January 11, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 1 Due : January 21 (Monday) before 16:00, in assignment box outside CME 567. The first two problems are from Incropera et al. (5th ed.) 1.15 An electrical resistance heater is embedded in a long cylinder of diameter 30 mm. When water with a temperature of 25C and velocity 1 m/s flows crosswise over the cylinder, the power per unit length required to maintain the surface at a uniform temperature of 90C is 28 kW/m. When air, also at 25C, but with a velocity of 10 m/s is flowing, the power per unit length required to maintain the same surface temperature is 400 W/m. Calculate the convection coefficients for the flows of water and air. [Ans: 4570 W/m2 K; 65 W/m2 K] During its manufacture, plate glass at 600C is cooled by passing air over its surface such that the convection heat transfer coefficient is h = 5 W/m2 K. To prevent cracking, it is known that the temperature gradient must not exceed 15C/mm at any point in the glass during the cooling process. If the thermal conductivity of the glass is 1.4 W/m K and its surface emissivity is 0.8, what is the lowest temperature of the air that can initially be used for cooling? Assume that the air temperature equals that of the surroundings, which functions effectively as an enclosing wall. [Ans: 345C]

1.65

Additional problem (to be handed in also): A square silicon chip ( k = 15 W/mK) has width w = 6 mm on each side and thickness d = 1 mm . The chip is mounted in a substrate such that its four edges and bottom surface are insulated, while the top surface is exposed to a flowing coolant that is at 20C. For this problem, you can assume negligible heat transfer by radiation. coolant

d w (a) With the chip dissipating 2 W of power, its bottom surface temperature is found to be 45C at steady state. What is the effective heat transfer coefficient of the coolant flow? (b) What is the temperature at the chips top surface? (c) Justify the neglect of radiation in this problem.

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PROBLEM 1.15 KNOWN: Long, 30mm-diameter cylinder with embedded electrical heater; power required to maintain a specified surface temperature for water and air flows. FIND: Convection coefficients for the water and air flow convection processes, hw and ha, respectively. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Flow is cross-wise over cylinder which is very long in the direction normal to flow. ANALYSIS: The convection heat rate from the cylinder per unit length of the cylinder has the form

q = h ( D ) ( Ts T )
and solving for the heat transfer convection coefficient, find

h=

q . D ( Ts T )

Substituting numerical values for the water and air situations: Water

hw =

28 103 W/m

0.030m ( 90-25 ) C
400 W/m

= 4,570 W/m 2 K

< <

Air

ha =

0.030m ( 90-25 ) C

= 65 W/m 2 K.

COMMENTS: Note that the air velocity is 10 times that of the water flow, yet hw 70 ha. These values for the convection coefficient are typical for forced convection heat transfer with liquids and gases. See Table 1.1.

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PROBLEM 1.65
KNOWN: Conditions associated with surface cooling of plate glass which is initially at 600C. Maximum allowable temperature gradient in the glass. FIND: Lowest allowable air temperature, T SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Surface of glass exchanges radiation with large surroundings at Tsur = T, (2) One-dimensional conduction in the x-direction. ANALYSIS: The maximum temperature gradient will exist at the surface of the glass and at the instant that cooling is initiated. From the surface energy balance, Eq. 1.12, and the rate equations, Eqs. 1.1, 1.3a and 1.7, it follows that

-k

dT 4 4 h ( Ts T ) Ts Tsur = 0 dx

or, with (dT/dx)max = -15C/mm = -15,000C/m and Tsur = T,

C W W 1.4 15, 000 = 5 (873 T ) K 2 K mK m m

+0.8 5.67 108

m2 K 4

8734 T 4 K 4 .

T may be obtained from a trial-and-error solution, from which it follows that, for T = 618K,

W W W 21,000 2 1275 2 + 19,730 2 . m m m

Hence the lowest allowable air temperature is

T 618K = 345 C.
COMMENTS: (1) Initially, cooling is determined primarily by radiation effects. (2) For fixed T, the surface temperature gradient would decrease with increasing time into the

<

cooling process. Accordingly, T could be decreasing with increasing time and still keep within the maximum allowable temperature gradient.

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Assignment 1: Additional Problem (a) For conduction-convection composite system,

L 1 q = + k h
1

(T

bottom

T )
1

2 0.001 1 = + 2 h (0.006) 15

( 45 20 )

h = 2609 W/m2 K

Also, the heat flux is q = 2 / (0.006) 2 = 55 556 W/m2 (b) q = k 55 556 = T bottom T top dT = k dx d (15) ( 45 T top ) 0.001
T top = 41.3 C

(c)

Maximum radiative heat flux is from blackbody w/o enclosing walls:

4 q rad = T top = (5.67 10 8 ) (41.3 + 273) = 553 W/m2 4

which is only 1% of the total heat flux.

January 20, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 2 Due: January 28 (Monday) before 16:00, in assignment box outside CME 567.

Reminder: ChE 314 Midterm is on Feb 13 (Wednesday) Time: 13:00 13:50 Location TBA

1. Problem 2.25 from text. Part (c) is reworded as follows: Determine the surface heat fluxes q ( L) and q (+ L) . Show that these values, together x x with your answer in part (b), satisfy the condition of energy balance. In part (f ), the rate of change of energy stored is on a per unit volume basis (i.e. answer should have units W/m3 ). [Note: You should be able to write down the answer to part (f ) by inspection.]

2. Problem 2.38 from text.

3. Additional problem (to be handed in) A cylindrical material of length L = 1 m and radius R = 1 cm carries a steady flow of electric current. The material has a thermal conductivity of k = 15 W/m K , and its electrical resistance creates a power dissipation rate of 100 W (the dissipation of energy occurs uniformly throughout the body). The cylinder is cooled by a stream of fluid at temperature T , with an effective heat transfer coefficient h = 200 W/m 2 K . (a) (b) Determine, at steady state, the location where the temperature is highest in the cylinder. How much is this temperature higher than T ? Suppose, instead of convective cooling, the surface temperature of the cylinder is maintained at T = T . What would be your answers now to part (a)?

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PROBLEM 2.25
KNOWN: Analytical expression for the steady-state temperature distribution of a plane wall experiencing uniform volumetric heat generation q while convection occurs at both of its surfaces. FIND: (a) Sketch the temperature distribution, T(x), and identify significant physical features, (b) Determine q , (c) Determine the surface heat fluxes, q ( L ) and q ( + L ) ; how are these fluxes x x related to the generation rate; (d) Calculate the convection coefficients at the surfaces x = L and x = +L, (e) Obtain an expression for the heat flux distribution, q ( x ) ; explain significant features of the x distribution; (f) If the source of heat generation is suddenly deactivated ( q = 0), what is the rate of change of energy stored at this instant; (g) Determine the temperature that the wall will reach eventually with q = 0; determine the energy that must be removed by the fluid per unit area of the wall to reach this state. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform volumetric heat generation, (3) Constant properties. ANALYSIS: (a) Using the analytical expression in the Workspace of IHT, the temperature distribution appears as shown below. The significant features include (1) parabolic shape, (2) maximum does not occur at the mid-plane, T(-5.25 mm) = 83.3C, (3) the gradient at the x = +L surface is greater than at x = -L. Find also that T(-L) = 78.2C and T(+L) = 69.8C for use in part (d).
Temperature distribution 90

85 Temperature, T(x) (C)

80

75

70 -20 -10 0 x-coordinate, x (mm) 10 20

(b) Substituting the temperature distribution expression into the appropriate form of the heat diffusion equation, Eq. 2.19, the rate of volumetric heat generation can be determined.

d dT q + = 0 dx dx k

where

T ( x ) = a + bx + cx 2

q d q ( 0 + b + 2cx ) + = ( 0 + 2c ) + = 0 dx k k
Continued ..
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

PROBLEM 2.25 (Cont.)

