CONTENTS

FOREWORD PREFACE v vii 1 2 2 4 7 10 12 18 20 22 24 27

Unit 1 The Solid State

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 General Characteristics of Solid State Amorphous and Crystalline Solids Classification of Crystalline Solids Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell Close-Packed Structures Packing Efficiency Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions Imperfections in Solids

1.10 Electrical Properties 1.11 Magnetic Properties

Unit 2 Solutions
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Types of Solutions Expressing Concentration of Solutions Solubility Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass Abnormal Molar Masses

33
33 34 37 41 45 47 55

Unit 3 Electrochemistry
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Electrochemical Cells Galvanic Cells Nernst Equation Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis Batteries

63
64 65 68 73 83 86

3.7 3.8

Fuel Cells Corrosion

88 89

Unit 4 Chemical Kinetics

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Rate of a Chemical Reaction Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction Integrated Rate Equations Pseudo First Order Reaction Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions

93
94 98 103 110 111 115

Unit 5 Surface Chemistry

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Adsorption Catalysis Colloids Classification of Colloids Emulsions Colloids Around Us

121
122 127 134 134 143 143

Unit 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Occurrence of Metals Concentration of Ores Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy Oxidation Reduction Refining Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron

147
148 148 150 151 157 158 159 162

Unit 7 The p-Block Elements

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Group 15 Elements Dinitrogen Ammonia Oxides of Nitrogen Nitric Acid Phosphorus Allotropic Forms Phosphine Phosphorus Halides Oxoacids of Phosphorus xiv

165
165 169 170 172 173 175 176 177 178

7.10 Group 16 Elements 7.11 Dioxygen 7.12 Simple Oxides 7.13 Ozone 7.14 Sulphur Allotropic Forms 7.15 Sulphur Dioxide 7.16 Oxoacids of Sulphur 7.17 Sulphuric Acid 7.18 Group 17 Elements 7.19 Chlorine 7.20 Hydrogen Chloride 7.21 Oxoacids of Halogens 7.22 Interhalogen Compounds 7.23 Group 18 Elements

180 184 185 185 187 188 189 189 192 197 198 199 200 202

Unit 8 The d-and f-Block Elements

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Position in the Periodic Table Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block) Some important Compounds of Transition Elements The Lanthanoids The Actinoids Some Applications of d-and f-Block Elements

209
210 210 212 224 227 230 232

Unit 9 Coordination Compounds

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds Definition of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds Isomerism in Coordination Compounds Bonding in Coordination Compounds Bonding in Metal Carbonyls Stability of Coordination Compounds Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

237
237 240 241 244 247 254 255 256

Appendices Answers to Some Questions in Exercises Index

261 274 278

xv