Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources The aircraft carrier Hornet had 16 AAF B-25s on deck, ready for the

Tokyo Raid. 4 Feb. 2011. National Museum of the US Air Force. US Air Force. National Museum of the US Air Force. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/100204-F-1234S002.jpg>. The image shows America dive-bombers taking off from the aircraft carrier, the USS Hornet, to attack Tokyo back in the Doolittle Raid for attacking the Pearl Harbor. The raid, which is also referred to as the Tokyo Raid, happened on April 18, 1942 and gave America enough hope to go on. Back of Japans New Thrusts: Our Pacific Island Spearheads. Map. 1942. Print. This map shows what the Americans thought the Japanese might do in 1942. It shows some possible routes Japan would attack next in the World War II. The Americans thought Japan would want to move east toward America since they bombed the Aleutian Islands and the Midway Island. It also shows who bombed what area on what day. On the map, America started the bombing by bombing Tokyo on April 18, 1942 and Japan bombs the Aleutian Islands and Midway Island in June. "Back of Japans New Thrusts: Our Pacific Island Spearheads." U.S. News and World Report 12 June 1942: 15. Microform. This article tells the possibilities of each side, America and Japan, if they had Hawaii and Alaska. Hawaii and Alaska are both in American's hands and they used them to keep the Japanese from being safe in Japan as they move east into the Pacific. Russia also has ships pointed toward Japan, to keep it in a possible crossfire. Alaska in Japan's hands would put the whole Northwest coast in danger and the possibility of creating a fire on the forests by planes. Hawaii in Japan's hands would allow them to bring the war to America's Pacific Coast. This shows the many possibilities in this war as people attempted to predict what will happen. Dive bombing attack on Shokaku, 8 May 1942. N.d. Navel History & Heritage. Navel History & Heritage. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g10000/g17031.jpg>.

The picture shows a Japanese ship burning on May 8, 1942 after an attack from American and Australia at the Battle of Coral Sea. On May 6-8, 1942, America and Australia set out to attempt to staunch the Japanese expansions in the Pacific Ocean. Doolittle Raid on Japan, April 1942. N.d. Naval History & Heritage. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g40000/g41196.jpg>. The image is of an American plane flying off the aircraft carrier, the USS Hornet, to attack Tokyo. The act was to attack Japan back for bombing their military base in Pearl Harbor. FAdm. Nimitz signs Japanese surrender instrument. N.d. Naval History & Heritage. Naval History & Heritage. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g700000/g701293.jpg>. The picture shows Fleet Admiral Nimitz signing the Japanese surrender instrument. On September 2, 1945, the Japanese finally surrendered and both sides signed the instrument on the USS Missouri. We will use this in our timeline for our website. Headlines on 8 December 1941 in the Japan Times & Advertiser in Tokyo. N.d. Tjideng. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://members.iinet.net.au/~vanderkp/warisonlarge.jpg>. The image shows a newspaper stating how Japan is now in war with America. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, effectively declaring war upon America. America, then, retaliated by also declaring war the next day. Hiryu under B-17 attack at Midway. N.d. Naval History & Heritage. Naval History & Heritage. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/f000001/f075712.jpg>. The image shows the Japanese ship, the Hiryu, under attack of an American dive bomber in the Battle of Midway. We will use this picture in the timeline. Nagasaki Bomb. N.d. L. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2009/10/nagasakibomb.jpg>. The image shows the atomic bomb exploding in Nagasaki, Japan, destroying a massive amount of homes and lives. After this, the Japanese was forced to finally surrendered. We will use this in our timeline. Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941. N.d. Naval History & Heritage. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h97000/h97398.jpg>.