q = 2ck = 2 2 104C / m 2 5 W / m K = 2 105 W / m3

<

(c) The heat fluxes at the two boundaries can be determined using Fouriers law and the temperature distribution expression.

q ( x ) = k x

dT dx

where

T ( x ) = a + bx + cx 2

q ( L ) = k [ 0 + b + 2cx ]x = L = [ b 2cL ] k x
q ( L ) = 210C / m 2 2 104C / m 2 0.020m 5 W / m K = 2950 W / m 2 x

< <

q ( + L ) = ( b + 2cL ) k = +5050 W / m 2 x
From an overall energy balance on the wall as shown in the sketch below, E in E out + E gen = 0,

+ q ( L ) q ( + L ) + 2qL = 0 x x

or

2950 W / m 2 5050 W / m 2 + 8000 W / m 2 = 0

where 2qL = 2 2 105 W / m3 0.020 m = 8000 W / m 2 , so the equality is satisfied

qconv,l

qconv,r

(d) The convection coefficients, hl and hr, for the left- and right-hand boundaries (x = -L and x= +L, respectively), can be determined from the convection heat fluxes that are equal to the conduction fluxes at the boundaries. See the surface energy balances in the sketch above. See also part (a) result for T(-L) and T(+L).

q conv, = q ( L ) x q conv,r = q ( +L ) x

h l T T ( L ) = h l [ 20 78.2] K = 2950 W / m 2 h r T ( + L ) T = h r [ 69.8 20] K = +5050 W / m 2

h l = 51W / m 2 K h r = 101W / m 2 K

< <

(e) The expression for the heat flux distribution can be obtained from Fouriers law with the temperature distribution

q ( x ) = k x

dT = k [ 0 + b + 2cx ] dx

q ( x ) = 5 W / m K 210C / m + 2 2 104C / m 2 x = 1050 + 2 105 x x

Continued ..

<

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PROBLEM 2.25 (Cont.)

The distribution is linear with the x-coordinate. The maximum temperature will occur at the location where q ( x max ) = 0, x

x max =

1050 W / m 2 2 105 W / m3

= 5.25 103 m = 5.25 mm

<

(f) If the source of the heat generation is suddenly deactivated so that q = 0, the appropriate form of the heat diffusion equation for the ensuing transient conduction is

T T = cp x x t
2

At the instant this occurs, the temperature distribution is still T(x) = a + bx + cx . The right-hand term represents the rate of energy storage per unit volume,
E = k st x

[0 + b + 2cx ] = k [ 0 + 2c] = 5 W / m K 2

( 2 104C / m2 ) = 2 105 W / m3 <

(g) With no heat generation, the wall will eventually (t ) come to equilibrium with the fluid, T(x,) = T = 20C. To determine the energy that must be removed from the wall to reach this state, apply the conservation of energy requirement over an interval basis, Eq. 1.11b. The initial state is that corresponding to the steady-state temperature distribution, Ti, and the final state has Tf = 20C. Weve used T as the reference condition for the energy terms.

E E = E = E E in out st f i

with

E = 0. in

E = cp out

+L ( T T ) dx L i
+L +L a + bx + cx 2 T dx = cp ax + bx 2 / 2 + cx 3 / 3 T x L L

E = c p out

E = cp 2aL + 0 + 2cL3 / 3 2T L out

E = 2600 kg / m3 800 J / kg K 2 82C 0.020m + 2 2 104C / m2 out

)
<

( 0.020m )3 / 3 2 ( 20C ) 0.020m

E = 4.94 106 J / m 2 out

COMMENTS: (1) In part (a), note that the temperature gradient is larger at x = + L than at x = - L. This is consistent with the results of part (c) in which the conduction heat fluxes are evaluated. Continued ..

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PROBLEM 2.25 (Cont.) (2) In evaluating the conduction heat fluxes, q ( x ) , it is important to recognize that this flux x is in the positive x-direction. See how this convention is used in formulating the energy balance in part (c). (3) It is good practice to represent energy balances with a schematic, clearly defining the system or surface, showing the CV or CS with dashed lines, and labeling the processes. Review again the features in the schematics for the energy balances of parts (c & d). (4) Re-writing the heat diffusion equation introduced in part (b) as
d dT k +q = 0 dx dx

recognize that the term in parenthesis is the heat flux. From the differential equation, note that if the differential of this term is a constant ( q / k ) , then the term must be a linear function of the x-coordinate. This agrees with the analysis of part (e). (5) In part (f), we evaluated E st , the rate of energy change stored in the wall at the instant the volumetric heat generation was deactivated. Did you notice that Est = 2 105 W / m3 is the same value of the deactivated q ? How do you explain this?

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

ChE 314: Solutions to Assignment 2 Problem 2 (Prob 2.38 from text): For steady state radial heat flow, the heat diffusion eqn in cylindrical coordinates is:

& 1 d dT q r dr = k r dr
If we insist on a linear radial temperature distribution, we must have T T1 dT = 2 = C (some constant) dr r 2 r1 The heat diffusion eqn now becomes
& q 1 d (r C ) = C d r = C = k r dr r dr r

& q =

kC r

& i.e. to have a linear temperature distribution, the rate of heat generation q cannot be uniform in the cylinder; it must instead vary as 1 / r .

Problem 3 (additional problem): L = 1m k R L R = 1 cm k = 15 W/mK h = 200 W/m2K

& q =

100 100 = = 3.1831 10 5 W / m 3 2 2 R L (0.01) (1)

Steady state: Integrate and get Integrate again: BC1 (at r = 0 ):

& 1 d dT q r dr = k r dr
& dT q r2 r = + c1 dr k 2
T =

& d dT q r dr = k r dr
c1 & dT q r = + dr k 2 r

& q 2 r + c 1 ln r + c 2 4k T (0) is finite c 1 = 0 & q 2 r + c2 T = 4k

(i)

also (a)

& dT q = r dr 2k From (i), it is clear that the highest temperature is at the centre line ( r = 0 ), and is equal to c 2 .

This makes physical sense since the centre line is furthest away from convective cooling. Now need to find c 2 . BC2 (at r = R ):
q cond = q conv

dT k d r = h [T ( R) T ] r =R qR2 & & qR = h k + c 2 T 2k 4k Rearrange and get & qR Rh 1+ c 2 T = 2h 2k Put in numbers: (3.1831 10 5 ) (0.01) (0.01) (200) 1+ = 8.49C c 2 T = (2) (200) (2) (15)
(b) New BC at r = R : From (i),
T = & q 2 R + c2 4k

c 2 T =

& qR2 (3.1831 10 5 ) (0.01) 2 = = 0.53C 4k (4) (15)

January 25, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 3 Due: February 4 (Monday) before 16:00, in assignment box next to CME 567. 1. Thermal resistance of cylindrical and spherical shells (a) A hollow cylinder of length L has inner and outer radii r1 and r 2 ( r1 < r 2 ), and the corresponding surface temperatures are held constant at T ( r1 ) = TH and T ( r 2 ) = TL . Show that, at steady state, the rate of radial heat flow is

q r = ( TH TL )

2 k L , ln (r 2 / r1 )

where k is the thermal conductivity. Assume no internal heat generation. (b) A hollow sphere has inner and outer radii r1 and r 2 ( r1 < r 2 ), and the corresponding surface temperatures are held constant at T ( r1 ) = TH and T ( r 2 ) = TL . Show that, at steady state, the rate of radial heat flow is

q r = ( TH TL )

4 k , 1 / r1 1 / r 2

where k is the thermal conductivity. Assume no internal heat generation. Note: To calculate heat flux, you need only one of the two integration constants.

2. Problem 3.9 from text.

3. Problem 3.91 from text part (a) only. Assume core region ( 0 < r < r1 ) to be hollow

4. Problem 3.96 from text part (a) only. Ans: 5.09C, 5.07C (books answers are wrong)

Page 1 of 1

ChE 314: Solutions to Assignment 3 Problem 1:

& Steady state and q = 0

solve 2T = 0 subject to specified BCs.

