NEW FIRST AID IN

THE

SECOND EDITION

Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X 14 4SB. Telephone: + 4 4 (0)1235 827720. Fax: + 4 4 (0)1235 400454. Lines are open from 9.00 to 6.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You can also order through our website www.hodderheadline.co.uk

Angus Maciver 1938, 1956, 1986, 2004 First published 1938 by Hodder Gibson, a member of the Hodder Headline Group 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH Answers to First Aid in English first published 1938 Answers to the New First Aid in English first published 1956 Answers to the New First Aid in English Revised first published 1986 This second edition first published 2004 Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright laws, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LR Typeset in ll/l4 p t Garamond ITC Light by Fakenham Photosetting Limited, Fakenham, Norfolk Printed in Great Britain by Martins the Printers, Berwick-upon-Tweed A CIP catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 0 340 88288 3

Preface
This book provides the answers to the questions in The New First Aid in English Second Edition (NFA2nd). From the Students answers a Teacher will see the weaknesses of their work and can refer them to the relevant sections in NBA 2nd. For Students working on Language Studies at home there follows a list of topics which might be studied. It is suggested that one or two examples from each list be tried and checked against the answers given in this book; mistakes will show up particular weaknesses to be dealt with by further study.

Vocabulary
Words for Things, Creatures, Activities, Happenings, Ideas Names Masculine/feminine words Members of families Dwelling places Collections Occupations Places Fastenings Receptacles and contents Places, countries, cities, buildings, rivers, races The senses Sounds and motions Shades of meaning Small quantities Relationships denoted by Words Classifications - things and creatures Gradation by size, intensity, speed, time,parts of things and creatures Analogies and absurdities Antonyms Homonyms Synonyms Modifying words - adjectives, adverbs,comparatives and superlatives Relativities expressed by conjunctions and prepositions

NFA 2nd

Page No. 12 5 9 11 15 22 24 127 25 128-135 117 26 94 107 32 36 40-45 50 57 54 65-71 85-91

Roles of Words and Parts of Words

Roles of Words in a Sentence Parts of Speech Relationship Words - conjunctions and prepositions 1 85-91

Preface

Substitutes - pronouns (varieties of) Auxiliaries - tenses of verbs Roles of Parts of Words Prefixes Suffixes (singular/plural, male/female, comparatives/superlatives) Roots and derivations Roles of Various Forms of a Word Past tense, participles, infinitive of verbs Cases, possessive (nouns and pronouns), objective (pronouns) Comparative, superlative of adjective and adverb Diminutives Word-building Compound words

NFA 2nd Page No. 80 61 119 2-6, 120 117 61 80, 103 66, 69 106 72 74

Sentence Structures
Sentences, clauses Clause varieties Simple and complex sentences Phrases and equivalent clauses 85, 92, 98 98 100 99

Common Special Usages of Words and Phrases

Doubles for emphasis Phrasal verbs Popular phrases Colloquial expressions Proverbs Similes 115 188 114 111-114 108 19

Mechanics of Communication
Basic grammar Sentence structure Punctuation, apostrophe, etc. Abbreviations and contractions Spelling Pronunciation 1 77, 98, 100 103, 106 46, 104 137, 180 175

Number

Pages 3 -4

1. loaves, men-of-war, pianos, sheep, feet, echoes, pence or pennies, lives, deer, oxen. 2. lady, thief, goose, trout, passer-by, mouse, knife, tooth, box. 3- armies; sons-in-law; roof; cargoes; woman; child; cupfuls; fly; swine; halos or haloes; dwarfs/dwarves; potato. 4. police-constables, daughters-in-law, step-children, lookers-on, housewives, firemen. 5. glass, hoof, hero, foot, penny, fish, shelf, city, man, leaf.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) 0 0 k) 1) a) b) c) d) e) f) 8) h) 0

We heard the echoes in the caves. The ladies spoke to the children. The boys went for loaves. The men fed the calves. The mice ran into holes. The knives were lying on the tables. The fishermen caught trout. The dwarfs gave them sticks. The ships struck the reefs. Our feet troubled us. They were mens boots. The burglars tried to rob our shops. The rabbits ran from the dogs. The girls wore blue dresses. The sailors swam to their ships. The women caught the geese. The men shot the deer. The oxen ate the potatoes. The ladies preferred the roses. The sheep ran in the valleys. Their feet were badly cut. The thieves stole the valuable bags.

m) The prisoners say that they are innocent. n) The girls hats were on the pegs. o) The boys robbed the birds nests. P) Their teeth hurt them badly. q) The farmers plough their fields. r) The horses are eating raw carrots. s) The children cried because they were tired. t) These are the houses in which we stay.

k) The children ran to the tables. 1) They were men of means. m) We kept the birds in cages. n) They wrote our names. o) They told us so. P) They had sharp knives. q) They took their pencils. r) The old women sat on those seats. s) The men walked slowly to their jot t) The mice scampered from the cats

Gender

Pages 7 -9

1. heiress, nun, mare, niece, goose, waitress, madam, ewe, heroine, spinster. 2. wizard, colt, bull, manservant, husband, drake, bridegroom, duke, uncle. 3. lion: masculine: cousin: common: mistress: feminine: friend: common: pencil: neuter: steward: masculine: sister: feminine: book: neuter: child: common. 4. headmistress, step-mother, daughter-in-law, nanny-goat. 5. a) lioness; b) lord; c) tutor; d) female; e) actress; f) cow; g) grandmother; h) stag; i) widower; j) tabby cat. 6. Josephine; Henrietta; Patricia; Charlotte; Jean, Jane or Joan. 7. a) b) The bride is my niece. My landlady is a widow. c) The witch spoke to the princess. d) The Duchess chatted to the woman. e) The heiress to the estate is a spinster. f) No, madam, she replied. 8) The waitress served her own sister. h) She was indeed a heroine, said the empress. The lioness sprang at the filly. 0 The mistress gave instructions to the maidservant. j) k) Well! said her grandmother. How are you, my little lass? 1) The stewardess brought a glass of water to my aunt, who was seasick. m) The hostess was extremely puzzled by the twin sisters. n) The daughter of a queen is termed a princess. o) The mayoress talked to the mother of the little girl. P) The old woman told her shepherdess to search for the ewe. q) Her mother-in-law spoke to the manageress. r) She was the step-daughter of an elderly countess. s) The headmistress rebuked the girl for her conduct. She owned a pet goose called Josephine. 0

Families

Page 10

1. cub, eaglet, gosling, lamb, piglet, kid, calf, foal. 2. buck, hind, deer; dog, bitch; cob, swan; tabby cat or queen; owl; drake, duck. cock, hen, fowl; buck, hare; tomcat,

3- cub; nanny-goat, billy-goat; horse, stallion, mare; cub; piglet; ram, ewe, sheep; gander, goose; eaglet. 4. parr, elver, fry, nestling.

Traditional Homes

Page 11

1. palace, manse, log-cabin, parsonage, monastery, wigwam or tepee, igloo, kraal. 2. nun, king or queen, soldier, prisoner, vicar. 3. byre, kennel, eyrie, hive, sty, earth or lair, burrow or warren, nest or vespiary, nest, lair or den. 4. squirrel, rabbit (tame), sheep, hare, horse.

Group Terms or Collections

2. 3. soldiers, rioters, corn, rags or papers, eggs.

Pages 1 7 -1 8

1. choir, fleet, pack, forest, swarm, school, gang, team, litter.

a) fleet, b) staff, c) host, d) bunch, e) troop, f) shoal, g) herd,h) board,i) brood, j) library.

4. a) pups or cubs, b) musicians, c) rooks, d) locusts or insects, e) flowers, f) stars or diamonds, g) hay, h) wool, i) sailors, j) soldiers or ants. 5. a) audience; b) congregation; c) crowd, throng; d) mob; e) rabble; f) crowd. 6. a) dozen; b) couple; c) brace; d) pair; e) single. 7. a) flock; b) litter; c) swarm; d) herd; e) brood; f) gaggle. herd; i) pack;

8.a) group; b) gang; c) flock; d) army; e) shoal; f) congregation; g) hail; h) j) board, a) b) c) d) e) soloist monocle unicorn bicycle biped

f) 8) h) 0 j)

biplane duet twins duel tripod

k) 1) m) n) o)

trio tricycle quadruped quartet decade

P) q) r) s)

century centenarian centurion centipedes

Similes

Page 21

1. a) a needle or a razor; b) mustard; c) a lion; d) honey; e) ice or charity; f) an eel; g) a deer or a hare or a hawk; h) a bell or crystal; i) a feather. 2. a) agile; b) flat; c) pleased; d) tender; e) busy; f) steady; g) hard; h) neat; i) timid; j) old. 3. a) leaf; b) ice; c) fish; d) gold; e) wind. 4. a) a pancake, b) a rock, c) a deer, d) a peacock, e) a lark. 5. a) mirror, b) glass, c) crystal, d) monkey, e) leech.

Occupations
Descriptions

Page 22

Note There cannot be only one correct sentence describing these occupations. The following are merely examples. The artist sold all his paintings at the exhibition. The race was won easily by the healthy athlete. Men go to the barber when they need their hair cut. The blacksmith made iron gates for the big house. Housewives buy meat from the butcher. Much of our furniture is made by a cabinet-maker. The golfer paid his caddie for carrying the golf-clubs. A caretaker looks after flats, houses and other property. The carpenter repaired the wooden door. The cashier counted the takings in the till and took them to the bank. Chauffeurs are employed to drive people in motor cars. A chemist studies chemicals, and prepares medicines. A cleaner works to clean other peoples houses, offices or schools. The circus clown made everyone laugh with his antics. The coastguard keeps watch for smugglers and ships in distress. A cobbler works with leather and mends shoes. The computer programmer wrote some software. A bus conductor collects passengers fares. A confectioner sells sweets. A decorator paints homes and other buildings, both inside and out. The dentist said I did not need any fillings in my teeth. The criminals were caught by the clever detective. The doctor gave his patient some medicine. An engineer works with machinery of all kinds. An explorer hopes to discover new places on his travels. We obtain wheat, barley and similar crops from the farmer. A florist sells plants and flowers. A gamekeeper protects wild animals and birds on an estate from being caught or killed unlawfully. A glazier puts glass in windows. The greengrocer keeps a variety of fruit and vegetables in his shop. Today I bought coffee, tea, butter and jam from the grocer. I am a hairdresser and I shampoo, cut and style peoples hair. The ironmonger sells tools, pots, pans, nails and screws. A iockev rides horses in races. A joiner works with wood, usually making smaller items than those made by a carpenter. A journalist writes for newspapers and magazines. The judge heard the evidence and passed sentence on the criminals in court.

Occupations

A lawyer studies the law and represents others in a court of law. The locksmith makes locks and keys. A magistrate administers the law in local courts. A mason builds and works with stone and brick. The matron of the hospital was in charge of the nurses who worked under her. The mechanic skilfully repaired the broken machinery. Miners dig underground for coal and other minerals. A minister conducts services in a church. A newsagents shop is full of newspapers and magazines. A nurse works in a hospital and looks after sick and injured people. An optician tests eyes and makes and sells spectacles. A physician is a doctor who knows what medicine or other treatment will help sick people. The pilot flew the plane from London to New York. We had to send for the plumber when our water pipes burst. A policeman protects life and property and can arrest anyone breaking the law. Some porters are doorkeepers, others carry loads in markets or warehouses, or luggage in railway stations. A postman delivers letters and parcels. A reporter collects news and information for newspapers. A sailor works on a ship as a member of the crew. The statues in the palace were the work of famous sculptors. The secretary ensured the smooth running of the office. The old shepherd never tired of looking after his sheep on the hills. The shopkeeper owned a small general store. The soldier had been in the army for many years and had fought in several battles. A stationer sells paper, pens, ink and other writing materials. A steeplejack works at great heights, mending steeples and tall chimneys. The surgeon had to amputate the patients foot as the bones were so badly crushed. The tailor makes clothes, particularly suits for men. A teacher tries to pass on knowledge and skills to children and other students. Associations blacksmith cobbler gardener or street trader orchestra conductor or policeman businessman/woman butcher surgeon stoker glazier soldier police officer saddler butcher or cutler surgeon postmanAvoman witness artist carpenter farmer chemist or pharmacist clergymanAvoman barber soldier slater miner joiner or carpenter butcher, grocer, greengrocer or confectioner shepherd stoker plumber mechanic optician astronomer conductor tinsmith farmer musician nurse judge, advocate or barrister

Occupations

Chief Persons general or fieldmarshal bishop or moderator or superintendent principal chairperson judge Page 23 1. a) mason, a) b) c) d) e) 3- a) b) c)

superintendent admiral editor conductor Prime Minister (Commons), Lord Chancellor (Lords) c) journalist,

superintendent or inspector postmaster/mistress governor stationmaster/ mistress brigadier

head teacher captain leader or superintendent captain foreman, overseer

b) porter,

d) jockey,

e) butcher. f) g) h) i) spectacles three brass balls horse clock or watch j) k) 1) pedlar astronomer auctioneer

boot red and green bottles or mortar and pestle fish barbers pole key dentist sculptor explorer d) e) f) architect aviator, pilot detective g) h) i)

optician nurse cobbler

4. best assorted chocolates, fine ripe tomatoes, sweet juicy oranges,

good fresh herring, splendid cooking apples, young spring onions.

