Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue

Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7e (Marieb) Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue
MATCHING QUESTIONS
Figure 9.1 Using Figure 9.1, match the following: 1) Endomysium. Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283; Fig. 9.2
2) Fascicle. Answer: D
3) The tissue that binds muscles into functional groups. Answer: A

4) Perimysium. Answer: E
5) Muscle fiber. Answer: C

Figure 9.2 Using Figure 9.2, match the following: 6) I band. Answer: C
7) H zone. Answer: B
8) A band. Answer: D
9) Z disc. Answer: A
10) M line Answer: E

Match the following: 11) Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms. Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 305-307
A) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers B) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
12) Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction. Answer: A
13) Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types. Answer: B

14) Contain abundant amounts of glycogen. Answer: A

15) Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture. Answer: B

16) A relatively high percentage are found in successful marathon runners. Answer: B
Match the following: 17) The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle.
A) Wave summation
B) Multiple motor unit summation Answer: E

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298
C) Treppe D) Tetanus
18) The phenomenon in which the contraction strength of a muscle increases, due to increased Ca2+ availability and enzyme efficiency during the warm-up.
E) Maximal stimulus Answer: C

19) Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation. Answer: D

20) The situation in which contractions become stronger due to stimulation before complete relaxation occurs. Answer: A
21) How a smooth increase in muscle force is produced. Answer: B

Match the following: 22) A sarcomere is the distance between two ________. Answer: A
A) Z discs
B) A band C) I band
23) The ________ contains only the actin filaments. Answer: C

D) Myosin
24) The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments. Answer: D

25) Both actin and myosin are found in the ________. Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 284, 286
26) The myosin filaments are located in the ________. Answer: B

Match the following: 27) Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules.
A) Calcium ions
B) Acetylcholine Answer: A
C) Aerobic respiration D) Acetylcholinesterase
28) A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals. Answer: B
E) Creatine phosphate
29) A metabolic pathway that provides for a large amount of ATP per glucose because oxygen is used. Products are water and carbon dioxide and ATP. Answer: C
30) Normally stored in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Answer: A
31) Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound. Answer: E
32) Destroys ACh. Answer: D

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1) Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract. Answer: True False
2) The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bear active sites for myosin attachment. Answer: True False
3) The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. Answer: True False
4) Eccentric contractions are more forceful than concentric contractions. Answer: True False
5) A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate. Answer: True False
6) Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle. Answer: True False

7) A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric. Answer: True False
8) During isotonic contraction, the heavier the load, the faster the velocity of contraction. Answer: True False
9) During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement. Answer: True False
10) One of the important functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat. Answer: True False
11) Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to make creatine phosphate. Answer: True False
12) Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached. Answer: True False
13) Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments. Answer: True False
14) Whereas skeletal muscle cells are electrically coupled, smooth muscle cells appear to be chemically coupled by gap junctions. Answer: True False
15) Single-unit smooth muscle is found in the intestines. Answer: True False
16) A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell. Answer: True False
17) The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily. Answer: True False
18) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. Answer: True False
19) The more slowly a skeletal muscle is stimulated, the greater its exerted force becomes. Answer: True False
20) Contractures are a result of a total lack of ATP. Answer: True False
21) Smooth muscles relax when intracellular Answer: True False

