TIU CHUN VIT NAM

TCVN 6000:1995
CHT LNG NC - LY MU HNG DN LY MU NC NGM Water quality - Sampling - Guidance on sampling of ground water

ISO 5667-11: 1992

1. Phm vi p dng Tiu chun ny cung cp hng dn lp cc chng trnh ly mu, k thut ly mu v x l mu nc ngm nh gi vt l, ha hc v sinh vt hc. N khng bao gm vic ly mu kim tra thng xuyn vic khai thc nc ngm lm nc ung hoc nhng mc ch khc, nhng n lin quan ti s iu tra chung cht lng nc ngm. Do s phc tp ca cc h nc ngm, nhiu p dng ly mu ring cn n li khuyn ca cc chuyn gia a thy vn m khng th trnh by chi tit trong tiu chun ny. Xc nh mc ch ly mu nc ngm l cn thit trc khi chn nguyn tc p dng cho mt chng trnh ly mu c th. Mc ch chnh ca cc chng trnh ly mu nc ngm l iu tra cht lng cp nc t nc ngm, pht hin v nh gi s nhim nc ngm, v tham gia qun l ti nguyn nc ngm. Nhng nguyn tc trnh by trong tiu chun ny cng c p dng cho nhng mc tiu c th hn sau y: a) Xc nh tnh thch hp ca nc ngm lm ngun nc ung hoc nc cng/nng nghip, v gim st cht lng ca n khi cung cp. b) pht hin sm s nhim ca tng ngm nc gy ra bi nhng hot ng c hi tim n trn hoc di mt t (th d cc im ph thi, pht trin nghip, khai khong, hot ng nng nghip, thay i canh tc); c) hiu v gim st s di chuyn ca cc cht nhim nhm nh gi tc ng ca chng n cht lng nc ngm v chun ha v hiu lc ha nhng m hnh cht lng nc ngm thch hp; d) pht trin s hiu bit v nhng bin ng ca cht lng nc ngm, k c nhng bin ng gy ra do c (th d thay i ch bm nc ngm, hiu ng thm t cc dng thi xung nc ngm, cc hot ng lm sch cc im thi), t c s qun l ti u ti nguyn; e) thu thp d liu cho vic tng cng thi hnh lut kim sot nhim. 2. Tiu chun trch dn Nhng tiu chun sau y c p dng cng vi tiu chun ny: ISO 5667- 1: 1980, Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Phn 1: Hng dn lp cc chng trnh ly mu. TCVN 5992: 1995 (ISO 5667- 2: 1991), Cht lng nc Ly mu Hng dn k thut ly mu. TCVN 5993: 1995 (ISO 5667- 3: 1985), Cht lng nc - Ly mu -Hng dn bo qun v x l mu. TCVN 5981: 1995 (ISO 6107- 2: 1989), Cht lng nc - Thut ng - Phn 2 3. nh ngha Trong tiu chun ny p dng nhng nh ngha sau: 3.1. Tn ngm nc: S kin to ca tng , ct hoc si thm nc (nn hoc a tng) v c th thu c lng nc ln. 3.2. Tng cch nc vng chc: Mt tng ngm nc gm vt cht rn chc do s xi mng ha hoc do s nn. 3.3. Nc ngm: Nc c gi trong mt a tng di mt t v thng c th khai thc c 3.4. Ging, ging khoan: Mt l su di t dng ly nc hoc thm d. Ging thng c trng knh rng hn ging khoan v thng c o hn l khoan. Mt ging khoan thng ch dng cho mc ch gim st v c th c ni vi ng vch v ng lc thch hp su nht nh. 3.5. Nc mch l: Nc ngm chy ln mt t mt cch t nhin. 3.6. Nc hc: Nc cc l hng, trong hc , si.