Places

Page 24

Business Places where made: brewery, bakery, studio, mill, foundry, tannery, Mint, paper-mill, shipyard, distillery Particular shops: baker, tailor, fishmonger, florist, fruiterer/greengrocer, grocer, butcher, dairy, newsagent, poulterer, optician, confectioner, tobacconist, greengrocer, stationer. Sport court, green, ring, pitch/ground, lawn, pitch/field/ground, course, pitch/field, green, pitch/ground, track/stadium, rink, run, court, ring. General hangar, apiary, aviary, ring, garage, incubator, kitchen, jail/prison, surgery, cinema, aquarium, orchard, gasometer, granary, vineyard, museum, court, operating theatre, orphanage, cemetery, restaurant, theatre, school, rookery, barracks, reservoir, zoo, nursery, nursery.

Receptacles
1. beer/oil/tar water fruit/groceries water rubbish/garbage water milk/wine/beer fruit tools/sweets documents wine/beer/water tea fruit/soup/ vegetables tea/shot wine milk/juice 2. purse reservoir/bowl/tank bottle

Page 25 clothes wine bottles face powder tea/coffee crockery/clothes wine oil letter cider tea/spirits gas wine food purse/keys jam/ointment milk beer/gunpowder water uniform books biscuits food cooking water banknotes papers food cooking strawberries money money/valuables schoolbooks sword knife whisky water/petrol beer tea hot drink cash clothes water/ice-cream water tea/ashes flowers liquids money clothes

jar scuttle envelope

scabbard vase cask/decanter/goblet

Sounds and Motions

2. The The The The The 3. The The The The 4. The The The The 5. a) b) hound bavs. snake hisses. cock crows. lamb bleats. crow caws. frog leaps. monkev climbs. wolf lopes. seagull swoops/glides. obstinate mule. fat pig. faithful dog. loathsome serpent.

Pages 2 8 -2 9

1. brays; trumpets; neighs; grunts; howls; chatters; bells; lows; growls; screams. The The The The The The The The The The The The The frog croaks. cat purrs. turkev gobbles. lion roars. duck quacks. duck waddles. lamb frisks. lark soars. bear lumbers. cunning fox. gentle lamb. sleek cat. tireless seasull.

An ape - rather ungainly in appearance and behaviour. An ass - stupid in behaviour.

Sounds and Motions

c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) 1) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u)

A bear - large, lumbering and clumsy. A bull - someone who angrily insists on getting his own way. A dog - a scoundrel. A donkey - someone who can be rather stupid and obstinate. An elephant - heavily ponderous and slow thinking. A fox - someone who is cunning in his dealing with others. A goat - someone who behaves foolishly A horse - someone willing to burden himself with problems and/or tasks of others, A hound - a despicable person. A lamb - someone meek and placid in nature, A lion - a courageous person. A pig - a greedy or ill-mannered person, usually rather fat. A rabbit - timid, nervous person. A sheep - someone who follows the crowd rather than acts as an individual. A snail - a slow-moving, slow-thinking person. A swine - an unscrupulous person, coarse in behaviour. A tortoise - a slow-moving person. A viper - someone who is spiteful and treacherous. A wolf - someone who is cunning, cruel and selfish.

6. a) bull, b) camel, c) bees/wasps, d) cock, e) dog, f) frog, g) pig, h) monkey, i) horse, j) wolf, k) hen, 1) bee, m) parrot, n) horse, o) hyena/wolf/dog, p) owl. 7. a) b) c) d) e) Aquiline - a nose hooked like an eagles beak. Feline - walked silently like a cat. Bovine - resembled a cow or an ox. Asinine - behaviour like that of an ass - somewhat stupid. Canine - teeth resembling those of a dog. amusement, pain, anger, indifferent acknowledgment,

a) b) c) d)

e) f) 8) h)

scorn or derision, rage, anger, surprised excitement or pain,

0 0 k) 1)

relief or regret, snobbishness, contempt, fright/timidity.

9- On a recent visit to a large farm I heard various animal sounds. I heard a cock crowing, pigs grunting, horses neighing, turkeys gobbling, cows lowing, ducks quacking, lambs bleating, and a dog barking.

Sounds made by Objects

1. The creak of a hinge. The screeching of brakes. The patter or tramp of feet. The call of a bugle.

Page 31

The crack of a whip. The hissing of steam. The rustle of silk. The tick of a clock.

Classification

2. The The The The

pealing of bells. booming of a gun. crinkle of paper. slam of a door.

The The The The

popping of corks. skirl of the bagpipes. throb of an engine. toot of a horn.

3- A boiling kettle whistles. Frying fat sizzles in the pan. Coins jingle in the bag. The heavy bar fell with a crash. Suddenly we heard the thunder of hoofs. We were awakened by the chime of the big church clock. The passengers heard the loud screech of brakes. The rude boy slammed the door behind him. The north wind howled in the chimney. I heard the report of a rifle. The rain patters on the window. Thunder rumbles. 4. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Toot! Toot! The sound of a horn warned us of danger. Bang! The heavy door slammed shut behind the children. Boom! The noise of the large cannon resounded across the bay. Crash! The tray of crockery fell to the ground and everything on it was broken. Plop! The rain fell in steady drops through the broken tile. Rat-tat-tat! The knock on the door told the family that the postman had arrived. Splash! The silly man fell over the edge of the pool into the water. Tick-tock! The grandfather clock marked the passage of time. Ting-a-ling! Tohn was so proud of the new bell on his bicycle as he warned everyone of his approach.

Classification
1. a) b) c) d) animals (mammals) clothes birds occupations (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (5) (6) (7) (8)

page 32 e) insects f) vehicles g) flowers h) crockery (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (9) (10) (11) (12) i) j) k) 1) fish seasons footwear vegetables m) n) 0 ) p) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (13) (14) (15) (16) trees foodstuffs fruit liquids q) r) s) t) (33) (34) (35) (36) cereals relatives numbers games carpet barber penguin kettle

Page 33 2. (1) tomato (2) hare (3) violet (4) slate (5) lemon (6) cement (7) loaf (8) whale Page 34 3. (1) turban (2) bowl (3) owl (4) rose

pearl Mumbai Mexico biscuit heat milk shield yacht ear iron trout sofa

warehouse tomatoes maize princess palm Maria cupboard potato

cotton wagon fork radiator Delhi crocodile plate uncle

lion peach zinc fly

Abuja trawler toffee penguin

(17) (18) (19) (20)

blouse bicycle barracuda volleyball

Classification

(21) rose (22) soup Page 35 4. a) price b) ascend c) welcome d) watchful e) observe

(23) guitar (24) yam

(25) shoemaker (26) thigh completed quietness assist plodded vanquish k) 1) m) n) o)

(27) bin (28) spaniel margin industrious obstruct vagrant abandon

(29) slippers (30) teak P) q) r) s) t) grave whimper cheerful absurd irritate

f) g) h) 0 j)

Gradation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.

Pages 3 6 -3 7

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

19.

baby, child, boy, youth, man one, ten, hundred, thousand, million millilitre, decilitre, litre, decalitre, hectolitre day, month, year, century, millennium second, minute, hour, day, week mouse, cat, sheep, cow, elephant cup, teapot, kettle, pail, tub hut, cottage, bungalow, mansion, palace millimetre, centimetre, metre, kilometre sardine, snapper, cod, shark, whale robin, pigeon, hen, turkey, ostrich village, town, city, country, continent pea, bean, onion, turnip, cabbage spring, stream, river, sea, ocean cherry, orange, banana, paw-paw, melon flute, violin, trombone, piano, pipe-organ purse, wallet, handbag, safe, vault midge, ant, fly, wasp, butterfly letter, word, sentence, paragraph, chapter smiled, chuckled, giggled, laughed, guffawed touched, tapped, knocked, punched, battered walked, strode, trotted, cantered, galloped whispered, talked, shouted, shrieked, roared fingered, patted, caressed, slapped, walloped shuffled, sauntered, walked, strode, marched hummed, crooned, lilted, sang, yodelled glimpsed, glanced, looked, stared, gazed

(sound) (feeling) (speed) (sound) (feeling) (speed) (sound) (tim e)

Association
1. 2. 34. 5. 6. 7. 8. 910. 11. 12. 13. 14. heel, sole arm, leg mattress, blanket soap, sponge ceiling, floor trunk, bough hands, face stem, petals wings, beak sting, honey blade, handle spout, lid glass, curtains engine, tyres

Pages 3 8 -3 9 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. rays, heat neck, cork barrel, trigger prongs, handle gills, fins bulb, battery knob, hinges pedals, pump slip, bolster bridge, bow wings, tail bridle, mane smoke, flame keys, pedals head arms hands legs feet 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. peelings, chips crown, brim brakes, wheels cords, pane upper, tongue bowl, stem fork, foliage core, rind teacher, book gable, eaves receiver, booth staves, hoops

ear m outh nose eye face

deafness, listening tasting, chewing sniffed, odour lashes, blinked smile, grin

ache, nodding folded, waving writing, clasp crossed, running dancing, paddling

Analogies p g s40-41 ae
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 910. 11. 12. 13. mouse pork platform man April up South nephew army bray finger feathers pleasure, happiness, joy 14. leg 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 2324. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. hundred bullet dog hoof son picture ice swan shoal bee fish modern double herd this 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 4 0. 41. 42. 4 3. 44. month ate can hot water pig hot water glass thirsty author petal tongue neck fly lake 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. cut wall clumsy depth water, gas steeple, spire tree shell poacher run eye

It Makes You Think Pages 4 2 -4 3

1. a) b) saw and fishing rod grapes and knitting bag c) d) razor and cigarettes diary and chocolates. 2. Number 12. 3. Jim Baker. 4. (1) Robinson Crusoe went to sea when he was nineteen years of age. (2) On his first voyage, the ship encountered a terrible storm and foundered on a rock. (3) The lad was cast ashore on a lonely island near the scene of the tragedy (4) Luckily he managed to obtain from the wreck many things which proved useful to him during his stay on the island. (5) After many exciting adventures she returned to England none the worse for his experience. 5. Three socks. 6. 5.30. 7. 8.

Absurdities

Pages 4 4 -4 5

Oral or written answers can be given in this section.

1. If you gave away three pencils you could not then have more than you started with. 2. Salt would not sweeten the tea. 3. The baby would have grown to a mans height and the man must then certainly be taller than the child. 4. The train could not move at all on square wheels, never mind swiftly and silently. 5. The event has already taken place so cannot be anticipated by anyone hoping to attend. 6. The witness must have been near the horse for it to make contact when it kicked. 7. The blanket would remain the same length, even if in two pieces. 8 The beggar could not have spoken if he were dumb. 9. If everyone stood still there would be no one needing to get past. 10. If it began yesterday three days have not yet elapsed. 11. Elephants are not birds; could not nest in rhubarb trees as there are no such trees; a cow does not whistle. 12. It should be month of July, city of Liverpool. Rain does not snow, but if there was rain, the streets should not be dry. 13. Words cannot freeze and be heated. 14. Once you jump you cannot go back. 15. If the son does not receive the letter he will not know he is to write back for the postal order. 16. Water needs a container.

Abbreviations

17. The relative safety of train and car depends on the ratio of injured to uninjured over all journeys by each means. 18. Shadows cannot cause wear. 19- A widows husband is dead and so could not marry anyone. 20. Old John Smith would not be thirty. He could not watch the setting sun from an easterly facing cottage. A horseman could not ride down to the cottage which was on a hill. There would be no trees on a barren hill. James could not have left home twenty years ago if John Smith was really thirty years old. James could not have embraced his father with both arms. He had only one.