(a) Hollow cylinder:

2T =

1 d dT r = 0 r dr dr

dT = c1 dr

c1 dT = dr r
T = c 1 ln r + c 2

()

Note that the c 1 ln r term survives b/c we dont have r = 0 (cylinder is hollow). BCs at r = r1 and r = r 2 :
TH = c 1 ln r1 + c 2 TL = c 1 ln r 2 + c 2

Subtract to eliminate c 2 :
TH TL = c 1 ln ( r1 / r 2 )

c1 =

TH TL ln ( r1 / r 2 )

Put back into () to calculate flux: dT k TH TL k TH TL q r = k = = dr r ln (r1 / r 2 ) r ln (r 2 / r1 )

q r = q r 2 r L =

2 k L (TH TL ) ln (r 2 / r1 )

Page 1 of 6

(b) Hollow spherical shell:

2T =

1 d 2 dT r = 0 r 2 dr dr

r2

dT = c1 dr

c1 dT = 2 dr r T = BCs at r = r1 and r = r 2 :
TH = c 1 / r1 + c 2 TL = c 1 / r 2 + c 2

()

c1 r

+ c2

Subtract to eliminate c 2 :
1 1 TH TL = c 1 r1 r 2

c1 =

TH TL 1 / r1 1 / r 2

Put back into () to calculate flux: dT k TH TL q r = k = 2 dr r 1 / r1 1 / r 2

q r = q r 4 r 2 =

4 k (1 / r1 1 / r2 ) (TH TL )

Page 2 of 6

Page a of 6 Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on 3not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

Problem 3 (Prob 3.91 from text) T1 T2 2 r3 2 r2 2 r1 T3 graphite

h , T

& thorium, q
& q = q r2 2 r1 2 L = (10 8 ) 112 8 2 10 6 L = 17 907 L ( L in m; q in W) Graphite: Convective cooling:

)(

ln (r3 / r2 ) ln (14 / 11) 0.012 794 = = L 2 k L 2 (3) L 0.005 6841 1 1 = = R2 = h 2 r3 L L (2000) 2 (0.014) L R1 =
T3 T R2

T2

R1
T2 T = ( R 1 + R 2 ) q

0.012 794 0.005 6841 + T2 600 = (17 907 L ) L L

T2 = 930.9 K

For T1 , go back to heat diffusion equation:

& 1 d dT q r dr = k r dr
Integrate twice and get

& c dT q = r+ 1 dr 2k r
T = & q 2 r + c1 ln r + c 2 4k
dT / d r = 0 (zero heat flux)

(1) (2)

BC 1 (at r = r1 ): From (1),

& c q r1 + 1 = 0 2k r1

c1 =

& q r1 2
2k

Page 4 of 6

Combining with (2): & q r1 2 & q 2 T = r + ln r + c 2 4k 2k

(3)

BC 2 (at r = r 2 ):

T ( r 2 ) = T2

& & q r1 2 q 2 T2 = r2 + ln r2 + c 2 4k 2k

(4)

Eliminate c2 by combining (3) and (4):

& q r1 2 r & q 2 2 (r r2 ) + 2k ln r T (r ) T2 = 4k 2
Using (5):

(5)

T1 930.9 =

10 8 8 2 10 6 10 8 8 8 2 112 10 6 + ln (4) (57) (2)(57) 11

)(

) ( )(

T1 = 938.0 K

Page 5 of 6

Problem 4 (Prob 3.96 a from text) Approximate apple as sphere:

T = 5C h = 7.5 W / m2K

ro k

= 840 kg / m3
k = 0.5 W / mK r o = 4 cm

1 day J kg 3 & 840 3 q = 4000 (24) (3600) s = 38.89 W / m kg day m

Start with

& q 1 d 2 dT r = 2 k r dr dr
Integrate twice and get

T =
BC1 (at r = 0 ):

c1 & q 2 r + c2 r 6k

T (0) finite

c1 = 0

T =

& q 2 r + c2 6k

()

BC2 (at r = ro ):
q cond = q conv

dT k = h [T ( ro ) T ] dr r = ro

& q ro
3

q 2 & ro + c 2 T = h 6k

c 2 = 5.09C

(38.89) (0.04) 2 (38.89) (0.04) = (7.5) + c 2 5 3 (6) (0.5)

From (),
T (0) = c 2 = 5.09C

& (38.89) (0.04) 2 q 2 T (ro ) = ro + c 2 = + 5.09 = 5.07C 6k (6) (0.5)

Page 6 of 6

February 2, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 4 Due: February 11 (Monday) before 16:00, in assignment box next to CME 567.

Midterm Reminder Date: Feb 13, 2008 (Wednesday) Time: 13:00 13:50 Location: A Liang ETLC 2-001 Low Z ETLC 2-002

1. Problem 3.108 in text. Part (a): Make qualitative sketch only; do not include actual numbers. Part (b): Omit. Part (c): Calculate T2 assuming R t, c . [Note: R t, c was finite in Part (a).] Omit plot of temperature distribution.

2. Problem 3.123 in text. Features of straight fins are summarized in Figure 3.18 (p. 150) and Table 3.5 (p. 152). Error in Figure 3.18: Profile area for rectangular fin should be A p = L t (not L c t ). Compare only rectangular and triangular fins; disregard parabolic profile. Volume of a straight fin is in general V = w A p .

3. Problem 3.129 in text.

4. Problem 3.145 in text. See Figs. 3.14 (c) and 3.19 for sketches of annular fins of rectangular profiles. For thermal conductivity of Al, assume an average temperature of 400 K.

Note: Values read from efficiency charts may vary by a few %.

Page 1 of 1

ChE 314: Solutions to Assignment 4 Problem 1 [Based on Prob. 3.108 in text] (a) T1 T3 T L L Linear profile for L < x < 0

dT / d x (i.e. heat flux) continuous at x = 0

T discontinuous at x = L (due to contact resistance)

(c) T1 T2 T Rf

R ins Insulation: R ins =

L 0.050 = = 25.4648 K/W k A (100) (0.005) 2 / 4

Fin (with insulated tip):

q f = (h k P A c )

1/ 2

tanh mL (T2 T )

Rf

T2 T 1 = 1/ 2 qf (hk P Ac ) tanh mL

(h k P A )
c

1/ 2

= (500) (100) (0.005) (0.005) 2 / 4

1/ 2

1/ 2

= 0.12418 W/K

hP m= k Ac

(500) (0.005) = 2 (100) (0.005) / 4

1/ 2

= 63.2456 m1

tanh m L = tanh (63.2456 ) (0.050) = 0.99642

Rf =

1 = 8.0817 K/W (0.12418) (0.99642)

qf =

T1 T T T = 2 Rins + R f Rf

T 20 200 20 = 2 25.4648 + 8.0817 8.0817

Page 1 of 5

T2 = 63.4 C

Problem 2 [Prob. 3.123 in text]

Rectangular fin:
L c = L + t / 2 = 0.015 + 0.003 / 2 = 0.0165 m

A p = L t = (0.015) (0.003) = 0.45 10 4 m2

Lc
3/ 2

1/ 2

V = w A p = 0.45 104 m3

h k Ap

1/ 2

= (0.0165)

3/ 2

50 (185) (0.45 10 4 )

= 0.164

f 0.97

(from Chart)

A f = 2 w L c = 2 (1) (0.0165) = 0.033 m2 q f = f h A f b = (0.97) (50) (0.033) (100 20) = 128 W

Triangular fin:
L c = L = 0.015 m

A p = L t / 2 = (0.015) (0.003) / 2 = 0.225 10 4 m2

Lc
3/ 2

1/ 2

V = w A p = 0.225 104 m3

h k Ap

1/ 2

= (0.015)

3/ 2

50 (185) (0.225 10 4 )

= 0.20

f 0.98

(from Chart)

A f = 2 w L 2 + (t / 2) 2

1/ 2

= 2 (1) (0.015) 2 + (0.003 / 2) 2

1/ 2

= 0.03015 m2

q f = f h A f b = (0.98) (50) (0.03015) (100 20) = 118 W

Note: Triangular fin uses half the material, but gives approximately the same rate of heat loss.