The picture shows the Pearl Harbor burning from all the bombs the Japan dropped on December 7, 1942. The destruction devastated America as they declared war on Japan. Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. "4 - State of the Union." Washington D.C. 1943. The American Presidency Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16386>. President Roosevelt believed that the Battle of Midway was the most important victory of the war. It secured our communication lines throughout the Pacific Ocean. Even though some other battles stood out to him, the Battle of Midway was essential to the success of World War II. The Americans inflicted great losses upon the Japanese and took out a great number of their ships and carriers. He believed that the Japanese could not replace the losses that they received. U.S. Navy. U.S.S. Yorktown hit by Japanese aerial torpedoes. 1942. National Archives. Washington D.C. 80-G-414423. Naval History and Heritage. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g410000/g414423.jpg>. This picture illustrates that through the small fleets the United States had against the Japanese, they held out against all the Japanese dive bombers and torpedoes. Through the many losses during the battle, America still came out victorious with only two ships defeated. USS Maryland and capsized USS Oklahoma, 7 December 1941. N.d. Photograph. The image of the capsized American boat captures the idea of how much destruction was caused by the bombing of the Japanese on the Pearl Harbor. On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the military base, killing many people and harming many of America's warships. Secondary Sources Battle of Midway. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk, 2000. Web. 4 Oct. 2012. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_midway.htm>. This website focuses on why the Americans won the Battle of Midway, which was one of the main reasons the Allies won World War II. The Americans won because the codebreakers deciphered a Japanese message which told them where the Japanese were going to attack, and they had the element of surprise as well as good air defense. This battle caused Japan to go from fighting to defending. Even though we were greatly weakened by the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which happened six months before, and the fact the

Japanese had more ships, the Americans managed to win the battle with their aircraft carriers, which helped greatly in winning the war. The Battle of Midway, 1942. EyeWitness to History, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/midway.htm>. This web site shows the point of view of the Japanese as five minutes changed the course of the Battle of Midway and World War II. The Japanese attacked Midway because the Doolittle Raid showed that they needed to extend their defense border toward the United States. The Japanese had more ships and destroyed most of the Americans torpedo planes, but due to the American's sacrifice, dive-bombers unleashed bombs on the Japanese battleships. The article was told by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida who was on one of the aircraft carriers the Americans bombed. Fuchida relays the battle as the Japanese took down most of the first American attackers, and the Japanese seemed to be doing well as they continued their course toward Midway. He admits that the American dive-bombers may have came due to the sacrifice of the first American attackers which allowed the Americans to destroy most of the Imperial Fleet that was sent out. The commander considers the battle as "the battle that doomed Japan" rather than how Americans view it as the battle that helped them win the war. Britannica. "World War II: The Outbreak of War." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica Online Encyclopedia, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II#toc53532>. The war started in early 1939 when Germany decided to attack and invade Poland to capture their land. Germany allied with the Soviet Union to prevent them from resisting the capture of Poland by promising the them half of Poland. When Germany attacked on August 31, 1939, Poland's allies, Britain and France, declared war on Germany on September 3, starting World War II. Cook, Theodore F., Jr. What If? New York City: American Historical, 1999. Print. There was a section on the Battle of Midway and a page on the effects that it had on World War II. Even though that Midway was considered a turning point in history, America may have still won the war, but it would have been very unlikely because of lost soldiers and equipment. In the introduction, it also states that Midway Island would have been conquered if the US hadn't broken the Japanese code that had the battle plans for Midway. Then Japan would have made a move on Hawaii, trying to take over the Pacific Ocean.