levels drop but may not cease contractions.
22) Recruitment is an option in a single-unit smooth muscle cell. Answer: True False
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1) With muscular dystrophy ________. A) muscles decrease in size due to loss of fat and connective tissue B) muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy C) most forms do not appear to be inherited D) most cases appear in young females Answer: B
2) Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate? A) skeletal B) cardiac C) smooth D) no muscle can regenerate Answer: C
3) Most muscles contain ________. A) muscle fibers of the same type B) a mixture of fiber types C) a predominance of slow oxidative fibers D) a predominance of fast oxidative fibers Answer: B
4) Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ________. A) intense exercise of long duration B) intense exercise of short duration C) slow exercise of long duration D) slow exercise of short duration Answer: B
5) The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________. A) increasing stimulus above the threshold B) increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus C) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus D) recruiting small and medium muscle fibers Answer: C
6) Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases? A) motor units with the longest muscle fibers B) many small motor units with the ability to stimulate other motor units C) large motor units with small, highly excitable neurons D) motor units with larger, less excitable neurons Answer: D
7) Which of the following is not a usual result of resistance exercise? A) increase in the efficiency of the respiratory system B) increase in the efficiency of the circulatory system C) increase in the number of muscle cells D) increase in the number of myofibrils within the muscle cells Answer: C
8) In skeletal muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to ________. A) increase the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma B) release the inhibition on Z discs C) remove the blocking action of tropomyosin D) cause ATP to bind to actin Answer: C
9) Calcium ions bind to the ________ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. A) actin B) tropomyosin C) troponin D) myosin Answer: C
10) Myoglobin ________. A) breaks down glycogen B) is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP C) stores oxygen in muscle cells D) produces the end plate potential Answer: C
11) An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the ________. A) sarcoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondria C) intermediate filament network D) myofibrillar network Answer: A
12) A sarcomere is ________. A) the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle B) the area between two Z discs C) the area between two intercalated discs D) the wavy lines on the cell seen in the microscope Answer: B
13) Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur. A) contraction B) relaxation C) latent D) refractory Answer: C
14) Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________. A) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin B) forming a chemical compound with actin C) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments D) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP Answer: D
15) After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the calcium ________. A) is destroyed by cholinesterase B) is chemically bound to the filaments C) level in the cytoplasm drops D) is actively pumped into the extracellular fluid for storage until the next contraction Answer: C
16) The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ________. A) make and store phosphocreatine B) synthesize actin and myosin myofilaments C) provide a source of myosin for the contraction process D) regulate intracellular calcium concentration Answer: D
17) The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by ________. A) a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma B) the arrangement of myofilaments C) the sarcoplasmic reticulum D) the T tubules Answer: B
18) Which of the following are composed of myosin? A) thick filaments B) thin filaments C) all myofilaments D) Z discs Answer: A
19) During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? A) myosin filaments B) actin filaments C) Z discs D) thick filaments Answer: B
20) Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell? A) perimysium B) endomysium C) epimysium D) fascicle Answer: B
21) Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones are ________. A) single-unit muscles B) multiunit muscles C) red muscles D) white muscles Answer: B
22) Rigor mortis occurs because ________. A) the cells are dead B) sodium ions leak out of the muscle C) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules D) proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions Answer: C
23) Which of the following does not act as a stimulus to initiate a muscle contraction? A) hormonal activity B) neurotransmitters C) a change in the pH of a muscle D) a change of temperature Answer: D
24) The term aponeurosis refers to ________. A) the bands of myofibrils B) a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element C) the rough endoplasmic reticulum D) the tropomyosin-troponin complex Answer: B
25) The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. A) hemoglobin B) ATP C) myoglobin D) immunoglobin Answer: C
26) The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________. A) microtubules B) mitochondria C) T tubules D) myofibrils Answer: D
27) The site of calcium regulation in the smooth muscle cell is ________. A) actin B) troponin C) myosin D) calmodulin Answer: D
28) One functional unit of a skeletal muscle is ________. A) a sarcomere B) a myofilament C) a myofibril D) the sarcoplasmic reticulum Answer: A
29) The functional role of the T tubules is to ________. A) stabilize the G and F actin B) enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction C) hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle D) synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction Answer: B
30) The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to ________. A) act as a third messenger B) reestablish glycogen stores C) bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration D) initiate the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen for storage Answer: C
31) The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called ________. A) twitch B) wave summation C) treppe D) incomplete tetanus Answer: C