Page 2 of 5

Problem 3 [Prob. 3.129 in text]

k A = 200 W / mK
A

T b = 100C
B

T = 25C x1

Long fins case D in Table 3.4

= exp ( mA x 1 ) A

T T ln A T T b

= mA x 1

= exp ( mB x 1 ) B

T T ln B T T b

= mB x 1

Divide the two equations:

mA 75 25 60 25 = ln ln = 0.532 mB 100 25 100 25

hP m kA c
1/ 2

k mA = B k mB A

1/ 2

(k B / 200 )1 / 2 =

0.532

k B = 56.6 W / m K

Page 3 of 5

Problem 4 (Prob 3.145 in text)

For single fin: CL

T b = 200C
4 mm

T = 20C h = 40 W / m2K

k = 240 W / mK
15 mm 50 mm Referring to Fig 3.19 (p. 150):
r1 = 25 mm ;
L = 15 mm ;

r 2 = r1 + L = 40 mm

r 2 c = r 2 + t / 2 = 42 mm L c = L + t / 2 = 17 mm

A p = L c t = 68 mm 2
(a)

Lc

3/ 2

(h / k A )
p

1/ 2

= 0.11

r 2 c / r1 = 1.68

f 0.97

(from Fig 3.19; value may vary by a few %)

Heat loss per fin: Recall f

Here, A f = 2 r 2 r1 + 2 r 2 t = 2 (40 2 25 2 ) + (40)(4) = 7131 mm2

2 2

qf , where A f is the exposed fin area. h Af b

q f = f h A f b = (0.97)( 40)(0.007131)( 200 20) = 49.8 W

qf h Ac b

where A c = 2 r1 t = 2 ( 25) ( 4) = 628.32 mm2 (footprint size)

49.8 = (40) (0.00062832) (200 20)

f =

11.0

Page 4 of 5

(b) For tube length of L tube = 1 m , unfinned area A b is

A b = 2 r1 L tube N A c = 2 (0.025) (1) (125) (0.00062832) = 0.07854 m 2 A tot = A b + N A f = 0.07854 + (125)(0.007131) = 0.9699 m 2
Eqn 3.101:
N Af q tot = h b A tot 1 (1 f ) A tot (125)(0.007131) = (40)(200 20)(0.9699) 1 (1 0.97) 0.9699

q tot = 6790 W = 6.79 kW

Note: while covering 50% of the total surface area, the fins account for > 90% of the total heat loss!

Page 5 of 5

February 15, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 5 Due: March 3 (Monday) before 16:00, in assignment box next to CME 567. A rectangular fin, with dimensions L = 12 cm , t = 2 cm , and w >> t , extends from a base surface which is maintained at temperature Tb = 100 C . The fin is made of aluminum, which has thermal conductivity k = 240 W / m K . It is cooled by a stream of air at 20C; the heat transfer coefficient at the fin surface is h = 240 W / m 2 K .

Tb

h , T

y k t

L x

w z

We are to determine the steady state temperature distribution T ( x, y ) far away from the side edges (i.e., far from z = 0 and z = w ); this is in effect a 2-D problem. Rather than solving the problem analytically, we will use here finite difference method to calculate temperatures at discrete nodal positions. To begin, a constant-z cross section (parallel to the x-y plane) is discretized into 1 cm 1 cm squares. Set up the FDEs, as discussed in class, and determine the nodal temperatures. Once you have these temperatures, you should also calculate T (x) , which is the average temperature across the fin thickness (from y = 0 to y = t ) for given values of x . Your submitted work should include: (a) (b) (c) A brief description of your approach, as well as a listing of the computer source code. A plot, in discrete symbols (not joined by lines), of T (in C) vs x (in cm). On the same graph, a solid line representing the analytical 1-D solution (see Table 3.4).

Consider also a fin made of fireclay brick, with thermal conductivity k = 1. 2 W / mK . All other parameters (geometric dimensions, h , Tb , and T ) remain the same as above. (d) (e) Repeat parts (b) and (c) for the clay fin. At x = 1 cm , plot T (in C) vs y (in cm) for both the aluminum fin and the clay fin. Comment on the difference between the two curves and speculate reason. Page 1 of 1

ChE 314: Solutions to Assignment 5 (a) (b) (c) Approach: See class notes See below (black symbols) Convection at tip Case A in Table 3.4 m = (h P / k A c )
1/ 2

, where P / A c = 2(t + w) / t w 2 w / t w = 2 / t
1/ 2

h 2 m = k t

(240) (2) = (240) (0.02)

1/ 2

= 10 m1

h 240 = = 0 .1 ; mk (10) (240)

m L = (10) (0.12) = 1.2

From Table 3.4,

cosh [10 (0.12 x)] + 0.1 sinh [10 (0.12 x)] T 20 = 100 20 cosh 1.2 + 0.1 sinh 1.2

T = 20 + 40.7830 [ cosh(1.2 10 x) + (0.1) sinh (1.2 10 x) ]

Plotted as solid line below.

; x in m , T in C

Aluminum Fin
100

90

FDE result Analytical 1-D solution

Tave (deg C)

80

70

60

10

12

x (cm)
Page 1 of 3

(d)

Clay fin: k = 1.2 W/m2K

h/k = 2 ; m = 141.42 m1 ; h / m k = 1.4142

Clay Fin
100

80

FDE result Analytical 1-D solution

Tave (deg C)

60

40

20

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

x (cm)

Page 2 of 3

(e)

Temperature across fin at x = 1 cm (based on FDE result):

2.0

1.5

aluminum clay

y (cm)

1.0

0.5

0.0 20

40

60

80

100

T (deg C)

Consider Biot number in the y direction: Bi = (240)(0.02)/240 = 0.02 for aluminum Bi = (240)(0.02)/1.2 = 4.0 for clay expect negligible T variations expect significant T variations

Page 3 of 3

March 3, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 6 Due: March 10 (Monday) before 16:00, in assignment box next to CME 567. 1. Two identical aluminum cylinders of radius R and length 2 R are left overnight in an oven. The cylinders are removed from the oven the next day and placed on an insulating surface, with cylinder 1 standing on its end and cylinder 2 lying on its side. The air flow in the room gives rise to an effective heat transfer coefficient of h = 50 W / m2 K. The thermal properties of aluminum are assumed to be those at 300 K. (a) (b) You are told that the lumped capacitance method is applicable in this situation. What can you say about the dimension R ? Which cylinder will first reach room temperature? What is the ratio of the two equilibration times?

2. Problem 5.47 in text. Note: one of the online answers is wrong,

3. Problem 5.48 in text. Note that the initial temperature is not given (and not needed). Omit Part (b).

4. Problem 5.62 in text.

5. (a) (b)

Problem 5.69 in text. In Problem 5.69, what is the significance of an extremely large heat transfer coefficient h ?

Page 1 of 1

ChE 314: Solutions to Assignment 6 Problem 1 (a) Aluminum at 300K: = 2702 kg / m 3 ; c = 903 J / kgK ; k = 237 W / mK Also, h = 50 W / m 2 K If lumped capacitance method were applicable, then must have
Bi = h ( 2 R ) / k < 0.1

Note: Here, chose 2 R as characteristic length L c . If instead one chooses R as L c , it would be correct also (i.e. there is no sharp dividing line between large and small Biot numbers). Based on above expression, one gets (0.1) (237) 0.1 k m R< < 2 h (2) (50) For LC method to work, should have R < 24 cm (b) Obviously, cylinder 2 will reach room temperature first b/c it has more exposed area. Mathematically, cV larger A will give rise to shorter time constant = hA With all else equal, 1 / 2 = A 2 / A1 , where

A 2 = 2 R 2 + ( 2 R )( 2 R ) = 6 R 2 A1 = R 2 + ( 2 R )( 2 R ) = 5 R 2

1 / 2 = 6 / 5 = 1.2

Note: Cooling time does not depend on oven temperature or room temperarture; this is characteristic of exponential decay.

