrn mn hnh
Ni dung trn mn hnh phi r rng, ph hp vi ni dung dy hc.
Lng thng tin c cung cp trn mt trang mn hnh di hnh thc vn
bn, hnh v, tranh nh phi va .
Nhng thng tin quan trng phi th hin mt cch r rng trn mn
hnh, trnh gy nhm ln cho ngi s dng. Cc th thut v mu sc nhng
khng nn lm dng qu nhiu s lm cho ngi hc kh chu. Thm vo
47
l cch b tr khng gian v cch trnh by thch hp cng ng vai tr trong
vic gy hng th cho ngi hc.
b. H thng bng chn
Phn mm phi c h thng bng chn y ngi s dng c
c ci nhn tng th v mn hc, bi hc. Nh n m chng trnh c th
em li tin li cao.
II.5. Thc trng v vn ging dy cc trng H, C hin nay
Trong tt c cc trng i hc, cao ng nc ta ni chung v H
Hng Hi hin nay vic ging dy cc mn hc hu ht cha theo mt h
thng bi ging chung, m thng l theo tng trng, tng Khoa, B mn
quy nh, thm ch l do gio vin t nghin cu, la chn ti liu ging
dy cho sinh vin. c bit l ivi cc mn hc ca Khoa Cng ngh thng
tin l nhng mn hc mi, hoc c t lu nhng nu s dng cc gio trnh
hay ti liu c th kin thc truyn t cho sinh vin lc hu so vi hin ti.
Cc gio trnh mi c rt nhiu cc gio trnh bng ting Anh, Nga nn rt
kh sinh vin tip cn mt cch hiu qu v kh nng dch sch ca sinh
vin cn nhiu hn ch. Mt s mn hc, gio trnh ting Vit c nhng
cha c B Gio dc chun ha a vo ging dy. Nhng cun sch
thng l sch dch v vi cc tc gi khc nhau th cch tip cn mn hc
cng rt khc nhau. V vy lm cho sinh vin rt kh khn trong vic la
chn.
II.6. Nhng hn ch ca phng thc ging dy thng thng
Cch thc ging dy thng thng t ra khng my hu hiu v lm cho
vic ging dy gp nhiu kh khn, nht l i vi nhng mn hc mi.
- Vic qun l v ging dy khng tp trung do khng thng nht v gio
trnh ging dy.
48
- Kh khn cho gio vin nu cha c kinh nghim ging dy v mn
hc v mt thi gian trong vic tip cn mn hc, su tm ti liu, gio
trnh v kh khn trong vic ging dy cho sinh vin.
- i vi hc vin lun b ng v mt gio trnh, ti liu tham kho
cng nh yu cu t ra sau khi kt thc mn hc. Do , kt qu hc tip thu
kin thc truyn t t gio vin b hn ch.
- Phng php ging dy i vi sinh vin cn nhiu hn ch: kin thc
truyn t trn lp b hn ch nu ch dng phn vit v bng, gy kh khn
cho gio vin nu mun truyn t thm thng tin bi v gio vin mt nhiu
thi gian vit.
- Sau khi dy xong phn l thuyt ca bi hc, thng khng c s
minh ho cho cc thut ton, cng thc ca bi hc nn hiu qu truyn
t kin thc cho sinh vin cn cha cao.
Nhng hn ch trn dn ti yu cu nn c mt gio trnh thng
nht, mt chng trnh h tr ging dy cho tng mn hc Khoa Cng
ngh thng tin c th d dng qun l chung vic ging dy cho sinh vin
trong Hc vin. Nu c chng trnh h tr ging dy mn hc X l nh, khi
c b mn phn cng ging dy theo k hoch lp t u hc k, gio
vin s dng chng trnh trn lm cng c h tr ging dy mn hc X
l nh cho sinh vin.
II.7. Nhng u im ca vic s dng chng trnh h tr ging dy
Khi s dng chng trnh h tr ging dy mn hc X l nh, gio
vin c th s dng my tnh v my chiu ging dy cho sinh vin. Cch
thc ging dy ny c nhng u im nh sau:
- C mt chng trnh h tr ging dy cho mn hc X l nh vi
cht lng cao do chng trnh c th cp nht, sa i cho ph hp vi yu
cu ging dy.
49
- Da vo chng trnh h tr ging dy m gio vin khng phi ging
gii ton b ni dung bi hc t u n cui trong gio n ca mnh nh
trc y m vi nhng ni dung trnh by trn my chiu gio vin ch cn
phn tch, ging gii su hn, m rng thm ni dung .
- Gio vin c th truyn t cho sinh vin lng kin thc ln hn rt
nhiu trong cng mt thi gian ging bi do tit kim c thi gian vit
