Resistor

A device used in electrical circuits to maintain a constant relation between current flow and voltage. Resistors are used to step up or lower the voltage at different points in a circuit and to transform a current signal into a voltage signal or vice versa, among other uses.

Capacitor
An electrical device consisting of two conducting plates separated by an electrical insulator (the dielectric ), designed to hold an electric charge. Charge builds up when a voltage is applied across the plates, creating an electric field between them.

Diode
An electrical device with two active terminals, an anode and a cathode, through which current passes more easily in one direction (from anode to cathode) than in the reverse direction. Diodes have many uses, including conversion of AC power to DC power, and the decoding of audio-frequency signals from radio signals

Transistor
An electronic device that controls the flow of an electric current, most often used as an amplifier or switch. Transistors usually consist of three layers of semiconductor material, in which the flow of electric current across the outer layer is regulated by the voltage or current applied at the middle layer.

Fig. 1.2a: Resistor symbols

Resistor values are measured in ohms (symbol , the Greek capital letter omega). The ohm is a low value, so usually you met k (kilohms = thousands of ohms) and M (Megohms = millions of ohms). Capacitor values are measured in farads (symbol F), but practical capacitors have values which are many orders of magnitude smaller: F (microfarad = one-millionth of a farad); nF (nanofarad = one-thousand-millionth of a farad); pF (picofarad or 'puff' = one-millionmillionth of a farad).

COLOR Silver Gold Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White

DIGIT

MULTIPLIER x 0.01 x 0.1

TOLERANCE 10% 5% 1% 2%

TC

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

x1 x 10 x 100 x 1 k x 10 k x 100 k x 1 M x 10 M x 100 M x 1 G 1*10-6/K 0.5% 0.25% 0.1% 10*10-6/K 5*10-6/K 100*10-6/K 50*10-6/K 15*10-6/K 25*10-6/K