Abbreviations
1. a)

Page 49

Bachelor of Science; British Broadcasting Corporation; International Direct Dialling; Member of Parliament; Post Office; Before Christ; Master of Arts; His/Her Royal Highness; leg before wicket; His/Her Majestys Ship. ante meridiem - before noon; instant - this month; ultimo - last month; Esquire; Mister; post meridiem - after noon; street. Mon.
02

b) 2. a) b) c) 3. a) b)

Tues. cwt cm m

Wed. pt gal

Fri. sec

Sat. min

Jan. hr

Feb. in g ft kg

Aug. Sept. yd m m

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

lb

mm

km

ml

cl

1 mg

Robert Brown, Esquire, 74 Abbey Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom. Doctor Thomas Smith, Member of Parliament, a brother of the famous Harley Street surgeon who recently toured the United States of America, was married on the fourth instant in Saint Margarets Chapel, Westminster. Wm Miller of HMS Newcastle was awarded the VC for gallantry in action. Mr G Woods, a well-known local JP, was appointed MD of Messrs Cook & Co., Ltd. We boarded a train as the omnibus was full. The spectacles were discovered in the perambulator. I saw his photograph in a weekly magazine. He telephoned for news of the missing aeroplane. The examination was held in the gymnasium.

4. a) b) 5. a) b) c) d) e)

Antonyms p g *5 -5 ae 0 1
home presence refuse child dead descendant modern question depart awake disperse/ dismantle front forward good fertile ugly straight worse small sweet white curse timid top stern dull narrow sell free freedom expensive/dear slim dirty stupid smooth hot go reveal praise free deny expand incorrect hero bless dry light/fair night shallow victory attack admit arrive height live easy clean assemble/gather multiply up sober wet bright giant late west difficult flow uneducated full friend/ally exit morning never nowhere entrance contract success bold unfair/dark foul play true unfamiliar unknown simple/plain near thin strong barren many last ebb friend/ally wise native lost confined captivity enemy/foe back smile empty past obese mean dwarf come bad innocent soft love light depth heaven there villain unheroic reveal low solid abroad dishonest cold proud knowledgeable minute superior guilty separate senior adult sea first early fat captivity heavy/dark dead/die short found soft hate high sane minimum sad maximum majority spendthrift happy ancient evening pedestrian valley stationary divide wide foreigner far always old day silence all south everywhere few seldom new transparent shut in future war motorist temporary/ transitory ornate/fancy unpleasant singular rude rich wealth powerless condemn absent public poverty humble sell answer

Antonyms

noisy slow accept advance advance conceal poor wrong/left polite/courteous happiness danger often unselfish buy junior

deep long hide open plural smart fast large slovenly rough drunk hard hollow sweet north

cramped miser fresh mobile gradual bow crooked weak clever failure winter inferior bitter give short illegible dislike unlock disloyal immodest immoral immortal unnecessary ignoble abnormal disobey interior merciless internal pitiless

wild permanent here those these bold enormous bottom opaque untruth beautiful separate occupied clear mountain/hill disorder impatient imperfect displeasure non-poisonous impolite impossible improper impure irregular irreverent decrease useless outside

defeat wax peace wane strong poverty east dry black tame unwise better right old age unsafe insane unscrew unselfish nonsense untidy intransitive mistrust untwist invisible unwise

By adding Prefix indirect disadvantage inessential disapprove unfair inaudible unaware infamous misfire misbehave uncomfortable unhappy inhuman uncommon unjust disconnect discontent unkind unknown inconvenient illegal incorrect Changing the Prefix descend discourage import Changing the Suffix careless cheerless joyless

Pages 5 2 -5 3 1. failure, invisible, condemn, opaque, foul play, depart, everywhere, fertile, modern, foolish. 2. inaudible, misbehave, unknown, illegible, immodest, ignoble, disobedient, irregular, nonsense, unpleasant. 3. a) south, b) exit, c) smooth, d) motorist, e) innocent, f) impossible, g) seldom, h) friend, i) sweet, j) junior.

Antonyms

4. a) a stupid boy, b) a calm day, c) a quiet boy, d) a dull colour, e) a smooth sea, f) a tame horse, g) a dim light, h) a peaceful meeting, i) a cultivated flower. 5. a) an unarmed man, b) I am glad, c) to be out of step, d) a genuine gift, e) a light load, f) to sing out of tune, g) a sharp answer, h) a weak army, i) she was fair. 6. a) ugly, b) dull, c) descent, d) permanent, e) sold, f) industrious, g) dearth/scarcity, h) unintelligent, i) smooth, j) barren. 7. a) answer, b) re-captured, c) full, d) rude, e) forgotten. 8 . a) b) c) d) e) In the evening the sun sets in the west. The coward was blamed/condemned for his foul plav. The plain box was small and light. Losses on inferior articles made him poor. The weak army retreated after its failure.

Synonyms

Pages 5 5 -5 6

1. understand; vacant, unoccupied; enough; neighbourhood; tried; foes; dangerous; buy; see, understand, notice; new, up-to-date. 2. a) shining; b) suitable/handy; c) vanish; d) trick; e) bravery; f) strange/odd; g) high; h) join; i) edge; j) anger. 3. The pretty girl admired the handsome prince. The proud king laughed at the vain little girl, A stout woman should not eat fat meat. Weak tea will not refresh the feeble old lady. On a sultry day dont drink hot liquids. The old man was fond of antique furniture. Her loving hands had prepared a tender chicken. The day was dull and we felt quite sad. 4. I will learn to drive. He tried to teach him to swim. He tried to invent a new rocket. It was difficult to discover the whereabouts of the missing child. It was not possible to get all the books on one shelf. It is probable that they will succeed as they have tried so hard. She had to accept the offer for the house. They were all admitted to the hall, except one family. 5. a) b) The bucket fell into the well.c) I was surprised to find the house empty, Dont hide your real feelings.d) He changes his plans yearly.

Homonyms and Homophones

1. He shot the bear. The ground was completely bare.

Pages 5 8 -6 0

The children ate the cakes. We arrived at eight o clock.

She picked the flower in the garden. They will write letters to their friends. He hurt his right hand, and could not do his work. Flour is used to make bread. We were too late for the dance. The two dogs ran away. 2. She bought some steak. The bicycle was for sale. We must hire a car. The whole army marched into town. The boy broke a pane of glass. 3. There was a pause in the conversation. The cat cleaned her paws. They tried to steal the money. Steel is used to make cars and ships. He heard her call. The herd of buffalo was chased by the cowboys. We walked to the golf course. Their books are on the desks. The girl had to wait till four oclock. The wounded soldier uttered a loud groan. The joiner bored a small hole in the wood. Queen Victorias reign was one of the longest in history. It started to rain in the afternoon. Their pencils were new and unsharpened. There was a dog in the wood.

4. It is not allowed to speak aloud in class. The maid admitted that she had made a mistake. He will give no peace until he receives a piece of cake. Did you get the scent I sent you? I saw him stare at the man on the stair. Waste not, want not, said the woman with the thin waist. 5. A hoard of coins was found under the floor. The business man made a large profit on the deal. He was told not to meddle with the toys. I saw the lambs gambol in the field. His name was printed in large grtt letters. a) b) ewe yew beach beech led lead d) key quay plain plane pain pane 8) h) 0 ball bawl coarse course bow bough j) k) 1) profit prophet stair stare hour our m) peace piece n) o) fool full there their

e)
f)

c)

Verbs
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Page 61 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Uncle may be coming today. We should have been patient. You should not have been told. They are not looking well. The sheep were worried by dogs. I was worried till you came.

Rain fell yesterday. Day is dawning. It is sunny today. We have been robbed. I do not smoke. I could hardly see.

Page 63 1. arose, broke, cut, fell, kept, said, shook, drank, bit, chose 2. borne, driven, flown, given, hurt, ridden, sold, spoken, come, swum. 3. eat, beat, freeze, hide, blow, speak, awake, sell, lose. 4. a) throwing, giving, springing, firing, beginning, b) to burn, to speak, to stand, to sweep, to drive. 5. Past Tense was did forgot grew wrote 6. Present Tense I rise I forget I cut I sing I blow 7. a) b) c) Past Participle been done forgotten grown written Past Tense I rose I forgot I cut I sang I blew Past Tense sang tore hid went began Past participle sung torn hidden gone begun

Past Participle I have risen I have forgotten I have cut I have sung I have blown d) e) She tried to raise the lid. The sun had risen in the sky.

He raised his hand to greet his friend. Yesterday the boy rose at five o clock. I saw him rise from his seat.

8. She had gone for a walk. He saw his uncle yesterday. The old man had fallen asleep in his chair. He was awakened by the noise. The boy was dreaming about pirates. Page 64 1. We drank our tea before we sang the carol. 2. After he had run about five kilometres, he sank to the ground. 3. Some cloth is woven from wool which has grown on sheep. 4. He had given me the parcel before he was taken a prisoner. 5. The timid creature was driven into a narrow valley where it was slain by the cruel tiger. 6. The vessel sank before they had swum a great distance. 7. The tree had fallen across the road and many of its branches were broken.

Adjectives

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

By the time the sun had risen the aeroplane had flown across the sea. No sooner had he spoken than a deer sprang into our path. He began to look for the toy which he had given to his brother. The man had thrown away the purse which was stolen from the lady. The jacket had been well worn and the cloth had shrunk. After we had eaten our supper we went to the pond which was frozen over. The picture was drawn by a famous and wealthy artist who had risen from poverty. They had just gone when we were seen by our friends. A nest had fallen to the ground, where it had been blown by the wind. The bell rang just after I had written the letter.

Adjectives
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Page 65

The tail gentleman wore a blue overcoat. Little Tim was a delicate boy with pale cheeks. The weather was wet and foggy. The ugly old witch spoke in a hoarse cracked voice. The lost ball was found near the wooden gate. Comparative more hotter worse more famous less Superlative most hottest worst most famous least

Page 6 7 Positive many hot bad famous little

faster, better, more gracious, taller, more beautiful. thinnest, most, most comfortable, most handsome. Positive long far good generous late cautious nearest ........... better .............. f a r .................... more certain surest .............. Comparative longer farther better more generous later more cautious ............... superlative ............... comparative ............... positive ............... comparative ............... superlative Superlative longest farthest best most generous latest most cautious larger ...................... most wonderful b a d .......................... shorter ................... biggest.................... comparative superlative positive comparative superlative
21

Adjectives

6. a) b) c) d) e) f) 8) h) 0 j)

James was the bigger of the twins. A kinder lady you could not meet. The better team won the football match. Fred was the fastest of all the runners. Who is the taller, Jack or Betty? He proved to be the most ignorant person. Of the two, I like George better. A worse boy I have never known. The sailor lifted the thinner end of the rope. The patient made the most wonderful recovery.

Adverbs
1. 2. 3. 4.

Page 68

Dinner will soon be ready. 5. I once saw an eagle kill a rabbit. There lay the object of our search. 6. Where did you find that knife? The man walked slowly acrossthe field. 7. He can certainly boast about his adventures. The apples were quite good. 8 . The story ended happily.