bng. Vic thao tc vi ni dung bi hc c thc hin n gin, nhanh
chng.
- Sinh vin c cch thc tip cn vi kin thc mt cch trc quan hn.
c bit l kh nng minh ha ni dung l thuyt ca mi bi hc c thc
hin mt cch t ng trong chng trnh, do sinh vin nm bt c ni
dung bi ging mt cch su sc hn. Lng kin thc thu c sau khi kt
thc mn hc cng c tng ln rt nhiu.
II.8. So snh chng trnh h tr ging dy vi gio trnh in t v cc
ti liu PowerPoint
Tuy vic s dng cc gio trnh in t hay cc ti liu PowerPoint cng
gip ch mt phn no cho vic dy v hc cc mn hc nhng chng
trnh h tr ging dy c nhng u im vt tri so vi hai hnh thc trn:
- Cc gio trnh in t ch c vai tr l nhng ti liu tham kho i vi
gio vin hay sinh vin v khi lng kin thc ca n rt ln, c ch nh,
thng s dng thanh trt di chuyn gia cc ni dung nn tht bt tin
v khng th dng n trnh din bng my chiu khi ging bi.
- Cc gio trnh in t thng khng c kh nng cp nht, sa i ni
dung cc bi hc cho ph hp vi mc ch ca ngi gio vin v n thng
c to bng cc trang Web.
- Cc ti liu PowerPoint khc phc c nhc dim ca gio trnh
in t l c th dng trnh by bng my chiu v thc t y l cch thc
50
ph bin ca vic ging dy bng my chiu. Cc ti liu PowerPoint cng c
kh nng cp nht sa i c.
- Tuy nhin hn ch ln nht ca gio trnh in t hay ti liu
PowerPoint l khng c kh nng m phng cc v d, cc gii thut,
ca phn l thuyt. Chnh v vy m chng trnh h tr ging dy ra i,
khng nhng k tha nhng c im tt ca PowerPoint m cn khc phc
nhc im . y thc s l mt cng c c lc phc v cho cng tc
ging dy, l xu hng pht trin ca cng ngh dy v hc trong tng lai .
II.9. Tim nng ca vic s dng chng trnh h tr ging dy
Chng trnh h tr ging dy l mt d n c tim nng s dng lu di
v c hiu qu i vi cng tc qun l o to sinh vin nh cc u im
sau:
- C tnh n nh cao, kh nng lu tr v s dng lu di, khng b mt
mt, tht lc do c lu tr trn a v c backup thng xuyn.
- C kh nng m rng lm tng cht lng v ph hp vi s pht trin
ca cng ngh do c th thng xuyn cp nht thm cc ni dung v bi tp
mi. Ni dung ging dy c qun l tp trung, thng nht.
- Kh nng sai st, nhm ln rt t do c kim tra k lng trc
khi a vo s dng, c th chnh sa v xo b khi cn thit ph hp vi
yu cu ca mn hc.
- L mt cng c ging dy mt cch trc quan vi vic ging dy c
thc hin bng my chiu, y l mt xu hng pht trin tt yu ca cng
ngh dy v hc hin nay ti cc trng i hc, cao ng.
- Vic hc l thuyt i i vi thc hnh v chng trnh c kh nng m
phng cc gii thut, cng thc. V vy sinh vin nm bt kin thc mn hc
su sc hn, nh lu hn. Do hiu qu ging dy tng ln rt nhiu.
51
y l mt ti c ng dng thit thc trong qu trnh qun l v o
to hc vin ti H Hng Hi ni ring v cc trng i hc, cao ng ni
chung nhm mc ch chun ho qu trnh o to, lm c s cho vic qun
l quy trnh o to mn X l nh ni ring v cc mn hc ni chung, gp
phn nng cao cht lng ging dy cng nh o to sinh vin. Chng
trnh h tr ging dy mn hc X l nh ra i s gip vic ra ging dy
c st chng trnh, gip tit kim thi gian, cng sc trong qu trnh
nghin cu tip cn mn hc ca gio vin, sinh vin, l cng c h tr hu
hiucho cng tc ging dy ca Khoa CNTT trong cc nh trng.
52
CHNG III. PHN TCH H THNG
Hin ti cc trng cao ng v i hc vn cha c phn mm h
tr ging dy mn hc X l nh. Mn hc ny vn c ging dy trng
vi phng php truyn thng l ging gii bng phn v bng.
Thng qua vic kho st h thng thc, tm hiu nhng c im ca
chng trnh h tr ging dy mn hc X l nh, ta c th a ra s mi
trng v s chc nng ca h thng nh sau:
III.1. S mi trng

