Interface thickness effects are never considered for cohesive surfaces; in cohesive elements with traction-separation response, thickness

effects can be incorporated by either specifying a nonzero thickness for the interface or by requiring the initial constitutive thickness to be determined from the nodal coordinates of the cohesive elements. Since thickness effects are not considered for cohesive surfaces, material properties used to describe the constitutive response for traction-separation cohesive elements with thickness effects may not be directly reusable for cohesive surfaces. For cohesive surfaces the cohesive constraint is enforced at each slave node; in cohesive elements the cohesive constraints are calculated at the material points (for the locations of material points in cohesive elements, see "Two-dimensional cohesive element library," Section 29.5.8, and "Threedimensional cohesive element library," Section 29.5.9). Hence for cohesive surfaces, refining the slave surface as compared to the master surface will likely lead to improved constraint satisfaction and more accurate results.