Page 1 of 4

Problem 2 [Prob. 5.47 in text] Treat problem as having 2 coatings:

2 mm

Bi =

h L (200)(0.002) = = 1 .6 0.25 k

1 = 0.9903
C1 = 1.1547

(by interpolation)

Eqn 5.40a:
42 25 = 1.1547 exp 0.9903 2 Fo cos (0.9903) 200 25

0.1534 = exp 0.9903 2 Fo Fo t / L 2

Fo = 1.9116

1.9116 =

(1.2 10 7 ) t (2 10 3 ) 2

t = 63.7 s

Temperature at interface ( x = 0 ) :

To 25 = 1.1547 exp (0.99032 ) (1.9116) 200 25

To = 56.0 C

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Problem 3 [Prob. 5.48 in text] Bi =

h ro (1000)(0.030) = = 0.6 k 50

1 = 1.0184
C1 = 1.1345

Ts T = C1 exp 1 2 Fo J 0 ( 1 ) Ti T

To T = C1 exp 1 2 Fo Ti T

)
550 750 To 750

Ts T = J 0 ( 1 ) To T

J 0 (1.0184 ) = 0.7568 =

To = 486 K

Page 2 of 4

Problem 4 [Prob. 5.62 in text] ro = 0.020 mm ; h = 300 W / m2 K ; k = 15 W / m K Ti = 400 C ; Bi =

T = 25 C

h ro (300)(0.020) = = 0.4 k 15

1 = 1.0528
C1 = 1.1164

k 15 = = 5.8823 10 6 m2 / s c (3000) (850)

(a) Eqn 5.52:

sin 1 1 cos 1

13

= 0.2978

0.80 = 1 3 o (0.2978)

o = 0.22386

Eqn 5.50c:

0.22386 = 1.1164 exp 1.0528 2 Fo t 5.8823 10 6 Fo = 1.4497 = (20 10 3 ) 2

t = 98.6 s

(b) Q uniform temperature distribution in both cases Ti before where Q = 0.8 Qo = 0.8 c V (Ti T ) Energy balance: Q = c V (Ti T ) 0.8 (Ti T ) = Ti T T after

Combining with above relation, we get

0.8 ( 400 25) = 400 T

T = 100 C

Page 3 of 4

Problem 5 [Prob. 5.69 in text] (a) steel slab Ts = 25C x

Steel:

Ti = 300C = 7800 kg / m 3 ; c = 480 J / kgK ; k = 50 W / mK

k 50 = = 1.335 10 5 m 2 / s c (7800) (480)

Set T = 50C in eqn 5.57: x = 50 25 = 0.0909 erf 2 t 300 25

x = 25 mm :

x 2 t

= 0.08073

0.025 2 (1.335 10 5 ) t

= 0.08073

t = 1796 s = 29.9 min

(b)

As h , the surface temperature will approach that of the free stream, with

T (0 , t ) = T = constant
i.e. the boundary condition is Case 1 in Table 2.2 (p. 78). For moderate (i.e. finite) h , the boundary condition is like before, i.e. back to Case 3 in Table 2.2.

Page 4 of 4

March 9, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 7 Due: March 17 (Monday) before 16:00, in assignment box next to CME 567. 1. Problem 6.6 in text.

2. Problem 6.17 in text.

3. Problem 6.21 in text. Note: h x denotes h(x) , i.e. the local heat transfer coefficient at x . (Yet another unnecessary confusion in notation.)

4. Problem 6.32 in text.

Page 1 of 1

PROBLEM 6.6 KNOWN: Expression for the local heat transfer coefficient of a circular, hot gas jet at T directed normal to a circular plate at Ts of radius ro. FIND: Heat transfer rate to the plate by convection. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Flow is axisymmetric about the plate, (3) For h(r), a and b are constants and n -2. ANALYSIS: The convective heat transfer rate to the plate follows from Newtons law of cooling q conv = dq conv = h ( r ) dA ( T Ts ) .
A A

The local heat transfer coefficient is known to have the form,

h ( r ) = a + br n
and the differential area on the plate surface is

dA = 2 r dr.
Hence, the heat rate is q conv =
ro 0

( a + brn ) 2 r dr ( T Ts )
r

b n+2 o a q conv = 2 ( T Ts ) r 2 + r n+2 2 0

b n+2 a 2 q conv = 2 ro + ro ( T Ts ) . n+2 2

<

COMMENTS: Note the importance of the requirement, n -2. Typically, the radius of the jet is much smaller than that of the plate.

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PROBLEM 6.17
KNOWN: Pressure dependence of the dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat. FIND: (a) Variation of the kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity with pressure for an incompressible liquid and an ideal gas, (b) Value of the thermal diffusivity of air at 350 K for pressures of 1, 5 and 10 atm, (c) Location where transition occurs for air flow over a flat plate with T = 350 K, p = 1, 5 and 10 atm, and u = 2 m/s. ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Transition at Rex,c = 5 105, (4) Ideal gas behavior. PROPERTIES: Table A.4, air (350 K): = 208.2 10-7 Ns/m2, k = 0.030 W/mK, cp = 1009 J/kgK, = 0.995 kg/m3. ANALYSIS: (a) For an ideal gas p = RT or = p/RT while for an incompressible liquid, = constant The kinematic viscosity is = / Therefore, for an ideal gas (1) (2) (3)

= RT/p or p-1 and for an incompressible liquid = / or is independent of pressure. The thermal diffusivity is = k / c Therefore, for an ideal gas,
= kRT/pc or p -1

(4)

< <

(6)

For an incompressible liquid = k/ c or is independent of pressure (b) For T = 350 K, p = 1 atm, the thermal diffusivity of air is = 0.030 W/m K 0.995 kg/m3 1009 J/kg K = 29.9 10-6 m 2 /s

< < <

Using Equation 6, at p = 5 atm, Continued

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

PROBLEM 6.17 ( Cont.)

= 29.9 10-6 m2 /s/5 = 5.98 10-6 m2/s

At p = 10 atm,

< <

= 29.9 10-6 m2 /s/10 = 2.99 10-6 m2/s

(c) For transition over a flat plate, x u Re x,c = c = 5 105 Therefore x c = 5 105 (/u ) For T = 350 K, p = 1 atm,
= / = 208.2 10-7 N s/m 2 0.995 kg/m3 = 20.92 10-6 m 2 /s

Using Equation 4, at p = 5 atm

= 20.92 10-6 m 2 /s 5 = 4.18 10-6 m 2 /s

At p = 10 atm,
= 20.92 10-6 m 2 /s 10 = 2.09 10-6 m 2 /s

Therefore, at p = 1 atm
x c = 5 105 20.92 10-6 m 2 /s/(2m/s) = 5.23 m

< < <

At p = 5 atm,
x c = 5 105 4.18 10-6 m 2 /s/(2m/s) = 1.05 m

At p = 10 atm
x c = 5 105 2.09 10-6 m 2 /s/(2m/s) = 0.523 m

COMMENT: Note the strong dependence of the transition length upon the pressure for the gas (the transition length is independent of pressure for the incompressible liquid).