Page 71 1. He charged furiously. He slept soundly. He spent sparingly. He smiled broadly. He decided immediately. He crept silently. He fell heavily. He waited patiently. 2. The girl sings sweetly. The lion roars loudly. The artist paints beautifully. The child sleeps soundly. The cat walks stealthily. The clerk wrote carefully. The river flows gently. The stars shine brightly. The horse gallops proudly. The man frowns angrily. Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be permissible. Positive soon briefly well early clearly Comparative sooner more briefly better earlier more clearly Superlative soonest most briefly best earliest most clearly

long - longer; badly - worse; carefully - more carefully; lai fast - fastest; quickly - most quickly; sick - sickest; easily Positive long happily late willingly ill Comparative longer more happily later more willingly worse Superlative longest most happily latest most willingly worst

Word Building
ability absence abundance accuracy acquaintance action admiration adoption advertisement allowance amusement anger anxiety appearance applause application approval arrival ascent assistance attendance attraction baggage beauty beggar beginning behaviour belief bitterness boyhood bravery breath brightness cashier childhood choice

Page 72

Forming Nouns: Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be permissible.
civilisation cleanliness collection commencement comparison conclusion confidence confusion contentment creation creditor cruelty curiosity darkness deceit decency decision depth defence departure description destruction development discovery division deed encouragement enjoyment entrance equality excess exhaustion expectation explanation faithfulness falsehood fame favour food fierceness or ferocity flight fragrance freedom friendship grandeur greatness growth happiness hatred heroism height holiness imagination imitation information injury interference introduction invention invitation judgment justice knowledge laughter laziness learning or learner likeness listener life length loss loyalty magician manliness marriage merriment missionary mockery morality mountaineer movement musician occupation opposition persuasion pleasure proclamation profession prosperity pride proof provision punctuality punishment pursuit readiness reality rebellion receipt recognition relief remembrance renewal repetition repentance resentment revelation revival sadness satisfaction scenery scholar science security sight selection serenity servant shadow sickness simplicity speech stealth streamer striker strength success superiority tale thought thrift type vanity variety visitor warrior warmth weakness weariness weight width wisdom worthiness youth

Word Building

Page 73 Forming Adjectives: able accidental admirable adventurous affectionate angelic angry anxious athletic attractive autumnal beautiful biblical boyish brazen breathless British careful or careless cautious central changeable charitable childish choral choice circular collective colonial comfortable conclusive continental courageous cowardly crafty creditable criminal critical cruel customary dangerous deceitful or deceptive decisive descriptive destructive disastrous distant dutiful energetic enjoyable excessive expressive faithful famous fashionable fatherly faulty favourite fiery fifth foolish forceful forgetful fortunate French friendly gigantic girlish golden graceful grievous harmful hateful hot high heroic hopeful or hopeless imaginary or imaginative industrious informative introductory iron-clad Italian joyful lawful learned long lifelike or living loving or lovable luxurious manly marvellous meddlesome melodious merciful or merciless metallic mineral mischievous mocking mountainous mournful moveable musical mysterious national natural neglectful noisy northern noticeable oaken obedient occasional opposite ornamental parental patient peaceful perilous personal picturesque pitiful or pitiless pleasant poetic poisonous proud prosperous quarrelsome ragged reasonable scientific sensible shadowy showery silken silvery sisterly skilful sorrowful southern spiral spirited starry stopping stormy strong studious successful sunny sympathetic talkative terrifying thirsty thoughtful tidal tiresome or tiring troublesome truthful typical united valuable or valueless vain various victorious vocal volcanic Welsh warlike watery wavy wearisome western wintry wise witty wooden woollen worthy wretched yearly youthful

Word Building

Page 74 Forming Verbs: to enable to act to banish to bathe to beautify to bleed to brighten to broaden to encamp to encircle to circulate to civilise to cleanse to clothe to colonise to compose

to encourage to create to criticise to accustom to darken to do to describe to dictate to educate to falsify to fatten to fertilise to refine to feed to enforce to befriend

to freeze to fill to glaze to glorify to gild to graze to grieve to grow to horrify to imitate to enjoy to justify to kneel to know to enlarge to live joyfully purely simply

to lengthen to magnetise to moisten to nationalise to obey to imperil to please to prove to provide to purify to relieve to reside to resolve to enrich to roll, enrol to sharpen sweetly terribly thoughtfully

to shelve to shorten to simplify to soften to solve to sing to sparkle to speak to strengthen to succeed to terrify to think to tighten to entomb to try to widen truly wearily widely

Forming Adverbs: happily ably heavily critically faithfully horribly

Compound Words
Sample answers in alphabetical order of first words. blackboard bootlace cart-load churchyard coalshed daylight doormat dustman eggcup firefly football gentleman grandson gunfire hatstand heartache housewife jampot lamp-post lifetime maidservant milkmaid millpond outcry safeguard schoolmaster spendthrift strongroom tablecloth teashop timepiece tombstone toothpick waterfall witchcraft

Pages 7 5 -7 6 Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be possible. 1. a) pleasure, b) proof, c) knowledge, d) pride, e) choice, f) encouragement, g) strength, h) reality, i) justice, j) gift. 2. selection; growth; baggage; action, actor; receipt, receiver; invitation; succession; repentance; division. 3- astonishment; cowardice; criticism; trickery, trickster; assistance, assistant; freedom; information, informer; loyalty, loyalist; invention, inventor; sickness.

Word Building

4. British; hot; expensive; angry; faithful, faithless; high; fashionable; boyish; vain; sensible, senseless. 5. a) decisive, b) biblical, c) talkative, d) circular, e) attractive, f) mysterious, g) vocal, h) national, i) wintry, j) perilous. 6. a) to kneel, b) to strengthen, c) to describe, d) to gild, e) to accustom, f) to tighten g) to grieve, h) to enlarge; i) to glorify; j) to feed. 7. to obey, to sweeten, to educate, to fatten, to live, to compose, to civilise, to entomb, to bathe, to purify.
8 . angrily, tunefully, excitedly, freely, anxiously, frantically, worriedly, seriously, foolishly, silently.

9. blackboard hatbox/stand/rack lamplight/shade toothache/brush 10. Adjective long strong broad glad able wide

milkmaid buttercup/teacup tablecloth/backcloth bookcase/binder Noun length strength breadth gladness ability width

grandfather/mother/child goalpost football/snowball footstool Verb to lengthen to strengthen to broaden to gladden to enable to widen

11 a) He threw the brick through the window. b) The brick wall fell down.

a) He met the tribal chief in the village. b) The chief assistant helped the customer. a) The diamond was very valuable. b) The diamond necklace was stolen from its case. a) The flowers in the garden were beautiful. b) The garden seat was broken. a) In the foundry they melted the iron. b) The car smashed into the iron post. a) The light in the room went out. b) There was a light wind in the garden. a) The people at the concert heard beautiful music. b) The music stand fell down. a) There was a hole in the sole of his shoe. b) The sole owner of the company lost his money in the slump.

Word Building

a) The square was surrounded by beautiful trees. b) The television set was placed in a square box. a) It has been a very hot summer. b) We are spending our summer holidays at home. a) The hyena lost her young in the bush. b) The young man was easily able to run in the marathon. 12. a) She used her brush to sweep the stairs, b) She asked if she could brush the stairs. a) He had a new cycle for Christmas. b) He set off to cycle to school. a) Theres no smoke without fire. b) Dont fire without taking careful aim. a) The heat was intense in the centre of the fire. b) She began to heat the soup on the stove. a) There was no hope for the missing fisherman. b) I hope he is safe said the girl. a) The notice said Beware of the dog. b) I did not notice the sign, replied the man. a) The sail was torn by the wind. b) He set out to sail round the island. a) He bought a blade for the saw. b) They saw the man fall to his death. a) The spring broke on the cars axle. b) In the gymnasium the boys had to spring through hoops. a) The window-cleaner put his foot on the first step of the ladder. b) The woman began to step into the road without looking out for the traffic. a) They each took a turn on the apparatus. b) The motorist had to turn very quickly to avoid an accident. a) The sandcastle was destroyed by the wave. b) We all went to London to wave at the Queen and her procession. 13. a) b) c) d) e) It was a large round table........................................................................................ Adjective The tourist played a round of golf. ............................................................................. Noun The speaker turned round.......................................................................................... Adverb The boy ran quickly round the field................................................................Preposition The horses must round this corner. .............................................................................Verb

Concord

Pages 7 8 -7 9

1. Each of the boys is going on holiday so each of them has gone to bed eady. 2. Everybody was pleased as each of them was treated alike. 3. Neither he nor she wants to go. 4. Werent we sorry when we heard you were going? 5. One of the men is married and so he gets preference. 6. All but William have behaved well so all but William get away early. 7. James, as well as John, rises at eight, so James, like John, is early for work. 8. Neither of the singers was present. 9- Every little girl desires a nice doll. 10. The miller and his wife are a happy couple. 11. Why does every one of us do stupid things at times? 12. Neither of them has failed as both of them are right in five sums. 13. The girl, with several others, was going to school. 14. Both Agnes and Albert are here tonight. 15. Either Fred or Jean has made a mistake, so either he or she is wrong. 16. Not one of the boys has a knife although not one of the boys is young. 17. John, like James, is smaller than Peter. 18. Are Frank and Margaret happy, as both he and she were complaining? 19- All of you but Andrew are good, so all of you but Andrew get a reward. 20. Each of the ladies is delighted as each of the ladies receives a prize. 21. Anybody is allowed to enter. 22. Every one of us knows the answers becauseevery one of us wascopying. 23. Nobody is unhappy at the camp because nobody isallowed to feel lonely. 24. Arthur, as well as Donald, is clever, so Arthur, as well as Donald, has succeeded. 25. The gentlemen and the ladies were wearing evening dress. 26. Either one or the other is wealthy as either one or the other has plenty of money. 27. All of us but David were on holiday so all of us but David are feeling relaxed. 28. Werent they pleased when they heard we were coming? 29. Cecil, as well as Annie, likes spelling and Cecil, as well as Annie, hates arithmetic. 30. Either Flora or Richard has measles, so either she or he is in bed. 31. Why does every one of them do that, when every one of them knows the arrangements?

Pronouns
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Page 84

He and I went for a walk. It was he whom we saw in the shop. No one believes it was she: everyone thinks it was I. Between him and me we ate the whole cake. She and I can go, but you and he cannot. Jack is not as clever as he or I. It seems to be they whom the police suspect.

Conjunctions

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

She and you sang very well together. John is much brighter than he or I. This discovery must remain a secret between you and me. Its not for us to run after them. It was he who knew the right answer. Who are they? We lads were at the cinema at the same time as they. Between you and me, I know all about Sue and her. He is almost as big as I, but smaller than she. Her sisters are smaller than we, but she is taller than I. You must choose between them and us. You and I could do it, but not you and he. It appears to be she about whom you should worry. She and I are twelve years of age. Her cousin is younger than she or I. Was it I whom you saw there? I spoke to him and her about whom to tell. We are certain it was not he who was to blame. It is not she that I am angry with, but he. Him I can excuse but not them. Was it he or she who found the purse? Whom do you think we met? Anyone whos poor shouldnt buy one of these. Thats not your pencil. Its mine. Everyone that wants a ticket must bring his money. Neither he nor she knows what he or she is doing. Lets go, you and me, and see whos there. Whom were you speaking to?

Conjunctions

Pages 8 8 -8 9

Time 1. Wait there tiU I have finished. 2. He left before darkness fell. 3. We have remained here since you left. 4. After they arrived, they sat down. 5. I can call whenever it is convenient to you.

29

Conjunctions

Place 1. He went whence he could not return. 2. The faithful dog followed his master wherever he went. 3. There were many trees where I sat down. 4. They followed whither he led them. Cause o r Reason 1. As we left early, we did not see him. 2. I was afraid to speak lest he should tell. 3- You ask him, since you are friends. 4. My uncle was angry because he was deceived. Concession 1. The boy is strong and healthy though he is not tall. 2. While I trust him, I dislike his companions. 3. We will go even if it rains. 4. Whether you like it or not, he will invite you. 5. My cold is much worse although I have tried to cure it. Condition 1. Except that he is sometimes nervous, he manages quite well. 2. She will go if you ask her. 3. You cannot obtain admission unless you pay. Manner o r Degree 1. You are quite right as far as I can see. 2. The dog lifted his paw as though he understood me. 3. She is older than I am. 4. They did not play so well as their opponents. 5. The man looked as if he was a foreigner. 6. I cannot work as he can. Purpose 1. The man put on the light so that he could read. 2. In order that they might be in time, they left early. 3. The boy ran quickly lest he should be left behind. 4. You should go that you may be cured. Consequence 1. The dog ran so fast that he caught the hare. 2. He ran quickly so that he was in time for tea.

Prepositions
1. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) 0 j)

Pages 9 0 -9 1

Note: Where possible give more than one answer in this section. The boy must apologise to the lady. That man is an authority on flowers. The mother was proud of her sons success. He placed the bat against/on/behind the wall. My cousin put the book in the drawer. It is an exception to the rule. His opinion differs from mine. The main ran down/along/up/through the path. She takes great pride in her appearance. The ball went through/towards the window. The pencil lay on/under/beside/near/underneath/below/behind the desk. The man rowed across/on/over/up/down the river The lady sat beside/near/behind/beyond/by/with the chairman. I stood on the bridge of the ship. Above me. I saw a cloudv skv. The dog leaped over the wall after a ball. We chased him through a field of hav. With that ticket you can obtain admission to the show. Mv brother received a letter from him. The farmer stored his hay in a large barn. Beside the boxes lav several boulders. The careless bov ran behind the car. During the vear manv people were injured in street accidents.