Hnh 3.1. S mi trng
53
III.2. S chc nng

Hnh 3.2. S chc nng
54
- S phn cp chc nng vi phn L thuyt:

Hnh 3.3. S chc nng L thuyt
55
- S phn cp chc nng vi phn Bi tp:

Hnh 3.4. S chc nng Bi tp
56
- S phn cp chc nng vi phn V d:

Hnh 3.5. S chc nng V d
III.3. Mc ch yu cu ca chng trnh
III.3.1. Mc ch chng trnh
Mc ch ca chng trnh l cung cp nhng kin thc c bn nht v
l thuyt ca mn hc x l nh cho ngi dy cng nh ngi hc da trn
mt s gio trnh v x l nh hin nay. Phn ni dung l thuyt ny khng i
su vo cc chng minh ton hc kh hiu m c trnh by mt cch ht
sc ngn gn, c ng nhng vn y v ni dung bi hc.
III.3.2. Yu cu chng trnh
Chng trnh xy dng phi t c cc yu cu sau:
- Cho php s dng ni dung phn l thuyt ca mn hc X l nh.
- Minh ha c cc ni dung c trnh by trong phn l thuyt.
- C th cp nht, sa i ni dung cc bi hc.
57
Ni dung chng trnh phi chnh xc. Phn l thuyt trnh by ngn gn,
d hiu. Phn m phng phi r rng, sinh ng.
Giao din chng trnh trc quan, d s dng, d quan st ni dung bi
hc. C th chuyn t trang ny sang trang khc mt cch d dng.

58
CHNG IV. THIT K V XY DNG CHNG TRNH
IV.1. Thit k ni dung
Chng trnh gm c 3 ni dung chnh sau:
- Phn bi ging l thuyt mn hc X l nh: Gm c cc ch chnh
sau y:
1. GII THIU V X L NH
1.1 Tng quan v mt h thng x l nh
1.2 Cc thuc tnh ca nh
2. BIU DIN NH
1.3 Ly mu v lng t ha
1.4 Mt s phng php biu din nh
3. TNG CNG NH - KHI PHC NH
1.5 Tng cng nh - Cc k thut tng cng nh
1.5.1 Ci thin nh dng ton t im
1.5.2 Ci thin nh dng ton t khng gian
1.6 Khi phc nh
4. BIN I NH
1.7 Bin i Fourrier-TF: khi nim v cng thc
1.8 Bin i Fourrier ri rc DFT
1.9 Bin i KL
5. LM NI V TCH NG BIN NH
6. NHN DNG NH
7. NN D LIU NH
59
Ni dung ca mi ch c trnh by mt cch ht sc c ng nhng
vn y ngi hc c th nm c vn ct li ca bi hc . Vi
mi ch s c phn thnh cc trang bi ging, s lng trang ca mi
ch tu thuc vo di ca n. Vic chuyn i gia cc trang bi ging
c thc hin mt cch n gin ch bng ng tc click chut.
- Phn bi tp ca cc bi hc: Vi mi chng bi ging u c mt s
bi tp a ra nhm gip cho sinh vin cng c thm kin thc ca bi
hc .
- Phn minh ho cho cc bi ging l thuyt, ngi s dng c th hiu
c mt cch trc quan ca phn ni dung l thuyt vi cc chc
nng c bn ca x l nh.
IV.2. Thit k d liu
Chng trnh c lp trnh bng ngn ng Visual Basic v s dng h
c s d liu Access vi file XLA.mdb. y l file d liu cha cc tn bi
hc, tn mc, ng dn ti cc file vn bn cha ni dung ca cc bi
hc, Gm c 3 bng vi chc nng c th nh sau:
- Table XLA: Cha tn cc bi hc, tn cc mc ca bi hc.
- Table Concept: Cha tn file phn l thuyt ca cc bi ging X l nh.
- Table Exercise: Cha tn file phn bi tp ca cc bi hc.
Ton b d liu ca chng trnh c lu d trong Folder chnh l
tt nghip. D liu thuc cc phn khc nhau li c t chc lu d trong
cc Folder khc nhau nm trong Folder chnh.
D liu phn l thuyt v bi tp c t chc thnh cc file word vi
ui .rft. D liu phn m phng v d c lp trnh trn cc Module trong
VB.
Cc trng chi tit ca cc bng d liu nh sau:
60
- Table XLA: lu tr thng tin v danh sch bi ging:
TT Tn trng Kiu M t
1 Id Text M bi ging
2 Name Text Tn bi hc / tn mc
3 Type Text Bi hc / Mc
4 Index Text Ch s
5 Np1 Number S trang phn l thuyt
6 Np2 Number S trang phn bi tp
7 Folder Text Th mc cha cc file vn bn
- Table Concept: lu tr thng tin v bi ging l thuyt:
TT Tn trng Kiu M t
1 Id Text M bi ging
2 Page Number Th t trang
3 File Text Tn file ca trang
- Table Exercise: lu tr thng tin v bi tp:
TT Tn trng Kiu M t
1 Id Text M bi ging
2 Page Number Th t trang
3 File Text Tn file ca trang
IV.3. Thit k cc mn hnh giao din ca phn mm
Mt yu cu c bn i vi mt chng trnh h tr ging dy l phi
hin th mt cch r rng, d quan st ni dung bi hc. C th chuyn t
61
trang ny sang trang khc mt cch d dng. Trn c s cc giao din c
xy dng nh sau:
IV.3.1. Giao din chnh:

Hnh 4.1. Mn hnh chnh
Cung cp cc chc nng chnh ca chng trnh cho ngi s dng.
Cc chc nng ny gm 3 phn chnh l: L Thuyt, Bi Tp v V D
62
- Danh sch cc bin c:
STT Bin C X L
1 Chn Tab L Thuyt Cung cp cc chc nng trong phn L
Thuyt
2 Chn Tab Bi Tp Cung cp cc chc nng trong phn Bi Tp
3 Chn Tab V D Cung cp cc chc nng trong phn V D
( m cc chc nng ca X L nh)
4 Chn Menu File Cung cp cc chc nng: Bo v, Cp nht
thay i bi ging, Thot chng trnh
5 Chn Menu EditText Cung cp cc chc nng: Tng ln, thu nh
kch c ch
6 Chn Menu Help Hng dn s dng phn mm

63
IV.3.2. Giao din L Thuyt:

Hnh 4.2. Mn hnh L thuyt
- Cung cp ni dung v cc chc nng khi s dng phn bi ging l thuyt.
64
IV.3.3. Giao din Bi tp:

Hnh 4.3. Mn hnh Bi tp
- Cung cp ni dung v cc chc nng khi s dng phn bi tp.
65
IV.3.4. Giao din V d:

Hnh 4.4. Mn hnh V d
- Cung cp cc v d minh ho cho phn l thuyt.
66
IV.3.5. Giao din cp nht, thay i ni dung bi ging

Hnh 4.5. Mn hnh cp nht, thay i mc
67

Hnh 4.6. Mn hnh cp nht, thay i chi tit ca bi hc, mc
68
IV.4. Hng dn s dng
Chng trnh c thit k hin th tt nht vi phn gii mn hnh l
800 x 600.
- Ni dung cc bi ging c cha trong cc file Rich Text Format.
- Cc file d liu u vo cho phn minh ha gii thut l cc file text.
u tin chn bi hc ti danh sch bi hc bn tri ca giao din
chnh. Mun chn bi no hay mc no ta kch p chut vo .

Sau khi chn xong bi hc th ni dung ca n c hin th ti bn
phi ca mnhnh:
69

Mi bi hc c chia thnh 3 phn l: L thuyt (Concept), Bi tp
(Exercise) v V d (Example). Khi mi bt u mt bi hc th ngm nh l
phn l thuyt c hin th. Ta c th chuyn d dng t phn ny sang phn
khc ca bi hc mt cch d dng nh Tab pha trn ca phn hin th bi
hc:

Vi nhng ni dung hin th m c nhiu trang th ta c th chuyn i
gia cc trang bng cc ntlnh pha di ca trang bi hc ang hin th:

Ta c th hiu chnh kch c ch ca trang ang hin th hay mu sc
ca ch tu theo mc ch quan st. Trc ht bi en chn on text cn
hiu chnh, sau vo menu Edit Text thc hin vic thay i. Cc lnh
ny cng c cc phm tt thao tc nhanh chng hn:
70

Nu mun ghi li s thay i ny th ta vo menu: File Save hay dng phm
tt Ctrl + S, cc file d liu s c thay i.
i vi phn v d minh ho th chng trnh s t ng trnh din mt
s chc nng c bn ca x l nh ngi dng c th hiu c ngay
ngha ca bi ging.