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

PROBLEM 6.21 KNOWN: Local Nusselt number correlation for flow over a roughened surface. FIND: Ratio of average heat transfer coefficient to local coefficient. SCHEMATIC:

ANALYSIS: The local convection coefficient is obtained from the prescribed correlation, h x = Nu x k k = 0.04 Re0.9 Pr1/3 x x x 0.9 0.9 V 1/3 x h x = 0.04 k Pr C1x -0.1. x

To determine the average heat transfer coefficient for the length zero to x,
x 1 x 1 h x dx = C1 x -0.1dx 0 x 0 x 0.9 C x hx = 1 = 1.11 C1 x -0.1. x 0.9

hx

Hence, the ratio of the average to local coefficient is h x 1.11 C1 x -0.1 = = 1.11. hx C1 x -0.1 COMMENTS: Note that Nu x / Nu x is also equal to 1.11. Note, however, that 1 x Nu x Nu x dx. x 0

<

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

PROBLEM 6.32
KNOWN: Ambient, interior and dewpoint temperatures. Vehicle speed and dimensions of windshield. Heat transfer correlation for external flow. FIND: Minimum value of convection coefficient needed to prevent condensation on interior surface of windshield. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional heat transfer, (3) Constant properties. PROPERTIES: Table A-3, glass: kg = 1.4 W/mK. Prescribed, air: k = 0.023 W/mK, = 12.5 -6 2 10 m /s, Pr = 0.70. ANALYSIS: From the prescribed thermal circuit, conservation of energy yields

T,i Ts,i 1/ hi

Ts,i T,o

t / k g + 1/ h o

where h o may be obtained from the correlation

h L Nu L = o = 0.030 Re0.8 Pr1/ 3 L k

With V = (70 mph 1585 m/mile)/3600 s/h = 30.8 m/s, ReD = (30.8 m/s 0.800 m)/12.5 10 m /s 6 = 1.97 10 and 0.8 0.023 W / m K ho = 0.030 1.97 106 ( 0.70 )1/ 3 = 83.1W / m 2 K
-6 2

0.800 m

From the energy balance, with Ts,i = Tdp = 10C

( Ts,i T,o ) t + 1 1 hi = ( T,i Ts,i ) kg ho

(10 + 15 ) C 0.006 m + 1 hi = ( 50 10 ) C 1.4 W / m K 83.1W / m2 K h i = 38.3 W / m 2 K
1

<

COMMENTS: The output of the fan in the automobiles heater/defroster system must maintain a velocity for flow over the inner surface that is large enough to provide the foregoing value of hi . In

addition, the output of the heater must be sufficient to maintain the prescribed value of T,i at this velocity.

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

March 18, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 8 Due: March 28 (Friday) before 16:00, in assignment box next to CME 567. 1. Go back the first problem in Assignment 1 (Problem 1.15 in text) and re-calculate the heat transfer coefficients without considering the given wattages (i.e. do not use the data 28 kW/m and 400 W/m in the problem). Use the Churchill-Bernstein correlation (eqn 7.46).

2. (Based on Problem 7.13 in text.) Consider the parallel flow of a fluid over a flat plate of dimensions L 2 L ; the surface temperature of the plate is maintained constant at Ts . As shown below, the plate can be in one of two orientations relative to the flow: u , T Case A

u , T

Case B

(a) Assuming the boundary layers remain laminar over the entire plate in both cases, is it possible to have q A = q B ? ( q is the total rate of heat transfer from the plate.) Explain. If we ignored the transition region (see Figure 6.4) and assume Re x , c r = 5 10 5 , the critical position x c r at which the boundary layer becomes turbulent is given by x c r = 5 10 5 / u . Introducing the dimensionless position x x / x c r , we can say that the boundary layer is laminar for 0 < x < 1 , and turbulent for x > 1 . (b) Express the dimensionless quantity h x c r / k Pr 1 / 3 in terms of x ; write separate expressions for 0 < x < 1 and x > 1 . Your answers should comprise only x and numerical values. (c) Plot h x c r / k Pr 1 / 3 vs x for 0.1 < x < 3 . (d) Is it possible in general to have q A = q B ? Explain.

Page 1 of 2

March 18, 2008

3. Re-analyze Example 7.6 (p. 419) for a more compact tube bank, in which the longitudinal and transverse pitches are S L = S T = 20 mm. All other parameters (including N L = 7 and N T = 8 ) remain the same. Carry out the following iterations: (a) Using the Zhukauskas correlation (eqns 7.56 & 7.57), and assuming equal inlet and outlet temperatures (i.e. Ti = To = 15C ), determine the air-side heat transfer coefficient h , the

improved estimate of To , and the rate of heat transfer per unit length (length is in direction of cylinder axes). [Ans: 250 W / m2 K , 40.2C, 29.7 kW/m.] (b) Repeat the above calculations based on the new outlet temperature. (Do not update the air density in eqn 7.59; see Comment 3 on page 422.) When do you know you have the final answers?

Page 2 of 2

ChE 314: Solutions to Assignment 8 Problem 1 [Based on Prob. 1.15 in text]

D = 0.030 m ; Tf = (Ts + T ) / 2 = (90 + 25) / 2 = 57.5C = 330.6 K

(a)

Water at 330.6 K:
k = 0.6507 W/mK

= 0.4847 10 3 Pas ; 1 / = 1.016 10 3 m3 / kg

Pr = 3.118 ReD = V D / = Using eqn 7.46,
Nu D = 0.3 + 223.6 (1.297) = 274.4 1.058 ( 274.4) (0.6507) = 5950 W / m2K 0.030
(1) (0.030) = 60926 0.4924 10 6

= / = 0.4924 10 6 m2/s

h = Nu D k / D =

(b)

Air at 330.6 K:
k = 28.56 10 3 W/mK

= 18.97 10 6 m2/s
Pr = 0.7027 ReD = V D / = Using eqn 7.46,
Nu D = 0.3 + 69.32 (1.130) = 69.04 1.1396 (69.04) (0.02856) = 65.7 W / m2K 0.030 (10) (0.030) = 15814 18.97 10 6

h = Nu D k / D =

Page 1 of 5

Problem 2 [Based on Prob. 7.13 in text] (a) From Newtons law of cooling, q A = h 2 L ( Ts T ) 2 L 2 q B = h L ( Ts T ) 2 L 2 For q A = q B , must have h L = h 2 L

But for laminar boundary layer, h x 1 / x (eqn 7.25); i.e. it is a monotonically decreasing fcn. not possible to have h L = h 2 L , and hence qA cannot be equal to q B for laminar BLs (b) Using eqn 7.25 for laminar BL (i.e. for 0 < x < 1 ),

hx u = 0.664 k
h x cr k Pr
1/ 3

1/ 2

x1 / 2 Pr 1 / 3
1/ 2

u = 0.664

1 / 2

x cr

u = 0.664 u = 0.664

1/ 2

x cr x x cr x

1/ 2

x cr

1/ 2

1/ 2

1/ 2

(5 10 5 ) u
1/ 2

1/ 2

= (0.664) 5 10
= 470 x For turbulent BL (i.e. x > 1 ), use eqn 7.31:
4/5 hx u = 0.037 x 4 / 5 871 Pr 1 / 3 k

5 1/ 2

( )

x cr x

1 / 2

h x cr k Pr
1/ 3

u = 0.037 u = 0.037

4/5

x 1 / 5 x c r
4/5

871 x c r x
4/5

x cr x

1/ 5

(5 10 5 ) u
1/ 5

871 x c r x

x cr = 0.037 5 10 x 1 / 5 871 = 1341 (x ) x

5 4/5

871 x c r x

h x cr k Pr 1 / 3

( ) 1341 (x )
470 x

1 / 2

; 0 < x < 1 1 / 5 871 ; x > 1 x Page 2 of 5

(c)

1500

1000

h xc r k Pr 1 / 3
500

0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

(d)

Since h is no longer a monotonically decreasing function once we enter into the turbulent regime, it is possible to have a situation where h ( x ) = h ( 2 x ) . From the above plot, it can be seen (if you look real close) that h is the same when x is 0.63 and 2 0.63. This means we can have q A = q B when L = 0.63 x c r .