2. a) b) c) 3. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) 0 j)

Correction of Sentences
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Pages 9 2 -9 3

She was the older of the two sisters. Whom did you see at the party? Neither John nor James was present. She is not as old as I. The better team won the football match. The books that we read were interesting. As it was a fine day I went to the seashore. For whom can it be? OR Whom can it be for? He was angry with me for leaving. I am, yours truly. I cannot run any further. John has broken his leg. Hurrah! shouted the man.

Correction of Sentences

t-3J 2

The letter was sent to Mr (John) Brown OR Miss/Mrs/Ms Jane Brown. The parcel was returned to the sender. I left home at a quarter to seven. The girl said that she had done it herself. OR The girl said that she did it herself. He returned home as quickly as he could. I have forgotten to post the letter. Where are my boots? .She Juirt her leg. She had a bad accident. There are four books on the table. He went to get up OR He got up. The lady bought a comb with plastic teeth for the baby. Between you and me, he is quite wrong. They sang the same song twice. This jacket is worn out. Its no use my working. I intended to write. I was so tired I could hardly have spoken. The fishermen saw a shoal of herring in the sea. He ran immediately to the injured man. OR He ran to the injured man immediately. Between you and me we saw many people. I saw a dog, which had a long tail, with his master. We found the ring made of gold, belonging to the lady. OR We found the gold ring belonging to the lady. 37. A piano with carved legs was sold to a lady. 38. We saw the rascal who stole our ball. 39. There are five books on the table. 40. A man and his dog were at the corner. 41. She and her husband are going. 42. His hair badly needs cutting. 43. Neither of them is tall. 44. Someone has left his or her books behind. 45. He and his sister went to the cinema. 46. My friend and I went to buy coats for ourselves. 47. It was he whom you saw. 48. They have done it again. 49. She could not come any quicker. 50. We have never seen any of them. 51. He couldnt remember anything. 52. He did his work correctly. 53. Is he the taller of the two? _ 54. Each of the boys had his books. I ___ 55. It was I that broke the window.

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 1920. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 2930. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

The Right Word in the Right Place

56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.

Who is the cleverer, John or Mary? A kinder man never lived. I was so breathless I could hardly speak. The animal did not take any notice. Neither of them has been lucky. He and I went to the cinema together. He took the bigger portion. It was a remarkably fine picture. He is worse than I. I saw him go to the theatre. One of the horses was tired. Of the two, I like James better. Give me those oranges. He doesnt speak very clearly. We are quite sure he did it. She sent it to you and me. The man taught him to swim. That answer is different from mine. Neither one nor the other is right. I do not think she will stay. The lady sings quite nicely. He did not accept the gift. To whom does this belong? The child rose from the floor. The two brothers divided the apple between them.

The Right Word in the Right Place

1. a) b) c) d) e) f) His watch stopped at six oclock. I remember how the story ended. I have completed my lessons. (Could use finished.) They have finished the alterations. (Could use completed.) The meeting concluded with the National Anthem. Having enough money, they closed the fund.

Pages 9 4 -9 7

2.

learning ....... to acquire knowledge by studying or being taught. teaching ..........passing on knowledge or skills to others. looking ..........using ones eyes to see. staring ..........looking with a fixed gaze. mumbling..........pronouncing words indistinctly. bawling ..........shouting in a very loud voice. striding ..........walking with long steps. galloping ......... running with all four feet off the ground simultaneously between steps.

The Right Word in the Right Place

taking snatching tapping battering throwing hurling writing scribbling

..........getting into ones possession. ..........seizing something suddenly. ..........hitting something gently. ..........hitting something heavily and continuously ..........flinging something through the air. ..........flinging something violently through the air. ..........forming letters or words with pen, pencil, chalk, etc. ..........writing badly formed letters or words - usually doing so quickly and carelessly. a pretty bonnet a pleasant/good walk an agreeable man a convenient train an interesting book. He chuckled gleefully. He smiled broadly. He listened attentively. He whispered softly. He shouted with joy. Look! he exclaimed. He muttered under his breath. That is so, he answered.

3. a beautiful garden a delicious cake a fine house a good/pleasant day an enjoyable concert 4. He sang tunefully. He frowned angrily. He bowed humbly. He mumbled indistinctly.

5. He said that he would come. He explained why he was late. He pleaded for mercy. He whispered quietly to his neighbour. 6. He charged furiously. He bled profusely. He pulled vigorously. He caressed fondly. He He He He

ate greedily. slept soundly. strove manfully. crept stealthily. d) He caught a bad cold yesterday. e) He arrived at the station in time. f) He was married last year. e) He was so ill that he went to bed. f) The postman delivered the letters. g) He avoided accidents because he drove very carefully.

7. a) He rose at eight oclock. b) He received a penny from his mother. c) He ate (had, took) his breakfast early. 8. a) A man who digs for coal is a miner. b) I switched on the electric light. c) The Christmas holiday is in December. d) They sang a Christmas carol.

9. a) That is the boy who broke the window. b) That is the stone which broke the window. c) That is the man whose window was broken. d) That is the boy whom I saw breaking the window. e) That is the boy who told me that he broke the window.

The Right Word in the Right Place

10. a) table, b) stable, c) fable, d) portable, e) valuable, f) cable, g) unable, h) arable,

i) vegetable, j) breakable. 1 1 . a) depart, b) return, c) descend, d) advance, e) enter, f) crawl, g) leave, h) run, i) amble, j) ascend. 12. a) b) c) d) e) 13. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Did you notice any friends there? Never have I seen such a display. We have not received any of the books. No thank you, I never smoke. We are not going there any more. f) None of the boys knew the answer. g) No. he is not well enough to eat any cakes. h) Have you any marbles? No, I have not.

The soldier was one hundred and eighty centimetres tall. My exercise book is fifteen centimetres wide. The height of the factory chimney was seventy metres. The distance from London to Glasgow is about six hundred andforty-three kilometres. The string on the parcel was two millimetres thick. The distance from Southampton to New York is about four thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven kilometres. The room was four metres high. My ruler is thirty centimetres long. ..........uses sails and wind power. ......... uses steam-engine power. ......... a writing tool which uses ink. ......... a writing tool which uses lead. ......... itself holds together two or more pieces of material or paper. ......... is used for joining material with thread, held in its eye. ......... large timepiece placed on a table, wall or tower. ......... small timepiece worn on the wrist or carried in the pocket. ......... roll of tobacco rounded at one or both ends. ......... thin roll of tobacco not rounded at either end. ......... the inside of the roof of a room. ......... the whole top covering of a building.

14. yacht steamer pen pencil pin needle clock watch cigar cheroot ceiling roof

car ......... is road transport. aeroplane ......... is air transport. shoes boots ham bacon saltfish cod ......... footwear, not covering the ankles. ......... footwear covering the ankles. ......... pigs flesh from the thigh. ......... pigs flesh from back or sides. ......... fish, usually cod, preserved in salt. ......... general name for a kind of fish.

The Right Word in the Right Place

picture sketch river canal chair sofa shadow reflection hay straw map plan

......... a painting or drawing of something or somebody. ......... a rough or quick drawing. ......... is a natural waterway. ......... is a man-made waterway. ......... a seat for one person. ......... a seat for two or more persons. ......... a dark area cast by an object obstructing light. ......... an image sent back from a mirror or other polished surface. ......... grass dried for fodder. ......... cut stalks of grain. ......... scale drawing representing an area of land viewed from above, with main features shown, ......... a scale drawing of a man-made object viewed from above.

15. a) The nature lover rambled through the woods. b) The lame man limped across the floor. c) The happy couple strolled down the lane. d) The daring knight strode into the hall. e) The tourist sauntered through the art gallery. f) The soldiers marched to the station. g) Captain Smith paced up and down the deck. h) The cunning thief sneaked into the room. i) The baby toddled across the floor. j) Proud Mr Brown strutted on to the platform, k) The weary farmer plodded homewards. 1) A gouty old man hobbled down the stairs, m) The hikers tramped many a long mile, n) The angry man stamped into his office. 0) The burglar prowled through the house, p) The sick patient shuffled over to the table. 16. a) Plunge it into cold water. b) Ask someone - preferably a policeman. c) Sit down, rub the ankle, and as soon as possible wrap it round tightly with a bandage. d) Sit down, and tilt your head slightly forward. e) Open the windows - and find an adult to turn off the gas and phone the Gas Company. f) Roll her on the ground in a coat or rug. g) Take it to the nearest police station. h) Run cold water on it, dry it gently and bandage it. 1) Telephone the Fire Brigade - and the police if necessary, j) Remove the sting, and treat it with ointment.

Addition of Clauses p g 9 ae
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. I saw the ladv ... who lives next door. The little bov said ... that he was lost. The girl ran quicklv ... because she was late. Thev opened the door ... when thev reached home. I noticed ... that the audience quietened down ... when he rose to speak. We stood on the verv sp o t... where he died. Do not go into the water ... if vou cannot swim. The dog barked loudlv ... when he saw the postman. The ladv ... who was run over ... was mv sister. Will vou let me know ... when I should arrive? The dog ... plunged into the water and ... saved the child. We saw the train ... as it entered the tunnel. I hope ... thev will understand. He stood up ... while thev listened. The bov hurt himself badlv ... when he fell down. The man ... who broke into the house ... was caught bv the police, I saw ... what was going on. She bousht an umbrella ... because it was raining. She trembled ... as she spoke. The messenger arrived ... when it stopped raining. I watched the man ... who was cutting his hedge. I do not know ... how long it takes. As the girl approached the house ... she started to shout. We saw ... no one was at home ... when we returned. Call the doctor ... if you are ill. Come to mv house ... when vou have completed the work. I know the child ... who ran awav from school. When I cam here ... the place was just farmland. I bought a stamp ... which cost twopence. Mv father scolded me ... because I had lost the ball. The crowd rushed forward ... when thev saw the queen. The solders, who had followed the enemv ... were trapped in the wood. The unhappv scholar said ... he was tired of his work. I will probablv forget all about i t ... if vou do not send word. The bov lifted the box ... which was blocking the wav. The man waved franticallv ... so that the rescuers would see. Kind of clause adjectival noun adverbial (reason) principal noun adjectival principal adverbial (time) adjectival noun principal adverbial (time) noun principal adverbial (time) adjectival noun adverbial (reason) principal adverbial (time) adjectival noun principal noun principal adverbial (time) adjectival principal principal adverbial (reason) adverbial (time) adjectival noun principal adjectival adverbial (reason)

Replacement

Page 99

Phrases into Clauses 1. He failed ... because he was careless. 2. When his task was completed ... the boy went out to play. 3. He told me ... that he was coming. 4. A man ... who has an important position ... has many responsibilities. 5. She lived in a cottage ... which was near the sea. 6. When I entered ... I saw several pictures. 7. The police recovered the property ... which had been stolen. 8. I was pleased to hear ... that he had succeeded. 9- We do not know ... where he is hiding. 10. The roads ... which led to the fair ... were crowded. Clauses into Phrases 1. I am convinced ... of his sincerity. 2. The child was in bed ... before sunset. 3. His action showed ... his bravery. 4. I am certain ... of your help. 5. On approaching ... I heard a great noise. 6. He met me ... on my arrival. 7. The man admitted ... his mistake OR being wrong. 8 . The girl was absent... because of illness. 9. You cannot succeed ... without working hard. 10. The witness described ... the scene of the accident. One word replacement 6. 1. He wished to see him immediately. 7. 2. The concert was postponed for a month. 8. 3. The sentry deserted his post. 9. 4. The concert is held annually. 10. 5. The army advanced towards the town.
The man regretted his hasty words. The sun disappeared behind the clouds. The neighbours are very kind. They decided to go to the party. That boy is always punctual.

Sentences
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Pages 1 0 0 -1 0 1

Simple to Complex
I have a dog of which I am very fond. That is the man who stole my purse. I was travelling in a bus which collided with a taxi. The boy did not pass because his work was badly done. I was gazing out of the window when I saw a crowd. The boy was riding a horse which looked tired. The man could hardly walk because he carried such a heavy load. The book, which is red, belongs to Jack. The girl went for the doctor, who stayed next door.