3.7. ng vch: Mt ng bng cht rn dng bao tm thi hay vnh vin mt ging hoc ging khoan v trnh cc cht rn ca tng ngm nc lt vo ging khoan v bo m nc ngm ch vo ging khoan mt su nht nh qua ng lc. 3.8. ng lc: Mt loi ng c thit k c nhiu l dng cho nc chy vo ging v ngn cht rn ca tng ngm nc hoc nhng cht lm tc lc. 4. Thit b ly mu 4.1. Vt liu Thng tin chung v chn vt liu cho thit b ly mu v bnh c nu TCVN 5992 (ISO 5667- 2). Polyetylen, polypropylen, polycacbonat v thy tinh l cc vt liu nn dng trong hu ht cc tnh hung ly mu. Nu cht lng sinh hc ca nc ngm gy ra nhng thay i v thnh phn l ha hc ca nc th cn dng cc bnh cn nh sng cng nhiu cng tt. Khi ly mu nc ngm phn tch cc cht hu c, cn hn ch ti a s nhim mu do cc cht hu c dng lm vt liu ch to thit b ly mu hoc xy dng ging khoan. iu c bit quan trng khi nghin cu vt cc hp cht hu c. Trong trng hp ny nn dng thit b c bit bng thy tinh, thp khng r hoc cc vt liu khc khng tit ra cc cht hu c. 4.1.1. Vt liu xy dng ging khoan Vt liu xy dng ging khoan (ng vch, ng lc) phi bo m trnh gy thay i thnh phn ha hc nc ngm. Nhng ch ni ng vch phi m bo keo hoc xi mng dng ni s khng lm nhim mu. C rt nhiu vt liu xy dng ging khoan. V mt gi thnh h, d kim v d x l th nn dung polypropylen, polyetylen dy cho hu ht mc ch ly mu nc ngm. Tuy nhin, loi nc ngm b nhim nng bi cc dung mi hu c tng hp s ph hu cc ng vch v ng lc bng PVC. Trong trng hp nh vy th nn dng thp khng g hoc polytetrafloetylen lm vt liu xy dng ging khoan v chng bn v tr. 4.2. Cc loi thit b 4.2.1. Bm C nhiu loi bm, trong c nhiu loi xch tay, u c th dng cho nc ngm. Chng khc nhau nhiu v thit k v dung lng bm v thch hp cho nhng iu kin khc nhau ca cu trc ging khoan v su ly mu. Bm ht t trn mt t khng th a nc ln qu 8m, do nn dng bm in nhng cho hu ht trng hp ly mu nc ngm mc du bm kiu bong bng c th hu dng mt s trng hp, nht l khi cn ly mu t ging khoan c trng knh nh (< 32mm) m bm nhng khng th dng c. Bm ht khng dung c khi ly mu xc nh cc kh ha tan trong nc ngm. 4.2.2. Thit b ly mu theo chiu su Thit b ly mu theo chiu su l cc dng c c th c th xung ging khoan v ly mu mt su nh. Chng khc nhau ch yu l c ch ng np. Dng c ly mu ng m cho php nc i qua v c y kn li mt su nh bng c hc hoc in. Trong mt s trng hp, nh ly mu tng cha nc ngm b nhim bi mt s cht hu c khng trn ln vi nc, cn dng thit b ly mu c ng kn theo chiu su. Thit b ny phi c cu to th no bnh cha mu khng tip xc vi nc cho n khi n c kch hot su yu cu. Khi cc phng php ly mu thng thng khng th dng c, nh ly mu nc ngm rt su (ngha l su ln hn l00m), th phi dng th no ly mu theo chiu su. Cng c th ly mu nc ngm bng gu trong khi khoan cung cp nhng s liu s b v s thay i cht lng nc ngm theo chiu su. Trong nhng trng hp khc, khi khng th bm t ging khoan th c th dng gu: mt bnh c buc mt vt nng hoc mt bnh cha m np, th xung ging ly mu ch nn dng gu ly mu lp nc trn b mt ca tng ngm nc, v khng nn dng nu c phng php khc. 4.2.3. Thit b ly mu ti ch Thit b loi ny gm nhng th nh chn xp c l u p k t thng xuyn mt su nht nh trong tng ngm nc, t c th ly cc mu ring l. Nhng thit b ly mu ny thng c t cc su khc nhau trong ging khoan. Nhng chn snh xp c th dng c nhng vng bo ha hoc khng bo ha, mt ngun chn khng c ni vo chn qua mt ng, v ly phn nc i qua l vo chn. Mt s thit b khc cho nc i qua mt li vo mt bnh cha v c ly ln bng p lc ca khng kh nn. p k (mt ng nh c bc di y, ming h) c th ly