IV.5. Yu cu i vi chng trnh
- S dng ni dung phn l thuyt v bi tp ca chng trnh: giao din
th hin ni dung ny sng sa, trc quan, d s dng.
Menu Shortcut
Increase Size Ctrl I
Decrease Size Ctrl D
Forecolor Ctrl C
71
- Kh nng thay i c c ch, mu sc cc mc tu theo mc ch
quan st lm cho chng trnh rt linh hot. C th ghi li nhng s thay i
ny vo cc file d liu.
- Kh nng phn trang cc bi hc, y l mt u im ni bt ca
chng trnh so vi cc ti liu thng thng trn my tnh. S di chuyn ti
trang lin trc, trang lin sau ca trang hin ti ch bng thao tc click chut.
V vy m chng trnh tr nn rt thch hp khi trnh by bng my chiu.
- Phn minh ha cc quy tc hc, u vo c nhp t cc file d liu
hoc nhp vo t bn phm, chng trnh s a ra kt qu sau tng bc
hun luyn gip ngi hc nm bt tt hn phn l thuyt c hc.
- C th cp nht thm bi hc mi hay chnh sa, thay i cc trang ca
bi hc c lm chng trnh c kh nng m rng, ngy cng hon thin
v ni dung.
72
KTLUN
*****************
Sau thi gian 2 thng thc tp v 2 thng lm n vi s c gng, n
lc ca bn thn cng vi s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio Nguyn Vn
Giang - khoa CNTT Hc Vin K Thut Qun S, cho n nay thi gian
hon thnh n ca mnh kt thc. Em xin a ra mt s kt qu v quy
trnh lm vic hon thnh n ca em nh sau:
- Nghin cu tng quan v l thuyt mn hc X l nh.
- Kho st thc t v qu trnh ging dy cc trng H, C hin nay.
- Phn tch thit k s b, hnh thnh tng thit k chng trnh h tr
ging dy mn hc X l nh nh th no?
- V cui cng l thit k chng trnh h tr ging dy mn X l nh
gm ni dung l thuyt v chng trnh m phng cc chc nng ca
x l nh. Chng trnh c giao din trc quan, d dng b sung, sa
i, thc s l mt cng c c lc h tr cho cc gio vin trong cng
tc ging dy nhm nng cao cht lng ging dy v hc tp mn hc
X l nh cho ngnh CNTT ca H Hng Hi ni ring v cho cc
trng H, C ni chung.
Mc d em t c mt s kt qu nht nh nhng do thi gian c
hn, trnh v kinh nghim cn hn ch nn ni dung l thuyt mn hc
cha tht phong ph, y , cc bi tp cng c cn t. Nu c hon thin
thm, chng trnh ny c th s dng phc v cho cng tc ging dy
mn hc X l nh ti Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin H Hng Hi. Trong
thi gian tip theo em s c gng pht trin chng trnh hon thin hn v c
ni dung v chc nng. Em rt mong c s ch bo, ng gp ca cc thy
gio v tt c mi ngi quan tm n vn ny.
73
Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n n thy gio Nguyn Vn
Giang cng cc gio vin ca Khoa Cng ngh thng tin tn tnh hng
dn, ch bo v gip em trong sut qu trnh lm n. Em cng xin chn
thnh cm n ti tt c cc bn b ng nghip gip , h tr em hon
thnh n tt nghip ny.
H Ni, ngy 26 thng 02 nm 2007

Hc vin: Nguyn Th Khuyn

74
TI LIU THAM KHO
******************************
1. Lng Mnh B, Nguyn Thanh Thy, Nhp mn X l nh s, NXB
KHKT 2003.
2. Ths inh Th Hin, Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin qun l, Nh xut
bn Thng K, 2002.
3. Nguyn Vn Ba, Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin, Nh xut bn i
hc QGHN, 2003.
4. Nguyn Th Ngc Mai, Nguyn Th Kim Trang, Hong c Hi, Microsoft
Visual Basic 6.0 & Lp trnh c s d liu, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2000.
5. TS Nguyn Hu Mng, Microsoft Visual Basic, Hc vin k thut qun s,
2000.

Xay Dung Chuong Trinh Ho Tro Giang Day Mon Xu Ly Anh

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Xay Dung Chuong Trinh Ho Tro Giang Day Mon Xu Ly Anh

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Sinh vin: Nguyn Th Khuyn

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