Davis, Paul K. 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Santa Barbara: ABCCLIO, 1999. Print. This book helped us understand how the Japanese lost World War II afterwards. The Japanese pilots before were the best in the world, but after the Battle of Midway, they had no time to advance the new pilots they had hired. The ships that the Japanese lost were the best in their navy, the ones that were at Pearl Harbor. The Battle of Midway stopped Japan's expansion of its control on the Pacific. If the United States had lost at Midway, the Japanese may have conquered the Hawaiian Islands, and then may move its forces towards the U.S. itself. There would be a possibility that the U.S. may have withdrawn from the war if they had lost. Goldstein, Donald M. "Putting the Midway Miracle in Perspective." U.S. Naval Institute. N.p., 2007. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://news.usni.org/news-analysis/midway/putting-midwaymiracle-perspective>. The article shows that the Battle of Midway was the most deciding battle between Japan and America. It started with the Doolittle Raid that did little damage as it bombed Tokyo April 1942, but it showed Japan that it isn't as safe as they thought in their homeland. The Japanese army promised the emperor and people that Japan wouldn't be attacked. So they had to make sure japan never got attacked again by extending their defense border. The plan to attack the Midway Atoll was found out by an American code-breaker. The Americans got to Midway in time and battled with the Japanese navy until the Americas won and turned the tables , taking the advantage of the war instead letting Japan have it. Hickman, Kennedy. "World War II: Battle of Midway - Turning Point in the Pacific." About Military History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwari1/p/Midway.htm>. This website gave a good summary and description on what actually happened in the Battle of Midway. The Japanese thought that the Americans were at Pearl Harbor, which is 1300 miles away from Midway. The Japanese officer, who was in charge of the Japanese fleet, underestimated how many carriers and aircraft the Americans had and sent most of his elite ships. After the Battle of Midway, all the aircraft carriers were burned down and sunk, while the Americans only had two ships go under. These losses created a shift in power, and Japan now had to go on the defensive side. Manley, Brendan. "Navy marks 70th anniversary of pivotal U.S. victory at Midway." Military History 1 June 1999: n. pag. Rpt. in Military History. By Brendan Manley. Leesburg: Weider History Group, 1999. Gale Military and Intelligence Database Collection. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/>.

This past June, the U.S. navy commemorated the 70th anniversary of the the tidechanging Battle of Midway. Current Pacific fleet commander Admiral Cecil Haney presented the anniversary first by cutting the ribbons to a new battle exhibit. All the Midway veterans and former, retired Marines attended. It was important to celebrate the hard-earned victory to help honor and respect the veterans who lost their lives in the battle. Keeping in mind all that could have been lost to us, it is important to pay tribute to our history and our legacy. Many veterans remember Midway as the tide-changing battle that changed the face of the war. Marx, Trish. Echoes of World War II. Minneapolis: Lerner, 1994. Print. This book shows different viewpoints from all over the world from Germany, to America, to England, and Japan. There was a specific section on Japan and it was about Toshi, a young child living in a remote village in Japan. All her childhood she never understood why the government always came around and took all their valuables, took young men out of the village, and required so much darkness at night. As a child she never really understood why the government always required such odd tasks, but it was all part of war procedures. As a child from Japan in times of war, we can see how daily life would've been for the typical Japanese. Her war experience really shows how horrible her childhood must've been, constantly living in terror. It shows how focused the Japanese were, and when they finally toppled after the Battle of Midway, they started getting really desperate which hugely affected the turn out of the war. Midway Battle Marked the Turning Point in WWII. Prod. Elizabeth Shogren. Midway Battle Marked the Turning Point in WWII. NPR, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10727693>. Six months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Americans grew desperate; they lost most of their army due to the Japanese surprise attack. At that point, Japan was leading the war and the Americans tried to defend themselves. Japan sent 88 warships to Midway to move their defense border west and then draw the rest of America's army to the Pacific to completely defeat them. They were sure that the U.S. would not crack a message saying that Japan would attack Midway, and if the U.S. did, they would not get to the site fast enough with their fleet to attack. In the battle, Japan lost four aircraft carriers, 300 planes, and thousands of soldiers while America lost one carrier and 300 men. Due to this battle, though America didn't know yet, Japan never got to be on the offensive side again during the war. Even though America won, there was the sacrifice of the torpedobombers. Fifteen were sent, each armed with two men, and only one man came back. Not only did these 29 people die, 271 people died as well. But, through this battle, Midway