mu nc ngm t mt bm ng knh nh, hoc bng cch ht nu mc nc st y. Nhiu p k c th c ng kn nhng su khc nhau trong mt ging khoan (xem thm 5.3.l.3). 4.2.4. Thit b ly mu gi Loi thit b ny cung cp mt bin php ly nc nhng khong su xc nh trong mt ging khoan. Thit b c th gm mt hoc nhiu dng c c kh nng dn rng bng thy lc hoc kh nn khi trong v tr di ging khoan, v nh vy c ng kn li. Mu nc c ly t phn ng ln bng bm hoc kh chon ch. Thit b loi ny c nhiu kiu, mt s dng t ti ch thng xuyn, s khc c th xch tay. Thit b loi ny khng thch hp nhng ging khoan c va si (xem thm 5.3. l.l). 4.2.5. Thit b ly mu nc hc thu c thng tin v cht lng nc ngm cc su khc nhau ca vng bo ha hoc khng bo ha ca mt tng ngm nc, c th ly nhng mu nc hc trong khi khoan ging. Nc hc c ly bng ly tm hoc p vi p lc cao. K thut ly mu ny t v khng nn dng trong gim st thng thng v cn khoan nhiu l. 5. Cch ly mu 5.1. Chn im ly mu 5.1.1. Quy nh chung Khi ly mu cc ging khoan c sn, cn phi nghin cu chi tit cu trc xc nh mu cn ly t tng t no. Khi xy dng nhng ging khoan mi dnh ring ly mu, thit k l khoan (ng knh v chiu su) v phng php xy dng cn phi khng nhng p ng c yu cu ly mu m cn phi hn ch ti a s nhim hoc gy xo trn tng ngm nc. Vic s dng cc cht ty nhn cht bi trn, bn, du v bentonit trong khi khoan cn phi trnh, nht l khi cn ly mu xc nh cc cht hu c. Cng cn phi lu rng i vi nhng l khoan kt thc mt lp si, v dng ng bao, li chn mt su no phi lm sao khng xy ra s trn ln nc cc su khc nhau thng qua lp si. iu c th thc hin c bng cch bt kn lp si v tr gn k ng lc. Ngoi ra cn ch t cc thit b khoan trn mt t nh th no ging khoan khng b nhim bi nc mt. 5.1.2. Gim st cht lng nc ngm dng cp nc ung Khi gim st cht lng nc ngm dng cp nc ung hoc bt k mc ch khc, cn phi ly mu mi ging khoan, ging, ging phun nhm bo v vic s dng nc. Khi s dng nc ngm cp nc ung, cn phi nghin cu yu cu ly mu nc th ca Nh nc bit thm chi tit. Khi chn cc im ly mu cho gim st cp nc, cn chn mt s ging khoan xa im ht nc kim tra tc ng ca s ht nc ti nhng c tnh ng hc ca tng ngm nc (th d dng nc ngm t nhin, s thay i chiu dy ca tng bo ha). 5.1.3. Gim st cht lng nc ngm cho cc mc ch khc Vi nhng mc ch ly mu khc, vic chn c cc im ly mu ti u l kh v ph thuc vo mc ch c th cung nh vo nhng c tnh ca tng ngm nc (th d mch nc trong lp si hay k nt, gladien thy lc, chiu ca mch). Trong nhng trng hp ny nn tham kho kin ca cc nh a thy vn chn c nhng im ly mu thch hp nht. Khng nn chn nhng ging hoc ging khoan c sn tr khi chng t ra thch hp vi mc ch ly mu (trong nhiu trng hp, cc ging v ging khoan c sn xuyn su n ht tng ngm nc, ng hoc c ng lc sut chiu su, iu gy kh khn cho kim tra cht lng nc theo chiu su). Tuy nhin c th c mt s hng dn chung khi mc ch ly mu l kim sot nhim nc ngm t nhng ngun khuych tn hoc ngun im. 5.1.3.1. S nhim khuych tn ca nc ngm Khi thit k mng li kim sot pht hin s nhim khuych tn rng ca tng ngm nc th nn chn nhng im ly mu c sn di dng nhng ging khoan khai thc nc c cng sut ln v chng c th cho nhng mu t hp t mt th tch ln nc ca tng ngm nc. Tuy nhin, nu nhim ch mc thp vi quy m cc b th vic s dng loi ging khoan ny c th gy ra s pha long nng n di gii hn pht hin ca phn tch: khi , nn dng nhng ging khoan c bm cng sut nh. B phn d b nhim nht ca tng ngm nc l ranh gii gia cc vng bo ha v khng bo ha. Do , t nht cn mt l khoan c ng lc k b mt ca vng bo ha. Nhng l c khoan vi mc ch khc s phi c chn ng lc nhng su khc nhau ca tng ngm nc. Cc l khoan cn c b tr khp din tch nghin cu. Cn ch chn v tr i din nhng ni c nhng iu kin a thy vn v s dng t khc nhau v nhy vi nhim khuych tn.