10. The house, which was built by Toms father, was destroyed. 11. He works hard at his lessons because he wishes to succeed. 12. The men, who were walking quickly, saw me. 13. He heard the sound of music as he was passing a church. 14. The lady lost the book when she was going to the library. 15. The man stood at the door, which was open. 16. The boy took home the rabbit which he had caught. 17. The girl hurt herself when she fell heavily. 18. He saw many books when he opened the cupboard. 19. The lady who lost her purse was careless. 20. Mary entered the room which was brightly decorated. 21. When a loud peal of thunder came the children were frightened. 22. Tom made mistakes in reading because he could not see well. 23. The teacher praised the boys because they had worked well. 24. The horse fell as it was pulling a heavy load. 25. The man who caught a salmon took it home. 26. The boy cannot walk because he had hurt his foot. 27. The lady sat in a coach which was drawn by four horses. 28. The tourist climbed the hill, which was steep. 29. Because she has a good voice, my sister sings in the choir. 30. The girl found a brooch which she took to her mother. 31. I found a ladys purse which contained two coins. 32. The girl who wore a red dress sat next to me. 33. I visited the little cottage in which I was born. 34. The woman who stood at the corner of the street was selling flowers 3 5 .1 went to see my cousin whose home was in the country. 36. I gave money to the man, who was poorly clad.

Complex to Simple
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 910. 11. 12. 13. 14. He is a man. He is very intelligent. We heard the news. He was saved. How old is he? I can tell you. The woman lives in a house. It is very big. Maria spoke to the soldier. He was wounded. The boy lost his ticket. He was careless. He will arrive. Then I shall speak to him. The child found a ring. It was very valuable. He asked me. Where do you live? Can you tell me? Which way is the wind blowing? I saw him. Then the clock struck five. The traveller told a story. We all believed it. People study the stars. They use huge telescopes. The sun rose. Then the soldiers resumed their march.

Sentences

15. He asked for the book. In the book one finds the meaning of words. 16. I have made a mistake. I admit it.

Alphabetical Order
1. 2. 3. 4.

Page 102

colonel; extremely; immediately; judgement; language; necessary; official; vegetable. balance; beginning; biscuit; blossom; bough; brooch; business; byre. coarse; cocoa; coffee; collection; complaint; condition; correct; course. disaster; discovery; disease; disguise; dismissed; disobeyed; displayed; district.

Apostrophes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Page 103

The boys pencil lay on the floor. The ladies coats were in the cloakroom. My cousins hand was badly hurt. The mens boots were covered with mud. The childs doll fell into the pond. I saw that the object was a womans glove. The register lay on the teachers desk. He looked very smart in page-boys uniform. It took several hours hard work to repair the damage. In the window was a special display of babies clothes. The childrens books were left in my uncles house. The maids dress was torn by a neighbours dog. My fathers wallet was discovered in the thieves den. A ducks egg is generally cheaper than a hens. Mr Smiths watch is five minutes slower than Mr Browns. Page 104

The Apostrophe as a Contraction

1. tis; neednt; youll; Halloween; souwester; Ive; twas; neer; oclock; dont. 2. Well probably arrive at seven o clock if theres a convenient bus.

Punctuation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Page 106

What time is it? asked the traveller. His father said, Where is your brothers knife? My friend exclaimed, What a lovely view! He has gone to school, said his sister, in a quiet voice. The child suddenly shouted, Look! Oh! cried the boy. I have hurt my finger. Come here, said his mother. All right, replied the boy. The man asked, Have you seen the hammer? Yes, replied his companion. It is on the table.

Doubles

9. A boy said to his friend, Are you going to the cinema? No, replied the other. Im on my way home. 10. When I return, said the girl to her father, will you tell me the story of the shipwreck? Very well, he answered, but dont be too long at your aunts.

Popular Phrases p g 114 ae

horse play for a lark a fine kettle of fish as the crow flies a stiff upper lip a blind alley a dead cert a far cry a flash in the pan the lions share not a patch on bats in the belfry by hook or by crook back to the wall from pillar to post a birds eye view a busmans holiday no flies on him a cat on hot bricks a cock and bull story with flying colours a fly in the ointment on the nail pins and needles a storm in a teacup rough, boisterous play for a prank, a joke a mess, muddle, awkward state of affairs in a straight line; the shortest way self-control in a difficult situation a situation precluding further progress an absolute certainty something very different from the matter in hand a single, instant success, never again achieved the major portion totally inferior to - not to be compared with eccentricity by any means, fair or foul in a dangerous situation from which there is no retreat flitting randomly from one place (or attempted solution of a problem) to another an overall picture - seeing everything usually from above using spare time to do something which you normally do anyway not easily deceived someone tremendously excited, and unable to concentrate on one thing at a time a totally improbable, invented explanation achieving something with triumphant success trouble in an otherwise favourable situation payment for something immediately on demand a tingling sensation in a limb which has been cramped and to which the blood is re-circulating trouble over nothing; out of proportion to the matter concerned

Doubles
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Page 115

The police placed the man under lock and key He polished his boots until they were spick and span. She tried to do it again and again. The child had gathered many odds and ends. The stout man began to puff and blow with exertion.

Colours
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Page 117

The old colonel was purple with rage. The bully turned white with fear. The little orphan was blue with cold. His rival was green with envy. The pages of the book were yellow with age.

Derivations

Page 120

1. century: hundred; December: ten; factory: make; manual: hand; navigate: a ship; suspend: hanging: pedal: foot; export: carry; describe: to write; tentacles: feel. 2. anteroom: before; bicycle: two; circumference: round; contradict: against; forenoon: before; international: between; postscript: after; submarine: under; transport: across; unknown: not. 3. heiress: female; cigarette: little; explorer: one who ...; simplify: to make; duckling: little; careless: without; edible: able to be ...; attendant: one who ...; decorator: one who ...; courageous: full of.

General Knowledge
1. 2. 34. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. bully army regiment, platoon crew, sailors pupils, scholars shepherd valley school submarine garage leaflet bat orchard clock, watch milk joiner oasis hypocrite braggart tributary century compass rungs

Pages 1 2 1 -1 2 7 2324. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 3334. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. dalmatian (dog), leopard, cheetah surgeon bow, stem, prow turban brewery dawn artist fillet ford bat, owl, cat feather (large and showy) cent, dollar, dime, quarter waitress hermit fracture winkle, whelk, mussel, oyster mutton breakfast Paris barrel, can studio cemetery

General Knowledge

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 6 6. 67. 68. 6970. 71. 72. 7374. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.

constable, copper, bobby violin, cello, viola, guitar equator thermometer milk sight, smell, hearing, touch, taste herring sandals distillery atomic clock smallpox, cholera, polio, whooping cough, measles red, green and white zebra, tiger exports aviary martyr atmosphere miser hymn, psalm through its gills red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet attic eagle kilt triangle hangar the oceans of the world vase horse for riding St George deaf mute cabin sergeant deputy, substitute six beech, oak, sycamore, plane, pine, fir, larch foundry Gobi, Kalahari, Sahara, Western Arabian whale, dolphin, otter

conjuror steam larvae pork, ham, bacon Loch Ness imports tannery ass dynamo cream moving air a fruit often cooked and served with saltfish 96. a three-legged stand 97. rum 98. venison 99. contraband 100. Latin 101. hatchery, incubator 102 . a space traveller 103. red, blue, yellow 104. willow 105. telephone, fax, email, text message 106. a band of stars stretching across the sky 107. British Guyana 108. gasometer, gas-holder 109. the original inhabitants of the West Indies 110 . leg before wicket 111. a bicycle or vehicle which jolts the passenger 1 1 2 . aluminium 113. it carries out research into space flight 114. The Great Wall of China 115. Havana 116 . aquarium 117. Robinson Crusoes servant and only companion on his island 118. one who imitates another persons actions 119. propeller 120 . backbone

84. 85. 86. 8 7. 88. 8 9. 9 0. 91 . 92. 93. 94. 95.

General Knowledge 1 2 1 . a heavenly body that revolves round the sun 122. deliberately sinking your own ship 123. Be Prepared 124. Holland or the Netherlands 125. a picturesque cave 126. horn, trumpet, bugle, clarinet, bassoon, flute 127. restaurant 128. New York City 129. explore life under the sea 130. all the land drained by a river and the streams that flow into it 131. the punishment by death for a crime 132. Mercury 133. a one-legged character in Treasure Island 134. X-ray 135. right hand side 136. St Andrew 137. sailing across the equator 138. Australia and New Zealand 139- Tony Blair 140. June 141. Ireland 142. drum, tambourine, xylophone, triangle 143. duet 144. castor oil 145. thirteen 146. one aged 100 years or more 147. compass or compasses 148. forest or rainforest 149- glider 150. the redwood (sequoia) 151. bee 152. porcupine, hedgehog 153. in an emergency - especially at sea 154. 25th December 155. a short sword used for cutting trees and fruit 156. in Greece 157. thirty-two 158. St Patrick

159160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197.

ice weaving machine kangaroo, possum a deep inlet of water on a coastline microscope a Scottish explorer of Africa December citrus pansy, chrysanthemum, lily, rose, tulip, nasturtium Scandinavia a level or tier of a multi-level building lion St David cartoon Peru aviator a hooded cloak worn by Arabs bunk six Canada a four-footed animal camel a tramp or travelling workman, usually in America primates Chinese two-wheeled carriage drawn by a man on foot or on a cycle tubers ice pack/float/floe New York aircraft a piece of equipment in space to send photographs of clouds back to earth mosquito yolk Roman god of war when he is short-sighted chart peel crustaceans cure cavalry

General Knowledge

198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204.

205. 206. 207. 208. 209210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 2 15. 216. 217.

218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 2 26. 227.

a wide view from above an Arab chief boiling water and tea leaves crater from tin and copper student, pupil magnetically formed streamers of light seen in the north of the northern hemisphere husky mortar an insulated container for keeping liquids hot or cold exit Jupiter summit rock-like remains of the bodies of tiny animals (found in the sea) a referee lariat walking one behind the other America hamlet a female spirit who shrieks just before a death in the family - in Ireland or Scotland especially infantry quarry wallet hotel, tavern or public house albumen wages, pay (very often monthly) walking side by side an American prairie dog it has almost no tail a plant producing coffee beans

228. a wheel with teeth round it 229. cow or other type of cattle, sheep or deer 230. a waterfall - or an eye disease 231. A, E, I, O, U 232. lion, tiger, stoat, weasel 233. he never grew up 234. equipment sent to survey the moon 235. a floating device to help save someone from drowning 236. oak 237. fox 238. a long narrow boat propelled by one oarsman, used on the canals of Venice 239. apples 240. a flesh-eating creature 241. ointment 242. Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao 243. banister 244. atomic reactor generating electricity 245. manse, vicarage, rectory 246. African grassland 247. London 248. America 249. giraffe 250. the meat of a calf 251. antiseptic ointment, iodine 252. the Pacific 253. glow-worm, firefly 254. a horrific dream 255. reindeer, moose and stag 256. a V shaped holder used by bricklayers to carry bricks 257. pharaohs 258. sapling 259- core

Fastenings
trousers gate/pieces, wood/metal trousers dress/kilt shirt/blouse/dress ship (anchor) bricks anchor paper

Page 127 dressing-gown wood/paper/leather wrists horse and cart ship door clothes shoe or boot window/door door/safe/suitcase bricks/stonework wood gate/box wallpaper tent ropes cloth window glass metal plates sail metal paper/fencing shoe/bag/belt parcel wings of aircraft floor coverings clothing parcel clothes

Useful Information
Arabia Scotland England France Argentina Australia Netherlands/ Denmark Netherlands/ Denmark/ Switzerland China Japan Netherlands Germany USA Wales Turkey

Pages 1 3 3 -1 3 4 Native Americans Egypt France/Spain Spain South Africa Spain/Mexico Jamaica Lapland China Japan England Scotland Arabia Hindu women Turkey Ireland Spain Italy India/China/ Kenya India Native American Netherlands India United States Russia Switzerland Scotland Netherlands

France North America Argentina Germany Scotland Italy England Australia Scotland United States Wales India Italy France Finland/Norway

2. Egypt, Greenland, Spain, Arabia, India, USA, Peru, Nepal, India, Finland, Tibet.

3- Native Americans, Welsh, Arabs, Spaniards, Venetians, Chinese, Inuit, Chinese. 4. Turkish baths, Persian/Indian/Chinese carpets, Dutch cheese, Indian curry, Spanish onions, Chinese/Japanese noodles, Jamaican rum, German sausage, Irish stew, Indian/China/Kenyan tea. 5. Australian aborigines, pirates/sailors, whalers, Native Americans, policemen.
6. a) Kenya, West Africa; b) Greenland, Canada; c) Saudi Arabia; d) South Africa (Transvaal).