can now be the peaceful island it is today, in contrast to the bloody war zone it was during the six year of World War II. Newbold, Debra. "The Costs of World War II." Academic OneFile. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://go.galegroup.com/>. This website shows us how many people died during World War II, and how many people died during the Battle of Midway. Only about 300 Americans were killed, but 3,000 Japanese soldiers and pilots died. This impacted the war greatly, because the Japanese had much more causalities, which caused the Japanese to rebuild the army. This cost the Japanese time and the Americans gained an advantage over them. "Overview." The Doolittle Raid. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://www.doolittleraid.com/>. This website shows the importance of the Doolittle Raid to World War II. It gave the Americans enough hope to continue fighting the Japanese. The raid happened on April 18, 1942, and Jimmy Doolittle led an aerial raid over Tokyo, mainly to bomb the mainland and show Japan they are not safe at home, even with their great army and air force. Senker, Cath. Why Did World War 2 Happen? New York: Gareth Stevens, 2011. Print. Moments in History. The attack planned by the Japanese admiral Yamamoto Isoroku for the U.S. islands on Midway greatly damaged the Japanese navy. The United States had intercepted and transmitted a Japanese code about the attack, and prepared to meet them at Midway. The Japanese were not planning on seeing the Americans, believing that they were still in Hawaii and suffered greatly. Japan lost four of their' most important aircraft carriers, more than 300 aircraft, and 3,500 sailors, allowing the United States to take control of the Pacific once and for all. Skipper, G.C. The Battle of Midway (World at War). Chicago: Childrens Pr, 1980. Print. The Battle of Midway, World at War, is a secondary source that contained an incredibly detailed account of the Battle of Midway. Earlier in the war, the bombing of Pearl Harbor greatly damaged the U.S. navy; but by deciphering the Japanese code, America became one step ahead of Japan after realizing the location of the next bombing. After the battle, the Japanese were at a devastating loss with all 4 of their greatest vessels sunk. The book shows how the Americans unscrambled the Japanese code, the Japanese officers reassured manner before the attack, and the damaging effect on the entire war afterwards. It covers almost every command and action taken by both Japan and Americas officers.

Its a good source to understand the different strategies and ways of thinking of both America and Japan. Sullivan, Dan. "Code Breaker Recounts Full Life." Tampa Bay Times [St. Petersburg, FL] 2012: n. pag. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://ic.galegroup.com/>. "Code Breaker Recounts Full Life" is about Douglas Harold. He recalls his memory of World War II through his many plaques and ribbons. For 38 years he worked as a crypotlogist in the U.S. Navy. He was part of an exclusive group called the "On the Roof Gang." The code breaking trainees studied Japanese language and codes on the roof of the Navy Department Building, hence the group name. His entire lifetime led up to the moments in war. Harold recalls his first experiences in war, wondering if he's going to survive it. Because Harold worked the radio, he helped crack the Japanese code that allowed the U.S. to defeat Japan at Midway. His experience is valuable to see the reality of working in the Navy, and the different point of view from someone who actually experienced the battles fought, rather than the typical historian summarizing the battle. Wetzel, Daniel A. "Battle of Midway: Leveling the Playing Field." Marines Magazine 2011: n. pag. Gale Military and Intelligence. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://go.galegroup.com/>. The article says that the Battle of Midway made Japan lose the advantage it had before of a bigger fleet and being able to attack whenever. The Americans went to the battle with two key advantages, the element of surprise and a good defense for Midway. The Japanese didn't know that the U.S. cracked a message telling the time and place of the ambush. They also didn't know that the Yorktown, one of the three American aircraft carrier, survived the Battle of Coral Sea which damaged it badly, allowing the Midway the be well defended. The American dive-bombers destroyed most of the Japanese ships because of the torpedo-bombers' sacrifice, allowing U.S. to win and have a much greater chance at winning the war. "Why Did Japan Attack?" Pearl Harbor History. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pearlharbor.org/history-of-pearl-harbor.asp>. The Americans had placed a ban on trade with Japan, cutting off the necessary supplies to build and fuel more aircraft and ships. To regain this trade with America, Japan declared war by bombing the American naval base of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. After these bombings, America officially declared war on Japan, entering World War II and the war of the Pacific. Both sides promised to fight to the finish and never surrender, even though one side would have to.