5.1.3.2. S nhim ngun im ca nc ngm Khi ly mu kim sot nhim gy ra do ngun im, th d t mt im thi cho php, cn ch n tng quan v tr ca ngun im v hng ca mch nc ngm. Nu c th, nn t mt l khoan ly mu gn k ngun im. Ngoi ra, t nht phi c mt l khoan c ng lc su ngang mc nc nhm ly mu pht hin nhng cht nh hn nc. Tip , cc im ly mu c b tr theo su tng dn k t ngun nhim. Nn c mt hoc hai l khoan trn gradien thy lc k t ngun nhim pht hin nhng vt loang, ng thi cung cp thng tin v s lan to ca cc cht nhim mnh, c bit l vt cc kim loi. 5.2. Thi gian v tn s ly mu Kt qu phn tch cn trong khong sai s cho php c quy nh bi chng trnh ly mu. Nu khng quy nh sai s cho php th khng th c mt chng trnh ly mu da trn k thut thng k. Chi tit v p dng cc k thut thng k trong quy nh tn s ly mu nu ISO 5667- l. i vi gim st cht lng ca ngun cp nc ung (hoc nhng hot ng gim st lin quan n s dng nc khc), s thay i cht lng nc theo thi gian mt im n l l yu t quan trng bc nht. Vi hu ht cc cht cn xc nh, tn s ly mu hng thng hoc thm ch tha hn thng l nh gi tnh thch hp ca nc lm ngun cp nc ung. Tham kho ISO 5667- 1 v quy nh ca Nh nc v hng dn tn s ly mu. Tn s ly mu cao hn hn ch ti a cc nguy c cho sc khe cng ng c th cn khi nc ngm c dng lm nc ung khng qua kh trng. Khi gim st nhng mc tiu khng phi l diu tra ngun cp nc ung, tn s ly mu cn chn ph hp vi s thay i cht lng nc ngm v khng gian v thi gian. S thay i cht lng nc ngm v khng gian v thi gian thng nh hn nhiu so vi nc mt. mt vi tng ngm nc c hin tng cht lng nc thay i theo ma. Trong mt s trng hp khc, c bit l khi ngun nc ngm b nhim, cht lng nc thay i nhanh trong vi gi hoc vi ngy v th hin s thay i thnh phn mu ly trong mt chu k bm. Nhng thay i ny cn c ghi nhn trc khi xc nh mt chng trnh di hn. Kim tra lin tc pH, nhit , dn in c th rt c ch trong vic quyt nh tng hay gim tn s ly mu. Nu kim tra lin tc ch ra rng tc thay i cht lng tng th tn s ly mu cng phi tng. Ngc li, nu tc thay i gim hoc ngng th tn s ly mu cn gim. Nu c s thay i ln v mt cht c kim sot th nn kim tra mi thnh phn thng phn tch phng. Gim st lin tc cng l bin php hu ch xc nh thi gian ly mu thch hp cc l khoan bm thm d v cho nhng mu i din ca tng ngm nc mun nghin cu. Nu thy c s thay i ln v nng ( l0% ) th iu c th ch ra s thay i cc b trong bn thn l khoan khi mi bt u bm, v mu s khng c ly cho n khi s gim st cho thy cn bng c thit lp. Nu khng c s thay i ln no v cht lng th c th ly mu sau khi bt u bm, khi l khoan c lm sch.. 5.3. Chn phng php ly mu 5.3.1. Nhng yu t nh hng n ly mu i din ly c mu i din cho mt tng ngm nc, cn chn phng php ly mu sao cho nc ht ln c thnh phn phn nh ng thnh phn ca nc ngm cn nghin cu c v khng gian ln thi gian. Cc im ly mu nc ngm u l ging hoc ging khoan, v chng c th lm xo trn h thng nc ngm t nhin, nht l khi dng ha cht hoc to ra nhng gradien thy lc. Trong mt s tnh hung ly mu, cc khong cht c th tch t y l khoan trong khi ly mu, v do mu khng cn i din cho nc ca tng ngm nc cn nghin cu. Cn lm sch l khoan trc khi ly mu bng cch bm x i mt th tch nc t nht bng 4 n 6 ln th tch ca l. Trong mt s trng hp cn p dng bm hai giai on: bm tc cao trong thi gian ngn ra sch l khoan, tip theo l bm vi tc thp t n n nh cht lng trc khi ly mu. S phn tng theo chiu thng ng trong nc ngm c th xy ra do t nhin hoc l hu qu nhim. Th d nhim khuych tn to ra mt lp nhim hn trn nh vng bo ha, trong khi cc cht nhim c t trng nng hn nc th tch t y ca tng ngm nc. Do , cc phng php ly mu phi c kh nng pht hin nhng thay i v cht lng nc ngm c theo din tch v chiu su. Phng php ly mu cng cn phn nh c tnh phc tp ca cc mch nc ngm, trong phi tnh n c ch mch nc (gia lp si hay do k nt), hng ca mch v gladien thy lc trong tng ngm nc, gladien ny c th to ra nhng dng chy t nhin mnh, ln hoc xung trong ct nc trong l khoan. Ni chung c hai phng php ly mu nc ngm: ly