General Tests

7. Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland, China, Germany, Russia, Spain/Argentina, France, Switzerland. 8 . London, England; Rome, Italy; Paris, France; Pisa, Italy; London, England; Giza, Egypt; San Francisco, USA; Istanbul, Turkey; London, England; Moscow, Russia; New York, USA; Giza, Egypt; Agra, India; Venice, Italy; Washington, USA; Rome, Italy. 9- Jamaica, Ecuador, Nepal, Japan, France, Tanzania, South Africa, USA and Canada, Kilimanjaro (Kenya), Italy. 10. South Africa, Britain/New Zealand, Jamaica, USA, Kenya, China, Australia, India, USA, Argentina, Brazil, England, India, Russia, Germany, USA, France, Italy, USA, France, Turkey, Austria, Cuba, Palestine, Russia, France. 11. Argentina, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.

General Tests
Test 1

Pages 1 4 1 -1 6 2 Main clause Subordinate adverb clause of time Subordinate noun clause Subordinate adjective clause

1. She told her father When the girl returned from London That she had seen a grizzly bear Which performed tricks in the circus 2. London her that grizzly performed 3. a) b) 4. The The The The The a) b) c) d) e)

proper noun - object case after preposition from possessive adjective, describing father personal pronoun, third person singular possessive form conjunction adjective - describing bear verb (past tense)

waitress, spinster, mare, maidservant, wife. knives, children, pennies or pence, sheep, pianos. donkey brays. pig grunts. frog croaks dog barks. wolf howls. The The The The The owl hoots. monkey chatters. lamb bleats. horse neighs. elephant trumpets.

He said that you did it. She is the bigger of the twins. It was I that took the pencil. The man went to get the book. A piano with carved legs was sold to the lady.

General Tests

c)

where they found a resting place

Subordinate adjective clause describing cottage Subordinate noun clause, object of told Adverb clause of place.

2. near - preposition; me - pronoun; secretly - adverb; soldiers - noun; resting - adjective 3. As black as coal (or ink) As meek as a lamb As brave as a lion As sweet as honey As cold as ice/charity As fast as a hare (or deer) As happy as a sandboy As keen as mustard As steady as a rock As fit as a fiddle

4. a) I - me; he - him; you - you; we - us; they - them. b) does - did; hides - hid; writes - wrote; sings - sang; bites - bit. 5. a) The child was in bed before sunset. b) Flowers will grow in suitable conditions. c) Remember to write on arrival. d) I saw her at 4 o clock. e) I am convinced of his sincerity.

Test 3
1. He discovered When the gentleman arrived at his home (That) he had left his umbrella in the train Main clause Adverb clause of time Subordinate noun clause

2. when - conjunction; discovered - verb (past tense); his - possessive adjective or personal pronoun (possessive); train - noun. 3. many - more - most; hot - hotter - hottest; evil - more evil - most evil; famous - more famous - most famous; little - less - least. 4. a) stable, form, caravan, eyrie, hive. b) impossible, insecure, unwelcome, misuse, illegal. 5. a) The rabbits ran from the dogs. b) The girls wore blue dresses. c) The sailors swam to their ships. d) They had sharpknives. e) We keptour birds in cages.

Test 4
1. a) b) c) When I heard I - personal pronoun; seriously - adverb; resolved - verb; possible - adjective. infinitive. d) third person singular. e) man. f) in.

General Tests

2. a) b)

introduction, loyalty, revival, readiness, breadth. parental, reasonable, fortunate, poetic, wintry or wintery.

3. Birds build nests by instinct. He was an obstinate man, and would not see anyone elses point of view. The music was very traditional, having been passed from musician to musician over many years. I gave 10 and 1 respectively to John and James. The accident was a strange occurrence, and no one could explain it. The metric system was standard in France before being adopted in Britain. She was a very respectable person, admired by many people. The problem will be resolved if everyone thinks hard about it.

4. a) b) c) d) e)
5. a) b) c) d) e) f)

The boy was told not to meddle with the pencils. She felt ashamed of herself. The man took great pride in his garden. The child has been lost since Thursdav. He hurried home from school. he he he he he he is poor is rather deaf is snobbish and class-conscious is very tired is listening very intently is dead

8) h) i) j)

he is very brave he is taken advantage > treated he is an old sailor he is not feeling well

Test 5
1. We were thoroughly alarmed when information reached us the train had been involved in a serious accident in which our friends were travelling Main clause Subordinate adverb clause (time) Subordinate noun clause Adjective clause describing train

2. we - personal pronoun; thoroughly - adverb; train - noun; which - relative pronoun; serious - adjective. 3- a) b) A or Bert, Chris or Chrissie, Fred, Pat, Liz or Betty. 1 Netherlands, New Zealand, Greenland or Canada, Greece, Wales.

4. Do you think, said my friend, in a whisper, that theres a chance of escape? Certainly, I replied. 5. a) b) c) d) e) The ship reached harbour safe and sound. The man was an out and out rascal. She is head and shoulders taller than her brother. Later through foolishness he went to rack and ruin. The soldiers would follow their general through thick and thin.

General Tests

Test 6
1. a) b) c) d) garden - noun; that - conjunction; which - relative pronoun; was - verb; ruins noun. he noticed - main clause in which he was born - subordinate adjective clause. complex sentence.

2. curtains; ruler; envelope; anchor; spoon. 3. directory; atlas or map; dictionary; calendar; diary. 4. broke, broken; few, flown; hid, hidden; rang, rung; swam, swum. 5. a) Leave well alone and dont interfere. b) Too much help or advice can be a disadvantage. c) Do not risk a second attempt at something when the first was a failure.

Test 7
1. a) We ran for shelter when it started to rain. - Adverbial clause of time. b) When the rain stopped we returned home. - Main clause. c) Mary told him that she did not wish to see him again. - Noun clause. d) The cunning fox, which escaped through the woods, could not be caught. Adjectival clause. 2. a) Walk as quickly as possible.d) This end of the rope is the thicker. b) He has forgotten the address.e) The time was a quarter past nine. c) Neither Tom nor I can swim. 3. strong - strength; courage - encourage; obey - obedient; poverty - wealth; mute - dumb. 4. The teacher told the little boy not to meddle with the board as it had a loose hinge. The child went over to the waste paper bin hoping to find his pencil. 5. We had cousins who stayed on those little farms. They knew that we liked to come here on our holidays.

Test 8
1. a) town - subjective (or nominative) subject of had been deserted; which - objective (or accusative) object of had ruined; walls - objective (or accusative); object of the verb reached. b) city - adjective; that - conjunction; reached - verb (past); enemy - noun; for preposition; some - adjective. c) When the soldiers reached the city walls.

2. a) often, invisible, blame or condemn, import, retreat, b) foe, buy, weak, see, hide.

General Tests

3. a) diver; b) steam; c) barrel or can; d) aviary; e) ambulance. 4. headache, blackboard, gentleman, dustbin, eggcup. 5. a) b) c) d) e) 6. a.m. Co. BBC PO p.m. MP UK
ad

A stitch in time saves nine. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Birds of a feather flock together. A rolling stone gathers no moss. First come, first served. ante meridiem, morning Company or County British Broadcasting Corporation General Post Office post meridiem, afternoon Member of Parliament or Military Police United Kingdom Anno Dom ini, in the [e.g. hundredth] year since the birth of our Lord United States of America Justice of the Peace

USA JP

Test 9
1. a) b) c) d) 2. a) b) 3. a) b) c) d) The boys ran away when the policeman appeared. - Adverbial clause (time). The lady who was rescued was my sister. - Adjectival clause. The man saw that there was no one at home when he returned. - Noun clause. No one came before the child arrived. - Main clause. witch - wizard; duck - drake; aunt - uncle; vixen - fox; wife - husband, loaf, army, roof, sheep, foot. He sang tunefully He frowned angrily. He bowed humbly. He mumbled indistinctly. e) f) g) h) He chuckled gleefully. He smiled broadly. He listened attentively. He whispered softly.

4. a fleet/convoy of ships; a plague or swarm of insects; a shoal of herring; a host of angels; a gang of thieves; a pack of wolves; a brood of chickens; a litter of pups; a team of players. 5. a) The house, which was built by Toms father, was destroyed. b)He works hard at his lesson because he wishes to succeed. c) The men were walking quickly when they saw me. d) As he was passing the church he heard the sound of music. e) The lady lost the book while she was going to the library.

General Tests

Test 10
1. a) b) c) d) e) 0 8) h) 0 j) 2. a) b) nominative or subjective case; a proper noun; possessive adjective (or personal pronoun, possessive case); preposition; pastures; adverb of time; past; relative pronoun; common; adjective. affectionate, natural, attractive, proud, valuable. failure, depart, seldom, nonsense, exit.

3. The wood felt coarse to touch. The river followed its course to the sea.
He tripped over the root of a tree. The route was blocked by snow. She rode a horse which was as black as night. They rowed down the river in their small boat. She found a currant in her last piece of cake. The strong current swept the bathers out to sea. 4. A boy said to his friend, Where are you going, James? Oh! replied the other, Im on my way home. 5. a) oasis; b) hermit; c) thermometer; d) optimist; e) tributary.

Test 11
1. a) b) c) I was sure that he would come. The watch which he bought was broken when he arrived home. He was tired when he reached the station.

2. oxen; tigress; cygnet; igloo; dangerously. 3- Sheep is to Mutton as Pig is to Pork. High is to Low as Up is to Down. Soldier is to Army as Sailor is to Navy. Shoal is to Herring as School is to Whales. Bee is to Hive as Cow is to Cowshed. 4. a) b) c) There is a boy. He is very proud. He spoke to me. He was passing. The girl gave the right answer. She is intelligent.

General Tests

d) e)

The man bought a boat. It is very big. We received word. He was rescued. George Washington - USA Napoleon - France De Valera - Ireland Jomo Kenyatta - Kenya Gandhi - India

5. Robert the Bruce - Scotland Stalin - Russia Captain Cook - Britain and New Zealand David Livingstone - Scotland and Africa Lloyd George - Wales and Britain

Test

12

1. who - pronoun; park - noun; loudly - adverb; school - adjective; that - conjunction; playing - present participle; bell - objective (or accusative); boys - plural; subject - boys; gender - common. 2. a) b) lion - masculine; cousin - common; table - neuter; waitress - feminine; friend common. lair - den; disappear - vanish; inside - within; empty - vacant; quickly - fast. spectacles - optician milk - dairy meat - butcher d) e) flowers - florist newspapers - newsagent sweets - confectioner

3. fruit - greengrocer/fruiterer hats - hatter/milliner fish - fishmonger tobacco - tobacconist 4. a) b) c)

The ladies are very beautiful. Are the salmon fresh? The sons-in-law are ill.

The valleys are broad. The geese make loud noises.

5. hoe - gardener; anvil - blacksmith; safety-lamp - miner; solder - tinker/plumber; palette - artist; hod - bricklayer; awl - shoemaker/joiner; spanner - mechanic; cleaver - butcher.

Test 13
1. a) William can run father than I. b) It was I who did it. c) George and he have gone on holiday. d) Between you and me I think they were wrong. e) He and I are twelve years of age. 2. a) b) c) d) 3- a) b) c) d) e) a pack of wolves a swarm of bees a shoal of herring a herd of cattle e) f) g) a fleet of ships (convoy) a choir of singers a gang of thieves

You ought to visit her now that youknow where she stays. Write down the answers as you were taught. The boy tried hard but he failed. When he comes let us know. The man was careful lest he should fall.

General Tests

4. a) b)

deer, mice, lilies, teeth, women, bull, duke, drake, actor, nephew.

5. A little girl was playing on a busy street. Suddenly her ball rolled into the middle of the road, and she ran after it. At that moment a car came dashing round the corner. A passer-by saw the girls danger and ran to her aid. Fortunately he saved her from serious injury.

Test 14
1. a) b) c) d) e) How he managed it remains a mvsterv. James was honest and diligent. The stranger asked if I could direct him to the station. The remedy or cure is very simple. His opinion differed from mine.