32) The main effect of the warm-up period of athletes, as the muscle contractions increase in strength, is to ________. A) increase the myoglobin content B) convert glycogen to glucose C) tone the muscles and stabilize the joints for the workout D) enhance the availability of calcium and the efficiency of enzyme systems Answer: D
33) During vigorous excercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________. A) a strong base B) stearic acid C) hydrochloric acid D) lactic acid Answer: D
34) When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods? A) relaxation period B) refractory period C) latent period D) fatigue period Answer: B
35) In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________. A) changes in length and moves the "load" B) does not change in length but increases tension C) never converts pyruvate to lactate D) rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP Answer: A
36) The muscle cell membrane is called the ________. A) endomysium B) sarcolemma C) perimysium D) epimysium Answer: B
37) Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true? A) Smooth muscle has transverse tubules. B) Smooth muscle is larger and more powerful than striated muscle. C) The fibers of smooth muscle are arranged quadrangularly. D) Smooth muscle contracts in a twisting way. Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 310, 312, 316
38) The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________. A) actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism B) the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium C) the site of calcium regulation differs D) ATP energizes the sliding process Answer: C
39) The cells of single-unit visceral muscle ________. A) contract all at once B) are chemically coupled to one another by gap junctions C) exhibit spontaneous action potentials D) consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of each other Answer: C
40) Which of the following statements is not true concerning developmental aspects of muscle? A) There is no biological basis for the difference in strength between women and men. B) Skeletal muscle is derived from mesoderm. C) Skeletal muscle develops from somites. D) Most muscle tissues develop from myoblasts. Answer: A
41) Which of the following is true about smooth muscle contraction? A) Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers. B) Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize or secrete any connective tissue elements. C) Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle. D) Smooth muscle has well-developed T tubules at the site of invagination. Answer: A
42) Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________. A) it appears to lack troponin B) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments C) there are no sarcomeres D) there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the cell Answer: B
43) Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. A) secretion B) contractility C) extensibility D) excitability Answer: A
44) The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the ________ assisting in muscle stretching. A) A band B) I band C) Z disc D) M line Answer: A
45) Which of the following statements is true? A) Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei. B) Smooth muscle cells have T tubules. C) Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei. D) Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels. Answer: C
46) An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________. A) the citric acid cycle B) glycolysis C) hydrolysis D) the electron transport chain Answer: B
47) Muscle tone is ________. A) the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements B) the feeling of well-being following exercise C) a state of sustained partial contraction D) the condition of athletes after intensive training Answer: C
48) The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________. A) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlap B) the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past C) actin and myosin shortening but not sliding past each other D) the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments Answer: A
49) After nervous stimulation stops, ACh in the synaptic cleft is prevented from continuing stimulation of contraction by ________. A) calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae B) the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved C) acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh D) the action potential stopped going down the overloaded T tubules Answer: C
50) Which of the following is most accurate? A) Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction. B) T-tubles may be sliding during isotonic contraction. C) The I band lenghtens during isotonic contraction. D) Myofilaments slide during isometric contractions. Answer: A
51) The most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue is ________. A) the design of the fibers B) the sarcoplasmic reticulum C) the diversity of activity of muscle tissue D) the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy Answer: D
52) Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which of the following athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers? A) a sprint by an Olympic runner B) a long, relaxing swim C) playing baseball or basketball D) mountain climbing Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 305; Tbl. 9.2
53) Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and rare gap junctions? A) visceral smooth muscle B) multiunit smooth muscle C) cardiac muscle D) skeletal muscle Answer: B
54) Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped ________. A) cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free binding sites on actin B) no muscle tension could be generated C) maximum force production would result since the muscle has a maximum range of travel D) ATP consumption would increase since the sarcomere is "trying" to contract Answer: B
55) An individual has just ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to the ACh receptors in the sarcolemma. By itself it does not alter membrane potential, yet prevents normal neurotransmitter binding. Ignoring the effects on any other system, the consequence to skeletal muscle would be ________. A) irreversible contraction as soon as the first nervous stimulation reached the sarcolemma B) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms C) contraction if stimulated by an external electrode D) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms, but contraction if stimulated by an external electrode Answer: D
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK/SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1) Only ________ muscle cells are alwyas multinucleated. Answer: skeletal
2) Claudication might more simply be called ________. Answer: limping