mu bng bm v ly mu theo chiu su. C hai phng php u c u im v nhng hn ch v phi cn nhc khi dng. 5.3.1.1. Ly mu bm Mu bm ly t cc ging khoan dng cung cp nc ung hoc cho cc mc ch khc l hn hp nc i qua ng lc ca l khoan t nhiu su khc nhau. Do , cch ly mu ny ch nn dng khi nc ngm c thnh phn ng u theo chiu thng ng, hoc ly mu t hp theo chiu su. Trong nhng trng hp ny mu nc cn c ly ch cng gn li ra t ging cng tt trnh vn khng bn ca mu (xem 5.4). Khi ly mu ging khoan, cn bm mt thi gian y ht nc c trong l ra ngoi v bo m nc mi vo l c rt trc tip t tng ngm nc. Thi gian bm ph thuc kch thc l khoan, tc bm, vo dn thu lc v c th xc nh chnh xc bng cch theo di s thay i ca oxi ha tan, pH, nhit hoc dn in ca nc bm ln. Ch bt u ly mu khi s theo di cho thy khng c nhng thay i ln [< l0% cht lng (khi lng/ th tch) hoc < 0,20C nhit ]. Tuy nhin, cn nhn mnh rng ngoi vic o cc thng s i din nh nhit , dn, cn thng phi o cc cht cn xc nh c quan tm trc tip, th d cc cht hu c trong trng hp nc ngm nhim. Nhng phng php hiu qu nht ly mu nc ngm c cht lng thay i theo su l s dng nhng l khoan thm d hoc ly mu t mt phn c ng kn ca cc ging khoan. Trong phng php u, dng bm xch tay bm mu t mt lot cc l khoan thm d tng i gn nhau v u c ngun m bo mu c ly t cc su khc nhau ca tng ngm nc. Khng phng php sau, mu c ly t mt on c ngn kn ca mt ging khoan bng thit b bm gi, v nh vy c mt mu ring l mt khong su nht nh ca tng ngm nc (xem 4.2.4). Phng php sau ch dng c nhng tng ngm nc vng chc v khng dng c l khoan c li chn v si bao bc. 5.3.1.2. Ly mu theo chiu su Ly mu theo chiu su l nhng thit b ly mu (xem 4.2.2) vo ging o hoc ging khoan, cho nc su nh np y thit b ri ko ln v chuyn vo bnh cha. Cch ly mu ny thng ch thch hp vi cc l khoan thm d khng bm, mc du c th dng bm nu c ng ni nh v chiu su. Khng bao gi ly mu trong ng vch ca ging khoan v nc khng phi c ngun gc t su cn ly v cht lng c th b thay i do cc hot ng ha hc v vi sinh hc. Ngay trong nhng ging khoan h hoc c ng lc, ly mu theo chiu su c gi tr rt hn ch do cc dng chy trong l khoan lm cho ngun gc ca mu tr nn khng chc chn. Ly mu theo chiu su ch thch hp khi ngun gc ca mu (ngha l chiu su ca nc chy vo l khoan) bit r. iu c th thc hin c bng cch xc nh su ca dng nc chy vo l khoan v nhng dng chy trong ct nc l khoan nh o nhit , dn v dng chy di nhng iu kin tnh v ng (bm). Khi cn lm sch l khoan ly mu theo chiu su, nn bm nh nhng trc khi ly mu khng nn dng thit b bm thi khng kh lm sch l khoan v c th gy ra nhng thay i trong cn bng ha hc ca nc ngm do a thm oxi vo 5.3.1.3. Nhng phng php ly mu khc Khi cc phng php ly mu nu trn khng th p dng c hoc p dng khng hon ho th nn ly mu cc im ring l bng mt trong cc thit b ly mu ti ch (in-situ). Cc thit b ny l chn c l hoc u p k, chit ly nc nh chn khng hoc kh chon ch. Nhiu thit b c th t trong l khoan ring l v mt s khc thch hp ly mu vng khng bo ha. Cc mu