2. a) Tell me, said the old gentleman, what is your name? b) reasonable, successful, southern, foolish, French. 3. a) The bottle was filled with water. b) He was told not to meddle with the toys. c) The two brothers divided the apple between them. d) That hat is similar to mine. e) I hope I can rely on you. 4. a) soldier; b) chemist/doctor; c) astronomer; d) optician; e) postman; f) minister; g) shepherd; h) aviator/pilot. 5. down in the mouth - in low spirits: a peppery individual - a quick-tempered person: out of sorts - not well: hard up - short of money. beside oneself - annoyed and angrv:

Test 15
1. a) author; bunk; miser; vase; beef. b) to act fairly; to make peace; to be very showy; to be suspicious; to be cowardly. 2. a) was; have; was; are; is. b) he; I; me; I; me. 3. a) grown; rang; began; written; sprang. b) bitterly; heavily; stealthily; patiently; quickly. 4. a) nor; When; than; that; for. b) of; from; with; of; with.

th

General Tests

5. a) b) 6. a) b)

earth; cold; raisins; knee; leather. tributary; couch; granite; lance; lamb. quay; allowed; coarse; pale; beach. William Tell was a famous archer in Switzerland. He refused to bow to the Governors hat. The Governor wished to punish him for his disobedience. He ordered him to shoot an apple from his sons head. This he did to the great joy of the onlookers.

Test 16
1. a) glutton; b) greengrocer; c) cousin; d) cavalry; e) kennel. 2. absent; exit; west; innocent; sweet; impolite; safety; found. 3- Whom, saw; were, sank; has, his; me, werent; me, gone. 4. a bat; a mouse; a lamb; a sandboy; ice; gold; a needle; a daisy/paint. 5. One day a crow spied a piece of cheese on a window sill. She picked it up and flew to a neighbouring tree. A cunning fox approached and praised her voice. The bird, highly flattered, opened her mouth to sing. The cheese fell and was soon eaten by the crafty animal.

Test 17
1. December; fish; uncle; Heroine; teeth; flock; needle; blacksmith; donkey; chicken. 2. attack; acquaintance; hide/conceal; catch; insult. 3- selection; Attractive; broaden; joyfully; grandfather/grandmother/grandson/granddaughter/grandstand. 4. water; glass; thirsty; taste; collar. 5- broken; was; I; anything; nor; whom; slowly; to; hearty; brim. 6. stop; wander; border; allow; bravery. 7. dawn; morning; noon; evening; dusk; night. 8. They lost their way in the forest. The surface of the wood was rather coarse. They went shooting grouse and other wild fowl. The lion preys on smaller animals and kills them for food. The boat was soon out of sight up the creek. 9. a) reduced; b) audience; c) capsized; d) invisible.
10.

horse, dog, cat, lion, cheetah, tiger, cow, mouse, pig, camel, mule, donkey, monkey, elephant, hamster, deer, etc.

General Tests

Test 18
1. February; vegetables; husband; Spinster; mice; gang; brass; miner; horse; cub. 2. depart; bitter; barren; illegal; adult. 3. youth; Circular; horrify; wearily; cupful, cupboard, teacup, buttercup. 4. wings; shoot; land; author; wheel. 5. fallen; is; I; have; or; who; easily; to; spotless; amongst. 6. foe; join; finished; protect; jealousy. 7. chariot; locomotive; car; aeroplane; rocket. 8. He came fourth in the class tests. The bus followed the correct route and arrived punctually. Her hair was set in the latest style. The shoes were quickly soled by the shoe repairer. She finished her sewing and put away her needle and thread. 9. a) forbidden; b) cautiously; c) regretted; d) belfry; e) horizon.
10 .

sparrow, pigeon, starling, blackbird, thrush, eagle, swallow, buzzard, seagull, wren, tit, rook, ostrich, pelican, flamingo, heron, etc.

Test 19
1. November; insects; nephew; Witch; oxen; class; crystal; cyclist; elephant; kid. 2. modern; sold; public; common; minority 3. choice; Vocal; do; critically; football. 4. floor; rude; height; wires/cables; steeple. 5. gone; is; I; taught; nor; Whom; quickly; for; me; between. 6. empty; cure; hidden; sadness/sorrow; belief. 7. coracle; canoe; sailing-ship; steam-ship; submarine. 8. War causes terrible waste of men and resources. The child read aloud to her mother. He seized the ball from his friend and threw it across the field. She wore with pride the medal she was given for bravery. The building site was full of bricks, wood and cement-mixers. 9- a) avoided; b) artificial; c) skidded; d) suffocation; e) glue.
10 .buttercup, tulip, daffodil, pansy, rose, orchid, hyacinth, lily, daisy, poppy, carnation, chrysanthemum, narcissus, crocus, violet, primrose, etc.

Spelling Guide

Test 20
1. twenty-first; minerals; monk; Filly; deer; choir; mustard; artist; wolf/coyote; leveret. 2. ally/friend; failure; contract; spendthrift; hidden. 3. receipt; Biblical; graze; ably; touchstone, tombstone, stonework. 4. forest; shell; run; place; patient. 5. risen; has; I; to; nor; Whom; badly; at; trivial; me. 6. begin; mend; smell/scent; forbidden; fame. 7. firebrand; oil-lamp; candle; gas; electricity. 8. His injuries caused him to groan. The suns rays lit and warmed the room. We rowed the boat ashore. The liner on which the party were to take a cruise was large and very luxurious. The cereal we eat for breakfast consists of cornflakes and bran. 9. a) exhausted; b) unconscious; c) interrupted; d) disguised; e) excitement.
10 .

apple, pear, banana, plum, blackcurrant, pineapple, grape, cherry, lemon, grapefruit, orange, lime, gooseberry, blackberry, fig, grape, date, peach, apricot, mango, papaya, etc.

Spelling Guide

Pages 1 8 2 -1 8 5

Add -ed buoy - buoyed; comply - complied; defy - defied; delay - delayed; display - displayed; flay - flayed; fry - fried; imply - implied; mortify - mortified; multiply - multiplied; play played; ply - plied; pray - prayed; prey - preyed; pry - pried; relay - relayed; reply replied; spray - sprayed. Add -mg ally - allying; buoy - buoying; buy - buying; comply - complying; defy - defying; obey obeying; ply - plying; replay - replaying; reply - replying; vary - varying. Add -er busy - busier; dirty - dirtier; fussy - fussier; grey - greyer; multiply - multiplier; pray prayer; pretty - prettier; silly - sillier; worry - worrier. Add -able deny - deniable; duty - dutiable; envy - enviable; justify - justifiable; pity - pitiable; play playable; ply - pliable; rely - reliable; vary - variable. Add -al betray - betrayal; deny - denial; try - trial.

Spelling Guide

Add -ous glory - glorious; joy - joyous; luxury - luxurious; penury - penurious; victory - victorious. Add -age carry - carriage; marry - marriage. Add -ance ally - alliance; comply - compliance; dally - dalliance; defy - defiance; vary - variance. Add -ing agree - agreeing; argue - arguing; become - becoming; die - dying; dine - dining; dye dyeing; judge - judging; menace - menacing; page - paging; pierce - piercing; pursue pursuing; queue - queueing; separate - separating; serve - serving; shoe - shoeing; slope sloping; sue - suing; write - writing. Add -ous caprice - capricious; fame - famous; grieve - grievous; nerve - nervous; outrage outrageous; prestige - prestigious; space - spacious. Add -able or -ible believe - believable; bridge - bridgeable; change - changeable; conceive - conceivable; defence - defensible; deplore - deplorable; desire - desirable; excuse - excusable; like likeable; peace - peaceable; remove - removable; reverse - reversible; service - serviceable. Add -ly bare - barely; complete - completely; due - duly; separate - separately; sole - solely; sparse - sparsely; true - truly; whole - wholly. Add -al approve - approval; dispose - disposal; peruse - perusal; race - racial; refuse - refusal; remove - removal; reverse - reversal. Add -ance, -ence or -ency coincide - coincidence; cohere - coherence; contrive - contrivance; ignore - ignorance; emerge - emergency; guide - guidance; resemble - resemblance; revere - reverence; solve - solvency; subside - subsidence; urge - urgency. Page 185 act-or sail-or bow-ing toil-ing loud-ness neat-est reveal-ed refrain-ing The final consonant is not doubled because the letter in front of it is not a vowel. The 1 has two vowels in front. The w is never doubled when a suffix is added. The 1 has two vowels in front. The d has two vowels in front; and suffix begins with consonant. The t has two vowels in front. The 1 has two vowels in front. The n has two vowels in front.

Phrasal Verbs

exceed-ed instal-ment derail-ed

The d has two vowels in front, The suffix begins with a consonant, The 1 has two vowels in front.

Add -er develop - developer; garden - gardener; jewel - jeweller; murder - murderer; picnic picnicker; propel - propeller; traffic - trafficker; scan - scanner. Add -ed comb - combed; envelop - enveloped; favour - favoured; parallel - paralleled; quit quitted; remit - remitted; snub - snubbed; trim - trimmed. Add -mg envelop - enveloping; expel - expelling; handicap - handicapping; instal - installing; mimic - mimicking; reveal - revealing; worship - worshipping. Add -ous covet - covetous; danger - dangerous; glamour - glamorous; humour - humorous; libel libellous; marvel - marvellous; pomp - pompous; scandal - scandalous. Add -ity actual - actuality; civil - civility; moral - morality. Add -ist humour - humorist; journal - journalist; medal - medallist; novel - novelist. Add -able bear - bearable; favour - favourable; honour - honourable; prefer - preferable; sever severable; suffer - sufferable; suit - suitable; transfer - transferable or transferrable.

Phrasal Verbs

Page 188

No single correct sentence can be provided in answers to these exercises, but sentences in which the phrases listed have the following meanings would be correct. Note, however, that a verb and a participle used in their ordinary sense would not make a phrasal verb. For example, in the sentence Dont give me away (meaning Dont betray me) the words give away make a phrasal verb. In the sentence Dont give this book away the words give away are used simply in their ordinary sense and do not constitute a phrasal verb. 1. back up bring up buck up do up get up give up support follow at the rear, educate do better, improve mend, redecorate, fasten rise in the morning renounce (e.g. smoking) abandon (hope)

Phrasal Verbs

lay up let up look up make up put up set up turn up

moor (an out-of-use ship) stop, relax, reduce pressure visit compensate, atone, pretend provide lodgings, take lodgings cause (someone) to be blamed/suspected arrive, appear (unexpectedly) yield (to tears, emotion) begin (e.g. singing) stop (speech, friendship) begin (e.g. war, panic) cause to happen start achieve stimulate, cause to grow restore to consciousness restore to consciousness; cause (ship) to face the wind

break down into off out bring about in off on round to off on out off on out about across by in fo r into of off round to upon do away with down fo r in out o f without

call

- cancel - visit - challenge - manage to handle (situation) - misbehave; persevere - perform happen, take place meet, find (accidentally) acquire, find be exposed to (e.g. criticism) inherit (e.g. money) result from; be descended from take place (successfully) regain consciousness regain consciousness; slow, stop (of a ship) - discover destroy; discard, abolish cheat; humiliate cause defeat or ruin of murder, kill deprive of by cheating forego

carry

com e

Phrasal Verbs

get

about around at on on to over up to away in out over

(of news) become known (of news) become known mean; influence; annoy fare; be successful discover; pester overcome (difficulty become involved in (mischief)

give

betray (person, secret) yield publish, make known; become exhausted (of supplies) devote (time) for a purpose; desist from

go

against ahead along with at by fo r on on about over with back in with on on at

- to be opposed to (e.g. belief) start/continue (doing) concur, agree with - make energetic attempts - be guided by, use as the basis of a decision attack physically or verbally - take place, happen; behave (as if) - grumble at (of a concert) to be received harmonise with
-

keep

refrain from approaching - maintain good relations with persist nag/badger (someone) wander/travel (aimlessly) drink (quickly); cost (at auction) declare (an article) sold - finish working; write hastily accumulate (a store of) - attack physically or verbally - dismiss (employees); leave alone provide (e.g. entertainment); instal (e.g. water supply)

knock about back down off lay in into off on after out

look

take care of be careful head towards; help to bring about go away hastily

make fo r off

Phrasal Verbs

out up fo r put off on out up with in off out by fo r in out up for after in off on to up down in on out to

- discern; understand; show (someone) to be (e.g. a liar) - compensate, atone (for) postpone; confuse (person); cause (someone) to lose interest adopt (an attitude) annoy, embarrass endure, tolerate

set

- commence, become established - embark on (e.g. a journey); cause to explode - begin, embark on (e.g. journey) support (ones opinion or someone criticised) tolerate (e.g. nonsense or disobedience) act as a substitute be conspicuous; delay agreement side with, defend resemble in appearance deceive start (on a journey); mimic compete against; show offence flee to (refuge); begin to like adopt (hobby, study); fill (time or space) reject, refuse go to bed (of success) depend on; rouse interest of (of a crowd) assemble; to result (e.g. well, badly) set about (a task)

stand

take

turn