3) The end of the muscle that typically moves when a muscle contracts is called the ________. Answer: insertion
4) In the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction, an enzyme called ________ is always present. Answer: acetylcholinesterase
5) The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of ________.
Answer: contraction
6) ________ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers. Answer: Red

7) Only ________ muscle cells commonly branch. Answer: cardiac

8) A smooth, sustained contraction is called ________. Answer: tetanus

9) Define physiologic muscle fatigue. Answer: Fatigue occurs when ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use even though the muscle still receives stimuli.
10) Compare red and white muscles relative to their speed of action and endurance. Answer: Red muscles tend to have a slow (oxidative) rate and fatigue resistance, whereas white muscle cells have a fast (oxidative) rate and fatigue easily.
11) Briefly, what causes rigor mortis? Answer: Following the death of an individual, ATP is rapidly consumed and cannot be replaced. Because cross bridge detachment and calcium active transport is ATP driven, calcium leakage from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes attachment of cross bridges, and lack of ATP prevents detachments.
12) What ultimately stops muscle stimulation when the motor neuron ceases firing? Answer: The ultimate switch is the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. When the neuron stops releasing ACh, the muscle would not stop contracting if the acetylcholinesterase did not split the ACh into its two components, acetyl and choline, making them release their binding sites.
13) A long-distance runner is about to enter a 5-mile race. Beforehand, he spends several minutes warming up. During the warm-up period, the phenomenon of treppe is occurring in body muscles being used. What is treppe and why does it occur? Answer: Treppe is the staircase phenomenon in which muscles increase their strength of contraction due to increased availability of calcium. Additionally, the increased warmth due to activity causes an increase in the efficiency of muscle enzyme systems.
14) What are the two special inclusions of skeletal muscle cells and how would they be useful to the cell? Answer: Skeletal muscle cells require a lot of rapidly available fuel to burn in order to function properly. They also require a lot of oxygen to burn this fuel efficiently. Glycosomes store glycogen which can be quickly converted to glucose, which in turn can be burned to produce ATP. Myoglobin is a chemical much like hemoglobin in blood cells which can store large quantities of oxygen.
15) What is the relationship that occurs in the triad of a skeletal muscle cell? Answer: The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for calcium ions in the cell's normal resting state. The T tubule is a fold in the cell membrane between the sarcoplasmic reticuli. When an impulse is activated by a motor neuron, the voltage-regulated change causes SR foot proteins to open Ca2+ channels. The calcium ions are flushed out where they interact with the troponin complex to initiate a contraction. Once the axon stops firing, the membrane polarity is quickly restored and the calcium ions are pulled off the troponin and attracted back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
16) Briefly explain where the energy comes from in a one-minute sustained muscle contraction. Answer: 1. The first 4-6 seconds of energy come from stored ATP in the muscle cell. 2. 6-15 seconds of energy come from the transfer of creatine phosphate and ADP (which come from the first few seconds of burn) to form additional ATP. 3. 15-60 seconds of energy come from glycolysis which by now has begun full production of ATP from glucose.
17) What are caveoli? Answer: Folds on the surface of smooth muscle cells that correspond to T tubules in skeletal muscle cells.
18) How is it that norepinephrine (NE) can inhibit smooth muscle action in airways, yet stimulate contractions in smooth muscles everywhere else in the body? Answer: Airway passages have smooth muscle cells that are unique in that they have two receptor sites on their outer membrane. One receptor site accepts ACh as the neurotransmitter. When excited it causes the smooth muscle to contract. The second site accepts NE and the inhibitory effect is that the ACh dilates the airway.
19) How do the three muscle types respond to being stretched? Answer: All three muscle types initially respond by contracting more forcefully. However, in smooth muscle cells the increased tension persists only briefly, and the muscle adapts to its new length and relaxes.
20) What is agrin? Answer: Agrin is a growth factor of developing muscles. Agrin stimulates ACh receptors to cluster around a newly forming motor end plate.
CLINICAL QUESTIONS 1) Gary was injured in an automobile accident that severed the motor neurons innervating his quadriceps. Even though he has had extensive physical therapy, he is still suffering muscle atrophy. Why is the therapy not working? Answer: In denervation atrophy, fibrous connective tissue replaces the muscle tissue that was lost. When atrophy is complete, fibrous tissue cannot be reversed to muscle tissue.
2) Aaron arrived at the hospital with the following symptoms: drooping eyelids; fatigue and weakness of his muscles; and difficulty talking, breathing, and swallowing. What was his diagnosis? Answer: Aaron probably has myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disease), which involves a shortage of ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