nhng chiu su nht nh c th thu c bng cch ly mu hc. Ly mu hc l chit ly nc (thng dng li tm) t cc mu si, di dng thi khoan. N cung cp phng php hu hiu nht nh gi nhng thay i cht lng theo chiu su, v ly mu nhng vng khng bo ha. Tuy nhin, kim sot theo chu k th phng php ny c nhc im l i hi khoan nhiu hoc lp li nhiu ln v do rt t. Phng php ny ch nn dng khi c li khuyn ca cc chuyn gia a thy vn. 5.4. Vn chuyn, n nh v lu gi mu Cc mu nc ngm thng c ly nhng ni xa phng th nghim. Do , bin php lu gi v x l mu trc khi phn tch l v cng quan trng nu nh mun cc kt qu phn tch i din cho iu kin khi ly mu. Tham kho TCVN 5992 (ISO 5667- 2) v TCVN 5993 (ISO 5667- 3) v hng dn c th ny, y nhn mnh thm mt s im. Vn quan trng nht khi ly mu nc ngm l phi bo m thu c nhng kt qu ng n v cht lng nc di mt t. Cc vn ny sinh l do nhng thay i l ha hc khi mu c ly ra khi tng ngm nc. V mu c a ln mi trng c nhit v p sut khc vi khi di

tng ngm nc nn c th xy ra nhng thay i v pH, dn in, th in ha, hm lng sunfua v cc kh ha tan (c bit l oxi v CO2) Nhng thay i ny n lt chng li c th gy ra s thay i ca mt s thnh phn. S tip xc vi khng kh cng gy ra nhng thay i tng t v sinh ra s oxi ha, tng hot ng vi sinh, kt ta, bay hi v nhng thay i b ngoi (th d mu, dc). Khi ly mu nc ngm, iu quan trng l phi o ti ch nhng ch tiu c th o c v phn tch cng sm cng tt sau khi ly mu. iu c bit quan trng v mt nhit , pH, th in ha, dn in, kim v cc kh ha tan (c bit l oxi). K thut o lin tc dng h thng dng cby qua bnh o l thch hp nht v n trnh c s tip xc ca mu vi kh quyn. Cn lc mu ti ch n nh mu, nht l trong nhng nghin cu c bit. C rt nhiu loi mng lc, gm mng xenluloz, mng si thy tinh v polycabonat. Khng loi mng lc no l vn nng, mc du mng bng si thy tinh c mt s u im so vi cc mng khc cng c l (th d mng lc xenluloz) v n khng b bt c l ca mng lc nc ngm ni chung l t 0,4m n 0,5m, mc du c khi cn dng c l khc ty theo mc ch ly mu v cc cht cn xc nh. D l dng mng lc no cng cn bo co r trong kt qu phn tch l cht "lc c" (ghi r c l) thay v cc cht "ha tan". iu quan trng l khi lc nc ngm k kh th phi tin hnh trong nhng iu kin k kh. Trong mi trng hp cn phi m bo rng cc bnh cha mu gi n phng th nghim phi c y kn, bo v khi tc ng ca nh sng v sc nng. Nu khng cht lng mu c th thay i nhanh chng do trao i khng kh, cc phn ng ha hc v s ng ha ca vi sinh vt. Nu mu khng th c phn tch ngay trong phng th cn phi c n nh hoc bo qun. Khi lu gi mu ngn hn c th lm lnh n 40C; khi lu gi mu di hn hn cn phi lm ng lnh n 200C. Nu ng lnh, cn phi bo m rng mu tan hon ton trc khi phn tch bi v qu trnh ng lnh c th lm tng nng ca mt s cht phn gia ca mu, ni ng lnh sau cng. C th bo qun mu bng cch thm ha cht, nhng phi bo m rng phng php bo qun chn khng gy cn tr cho phn tch tip theo phng th nghim (xem TCVN 5993 (ISO 5667- 3)). 6. Ch an ton Hng dn chung v an ton c nu trong I'SO 5667- l, nhng cn ch nhng mt sau y khi ly mu nc ngm. Lun ch n mt t xung quanh ging hoc ging khoan, nht l nhng ging c, v c th c nguy c b st. Thang v dn gio trong hm ging c th khng chc nn phi mc o qun bo h tt khi xung ging. t nht phi c hai ngi c mt khi ly mu: mt ngi lun lun trn mt t v v tr sn sng tr gip nu c s c hoc ri ro c th xy ra cho ngi ang ly mu di ging. Khi ly mu trong mt khng gian cht hp (th d di ging o, ging khoan, v.v) cn th trc khng kh v s thiu ht oxi, c mt cc kh d chy, H2S