Page 3 of 5

Problem 3 (a) Air at Ti = 15C = 288 K : = 1.217 kg / m 3 ; c p = 1007 J / kg K ; = 14.82 10 6 m 2 /s

k = 0.02534 W / m K ; Pr = 0.710

Air at Ts = 70C = 343 K : Pr s = 0.701 Estimate Vmax : given V = 6 m / s ; S L = S T = 20 mm ; D = 16.4 mm ; N L = 7 ; N T = 8 S D = 20 2 + 10 2

1/ 2

= 22.36 mm

ST + D 20 + 16.4 = = 18.2 mm 2 2

SD >

ST + D 2

Vmax =

ST 20 V = (6) = 33.33 m / s ST D 20 16.4

Re D , max =

(33.33) (0.0164) = 36887 14.82 10 6

C = 0.35 ; m = 0.6 ; C 2 = 0.95

Staggered ; S T / S L = 1 Re D , max = 36887

Nu D = (0.95) (0.35) (36887 ) 0.6 (0.710) 0.36 (0.710 / 0.701) 0.25 = 162.1

h =

Nu D k (162.1) (0.02534) = = 250.5 W / m 2 K D 0.0164

Eqn 7.59:

70 To (0.0164) (56) (250.5) = exp 70 15 (1.217) (6) (8) (0.020) (1007)

To = 40.24C

Now calculate LMTD (eqn 7.58): Ts Ti = 70 15 = 55C ; Ts To = 70 40.24 = 29.76C

Tlm = 55 29.76 = 41.10 K ln (55 / 29.76)

Eqn 7.60: q / L = h N D Tlm = (250.5) (56)( )(0.0164) (41.10) W / m = 29.7 kW / m

Page 4 of 5

(b)

New mean temperature:

Ti + To 15 + 40.24 = = 27.62C 300 K 2 2

Air at 300 K :
c p = 1007 J / kg K ; = 15.89 10 6 m 2 /s ; k = 0.0263 W / m K ; Pr = 0.707

Re D , max =

(33.33) (0.0164) = 34400 15.89 10 6

C = 0.35 ; m = 0.6 ; C 2 = 0.95

Nu D = (0.95) (0.35) (34400 ) 0.6 (0.707 ) 0.36 (0.707 / 0.701) 0.25 = 155.04

h =

Nu D k (155.04) (0.0263) = = 248.6 W / m 2 K D 0.0164

70 To (0.0164) (56) (248.6) = exp 70 15 (1.217) (6) (8) (0.020) (1007)

Ts Ti = 55C ; Ts To = 70 40.10 = 29.90C
Tlm = 55 29.90 = 41.18 K ln (55 / 29.90)

To = 40.1C

q / L = h N D Tlm = (248.6) (56)( )(0.0164) (41.18) W / m = 29.5 kW / m

Page 5 of 5

March 27, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 9 Due: April 4 (Friday) before 16:00, in assignment box next to CME 567. Final Exam Reminder Date and Time: April 18 (Friday) at 14:00 Location: TBA Format: Open book and notes; calculator needed

1. Engine oil flows through a tube at a rate of 0.5 kg/s; the tube is 80 m long and has a diameter of 25 mm. The oil enters the tube at 14C, while the tubes inner surface temperature is maintained at 100C. What are the outlet temperature Tm, o and total heat transfer rate q conv after two iterations? (i.e. after an initial trial assuming Tm, o = Ts , followed by one more iteration.)

2. Problem 8.26 in text. Assume fully developed hydrodynamic and thermal conditions. Comment on the validity of the above assumptions.

3. Problem 8.46 in text. Omit part (b). Solve problem assuming again Tm, o = Ts . No need to iterate this time. Use the Dittus-Boelter correlation (eqn 8.60) for tubulent flow in pipe. Compared to the first problem, why is iterative refinement not so critical here?

4. Problem 8.93 in text. For annular pipe,

Re D = & 4m ( Di + Do )

and laminar flow occurs when Re D < 2300. Properties of liquid water at 320 K:

k = 0.64 W / mK ; c p = 4180 J / kgK ; = 0.6 10 3 Pas

Page 1 of 1

ChE 314: Solutions to Assignment 9 Problem 1: Ts = 100C Tm, i = 14C

m = 0.5 kg/s

engine oil L = 80 m Tm = 57C = 330 K

D = 25 mm

Assume Tm , o = Ts = 100C Engine oil at 330 K: Eqn 8.6:

Re D =

= 0.0836 Pa s ; k = 0.141 W / mK ; Pr = 1205 ; c p = 2035 J / kgK

laminar flow (i.e. Re D < 2300 )

& 4m ( 4) (0.5) = = 304.6 D (0.025) (0.0836)

x fd , t = 0.05 Re D Pr D = (0.05) (304.6) (1205) (0.025) = 459 m L < x fd , t

entrance flow

Also,

x fd , h = 0.05 Re D D = (0.05) (304.6) (0.025) = 0.38 m

L < xfd , t L >> xfd , h

thermal entry; use eqn 8.56

(0.025) (304.6) (1205) = 114.7 80

( D / L) Re D Pr =

Nu D Eqn 8.41b:

hD h (0.025) (0.0668) (114.7) = = 3.66 + k 0.141 1 + (0.04) (114.7) 2 / 3

h = 42.87 W / m 2 K

100 Tm , o
Eqn 8.34:

(0.025) (80) (42.87) = exp 100 14 (0.5) (2035)

Tm , o = 34.00C

& q conv = m c p (Tm , o Tm , i ) = (0.5) ( 2035) (34.00 14) W = 20.35 kW

-----------------------------2nd iteration:
Tm = 14 + 34.0 = 24C = 297 K 2

Engine oil at 297 K:

= 0.6399 Pa s ; k = 0.145 W / mK ; Pr = 8350 ; c p = 1897 J / kgK (note hugh changes in and Pr )

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Re D =

& 4m (4) (0.5) = = 39.79 D (0.025) (0.6399)

laminar flow (i.e. Re D < 2300 )

x fd , t = 0.05 Re D Pr D = (0.05) (39.79) (8350) (0.025) = 415 m x fd , h = 0.05 Re D D = (0.05) (39.79) (0.025) m = 5.0 cm
( D / L) Re D Pr = (0.025) (39.79) (8350) = 103.83 80

thermal entry; use eqn 8.56

Nu D Eqn 8.41b:

hD h (0.025) (0.0668) (103.83) = = 3.66 + k 0.145 1 + (0.04) (103.83) 2 / 3

h = 42.584 W / m 2 K

100 Tm , o
Eqn 8.34:

(0.025) (80) (42.584) = exp 100 14 (0.5) (1897)

Tm , o = 35.1C

& q conv = m c p (Tm , o Tm , i ) = (0.5) (1897 ) (35.1 14) W = 20.0 kW

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Problem 2: (Prob 8.26 in text) Ts = 25C Tm, i = 85C

m = 0.01 kg/s

ethylene glycol L=?