3) Lynn has been waking up each night with intense pain in her calves. She does not feel that it is serious enough to seek medical attention but would like to know what is causing the pain. What would you tell her concerning this problem? She has been playing tennis all summer for several hours each day. Could this have anything to do with the night pain? Answer: This is due to sustained spasm, or tetanic contraction, of the gastrocnemius muscle. The causes could be low blood sugar, electrolyte depletion (particularly sodium and calcium), dehydration, or irritability of the spinal cord neurons. The fact that Lynn has been playing tennis for several hours each day may have caused an electrolyte depletion. She should increase her intake of calcium.
4) After removal of an elbow cast, Lauren noticed her arm was immovable. What happened to her arm? Answer: Two things have occurred to Lauren while she was convalescing from her injury. First, the immobilization of the arm caused some muscle mass to atrophy. Second, the loss of muscle was replaced with tough connective tissue that locked her arm in place. With therapy the tissue can be stretched or torn enough to return the full range of motion.
5) When a geriatric client is admitted to the rehabilitation unit, an important nursing measure is to prevent the loss of muscle mass. What is the term used for loss of muscle mass and how can the patient prevent it? Answer: Disuse atrophy is degeneration and loss of muscle mass. The size, shape, tone, and strength of muscles (including the heart) are maintained with mild exercise and increased with strenuous exercise. Promoting exercise to maintain a patient's muscle tone, joint mobility, and cardiovascular function is an important nursing function.
6) A patient has no peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. Explain a possible complication of this condition. Answer: Peristalsis is wavelike movement produced by the circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of the intestinal walls that propels the intestinal contents forward. Without peristalsis, the patient would be unable to expel their stool, leading to intestinal obstruction.
7) The nurse encourages the patient to do his own activities of daily living such as bathing, feeding, dressing, and toileting activities. How do these activities promote physical conditioning? Answer: These activities are isotonic exercises in which muscle tension is constant and then shortens to produce muscle contraction and movement. Because the muscles contract, the shape, size, and strength of the muscles are maintained as well as joint mobility.
8) A patient is admitted for electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). The physician orders the neuromuscular blocking agent metocurine iodide (metubine) to reduce trauma by relaxing skeletal muscles. Explain the process of muscle contraction and how a neuromuscular blocking agent such as metubine would interfere with muscle contraction. Answer: Muscle contraction begins with a stimulus to the nerve. When the impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction, depolarization occurs, resulting in an influx of calcium ions from the extracellular fluid into the terminals, which then release a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (Ach), into the cleft. The Ach combines with receptor sites on the post-junctional muscle cell membrane, depolarizing it and facilitating the entry of sodium. Neuromuscular blocking agents act at the motor end plate by competing with the Ach for the receptor sites, or by blocking depolarization.

Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue

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Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue

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Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7e (Marieb) Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue

3) The tissue that binds muscles into functional groups. Answer: A

5) Muscle fiber. Answer: C

10) M line Answer: E

A) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers B) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

13) Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types. Answer: B

14) Contain abundant amounts of glycogen. Answer: A

15) Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture. Answer: B

B) Multiple motor unit summation Answer: E

E) Maximal stimulus Answer: C

19) Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation. Answer: D

21) How a smooth increase in muscle force is produced. Answer: B

23) The ________ contains only the actin filaments. Answer: C

24) The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments. Answer: D

26) The myosin filaments are located in the ________. Answer: B

C) Aerobic respiration D) Acetylcholinesterase

32) Destroys ACh. Answer: D

6) Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle. Answer: True False

21) Smooth muscles relax when intracellular Answer: True False

levels drop but may not cease contractions.

2) Claudication might more simply be called ________. Answer: limping

6) ________ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers. Answer: Red

7) Only ________ muscle cells commonly branch. Answer: cardiac

8) A smooth, sustained contraction is called ________. Answer: tetanus

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