hoc cc hi, kh c khc. iu cng cn ngay khi ly mu khng gian khng cht hp qu nhng b nhim nng bi nhng vng xung quanh ni c nc ngm ang c nghin cu. Phi lun mc qun o bo h thch hp khi ly mu, v nht nh khng c tin hnh cng vic nu kim tra an ton cho thy nhng du hiu khng an ton c th xut hin. Nu nht thit phi ly mu trong nhng tnh hung nh vy th phi p dng nhng bin php c bit vi s ng ca nhng c quan chu trch nhim v nhng vn an ton v sc khe ca quc gia hay a phng. Khi lm vic vi nhng c s nc ngm b nhim nng, iu quan trng l phi kim tra cn thn nhng thng tin v ngun nhim quyt nh nhng kim tra an ton cn thit. Khi cc nghin cu cn tin hnh gn ngun nhim mnh, cc thao tc phi c lm pha trn gi nu c th, v cm ngt, n, ung, ht thuc khu vc nghin cu. thn trng, cn kim tra y t nhng ngi nghin cu ngay sau cng vic v sau kim tra nh k nhng khong thi gian thch hp. 7. Nhn dng mu v ghi chp Cc bnh cha mu cn c nh du bn v r rng. Mi chi tit cn cho phn tch mu phi c ghi r trn nhn km vi bnh cha cng vi mi thng tin lin quan cn c trong bn bo co ly mu. Khi cn dng nhiu bnh cha cho mt mu, thng chi dng mt s nhn dng tt c cc bnh v ghi mi chi tit ly mu vo bo co ly mu. Nhn v mi ghi chp phi hon thnh vo thi gian ly mu. Nhng chi tit ghi trn nhn v bo co ph thuc vo mc tiu ly mu, nhng trng hp no cng cn ghi mi thng tin cn thit c th ly li mu trong mi iu kin ng nht. Nhng thng tin cn ghi l: a) Tn v a im ly mu;

b) Ngy thng v thi gian ly mu; c) Bn cht ca tng ngm nc v a tng sinh nc; d) Loi im ly mu (ging o, ging khoan, ging phun); e) Nhng thng tin m t lin quan (th d m t kch thc ging); f) Che bm v su ht v/hoc x; g) Mc nc trong ging; h) Phng php ly mu; i) su ly mu; j) B ngoi ca mu khi mi ly (th d mu, c, mi); k) Cc kt qu phn tch ti ch (th d pH, oxi ha tan); l) Chi tit v phng php bo qun mu s dng; m) Chi tit v lc ti ch (th d c l mng lc); n) Chi tit v phng php lu gi mu dng/v yu cu dng; o) Tn ngi ly mu Ph lc A cho mt th d v bo co ly mu c th c s dng trong tnh hung khi tt c cc thng tin ly mu c thu thp. PH LC A (tiu chun) Bo co - Ly mu nc ngm L do ly mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V tr ca im ly mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tnh cht ca im ly mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bn cht ca tng ngm nc: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ngy . . . . . . .thng . . . . . . . nm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o mc nc: . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . Th tch: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thi gian bt u . . . . . . . . .Kt thc . . . . . . . Ly mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Phng php ly mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ch bm. su ca trm bm: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mc nc trong tng ngm nc: . . . . . . .................................... .... su ly mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B ngoi ca mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chi tit v phng php lu gi dng/v yu cu dng: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Tn hoc tn tt ca ngi ly mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nhng ghi ch khc: . . . . . . . . . ......................... ...................... Kt qu do ti hin trng Nhit pH dn Th in ha Eh Oxi ha tan