D = 3 mm Tm, o = 35C

Tm =

35 + 85 = 60C = 333 K 2

Ethylene glycol at 333 K:

= 0.522 10 2 Pa s ; k = 0.2603 W / mK ;
Pr = 51.34 ; c p = 2562 J / kgK

& q conv = m c p (Tm , o Tm , i ) = (0.01) ( 2562) (35 85) = 1280 W

Re D =

& 4m (4) (0.01) = = 813 D (0.003) (0.522 10 2 )

laminar flow (i.e. Re D < 2300 ) eqn 8.55

laminar + fully developed flow + const Ts

Nu D h (0.003) hD = = 3.66 0.2603 k

h = 317.6 W / m 2 K

Eqn 8.41b:

(0.003) L (317.6) 25 35 = exp 25 85 (0.01) (2562)

L = 15.3 m

Check assumptions:
x fd , h = 0.05 Re D D = (0.05) (813) (0.003) = 0.12 m

f d assumption OK f d assumption not OK

x fd , t = 0.05 Re D Pr D = (0.05) (813) (51.34) (0.003) = 6.26 m

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Problem 3: (Prob 8.46 in text) Ts = 100C Tm, i = 20C

m = 0.01 kg/s
Assume Tm , o = Ts = 100C Air at 333 K: Eqn 8.6:
Re D =

air L = 5m Tm = 60C = 333 K

D = 50 mm

= 2.002 10 5 Pa s ; k = 0.02874 W / mK ;
Pr = 0.702 ; c p = 1008 J / kgK

& 4m (4) (0.01) = = 12 720 D (0.050) (2.002 10 5 )

turbulent flow (i.e. Re D > 2300 )

Eqn 8.60:
4 Nu D = 0.023 Re D / 5 Pr 0.4 = (0.023) (12720 ) 0.8 (0.702) 0.4 = 38.358

h = Eqn 8.41b:

(38.358) (0.02874) Nu D k = = 22.05 W/m2 K D 0.050

100 Tm , o
Eqn 8.34:

(0.050) (5) (22.05) = exp 100 20 (0.01) (1008)

Tm , o = 85.6 C

& q conv = m c p (Tm , o Tm , i ) = (0.01) (1008) (85.6 20) = 661 W

For air, , k , Pr and c p do not vary strongly with temperature, iterations perhaps not needed.

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Problem 4 (Prob 8.93 in text) insulated liquid water

T m , i = 20C

steam at 100C liquid water

T m , o = 75C

Tm =

20 + 75 = 47.5C 320 K 2

D o = 100 mm ; D i = 25 mm
& m = 0.02 kg / s

D h = D o D i = 0.075 m

Re D =

& 4m (4) (0.02) = = 339.5 ( D i + D o ) (0.6 10 3 ) (0.100 + 0.025)

laminar flow

Assume fd conditions use Table 8.2

D i / D o = 0.25

Nu i = 7.37

hi =

Nu i k (7.37) (0.64) = = 62.89 W / m 2 K Dh 0.075

Eqn 8.41b (for const Ts ) :

(0.025) (62.89) L 100 75 = exp 100 20 (0.02) (4180)

At exit,

L = 19.7 m

q i = h i (Ts Tm , o ) = (62.89) (100 75) = 1570 W / m 2

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April 4, 2008

ChE 314: Assignment 10 For practice only; not to be handed in.

Final Exam Reminder Date and Time: April 18 (Friday) 14:00 16:30 Location: Main Gym (not Butterdome), Rows 12, 14, 16 Format: Open book and notes; bring calculator

1. Problem 11.64 in text. Parts (a), (b) and (d) only. Note: To even start the problem, you will need to know the heat capacities. Here, we will take the following crude approach: we assume the exit temperatures to be T h , o 100C and T c , o 85C. For the heat capacities, just use the closest tabulated values from the steam table; it would be silly to interpolate.

2. Problem 11.20 in text. Complete part (b) using the LMTD method. Additional parts to problem: (c) (d) Determine the required heat exchanger length using the NTU method. Based on the tabulated average properties, calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient U and compare to the given value of 60 W / m2 K. For this problem, assume pipe flow is turbulent when Re D exceeds 7000, in which case the Dittus-Boelter correlation (eqn 8.60) should be used. For annular flow of oil, assume fully developed conditions and uniform inner surface temperature.

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ChE 314: Solutions to Assignment 10 Problem 1 (Prob 11.64 in text) (a) Assume Th , o 100C Assume Tc , o 85C Hot stream:
200 + 100 = 150C 420 K 2 35 + 85 Tc = = 60C 335 K 2 Th =

c p , h = 4302 J / kgK

c p , h = 4186 J / kgK

& C h = m h cp, h =

& Cold stream: C c = m c c p , c

q max = C min (Th , i Tc , i ) = (50.19) ( 200 35) = 8280 W (b) Use NTU method: C r = C min / C max = 50.19 / 97.67 = 0.5139

(42) (4302) = 50.19 W/K = C min 3600 (84) (4186) = = 97.67 W/K = C max 3600

NTU = U A / C min = (180) (0.33) / 50.19 = 1.183

1 exp [ 1.183 (1 0.0.5139)] 1 0.5627 = 0.6152 = 1 (0.5139) exp [ 1.183 (1 0.5139)] 1 (0.5139) (0.5627 )

q = q max = (0.6152) (8280) = 5094 W

q = C h (Th , i Th , o ) q = C c (Tc , o Tc , i )

5094 = 50.19 ( 200 Th , o ) 5094 = 97.67 ( Tc , o 35 )

Th , o = 98.5C Tc , o = 87.2C

(d)

Parallel flow with L

Th , o = Tc , o To

q = C h (Th , i To ) = C c (To Tc , i )

C h Th , i + C c Tc , i = To ( C c + C h )

[all T s in C or K]

To =

C h Th , i + C c Tc , i Cc + Ch

(50.19) (200) + (97.67)(35) = 91.00C 50.19 + 97.67

q = C h (Th , i To ) = (50.19) ( 200 91.00) = 5470 W

= q / q max = 5470 / 8280 = 0.66

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Problem 2: (Prob 11.20 in text) oil D i = 25 mm water oil L U = 60 W / m 2 K Hot stream (oil):
& m h = 0.1 kg / s ; Th , i = 100C ; & Cold stream (water): m c = 0.1 kg / s ; c p , h = 1900 J / kg K Th , o = 60C c p , c = 4200 J / kg K ; Tc , i = 30C

D o = 45 mm

(a)

& C c = (m c p )c = (0.1) (4200) = 420 W / K

Also, q = C c (Tc , o Tc , i )
7600 = 420 ( Tc , o 30 )

& C h = (m c p ) h = (0.1) (1900) = 190 W / K

q = C h (Th , i Th , o ) = 190 (100 60) = 7600 W

Tc , o = 48.1C

(b)

T1 = Th , i Tc , o = 100 48.1 = 51.9C T2 = Th , o Tc , i = 60 30 = 30C

Tlm =

T2 T1 30 51.9 = = 39.95C ln (T2 / T1 ) ln (30 / 51.9)

7600 = (60) (0.025) L (39.95)

q = U A Tlm
(c)

L = 40.4 m

C min = C h = 190 W / K ; C max = C c = 420 W / K

C r = C min / C max = 190 / 420 = 0.4524
q max = C min (Th , i Tc , i ) = 190 (100 30) = 13 300 W

= q / q max = 7600 / 13300 = 0.5714

NTU =
NTU =

1 0.5714 1 ln = 1.001 (0.4524 1) (0.5714) (0.4524) 1

UA C min

1.001 =

(60) (0.025) L 190

L = 40.4 m

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(d)

Water side:
Re D =
& 4m ( 4 ) ( 0 .1 ) = = 7276 D (7 10 4 ) (0.025)

turbulent

4/5 Nu D = 0.023 Re D Pr 0.4 = (0.023) (7276) 0.8 (4.7) 0.4 = 52.49

h wtr =

Nu D k (52.49) (0.64) = = 1344 W / m 2 K Di 0.025

Oil side (annular flow):

Re D =

& 4m (4) (0.1) = = 227.4 ( D o + D i ) (0.008) (0.070)

laminar flow

Re D < 2300
Nu i

Assume constant Ts , with D i / D o = 25 / 45 = 0.556

Nu i = 5.64 (Table 8.2)

hoil ( D o D i ) k

5.64 =

hoil (0.045 0.025) 0.134

hoil = 37.79 W / m 2 K

Thin-walled inner tube:

1 1 U = h + h wtr oil

1 1 = + 37.79 1344

= 36.8 W / m 2 K

Calculated U is very different from given value of 60 W / m 2 K .

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